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subtle mix of actual silence with accompanying music and more or less realistic sound effects . Lang worked with his German editor Conrad von Molo directly on the post @-@ production process . Lang was known for making very long films and to suit foreign fashions , editor Lothar Wolff was contracted to shorten the French @-@ language version . This version deletes parts from the romantic sub @-@ plot between Lilli and Kent .
= = Release = =
The film was scheduled for release on March 24 , 1933 at the UFA @-@ Palast am Zoo , the same theater that hosted the original premiere of Dr. Mabuse the Gambler during 1922 . Adolf Hitler came to power at the end of January 1933 and on March 14 , Hitler established the new Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda headed by Joseph Goebbels . Lang had not finished editing the film , and would not have a print for Goebbels to view until March 23 . After a screening for Goebbels , he declared that the premiere would be delayed for technical reasons . Goebbels hosted a meeting at his home between himself , Lang and several other German filmmakers on discussions on what films would be permitted by Nazi censorship . Goebbels referred to Lang 's films as the style that Hitler wanted for Nazi Germany . By March 30 , the Ministry of Propaganda banned The Testament of Dr. Mabuse as a menace to public health and safety . Goebbels stated that he would not accept the film as it " showed that an extremely dedicated group of people are perfectly capable of overthrowing any state with violence " . During the 1940s , Lang stated that a meeting occurred between Goebbels and himself with Goebbels wanting Lang to work for him to create films for the Nazis . This offer caused Lang to leave Germany to France that very night . Goebbels ' diary makes no mention of such a meeting and Lang 's passport also shows that he did not leave until June and made repeated trips between France and Germany throughout 1933 .
The German version of The Testament of Dr. Mabuse premiered on April 21 , 1933 in Budapest , Hungary with a playing time of 124 minutes . The French @-@ language version was distributed through Europe . A subtitled version of the French version was released during 1943 with the title The Last Will of Dr. Mabuse in the United States . During 1951 , the German version was released in a 75 minute version with the title The Crimes of Dr.Mabuse which featured an English dub . The English subtitles for the 1943 release and the 1952 dub added allusions to Adolf Hitler that were not part of the original script . The Testament of Dr. Mabuse was first
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following years , growing from 31 offices in 1950 to 81 offices by the early 1960s .
In 1960 , Union Bank of Switzerland acquired an 80 % stake in Argor SA , a Swiss precious metals refinery founded in 1951 in the canton of Ticino . In 1973 , the bank increased the stake to full 100 % ownership , though the ownership was ultimately sold between 1986 and 1999 to Argor @-@ Heraeus SA . UBS continues to issue gold bars via Argor @-@ Heraeus which is famous for the unique kinebar holographic technology it uses to provide enhanced protection against bank gold bar counterfeiting .
By 1962 , Union Bank of Switzerland reached CHF 6 @.@ 96 billion of assets , narrowly edging ahead of Swiss Bank Corporation to become the largest bank in Switzerland . The rapid growth was punctuated by the 1967 acquisition of Interhandel ( Industrie- und Handelsbeteiligungen AG , the corporate successor of I.G. Chemie ) , which made UBS one of the strongest banks in Europe . Interhandel had become cash @-@ rich when a dispute concerning GAF Materials Corporation , a subsidiary formerly known as General Aniline & Film and seized by the U.S. government during the war , was resolved in 1963 and the subsidiary was disposed of .
By the 1980s , Union Bank of Switzerland established a position as a leading European underwriter of eurobonds . Following two major acquisitions in 1986 ( Phillips & Drew and Deutsche Länderbank ) , UBS made its first purchase in the United States in 1991 with Chase Investors Management Corporation , the asset management business of Chase Manhattan Bank . At the time of the acquisition , the business managed in excess of US $ 30 billion in assets .
Union Bank of Switzerland entered the 1990s as the largest and most conservative of the three large Swiss Banks . The bank 's investments had been in the conservative asset management and life insurance businesses ; further , 60 % of the bank 's profits came from its even more conservative Swiss banking operations . In 1993 , Credit Suisse outbid Union Bank of Switzerland for Switzerland 's Swiss Volksbank , the fifth largest bank in Switzerland which had run into financial difficulties in the early 1990s . The acquisition propelled Credit Suisse ahead of Union Bank of Switzerland as the largest bank in Switzerland for the first time . Prior to the merger with Swiss Bank Corporation , UBS purchased a group of smaller Swiss banks in 1994 including the Cantonal Bank of Appenzell @-@ Ausserrhoden in 19
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, having festivities taking place at all 13 ballparks where Major League games were scheduled to be played . Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig made the announcement with Sharon Robinson ( daughter of Rachel and Jackie Robinson ) .
" I have often stated that baseball 's proudest moment and its most powerful social statement came on April 15 , 1947 when Jackie Robinson first set foot on a Major League Baseball field " , said Selig . " On that day , Jackie brought down the color barrier and ushered in the era in which baseball became the true national pastime . Fifty years after that historic event , in April 1997 , I was proud to join Rachel Robinson and President Bill Clinton at Shea Stadium to honor Jackie by retiring his uniform number 42 in perpetuity . By establishing April 15 as ' Jackie Robinson Day ' throughout Major League Baseball , we are further ensuring that the incredible contributions and sacrifices he made — for baseball and society — will not be forgotten . "
It began that Thursday morning with Sharon Robinson , ringing the ceremonial Opening Bell at the New York Stock Exchange . Rachel Robinson ( Jackie Robinson 's wife ) , officials from the Major League Baseball foundation , and officials of the Jackie Robinson Foundation ( JRF ) took part in the special ceremony honoring Jackie Robinson . Festivities took place in the 13 ballparks that had scheduled games that day . The balls had a " 42 " logo on each of them for the games that day . Jackie Robinson Foundation scholars threw out the ceremonial first pitch prior to each game . " I 'm very happy my son is in Boston today , we 're happy that the scholars and family are at different clubs and look forward to expanding the celebration as the years go on " , Robinson said . " And also continuing to come up with creative ways to reach out to the African @-@ American community and bring them into this wonderful game of baseball that we all love . "
= = = 2005 = = =
April 15 , 2005 , was the 58th anniversary of Jackie Robinson 's major league debut . Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig officially declared that every April 15 would be designated as Jackie Robinson Day and it would be celebrated each year throughout Major League Baseball . Every ballpark in Major League Baseball in the United States celebrated Jackie Robinson Day , unlike in 2004 when it was only celebrated in 13 ballparks . Each ballpark showed a video tribute to Robinson , and many brought out Jackie Robinson Foundation scholars onto the field before the games . In Cincinnati , Ohio , Ken Griffey , Jr. spoke of how much every African @-@ American baseball player owes Robinson , who was chosen by manager Branch Rickey to break the color line because of Robinson 's inner courage and ability to keep his temper in check .
= = = 2006 = = =
April 15 , 2006 , was the 59th anniversary of Jackie Robinson 's major league debut . Rachel Robinson attended the ceremony , having former Negro Leagues players Robert Scott and Armando Vazquez also attending the ceremony . His widow was honored and celebrated at Shea Stadium . After a video tribute on the scoreboard of Shea Stadium of Jackie Robinson , Rachel Robinson walked to the pitcher 's mound before the New York Mets hosted the Milwaukee Brewers , along with Bob DuPuy , baseball 's chief operating officer , and New York Mets manager Willie Randolph . " I 've got a picture of Jackie in my office , so I think about that every day , " Randolph said . " I 'm just happy to be a part of this day . " A large blue , gray and white circle with " 42 " on it was put over home plate representing the colors of Jackie Robinson 's uniform with the Dodgers as a major leaguer .
= = = 2007 = = =
April 15 , 2007 , was the 60th anniversary of Jackie Robinson 's major league debut , with ceremonies held at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California . Uniformed personnel ( players , coaches and managers ) were invited to wear the number 42 just for that day to commemorate Robinson . During the 2007 regular season , Ken Griffey , Jr. called Bud Selig to ask for permission to wear number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day . Griffey received special permission from Rachel Robinson to wear number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day of 2007 .
Number 42 had been retired for all Major League Baseball teams . This meant that no future Major League Baseball player could wear it . The number was retired in a ceremony which took place in 1997 at Shea Stadium to mark the 50th anniversary of Robinson 's first game with the Dodgers . ( The last player to wear the Number 42 is Mariano Rivera of the New York Yankees , who retired at the end of the 2013 season ) . Selig embraced the gesture and encouraged other Major League Baseball clubs to have a player wear number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day as well .
Several players thought having over 150 players wearing number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day was far too many . " This is supposed to be an honor " , Minnesota Twins outfielder Torii Hunter told USA Today , " and just a handful of guys wearing the number . Now you 've got entire teams doing it . I think we 're killing the meaning . It should be special wearing Jackie 's number , not just because it looks cool . " Cleveland Indians pitcher C.C. Sabathia , who decried the lack of African @-@ American players in the game in March 2007 , told USA Today that " It kind of waters it down . I could see the Dodgers since that was his team , but not everyone else . " " I didn 't know so many guys planned to wear the number . I sure wasn 't expecting whole teams to wear it " , Griffey told the USA Today . " But I 'm not going to look at it as a negative . This is a tribute for what the man has done , a day to celebrate . " Garret Anderson , Los Angeles Angels left fielder , told the USA Today that he won 't wear number 42 because " I just don 't feel I 'm worthy of it . "
Hank Aaron and Frank Robinson , both Baseball Hall of Famers , threw the ceremonial first pitches , and fellow Hall of Famers Joe Morgan and Dave Winfield were on hand . Actors Courtney B. Vance and Marlon Wayans also attended the Jackie Robinson Day ceremony . Academy Award winner Jennifer Hudson sang " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " before the games started . More than 240 players wore number 42 in honor of Jackie Robinson 's retired number , including the entire team rosters of the Los Angeles Dodgers , New
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Petra , and Dagisthaeus was recalled and replaced by Bessas .
In 550 , a pro @-@ Persian revolt broke out among the Abasgians , a people that neighboured Lazica to the north . This provided an opportunity for a high @-@ ranking Lazic noble , called Terdetes , who had quarrelled with Gubazes , to betray to the Persians an important fort in the land of the Apsili , a tribe under Lazic suzerainty . The Apsili retook the fort , but refused to accept Lazic rule until persuaded to do so by the Byzantine general John Guzes . In 551 , the Byzantines finally took and razed Petra , but a new army under Mihr @-@ Mihroe was able to establish Persian control over the eastern part of Lazica . The Byzantine forces in Lazica withdrew west to the mouth of the Phasis , while the Lazi , including Gubazes and his family , sought refuge in the mountains . Despite enduring harsh conditions in the winter of 551 / 552 , Gubazes rejected the peace offers conveyed by envoys from Mihr @-@ Mihroe . In 552 , the Persians received substantial reinforcements , but their attacks on the fortresses held by the Byzantines and the Lazi were repulsed .
= = = Death = = =
Over the next two years , the Byzantines increased their forces in Lazica , but failed to achieve decisive success ; Gubazes quarreled with their generals , and wrote to Emperor Justinian accusing them of incompetence following a defeat by the Persians . Bessas was recalled , but the other two , Martin and the sacellarius Rusticus , resolved to get rid of Gubazes . They sent a message to Constantinople accusing Gubazes of dealings with the Persians . Emperor Justinian , intending to question Gubazes himself , authorized the two generals to arrest him , using force if necessary . The two Byzantine generals then ( September / October 555 ) invited Gubazes to observe the siege of a Persian @-@ held fort , but when they met , John , Rusticus 's brother , stabbed the king with his dagger . Gubazes fell from his horse , and one of Rusticus 's servants gave him the finishing blow .
After Gubazes 's murder , the Lazi stopped participating in operations against the Persians for a time , leading to the failure of a Byzantine attack against the fort of Onoguris . An assembly of the Lazic people informed Emperor Justinian of the events , requested that an investigation be launched , and asked that Gubazes 's younger brother Tzath , at the time residing in Constantinople , be confirmed as their new ruler . The Byzantine emperor complied with their requests : a " leading senator " named Athanasius ( perhaps the former praetorian prefect of the same name ) was dispatched to investigate Gubazes 's murder , and Tzath was sent to assume the Lazic throne . Athanasius 's investigation cleared Gubazes of any suspicion of treachery ; Rusticus and his brother John were found guilty and executed in autumn 556 , but Martin was simply deposed from his post .
= Lagidium ahuacaense =
Lagidium ahuacaense is a rodent in the mountain viscacha genus ( Lagidium ) that occurs in southern Ecuador . First observed in 2005 and formally described in 2009 , it occurs more than 500 km ( 310 mi ) north of the nearest previously known population of mountain viscachas in central Peru . Only a single population is known , found on rocky habitats on Cerro El Ahuaca , an isolated granite mountain in southern Ecuador , and there may be as little as a few dozen individuals . The species is threatened by fires and grazing cattle , and the discoverers recommended its conservation status be assessed as " Critically Endangered " .
= = Taxonomy = =
Lagidium ahuacaense was first observed in July 2005 , when the only known population was encountered at Cerro El Ahuaca , Ecuador , over 500 km ( 310 mi ) north of the northernmost previously known population of mountain viscachas ( Lagidium ) in central Peru . The find was published in a 2006 note by Florian Werner , Karim Ledesma , and Rodrigo Hidalgo , who provisionally identified the population as representing the Peruvian species Lagidium peruanum , but did not discount the possibility that it might represent a distinct species . Three years later , Ledesma , Werner , Ángel Spotorno , and Luis Albuja described the population as a new species , Lagidium ahuacaense , on the basis of morphological and DNA sequence differences . The specific name , ahuacaense , refers to Cerro de Ahuaca . They suggested the English common name of " Ecuadorean mountain viscacha " .
Lagidium ahuacaense was the fourth species of the genus Lagidium to be described , after L. peruanum , L. viscacia , and L. wolffsohni of the central and southern Andes , although more species may eventually be recognized within L. peruanum and L. viscacia and L. wolffsohni is poorly differentiated from L. viscacia . Together with the plains viscacha ( Lagostomus maximus ) and the chinchillas ( Chinchilla ) , Lagidium forms the rodent family Chinchillidae . Within Lagidium , L. ahuacaense differs by at least 7 @.@ 9 % from all other species in DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene . A cladistic analysis placed the Ecuadorian species as the sister group to all other Lagidium , but support for this placement was not strong . Morphometric analysis also confirmed the Ecuadorian population is different from other Lagidium species .
= = Description = =
Lagidium ahuacaense is a medium @-@ sized Lagidium with woolly , gray @-@ brown fur and a very long tail . There is a black stripe on the middle of the back . The thick , long mystacial vibrissae ( whiskers above the mouth ) are mostly dark brown and the few superciliary vibrissae ( above the eyes ) are also thick and brown . The ears are covered with dark skin . The underparts are creamy white . The forefeet are brown @-@ furred and much shorter than the hind feet , which are in covered in part by a mixture of brown and cream hairs and in part by dark brown hairs . The fore and hind feet both have four digits , which end in small , curved claws , and three black pads . The palms and soles are naked . The tail is hairy with the hairs on the upper side longer than those below . The upper side is gray @-@ brown at the base , light to medium brown intermixed with cream in the middle , and reddish brown at the tip , and the lower side is dark brown . In the single measured specimen , head and body length is 403 mm ( 15 @.@ 9 in ) , tail length is 400 mm ( 16 in ) , hindfoot length is 85 mm ( 3 @.@ 3 in ) , ear length is 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) , and body mass is 2 @.@ 03 kg ( 4 @.@ 5 lb ) .
The skull is long and compact . The premaxillary bones extend slightly in front of the upper incisors and the zygomatic arches ( cheekbones ) are broad . The suture between the premaxillary and frontal bones is more strongly curved than in L. peruanum and the rostrum ( front part of the skull ) is wider and the interorbital region ( between the eyes ) is narrower than in L. viscacia and L. wolffsohni . The incisive foramina ( openings in the front part of the palate ) are long and narrow . The palate extends back to a point close to the upper third molar . The sides of the mesopterygoid fossa ( the opening behind the back margin of the palate ) are more strongly divergent than in other Lagidium species . The mandible ( lower jaw ) is strong . The dental formula is 1 @.@ 0 @.@ 1 @.@ 31 @.@ 0 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 × 2 = 20 ( one incisor , one premolar , and three molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws ) . The incisors are large , white , and distinctly grooved . The molars are low @-@ crowned and rootless ( continuously growing ) .
= = Ecology and conservation status = =
Lagidium ahuacaense is known only from Cerro El Ahuaca , a steep granite inselberg near Cariamanga in Loja Province , southern Ecuador , where it occurs at an altitude of 1 @,@ 950 to 2 @,@ 480 m ( 6 @,@ 400 to 8 @,@ 140 ft ) , but only near rocky surfaces . The vegetation is dominated by the molasses grass ( Melinis minutiflora ) . They eat plants and traces of their feeding are visible on the mountain . Its habitat on Cerro
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) constructed idea of South Asianness . In these two episodes , the Asian cultural space which Apu , his mother and Manjula perform is a hybrid one , mixing ' Asian ' and ' American ' values and identities , but critically displacing Asian ' authenticity ' and revealing the displacement of contemporary American marriage from its ' authentic ' traditions . "
In a scene in the episode , John , having just chewed his way out of a dog carrier , meets Apu , who exclaims " Elton John ! " , to which John replies " That 's my name ! Well , not really . " The exchange references John 's name change , as his birth name was Reginald Dwight . At the end of the episode , John performs for Apu and Manjula on the roof of the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart . The scene is a callback to the season 7 episode " Lisa the Vegetarian " , in which Paul McCartney performed on the roof . The scene in which Homer is seen jamming Valentine 's Day cards into their holders were based on an observation by the writers . Simpsons writer George Meyer said of the scene : " You just see cards get really man @-@ handled , and the envelopes get switched with the wrong sizes . " In another scene , Marge and Manjula are seen playing badminton . While the scene was conceived in order to provide exposition , the sport was included because badminton is " very popular " in India , according to Simpsons writer Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham . The episode also mentions the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany 's . In a scene , Apu , carrying a shopping bag , exits the jewellery and silverware store Tiffany & Co . Meanwhile , Homer , along with Chief Wiggum , Moe , Flanders and Dr Hibbert are watching Apu , assuming he bought jewellery for Manjula . It is soon revealed that Apu bought a croissant in the store , to which Wiggum says " Oh , that 's right , they have breakfast at Tiffany 's now . " The heart @-@ shaped fade out at the end of the episode is a reference to the series Love , American Style .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast on February 14 , 1999 , " I 'm with Cupid " received a 7 @.@ 7 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 7 @.@ 7 million viewers . The episode finished in 48th place in the ratings for the week of February 8 – 14 , 1999 . On August 7 , 2007 , the episode was released as part of The Simpsons - The Complete Tenth Season DVD box set . Mike Scully , George
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22 ( Ray Street ) , M @-@ 109 terminates in the middle of town .
Like other state highways in Michigan , M @-@ 109 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) . In 2011 , the department 's traffic surveys showed that on average , 783 vehicles used the highway daily along Dune Highway and 758 vehicles did so each day along Harbor Highway , the highest and lowest counts along the highway , respectively . No section of M @-@ 109 is listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
The first section of roadway to receive the M @-@ 109 designation was in place and signed on maps by May 1 , 1929 . The roadway was a spur from M @-@ 22 north of Empire that ended at Glen Haven , just west of the D.H. Day State Park . The highway was extended east along an existing road between Glen Haven and Glen Arbor . This extension was in place by May 1 , 1933 , completing the modern routing of M @-@ 109 . The highway was fully paved in 1939 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Leelanau County .
= St Beuno 's Church , Trefdraeth =
St Beuno 's Church , Trefdraeth is the medieval parish church of Trefdraeth , a hamlet in Anglesey , north Wales . Although one 19th @-@ century historian recorded that the first church on this location was reportedly established in about 616 , no part of any 7th @-@ century structure survives ; the oldest parts of the present building date are from the 13th century . Alterations were made in subsequent centuries , but few of them during the 19th century , a time when many other churches in Anglesey were rebuilt or were restored .
St Beuno 's is part of the Church in Wales , and its parish is one in a group of four . The church remains in use but as of 2013 there is no parish priest . It is a Grade II * listed building , a national designation for " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " , in particular because it is regarded as " an important example of a late Medieval rural church " with an unaltered simple design .
= = History and location = =
St Beuno 's Church is in Trefdraeth , a hamlet in the south @-@ west of Anglesey by Malltraeth Marsh , about 5 miles ( 8 km ) south @-@ west of the county town of Llangefni . It stands in a roughly circular llan ( Welsh for an enclosed piece of land , particularly around a church ) north of the road between Trefdraeth and Bethel . Beuno , a 7th @-@ century Welsh saint , has several churches in north Wales dedicated to him .
According to Angharad Llwyd ( a 19th @-@ century historian of Anglesey ) , the first church on this site was reportedly established in about 616 . No part of any 7th century building survives , and restoration over the years has removed much historical evidence for the church 's development .
The earliest parts of the present structure are the nave and the chancel , which are 13th @-@ century . The church shows signs of alterations and additions in subsequent centuries . A transept or chapel was added to the south side of the chancel in the late 13th or early 14th century . The arch between them was once the archway between the chancel and the nave but was later moved . The bellcote at the west end of the roof was added in the 14th century . The porch on the south side of the nave was built in about 1500 , and was re @-@ roofed in 1725 . A doorway in the north wall of the nave was inserted in the late 15th or early 16th century , and now leads into a vestry added in the 19th century . The main roof is largely 17th @-@ century . Some repairs were carried out in the 1840s , with further repairs in 1854 under the supervision of the diocesan architect , Henry Kennedy .
= = Benefice = =
St Beuno 's is one of four churches in the benefice of Trefdraeth with Aberffraw with Llangadwaladr with Cerrigceinwen . Other churches in the benefice include St Beuno 's , Aberffraw and St Cadwaladr 's , Llangadwaladr . The church is in the Deanery of Malltraeth , the Archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2013 the parishes have no incumbent priest .
A number of notable clergy have held the living of St Beuno 's . Henry Rowlands , Bishop of Bangor 1598 – 1616 , was rector of Trefdraeth during his episcopacy , as the income from the parish was attached to the bishopric . The scholar and rhetorician Henry Perry was appointed priest in 1606 . Griffith Williams was appointed rector in 1626 and went on to be Dean of Bangor in 1634 . David Lloyd was rector in the late 1630s and early 1640s , and thereafter Dean of St Asaph . Robert Morgan was rector before and after the English Civil War and was made Bishop of Bangor in 1666 . John Pryce was rector 1880 – 1902 and Dean of Bangor 1902 – 1903 .
= = = Welsh language controversy = = =
In 1766 John Egerton , Bishop of Bangor , appointed an elderly English priest , Dr Thomas Bowles , to the parish of St Beuno , Trefdraeth and its chapelry of St Cwyfan , Llangwyfan . Between them the parish and chapelry had about 500 parishioners , of whom all but five spoke only Welsh , whereas Bowles spoke only English . The parishioners and churchwardens of Trefdraeth petitioned against Bowles 's appointment , arguing that the appointment of a priest who did not speak Welsh breached the Articles of Religion , the Act for the Translation of the Scriptures into Welsh 1563 and the Act of Uniformity 1662 . In 1773 the Court of Arches ruled that only clergy who could speak Welsh should be appointed to Welsh @-@ speaking parishes , and Bowles should not have been appointed , but he now held the ecclesiastical freehold of the benefice and the case to deprive him of it had not been proved . The court therefore let Bowles stay in post , which he did until he died in November of that year . Bowles was then replaced in the parish and chapelry with Richard Griffith , a priest who spoke Welsh .
= = Architecture and fittings = =
St Beuno 's is Decorated Gothic , built mainly with rubble masonry , with squared stones used to create courses in the nave 's south wall and the lower part of the west wall . There are external buttresses at the west and east ends , the south porch and the south transept . The roof is surfaced with hexagonal slates and has a stone bellcote on its west gable . Internally , there is no structural division between the nave and the chancel save for a step up to the chancel . The nave and chancel together are 59 feet ( 18 m ) long and the church is 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) wide . Near the eastern end of the church is a transept or chapel on the south side of the chancel , from which it is separated by a step down and an arch . The transept is 13 feet 9 inches ( 4 @.@ 2 m ) by 14 feet 6 inches ( 4 @.@ 4 m ) .
The windows range in age from the late 14th or early 15th century to the 19th century . The oldest is the chancel east window , which has an 18th @-@ century inscribed slate slab as its sill . The window is a pointed arch with three lights ( sections of window separated by mullions ) , and it has a stained glass of the Crucifixion of Jesus that was installed as a memorial in 1907 . The nave north wall has a window from about 1500 , which was originally in the nave south wall . The nave west window is rectangular , again from about 1500 . In the nave south wall are two early 19th @-@ century windows set in square frames , one single @-@ light and one two @-@ light . The transept has a 19th @-@ century two @-@ light arched
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window in its south wall , which contains the oldest stained glass in the church : 15th @-@ century fragments of a crucifixion scene . It also has a pointed arched doorway in its west wall , from the late 13th or early 14th century .
The church is entered through the porch to the west end of the south wall of the nave , which leads to an arched doorway . There are two 18th @-@ century slate plaques on the walls by the south door commemorating those who made donations to the poor of the parish ; one has names from 1761 , the other from 1766 . On the opposite wall , a 17th @-@ century slate plaque commemorates Hugh ap Richard Lewis and his wife Jane ( died 1660 and 1661 respectively ) . The internal timbers of the roof , some of which are old , are exposed , but there is a decorated panelled barrel @-@ vaulted ceiling above the sanctuary at the east end of the church . The transept roof is largely 17th @-@ century .
The cylindrical font is 12th @-@ century , and is at the west end of the church . Four of its six panels are decorated with saltires ; a fifth has a Celtic cross in knotwork with a ring ; the sixth is blank . One author has pointed out the similarities with the fonts of St Cristiolus 's , Llangristiolus , which is about 2 miles ( 3 km ) away , and of St Beuno 's , Pistyll , in the nearby county of Gwynedd .
A survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire in 1937 also noted the early 18th @-@ century communion rails , a plain oak communion table dated 1731 , and a wooden font cover dated 1714 . Other memorials , including parts of an early 14th @-@ century inscribed slab , were also recorded . Three items of church silver were included in the survey : a cup ( dated 1610 – 1611 ) , a paten ( 1719 ) and a flagon ( 1743 ) . Externally , an 18th @-@ century brass sundial on a slate pedestal was noted , as was a weathered decorated stone on the lychgate , thought to be from the 10th century . The Arts and Crafts Movement pulpit was made in 1920 .
= = Churchyard = =
The churchyard contains the Commonwealth war graves of a Royal Engineers soldier of World War I and a Pioneer Corps soldier of World War II .
= = Assessment = =
The church has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated a Grade II * listed building – the second @-@ highest of the three grades of listing , designating " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " . It was given this status on 30 January 1968 , and has been listed because it is " an important example of a late Medieval rural church " . Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also notes that the church 's " simple design [ remained ] unaltered during the extensive programme of church re @-@ building and restoration on Anglesey in the 19th century . "
In 1833 Angharad Llwyd described the church as " a small neat edifice " , with " an east window of modern date and of good design " . She noted that the parish registers , legible from 1550 onwards , were the second oldest in north Wales . Similarly , the 19th @-@ century publisher Samuel Lewis said the church was a " small plain edifice " that could hold nearly 300 people .
In 1846 the clergyman and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones wrote that the church " has been lately repaired in a judicious manner , but without any restoration of importance being attempted , and is in good condition " . He added that with its " good condition this ranks
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as one of the better churches of the island . " The Welsh politician and church historian Sir Stephen Glynne visited the church in October 1849 . He said that the chapel on the south side resembled several others in Anglesey and Caernarfonshire . He also noted the new slate roof , the " mostly open and plain " seats , and the " very large cemetery ... commanding an extensive view " .
A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey describes St Beuno 's as being in " a pleasant and quiet rural location " . It adds that the church was " fairly small " and the roof had " unusual ornately @-@ shaped slates " . A 2009 guide to the buildings of the region comments that " for once " Kennedy had repaired rather than replaced the church . It notes that " strangely " the chancel arch had been reset in the transept , and says that the nave roof was of " unusual construction " .
= Parallel computing =
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously , or the execution of processes are carried out simutaneously. operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones , which are then solved at the same time . There are several different forms of parallel computing : bit @-@ level , instruction @-@ level , data , and task parallelism . Parallelism has been employed for many years , mainly in high @-@ performance computing , but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling . As power consumption ( and consequently heat generation ) by computers has become a concern in recent years , parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture , mainly in the form of multi @-@ core processors .
Parallel computing is closely related to concurrent computing — they are frequently used together , and often conflated , though the two are distinct : it is possible to have parallelism without concurrency ( such as bit @-@ level parallelism ) , and concurrency without parallelism ( such as multitasking by time @-@ sharing on a single @-@ core CPU ) . In parallel computing , a computational task is typically broken down in several , often many , very similar subtasks that can be processed independently and whose results are combined afterwards , upon completion . In contrast , in concurrent computing , the various processes often do not address related tasks ; when they do , as is typical in distributed computing , the separate tasks may have a varied nature and often require some inter @-@ process communication during execution .
Parallel computers can be roughly classified according to the level at which the hardware supports parallelism , with multi @-@ core and multi @-@ processor computers having multiple processing elements within a single machine , while clusters , MPPs , and grids use multiple computers to work on the same task . Specialized parallel computer architectures are sometimes used alongside traditional processors , for accelerating specific tasks .
In some cases parallelism is transparent to the programmer , such as in bit @-@ level or instruction @-@ level parallelism , but explicitly parallel algorithms , particularly those that use concurrency , are more difficult to write than sequential ones , because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs , of which race conditions are the most common . Communication and synchronization between the different subtasks are typically some of the greatest obstacles to getting good parallel program performance .
A theoretical upper bound on the speed @-@ up of a single program as a result of parallelization is given by Amdahl 's law .
= = Background = =
Traditionally , computer software has been written for serial computation . To solve a problem , an algorithm is constructed and implemented as a serial stream of instructions . These instructions are executed on a central processing unit on one computer . Only one instruction may execute at a time — after that instruction is finished , the next one is executed .
Parallel computing , on the other hand , uses multiple processing elements simultaneously to solve a problem . This is accomplished by breaking the problem into independent parts so that each processing element can execute its part of the algorithm simultaneously with the others . The processing elements can be diverse and include resources such as a single computer with multiple processors , several networked computers , specialized hardware , or any combination of the above .
Frequency scaling was the dominant reason for improvements in computer performance from the mid @-@ 1980s until 2004 . The runtime of a program is equal to the number of instructions multiplied by the average time per instruction . Maintaining everything else constant , increasing the clock frequency decreases the average time it takes to execute an instruction . An increase in frequency thus decreases runtime for all compute @-@ bound programs .
However , power consumption P by a chip is given by the equation P = C × V 2 × F , where C is the capacitance being switched per clock cycle ( proportional to the number of transistors whose inputs change ) , V is voltage , and F is the processor frequency ( cycles per second ) . Increases in frequency increase the amount of power used in a processor . Increasing processor power consumption led ultimately to Intel 's May 8 , 2004 cancellation of its Tejas and Jayhawk processors , which is generally cited as the end of frequency scaling as the dominant computer architecture paradigm .
Moore 's law is the empirical observation that the number of transistors in a microprocessor doubles every 18 to 24 months . Despite power consumption issues , and repeated predictions of its end , Moore 's law is still in effect . With the end of frequency scaling , these additional transistors ( which are no longer used for frequency scaling ) can be used to add extra hardware for parallel computing .
= = = Amdahl 's law and Gustafson 's law = = =
Optimally , the speedup from parallelization would be
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English amateur T.H. Astbury in 1905 . It has a spectral class of F81bv , meaning that it is an F @-@ type supergiant star . RX Aurigae is a Cepheid variable as well ; it varies in magnitude from a minimum of 8 @.@ 0 to a maximum of 7 @.@ 3 ; its spectral class is G0Iabv . It has a period of 11 @.@ 62 days . RW Aurigae is the prototype of its class of irregular variable stars . Its variability was discovered in 1906 by Lydia Ceraski at the Moscow Observatory . RW Aurigae 's spectrum indicates a turbulent stellar atmosphere , and has prominent emission lines of calcium and hydrogen . Its spectral type is G5V : e . SS Aurigae is an SS Cygni @-@ type variable star , classified as an explosive dwarf . Discovered by Emil Silbernagel in 1907 , it is almost always at its minimum magnitude of 15 , but brightens to a maximum up to 60 times brighter than the minimum an average of every 55 days , though the period can range from 50 days to more than 100 days . It takes about 24 hours for the star to go from its minimum to maximum magnitude . SS Aurigae is a very close binary star with a period of 4 hours and 20 minutes . Both components are small subdwarf stars ; there has been dispute in the scientific community about which star originates the outbursts . UU Aurigae is a variable red giant star at a distance of 2 @,@ 000 light @-@ years . It has a period of approximately 234 days and ranges between magnitudes 5 @.@ 0 and 7 @.@ 0 .
AE Aurigae is a blue @-@ hued main @-@ sequence variable star . It is normally of magnitude 6 @.@ 0 , but its magnitude varies irregularly . AE Aurigae is associated with the 9 @-@ light @-@ year @-@ wide Flaming Star Nebula ( IC 405 ) , which it illuminates . However , AE Aurigae likely entered the nebula only recently , as determined through the discrepancy between the radial velocities of the star and the nebula , 36 miles ( 58 km ) per second and 13 miles ( 21 km ) per second , respectively . It has been hypothesized that AE Aurigae is a " runaway star " from the young cluster in the Orion Nebula , leaving the cluster approximately 2 @.@ 7 million years ago . It is similar to 53 Arietis and Mu Columbae , other runaway stars from the Orion cluster . Its spectral class is O9.5Ve , meaning that it is an O @-@ type main @-@ sequence star . The Flaming Star Nebula , is located near IC 410 in the celestial sphere . IC 410 obtained its name from its appearance in long exposure astrophotographs ; it has extensive filaments that make AE Aurigae appear to be on fire .
There are four Mira variable stars in Auriga : R Aurigae , UV Aurigae , U Aurigae , and X Aurigae , all of which are type M stars . More specifically , R Aurigae is of type M7III , UV Aurigae is of type C6 ( a carbon star ) , U Aurigae is of type M9 , and X Aurigae is of type K2 . R Aurigae , with a period of 457 @.@ 5 days , ranges in magnitude from a minimum of 13 @.@ 9 to a maximum of 6 @.@ 7 . UV Aurigae , with a period of 394 @.@ 4 days , ranges in magnitude from a minimum of 10 @.@ 6 to a maximum of 7 @.@ 4 . U Aurigae , with a period of 408 @.@ 1 days , ranges in magnitude from a minimum of 13 @.@ 5 to a maximum of 7 @.@ 5 . X Aurigae , with a particularly short period of 163 @.@ 8 days , ranges in magnitude from a minimum of 13 @.@ 6 to a maximum of 8 @.@ 0 .
= = = = Binary and double stars = = = =
Auriga is home to several less prominent binary and double stars . Theta Aurigae ( Bogardus , Mahasim ) is a blue @-@ white A0p class binary star of magnitude 2 @.@ 62 with a luminosity of 75 L ☉ . It has an absolute magnitude of 0 @.@ 1 and is 165 light @-@ years from Earth . The secondary is a yellow star of magnitude 7 @.@ 1 , which requires a telescope of 100 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) in aperture to resolve ; the two stars are separated by 3 @.@ 6 arcseconds . It is the eastern vertex of the constellation 's pentagon . Theta
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Aurigae is moving away from Earth at a rate of 17 @.@ 5 miles ( 28 @.@ 2 km ) per second . Theta Aurigae additionally has a second optical companion , discovered by Otto Wilhelm von Struve in 1852 . The separation was at 52 arcseconds in 1978 and has been increasing since then because of the proper motion of Theta Aurigae , 0 @.@ 1 arcseconds per year . The separation of this magnitude 9 @.@ 2 component was 2 @.@ 2 arcminutes ( 130 @.@ 7 arcseconds ) in 2007 with an angle of 350 ° . 4 Aurigae is a double star at a distance of 159 light @-@ years . The primary is of magnitude 5 @.@ 0 and the secondary is of magnitude 8 @.@ 1 . 14 Aurigae is a white optical binary star . The primary is of magnitude 5 @.@ 0 and is at a distance of 270 light @-@ years ; the secondary is of magnitude 7 @.@ 9 and is at a distance of 82 light @-@ years . HD 30453 is spectroscopic binary of magnitude 5 @.@ 9 , with a spectral type assessed as either A8m or F0m , and a period of seven days .
= = = = Stars with planetary systems = = = =
There are five stars with confirmed planetary systems in Auriga ; there is also a white dwarf with a suspected planetary system . HD 40979 has one planet , HD 40979 b . It was discovered in 2002 through radial velocity measurements on the parent star . HD 40979 is 33 @.@ 3 parsecs from Earth , a spectral class F8V star of magnitude 6 @.@ 74 — just past the limit of visibility to the naked eye . It is of similar size to the Sun , at 1 @.@ 1 solar masses and 1 @.@ 21 solar radii . The planet , with a mass of 3 @.@ 83 Jupiter masses , orbits with a semi @-@ major axis of 0 @.@ 83 AU and a period of 263 @.@ 1 days . HD 45350 has one planet as well . HD 45350 b was discovered through radial velocity measurements in 2004 . It has a mass of 1 @.@ 79 Jupiter masses and orbits every 890 @.@ 76 days at a distance of 1 @.@ 92 AU . Its parent star is faint , at an apparent magnitude of 7 @.@ 88 , a G5IV type star 49 parsecs away . It has a mass of 1 @.@ 02 solar masses and a radius of 1 @.@ 27 solar radii . HD 43691 b is a significantly larger planet , with a mass of 2 @.@ 49 Jupiter masses ; it is also far closer to its parent star , HD 43691 . Discovered in 2007 from radial velocity measurements , it orbits at a distance of 0 @.@ 24 AU with a period of 36 @.@ 96 days . HD 43691 has a radius identical to the Sun 's , though it is more dense — its mass is 1 @.@ 38 solar masses . It is a G0IV type star of magnitude 8 @.@ 03 , 93 @.@ 2 parsecs from Earth .
HD 49674 is a star in Auriga with one planet orbiting it . This G5V type star is faint , at magnitude 8 @.@ 1 , and fairly distant , at 40 @.@ 7 parsecs from Earth . Like the other stars , it is similar in size to the Sun , with a mass of 1 @.@ 07 solar masses and a radius of 0 @.@ 94 solar radii . Its planet , HD 49674 b , is a smaller planet , at 0 @.@ 115 Jupiter masses . It orbits very close to its star , at 0 @.@ 058 AU , every 4 @.@ 94 days . HD 49674 b was discovered by radial velocity observations in 20
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returning to the quiescent state . The star also appears to possess a circumstellar disk . Another Orion variable in the region is VV Serpentis , a Herbig Ae star that has been found to exhibit Delta Scuti pulsations . VV Serpentis has also , like MWC 297 , been found to have a dusty disk surrounding it , and is also a UX Orionis star , meaning that it shows irregular variations in its brightness .
The star HR 6958 , also known as MV Serpentis , is an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable that is faintly visible to the naked eye . The star 's metal abundance is ten times higher than the Sun for most metals at the iron peak and up to 1 @,@ 000 times more for heavier elements . It has also been found to contain excess silicon . Barely visible to the naked eye is HD 172365 , a likely post @-@ blue straggler in the open cluster IC 4756 that contains a large excess of lithium . HD 172189 , also located in IC 4756 , is an Algol variable eclipsing binary with a 5 @.@ 70 day period . The primary star in the system is also a Delta Scuti variable , undergoing multiple pulsation frequencies , which , combined with the eclipses , causes the system to vary by around a tenth of a magnitude .
As the galactic plane passes through it , Serpens Cauda contains many massive OB stars . Several of these are visible to the naked eye , such as NW Serpentis , an early Be star that has been found to be somewhat variable . The variability is interesting ; according to one study , it could be one of the first discovered hybrids between Beta Cephei variables and slowly pulsating B stars . Although not visible to the naked eye , HD 167971 ( MY Serpentis ) is a Beta Lyrae variable triple system consisting of three very hot O @-@ type stars . A member of the cluster NGC 6604 , the two eclipsing stars are both blue giants , with one being of the very early spectral type O7.5III. The remaining star is either a blue giant or supergiant of a late O or early B spectral type . Also an eclipsing binary , the HD 166734 system consists of two O @-@ type blue supergiants in orbit around each other . Less extreme in terms of mass and temperature is HD 161701 , a spectroscopic binary consisting of a B @-@ type primary and an Ap secondary , although it is the only known spectroscopic binary to consist of a star with excess of mercury and manganese and an Ap star .
South of the Eagle Nebula on the border with Sagittarius is the eclipsing binary W Serpentis , whose primary is a white giant that is interacting with the secondary . The system has been found to contain an accretion disk , and was one of the first discovered Serpentids , which are eclipsing binaries containing exceptionally strong far @-@ ultraviolet spectral lines . It is suspected that such Serpentids are in an earlier evolutionary phase , and will evolve first into double periodic variables and then classical Algol variables . Also near the Eagle Nebula is the eclipsing Wolf – Rayet binary CV Serpentis , consisting of a Wolf – Rayet star and a hot O @-@ type subgiant . The system is surrounded by a ring @-@ shaped nebula , likely formed during the Wolf – Rayet phase of the primary . The eclipses of the system vary erratically , and although there are two theories as to why , neither of them is completely consistent with current understanding of stars .
Serpens Cauda contains a few X @-@ ray binaries . One of these , GX 17 + 2 , is a low @-@ mass X @-@ ray binary consisting of a neutron star and , as in all low @-@ mass X @-@ ray binaries , a low @-@ mass star . The system has been classified as a Sco @-@ like Z source , meaning that its accretion is near the Eddington limit . The system has also been found to approximately every 3 days brighten by around 3 @.@ 5 K @-@ band magnitudes , possibly due to the presence of a synchrotron jet . Another low @-@ mass X @-@ ray binary , Serpens X @-@ 1 , undergoes occasional X @-@ ray bursts . One in particular lasted nearly four hours , possibly explained by the burning of carbon in " a heavy element ocean " .
= = = Deep @-@ sky objects = = =
= = = = Head objects = = = =
As the galactic plane does not pass through this part of Serpens , a view to many galaxies beyond it is possible . However , a few structures of the Milky Way Galaxy are present in Serpens Caput , such as Messier 5 , a globular cluster positioned approximately 8 ° southwest of α Serpentis , next to the star 5 Serpentis . Barely visible to the naked eye under good conditions , and is located approximately 25 @,@ 000 ly distant . Messier 5 contains a large number of known RR Lyrae variable stars , and is receding from us at over 50 km / s . The cluster contains two millisecond pulsars , one of which is in a binary , allowing the proper motion of the cluster to be measured . The binary could help our understanding of neutron degenerate matter ; the current median mass , if confirmed , would exclude any " soft " equation of state for such matter . The cluster has been used to test for magnetic dipole moments in neutrinos , which could shed light on some hypothetical particles such as the axion . Another globular cluster is Palomar 5 , found just south of Messier 5 . Many stars are leaving this globular cluster due to the Milky Way 's gravity , forming a tidal tail over 30000 light @-@ years long .
A remarkable dark nebula complex is the L134 / L183 complex . Along with a third cloud , they are likely fragments of a single original cloud located 36 degrees away from the galactic plane , a large distance for dark nebulae . The entire complex is thought to be around 140 parsecs distant . L183 , also referred to as L134N , is particularly interesting ; there are several infrared sources within , indicating pre @-@ stellar sources thought to present the first known observation of the contraction phase between cloud cores and prestellar cores . The core is split into three regions , with a combined mass of around 25 solar masses .
Outside of the Milky Way , there are no bright deep @-@ sky objects for amateur astronomers in Serpens Caput , with nothing else above 10th magnitude . The brightest is NGC 5962 , a spiral galaxy positioned around 28 megaparsecs distant with an apparent magnitude of 11 @.@ 34 . Slightly fainter is NGC 5921 , a barred spiral galaxy with a LINER @-@ type active galactic nucleus situated somewhat closer at a distance of 21 megaparsecs . A type II supernova was observed in this galaxy in 2001 and was designated SN 2001X . Fainter still are the spirals NGC 5964 and NGC 6118 , with the latter being host to the supernova SN
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Most guys I just feel sorry for . Yeah . It tears me up inside , to think about what they 're going through . How trapped they are . I understand it . I feel for ' em . So I try to help them out . "
= = = Religion = = =
Themes of religious salvation and allusions to the Bible appear only briefly in Barton Fink , but their presence pervades the story . While Barton is experiencing his most desperate moment of confusion and despair , he opens the drawer of his desk and finds a Gideon Bible . He opens it " randomly " to Chapter 2 in the Book of Daniel , and reads from it : " And the king , Nebuchadnezzar , answered and said to the Chaldeans , I recall not my dream ; if ye will not make known unto me my dream , and its interpretation , ye shall be cut in pieces , and of your tents shall be made a dunghill . " This passage reflects Barton 's inability to make sense of his own experiences ( wherein Audrey has been " cut in pieces " ) , as well as the " hopes and dreams " of " the common man " . Nebuchadnezzar is also the title of a novel that Mayhew gives to Barton as a " little entertainment " to " divert you in your sojourn among the Philistines " .
Mayhew alludes to " the story of Solomon 's mammy " , a reference to Bathsheba , who gave birth to Solomon after her lover David had her husband Uriah killed . Although Audrey cuts Mayhew off by praising his book ( which Audrey herself may have written ) , the reference foreshadows the love triangle which evolves among the three characters of Barton Fink . Rowell points out that Mayhew is murdered ( presumably by Charlie ) soon after Barton and Audrey have sex . Another Biblical reference comes when Barton flips to the front of the Bible in his desk drawer and sees his own words transposed into the Book of Genesis . This is seen as a representation of his hubris as self @-@ conceived omnipotent master of creation , or alternatively , as a playful juxtaposition demonstrating Barton 's hallucinatory state of mind .
= = Reception = =
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
Barton Fink premiered in May 1991 at the Cannes Film Festival . Beating competition which included Jacques Rivette 's La Belle Noiseuse , Spike Lee 's Jungle Fever , and David Mamet 's Homicide , the Coen brothers ' film won three awards : Best Director , Best Actor , and the top prize Palme d 'Or . This sweep of awards in major categories at Cannes was extremely rare , and some critics felt the jury was too generous to the exclusion of other worthy entries . Worried that the triple victory could set a precedent which would undervalue other films , Cannes decided after the 1991 festival to limit each movie to a maximum of two awards .
Barton Fink was also nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Lerner ) , Best Art Direction ( Dennis Gassner , Nancy Haigh ) , and Best Costume Design ( Richard Hornung ) . Lerner lost to Jack Palance for the latter 's role in City Slickers ; the awards for Art Direction ( Gassner and Haigh won by beating themselves ) and Costume Design went to Bugsy .
The film was also nominated for the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Barton Fink received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 91 % " Certified Fresh " rating , based on 54 reviews , with an average rating of 7 @.@ 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : " Twisty and unsettling , the Coen brothers ' satirical tale of a 1940s playwright struggling with writer 's block is packed with their trademark sense of humor and terrific performances from its cast . " On Metacritic , the film has a score of 69 out of 100 , based on 19 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews . "
The Washington Post critic Rita Kempley described Barton Fink as " certainly one of the year 's best and most intriguing films " . The New York Times critic Vincent Canby called it " an unqualified winner " and " a fine dark comedy of flamboyant style and immense though seemingly effortless technique " . Critic Jim Emerson called Barton Fink " the Coen brothers ' most deliciously , provocatively indescribable picture yet " .
Some critics disliked the abstruse plot and deliberately enigmatic ending . Chicago Reader critic Jonathan Rosenbaum warned of the Coens ' " adolescent smarminess and comic @-@ book cynicism " , and described Barton Fink as " a midnight @-@ movie gross @-@ out in Sunday @-@ afternoon art @-@ house clothing " . In a 1994 interview , Joel dismissed criticism of unclear elements in their films : " People have a problem dealing with the fact that our movies are not straight @-@ ahead . They would prefer that the last half of Barton Fink just be about a screenwriter 's writing @-@ block problems and how they get resolved in the real world .... " Talk show host Larry King expressed approval of the movie , despite its uncertain conclusion . He wrote in USA Today : " The ending is something I 'm still thinking about and if they accomplished that , I guess it worked . "
= = = Box office performance = = =
The movie opened in the United States on eleven screens on August 23 , 1991 and earned $ 268 @,@ 561 during its opening weekend . During its theatrical release , Barton Fink grossed $ 6 @,@ 153 @,@ 939 in the United States . That the movie failed to recoup the expenses of production amused film producer Joel Silver , with whom the Coens would later work in The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) : " I don 't think it made $ 5 million , and it cost $ 9 million to make . [ The Coen brothers have ] a reputation for being weird , off @-@ center , inaccessible . "
= = Formats = =
The film was released in VHS home video format on March 5 , 1992 , and a DVD edition was made available on May 20 , 2003 . The DVD contains a gallery of still photos , theatrical trailers , and eight deleted scenes . The film is also available on Blu @-@ ray Disc , in the UK , in a region @-@ free format that will work in any Blu @-@ ray player .
= = Possible sequel = =
The Coen brothers have expressed interest in making a sequel to Barton Fink called Old Fink , which would take place in the 1960s . " It 's the summer of love and [ Fink is ] teaching at Berkeley . He ratted on a lot of his friends to the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee , " said Joel Coen . The brothers have stated that they have had talks with John Turturro about reprising his role as Fink , but they were waiting " until he was actually old enough to play the part . "
Speaking to The A.V. Club in June 2011 , Turturro suggested the sequel would be set in the 1970s , and Fink would be a hippie with a large Jewfro . He said " you 'll have to wait another 10 years for that , at least " .
= Velodona =
Velodona togata is a species of octopus in the monotypic genus Velodona . First described by Carl Chun in 1915 , with a second subspecies discovered by Guy Coburn Robson in 1924 , it was named for the distinctive membranes on its arms .
Described as being similar to members of the genera Pareledone , Eledone , and Enteroctopus , V. togata has a large body with large eyes and extensive membranes that link the octopus ' arms together . The species has a single line of suckers on each arm , and its head , mantle , and part of its arms are covered in warts . Although the reproductive habits of V. togata have not been extensively studied , the species is believed to be one of the most fecund among octopuses in its region and depth level , despite the species possessing large eggs and extremely large spermatophores .
The species is found in the Indian Ocean , off the coast of South Africa , Mozambique , and Tanzania . The species has been captured from depths between 400 and 750 meters below sea level , and a 2009 study found the species most heavily concentrated between 400 and 600 meters below sea level . V. togata 's conservation status has not been assessed .
= = Taxonomy = =
Velodona togata is a species of octopus , and the sole member of the genus Velodona . It belongs to the family Octopod
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regarious animals , where other members of the species are available to observe and interpret messages of sexual status . Kevin Padian et al . ( 2004 ) challenged conventional hypotheses that that the purpose of bizarre cranial structures and post @-@ cranial armor in dinosaurs , was either for attracting mates , intimidating / fighting rivals in the group , or intimidating potential predators of other species . Padian et al. noted that based on phylogenetic , histological , and functional evidence these bizarre structures can be explained by the phenomenon of intra @-@ species recognition , which is supported by the fossil evidence . Thomas R. Holtz Jr . ( 2010 ) found that the bizarre crest of Cryolophosaurus was primarily for intra @-@ species recognition , based on evidence from related species and studies of bone texture . According to Thomas Rich and his colleagues , the crest would have been ineffective as a weapon and may have possibly functioned as a display feature during certain types of social behavior such as mating .
= = = Diet = = =
When the type specimen was discovered , several long cervical ribs , of a supposed prosauropod dinosaur were found in the mouth of Cryolophosaurus , which led Hammer ( 1998 ) to conclude that it was feeding on the prosauropod when it died . Hammer further noted that since the ribs were found extending all the way back to the theropod 's neck region , this individual may have choked to death on these ribs . However , Smith et al. concluded that these remains belonged to the Cryolophosaurus specimen itself , and not to Hammer 's " prosauropod " . Hammer also concluded that a post @-@ canine tooth belonging to a tritylodont ( an early mammal relative ) , found with the remains , was part of its stomach contents when it died .
= = = Paleopathology = = =
Some Cryolophosaurus bones have pathologies that show evidence of scavenging . Broken teeth from at least two different theropods have also been found nearby . Another possible pathology is found in the astragalus ( ankle bone ) of Cryolophosaurus . This bone was preserved with a small splint from the fibula located just above the ankle . The splint , however , may also be just a unique morphological feature of Cryolophosaurus .
= = Paleoecology = =
All known specimens of Cryolophosaurus have been recovered in the Hanson Formation , which is one of only two major dinosaur @-@ bearing rock formations found on the continent of Antarctica . It was discovered in " tuffaceous " siltstone deposited in the Sinemurian to Pliensbachian stage of the Early Jurassic , approximately 194 to 188 million years ago . This geological formation is part of the Victoria Group of the Transantarctic Mountains , which is approximately 4 @,@ 000 metres ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) above sea level . The high altitude of this site supports the idea that early Jurassic Antarctica had forests populated by a diverse range of species , at least along the coast . The Hanson Formation was deposited in an active volcano − tectonic rift system formed during the breakup of Gondwana .
In the Early Jurassic , Antarctica was closer to the equator and the world was considerably warmer than today , but the climate was still cool temperate . Models of Jurassic air flow indicate that coastal areas probably never dropped much below freezing , although more extreme conditions existed inland . Cryolophosaurus was found about 650 kilometres ( 400 mi ) from the South Pole but , at the time it lived , this was about 1 @,@ 000 km ( 621 mi ) or so farther north . This formation has produced the remains of Glacialisaurus ( a large basal sauropodomorph ) , a crow @-@ sized pterosaur ( a dimorphodontid ) , a synapsid ( a tritylodont , which is a type of synapsid about the size of a rat ) , herbivorous synapsid , and another unknown theropod . In 2004 , paleontologists Judd Case and James Martin informally recovered the partial remains of a large sauropod dinosaur that has not been formally described as of 2004 . There are also the remains of many plant genera recovered from the Early Jurassic Camp Hill Formation , around the same age as fossils of Cryolophosaurus , proving that dense plant matter had once grown on Antarctica 's surface before it drifted southward .
= Don 't Starve =
Don 't Starve is a 2013 action @-@ adventure video game with survival and roguelike elements , developed and published by the Canadian indie company Klei Entertainment . The game was initially released via Valve Corporation 's Steam software for Microsoft Windows , OS X , and Linux on April 23 , 2013 . A PlayStation 4 port , renamed Don 't Starve : Giant Edition , became available the following year ( with PlayStation Vita and PlayStation 3 versions released on September 2014 and June 2015 respectively , and an Xbox One version released in August 2015 ) . Don 't Starve for iOS , renamed Don 't Starve : Pocket Edition was released on July 9 , 2015 . Downloadable content titled Reign of Giants was released on April 30 , 2014 , and a multiplayer expansion called Don 't Starve Together became free for existing users on June 3 , 2015 .
The game follows a scientist named Wilson who finds himself in a dark , dreary world and must survive as long as possible . Toward this end , the player must keep Wilson healthy , fed , and mentally stable as he avoids a variety of surreal and supernatural enemies that will try to kill and devour him . The game 's " Adventure " mode adds depth to the sparse plot and pits Wilson against the game 's antagonist , Maxwell .
Don 't Starve was Klei 's first foray into the survival genre . Conceived during the height of a game industry trend of dropping players into a world with few instructions and a goal of survival , the game was influenced by Minecraft , which spearheaded this trend , as well as by filmmaker Tim Burton . The game received positive reviews from critics ; commended for its original art style , music , and variety of ways for the player to die , although its high level of difficulty and implementation of permanent death were less warmly received .
= = Gameplay = =
Don 't Starve is an action @-@ adventure game with a randomly generated open world and elements of survival and roguelike gameplay . Combat is handled by pointing and clicking with the mouse , while other activities are controlled by the keyboard , or using the inbuilt gamepad support to play using a controller , giving it a console @-@ like gameplay feel . The goal is to survive as long as possible , with a count of the number of days the player has survived shown onscreen . The game keeps few records of player progress besides the total number of experience points and the playable characters unlocked . Wilson is the main playable character , but the first character , Willow , can be unlocked with 160 experience points — the player earns 20 each in @-@ game day and receives them after dying — while Woodie , the last , requires the game 's limit of 1 @,@ 600 . As is common among roguelikes , death is permanent , barring the use of several rare and difficult to acquire items , like the Meat Effigy , Touch Stone , and Life Giving Amulet .
The game relies on a day / night cycle that causes meaningful fluctuations in gameplay style . During the day , the player spends most of their time exploring the world ; gathering food , firewood , and other items ; discovering " recipes " to combine available items ; and avoiding enemies . With nightfall comes dangerous monsters as well as an invisible menace ( Charlie ) which attacks the player when the screen is dark . A player must either have a nearby light source or must have some sort of night vision to prevent the night monster from attacking . Crafting , which uses recipes , allows the player to create shelters and weapons like axes . The characters are able to gather and farm plants as well as hunt animals for sustenance , with several characters having dietary perks or restrictions . Food can spoil , however , so the player cannot keep it for too long . Eating spoiled food results in loss of health , sanity , and an increase in hunger . Each in @-@ game day takes 8 minutes of real time .
Death can occur in a variety of ways . The player has three gauges displayed on the game 's heads @-@ up display , which respectively track hunger , health , and sanity . Hunger worsens by default , being replenished with food . Sanity decreases during the dusk and night , or as a result of certain unpleasant actions
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of the republic . Ulpian reports that criminal proceedings were more common , and Julian that a successful prosecution prevented a civil action under furtum . Even furtum itself was not compensatory but penal in nature .
In the time of the Twelve Tables , a " manifest " thief and a " non @-@ manifest " thief were treated differently . Manifest theft denoted some sort of being caught in the act . Being found later with the stolen thing was not manifest theft , unless it was found during a seemingly bizarre ritual ( furtum lance licioque conceptum ) , whereby the searcher would come with a silver platter and wearing few clothes . Gaius is highly critical of the by @-@ then obsolete ritual , imagining the platter was for removal of the goods . In practice , it may have been for an offering to the household gods . Being almost naked would have prevented the searcher bringing with him a thing he would then pretend to find . Gaius reports that manifest theft brought a penalty of a severe flogging and enslavement for freemen . Slaves found liable for manifest furtum would be thrown off to their deaths off the Tarpeian Rock . The manifest thief was at the time of the Twelve tables was not given a full trial , his case merely adjudicated by a magistrate . The extreme penalty must have acted as a deterrent . The victim could kill the thief on the spot in two situations : at night , and where the thief was using a weapon and had been verbally warned . The verbal warning was designed to make the act of killing more public , and prevent it being an underhand way of committing murder . This rule was accepted by Gaius but is questioned by Ulpian . The penalty for non @-@ manifest theft was always double damages .
By the classical period , physical punishment had been abandoned for manifest theft and Gaius records merely four @-@ times damages , introduced by the praetor . This meant , somewhat strangely , that a praetorian action could be more serious than a civil action , which was unusual . Gaius also elaborates slightly on what constitutes manifest theft . He says that most jurists believed it extended to being caught in the place of the theft with the thing , and no further . Julian ( jurist ) , Ulpian , and Justinian all described it as including the thief who was still carrying the thing to its intended hiding place . There may have been a maximum time limit on manifest theft of this type , but it is unclear how long it was . The general rules for furtum were almost fully developed by the classical period and few significant changes were made during and after it .
There were now four possible actions for theft , by the victim : the action furti itself and three complementary actions . The actio furti concepti was available against the occupier of the building in which the stolen goods were found , regardless of his knowledge of them and brought three @-@ times damages . The actio furti prohibiti could be pursued against anyone who declined a search with witnesses , with four @-@ times damages . The actio furti non exhibiti could be brought if the respondent did not bring the thing to court , although its penalty is unclear . There was a further action available to the respondent of an actio furti concepti who had been found liable : he could sue the person who gave it to him , for the extent of his own liability . That the victim could sue both the thief and handler , if he could show who the thief was , which would have difficult without the presence of the thing . This was both penal , and an attempt to give the plaintiff enough actions to compensate him , because the thief , at least was not usually solvent .
By Justinian 's time , the scheme was simpler : instead of complementing actions for manifest and non @-@ manifest theft , handling stolen goods , or concealing them made one instead liable for non @-@ manifest theft , whose two @-@ times penalty was maintained . Searches were carried out by public authorities , and the wide definition of theft covered a bad faith receiver of goods .
There were reipersecutory actions available in addition to penal actions , those actions which followed from a finding of theft but were additional to it . An action for furtum allowed the dominus or his heirs a claim under vindicatio ( and action in rem ) , which would result in the thing being returned if its value could not be paid instead . It also allowed a claim by the owner for the thing ’ s value under the condictio furtiva against the thief in personam , although only one could be successful . Allowing a condictio was anomalous : it was an action more usually brought by a non @-@ owner , possibly kept over from before condictio was restricted in this way . It is also possible it was allowed because it granted to the claimant an advantage insofar as he did not need ascertain who had the property itself . Gaius suggests that it was kept " out of hatred for thieves " . A possessory interdict was another option in either case .
= Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex =
Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex is a platform game published by Universal Interactive Studios along with Konami and developed by Traveller 's Tales for the PlayStation 2 , Xbox and was ported by Eurocom for GameCube . It was first released on the PlayStation 2 in North America on October 29 , 2001 .
The game is the fourth main installment ( sixth overall ) in the Crash Bandicoot video game series . It is the first main installment of the series not to be developed by Naughty Dog , and the first of the entire series to not be released exclusively for a PlayStation console . The story centers on the appearance of Crunch Bandicoot , a genetically advanced bandicoot created by the main antagonist of the series , Doctor Neo Cortex , who is aided by a group of destructive masks known as the Elementals . Crash Bandicoot and his sister Coco must travel the world and gather special Crystals that will return the Elementals to a hibernated state , and defeat Crunch .
Critical reception of the game was mixed , with many reviewers opining that the game recycled elements from its PlayStation predecessors with minimal innovation . The PlayStation 2 edition has sold 1 @.@ 95 million copies in North America , and the game qualified for various best @-@ seller ranges , including the Platinum Range for PlayStation 2 , Xbox Classics , and Player 's Choice on GameCube . It was released as a launch title for the Xbox Originals line of downloadable original @-@ Xbox games for the Xbox 360 's Live Marketplace service on December 4 , 2007 .
= = Gameplay = =
Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex is a platform game in which the player controls Crash and Coco Bandicoot , who must gather 25 Crystals and defeat the main antagonists of the story : Doctor Neo Cortex , his new superweapon Crunch Bandicoot and Crunch 's power sources , the renegade Elementals . Much of the game takes place in a " Virtual Reality ( VR ) Hub System " created by Coco to help Crash gather the Crystals . The VR Hub System is split up into five " VR Hubs " ; initially , only the first VR Hub is available . Each VR Hub has five teleportation portals to different levels . The goal in each level is to find and obtain the Crystal hidden in the area . In some levels , the Crystal will be located at the end of a level or must be earned by completing a specific challenge . Most levels contain a " Bonus Platform " that leads to a special bonus
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to become acquainted with Castiel , who , they say , will possess her as Andras dies . Andras advances on Katy as she screams .
= = Reception = =
Critics variously called " The Harrowing " the " nastiest " , " most Gothic " and most horrorific episode of Inside No. 9 . It was described as " unashamedly macabre " by Metro journalists , " genuinely frightening " by David Upton of PopMatters , and " a genuine fright fest " by Dessau . Despite both reviews characterising " The Harrowing " as one of the weaker episodes of the series , it was called " very creepy " in the Liverpool Echo , and the closing scene was described as extremely scary in the Metro . Critics writing for The Sunday Times said that the episode " really is best avoided by those of a nervous disposition " , and the sentiment was echoed in the Cheddar Valley Gazette , where it was suggested that the character of Andras " certainly warranted the warning of disturbing scenes " given before the episode .
Concerning the comedic elements of " The Harrowing " , Sunday Times critics said that " comedy doesn 't come blacker than this " . Jack Seale , of the Radio Times , said that viewers would " marvel at how [ the writers could ] pepper the elegant script with gags without breaking the spell " . Dessau also felt that the script was " great " , and commented on a " particularly pithy " joke , " just when you least expect it " . Nick Rutherford and Keith Watson , writing for the Metro , downplayed the comedy of the episode , saying that " the odd defiantly bad joke ... pierced the darkness " . They felt that " The Harrowing " was a weak instalment of Inside No. 9 , giving it three out of five stars . The ending , these critics suggested , was " a bit of a cop out " rather than " daring " . For them , unlike in other Inside No. 9 scripts , there was no twist . Alex Hoskins , writing for the Cheddar Valley Gazette , acknowledged that the " ending will most likely have sparked an online outcry " , but felt that " it was fantastic , fearless and a perfect end to [ the ] series " . Dessau shared a positive view , saying that the series ended " on an absolute high " , with one of his favourite episodes .
= = = Viewership and recognition = = =
" The Harrowing " was watched by 833 @,@ 000 people , which was 4 @.@ 7 % of the audience . This was a recovery from the series low of the previous week 's " The Understudy " , but was fewer viewers than any of the first four episodes . The average viewing figures for the series were 904 @,@ 000 people , or 4 @.@ 9 % of the audience , lower than the slot average of 970 @,@ 000 ( 5 @.@ 1 % of the audience ) .
Due in part to her appearance in the episode , Edwards was shortlisted for WalesOnline 's " Daffta " award for best actress , but lost in the public vote to Eve Myles . For Hallowe 'en 2014 , ezine Den of Geek listed " 31 scary TV episodes that truly terrified us " . Phoebe @-@ Jane Boyd selected " The Harrowing " , commenting on its divergence from previous episodes of Inside No. 9 and the clash of humour and horror tropes . Describing the character of Andras , she explained that " Seeing him jerkily moving towards [ Katy ] with glee , hissing ' mischief ' ... ' straight into camera , is shocking , unexpected , and above all , just horrible . " " The Harrowing " , particularly its final scene , was selected as Empire Online 's 17th greatest television moment of 2014 . " Though there are dark laughs in the episode " , it was claimed on the website , " the ending is pure nightmare fodder , the babysitter helpless as a Castiel @-@ possessed man advances , hissing , ' Mischief ! ' Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith , we both salute you and request you contribute to our therapy bills " .
= Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia =
The Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian : Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske ; ZNDH ) , was the air force of the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) , a puppet state established with the support of the Axis Powers on the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during World War II . The ZNDH was founded under German authority in April 1941 , following the German @-@ led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia .
Although it could not be considered a large air arm in the wider context of World War II , the ZNDH nonetheless had on its charge at one time or another some 650 aircraft between April 1941 and May 1945 , as well as anti @-@ aircraft and paratroop units . From humble beginnings in 1941 , the ZNDH was still providing some measure of air @-@ support ( fighter , attack and transport ) until the last days of World War II in Europe .
The ZNDH maintained a flying training school equipped with gliders and trainers , originally at Rajlovac airfield near Sarajevo and then at Velika Gorica and Pleso airfields in Zagreb . Its parachute and paratroop school was located in Koprivnica .
= = History = =
= = = Establishment = = =
The ZNDH came into being as early as 19 April 1941 , just nine days after the proclamation of the NDH . Its commander was Colonel Vladimir Kren , a former captain of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Vazduhoplovstvo Vojske Kraljevine Jugoslavije ; VVKJ ) , who had defected to the Germans in Graz in his Potez 25 on 4 April 1941 and declared himself an Ustaše supporter .
The first task of the new air force , the backbone of which was provided by 500 former VVKJ officers and 1 @,@ 600 NCOs , was the acquisition or salvage of aircraft , weapons , machinery , equipment and fuel that had survived the fighting and had not been confiscated by the German or Italian forces .
Following the brief April War , the Germans had captured over 300 ex @-@ VVKJ aircraft . They considered them to be of little use for the Luftwaffe , so it was decided to equip the ZNDH with an appropriate number of these aircraft . These aircraft , scattered in every corner of Yugoslavia , were then collected , minor damage repaired and stocks of fuel and spare parts stored at airfield workshops . Naturally , the majority of the aircraft were more or less damaged and action was undertaken to repair as many of them as possible . Former VVKJ pilots of Croatian background and other personnel of aeronautical specialty were approached and offered instant rehabilitation ( most of them were in German POW camps ) , jobs and safety for their families .
Kren also initiated the formation of an early warning system , anti @-@ aircraft batteries ( armed with German and Czech weapons ) and various training and servicing departments , ammunition stores and workshop facilities . The fuel necessary for the operations of the ZNDH was supplied by the Germans from former Yugoslav stocks in Kraljevo , Serbia .
As early as May 1941 , the NDH had asked Germany for , among other things , 22 Messerschmitt Bf 109s . Instead , they got some of the remaining largely obsolete aircraft of the VVKJ . At the same
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relationships among the unmarried daughters of the gentry , and Esther Waters ( 1894 ) , the story of an unmarried housemaid who becomes pregnant and is abandoned by her footman lover . Both of these books have remained almost constantly in print since their first publication . His 1887 novel A Mere Accident is an attempt to merge his symbolist and realist influences . He also published a collection of short stories : Celibates ( 1895 ) .
= = = Dublin and the Celtic Revival = = =
In 1901 , Moore returned to Ireland to live in Dublin at the suggestion of his cousin and friend , Edward Martyn . Martyn had been involved in Ireland 's cultural and dramatic movements for some years , and was working with Lady Gregory and William Butler Yeats to establish the Irish Literary Theatre . Moore soon became deeply involved in this project and in the broader Irish Literary Revival . He had already written a play , The Strike at Arlingford ( 1893 ) , which was produced by the Independent Theatre . The play was the result of a challenge between Moore and George Robert Sims over Moore 's criticism of all contemporary playwrights in Impressions and Opinions . Moore won the one hundred pound bet made by Sims for a stall to witness an " unconventional " play by Moore , though Moore insisted the word " unconventional " be excised .
The Irish Literary Theatre staged his satirical comedy The Bending of the Bough ( 1900 ) , adapted from Martyn 's The Tale of a Town , originally rejected by the theatre but unselfishly given to Moore for revision , and Martyn 's Maeve . Staged by the company who would later become the Abbey Theatre , The Bending of the Bough was a historically important play and introduced realism into Irish literature . Lady Gregory wrote that it : " hits impartially all round " . The play was satire on Irish political life , and as it was unexpectedly nationalist , was considered the first to deal with a vital question that had appeared in Irish life . Diarmuid and Grania , a poetic play in prose co @-@ written with Yeats in 1901 , was also staged by the theatre , with incidental music by Elgar . After this production Moore took up pamphleteering on behalf of the Abbey , and parted company with the dramatic movement .
Moore published two books of prose fiction set in Ireland around this time ; a second book of short stories , The Untilled Field ( 1903 ) and a novel , The Lake ( 1905 ) . The Untilled Field deal with themes of clerical interference in the daily lives of the Irish peasantry , and of the issue of emigration . The stories were originally written for translation into Irish , in order to serve as models for other writers working in the language . Three of the translations were published in the New Ireland Review , but publication was then paused due to a perceived anti @-@ clerical sentiment . In 1902 the entire collection was translated by Tadhg Ó Donnchadha and Pádraig Ó Súilleabháin , and published in a parallel @-@ text edition by the Gaelic League as An @-@ tÚr @-@ Ghort . Moore later revised the texts for the English edition . These stories were influenced by Turgenev 's A Sportsman 's Sketches , a book recommended to Moore by W. K. Magee , a sub @-@ librarian of the National Library of Ireland , and had earlier suggested that Moore " was best suited to become Ireland 's Turgenev " . The tales are recognised by some as representing the birth of the Irish short story as a literary genre .
In 1903 , following a disagreement with his brother Maurice over the religious upbringing of his nephews , Moore declared himself to be Protestant . His conversion was announced in a letter to the Irish Times newspaper . Moore remained in Dublin until 1911 . In 1914 , he published a gossipy , three @-@ volume memoir of his time there under the collective title Hail and Farewell , which entertained its readers but infuriated former friends . Moore himself said of these memoirs , " Dublin is now divided into two sets ; one half is afraid it will be in the book , and the other is afraid that it won 't " .
In his later years he was increasingly friendless , having quarreled bitterly with Yeats and Osborn Bergin , among others : Oliver St. John Gogarty said : " It was impossible to be a friend of his , because he was incapable of gratitude " .
= = = Later life = = =
Moore returned to London in 1911 , where , with the exception of frequent trips to France , he was to spend much of the rest of his life . In 1913 , he traveled to Jerusalem to research for his next novel , The Brook Kerith ( 1916 ) . The book saw Moore once again embroiled in controversy , as it was based on the supposition that a non @-@ divine Christ did not die on the cross but instead was nursed back to health . Other books from this period include a further collection of short @-@ stories called A Storyteller
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" was used in the promotional video of Istanbul 's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics . Coaches Ricky Martin , Delta Goodrem , Joel Madden and Seal during the second season of The Voice Australia . In 2015 , coaches Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban and Harry Connick , Jr. covered the song in a mash @-@ up with Bruno Mars ' 2013 single , " Locked Out of Heaven " during the final show of the fourteenth season of American Idol .
" Diamonds " was remixed by rapper Flo Rida , whose version was premiered on November 12 by American magazine Rap @-@ Up . He had previously performed on unofficial remixes of Rihanna 's " We Found Love " and " Where Have You Been " . The official remix of " Diamonds " , which featured rapper Kanye West , was released on November 16 as a digital download via SoundCloud and iTunes . West 's verse starts at the beginning of the remix , as he raps lines such as " We the cause of all the commotion / Your mouth runnin ' by where is you goin ? " . He also quotes the theme song from The Fresh Prince of Bel @-@ Air , while proclaiming to be " on his Brad Pitt " . MTV News ' James Montgomery wrote that " there 's certainly no shortage of Kanye 's patented swagger , and the new remix also adds some clubby wallop to the laid @-@ back track . " Henna Kathiya of MTV Rapfix remarked that West adds " some classic Ye flavor " to the original song . On December 4 , a new remix leaked online . It featured Eve , who rapped lines such as , " You glisten so beautiful , priceless / Listen to me , I need you to know / How you can change my whole world . "
= = = Josef Salvat version = = =
Australian artist Josef Salvat covered " Diamonds " in his EP In Your Prime ( 2014 ) . The track became popular after Sony used it in its ad " Ice Bubbles " for its new 4K Ultra HD television screen . The Sony ad was filmed in Mount Whisler , Nunavut , Canada using Salvat 's version of " Diamonds " . Josef Salvat 's version has reached number 2 on French SNEP Official Singles Charts also making it to number 11 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Belgian Ultratop charts .
= = = = Track list = = = =
CD single ( RCA ) ( Sony Music )
" Diamonds " ( 4 : 07 )
" Diamonds " ( Live ) ( 3 : 51 )
= = = = Charts = = = =
= = Formats and track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic .
Locations
Recorded at Roc the Mic Studios , New York City , New York ; Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California
Mixed at Ninja Club Studios , Atlanta , Georgia .
Personnel
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
Since May 9 , 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads .
= = Radio and release history = =
= Conker 's Bad Fur Day =
Conker 's Bad Fur Day is an action @-@ platform video game developed by Rare and released for the Nintendo 64 video game console in 2001 . As part of the Conker video game series , the game follows the story of Conker the Squirrel , a greedy , heavy @-@ drinking red squirrel who attempts to return home to his girlfriend Berri . The gameplay is composed of various challenges that involve platforming , solving puzzles , fighting enemies , and gathering objects . The game also features a multiplayer mode where a maximum of four players can compete in seven different game types .
Although visually similar to Rare 's family @-@ oriented Nintendo 64 platform games Banjo @-@ Kazooie and Donkey Kong 64 , Conker 's Bad Fur Day was designed for mature audiences and features cartoon violence , alcohol and tobacco use , profanity , vulgar humor and pop culture references . It was developed over the course of four years and was originally intended for a family audience , but was ultimately retooled into its current form because previews were criticised for being both too cute and similar to Rare 's earlier platform games .
Upon release , Conker 's Bad Fur Day received critical acclaim from video game journalists , who praised its visual appeal and smart , funny humour . The game sold well below expectations due to limited advertising and a release towards the end of the Nintendo 64 's life cycle , but has since earned a cult following due to its unique styling . A remake , Conker : Live & Reloaded , was released for the Xbox in 2005 . In 2015 , the game was included as part of the Rare Replay compilation for Xbox One .
= = Gameplay = =
Conker 's Bad Fur Day is an action @-@ platform game where the player controls Conker the Squirrel through a series of three @-@ dimensional levels . The game features an overworld where players can transition from one level to another , although many are initially blocked off until Conker earns a certain amount of cash . Each level is an enclosed area in which the player can freely explore to find tasks to do . The gameplay mostly relies on figuring out a way to help other characters by completing a linear sequence of challenges . These challenges may include defeating a boss , solving puzzles , gathering objects , and racing opponents , among others . The result is always a cash reward , which aids access to other areas in the overworld .
Conker 's abilities are far simpler than those of previous Rare platform games Banjo @-@ Kazooie and Donkey Kong 64 . The player can run , jump , and smack enemies with a frying pan . Conker also has a few other physical abilities . He can swim underwater for a while until he runs out of breath , climb ladders or ropes , and is strong enough to push heavy objects . To regain lost health , Conker can eat pieces of " anti @-@ gravity " Chocolate that are scattered throughout the levels . Additionally , the game employs " context sensitive " pads that allow Conker to gain different , temporary abilities when pressing the " B " button atop them . For instance , in the beginning of the game , by pressing the B button on the first pad he encounters , Conker drinks some Alka @-@ Seltzer to wipe out his hangover , at which point players can proceed forward . Some pads can turn Conker into an anvil to slam into the ground , and some are also used to pull out his shotgun , to activate his throwing knives , slingshot and so on . They also serve to inform players of what needs to be done next .
The game also includes a multiplayer mode , where up to four players can compete against each other in seven different game types : Beach , Raptor , Heist , War , Tank , Race and Deathmatch . In Beach , some players must go up through a beach and into a waiting escape vehicle , while others must stop them by firing at them from fixed positions . Raptor involves players controlling raptors to feed a baby dinosaur , while others play as cavemen that have to steal dinosaur eggs . Heist engrosses players in the robbery of a bank , where the goal is to retrieve a cash bag from the center of the level and run with it to the team 's vault without being damaged . War can either be a traditional capture the flag mode or Total War , where players have to get the other teams gas can
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ister and use it to release a chemical gas that annihilates the enemy . Similarly , in Tank players fight against each other by using tanks and grabbing chemical canisters that can release a lethal corrosive gas , destroying all the tanks that are outdoors . Race is a racing mode which provides two variations of the same course . Items can be acquired and used against opponents . Finally , there is a standard deathmatch mode where players fight against each other in shooting style from a third @-@ person perspective . Players can set a number of different options for each game , such as score limit , number of lives , and inclusion of optional bots .
= = Plot = =
Conker 's Bad Fur Day follows the story of Conker the Squirrel , a red squirrel , who finds himself lost in a strange land after a night of binge drinking with his friends , and embarks on a quest simply to return home to his girlfriend , Berri . Meanwhile , the Panther King , ruler of the land that Conker is lost in , finds that his throne 's side table is missing one of its legs and orders his paraplegic weasel servant , Professor Von Kriplespac , to solve the problem . Kriplespac suggests the use of a red squirrel as the fourth leg for his table , and therefore the Panther King sends his minions to search for one and capture it . As Conker searches for his way home , he finds himself embroiled in a series of increasingly absurd and often dangerous situations , including having to recover a bee hive from some enormous wasps , confronting a giant opera @-@ singing pile of feces , being turned into a bat by a vampire , and even getting drafted into a war between grey squirrels and a Nazi @-@ like group of teddy bears known as the " Tediz , " which Conker ultimately destroys . During his quest to return home , Conker finds wads of cash scattered throughout the land and becomes sidetracked from his goal .
In the final chapter of the game , Conker and Berri are enlisted by Don Weaso , head of the Weasel Mafia , to rob a bank . After entering the vault , they find that the bank scene was an elaborate trap set by the King and Don Weaso to capture Conker . In the ensuing confrontation , Berri steps in to handle the confrontation for Conker , but is gunned down by Weaso under orders by the Panther King . Afterwards , he calls over Professor Von Kriplespac when he begins having trouble breathing , and Von Kriplespac takes Conker aside to watch as a large Xenomorph suddenly bursts out of the Panther King 's chest , killing him instantly . Von Kriplespac explains that the alien , whom he had named Heinrich , is one of his creations and that he had planned to use this opportunity to kill the King and escape captivity
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700 vehicles and 120 trucks traveling along that section of the highway daily . Two segments of M @-@ 43 are listed on the National Highway System . The first section runs from US 131 in Oshtemo Township east to the intersection of M @-@ 43 ( Gull Road ) and Sprinkle Road in Comstock . The second segment is between I @-@ 96 / I @-@ 69 in Delta Township and the junction between Saginaw Street and Grand River Avenue in East Lansing .
= = History = =
When M @-@ 43 was first commissioned by July 1 , 1919 , it ran from M @-@ 17 in Kalamazoo to Hastings . It also extended north to Ionia and Stanton before turning east through Ithaca to St. Charles . In 1929 , the western end was extended from Kalamazoo to South Haven , with a section still under construction . By the end of 1930 , the sections of M @-@ 43 north and east of Woodbury were redesignated as parts of other highways . The Woodbury – Stanton segment was renumbered M @-@ 14 , and the Stanton – St. Charles highway became M @-@ 57 . In 1938 , the road was extended to the east , replacing the routing of M @-@ 39 from Woodbury all the way to East Lansing where it intersected US 16 as it existed on Grand River Avenue .
The next year , M @-@ 37 was realigned , which created a concurrency with M @-@ 43 in the Hasting area . When M @-@ 43 was rerouted in 1954 , the new course of the highway ran concurrently with M @-@ 66 for a few miles in rural northeastern Barry County . All of the highway was completely paved in 1956 when a new routing opened northeast of Hastings , bypassing Coats Grove . The fourth change in the Barry County routing was made by the next year. the highway was rerouted due northward out of Hastings along Broadway Street .
Around 1959 , M @-@ 43 was shifted to bypass Grand Ledge . The former route through town was retained as a state highway , designated Bus . M @-@ 43 . M @-@ 43 was extended from its eastern end in Lansing in 1962 along a section of highway that was formerly part of US 16 on Grand River Avenue ; the extension to Webberville was made when the I @-@ 96 freeway opened that year . Through the Lansing area , M @-@ 43 was rerouted off Michigan Avenue downtown . This former routing was renumbered M @-@ 143 .
= = Major intersections = =
= = Business loop = =
Business M @-@ 43 ( Bus . M @-@ 43 ) was a business loop through the city of Grand Ledge . It ran east along Jefferson Street . The street curves to the southeast at a bend in the Grand River . M @-@ 100 merges in from the northeast at Bridge Street . The two highways ran concurrently south to Saginaw Highway . There , Bus . M @-@ 43 ended at the intersection with M @-@ 43 while M @-@ 100 continued south .
The business loop was created when M @-@ 43 was rerouted to a new roadway southwest of downtown Grand Ledge . This roadway opened on November 14 , 1959 , at which time the business loop was signed along the former route in town . In 1968 , Bus . M @-@ 43 was decommissioned . The section not concurrent with M @-@ 100 was turned over to local control and removed from the state trunkline highway system .
= J. Proctor Knott =
James Proctor Knott ( August 29 , 1830 – June 18 , 1911 ) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky and served as the 29th Governor of Kentucky from 1883 to 1887 . Born in Kentucky , he moved to Missouri in 1850 and began his political career there . He served as Missouri Attorney General from 1859 to 1861 , when he resigned rather than swear an oath of allegiance to the federal government just prior to the outbreak of the Civil War .
Knott was disbarred and briefly imprisoned for his refusal to take the oath of allegiance . He returned to Kentucky in 1863 and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives . In 1871 , he made a notable speech ridiculing a bill to subsidize westward expansion of railroads . In the speech , he lampooned the remote town of Duluth , Minnesota . The Duluth speech was eventually reprinted in several publications and brought Knott national acclaim . He did not stand for re @-@ election in 1870 , instead making a failed run for the office of governor . In 1875 , he returned to the House and served as chair of the judiciary committee .
In 1883 , Knott left Congress and made a successful run for governor . He secured major reforms in education , but was stymied in his pursuit of tax reform . After his term as governor , he was a delegate to the state 's constitutional convention in 1891 . In 1892 , he became a professor at Centre College in Danville , Kentucky and helped organized the college 's law school in 1894 . He served as dean of the law school until an illness forced him to retire in 1902 . He died at his home in Lebanon , Kentucky on June 18 , 1911 .
= = Early life = =
J. Proctor Knott was born in Raywick ,
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,@ 400 m ) in the White Mountains , depending on wind exposure .
= = = Above timberline — The alpine zone = = =
On the highest slopes of the west wall of the notch , trees are unable to grow , and an " alpine zone " of alpine @-@ Arctic vegetation exists . Vegetation in this zone tends to be lichens , sedges or small , low @-@ lying plants that can resist the constant exposure to the wind . Most plants in this area are perennial ; the growing season is far too short to allow for annuals .
Alpine plants usually occur in communities spaced between barren talus slopes . Cushion @-@ shaped Diapensia lapponica usually grows in communities in the windiest areas , and in less exposed sites sedge , heath , snowbank , and alpine bog communities can be found .
= = History = =
Pinkham Notch was originally a riverine , " V @-@ shaped " valley until the Laurentide Ice Sheet shaped it into its current form , a " U @-@ shaped " valley . This shaping occurred during the Wisconsinian Ice Age , 25 – 50 @,@ 000 years ago . The geology of the region became greatly altered by this event ; much of the weaker rock was stripped from the region , leaving only highly @-@ resistant mica schist . As the glaciers retreated , a layer of glacial till was deposited , including several glacial erratics . A notable glacial erratic in the area is Mount Washington 's Glen Boulder .
The notch first appears in recorded history in 1784 , when an expedition led by Jeremy Belknap camped in the notch before ascending to the summit of Mount Washington through Huntington Ravine . Pinkham Notch was far more isolated than neighboring Crawford Notch ; as a result , the first settler of Pinkham Notch came in 1827 , 43 years after habitation of Crawford Notch . The first settler , Hayes Copp , built a homestead in the then @-@ uninhabited area , near where the Dolly Copp campground stands today . Copp and his wife lived alone in the wilderness until Daniel Pinkham completed the first road through the notch between in 1836 , finally providing a link between the Copp homestead and civilization . In 1851 , a railroad was built to Gorham , and a hotel , the Glen House , was constructed to accommodate passengers . Mount Washington was the main attraction in the area ; a bridle path was constructed from the Glen House to hotels on the summit , which was later improved into what would become the Mount Washington Auto Road . Completion of the road in 1861 led to a massive increase in tourism .
Meanwhile , logging began in the Pinkham area . After almost total deforestation of the White Mountain region , the White Mountain National Forest was created in 1911 , and the Mount Washington area was added to the national forest in 1914 . With the preservation of the area , emphasis shifted from logging to recreation . The Appalachian Mountain Club converted a logging camp near the height @-@ of @-@ land into what is now the Pinkham Notch Visitor Center in 1921 . The Appalachian Trail was built through the visitor center , making it an important trailhead for ascents of Mount Washington . Meanwhile , ski trails began to be constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps on Wildcat Mountain , and the ski resort was opened in 1958 .
= = Recreation = =
Pinkham Notch is easily accessible by New Hampshire Route 16 . Numerous opportunities for recreation exist in the area .
= = = Hiking = = =
Mount Washington is a common objective , and is often climbed from Pinkham Notch . There are numerous trail approaches from the Appalachian Mountain Club 's visitor 's center . Although trail distances seem short , the trip to the summit should not be underestimated ; most trail approaches involve at least 4 @,@ 000 vertical feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) of climbing , including an ascent of the rocky summit cone and the boulder @-@ strewn upper slopes . Weather changes very quickly , and one must be prepared for extreme conditions . The Tuckerman Ravine Trail is the most popular trail in the notch , ascending to the summit via the headwall of Tuckerman Ravine . The Huntington Ravine Trail is widely considered the most difficult trail in New Hampshire , making its way up the precipitous headwall of neighboring Huntington Ravine , where there are several rock climbing opportunities .
On the other side of the notch , the Wildcat Range is a popular objective . The five summits can be reached via the Wildcat Ridge Trail ; the first two miles are extremely difficult , and require skill on short , yet exposed , rock scrambles . This part of the trail is frequently bypassed by following the ski area 's Polecat Trail to the summit of D Peak .
The Appalachian Trail , which extends over 2 @,@ 150 miles ( 3 @,@ 460 km ) from Georgia to Maine , runs along the Presidential Range before crossing the notch and ascending to the summits of the Wildcat Range .
There are also less challenging hikes that are equally scenic , yet better suited for families with young children . Popular objectives include Glen Ellis Falls , a waterfall on the Ellis River , and Square Ledge , with an impressive view of Mount Washington for modest effort .
= = = Skiing = = =
The area also has many opportunities for both alpine and Nordic skiing . The bowl of Tuckerman Ravine is famous for its extremely steep backcountry skiing . Long lines are common during the peak spring @-@ skiing season of April and May . Wildcat Mountain offers groomed ski trails and lifts , and is a better choice for less @-@ experienced skiers . The centerpiece of the ski @-@ area is the gondola , which runs during the summer , and offers views of the Presidentials with no expended effort .
For Nordic skiing , Great Glen Trails offers a large , groomed trail system that also includes the lower half of the Auto Road . Several warming huts are scattered around the trail system , including scenic Great Angel Cabin , with views of the Great Gulf and surrounding peaks . Great Glen also permits biking on the trails during the summer , and is the only mountain bike facility in the notch . Another cross @-@ country trail system exists in the town of Jackson , extending as far as the summit of Wildcat Mountain .
= Shriya Saran =
Shriya Saran ( pronounced [ ʂrɪjaː sərən ] ( born as Shriya Saran Bhatnagar on 11 September 1982 ) , also known by the mononym Shriya , is an Indian film actress and model . She has acted in Telugu , Tamil , and Hindi language films , as well as a few films in English , Malayalam and Kannada .
Saran was born in Dehradun and spent most of her childhood in Haridwar . In 2001 , her dance master gave her the opportunity to appear in Renoo Nathan 's debut music video " Thirakti Kyun Hawa " , which brought Saran to the attention of many Indian filmmakers .
Although Saran aspired to become a well @-@ known dancer , she was rather offered a leading role . Thus , Saran made her film debut in 2001 with the Telugu film Ishtam , and had her first commercial success with Santhosham ( 2002 ) . She subsequently appeared in several more Telugu films , while making in @-@ roads in the Hindi and Tamil film industries . In 2007 , Saran starred in Sivaji , the highest @-@ grossing Tamil film at that time . She also gained critical acclaim for her role in the 2007 Bollywood film Awarapan . In 2008 , Saran played the lead role in her first English film , the American @-@ Indian co @-@ production The Other End of the Line . Her following projects included popular films such as Kanthaswamy ( 2009 ) in Tamil , and Pokkiri Raja ( 2010 ) in Malayalam , her roles in which established her as one of the leading actresses in the South Indian film industries . In 2012 , she was cast in the British @-@ Canadian film Midnight 's Children under the direction of Deepa Mehta , based on Salman Rushdie 's Booker Prize @-@ winning novel of the same name , for which she received international critical acclaim . She achieved further commercial success by starring in films such as Pavitra ( 2013 ) and Chandra ( 2013 ) . In 2014 , Shriya Saran starred in the critically acclaimed Telugu film Manam , which she received accolades for her performance .
In addition to her work in films , Saran has been the brand ambassador for several brands across India , endorsing beauty and health products . Among other philanthropic activities , she has volunteered for a number of charity organizations , and in 2011 she opened a spa employing exclusively
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a number of blue rough shapes behind the gold trim as well as sponsor logos on the shoulders . The away jerseys feature a solid white background with dark blue striped borders on the cuffs and bottom of the body , it also contains the same rough blue shapes behind the trim . The Halla put the first name of Korean players on the jerseys to avoid confusion as several players share the same family name .
= = = Mascots = = =
The teams mascots are a male and female polar bear . The male polar bear wears the Halla home jersey and the female polar bear wears the away jersey . She also wears a white skirt and has red eyes . No name has been released for either of the polar bears . In February 2012 the team began an event to choose a name for the male mascot with the name to be announced at the end of the season .
= = Honours = =
Korean Ice Hockey League :
Winners ( 5 ) : 1997 – 98 , 1999 – 2000 , 2001 – 02 , 2002 – 03 , 2003 – 04
Korea Domestic Championship :
Winners ( 7 ) : 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010
Asia League Ice Hockey :
Winners ( 3 ) : 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 [ a ] , 2015 – 16
= = Team records = =
As of the 2015 – 16 season :
Most games played : Brock Radunske , 304
Most goals scored : Brock Radunske , 183
Most assists : Brock Radunske , 270
Most points accumulated : Brock Radunske , 453
Most PIM accumulated : Brock Radunske , 342
Bold lettering indicates active with team player . The statistics are counted for Asia League games only .
= = Current roster = =
Updated : 24 July 2016
= = Leaders = =
= = = Team captains = = =
Lee Dong @-@ ho , 1994 – 1998
Rho Jung @-@ won , 1998 – 2000
Shim Eui @-@ sik , 2000 – 2002
Kim Chang @-@ bum , 2002 – 2004
Park Sung @-@ min , 2004 – 2006
Kim Woo @-@ jae , 2006 – 2012
Kim Woo @-@ young , 2012 – 2014
Park Woo @-@ sang , 2014 – present
= = = Head coaches = = =
Kim Sae @-@ il , 1994 – 2004
Byun Sun @-@ wook , 2004 – 2005
Vejvoda Otakar , 2005 – 2008
Shim Eui @-@ sik , 2008 – 2014
Jiri Veber , 2014 – present
= = Year @-@ by @-@ year record = =
= = = Anyang Halla ( AL Hockey 2003 – 2016 ) = = =
complete records for previous seasons
* prior to the 2008 – 09 season , there were no shoot @-@ outs and games ended in a tie .
= = Past import players = =
Prior to the 2008 – 09 season , Halla drew most of their imports from the Czech Republic , including their head coach of 3 seasons .
Michal Madl 2003 – 04 , D
Miroslav Stefanka 2003 – 04 , C
Ales Zima 2003 – 04 , C / W
Vesa Ponto 2004 – 05 , D
Marco Poulsen 2004 – 05 , W
Esa Tikkanen 2004 – 05 , W / Playing Coach ( former Oilers / Rangers / Blues / Devils / Canucks / Panthers / Capitals )
Daniel Seman 2005 – 06 , D
Jaroslav Nedvěd 2005 – 07 , D ( brother of Petr Nedvěd )
Zdeněk Nedvěd 2005 – 07 , C / W ( former Maple Leafs )
Pavel Falta 2006 – 07 , G
Tomas Hruby 2007 – 08 , W
Patrik Hucko 2007 – 08 , D
Milan Kopecky 2007 – 08 , C
Filip Stefanka 2007 – 08 , D
Patrik Martinec 2005 – 2010 , C
Jon Awe 2008 – 2011 , D
Jeff Dimmen 2013 – 15 , D
Dustin Wood 2009 – 2011 , 2013 – 14 , D
Brad Fast 2008 – 11 , D
John Hecimovic 2011 , RW
Ric Jackman 2011 – 13 , D
Mark Derlago 2012 – 13 , LW
Alex Plante 2015 – 16 , D
= = Retired numbers = =
91 Shim Eui @-@ sik ( 1994 – 2006 ) was the Korean League MVP five times and held the record for most career goals and career points . He spent his entire professional career with Halla . He said after his retirement that he hoped to have the chance to coach Halla in the future .
43 Patrik Martinec ( 2005 – 2
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convention seemed to heave up . Everybody seemed to go mad at once . " In a demonstration of some half an hour , Bryan was carried around the floor , then surrounded with cheering supporters . Men and women threw their hats into the air , not caring where they might come down . Delegates were shouting to begin the vote and nominate Bryan immediately , which he refused to consider , feeling that if his appeal could not last overnight , it would not last until November . Bryan left the convention , returning to his hotel to await the outcome . In the midst of the crazed crowd , Altgeld , a Bland supporter , commented to his friend , lawyer Clarence Darrow , " That is the greatest speech I ever listened to . I don 't know but its effect will be to nominate him . "
= = = Nomination = = =
When order was restored after Bryan 's speech , the convention passed the platform , voting down the minority report and a resolution in support of the Cleveland administration ; it then recessed for a few hours until 8 : 00 pm , when nominating speeches were to be made . According to The Boston Globe , Bryan " had locked himself within the four walls at the Clifton House , down town , and there blushes unseen . The dark horse is in his stall , feasting on the oats of hope and political straws . " Bryan had made no arrangements for formal nominating speeches given the short timeframe , and was surprised when word was brought to him at the Clifton House that he had been nominated by Henry Lewis of Georgia : the candidate had expected the Kansas delegation to name him . As Missouri Senator George Vest nominated Bland , his oratory was drowned out by the gallery , " Bryan , Bryan , W.J. Bryan " .
The balloting for the presidential nomination was held on July 10 , the day after the speech ; a two @-@ thirds majority was needed to nominate . Bryan remained at his hotel , sending word to his fellow Nebraskans , " There must be no pledging , no promising , on any subject with anybody . No delegation must be permitted to violate instructions given by a state convention . Our delegation should not be too prominent in applause . Treat all candidates fairly . " On the first ballot , Bryan had 137 votes , mostly from Nebraska and four southern states , trailing Bland who had 235 ; Boies was fourth with 67 votes and was never a factor in the balloting . Bland maintained his lead on the second and third ballots , but on the fourth , with the convention in a huge uproar , Bryan took the lead . Governor Altgeld had held Illinois , which was subject to the " unit rule " whereby the entirety of a state 's vote was cast as a majority of that state 's delegation directed . After the fourth ballot , the Illinois delegation caucused and Altgeld was one of only two remaining Bland supporters , thus giving Bryan all of the state 's 48 votes and bringing him near the two @-@ thirds mark and the nomination . On the fifth ballot , other states joined the Bryan bandwagon , making him the Democratic candidate for president .
At the Clifton House , Bryan 's rooms were overwhelmed with those wishing to congratulate him , despite the efforts of police to keep the crowds at bay . Bryan quipped , " I seem to have plenty of friends now , but I remember well when they were very few . " He left the choice of a running mate to the convention ; delegates selected Maine shipbuilder Arthur Sewall . Active in Democratic Party politics , Sewall was one of the few eastern party leaders to support silver , was wealthy and could help finance the campaign ; he also balanced the ticket geographically . According to historian Stanley Jones in his account of the 1896 election , " it seemed in retrospect a curious logic that gave a capitalist from Maine a leading role in a campaign intended to have a strong appeal to the masses of the South and West " . Bryan and Sewall gained their nominations without the ballots of the gold men , most of whom refused to vote . Amid talk that the Gold Democrats would form their own party , Senator Hill was asked if he remained a Democrat . " I was a Democrat before the Convention and am a Democrat still — very still . "
= = General election campaign = =
Bryan 's nomination was denounced by many establishment Democrats . President Cleveland , stunned by the convention 's repudiation of him and his policies , decided against open support for a bolt from the party , either by endorsing McKinley or by publicly backing a rival Democratic
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team consisted of nine players . Lee Hinson , Paul Moran , Jon Rydberg and Stephen Welch competed in the men 's events , Beth Arnoult and Kaitlyn Verfuerth competed in the women 's events , and Brent Poppen , Nick Taylor and David Wagner competed in the mixed quadriplegic events . The tennis team was coached by Dan James , with Jason Hartnett as assistant coach , David Schobel as team leader , and Bill Taylor as the personal care assistant . Taylor and Wagner successfully defended their title in mixed doubles , which they had won four years earlier at the 2004 Paralympics . The two men competed against each other in the bronze medal match of the mixed singles event , with Wagner prevailing .
= = Media coverage = =
U.S. coverage of the 2008 Paralympic Games was provided by the Universal Sports Television Network . Daily live and delayed highlight shows as well as coverage of the opening and closing ceremonies was available on @-@ demand at UniversalSports.com from September 6 – 17 . Daily video highlights were also available at the official website of the U.S. Paralympic Team , usparalympics.org. The Universal Sports television broadcast began on October 8 , followed by seven days of three @-@ hour segments of coverage and a special presentation highlighting the events that was broadcast by NBC on October 18 . A 90 @-@ minute documentary was presented by NBC on November 9 , and was followed by another broadcast of the Games on Universal Sports from November 10 – 16 .
= Wendover Cut @-@ off =
The Wendover Cut @-@ off , also called the Wendover Road or Wendover Route , is a two @-@ lane highway in the western part of Tooele County in the U.S. state of Utah . Stretching 40 @.@ 3 miles ( 64 @.@ 9 km ) from Wendover to Knolls across the Bonneville Salt Flats , a part of the Great Salt Lake Desert , the cut @-@ off was once part of the primary link between the Nevada state line and Salt Lake City . In 2012 , between 240 and 250 vehicles used the cut @-@ off near its western terminus in Wendover on an average day .
The first roadway across the Great Salt Lake Desert was completed in 1917 as a single @-@ lane highway . It was added to the Utah state highway system in 1919 , and replacement plans had begun to arise as soon as 1921 . In 1923 , the current cut @-@ off was approved for construction and was opened to the traveling public in 1925 . The United States Numbered Highway System brought the arrival of the U.S. Route 40 ( US @-@ 40 ) designation to the highway , on the same day the Lincoln Highway Association agreed to abandon their southerly route to Ely , and route the Lincoln Highway along the cut @-@ off . Later , the cut @-@ off was also designated as part of US @-@ 50 and US @-@ 50 Alternate ( US @-@ 50 Alt ) . Upon the completion of the parallel Interstate 80 ( I @-@ 80 ) , the previous U.S. Route designations were deleted from the United States Numbered Highway System , and the cut @-@ off was turned over to the county .
= = Route description = =
The Wendover Cut @-@ off begins at a T @-@ intersection with concurrent Utah State Route 58 ( SR @-@ 58 ) and I @-@ 80 Business in the eastern portion of Wendover , south of Danger Cave . The cut @-@ off travels due east by I @-@ 80 to the north and the now Union Pacific Central Corridor railroad tracks to the south . Leppy Pass Road , exit 4 on I @-@ 80 , provides access to the Bonneville Speedway north of the Interstate . Between SR @-@ 58 and Leppy Pass Road , the highway is designated Federal Aid Route 2654 . Further south , a rest area was built along the southern side of I @-@ 80 , however no road access was provided between the rest area and the cut @-@ off . Metaphor : The Tree of Utah was built on the northern side of I @-@ 80 in the middle of the salt flats further east from the rest area . Before terminating at I @-@ 80 the highway veers north and forms a diamond interchange in the unincorporated community of Knolls . A frontage road continues on the northern side of I @-@ 80 after this interchange . The land that the cut @-@ off was built upon was once compared to as being " as flat as a billiard table . " Unlike more traditional steel or iron culverts , the cut @-@ off uses all timber culverts , as the salt erodes the metal ones too quickly .
Although maintained as part of the Tooele County road network , the portion of the cut @-@ off designated Federal Aid Route 2654 is surveyed by the Utah Department of Transportation ( UDOT ) to measure traffic volumes . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2012 , UDOT calculated between 240 and 250 vehicles used the cut @-@ off near its western terminus . By comparison , traffic on the parallel I @-@ 80 between the Nevada state line and Leppy Pass Road ( the Bonneville Speedway exit , and the end of Federal Aid Route 2654 on the cut @-@ off ) ranges between 6 @,@ 765 and 7 @,@ 345 vehicles per day .
= = History = =
The Western Pacific Railroad line , part of the Feather River Route , that parallels the cut @-@ off was built between 1906 and 1907 , filling a causeway with rock and gravel at a great cost . Along the route across the Great Salt Lake Desert , the railroad served the communities of Arinosa , Barro , and Salduro , which were also served by the new road . The Union Pacific Railroad merged with the Missouri Pacific Railroad and the Western Pacific in December 1982 .
= = = First roads = = =
The Lincoln Highway was the first modern interstate highway completed across the Great Salt Lake Desert , however it was quickly succeeded by the Victory Highway upon its completion . The route of the Lincoln Highway was about 40 miles ( 64 km ) further south of the Victory Highway , and present day I @-@ 80 , and is mostly inaccessible since it lies inside of military areas . The Lincoln Highway also terminated in Ely and not in Wendover . The original route west of Dugway was part of the Pony Express Trail , used between 1860 and 1861 by the Pony Express , and travelers who became disabled near Fish Springs were told to set fire to tumbleweed , as it could be seen by rescuers up to 20 miles ( 32 km ) away .
In December 1919 , the Utah State Legislature approved the newly constructed single @-@ lane Victory Highway as part of the state 's highway system . The Victory Highway was a 3 @,@ 271 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 5 @,@ 264 km ) interstate highway linking New York City to San Francisco in honor of those who served during Great War . The road was constructed after $ 30 thousand ( equivalent to $ 4 @.@ 5 million in 2015 ) was approved by the legislature , and another $ 10 thousand ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 5 million in 2015 ) was approved by the Salt Lake City Council in September 1914 . Heavy equipment from the nearby Utah @-@ Salduro Company , a potash company , were used during the construction of the single
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@-@ lane roadway . Tooele County had originally proposed a new gravel road along the salt flats to replace the single @-@ lane highway in 1921 ; however this was met with resistance from county residents , citing the lack of necessity .
= = = Current road = = =
Secretary of Agriculture Henry C. Wallace approved construction of the current two @-@ lane Wendover Cut @-@ Off in 1923 , and the Western Pacific Railroad provided a discounted freight rate to bring in the construction materials to construct the cut @-@ off . Sodium chloride was used as a binder in the road which was under construction by October 1924 , and the $ 380 thousand ( equivalent to $ 26 @.@ 8 million in 2015 ) road was opened by Secretary of Agriculture William M. Jardine and Bureau of Public Roads commissioner Thomas MacDonald on June 13 , 1925 . The cost of the road was part of an estimated $ 1 @.@ 07 billion ( equivalent to $ 75 @.@ 6 billion in 2015 ) 57 @,@ 063 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 91 @,@ 834 km ) road network across the contiguous United States . The opening ceremony of the highway was held in Salduro . The Engineering News @-@ Record called the road " a remarkable piece of construction . "
The Lincoln Highway Association lobbied the U.S. Government to get the Lincoln Highway route to Ely added to the United States Numbered Highway System after the passage of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 , however the Wendover Cut @-@ off along the Victory Highway was selected instead . The Victory Highway Association called the cut @-@ off the " shortest and most feasible route across the Great Salt Lake Desert " . The US @-@ 40 designation was applied to the Wendover Cut @-@ off on October 20 , 1926 , the same day the Lincoln Highway Association conceded and approved the routing of the Lincoln Highway along the cut @-@ off , abandoning their southerly route to Ely . The US @-@ 50 designation had been applied to the cut @-@ off by 1939 , and by 1957 the US @-@ 50 designation had given way to US @-@ 50 Alt .
In 1959 , radiation clouds crossed the cut @-@ off , spreading radiation between Knolls and Wendover from nuclear tests being conducted at the nearby Dugway Proving Ground . Estimates by the Deseret News put the exposure at 215 @.@ 5 curies ( 7 @.@ 97 TBq ) ; by comparison the Three Mile Island accident only released 15 curies ( 0 @.@ 56 TBq ) of radiation .
During the construction of I @-@ 80 , the cut @-@ off was identified as a frontage road for the new controlled @-@ access highway . One @-@ hundred sixty thousand dollars ( equivalent to $ 2 @.@ 3 million in 2015 ) was spent to repave the cut @-@ off during construction of I @-@ 80 . The US @-@ 40 designation was deleted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) , in concurrence with UDOT , on August 18 , 1974 , and the US @-@ 50 Alt designation was deleted by AASHTO , also in concurrence with UDOT , on August 27 , 1976 , in effect turning the cut @-@ off over to Tooele County as a county road .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Tooele County .
= Garry Schyman =
Garry Schyman ( born 1954 ) is an American film , television , and video game music composer . He graduated from the University of Southern California with a degree in music composition in 1978 , and began work in the television industry , writing music for such television series as Magnum , P.I. and The A @-@ Team . By 1986 , he was composing for movies such as Judgement and Hit List . At the request of a friend in 1993 , he composed the music for the video game
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Voyeur , but after creating the music for two more games he left the industry , citing the low budgets and poor quality of video game music at the time . He continued to compose for film and television , only to return to video games for 2005 's Destroy All Humans ! . Finding that in his absence the quality and perceived importance of video game music had risen substantially , he has since composed for several games , writing the scores to BioShock and Dante 's Inferno among others . He still composes for film however , his latest being Brush with Danger directed by young Indonesian director Livi Zheng . He has won numerous awards for his video game scores , including several " soundtrack of the year " awards . Throughout his career , he has worked on over 25 television shows , 10 films , and 13 video games .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Schyman graduated from the University of Southern California in 1978 with a degree in music composition . He intended to compose music for film and television , going so far as to present two student film scores at his senior recital , which was an unconventional move at the time . Upon graduation , through one of his friend 's father , the actor Dennis Weaver , he was invited to watch a recording session for the music of a television show Weaver was working in . There , he met a ghost composer for the show , who in turn told him about a job composing for Lutheran television which he applied for and was hired . He also met the composers Pete Carpenter and Mike Post , the titled composers for the show Weaver had been acting in . They were working on four to five shows each week , and brought him on board as a ghost composer to help them create music for several shows , such as Magnum , P.I. and The Greatest American Hero , for which he is credited for starting in 1980 .
= = = Career = = =
Schyman continued to work in television music composition for the next two decades , working on shows such as The A @-@ Team and Land 's End . Beginning in 1986 he also began to compose music for movies such as Never Too Young to Die . Schyman moved into video game composition with Voyeur , released in 1993 , after being asked to by his friend Robert Weaver , an executive at Philips , which was creating and publishing the game for its CD @-@ i system . He used a live orchestra to score the game , one of the first video games to do so . The soundtrack won the Cybermania Award for best soundtrack . He scored the sequel , released in 1996 , and 1995 's Off @-@ World Interceptor , but afterward Weaver left the company and the games division of Phillips was shut down . Rather than move to a new video game company Schyman left the industry and did not return for almost a decade , later stating that he felt that it was " not a very interesting place for composers at that time " as the budgets were low and the technical music quality poor .
After " orchestral work in TV took a nosedive " , according to Variety , he returned to the industry in 2005 when THQ approached him to compose the soundtrack to Destroy All Humans ! after his agent sent them a demo tape . They offered him a budget large enough for an orchestra and were looking for a style that he found interesting , reminiscent of 1950s movies , and he eagerly accepted the opportunity . The score was appreciated by critics , and was nominated for the Game Audio Network Guild 's " Best Original Instrumental Song " and " Music of the Year " awards . Feeling that in his absence the industry had moved towards wanting " strong orchestral music that is iconic and interesting " and that television music was moving towards " ambient music " that he found uninteresting to compose , he went on to compose scores for several more video games since then . He has composed the score for all three Destroy All Humans ! games as well as several others such as BioShock and Dante 's Inferno . His score for Destroy All Humans ! 2 was nominated for the Game Audio Network Guild 's " Music of the Year " award , while his score for BioShock won numerous awards , including several soundtrack of the year awards .
In addition to his commercial work , he has written a 15 @-@ minute viola concerto entitled " Zingaro " , published by Century City Masterworks . He also composed the song " Praan " , originally written by Rabindranath Tagore for Matt Harding 's " Dancing 2008 " viral video , which earned him the " Best Music Video " award at the Hollywood Music Awards , and the song " Trip the Light " ( sung by Alicia Lemke ) for Matt Harding 's " Dancing 2012 " . Some of Schyman 's work from BioShock has been performed by a live orchestra in the Video Games Live international concert tour from 2007 to date . In addition , " Welcome to Rapture " from BioShock was performed by the Metropole Orchestra at the Games in Concert 3 event in Utrecht , The Netherlands on November 15 , 2008 . In 2010 music from BioShock 2 and Dante 's Inferno had their live performance premieres in Sweden with the Malmo symphony orchestra .
= = Musical style and influences = =
Though he is not opposed to doing work on TV or film scores , Schyman currently prefers to compose music for video games as he feels video game soundtracks give him more freedom and a greater technical challenge . He has said that the video games industry is filled with " nice people whose egos were in check " , which was not always his experience in the film and television industries . However , he feels that his television and film career has been " a great experience " and he " still love [ s ] scoring film and TV " . He names his favorite composer " at the moment " as Gustav Mahler , and some of his favorite music as that from artists such as Prokofiev and Bartók . He enjoys music from the early to mid @-@ 20th century , and finds that it influences many of his scores , such as the ones to BioShock and Dante 's Inferno .
When he first started composing Schyman scored his music by playing it on the piano without the aid of computers , but now he composes digitally using Digital Performer and " the latest technology " . He considers himself to be a " very intuitive composer " , in that he has " something in my mind ’ s ear that I want to achieve " and improvises until the music he is creating matches up with it . He finds that the hardest part of composing for a project is finding the basic concept for the music that he wants to use , rather than composing any of the individual pieces . Although he has written a concerto , Schyman does not regularly compose " art music " pieces , as he finds his commercial work to be " satisfying music from a creative standpoint " .
= = Discography = =
= = = Television = = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Video games = = =
= = Awards = =
= Reckoning ( Smallville ) =
" Reckoning " is the twelfth episode of the fifth season of the superhero television series Smallville and the hundredth episode of the overall series . It originally aired on The WB in the United States on January 26 , 2006 , and on E4 in the United Kingdom on March 27 , 2006 . The episode was written by Kelly
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's sister , Isola , was born in 1857 . The Wildes ' new home was larger and , with both his parents ' sociality and success , it soon became a " unique medical and cultural milieu " . Guests at their salon included Sheridan Le Fanu , Charles Lever , George Petrie , Isaac Butt , William Rowan Hamilton and Samuel Ferguson .
Until he was nine , Oscar Wilde was educated at home , where a French bonne and a German governess taught him their languages . He then attended Portora Royal School in Enniskillen , County Fermanagh . Until his early twenties , Wilde summered at the villa , Moytura House , his father built in Cong , County Mayo . There the young Wilde and his brother Willie played with George Moore .
Isola died aged nine of meningitis . Wilde 's poem " Requiescat " is written to her memory .
" Tread lightly , she is near
Under the snow
Speak gently , she can hear
the daisies grow "
= = University education : 1870s = =
= = = Trinity College , Dublin = = =
Wilde left Portora with a royal scholarship to read classics at Trinity College , Dublin , from 1871 to 1874 , sharing rooms with his older brother Willie Wilde . Trinity , one of the leading classical schools , placed him with scholars such as R. Y. Tyrell , Arthur Palmer , Edward Dowden and his tutor , J. P. Mahaffy who inspired his interest in Greek literature . As a student Wilde worked with Mahaffy on the latter 's book Social Life in Greece . Wilde , despite later reservations , called Mahaffy " my first and best teacher " and " the scholar who showed me how to love Greek things " . For his part , Mahaffy boasted of having created Wilde ; later , he named him " the only blot on my tutorship " .
The University Philosophical Society also provided an education , discussing intellectual and artistic subjects such as Rossetti and Swinburne weekly . Wilde quickly became an established member – the members ' suggestion book for 1874 contains two pages of banter ( sportingly ) mocking Wilde 's emergent aestheticism . He presented a paper entitled " Aesthetic Morality " . At Trinity , Wilde established himself as an outstanding student : he came first in his class in his first year , won a scholarship by competitive examination in his second , and then , in his finals , won the Berkeley Gold Medal , the University 's highest academic award in Greek . He was encouraged to compete for a demyship to Magdalen College , Oxford – which he won easily , having already studied Greek for over nine years .
= = = Magdalen College , Oxford = = =
At Magdalen , he read Greats from 1874 to 1878 , and from there he applied to join the Oxford Union , but failed to be elected .
Attracted by its dress , secrecy , and ritual , Wilde petitioned the Apollo Masonic Lodge at Oxford , and was soon raised to the " Sublime Degree of Master Mason " . During a resurgent interest in Freemasonry in his third year , he commented he " would be awfully sorry to give it up if I secede from the Protestant Heresy " . He was deeply considering converting to Catholicism , discussing the possibility with clergy several times . In 1877 , Wilde was left speechless after an audience with Pope Pius IX in Rome . He eagerly read Cardinal Newman 's books , and became more serious in 1878 , when he met the Reverend Sebastian Bowden , a priest in the Brompton Oratory who had received some high profile converts . Neither his father , who threatened to cut off his funds , nor Mahaffy thought much of the plan ; but mostly Wilde , the supreme individualist , balked at the last minute from pledging himself to any formal creed . On the appointed day of his baptism , Father Bowden received a bunch of altar lilies instead . Wilde retained a lifelong interest in Catholic theology and liturgy .
While at Magdalen College , Wilde became particularly well known for his role in the aesthetic and decadent movements . He wore his hair long , openly scorned " manly " sports though he occasionally boxed , and decorated his rooms with peacock feathers , lilies , sunflowers , blue china and other objets d 'art , once remarking to friends whom he entertained lavishly , " I find it harder and harder every day to live up to my blue china . " The line quickly became famous , accepted as a slogan by aesthetes but used against them by critics who sensed in it a terrible vacuousness . Some elements disdained the aesthetes , but their languishing attitudes and showy costumes became a recognised pose . Wilde was once physically attacked by a group
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of four fellow students , and dealt with them single @-@ handedly , surprising critics . By his third year Wilde had truly begun to create himself and his myth , and saw his learning developing in much larger ways than merely the prescribed texts . This attitude resulted in his being rusticated for one term , when he nonchalantly returned to college late from a trip to Greece with Prof. Mahaffy .
Wilde did not meet Walter Pater until his third year , but had been enthralled by his Studies in the History of the Renaissance , published during Wilde 's final year in Trinity . Pater argued that man 's sensibility to beauty should be refined above all else , and that each moment should be felt to its fullest extent . Years later , in De Profundis , Wilde called Pater 's Studies ... " that book that has had such a strange influence over my life " . He learned tracts of the book by heart , and carried it with him on travels in later years . Pater gave Wilde his sense of almost flippant devotion to art , though it was John Ruskin who gave him a purpose for it . Ruskin despaired at the self @-@ validating aestheticism of Pater , arguing that the importance of art lies in its potential for the betterment of society . Ruskin admired beauty , but believed it must be allied with , and applied to , moral good . When Wilde eagerly attended Ruskin 's lecture series The Aesthetic and Mathematic Schools of Art in Florence , he learned about aesthetics as simply the non @-@ mathematical elements of painting . Despite being given to neither early rising nor manual labour , Wilde volunteered for Ruskin 's project to convert a swampy country lane into a smart road neatly edged with flowers .
Wilde won the 1878 Newdigate Prize for his poem " Ravenna " , which reflected on his visit there the year before , and he duly read it at Encaenia . In November 1878 , he graduated with a double first in his B.A. of Classical Moderations and Literae Humaniores ( Greats ) . Wilde wrote to a friend , " The dons are ' astonied ' beyond words – the Bad Boy doing so well in the end ! "
= = Apprenticeship of an aesthete : 1880s = =
= = = Debut in society = = =
After graduation from Oxford , Wilde returned to Dublin , where he met again Florence Balcombe , a childhood sweetheart . She became engaged to Bram Stoker and they married in 1878 . Wilde was disappointed but stoic : he wrote to her , remembering " the two sweet years – the sweetest years of all my youth " they had spent together . He also stated his intention to " return to England , probably for good . " This he did in 1878 , only briefly visiting Ireland twice .
Unsure of his next step , he wrote to various acquaintances enquiring about Classics positions at Oxford or Cambridge . The Rise of Historical Criticism was his submission for the Chancellor 's Essay prize of 1879 , which , though no longer a student , he was still eligible to enter . Its subject , " Historical Criticism among the Ancients " seemed ready @-@ made for Wilde – with both his skill in composition and ancient learning – but he struggled to find his voice with the long , flat , scholarly style . Unusually , no prize was awarded that year . With the last of his inheritance from the sale of his father 's houses , he set himself up as a bachelor in London . The 1881 British Census listed Wilde as a boarder at 1 ( now 44 ) Tite Street , Chelsea , where Frank Miles , a society painter , was the head of the household . Wilde spent the next six years in London and Paris , and in the United States where he travelled to deliver lectures .
He had been publishing lyrics and poems in
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others . The story begins with a man painting a picture of Gray . When Gray , who has a " face like ivory and rose leaves " , sees his finished portrait , he breaks down . Distraught that his beauty will fade while the portrait stays beautiful , he inadvertently makes a Faustian bargain in which only the painted image grows old while he stays beautiful and young . For Wilde , the purpose of art would be to guide life as if beauty alone were its object . As Gray 's portrait allows him to escape the corporeal ravages of his hedonism , Wilde sought to juxtapose the beauty he saw in art with daily life .
Reviewers immediately criticised the novel 's decadence and homosexual allusions ; The Daily Chronicle for example , called it " unclean " , " poisonous " , and " heavy with the mephitic odours of moral and spiritual putrefaction " . Wilde vigorously responded , writing to the editor of the Scots Observer , in which he clarified his stance on ethics and aesthetics in art – " If a work of art is rich and vital and complete , those who have artistic instincts will see its beauty and those to whom ethics appeal more strongly will see its moral lesson . " He nevertheless revised it extensively for book publication in 1891 : six new chapters were added , some overtly decadent passages and homo @-@ eroticism excised , and a preface was included consisting of twenty two epigrams , such as " Books are well written , or badly written . That is all . " Contemporary reviewers and modern critics have postulated numerous possible sources of the story , a search Jershua McCormack argues is futile because Wilde " has tapped a root of Western folklore so deep and ubiquitous that the story has escaped its origins and returned to the oral tradition . " Wilde claimed the plot was " an idea that is as old as the history of literature but to which I have given a new form " . Modern critic Robin McKie considered the novel to be technically mediocre , saying that the conceit of the plot had guaranteed its fame , but the device is never pushed to its full .
= = Theatrical career : 1892 – 95 = =
= = = Salomé = = =
The 1891 census records the Wildes ' residence at 16 Tite Street , where he lived with his wife Constance and two sons . Wilde though , not content with being better known than ever in London , returned to Paris in October 1891 , this time as a respected writer . He was received at the salons littéraires , including the famous mardis of Stéphane Mallarmé , a renowned symbolist poet of the time . Wilde 's two plays during the 1880s , Vera ; or , The Nihilists and The Duchess of Padua , had not met with much success . He had continued his interest in the theatre and now , after finding his voice in prose , his thoughts turned again to the dramatic form as the biblical iconography of Salome filled his mind . One evening , after discussing depictions of Salome throughout history , he returned to his hotel and noticed a blank copybook lying on the desk , and it occurred to him to write in it what he had been saying . The result was a new play , Salomé , written rapidly and in French .
A tragedy , it tells the story of Salome , the stepdaughter of the tetrarch Herod Antipas , who , to her stepfather 's dismay but mother 's delight , requests the head of Jokanaan ( John the Baptist ) on a silver platter as a reward for dancing the Dance of the Seven Veils . When Wilde returned to London just before Christmas the Paris Echo referred to him as " le great event " of the season . Rehearsals of the play , starring Sarah Bernhardt , began but the play was refused a licence by the Lord Chamberlain , since it depicted biblical characters . Salome was published jointly in Paris and London in 1893 , but was not performed until 1896 in Paris , during Wilde 's later incarceration .
= = = Comedies of society = = =
Wilde , who had first set out to irritate Victorian society with his dress and talking points , then outrage it with Dorian Gray , his novel of vice hidden beneath art , finally found a way to critique society on its own terms . Lady Windermere 's Fan was first performed on 20 February 1892 at St James 's Theatre , packed with the cream of society . On the surface a witty comedy , there is subtle subversion underneath : " it concludes with collusive concealment rather than collective disclosure " . The audience , like Lady Windermere , are forced to soften harsh social codes in favour of a more nuanced view . The play was enormously popular , touring the country for months , but largely trashed by conservative critics . It was followed by A Woman of No Importance in 1893 , another Victorian comedy , revolving around the spectre of illegitimate births , mistaken identities and late revelations . Wilde was commissioned to write two more plays and An Ideal Husband , written in 1894 , followed in January 1895 .
Peter Raby said these essentially English plays were well @-@ pitched , " Wilde , with one eye on the dramatic genius of Ibsen , and the other on the commercial competition in London 's West End , targeted his audience with adroit precision " .
= = = Queensberry family = = =
In mid @-@ 1891 Lionel Johnson introduced Wilde to Lord Alfred Douglas , an undergraduate at Oxford at the time . Known to his family and friends as " Bosie " , he was a handsome and spoilt young man . An intimate friendship sprang up between Wilde and Douglas and by 1893 Wilde was infatuated with Douglas and they consorted together regularly in a tempestuous affair . If Wilde was relatively indiscreet , even flamboyant , in the way he acted , Douglas was reckless in public . Wilde , who was earning up to £ 100 a week from his plays ( his salary at The Woman 's World had been £ 6 ) , indulged Douglas 's every whim : material , artistic or sexual .
Douglas soon dragged Wilde into the Victorian underground of gay prostitution and Wilde was introduced to a series of young , working class , male prostitutes from 1892 onwards by Alfred Taylor . These infrequent rendezvous usually took the same form : Wilde would meet the boy , offer him gifts , dine him privately and then take him to a hotel room . Unlike Wilde 's idealised , pederastic relations with Ross , John Gray , and Douglas , all of whom remained part of his aesthetic circle , these consorts were uneducated and knew nothing of literature . Soon his public and private lives had become sharply divided ; in De Profundis he wrote to Douglas that " It was like feasting with panthers ; the danger was half the excitement ... I did not know that when they were to strike at me it was to be at another 's piping and at another 's pay . "
Douglas and some Oxford friends founded a journal , The Chameleon , to which Wilde " sent a page of paradoxes originally destined for the Saturday Review " . " Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young " was to come under attack six months later at Wilde 's trial , where he was forced to defend the magazine to which he had sent his work . In any case , it became unique : The Chameleon was not published again .
Lord Alfred 's father , the Marquess of Queensberry , was known for his outspoken atheism , brutish manner and creation of the modern rules of boxing . Queensberry , who feuded regularly with his son , confronted Wilde and Lord Alfred about the nature of their relationship several times , but Wilde was able to mollify him . In June 1894 , he called on Wilde at 16 Tite Street , without an appointment , and clarified his stance : " I do not say that you are it , but you look it , and pose at it , which is just as bad . And if I catch you and my son again in any public restaurant I will thrash you " to which Wilde responded : " I don 't know what the Queensberry rules are , but the Oscar Wilde rule is to shoot on sight " . His account in De Profundis was less triumphant : " It was when , in my library at Tite Street , waving his small hands in the air in epileptic fury , your father ... stood uttering every foul word his foul mind could think of , and screaming the loathsome threats he afterwards with such cunning carried out " . Queensberry only described the scene once , saying Wilde had " shown him the white feather
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nez dans nos draps ( The Oscar Wilde Affair , or , On the Danger of Allowing Justice to put its Nose in our Sheets ) by Odon Vallet , a French religious historian .
= = Selected works = =
Ravenna ( 1878 )
Poems ( 1881 )
The Happy Prince and Other Stories ( 1888 , fairy stories )
Lord Arthur Savile 's Crime and Other Stories ( 1891 , stories )
House of Pomegranates ( 1891 , fairy stories )
Intentions ( 1891 , essays and dialogues on aesthetics )
The Picture of Dorian Gray ( first published in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine July 1890 , in book form in 1891 ; novel )
The Soul of Man under Socialism ( 1891 , political essay )
Lady Windermere 's Fan ( 1892 , play )
A Woman of No Importance ( 1893 , play )
An Ideal Husband ( performed 1895 , published 1898 ; play )
The Importance of Being Earnest ( performed 1895 , published 1898 ; play )
De Profundis ( written 1897 , published variously 1905 , 1908 , 1949 , 1962 ; epistle )
The Ballad of Reading Gaol ( 1898 , poem )
= = Tributes = =
In 2012 , Wilde was inducted into the Legacy Walk , an outdoor public display which celebrates LGBT history and people .
= Pavillon de Flore =
The Pavillon de Flore , part of the Palais du Louvre in Paris , France , stands at the southwest end of the Louvre , near the Pont Royal . It was originally constructed in 1607 – 1610 , during the reign of Henry IV , as the corner pavilion between the Tuileries Palace to the north and the Louvre 's Grande Galerie to the east . The pavilion was entirely redesigned and rebuilt by Hector Lefuel in 1864 – 1868 in a highly decorated Second Empire Neo @-@ Baroque style . The most famous sculpture on the exterior of the Louvre , Jean @-@ Baptiste Carpeaux 's The Triumph of Flora , was added below the central pediment of the south facade at this time . The Tuileries Palace was destroyed by fire in 1871 , and a north facade , similar to the south facade , was added to the pavilion by Lefuel in 1874 – 1879 . Currently , the Pavillon de Flore is part of the Musée du Louvre .
= = Location = =
The Pavillon de Flore is in central Paris , on the Right Bank ( French : Rive Droite ) and is connected to the Louvre . It is directly adjacent to the Pont Royal on the Quai François Mitterrand ( formerly Quai du Louvre , renamed on October 26 , 2003 ) , which is between the Passerelle Léopold @-@ Sédar Senghor and the Pont du Carrousel . Its geographic coordinates are 48 ° 51 ′ 40 ″ N 2 ° 19 ′ 50 ″ E.
= = = Metro access = = =
= = History = =
= = = Henry IV and the Grand Design = = =
The Pavillon de Flore was part of a larger plan , devised during the reign of King Henry IV , to connect the Palais du Louvre and Palais des Tuileries via two long wings at their north and south ends . First , the Petite Galerie , running south from the Palais du Louvre to the River Seine , was connected to the Grande Galerie . The latter was constructed east to west along the Seine until it reached the Tuileries , where it was terminated with the Pavillon de Flore , at the time , known as the Gros Pavillon de la Rivière ( " Large River Pavilion " ) . The cornerstone of the pavilion was laid in 1607 . Its design has traditionally been assigned to Jacques Androuet II du Cerceau , who is also thought to have designed the adjacent western section of the Grande Galerie . ( The design of the eastern section of the Grande Galerie is traditionally assigned to Louis Métezeau . ) The Palais des Tuileries was extended south from the Pavillon Bullant to the Pavillon de Flore via the Petite Galerie des Tuileries . Work on the Grand Design was abandoned following the assassination of Henry IV in 1610 . However , by this time , the building of the Grande Galerie , the Petite Galerie des Tuileries , and the Gros Pavillon de la Rivière had been completed . ( In the 19th century , a second long gallery , matching the Grande Galerie , was constructed from west to east along the Rue de Rivoli , from the Pavillon de Marsan at the north end of the Palais des Tuileries to the north end of an expanded Palais du Louvre , finally completing Henry IV 's Grand Design . )
= = = Louis XIV = = =
King Louis XIV danced in Isaac de Benserade 's Ballet royal de Flore in February 1669 at the Tuileries , possibly in the Salle des Ballets located on the first floor of the pavilion . It has been suggested that this is when the name Pavillon de Flore came into use , although the earliest known written mention is in 1726 . Pavillon de Flore is the name used today , although other names have been used in between .
= = = Marie Antoinette = = =
For several years , the apartments of Marie Antoinette were located within the structure .
= = = French Revolution = = =
During the French Revolution , the Pavillon de Flore was renamed Pavillon de l 'Égalité ( House of Equality ) . Under its new name , it became the meeting point for several of the Committees of the period . Many other committees of the Revolutionary Government occupied the Palais des Tuileries ( referred to by contemporaries as the Palace of the Nation ) during the time of the National Convention . Notable occupiers included the Monetary Committee , the Account and Liquidation Examination Committee . However , the most famous was the Committee of Public Safety .
The Committee of Public Safety ( French : Comité de salut public ) was the principal and most renowned body of the Revolutionary Government , forming the de facto executive branch of France during the Reign of Terror . Run by the Jacobins under Robespierre , the group of twelve centralized denunciations , trials , and executions . The committee was responsible for the deaths of thousands , mostly by guillotine . The executive body was initially installed in the apartments of Marie @-@ Antoinette , situated on the first floor , but also gradually overtook the offices of Louis XVI . The governing body met twice a day and the executions themselves were carried out across the gardens . During the structure 's use by the Committee of Public Safety , it was described as follows :
The Committee of Public Safety sat in the Pavillon de Flore , at the opposite end of the Tuileries on the river bank … Any one who had business with this awful body had to grope his way along gloomy corridors , that were dim
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@,@ 000 undergraduate students , the majority of whom would be Chinese . It was approved by the Ministry of Education of the People 's Republic of China in January 2011 . NYU 's local partner will be East China Normal University ( ECNU ) . ECNU 's president Yu Lizhong will be the chancellor and play a major role in government relations while Jeffrey S. Lehman , former president of Cornell amongst other positions , will serve as vice chancellor and have " free rein in academic affairs " .
In spring 2014 , NYU opened a new campus in Paris , in the student area of the Quartier Latin , where NYU Law set up an EU Regulatory Policy Clinic taught by Alberto Alemanno and Vincent Chauvet .
= = = Residence halls = = =
NYU houses approximately 11 @,@ 000 undergraduate and graduate residents , and had the seventh @-@ largest university housing system in the U.S. as of 2007 , and one of the largest among private schools . NYU 's undergraduate housing system consists of more than 20 residence halls . Uniquely , many of NYU 's residence halls are converted apartment complexes or old hotels . In general , NYU residence halls receive favorable ratings , and some are opulent . Many rooms are spacious and contain amenities considered rare for individual college residence hall rooms , such as kitchens , lavatories , living rooms and common areas . The university operates its own transit system to transport its students by bus to its campus .
Undergraduate students are guaranteed housing during their enrollment at NYU . Most freshman residence halls are located near the Washington Square area . While nearly all of the residence halls that primarily house sophomores are located near the Union Square area , two former residence halls were located in the Financial District and one is still in use in Chinatown . All of NYU 's residence halls are governed by the Inter @-@ Residence Hall Council ( IRHC ) , an umbrella student council organization .
In 2007 , the National Association of College and University Residence Halls ( NACURH ) named NYU the National School of the Year for IRHC and NRHH 's strong efforts over the past year . In addition , NYU was named the National Program of the Year for UltraViolet Live , the annual inter @-@ hall competition that raises funds for Relay For Life .
= = = Sustainability = = =
NYU has made the greening of its campus a large priority . For example , NYU has been the largest university purchaser of wind energy in the U.S. since 2009 . With this switch to renewable power , NYU is achieving benefits equivalent to removing 12 @,@ 000 cars from the road or planting 72 @,@ 000 trees . In May 2008 , the NYU Sustainability Task Force awarded $ 150 @,@ 000 in grants to 23 projects that would focus research and efforts toward energy , food , landscape , outreach , procurement , transportation and waste . These projects include a student @-@ led bike @-@ sharing program modeled after Paris ' Velib program with 30 bikes free to students , staff , and faculty . NYU received a grade of " B " on the College Sustainability Report Card 2010 from the Sustainable Endowments Institute .
NYU purchased 118 million kilowatt @-@ hours of wind power during the 2006 – 2007 academic year – the largest purchase of wind power by any university in the country and any institution in New York City . For 2007 , the university expanded its purchase of wind power to 132 million kilowatt @-@ hours .
The EPA ranked NYU as one of the greenest colleges in the country in its annual College & University Green Power Challenge .
= = Academics = =
= = = Schools and colleges = = =
New York University comprises the following schools and colleges :
Arts & Science
College of Arts and Science
Graduate School of Arts and Science
Liberal Studies
Center for Urban Science and Progress
College of Dentistry
College of Global Public Health
Rory Meyers College of Nursing
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
Gallatin School of Individualized Study
Institute of Fine Arts
Institute for the Study of the Ancient World
Leonard N. Stern School of Business
NYU Abu Dhabi
NYU Shanghai
Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service
Silver School of Social Work
School of Law
School of Medicine
School of Professional Studies
Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development
Tandon School of Engineering
Tisch School of the Arts
Arts and Science is currently NYU 's largest academic division . It has three subdivisions : the College of Arts and Science , the Graduate School of Arts and Science , and the Liberal Studies program . The College of Arts and Science and Liberal Studies program are undergraduate divisions , and the former has existed since the founding of NYU .
Undergraduate divisions are also found in the College of Dentistry , College of Nursing , Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences , Gallatin School of Individualized Study , Leonard N. Stern School of Business , NYU Abu Dhabi , NYU Shanghai , Tandon School of Engineering , Silver School of Social Work , School of Professional Studies , Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development , and the Tisch School of the Arts . Postgraduate divisions are found in all of NYU 's schools and colleges .
= = = Research = = =
NYU manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States . In 2014 , NYU received $ 524 million in research grants from the National Science Foundation alone .
= = = Admissions = = =
Admission to NYU 's undergraduate programs is highly selective , with 18 @,@ 500 admitted from an applicant pool of 60 @,@ 322 ( 31 % ) for the class of 2019 .
Total freshman enrollment is 5 @,@ 917 for the 2015 – 2016 academic year , representing 49 states and 91 countries , with 19 % as non @-@ US citizens . Most freshmen have a typical unweighted GPA of 3 @.@ 5 / A ( 90 – 95 % ) and are in the top 10 % of their high school graduating class . The middle 50 % of freshmen score between 1900 and 2150 on the SAT and between 29 and 32 on the ACT . The student @-@ to @-@ faculty ratio at the New York campus is 10 : 1 , and less than that at the Abu Dhabi and Shanghai campuses . The average scholarship amount awarded to freshmen is $ 29 @,@ 528 , and 21 % of freshmen received Pell Grants .
= = = Rankings = = =
Nationally , NYU is ranked 14th in the Center For World University Rankings , 15th by Global Language Monitor , 17th by QS World University Rankings , 19th in the Academic Ranking of World Universities , 24th by Business Insider , and 32nd by U.S. News & World Report .
Globally , NYU is ranked 18th in the Center for World University Rankings , 17th in International Colleges and Universities , 27th in the Academic Ranking of World Universities , 30th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , and 53rd in the QS World University Rankings . Additionally , NYU is ranked 20th in the THE World Reputation Rankings .
U.S. News & World Report ranks NYU 's graduate schools 6th for law , 6th for public policy , 9th for math ( 1st for applied math ) , 10th for Occupational therapy under Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development , 10th for business , 11th for economics , 15th for political science , 19th for medical school research , 20th for education , 21st for nursing , 27th for physical therapy , 29th for computer science , 30th for psychology , and 46th for engineering .
Globally , NYU 's social sciences are ranked 8th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities , 15th by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , and 16th by the QS World University Rankings . NYU is globally ranked 11th for psychology by The QS World University Ranking . The Social Psychology Network ranks NYU 5th for industrial / organizational psychology , 14th for clinical psychology
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, Soni successfully defended her Olympic title in the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke in world record time , becoming the first woman to do so in the event .
She was named Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year award in 2010 and 2011 , and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2009 , 2010 and 2011 .
= = Personal life = =
Soni was born in Freehold , New Jersey , in 1987 , the daughter of Peter and Kinga Szőnyi . Soni 's parents are of Hungarian descent ; they emigrated from Cluj @-@ Napoca , Romania . Besides English , Soni also speaks Hungarian . Soni has one older sister , Rita , who was also a swimmer . Originally a gymnast , Soni began swimming at the age of ten .
Soni is a 2005 graduate of West Windsor @-@ Plainsboro High School North in Plainsboro Township , New Jersey . In July 2006 she had a cardiac ablation . Soni attended the University of Southern California and graduated in 2009 . She majored in communication at the Annenberg School for Communication .
At USC , Soni was a six @-@ time NCAA Champion , having won the 200 @-@ yard breaststroke in 2006 through 2009 and the 100 @-@ yard breaststroke in 2008 and 2009 . Soni currently swims for the Trojan Swim Club in Los Angeles with coach Dave Salo , who also coaches breaststroke world @-@ record holder Jessica Hardy .
In August 2010 , Soni became a spokeswoman for the United Nations Foundation 's Girl Up campaign . The organization focuses on improving the lives of the world 's adolescent girls .
She dated fellow U.S. Olympic swimmer Ricky Berens from 2010 to 2012 .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career = = =
As a 17 @-@ year @-@ old at the 2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials , Soni finished 15th overall in the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke and 11th overall in the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke . The following year , at the 2005 World Championship Trials , Soni just missed a spot on the 2005 World Aquatic team after finishing third in the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke behind Tara Kirk and Kristen Caverly . Soni also placed fourth in the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke . At the 2005 Summer Universiade , Soni earned her first international medals by winning silver in the 100 @-@ meter and 200 @-@ meter breaststroke and gold in the 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay . At the 2006 World Short Course Championships , Soni finished in 4th place in the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke . Just a few weeks before the 2006 National Championships , Soni underwent a procedure called radiofrequency ablation to help regulate her heartbeat . Although it was not health @-@ threatening , Soni would sometimes experience a high heart rate which sometimes interfered with her training . At the 2006 National Championships , the selection meet for the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships and the 2007 World Aquatics Championships , Soni finished tenth overall in both the 100 @-@ meter and 200 @-@ meter breaststroke .
= = = 2008 = = =
= = = = 2008 Olympic Trials = = = =
At the 2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials , Soni competed in two events , the 100 @-@ meter and 200 @-@ meter breaststroke . In the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke , Soni finished fourth in a time of 1 : 07 @.@ 80 . Usually , the top two finishers would qualify for the Olympics . However , after second @-@ place finisher Jessica Hardy withdrew from the team and third @-@ place finisher Tara Kirk missed the entry deadline , Soni was chosen to swim the event . Soni earned her berth by being the swimmer already on the team with the fastest time in the event since January 1 , 2006 . In the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke , Soni won with a time of 2 : 22 @.@ 60 , the third @-@ fastest finish as of that date .
= = = = 2008 Summer Olympics = = = =
At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Soni won a silver medal in the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke , finishing behind world record holder Leisel Jones of Australia 1 : 06 @.@ 73 to 1 : 05 @.@ 17 . In the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke , Soni upset the heavily favored Jones , winning the gold medal and breaking Jones 's world record with a time of 2 : 20 @.@ 22 . Jones finished second with a time of 2 : 22 @.@ 05 . After the race , Soni said , " It 's been a long road to get here , I can 't believe what just happened . " Soni then combined with Natalie Coughlin , Christine Magnuson , and Dara Torres in the 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay to finish second behind Australia . Soni had the second best split time in the field ( 1 : 05 @.@ 95 ) behind Jones ( 1 : 04 @.@ 58 ) .
= = = 2009 = = =
= = = = 2009 National Championships = = = =
At the 2009 National Championships Soni competed in two events , the 100 @-@ meter and 200 @-@ meter breaststroke . In the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke , Soni easily won with a time of 1 : 05 @.@ 34 . In the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke , Soni again exhibited dominance by finishing first with a time of 2 : 20 @.@ 38 , just off her world record pace .
= = = = 2009 World Aquatics Championships = = = =
At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships , held in Rome , Soni set a meet record in the heats of the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke , with a time of 1 : 05 @.@ 66 . In the semi @-@ final , Soni recorded a time of 1 : 04 @.@ 84 to set a new world record and become the first female to finish under 1 : 05 for the event . In the final of the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke , Soni won the gold with a time of 1 : 04 @.@ 93 . Despite being the favorite in the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke , Soni went out too fast in the first half of the race and faded in the
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because of family issues . On February 16 , 2009 , starting quarterback Steven Threet told Michigan he would transfer before the start of the 2009 season . On October 27 , 2009 , starting cornerback Boubacar Cissoko was kicked off the team for missing class , workouts and study table according to his high school coach Thomas Wilcher . He also stated that he expected Cissoko to seek a transfer .
= Carabane =
Carabane , also known as Karabane , is an island and a village located in the extreme south @-@ west of Senegal , in the mouth of the Casamance River . This relatively recent geological formation consists of a shoal and alluvium to which soil is added by accumulation in the branches and roots of the mangrove trees which cover most of the island . Along with the rest of Ziguinchor Region , Carabane has a tropical climate , cycling between a dry season and a wet season . The island was once considered an arid location where no useful plants were likely to grow , but it now supports several types of fruit tree , the most common of which are mangos and oranges . Although the nearby Basse Casamance National Park and Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve have been closed for years because of the Casamance Conflict , Carabane has continued to attract ornithologists interested in its wide variety of birds . Various species of fish are plentiful around the island , but there are very few mammals .
The earliest known inhabitants of the island were the Jola , the ethnic group which is still the most populous on the island . The Portuguese were active in the region from the 16th century onwards ; however , they did not linger on " Mosquito Island " , the mosquitoes and black flies convincing them to establish their trading post in the town of Ziguinchor instead in 1645 . On January 22 , 1836 , the island was ceded to France by the village leader of Kagnout in return for an annual payment of 196 francs . A series of treaties between the French and the leaders of the local peoples ensued ; however , the inhabitants of Carabane did not recognize the authority of the treaties imposed upon them , resulting in lootings and abductions among French rice farmers by the Karoninka people . In 1869 , Carabane became autonomous , but it merged with Sédhiou in 1886 . Since World War II , the population of the island has gradually declined for a variety of reasons including periods of drought , the Casamance Conflict and , more recently , the sinking of the ferry Joola in 2002 . Much of the village 's ability to trade and receive tourists was lost until 2014 , when MV Aline Sitoe Diatta resumed ferry services to the island .
Although Carabane was once a regional capital , the village has since become so politically isolated from the rest of the country that it no longer fits into any category of the administrative structure decreed by the Senegalese government . The Jola account for the majority of the island 's population and Jola society has no formal hierarchy . The indigenous population was originally animist , but although the sacred groves and fetishes survive as cultural icons of Casamance , the monotheistic belief systems of Catholicism and Islam have become the most widely held in Carabane . The literacy rate is approximately 90 % . Students attend a primary school on the island , but must move at least as far as Elinkine to continue their studies .
The testimonies of explorers and colonial administrators demonstrate that Carabane has participated in rice cultivation , fishery , trade , and palm wine production for a long time . The rice cycle plays a central economic and religious role in the lives of the population . Palm oil and palm wine are very popular and traditional in the area . The fishery has long been dominated by artisan fishing , which supplies the daily needs of the island 's population ; however , broader economic possibilities have been exploited since the early 20th century . Although there have been attempts to cultivate a tourism industry on the island , the inhabitants have been reluctant to participate . Carabane was added to the list of historic sites and monuments of Senegal in 2003 .
= = Toponymy = =
The etymology of Carabane remains unclear . It could be connected to the Wolof word karabané , which means " who speaks a lot , " or possibly the Portuguese words casa and acaba , which mean " house " and " finish , " respectively . According to this hypothesis , the name means the place " where the houses are finished , " a possible allusion to the fact that this village was the first French capital in Basse Casamance . According to other sources , the name comes from karam akam , which means " the other side of the river . " These uncertainties are augmented by the instability of the spelling : Karabane with an initial K suggests a Jola or Wolof origin
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is taken , followed by a left turn and a small hill , passing by the queue . Finally , the train travels 68 feet ( 21 m ) high through another right overbanked turn over the queue and is stopped by magnetic brakes . Passengers disembark the ride at an unloading station and the train moves to a second station where it is loaded .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Manufacturer = = =
Millennium Force is a Giga Coaster model designed by Werner Stengel and built by Swiss manufacturer Intamin . It was the first of a series of roller coasters , including Top Thrill Dragster — the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world in 2003 — that Intamin built at Cedar Point . As of 2015 , Millennium Force is one of only two Giga Coasters built by Intamin .
= = = Trains = = =
Millennium Force operates with three stainless steel , stadium @-@ style seating trains colored red , blue , and yellow . Each train has nine cars that seat four passengers , allowing a maximum capacity of 36 people per train and 1 @,@ 300 riders an hour . Each seat has an individual , hydraulic , T @-@ shaped lap bar and seat belt which rests across the rider 's lap . Each train weighs 19 tons .
= = = Station = = =
The station has two platforms , one for unloading and one for loading . Two trains are loaded and unloaded while the third train is running the course . There is also a separate line in the station where riders can wait for the first seat . The loading platform has red overhead lights , which are located above the train . Millennium Force 's theme song is played in the station while riders are boarding .
= = = Track = = =
The steel tubular track is 6 @,@ 595 feet ( 2 @,@ 010 m ) long and the lift is approximately 310 feet ( 94 m ) high . The track is blue and the supports are silver , and consists of 229 pieces of track , each weighing between 11 @,@ 000 and 17 @,@ 000 pounds ( 5 @,@ 000 and 7 @,@ 700 kg ) . Intamin supplied the track with hollow structural sections ( HSS ) , which is used in all the track pieces , supports and towers . Millennium uses three different track shapes . The simplest sections are two @-@ pipe track , made with two running rails connected by 6 @-@ inch ( 15 cm ) square HSS cross @-@ members . The ride also uses three @-@ pipe track , which has two running rails with a backbone of round HSS , which forms a triangle . The third type of track forms a square and is considered the strongest . It has two running rails with two backbone tubes .
= = Lighting = =
When the ride opened in 2000 , Cedar Point chose High End Systems , headquartered in Austin , Texas , to light the ride . Rob Decker , Cedar Point ’ s Corporate Director of Planning & Design , said that they thought they would have to mount multiple floodlights on the tower . However , they were able to install thirty EC @-@ 1 floodlights at the base of the lift hill structure which provided lighting throughout the ride 's structure . Of the six main support towers , three had six EC @-@ 1s , and three towers had four EC @-@ 1s . The three tallest towers had another unit in the middle .
Over the years , the lights were not maintained and grew noticeably dimmer . In 2012 , Cedar Point introduced a new nighttime show , Luminosity — Ignite the Night ! , to " re @-@ energize " the park at the end of the day . New LED lights from Sunrise , Florida @-@ based Chauvet Professional were installed to illuminate the ride . Twenty COLORado Range and ten COLORado Ridge wash lights were installed at the base of the lift hill structure .
= = Records = =
When it opened in May 2000 , Millennium Force broke six world records and used a new magnetic braking system instead of friction brakes found on most roller coasters . This new system enabled a shorter brake run , which slows the train from 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) down to a standstill in six seconds , to be built .
Millennium Force held the records for tallest and fastest complete @-@ circuit roller coaster until August 2000 , when Steel Dragon 2000 opened . Millennium Force held the record for tallest and fastest roller coaster at Cedar Point until 2003 , when Cedar Point debuted Top Thrill Dragster , which at the time was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world .
As of 2015 , Millennium Force has the seventh tallest lift , the seventh fastest speed , the fifth @-@ longest track , and the seventh @-@ highest drop among steel roller coasters in the world . It is the second longest steel roller coaster in North America , and the third @-@ longest roller coaster behind The Beast at Kings Island and Fury 325 at Carowinds .
= = = Coaster records = = =
Millennium Force has held records for the following :
First ever complete @-@ circuit roller coaster to top 300 feet ( 91 m )
Tallest complete @-@ circuit roller coaster ( 310 feet ( 94 m ) )
Longest drop on a complete @-@ circuit roller coaster ( 300 feet ( 91 m ) )
Fastest complete @-@ circuit roller coaster ( 93 miles per hour ( 150 km / h ) )
Steepest non @-@ inversion banked turn on a roller coaster ( 122 ° ) ( Half Corkscrew )
First roller coaster to utilize a cable lift system
= = = Park records = = =
Cedar Point has held records for the following ( May 2000 statistic on left and May 2013 statistic on right ) :
Most rides at an amusement park ( 68 / 73 )
Most roller coasters at an amusement park ( 14 / 16 )
Most steel roller coasters at an amusement park ( 12 / 14 )
Most feet of roller coaster track at an amusement park ( 44 @,@ 013 ft / 54 @,@ 358 ft )
= = Operation = =
As both a high altitude and high velocity ride , Millennium Force is affected by unfavorable weather conditions such as rain , lightning or strong winds ; under these conditions the ride is closed , but in light rain it can remain open . There is no minimum age requirement , but passengers must be between 48 and 78 inches ( 120 and 200 cm ) to ride . Persons over a certain weight or waist size are not allowed to ride if the seat and lapbar harness cannot accommodate them . Passengers on Millennium Force may not take loose articles onto the train and are required to wear shirts and footwear . Headphones must be removed before boarding . Passengers are advised not to ride Millennium Force if they have recently had surgery , heart trouble , high blood pressure , neck or back trouble , or any medical condition that may be aggravated by riding , or are pregnant .
= = Influence = =
Millennium Force changed the way roller coasters were built . More rides were built with cable lifts , which require less maintenance , can support more weight , and can run faster than a traditional chain lift . Millennium Force also led to more coasters over 300 feet ( 91 m ) tall being built . Top Thrill Dragster opened three
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stellar " and showed wit . McCarthy praised the effects , but said the film was " both overwrought and severely undernourished . " Roger Ebert observed the film was " a lot of fun " , and Manohla Dargis admitted that it was " unexpectedly satisfying " . She said that while it faltered and felt rushed towards its end , it had an emotional complexity and " raggedness " that spoke with sincerity about essential human vulnerabilities . Stephen Hunter concluded that Hancock was ultimately " indigestible " .
= = = Accolades = = =
Hancock won the award for " Best Summer Action / Adventure Movie " at the 2008 Teen Choice Awards . Smith 's performance won him the award for " Favorite Movie Actor " at the 2009 Kids ' Choice Awards .
= = Sequel = =
Director Peter Berg said prior to Hancock 's release that if the film pulls in as much business as predicted , a sequel , Hancock 2 , would likely follow . After the film 's release on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc , actor Will Smith said that there was ongoing discussion about a possible sequel , " The ideas aren 't [ ... ] developed , but we are building out an entire world ; I think people are going to be very surprised at the new world of Hancock . " In August 2009 , Columbia Pictures hired screenwriters Adam Fierro and Glen Mazzara to write the sequel , and the studio plans to bring back the producing team from the original film . Charlize Theron confirmed that she would reprise her role , and Berg said to expect a third actor to star as another figure with powers like Smith 's and Theron 's characters .
= History of ethanol fuel in Brazil =
The history of ethanol fuel in Brazil dates from the 1970s and relates to Brazil ’ s sugarcane -based ethanol fuel program , which allowed the country to become the world 's second largest producer of ethanol , and the world 's largest exporter . Several important political and technological developments led Brazil to become the world leader in the sustainable use of bioethanol , and a policy model for other developing countries in the tropical zone of Latin America , the Caribbean , and Africa . Government policies and technological advances also allowed the country to achieve a landmark in ethanol consumption , when ethanol retail sales surpassed 50 % market share of the gasoline @-@ powered vehicle fleet in early 2008 . This level of ethanol fuel consumption had only been reached in Brazil once before , at the peak of the Pró @-@ Álcool Program near the end of the 1980s .
= = Early experiences = =
Sugarcane has been cultivated in Brazil since 1532 , introduced in Pernambuco that year , sugar was one of the first commodities exported to Europe by the Portuguese settlers . Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is obtained as a by @-@ product of sugar mills producing sugar , and can be processed to produce alcoholic beverages , ethanol fuel or alcohol for industrial or antiseptic uses . The first use of sugarcane ethanol as fuel in Brazil dates back to the late twenties and early thirties of the 20th century , with the introduction of the automobile in the country . After World War I some experimenting took place in Brazil 's Northeast Region , and as early as 1919 , the Governor of Pernambuco mandated all official vehicles to run on ethanol . The first ethanol fuel production plant went on line in 1927 , the Usina Serra Grande Alagoas ( USGA ) , located in the Northeastern state of Alagoas , producing fuel with 75 % ethanol and 25 % ethyl ether . As other plants began producing ethanol fuel , two years later there were 500 cars running on this fuel in the country 's Northeast Region .
A decree was issued on February 20 , 1931 , mandating the blend of 5 % hydrated ethanol to all imports of gasoline by volume . The number of distilleries producing ethanol fuel went from 1 in 1933 to 54 by 1945 . Fuel @-@ grade ethanol production increased from 100 @,@ 000 liters in 1933 to 51 @.@ 5 million liters in 1937 , representing 7 % of the country 's fuel consumption . Production peaked to 77 million liters during World War II , representing 9 @.@ 4 % of all ethanol production in the country . Due to German submarine attacks threatening oil supplies , the mandatory blend was as high as 50 percent in 1943 . After the end of the war cheap oil caused gasoline to prevail , and ethanol blends were only used sporadically , mostly to take advantage of sugar surpluses , until the 1970s , when the first oil crisis resulted in gasoline shortages and awareness on the dangers of oil dependence .
= = The Pro @-@ Alcohol era = =
As a response to the 1973 oil crisis , the Brazilian government began promoting bioethanol as a fuel . The National Alcohol Program -Pró @-@ Álcool- ( Portuguese : ' Programa Nacional do Álcool ' ) , launched in 1975 , was a nationwide program financed by the government to phase out automobile fuels derived from fossil fuels , such as gasoline , in favor of ethanol produced from sugar cane . The decision to produce ethanol from sugarcane was based on the low cost of sugar at the time , the idle capacity for distillation at the sugar plants , and the country 's tradition and experience with this feedstock . Other sources of fermentable carbohydrates were also explored such as manioc and other feedstocks . The first phase of the program concentrated in production of anhydrous ethanol for blending with gasoline .
After testing in government fleets with several prototypes developed by local subsidiaries of Fiat , Volkswagen , GM , and Ford , and compelled by the second oil crisis , the first 16 gasoline stations began supplying hydrous ethanol in May 1979 for a fleet of 2 @,@ 000 neat ethanol adapted vehicles , and by July , the Fiat 147 was launched to the market , becoming the first modern commercial neat ethanol @-@ powered car ( E100 ) sold in the world . Brazilian carmakers modified gasoline engines to support hydrous ethanol characteristics . Changes included compression ratio , amount of fuel injected , replacement of materials subject to corrosion by ethanol , use of colder spark plugs suitable for dissipating heat due to higher flame temperatures , and an auxiliary cold @-@ start system that injects gasoline from a small tank to aid cold starting . Six years later , approximately 75 % of Brazilian passenger cars were manufactured with ethanol engines .
The Brazilian government also made mandatory the blend of ethanol fuel with gasoline , fluctuating from 1976 until 1992 between 10 % and 22 % . Due to this mandatory minimum gasoline blend , pure gasoline ( E0 ) is no longer sold in the country . A federal law was passed in October 1993 establishing a mandatory blend of 22 % anhydrous ethanol ( E22 ) in the entire country . This law also authorized the Executive to set different percentages of ethanol within pre @-@ established boundaries ; since 2003 these limits were fixed at a maximum of 25 % ( E25 ) and a minimum of 20 % ( E20 ) by volume . Since then , the government has set the percentage on the ethanol blend according to the results of the sugarcane harvest and the levels of ethanol production from sugarcane , resulting in blend variations even within the same year .
Since July 2007 the mandatory blend was 25 % of anhydrous ethanol and 75 % gasoline or E25 blend . As a result of supply shortages and high ethanol fuel prices , in 2010 the government mandated a temporary 90 @-@ day blend reduction from E25 to E20 beginning February 1 , 2010 . As supply shortages took place again between the 2010 @-@ 2011 harvest seasons , some ethanol was imported from the US , and in April 2011 the government reduced the minimum mandatory blend to 18 percent , leaving the mandatory blend range between E18 to E25 .
By mid March 2015 the government raised the ethanol blend in regular gasoline from 25 % to 27 % . The blend on premium gasoline was kept at 25 % upon request by ANFAVEA , the Brazilian association of automakers , because of concerns about the effects on the higher blend on cars that were built only for E25 as the maximum blend , as opposed to flex @-@ fuel cars . The government approved the higher blend as an economic incentive for ethanol producers , due to an existing overstock of over 1 billion liters ( 264 million US gallons ) of ethanol . The implementation of E27 is expected to allow the consumption of the overstock before the end of 2015
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for the highway started in the 1970s . The highway was first authorized on June 2 , 1975 . The westbound span of the Mississippi River bridge was built in 1985 , and , along with the existing freeway east of MN 252 , was opened in October 1987 . Officials in Minnesota proposed tolls as a means to fund the construction on the highway in 1989 . Local officials supported the highway construction , but opposed the tolling plans .
West of MN 252 , the freeway construction started in June 1997 . The freeway was opened to traffic in 2000 , with a traffic light at the intersection of MN 610 and US 169 initially . Construction on the second bridge over the Mississippi River for eastbound traffic started in 1999 , to be completed in 2002 .
Construction of the portion between US 169 and CR 81 was estimated to cost $ 48 million in 2010 , of which $ 27 million is being funded by federal stimulus money . The project began in October 2009 , and it was scheduled to be completed in July 2011 . The remainder of the highway to I @-@ 94 is not on a Mn / DOT schedule to be built . The new western terminus will be located at Elm Creek Boulevard in Maple Grove . The freeway continues westward from this point in the median of CR 81 , but this section will be an unused stub end past the ramps that connect to CR 81 During the 2011 Minnesota state government shutdown , construction on MN 610 was halted for 20 days . Until work stopped on July 1 , 2011 , a ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony had been scheduled to open the new freeway section on July 12 . The ribbon cutting ceremony was on August 17 and the road opened on August 19 .
= = Future = =
MN 610 is planned to extend west to I @-@ 94 in Maple Grove , and the freeway 's mile markers reflect these plans , with the zero point calibrated to this future terminus . A portion of this new section is very unusual ; it is routed down the middle of the median of CR 81 in Maple Grove , forming a roadway within a roadway .
There are worries about traffic after the last extension was opened in 2011 . The local mayors are concerned with the traffic levels on CR 81 now that MN 610 is opened . " County Road 81 is already a fairly busy road without this additional traffic , and now there will be a substantial increase in traffic , " according to Maple Grove Mayor Mark Steffenson ; he is urging Mn / DOT to complete the remainder of the freeway to I @-@ 94 to alleviate these traffic concerns . Construction on this last segment of highway was scheduled to start in October 2014 .
On April 4 , 2016 , construction started on an interchange with Maple Grove Parkway . The interchange is set to open in October 2016 .
= = Exit list = =
All exits are unnumbered .
= Adelaide leak =
The Adelaide leak was the revelation to the press of a dressing @-@ room incident during the third Test , a cricket match played during the 1932 – 33 Ashes series between Australia and England , more commonly known as the Bodyline series . During the course of play on 14 January 1933 , the Australian Test captain Bill Woodfull was struck over the heart by a ball delivered by Harold Larwood . Although not badly hurt , Woodfull was shaken and dismissed shortly afterwards . On his return to the Australian dressing room , Woodfull was visited by the managers of the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) team , Pelham Warner and Richard Palairet . Warner enquired after Woodfull 's health , but the latter dismissed his concerns in brusque fashion . He said he did not want to speak to the Englishman owing to the Bodyline tactics England were using , leaving Warner embarrassed and shaken . The matter became public knowledge when someone present leaked the exchange to the press and it was widely reported on 16 January . Such leaks to the press were practically unknown at the time , and the players were horrified that the confrontation became public knowledge .
In the immediate aftermath , many people assumed Jack Fingleton , the only full @-@ time journalist on either team , was responsible . This belief may have affected the course of his subsequent career . Fingleton later wrote that Donald Bradman , Australia 's star batsman and the primary target of Bodyline , was the
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person who disclosed the story . Bradman always denied this , and continued to blame Fingleton ; animosity between the pair continued for the rest of their lives . Woodfull 's earlier public silence on the tactics had been interpreted as approval ; the leak was significant in persuading the Australian public that Bodyline was unacceptable .
= = Background = =
In 1932 – 33 the English team , led by Douglas Jardine and jointly managed by Pelham Warner and Richard Palairet , toured Australia and won the Ashes in an acrimonious contest that became known as the Bodyline series . The English team used contentious bowling tactics where the English pace bowlers Harold Larwood , Bill Voce and Bill Bowes bowled the ball roughly on the line of leg stump . The deliveries were often short @-@ pitched , designed to rise at the batsman 's body , with four or five fielders close by on the leg side waiting to catch deflections off the bat . Intended to be intimidating , the tactics proved difficult for batsmen to counter and were physically threatening . The primary target of Bodyline was Donald Bradman , who had overwhelmed the English bowling in the 1930 Ashes series . Leading English cricketers and administrators feared that Bradman would be unstoppable on good Australian batting wickets in 1932 – 33 , and looked for possible weaknesses in his batting technique .
Following Jardine 's appointment as England captain in July 1932 , he developed a plan based on his belief that Bradman was weak against bowling directed at leg stump and that if this line of attack could be maintained , it would restrict Bradman 's scoring to one side of the field , giving the bowlers greater control of his scoring . In a meeting , he outlined his plan to Larwood and Voce , who tried out the tactic in the remainder of the season with mixed success . Both Nottinghamshire fast bowlers were selected to tour , as was Yorkshire bowler Bill Bowes who had tried similar tactics at the end of the season . In one match , he bowled short at Jack Hobbs ; in his capacity as cricket correspondent of The Morning Post , Warner was highly critical of the Yorkshire bowlers and Bowes in particular . These remarks were seized upon by Australian opponents of Bodyline in the coming months . A fourth fast bowler , Middlesex amateur Gubby Allen , was later added to the tour . The selection of this many pace bowlers was unusual at the time , drawing comment from Australian writers , including Bradman .
In Australia , while Jardine 's unfriendly approach and superior manner caused some friction with the press and spectators , the early tour matches were uncontroversial and Larwood and Voce had a light workload in preparation for the Test series . The first signs of trouble came in the match against a representative " Australian XI " at near full strength , in which the bowlers first used Bodyline tactics . Under the captaincy of Bob Wyatt ( Jardine having rested from the match ) , the England attack bowled short and around leg stump , with fielders positioned close by on the leg side to catch any deflections . Wyatt later claimed this was not pre @-@ planned and he simply informed Jardine what had happened . The Bodyline tactics continued in the next match and several players , including Jack Fingleton , were hit . The Australian press were shocked and criticised the hostility of Larwood in particular . Some former Australian players joined the criticism , saying the tactics were ethically wrong . However , at this stage , not everyone was opposed , and the Australian Board of Control believed the English team had bowled fairly . On the other hand , Jardine increasingly came into disagreement with tour manager Warner over Bodyline as the tour progressed . Warner hated Bodyline but would not speak out against it . He was accused of hypocrisy for not taking a stand on either side , particularly after expressing sentiments at the start of the tour that cricket " has become a synonym for all that is true and honest . To say ' that is not cricket ' implies something underhand , something
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not in keeping with the best ideals ... all who love it as players , as officials or spectators must be careful lest anything they do should do it harm . "
Jardine 's tactics were successful in one respect : in six innings against the tourists ahead of the Tests , Bradman scored only 103 runs , causing concern among the Australian public who expected much more from him . At the time , Bradman was in dispute with the Board of Control , who would not allow players to write in newspapers unless journalism was their full @-@ time profession ; Bradman , although not a journalist , had a contract to write for the Sydney Sun . A particular irritation for Bradman was that Jack Fingleton , a full @-@ time journalist , was allowed to write for the Telegraph Pictorial , although he required permission from the Board to write about cricket . Bradman threatened to withdraw from the team unless the Board allowed him to write . Fingleton and Bradman were openly hostile towards each other . From their first meeting while playing together for New South Wales , they disliked each other . Fingleton , conscious that Bradman 's self @-@ possession and solitary nature made him unpopular with some team @-@ mates , kept his distance after a dressing room argument , while Bradman believed the more popular Fingleton had tried to turn the team against him . Later hostility arose from Bradman 's public preference for Bill Brown as a batsman , which Fingleton believed cost him a place on the 1934 tour of England . Fingleton 's writings on the Bodyline series further soured the relationship . Bradman believed some of the differences stemmed from religion ; Fingleton was a Roman Catholic , Bradman an Anglican .
Bradman missed the first Test , worn out by constant cricket and the ongoing argument with the Board of Control . The English bowlers used Bodyline intermittently in the first match , to the crowd 's vocal displeasure . Behind the scenes , administrators began to express concerns to each other . Yet the English tactics still did not earn universal disapproval ; former Australian captain Monty Noble praised the English bowling . For the second Test , Bradman returned to the team after his newspaper employers released him from his contract . England continued to use Bodyline and Bradman was dismissed by his first ball in the first innings . In the second innings , against the full Bodyline attack , he scored an unbeaten century which helped Australia to win the match and level the series at one match each . Critics began to believe Bodyline was not quite the threat that had been perceived and Bradman 's reputation , which had suffered slightly with his earlier failures , was restored . However , the pitch was slightly slower than others in the series , and Larwood was suffering from problems with his boots which reduced his effectiveness . Meanwhile , Woodfull was being encouraged to retaliate to the short @-@ pitched English attack , not least by members of his own side such as Vic Richardson , but refused to consider doing so .
= = Warner – Woodfull incident = =
= = = Woodfull 's injury = = =
During the mid @-@ afternoon of Saturday 14 January 1933 , the second day of the Third Test , Woodfull and Fingleton opened the batting for Australia in the face of an England total of 341 before a record attendance of 50 @,@ 962 people . Fingleton was caught by the wicketkeeper without scoring . The third over of the innings was bowled by Larwood with fielders still in orthodox positions . The fifth ball narrowly missed Woodfull 's head and the final ball , delivered short on the line of middle stump , struck Woodfull over the heart . The batsman dropped his bat and staggered away holding his chest , bent over in pain . The England players surrounded Woodfull to offer sympathy but the crowd began to protest noisily . Jardine called to Larwood : " Well bowled , Harold ! " Although the comment was aimed at unnerving Bradman , who was also batting at the time , Woodfull was appalled . Play resumed after a brief delay , once it was certain the Australian captain was fit to carry on , and since Larwood 's over had ended , Woodfull did not have to face the bowling of Allen in the next over . However , when Larwood was ready to bowl at Woodfull again , play was halted once more when the fielders were moved into Bodyline positions , causing the crowd to protest and call abuse at the England team . Subsequently , Jardine claimed that Larwood requested a field change , Larwood said that Jardine had done so . Many commentators condemned the alteration of the field as unsporting , and the angry spectators became extremely volatile . Jardine , although writing that Woodfull could have retired hurt if he was unfit , later expressed his regret at making the field change at that moment . It is likely Jardine wished to press home his team 's advantage in the match , and the Bodyline field was usually employed at this stage of an innings .
Shortly afterwards , a delivery from Larwood knocked Woodfull 's bat from his hands and the Australian captain seemed unsettled . Two quick wickets fell before Ponsford joined Woodfull in the middle , but having been struck by short balls several more times , Woodfull was bowled by Allen for 22 , having batted for an hour and a half . When a doctor was publicly requested , to attend an injury to Voce , many in the crowd believed it was Woodfull who required assistance , leading to a renewal of protest . In later years , Woodfull 's wife believed that his injury at Adelaide was partly responsible for his death aged 67 in 1965 .
= = = Warner 's visit to the dressing room = = =
Warner learned from twelfth man Leo O 'Brien that Woodfull was badly injured . Later in the afternoon , while Ponsford and Richardson were still batting , Warner and Palairet visited the Australian dressing room with the intention of enquiring about Woodfull 's health . Accounts vary about what followed . According to the original newspaper reports and Fingleton 's later description , Woodfull was lying on the masseur 's table , awaiting treatment from a doctor , although this may have been an exaggeration for dramatic effect . Leo O 'Brien described Woodfull as wearing a towel around his waist , having showered . Warner expressed sympathy to Woodfull but was surprised by the Australian 's response . According to Warner , Woodfull replied , " I don 't want to see you , Mr Warner . There are two teams out there . One is trying to play cricket and the other is not . " Fingleton wrote that Woodfull had added , " This game is too good to be spoilt . It is time some people got out of it . " Woodfull was usually dignified and quietly spoken , making his reaction surprising to Warner and others present . Warner recalled saying , " Apart from all that , we most sincerely hope you are not too badly hurt , " to which Woodfull replied , " The bruise is coming out . " Embarrassed and humiliated , Warner and Palairet turned and left . Fingleton noted that Woodfull spoke quietly and calmly , which increased the effectiveness of his words . He also pointed out that Warner prided himself on sportsmanship , so an accusation of " not playing cricket " would have stung the Englishman . Warner was so shaken that he was found in tears later that day in his hotel room .
According to O 'Brien , only he , Woodfull , the masseur ( who was deaf ) , Alan Kippax , and former Australian Test players Jack Ryder and Ernie Jones were present when the incident took place , but most of the Australian team were watching the match from a balcony adjoining the dressing room from where they would have been able to hear the confrontation . O 'Brien claimed that he went outside and told the group what had happened ; around twenty people were present .
Later that afternoon , Warner related the incident to Jardine , who replied that he " couldn 't care less " . The England captain then locked the dressing room doors and told the team what Woodfull had said and warned them not to speak to anyone concerning the matter . Warner later wrote to his wife that Woodfull had made " a complete fool of himself " and had been " fanning the flames " .
= = Leak = =
Sunday being a rest day , there was no play . On Monday , the exchange between Warner and
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Woodfull was reported in several newspapers along with the description of Woodfull 's injury . Most headlines were variations on " Woodfull Protests " , and the most extensive accounts were by Claude Corbett in The Sun and The Daily Telegraph . He wrote in the Telegraph that the " fires which have been smouldering in the ranks of the Australian Test cricketers regarding the English shock attack suddenly burst into flames yesterday . " Another newspaper , The Advertiser of Adelaide , claimed several members of the Australian team had repeated the story .
The players and officials were horrified that a sensitive private exchange had been reported to the press . Leaks to the press were practically unknown in 1933 . David Frith notes that discretion and respect were highly prized and such a leak was " regarded as a moral offence of the first order . " Woodfull made it clear that he severely disapproved of the leak , and later wrote that he " always expected cricketers to do the right thing by their team @-@ mates . " As the only full @-@ time journalist in the Australian team , suspicion immediately fell on Fingleton , although as soon as the story was published , he told Woodfull he was not responsible . Warner offered Larwood a reward of one pound if he could dismiss Fingleton in the second innings ; Larwood obliged by bowling him for a duck .
Later , Warner issued a statement to the press that Woodfull had apologised for the incident and that " we are now the best of friends " . Woodfull denied through Bill Jeanes , the Secretary of the Australian Board of Control , that he had expressed regret , but he had said there was no personal animosity between the two men .
= = = Suspects = = =
Until he read Warner 's Cricket Between Two Wars during the Second World War , Fingleton was unaware that Warner assumed he was responsible for the leak . When he found out , Fingleton wrote to Warner , who replied that although he believed Fingleton to be the source , he would publish a correction if presented with evidence to the contrary . Fingleton did not pursue the case . Australian cricketer Bill O 'Reilly wrote that during the 1948 tour of England , he and Fingleton confronted Warner , who apologised as he no longer believed Fingleton to be the culprit . Fingleton thought the belief he was responsible cost him a place on the 1934 tour to England , although there were other possible factors in his exclusion . According to Fingleton , Woodfull later told him that the controversy had led to his missing selection . A letter which Woodfull wrote to Fingleton in 1943 stated " I can assure you that I did not connect your name with the passing on of that conversation . "
In his 1978 biography of Victor Trumper , Fingleton accused Bradman of relating Woodfull 's words to the press . Fingleton claimed that Claude Corbett revealed the information to him . In Fingleton 's version of events , Bradman telephoned Corbett during the night to arrange a meeting . Bradman wrote for Corbett 's paper , Sydney 's Sun . Sitting in Corbett 's car , Bradman told the journalist about the Warner – Woodfull incident . Corbett considered the story too important to keep to himself , so shared it with other journalists . Fingleton later added that " Bradman would have saved me a lot of backlash ... had he admitted that he had given the leak . Part of his job was writing for the Sydney Sun and he had every right to leak such a vital story . "
Bradman denied this version of events . In 1983 , two years after Fingleton 's death , a book written by Michael Page , with Bradman 's close co @-@ operation , blamed Fingleton for the leak and dismissed Fingleton 's story concerning Bradman and Corbett as " an absurd fabrication " , arising from a grudge against Bradman . The book pointed out that Fingleton only made the accusation after Corbett 's death . Fingleton 's executor , Malcolm Gemmell , summarised the evidence which supported Fingleton 's accusation in a magazine article : that Bradman wrote for the Sun , was the prime target of Bodyline , and had previously urged the Australian Board of Control to object to the tactic . Fingleton 's brother supported the claim that Bradman was responsible , repeating in 1997 the alleged view of Corbett that Bradman provided the information . In 1995 , Bradman was interviewed for television , and when asked about the source of the leak , responded sharply : " It wasn 't me ! " In the same year , a biography of Bradman , written with his close co @-@ operation , by Roland Perry , said that Bradman had confronted Corbett to ask who leaked the story , to be told it was Fingleton .
O 'Reilly believed that Bradman , with whom he did not get along , was responsible , wishing to expose the English bowling he believed was designed to cause him physical injury . He also said Bradman was an expert at diverting blame . Cricket writer Ray Robinson wrote that many of the Australian team did not blame Fingleton , and they knew who met Corbett . In the early 1980s another journalist , Michael Davie , interviewed Ponsford who said that Woodfull never forgave Bradman for " a couple of things " . Davie suggests that one of these may have been leaking the Adelaide story .
Gilbert Mant , a journalist who covered the tour , investigated the leak in the mid @-@ 1990s . He died in 1997 , but had arranged for a summary of his findings to be sent to David Frith with a request not to publish the information before Bradman died . Mant believed the leak was not a serious crime and pointed out that any of the players except Ponsford and Richardson , who were batting at the time Warner entered the dressing room , could have leaked the story . Bradman , in correspondence with Mant in 1992 , continued to blame Fingleton and would never forgive the " dastardly lie he concocted about me " and hoped Mant could clear Bradman 's name . As part of his investigations , Mant contacted Corbett 's family . Corbett died in 1944 , and his son Mac said he never mentioned the leak . However , his daughter Helen related that Corbett
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gave higher values ) . Dynamical simulations of the Gliese 581 system assuming that the orbits of the three planets are coplanar show that the system becomes unstable if the masses of the planets exceed 1 @.@ 6 – 2 times the minimum values . Using earlier minimum mass values for Gliese 581 d , this implies an upper mass limit for Gliese 581 d of 13 @.@ 8 Earth masses . The composition of the planet , however , is not known .
= = = Climate and habitability = = =
As the planet is not known to transit from Earth and atmospheric conditions are not observable with current technology , no atmosphere for the planet has been confirmed to date . As such , all climate predictions for the planet are based on predicted orbits and computer modelling of theoretical atmospheric conditions .
Because Gliese 581 d was believed to orbit outside the habitable zone of its star it was originally thought to be too cold for liquid water to be present . With the 2009 revised orbit , climate simulations conducted by researchers in France in 2011 indicated possible temperatures suitable for surface water at sufficient atmospheric pressure According to Stéphane Udry , " It could be covered by a ' large and deep ocean ' ; it is the first serious ocean planet candidate . "
On average , the light that Gliese 581 d receives from its star has about 30 % of the intensity of light the Earth receives from the Sun . By comparison , sunlight on Mars has about 40 % of the intensity of that on Earth . That might seem to suggest that Gliese 581 d is too cold to support liquid water and hence is inhospitable to life . However , an atmospheric greenhouse effect can significantly raise planetary temperatures . For example , Earth 's own mean temperature would be about − 18 ° C without any greenhouse gases , ranging from around 100 ° C on the day side to − 150 ° C at night , much like that found on the Moon . If the atmosphere of Gliese 581 d produces a sufficiently large greenhouse effect , and the planet 's geophysics stabilize the CO2 levels ( as Earth 's does via plate tectonics ) , then the surface temperature might permit a liquid water cycle , conceivably allowing the planet to support life . Calculations by Barnes et al. suggest , however , that tidal heating is too low to keep plate tectonics active on the planet , unless radiogenic heating is somewhat higher than expected .
Gliese 581 d is probably too massive to be made only of rocky material . It may have originally formed on a more distant orbit as an icy planet that then migrated closer to its star . Its equilibrium temperature is 181 Kelvin .
= = Messages from Earth = =
In October 2008 , members of the networking website Bebo beamed A Message From Earth , a high @-@ power transmission at Gliese 581 , using the RT @-@ 70 radio telescope belonging to the National Space Agency of Ukraine . This transmission is due to arrive in the Gliese 581 system 's vicinity by the year 2029 ; the earliest possible arrival for a response , should there be one , would be in 2049 .
As part of the 2009 National Science Week celebrations in Australia , Cosmos magazine launched a website called Hello From Earth to collect messages for transmission to Gliese 581 d . The maximum length of the messages was 160 characters , and they were restricted to the English language . In total , 25 @,@ 880 messages were collected from 195 countries around the world . The messages were transmitted from the DSS @-@ 43 70 m radio telescope at the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex at Tidbinbilla , Australia , on 28 August 2009 .
= = Gallery = =
= DevilDriver =
DevilDriver are an American heavy metal band from Santa Barbara , California , formed in 2002 , consisting of vocalist Dez Fafara ( the only remaining original member ) , guitarists Mike Spreitzer and Neal Tiemann , bassist Diego " Ashes " Ibarra and drummer Austin D 'Amond . The band was originally named Deathride , however , due to copyright issues and the name being taken by several bands , Deathride changed its name to DevilDriver , which refers to bells Italian Wiccans used to drive evil forces away .
= = Biography = =
Fafara hosted several barbecues after moving from Orange County to Santa Barbara and would jam with musicians he met , which led to the formation of the band . " I met Evan we struck up a friendship and started jamming , " said Fafara Guitarist Evan Pitts met Fafara in a restaurant and gave him his phone number for a jam session , while John Boecklin who originally played 2nd guitar then went to playing drums , met Fafara at a bar .
The band was originally known as Deathride , but later changed their name to DevilDriver because Fafara felt there were too many bands with that name ; a band in Norfolk , Virginia , and a bicycle racing team . Another problem was that the band 's label , Roadrunner Records were unable to secure copyright . The members compiled a list of roughly two hundred names to go for a more original approach . Fafara 's wife had a book by Italian witchcraft author Raven Grimassi on Stregheria , and came across the term " devil driver " . The term " devil driver " refers to bells Italian witches used to drive evil forces away . Fafara thought it was appropriate because it sounded " evil " , and thought the term " suits his life " . The band 's logo is the Cross of Confusion , which has existed for thousands of years and refers to " question religion , question authority , question everything around you " . Fafara was brought up to " question everything " and was exposed to Italian witchcraft through his grandparents .
DevilDriver 's debut record was originally going to be called Thirteen , and then Straight to Hell . However , Fafara claims it was changed " for so many reasons that I can 't even go into . " The band 's self @-@ titled debut DevilDriver , was released on October 21 , 2003 under Roadrunner Records , and entered the Top Heatseekers chart at number 17 . Guitarist Pitts wrote roughly 90 % of the music , according to Mike Spreitzer , who replaced Pitts after his departure from the band . Music critics response to the album was generally negative . Allmusic reviewer Johnny Loftus commented that elements in the songs " Die ( And Die Now ) " and " Swinging the Dead " redeem an otherwise disappointing album and
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hoped the band would focus less on the mainstream .
= = = The Fury of Our Maker 's Hand ( 2005 – 2006 ) = = =
The band returned to the studio in 2005 to record their follow @-@ up to DevilDriver . The album was produced at Sonic Ranch Studios , a 1 @,@ 400 @-@ acre ( 5 @.@ 7 km2 ) pecan ranch , 40 miles ( 64 km ) away from El Paso , Texas . The band members wanted to be isolated when recording the album so they could solely focus on the music as friends , family , managers and girlfriends would constantly interrupt . Roughly 30 songs were written which were narrowed down to 15 by the band . The 15 songs were then played for producer Colin Richardson who wanted to begin tracking immediately .
The name of the album was thought of by Fafara who believed that The Fury of Our Maker 's Hand refers to the " storm " his life has been the past 10 years , " You have your maker 's hand and I have my maker 's hand and we both living in our fury , the fury of our maker 's hand . It explains my life " . The album was released on June 28 , 2005 and debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at number 117 , with sales of 10 @,@ 402 in its first week . The album also debuted at number 1 on the Top Heatseekers chart . Johnny Loftus of Allmusic described the album as " a severe turn away from the falter of their first album " and said that the band made their " true debut the second time around " . Dom Lawson of Kerrang ! gave the album a positive review describing the album as a " fresh and exhilarating approach to modern metal " .
The band toured extensively in support of the album , which included shows in the United States , Europe , and Australia in support of bands such as In Flames , Fear Factory , and Machine Head . The band played for the first time as a headliner in the Burning Daylight Tour . On October 31 , 2006 , The Fury of Our Maker 's Hand was re @-@ released to include three new studio tracks , including " Digging up the Corpses " which was featured on the soundtrack to Resident Evil : Apocalypse . The release also contained three live recordings of previously released , a DVD of all of the band 's music videos , new cover art , and inside liner notes .
= = = The Last Kind Words ( 2007 – 2008 ) = = =
The band reunited at Sonic Ranch Studios while they recorded their third studio effort , The Last Kind Words , which was released in June 2007 . The album 's first single " Not All Who Wander Are Lost " was directed by Nathan Cox for free . Cox 's career began when he created Coal Chamber 's music video " Loco " , so he re @-@ paid a favor to Fafara and the band . Cox now directs music videos for bands such as Linkin Park and Korn . The first song to be previewed was " Horn of Betrayal " which debuted on Sirius Satellite 's Hard Attack channel on May 16 , 2007 . The Last Kind Words entered the German charts at number 92 , and peaked at number 48 on the Billboard 200 , with over 14 @,@ 000 copies sold .
DevilDriver promoted the album at the 2007 Download Festival at Donington Park alongside headliners Linkin Park , Iron Maiden , and My Chemical Romance . A Guinness world record was attempted by the band for the " largest circle pit " at the festival . Guinness responded to the query and denied the request stating they receive over 60 @,@ 000 requests a year and there is no way to physically define where a circle pit starts and ends . They considered the proposal fully in the context of the subject area and stated that " our decision is final in this matter " . The band also appeared at 2007 's Ozzfest . Fafara had been planning to take his first six weeks off in 11 years , but Sharon Osbourne , who had managed Fafara 's previous band Coal Chamber , persuaded him to appear . At a concert in Detroit , Michigan , a recording was made with the intention of releasing a live DVD in 2008 although this has yet to be released .
DevilDriver '
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" . When Century Media advertised the reissue of Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing as the " rebirth of a genre @-@ defying classic " , Townsend called it " record company bullshit " .
Townsend recruited a permanent line @-@ up for the second album : Jed Simon on guitar , Byron Stroud on bass , and Gene Hoglan on drums . City was released on February 11 , 1997 , and received highly favorable critical reception . Kerrang ! praised the album for its heaviness , claiming it sounded like " sticking your head into the jet nozzle of a Stealth Bomber " , while Metal Hammer ranked it No. 13 on its " Top 20 Albums of 1997 " list . The album soon gained a cult following and a loyal fan base for the band . City is considered to be the band 's best effort by a large number of fans and critics alike . In 2002 , the album was No. 45 on Revolver magazine 's " 69 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time " list , and also appeared on their " Must Have Metal Albums " list in 2005 . It also appeared on the " 100 Most Important Albums of the Nineties " list conducted by Terrorizer . Townsend himself stated City " is the real Strapping record . That 's the ultimate one out of all of them " .
The band embarked on a world tour in 1997 to promote the album , which included dates in Europe , the US and Australia . On May 30 , 1998 , they performed at the Dynamo Open Air festival in Eindhoven , Netherlands , then continued touring the next month in Europe . In June 1998 , the group released No Sleep ' till Bedtime , a live album containing songs performed at a 1997 performance at the HiFi Bar and Ballroom in Melbourne , Australia . Century Media was not initially interested in releasing a live record , but impressed with Townsend 's production , the label agreed to release it . The band closed the year playing a few more dates in Japan and Australia .
= = = On hiatus ( 1999 – 2002 ) = = =
At the end of 1998 , Townsend placed Strapping Young Lad on hiatus to concentrate on his solo career and on his work as a record producer . He had already released two solo albums , Ocean Machine : Biomech in 1997 and Infinity in 1998 and produced several other artists ' albums . Townsend explained numerous conflicts with Century Media , and his struggle with bipolar disorder ( for which he checked himself into a psychiatric hospital in early 1998 ) , contributed to the curtailment of Strapping Young Lad 's activities :
What happened ? I signed a shitty deal , but luckily it was non @-@ exclusive . I got tired of doing Strapping so I said , ' I can 't do it anymore . ' Then I freaked out and went into a hospital . My lawyer said that I was under mental duress when I signed the contract so the contract is void . At that point it was like , ' I just won 't do another Strapping record . ' Yeah , I went down saying ' CM was the shittiest label ever . ' And they went down as saying that I was ' a complete , arrogant psychopath.'
Townsend remained productive between 1999 and 2002 , recording two more solo albums , Physicist in 2000 and Terria in 2001 , and producing albums for Zimmers Hole , Stuck Mojo and Soilwork , among others . Although Strapping Young Lad was officially on hiatus , they gave occasional live performances , including an appearance on the Foot In Mouth Tour in 2001 with Fear Factory . During this period , Townsend 's bandmates were active musically ; both Stroud and Hoglan recorded with other bands , and all three were involved in Townsend 's solo efforts as studio musicians and as part of his live band as well . Hoglan and Simon also formed a side project called Tenet with Grip Inc. bassist Stuart Carruthers and Interzone frontman Rob Urbinati in early 2002 .
In December 2001 Townsend announced , contrary to his earlier public statements , a new Strapping Young Lad album would be released in 2002 . He emphasized he was not " forcing " his product upon fans to generate record sales , arguing his band — and its contract with Century — was never a lucrative endeavor . Instead , Townsend 's motivation was the " creative anger " sparked by the September 11 , 2001 attacks and further cultivated during their 2001 tour . For the first time , the album would be a product of collaborative writing ; the band wrote " about half " of the material on the 2001 Foot In Mouth Tour , and the rest at home , starting January 2002 . After playing a small number of festivals in 2002 , Strapping Young Lad entered the studio in September of that year , to record their third album .
= = = Strapping Young Lad and Alien ( 2003 – 2005 ) = = =
The self @-@ titled Strapping Young Lad was released on February 11 , 2003 , and became the band 's first charting album , entering Billboard 's Top Heatseekers at No. 97 . The album received moderate critical success , Nate Smith from Rockzone.com called it a " solid addition to the Townsend catalog " , but " not an instant classic " , Xander Hoose from Chronicles of Chaos called it " a good album " , but also pointed out it is inferior to City . Strapping Young Lad differed from City because it was less industrial and more reminiscent of death metal ; the humor pervading the previous two albums became more subdued . The song Devour would later appear on the soundtrack for the 2005 film Alone in the Dark .
The band toured heavily throughout 2003 and 2004 , making stops in the United States , Europe , Canada , and Australia . Although Townsend stated Strapping Young Lad might be the last album , the band re @-@ signed with Century Media Worldwide in March 2004 and announced plans for a new album . On November 2 , 2004 , Strapping Young Lad released a DVD entitled For Those Aboot to Rock : Live at the Commodore , which documented the band 's January 16 , 2004 , performance at the Commodore Ballroom in Vancouver . Bonus features included two music videos , " Relentless " and " Detox " , and interviews with band members .
Alien was released on March 22 , 2005 , selling 3 @,@ 697 copies in its first week . It reached No. 32 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart , and No. 35 on the Top Independent Albums chart . Critics praised Townsend 's inventiveness and the dynamism of the songs in which " melody and discord meet midway " ; Adrien Begrand of PopMatters wrote that " Strapping Young Lad have raised the bar yet again " , while Blabbermouth.net 's Krista G. called it one of the best albums of the year . Townsend and Hoglan were the primary writers
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, he passed out over his drumkit . After a 20 @-@ minute wait , Moon reappeared onstage , but after a few bars of " Magic Bus " , collapsed again , and was immediately taken to hospital . Scot Halpin , an audience member , convinced promoter Bill Graham to let him play drums , and the group closed the show with him . Moon had a day to recover , and by the next show at the Los Angeles Forum , was playing to his usual strength . The group began to get used to the backing tapes , and the remainder of gigs for the US tour were successful .
The tour continued in February 1974 , with a short series of gigs in France . The final show at the Palais de Sports in Lyon on the 24th was the last time Quadrophenia was played as a stage piece with Moon , who died in 1978 . Townshend later said that Daltrey " ended up hating Quadrophenia – probably because it had bitten back " . However , a small selection of songs remained in the set list ; live performances of " Drowned " and " Bell Boy " filmed at Charlton Athletic football ground on 18 May were later released on the 30 Years of Maximum R & B box set .
= = = 1996 – 97 tour = = =
In June 1996 , Daltrey , Townshend and Entwistle revived Quadrophenia as a live concert . They performed at Hyde Park , London as part of the Prince 's Trust " Masters of Music " benefit concert , playing most of the album for the first time since 1974 . The concert was not billed as the Who , but credited to the three members individually . The performance also included Gary Glitter as the Godfather , Phil Daniels as the Narrator and Jimmy , Trevor MacDonald as the newsreader , Adrian Edmondson as the Bell Boy and Stephen Fry as the hotel manager . The musical lineup included Townshend 's brother Simon , Zak Starkey on drums ( his first appearance with the Who ) , guitarists David Gilmour ( who played the bus driver ) and Geoff Whitehorn , keyboardists John " Rabbit " Bundrick and Jon Carin , percussionist Jody Linscott , Billy Nicholls leading a two @-@ man / two @-@ woman backing vocal section , and five brass players . During rehearsals , Daltrey was struck in the face by Glitter 's microphone stand , and performed the concert wearing an eyepatch .
A subsequent tour of the US and UK followed , employing most of the same players but with Billy Idol replacing Edmondson , Simon Townshend replacing Gilmour and P. J. Proby replacing Glitter . 85 @,@ 000 fans saw the ensemble perform Quadrophenia at Madison Square Garden . A recording from the tour was subsequently released in 2005 as part of Tommy and Quadrophenia Live .
= = = 2010s tours = = =
The Who performed Quadrophenia at the Royal Albert Hall on 30 March 2010 as part of the Teenage Cancer Trust series of ten gigs . This one @-@ off performance of the rock opera featured guest appearances from Pearl Jam 's Eddie Vedder and Kasabian 's Tom Meighan .
In November 2012 , the Who started a U.S. tour of Quadrophenia , dubbed " Quadrophenia and
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18 years . It debuted on July 5 and will run as a weekly series at 9 : 00 am on Fuji TV on Sundays . Masako Nozawa reprised her roles as Goku , Gohan , and Goten . Most of the original cast reprise their roles as well . Kouichi Yamadera and Masakazu Morita also reprise their roles , as Beerus and Whis , respectively . The story of the anime is set six months after the defeat of Majin Boo , when the Earth has become peaceful once again . Akira Toriyama is credited as the original creator , as well for " original story & character design concepts . " It will also be adapted into companion manga .
= = = Films = = =
= = = = Anime = = = =
Nineteen animated theatrical films based on the Dragon Ball series have been released in Japan . The first three films are based on the original Dragon Ball anime series . The remaining films include fifteen Dragon Ball Z films and one tenth anniversary special ( also based on the first anime series ) . However , the films are generally either alternate re @-@ tellings of certain story arcs or extra side @-@ stories that do not correlate with the same timeline as the series . The exception being Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods and Dragon Ball Z : Resurrection ' F ' released in 2013 and 2015 respectively , these films being the first to have original creator Akira Toriyama deeply involved in their production .
= = = = Live @-@ action = = = =
An unofficial live @-@ action Mandarin Chinese film adaptation of the series , Dragon Ball : The Magic Begins , was released in Taiwan in 1989 . In December 1990 , the unofficial live @-@ action Korean film Dragon Ball : Ssawora Son Goku , Igyeora Son Goku was released . 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the Dragon Ball franchise in March 2002 and began production on an American live @-@ action film entitled Dragonball Evolution . Directed by James Wong and produced by Stephen Chow , it was released in the United States on April 10 , 2009 .
= = = TV Specials and other animations = = =
Three television specials based on the series were aired on Fuji TV in Japan . The first , The One True Final Battle ~ The Z Warrior Who Challenged Freeza -- Son Goku 's Father ~ , renamed Bardock – The Father of Goku by Funimation , was shown on October 17 , 1990 . The second special , The Hopeless Resistance ! ! Gohan and Trunks -- The Two Remaining Super Warriors , renamed The History of Trunks by Funimation , is based on a special chapter of the original manga and aired on March 24 , 1993 . Goku Side Story ! The Four Star Ball is a Badge of Courage , renamed A Hero 's Legacy by Funimation , aired on March 26 , 1997 . A two @-@ part hour @-@ long crossover special between Dragon Ball Z , One Piece and Toriko , referred to as Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! aired on April 7 , 2013 .
A two @-@ episode original video animation ( OVA ) titled Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans was created in 1993 as strategy guides for the Famicom video game of the same name . A remake titled Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans was created as a bonus feature for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 , which was released on November 11 , 2010 .
The short film Dragon Ball : Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! was created for the Jump Super Anime Tour , which celebrated Weekly Shōnen Jump 's 40th anniversary , and debuted on November 24 , 2008 . A short animated adaptation of Naho Ōishi 's Bardock spinoff manga , Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock , was shown on December 17 – 18 , 2011 at the Jump Festa 2012 event .
= = = Video games = = =
The Dragon Ball franchise has spawned multiple video games across various genres and platforms . Earlier games of the series included a system of card battling and were released for the Nintendo Entertainment System following the storyline of the series . Starting Super Nintendo Entertainment System , the Mega Drive / Genesis , the Sega Saturn and the PlayStation , most of the games were from the fighting genre or RPG ( Role Playing Game ) , including the series Super Butoden . The first Dragon Ball game to be released in the United States was Dragon Ball GT : Final Bout for the PlayStation in 1997 . For the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable games the characters were redone in 3D cel @-@ shaded graphics . These games included the Dragon Ball Z : Budokai series and the Dragon Ball Z : Budokai Tenkaichi series . Dragon Ball Z : Burst Limit was the first game of the franchise developed for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Dragon Ball Xenoverse was
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Krościenko Wyżne in Poland in October 2015 . The body of the Romanian pilot Ioan Clop was found in the wreckage .
= = Specifications ( Ju 87 B @-@ 2 ) = =
Data from Ju 87 B @-@ 2 Betriebsanleitung , Juni 1940 ( D. ( Luft ) T.2335 / 1 )
General characteristics
Crew : 2
Length : 11 @.@ 00 m ( 36 ft 1 @.@ 07 in )
Wingspan : 13 @.@ 8 m ( 45 ft 3 @.@ 30 in )
Height : 4 @.@ 23 m ( 13 ft 10 @.@ 53 in )
Wing area : 31 @.@ 90 m ² ( 343 @.@ 37 ft ² )
Empty weight : 3 @,@ 205 kg ( 7 @,@ 086 lb )
Loaded weight : 4 @,@ 320 kg ( 9 @,@ 524 lb )
Max. takeoff weight : 5 @,@ 000 kg ( 11 @,@ 023 lb )
Powerplant : 1 × Junkers Jumo 211D liquid @-@ cooled inverted V12 engine , 1200 PS ( 1 @,@ 184 hp ( 883 kW ) )
Propellers : Three @-@ blade Junkers VS 5 propeller , 1 per engine
Propeller diameter : 3 @.@ 4 m ( 11 ft 1 @.@ 85 in )
Performance
Never exceed speed : 600 km / h ( 373 mph ) ( 373 mph )
Maximum speed : 390 km / h @ 4 @,@ 400 m ( 242 mph @ 13 @,@ 410 ft )
Range : 500 km ( 311 mi ) with 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bomb load
Service ceiling : 8 @,@ 200 m ( 26 @,@ 903 ft ) with 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bomb load
Armament
Guns : 2 × 7 @.@ 92 mm ( .312 in ) MG 17 machine gun forward , 1 × 7 @.@ 92 mm ( .312 in ) MG 15 machine gun to rear
Bombs : Normal load = 1 × 250 kg ( 550 lb ) bomb beneath the fuselage and 4 × 50 kg ( 110 lb ) , two bombs underneath each wing .
= Low back pain =
Low back pain ( LBP ) is a common disorder involving the muscles , nerves , and bones of the back . Pain can vary from a dull constant ache to a sudden sharp feeling . Low back pain may be classified by duration as acute ( pain lasting less than 6 weeks ) , sub @-@ chronic ( 6 to 12 weeks ) , or chronic ( more than 12 weeks ) . The condition may be further classified by the underlying cause as either mechanical , non @-@ mechanical , or referred pain . The symptoms of low back pain usually improve within a few weeks from the time they start , with 40 @-@ 90 % of people completely better by six weeks .
In most episodes of low back pain , a specific underlying cause is not identified or even looked for , with the pain believed to be due to mechanical problems such as muscle or joint strain . If the pain does not go away with conservative treatment or if it is accompanied by " red flags " such as unexplained weight loss , fever , or significant problems with feeling or movement , further testing may be needed to look for a serious underlying problem . In most cases , imaging tools such as X @-@ ray computed tomography are not useful and carry their own risks . Despite this , the use of imaging in low back pain has increased . Some low back pain is caused by damaged intervertebral discs , and the straight leg raise test is useful to identify this cause . In those with chronic pain , the pain processing system may malfunction , causing large amounts of pain in response to non @-@ serious events .
The treatment of acute nonspecific low back pain of rapid onset is typically with simple pain medications and the continuation of as much normal activity as the pain allows . Medications are recommended for the duration that they are helpful , with paracetamol ( also known as acetaminophen ) as the preferred first medication . A number of other options are available for those who do not improve with usual treatment . Opioids may be useful if simple pain medications are not enough , but they are not generally recommended due to side effects . Surgery may be beneficial for those with disc @-@ related chronic pain and disability or spinal stenosis . No clear benefit has been found for other cases of non @-@ specific low back pain . Low back pain often affects mood , which may be improved by counseling or antidepressants . Additionally , there are many alternative medicine therapies , including the Alexander technique and herbal remedies , but there is not enough evidence to recommend them confidently . The evidence for chiropractic care and spinal manipulation is mixed .
Approximately 9 to 12 % of people ( 632 million ) have LBP at any given point in time , and nearly 25 % report having it at some point over any one @-@ month period . About 40 % of people have LBP at some point in their lives , with estimates as high as 80 % among people in the developed world . Difficulty most often begins between 20 and 40 years of age . Men and women are equally affected . Low back pain is more common among people aged 40 – 80 years , with the overall number of individuals affected expected to increase as the population ages .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
In the common presentation of acute low back pain , pain develops after movements that involve lifting , twisting , or forward @-@ bending . The symptoms may start soon after the movements or upon waking up the following morning . The description of the symptoms may range from tenderness at a particular point to diffuse pain . It may or may not worsen with certain movements , such as raising a leg , or positions , such as sitting or standing . Pain radiating down the
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NHC estimated that the depression degenerated into a trough of low pressure near the Islas Marías during the afternoon of June 19 . The remnants of the depression were monitored by the United States Naval Research Laboratory for several more hours until the system moved inland over Sinaloa .
= = Preparations and impact = =
When the storm was declared a depression on June 18 , a tropical storm watch was declared by the Mexican Government for the Islas Marías , as well as for areas between Topolobampo and El Roblito in Sinaloa . The captain of the Mazatlán port advised ships to remain at port due to rough seas . A blue alert was declared for Sinaloa due to the possibility of deadly mudslides . Crews throughout the state quickly cleared debris from streams and streets to allow for better drainage . Shelters were prepped for possible evacuees but never opened . Late on June 18 , a tropical storm warning was declared for the Islas Marías and the watch along Sinaloa was extended southward to Cabo Corrientes in Jalisco . The following day , the Government of Mexico discontinued the warning for the Islas Marías and the watch for areas south of El Roblito was also discontinued . Upon the storm 's sudden dissipation later that day , the remaining watch areas were discontinued .
On June 19 , 2 @.@ 44 in ( 62 mm ) of rain fell in Mazatlán , near where the remnants of the depression moved ashore . Rainfall rates in the region exceeded 1 in / h ( 25 mm / h ) at times . High winds in Mazatlán knocked down several trees , cutting power to local residents . Heavy rains also triggered street flooding throughout the city . Several hours after the storm , electric companies reported than an estimated 50 @,@ 000 residences were without power . Following an assessment of damage to the power grid , 20 power poles were found to have been damaged , 15 circuit breakers were damaged and 15 sections of power lines were downed . Numerous villages were flooded , some requiring the evacuation of residents . Around 11 : 00 am PDT ( 1800 UTC ) six people were stranded offshore Sinaloa . High winds caused significant structural damage throughout Mazatlán .
Traffic lights were downed by high winds , causing numerous traffic delays . Landslides along major roadways caused several accidents , one involving a bus that was damaged by rocks . One business was significantly damaged , with at least one main wall collapsing . To speed up the removal of debris , members of the Mexican army were deployed throughout Sinaloa . According to officials in Mexico , Tropical Depression One @-@ E was the first known tropical cyclone to impact the state of Sinaloa during the month of June on record . With the system impacting land on June 19 , it marked the earliest date that a tropical cyclone had impacted the state , with the average date of first impact being August 15 .
= Northwest Passage ( Fringe ) =
" Northwest Passage " is the 21st episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe , and the 41st episode overall . The episode follows Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) as he continues to stay away from Boston after learning his true parallel universe origins ; his travels take him to a small town , where he helps the local police investigate mysterious disappearances .
The episode was written by Ashley Edward Miller , Zack Stentz , Nora Zuckerman , and Lilla Zuckerman . Joe Chappelle served as the episode director . It featured a guest appearance by actress
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accident . Fourteen personnel were later officially recognised for their part in the rescue and evacuation operation .
= = = Cambodia and Bougainville = = =
In July 1997 an eight @-@ man SASR team deployed at short notice to Butterworth in Malaysia to provide close protection and communications to the Australian ambassador and embassy staff in Cambodia if required , in preparation for the evacuation of Australian nationals in the wake of civil unrest which occurred following a coup in that country . The evacuation operation was subsequently completed successfully , with RAAF C @-@ 130s supported by Airfield Defence Guards and other military personnel evacuating 455 Australians and other nationals from Cambodia as part of Operation Vista . Later , following the agreement of a truce in October 1997 which ended the conflict in Bougainville , Australian personnel were deployed as part of the New Zealand @-@ led Truce Monitoring Group , with an SASR officer being included in the reconnaissance party and later serving on its headquarters . In April 1998 , Australia took over leadership of the mission , which was renamed the Peace Monitoring Group . Numerous SASR personnel served in Bougainville over a four @-@ year period as part of Operation Bel Isi , both in headquarters positions and as part of the monitoring teams .
= = = Kuwait = = =
In 1998 , the SASR made its first squadron @-@ strength deployment since Vietnam when 1 Squadron , with an attached New Zealand SAS troop , was deployed to Kuwait in February as part of the American @-@ led Operation Desert Thunder . The force , known as Anzac Special Operations Force ( ANZAC SOF ) , was fully integrated , with the New Zealanders providing the squadron 's third troop . While the crisis was resolved peacefully , if military action had been taken the SASR would have been used in the Combat Search and Rescue ( CSAR ) role to recover aircrew shot down by Iraqi air defences . The force returned to Australia in June 1998 . Regardless , the operation represented the first time that SASR tactical headquarters had been deployed outside of Australia .
= = = East Timor = = =
The SASR played a key role in the Australian @-@ led international peacekeeping force ( INTERFET ) in East Timor between September 1999 and February 2000 . Initially involved in the operation to evacuate Australian and UN personnel from East Timor as a result of violence in the lead up to the referendum for independence , the SASR was subsequently involved in intelligence gathering tasks prior to the landings , and provided the initial forces to secure the point of entry at Dili airport . 3 Squadron , along with Allied Special Forces elements from the NZ SAS and British SBS , then made up INTERFET 's special forces element , known as Response Force ( RESPFOR ) . The SASR spearheaded most operations conducted by the international force during the early days of the intervention in East Timor and , as in Vietnam , served as the eyes and ears of the force , patrolling extensively through militia @-@ controlled areas in vehicles and on foot as INTERFET expanded to take control of the rest of East Timor . During operations in East Timor the SASR was involved in a number of significant contacts with pro @-@ Indonesian militia , including at Suai on 6 October 1999 during which two SASR soldiers were wounded , and later at Aidabasalala on 16 October 1999 . Other tasks included VIP protection and other special forces tasks as required by the task force commander . 3 Squadron was later awarded a Meritorious Unit Citation on 25 March 2000 . 1 Squadron replaced 3 Squadron in December 1999 , and completed its tour in February 2000 .
= = = Domestic security and controversy = = =
The regiment formed a key element of the security force in place for the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 , and in the lead @-@ up to the event the regiment underwent a period of modernisation , acquiring new equipment and capabilities , including the ability to respond to chemical , biological and radiological threats , as well as developing techniques for the clandestine boarding of moving ships at night . During the Games two SASR squadrons were available for counter @-@ terrorist operations , with one designated to respond to incidents in Sydney and Canberra , while the other was on standby for incidents elsewhere . The domestic security role increased in prominence after the terrorist attacks in the United States on 11 September 2001 , and the SASR has since formed part of the security force for events such as the 2003 Rugby World Cup , 2006 Commonwealth Games , and other international events . The SASR currently provides one of Australia 's two elite Tactical Assault Groups , designated TAG ( West ) , the other TAG being provided by the 2nd Commando Regiment .
In April 2001 the fishing vessel South Tomi was detected poaching Patagonian toothfish near Heard and McDonald Islands in the Southern Ocean . Following a 6 @,@ 100 @-@ kilometre ( 3 @,@ 800 mi ) pursuit , the Togo @-@ flagged vessel was boarded by an SASR troop off the southern tip of Africa . In August 2001 , the SASR was involved in the Tampa affair when its counter @-@ terrorist squadron was ordered to Christmas Island and to board the MV Tampa once it illegally entered Australian waters . While the members of the SASR involved did what they could to improve conditions on the Tampa , the use of an elite military unit to prevent asylum seekers landing in Australia was not supported by all members of the regiment and remains controversial . Less controversial was the SASR 's involvement in the boarding of a North Korean freighter , the MV Pong Su — which was suspected of drug smuggling — off Newcastle on 20 April 2003 .
= = = Afghanistan = = =
In October 2001 , the Australian government announced that it was sending a special forces task group built around an SASR squadron to participate in the campaign against al @-@ Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan designated Operation Slipper . After staging through Kuwait , 1 Squadron arrived in Afghanistan in December 2001 with the other SASR squadrons rotating in at approximately six @-@ monthly intervals . The SASR 's main role in Afghanistan was to conduct reconnaissance and surveillance of al @-@ Qaeda and Taliban positions , activities and capabilities . SASR force elements also conducted some offensive operations . After arriving at FOB Rhino , the SASR initially operated in southern Afghanistan with US Marines from Task Force 58 , conducting long @-@ range vehicle mounted patrols over several hundred kilometres around Kandahar and into the Helmand Valley near the Iranian @-@ border . On 16 February 2002 Sergeant Andrew Russell was killed when the Long Range Patrol Vehicle ( LRPV ) he was travelling in hit a land mine during an operation in the Helmand Valley . Two other soldiers were wounded in the incident . Later the SASR operated under command of Task Force 64 .
The SASR then moved to eastern Afghanistan where it played a key role in Operation Anaconda in March 2002 . During the operation SASR teams were to provide on @-@ location , in @-@ depth operational intelligence and reconnaissance after they infiltrated the Shahi @-@ Kot Valley ten days prior to the operation , and also saved the lives of 24 soldiers of the US 75th Ranger Regiment after their helicopter was shot down , by providing sniper overwatch and guiding in precise air strikes to end the enemy advance as they attempted to overrun the isolated Americans . Up to 300 al Qaeda fighters were later estimated to have been killed as a result of the airstrikes they called @-@ in . Two SASR advisory and liaison officers were attached with the US 10th Mountain Division to help plan the division 's air assault operations , and were subsequently involved in heavy fighting after the unit they were with became pinned down and took a number of casualties . Supported by heavy close air support they were evacuated by helicopter that evening .
Four days into the operation , SASR elements identified a potential escape route for the al @-@ Qaeda leadership . Other coalition special forces had attempted to establish observation posts , but had quickly been discovered by shepherds or villagers . The Australians inserted a patrol undetected to monitor the escape route . From more than 1 @,@ 200 metres ( 1 @,@ 300 yd ) high on a mountain , the patrol spotted a group of al @-@ Qaeda figures dressed in Russian camouflage and wearing black balaclavas . They carried more advanced weapons than normal insurgents , and appeared to be guarding a white @-@ robed older man with a cane as they fled the battlefield . US intelligence
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at first believed it was Osama bin Laden but later revised the identification to his second @-@ in @-@ command , Ayman al @-@ Zawahiri . An airstrike was called in ; however , there was later doubt about whether it was successful . Australian forces later uncovered a number of arms caches and destroyed an anti @-@ aircraft piece , while other elements were tasked with screening possible escape routes to the south and killed a number of fighters as they attempted to withdraw . The initial task group was replaced by another squadron in March and April 2002 , while a third squadron rotated into Afghanistan in August 2002 . The SASR withdrew from Afghanistan in November 2002 after all three sabre squadrons had served in the country .
A Special Forces Task Group ( SFTG ) was deployed to Afghanistan in August or September 2005 , operating in the southern province of Uruzgan . The SFTG consisted of elements from the SASR , 4 RAR ( Commando ) , the Incident Response Regiment ( IRR ) and logistic support personnel . Two CH @-@ 47 Chinook helicopters from the 5th Aviation Regiment were deployed to Afghanistan in March 2006 to support the SFTG . A forward operating base was subsequently established at Tarin Kowt . This task group was withdrawn in September 2006 , after a year of operations working closely with special forces from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands . During this period the task group was on patrol for 306 days , involved in 139 contacts , and sustained 11 soldiers wounded . The SFTG was replaced by a Reconstruction Taskforce made up of engineers and conventional infantry .
A 300 @-@ strong Special Operations Task Group ( SOTG ) was redeployed to Afghanistan to support the Reconstruction Taskforce in April 2007 , including an SASR squadron , commando company group , and an integral combat service support team . The commando element was mostly used to conduct direct action tasks , with the SASR returning to conducting strategic reconnaissance . On 16 January 2009 , Trooper Mark Donaldson was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia , the highest award for gallantry in the Australian honours system , for gallant acts performed whilst serving with the SASR in Afghanistan on 2 September 2008 when his patrol was ambushed , resulting in the wounding of nine Australians . In addition to the SASR 's contribution to the SOTG , the regiment also provided " Defence Support Teams " to protect Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) agents in Afghanistan .
On 23 January 2011 , Corporal Ben Roberts @-@ Smith was awarded the Victoria Cross for single @-@ handedly neutralising two machine @-@ gun positions during an operation in Tizak on 11 June 2010 . On 26 March 2013 , it was announced that Special Operations Command would receive the Australian Army 's first battle honour since the end of the Vietnam War for outstanding performance during the Shah Wali Kot Offensive in Afghanistan from May to June 2010 . The battle honour , titled " Eastern Shah Wali Kot " , was awarded in recognition of the operational actions of the SASR and 2nd Commando Regiment from the Australian Special Operations Task Group Rotation XII . The SASR has also been collectively awarded the Meritorious Unit Citation and Unit Citation for Gallantry for its actions in Afghanistan .
During an operation in April 2013 an SASR corporal cut the right hands from the corpses of three insurgents after being told by a military lawyer that this would be an acceptable way of obtaining fingerprints . After this incident was reported to the senior Australian command at Tarin Kowt the SOTG was withdrawn from operations for a week @-@ long " operational pause " . One soldier remained under investigation for this incident in August 2015 . The bulk of SOTG was withdrawn from Afghanistan in late 2013 as part of the Australian drawdown , although some special forces remain as part of the small Australian force in the country . SASR casualties in Afghanistan include five soldiers killed in action .
= = = Iraq = = =
The SASR provided the majority of the ground @-@ force element of the Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq , known as Operation Falconer , moving in quickly and successfully , thus enhancing Australia 's standing amongst its allies . The Australian Special Forces Task Group was built around 1 Squadron , with a platoon from the 4 RAR ( Commando ) and a troop from the IRR available to support the SASR . 1 Squadron operated in western Iraq where it was successful in securing its area of operations . Elements of the SAS Squadron crossed the Iraqi border on the night of 19 March by vehicle , penetrating 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) before being engaged in one of the first actions of the war . Other patrols were inserted by helicopter more 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) from their staging areas and subsequently fought a number of actions over the following month . Australian patrols were the closest coalition elements to Baghdad for a number of days , observing key roads and facilities . Towards the conclusion of the 42 @-@ day campaign the SAS secured the huge but undefended Al Asad air base , approximately 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) west of Baghdad , capturing more than 50 aircraft . 1 Squadron was withdrawn from Iraq without replacement shortly after the end of the war , and was subsequently awarded a Unit Citation for Gallantry .
Yet some members of the SASR continued to operate in Iraq over the next few years in a number of roles . In 2004 claims appeared in the media that Australian special forces were involved in counter @-@ insurgency operations inside Iraq , although this was denied by the government . An SASR team was deployed to Iraq in May and June 2005 as part the effort to free Douglas Wood , an Australian engineer kidnapped in Baghdad ; however , he was later recovered alive by US and Iraqi forces . In 2007 , British media reports suggested that SASR elements were still operating in Iraq , along the southern border with Iran , targeting arms smugglers . Later , a small number of SASR personnel were deployed to Iraq in June 2014 to protect the Australian embassy when the security of Baghdad was threatened by the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive , while others were reported to have been tasked with providing security to Royal Australian Air Force aircrew aboard transport aircraft delivering arms and munitions to forces in Kurdish @-@ controlled northern Iraq during September 2014 .
= = = Timor Leste , the Philippines and Fiji = = =
An SASR troop was deployed to Timor Leste in May 2006 as part of Operation Astute , operating alongside a Commando Company Group as part of the Special Forces Component
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front with Christine Everhart , a series of in @-@ universe YouTube videos serving as the center of a viral marketing campaign to promote the films and universe .
= = = Business practices = = =
Marvel Studios developed specific business practices to create its shared universe , including choosing filmmakers that were considered " out @-@ of @-@ left @-@ field " , given their previous work . Feige remarked , " You don 't have to have directed a big , giant visual @-@ effects movie to do a big , giant visual @-@ effects movie for us . You just have to have done something singularly sort of awesome , " adding " It 's worked out well for us when we 've taken people [ such as Jon Favreau , Joss Whedon , Kenneth Branagh , and the Russo brothers , ] that have done very , very good things . Very rarely are one of those good things a big giant blockbuster superhero movie . " When hiring directors , the studio usually has " a kernel of an idea of what we want , " which is presented to potential directors over the course of several meetings to discuss and further expand . " And if over the course of three or four or five meetings they make it way better than what we initially were spewing to them , they usually get the job , " according to Feige .
Joe and Anthony Russo discussed the specific process they went through to join Marvel for Captain America : The Winter Soldier , explaining that they met with the studio four times over two months before they were hired , during which they " kept getting more and more specific about what our vision was " , putting together " reference videos , storyboards , script pages , you name it . We did like a 30 @-@ page book that had everything that we ’ d do with the character , from the theme of the movie to the tone of the film to the fighting style to what we liked about the character and what we didn ’ t like " . This meant that by the time they were hired they had already " figured the movie out " .
When the studio hired Kenneth Branagh and Joe Johnston to direct Thor and Captain America : The First Avenger , respectively , it made sure both directors were open to the idea of a shared universe , and that they would have to include Avengers set @-@ up scenes in their films . Joe Russo stated , " That 's the exciting component of [ incorporating references to the larger universe ] . ' What can we set up for the future ? ' You 're constantly pitching out ideas that not only affect your movie , but may have a ripple effect that affects other films ... It 's a weird sort of tapestry of writers and directors working together to create this universe that 's sort of organic . " Anthony added , " The great thing about the Marvel [ Cinematic Universe ] , just like the publishing [ arm ] , it ’ s a very vast , inter @-@ connected universe , where characters will have their rise and fall , so to speak , and hand off to other characters . As the cinematic universe moves forward , you may start to see the cinematic universe adopt that same pattern , as the publishing has , where there ’ s closure with some characters and new beginnings with other characters . How those hand @-@ offs are made is always part of the fun . ” Anthony also said , that in order for directors to " fit " in at Marvel , they must " understand how [ to ] take a larger story and wrangle in [ sic ] into a moment , yet keep [ it ] connected . "
On allowing directors and writers to work within Marvel 's shared universe concept , Joe Russo said , " I think the way Kevin [ Feige ] does it is there are big pieces that he knows he wants to build towards , but the way that you get there is open to interpretation and improv a little bit . That ’ s defined by who gets involved with the project , the writers and directors involved in the project . " For the Russos in The Winter Soldier , they had to deal with the idea of S.H.I.E.L.D. being infiltrated by Hydra and thus subsequently falling , with Joe saying , " how we get there is all up to us . And I think why Marvel has been so successful is because it ’ s been such a clear plan , that everything is interconnected and they ’ re building emotional capital with each movie that you can then trade off of in the next film . " Joe later elaborated that once each film 's creative team " come up with conceptually what we want to do " for a film , then we will ask questions about whether this would interfere with a storyline in another movie . Or , what ’ s going on in that film , can we pull some of that into this film ? That ’ s where you start looking for the interconnectedness , but it ’ s very important early on that the concept be created in a bubble because you have to protect the idea , it has to be driven by storytelling . Kevin ’ s very good about just attacking each movie as they come and then figuring out what the movies are after that . Because if you get ahead of yourself two things can happen . One is you take your eye off the ball and you make a mess of a movie , and then the second thing that would happen is then you don ’ t get to make any more movies . So he ’ s always in the mindset of “ let ’ s just make this movie now and worry about the next movie when it comes . "
Marvel Studios also began contracting their actors for multiple films
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of the group stand back a little and look on . The leaders may fluff their feathers or caroll repeatedly . In a group strength display , employed if both the opposing and defending groups are of roughly equal numbers , all magpies will fly and form a row at the border of the territory . The defending group may also resort to an aerial display where the dominant magpies , or sometimes the whole group , swoop and dive while calling to warn an intruding magpie 's group .
A wide variety of displays are seen , with aggressive behaviours outnumbering pro @-@ social ones . Crouching low and uttering quiet begging calls are common signs of submission . The manus flutter is a submissive display where a magpie will flutter its primary feathers in its wings . A magpie , particularly a juvenile , may also fall , roll over on its back and expose its underparts . Birds may fluff up their flank feathers as an aggressive display or preceding an attack . Young birds display various forms of play behaviour , either by themselves or in groups , with older birds often initiating the proceedings with juveniles . These may involve picking up , manipulating or tugging at various objects such as sticks , rocks or bits of wire , and handing them to other birds . A bird may pick up a feather or leaf and flying off with it , with other birds pursuing and attempting to bring down the leader by latching onto its tail feathers . Birds may jump on each other and even engage in mock fighting . Play may even take place with other species such as blue @-@ faced honeyeaters and Australasian pipits .
= = = Feeding = = =
The Australian magpie is omnivorous , eating various items located at or near ground level including invertebrates such as earthworms , millipedes , snails , spiders and scorpions as well as a wide variety of insects — cockroaches , ants , beetles , moths and caterpillars and other larvae . Insects , including large adult grasshoppers , may be seized mid @-@ flight . Skinks , frogs , mice and other small animals as well as grain , tubers , figs and walnuts have also been noted as components of their diet . It has even learnt to safely eat the poisonous cane toad by flipping it over and consuming the underparts . Predominantly a ground feeder , the Australian magpie paces open areas methodically searching for insects and their larvae . One study showed birds were able to find scarab beetle larvae by sound or vibration . Birds use their bills to probe into the earth or otherwise overturn debris in search of food . Smaller prey are swallowed whole , although magpies rub off the stingers of bees and wasps before swallowing .
= = = Breeding = = =
Magpies have a long breeding season which varies in different parts of the country ; in northern parts of Australia they will breed between June and September , but not commence until August or September in cooler regions , and may continue until January in some alpine areas . The nest is a bowl @-@ shaped structure made of sticks and lined with softer material such as grass and bark . Near human habitation , synthetic material may be incorporated . Nests are built exclusively by females and generally placed high up in a tree fork , often in an exposed position . The trees used are most commonly eucalypts , although a variety of other native trees as well as introduced pine , Crataegus , and elm have been recorded . Other bird species , such as the yellow @-@ rumped thornbill ( Acanthiza chrysorrhoa ) , willie wagtail ( Rhipidura leucophrys ) , southern whiteface ( Aphelocephala leucopsis ) , and ( less commonly ) noisy miner ( Manorina melanocephala ) , often nest in the same tree as the magpie . The first two species may even locate their nest directly beneath a magpie nest , while the diminutive striated pardalote ( Pardalotus striatus ) has been known to make a burrow for breeding into the base of the magpie nest itself . These incursions are all tolerated by the magpies . The channel @-@ billed cuckoo ( Scythrops novaehollandiae ) is a notable brood parasite in eastern Australia ; magpies will raise cuckoo young , which eventually outcompete the magpie nestlings .
The Australian magpie produces a clutch of two to five light blue or greenish eggs , which are oval in shape and about 30 by 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 by 1 @.@ 6 in ) . The chicks hatch synchronously around 20 days after incubation begins ; like all passerines , the chicks are altricial — they are born pink , naked , and blind with large feet , a short broad beak and a bright red throat . Their eyes are fully open at around 10 days . Chicks develop fine downy feathers on their head , back and wings in the first week , and pinfeathers in the second week . The black and white colouration is noticeable from an early stage . Nestlings are fed exclusively by the female , though the male magpie will feed his partner . The Australian magpie is known to engage in cooperative breeding , and helper birds will assist in feeding and raising young . This does vary from region to region , and with the size of the group — the behaviour is rare or nonexistent in pairs or small groups .
Juvenile magpies begin foraging on their own three weeks after leaving the nest , and mostly feeding themselves by six months old . Some birds continue begging for food until eight or nine months of age , but are usually ignored . Birds reach adult size by their first year . The age at which young birds disperse varies across the country , and depends on the aggressiveness of the dominant adult of the corresponding sex ; males are usually evicted at a younger age . Many leave at around a year old , but the age of departure may range from eight months to four years .
= = Relationship with humans = =
= = = Swooping = = =
Magpies are ubiquitous in urban areas all over Australia , and have become accustomed to people . A small percentage of birds become highly aggressive during breeding season from late August to early October , and will swoop and sometimes attack passersby . The percentage has been difficult to estimate but is significantly less than 9 % . Almost all attacking birds ( around 99 % ) are male , and they are generally known to attack pedestrians at around 50 m ( 160 ft ) from their nest , and cyclists at around 100 m ( 330 ft ) . There appears to be some specificity in choice of attack targets , with the majority of individuals specializing on either pedestrians or cyclists . Attacks begin as the eggs hatch , increase in frequency and severity as the chicks grow , and tail off as the chicks leave the nest .
These magpies may engage in an escalating series of behaviours to drive off intruders . Least threatening are alarm calls and distant swoops , where birds fly within several metres from behind and perch nearby . Next in intensity are close swoops , where a magpie will swoop in from behind or the side and audibly " snap " their beaks or even peck or bite at the face , neck , ears or eyes . More rarely , a bird may dive @-@ bomb and strike the intruder 's ( usually a cyclist 's ) head with its chest . A magpie may rarely attack by landing on the ground in front of a person and lurching up and landing on the victim 's chest and peck at the face and eyes .
Magpie attacks can cause injuries , typically wounds to the head , and being unexpectedly swooped while cycling can result in loss of control of the bicycle , which may cause injury .
If it is necessary to walk near the nest , wearing a broad @-@ brimmed or legionnaire 's hat or using an umbrella will deter attacking birds , but beanies and bicycle helmets are of little value as birds attack the sides of the head and neck .
Magpies prefer to swoop at the back of the head ; therefore , keeping the magpie in sight at all times can discourage the bird . A basic disguise such as sunglasses worn on the back of the head may fool the magpie as to where a person
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is looking . Eyes painted on hats or helmets will deter attacks on pedestrians but not cyclists .
Cyclists can deter attack by attaching a long pole with a flag to a bike , and the use of cable ties on helmets has become common and appears to be effective .
Magpies are a protected native species in Australia , so it is illegal to kill or harm them . However , this protection is removed in some Australian states if a magpie attacks a human , allowing for the bird to be destroyed if it is considered particularly aggressive ( such a provision is made , for example , in section 54 of the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act ) . More commonly , an aggressive bird will be caught and relocated to an unpopulated area . Magpies have to be moved some distance as almost all are able to find their way home from distances of less than 25 km ( 16 mi ) . Removing the nest is of no use as birds will breed again and possibly be more aggressive the second time around .
Some claim that swooping can be prevented by hand @-@ feeding magpies . Magpies will become accustomed to being fed by humans , and although they are wild , will return to the same place looking for handouts . The idea is that humans thereby appear less of a threat to the nesting birds . Although this has not been studied systematically , there are reports of its success .
= = = Cultural references = = =
The Australian magpie featured in aboriginal folklore around Australia . The Yindjibarndi people of the Pilbara in the northwest of the country used the bird as a signal for sunrise , frightening them awake with its call . They were also familiar with its highly territorial nature , and it features in a song in their Burndud , or songs of customs . It was a totem bird of the people of the Illawarra region south of Sydney .
Under the name piping shrike , the white @-@ backed magpie was declared the official emblem of the Government of South Australia in 1901 by Governor Tennyson , and has featured on the South Australian flag since 1904 . The magpie is a commonly used emblem of sporting teams in Australia , and its brash , cocky attitude has been likened to the Australian psyche . Such teams tend to wear uniforms with black and white stripes . The Collingwood Football Club adopted the magpie from a visiting South Australian representative team in 1892 . The Port Adelaide Magpies would similarly adopt the black and white colours and Magpie name in 1902 . Other examples include Brisbane 's Souths Logan Magpies , and Sydney 's Western Suburbs Magpies . Disputes over who has been the first club to adopt the magpie emblem have been heated at times . Another club , Glenorchy Football Club of Tasmania , was forced to change uniform design when placed in the same league as another club ( Claremont Magpies ) with the same emblem .
In New Zealand , the Hawke 's Bay Rugby Union team , from Napier , New Zealand , is also known as the magpies . One of the best @-@ known New Zealand poems is " The
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Magpies " by Denis Glover , with its refrain " Quardle oodle ardle wardle doodle " , imitating the sound of the bird – and the popular New Zealand comic Footrot Flats features a magpie character by the name of Pew .
= Flame robin =
The flame robin ( Petroica phoenicea ) is a small passerine bird native to Australia . It is a moderately common resident of the coolest parts of south @-@ eastern Australia , including Tasmania . Like the other two red @-@ breasted Petroica robins — the scarlet robin and the red @-@ capped robin — it is often simply called the robin redbreast . Like many brightly coloured robins of the Petroicidae , it is sexually dimorphic . Measuring 12 – 14 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 5 in ) long , the flame robin has dark brown eyes and a small thin black bill . The male has a brilliant orange @-@ red chest and throat , and a white patch on the forehead above the bill . Its upper parts are iron @-@ grey with white bars , and its tail black with white tips . The female is a nondescript grey @-@ brown . Its song has been described as the most musical of its genus .
The position of the flame robin and its Australian relatives on the passerine family tree is unclear ; the Petroicidae are not closely related to either the European or American robins but appear to be an early offshoot of the Passerida group of songbirds . The flame robin is predominantly insectivorous , pouncing on prey from a perch in a tree , or foraging on the ground . A territorial bird , the flame robin employs song and plumage displays to mark out and defend its territory . Classified by BirdLife International as Near Threatened , the species has suffered a marked decline in the past 25 years .
= = Taxonomy = =
The flame robin was first described by the French naturalists Jean René Constant Quoy and Joseph Paul Gaimard in 1830 as Muscicapa chrysoptera . The specific epithet , " chrysoptera " , is derived from the Ancient Greek words chrysos " golden " , and pteron " feather " .
John Gould placed the flame robin in its current genus as Petroica phoenicea in his 1837 description , and it was this latter binomial name that has been used since that time . Given this , Quoy and Gaimard 's name was declared a nomen oblitum . The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words petros " rock " and oikos " home " , from the birds ' habit of sitting on rocks . The specific epithet is also derived from Ancient Greek , from the adjective phoinikes " red " . It is one of five red- or pink @-@ breasted species colloquially known as " red robins " , as distinct from the " yellow robins " of the genus Eopsaltria . Although named after the European robin , is not closely related to it or the American robin . The Australian robins were placed in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae , and the whistler family Pachycephalidae , before being classified in their own family Petroicidae , or Eopsaltridae . Sibley and Ahlquist 's DNA @-@ DNA hybridisation studies placed the robins in a Corvida parvorder comprising many tropical and Australian passerines including pardalotes , fairy @-@ wrens and honeyeaters as well as crows . However , subsequent molecular research ( and current consensus ) places the robins as a very early offshoot of the Passerida , or " advanced " songbirds , within the songbird lineage .
No subspecies are recognised , and the degree of geographic variation is unclear . Adult male birds which breed on the mainland have been reported as having lighter upperparts and underparts than their Tasmanian relatives , and females are said to be browner , but these differences may also result from worn plumage . Furthermore , migration across the Bass Strait by some birds obfuscates the issue . Mainland and Tasmanian birds are the same size . Ornithologists Richard Schodde and Ian Mason argued that the poor quality of museum collections and partially migratory habits meant that discrete subspecies could not be distinguished on the basis of the observed variation within the species .
Flame @-@ breasted robin was the common name formerly used for the species , and it was gradually abbreviated to flame robin . Other names recorded include bank robin , redhead , and ( inaccurately ) robin redbreast . " Flame Robin " is the preferred vernacular name of the International Ornithological Congress .
= = Description = =
The largest of the red robins , the flame robin is 12 – 14 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 5 in ) long . It has a more slender build than other members of the genus Petroica , with relatively long wings and neck and small head . The male is easily distinguished by the bright orange @-@ red plumage of the throat , breast and abdomen . The crown , nape , ear coverts , hindneck , and sides of neck are dark grey , and lores and chin are a grey @-@ black . The grey feathers of the sides of the crown may be suffused with dull orange . The rest of the upperparts , comprising the wings , back and tail , are dark grey . There is a small white frontal spot above the bill , and the wing bar and outer tail shafts are white . The feathers of the posterior belly , flanks and vent are white with grey @-@ black bases . The female is plainly coloured — pale brown overall , and a lighter buff underneath . The posterior belly , flanks and vent are off @-@ white . As in the male , feathers on the side of the crown may be suffused with a dull orange , and this may also occur with breast feathers . There are small off @-@ white marks on the wings and above the bill . The bill , legs , feet and claws are black , and the eyes dark brown . A flame robin with an all lemon @-@ yellow breast and otherwise female plumage was observed in a small flock of flame robins near Swansea in eastern Tasmania in September 1950 .
Nestlings have dark grey or brown down , cream to grey bills , cream gapes and orange throats . The plumage of juvenile birds in their first moult resembles that of the adult female , but the head and upperparts are streaked and slightly darker . Soon after fledging , juveniles moult into their first immature plumage , and more closely resemble the adult female . The breasts of male birds may have some orange feathers . Birds in their second year moult into a second immature phase , some males of which may resemble adult males , while others retain a more immature brown plumage . Determining the age and sex of birds in brown plumage can be very difficult . Information on exact timing of moulting is lacking , but the replacement of primary feathers takes place over the summer months between December and February .
The colour alone is not a reliable guide to determine the species , as some scarlet robins ( P. boodang ) take on an orange hue , but while male scarlet and red @-@ capped robins ( P. goodenovii ) have red breasts and black throats , the flame robin 's breast plumage extends right up to the base of the bill . It is also a little slimmer and has a smaller head than the scarlet robin , and is clearly larger than the red @-@ capped . Females of the respective species are harder to tell apart . Those of red @-@ capped , rose and pink robins are all smaller , with wing lengths less than 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) , smaller than the smallest flame robin . The female scarlet robin has a more pronounced red flush to
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Savior , Pilot Me " . In a related way , the film emphasizes the importance of the woman 's role in domestic life — although Mac takes on the role of patriarch in his new family setting , it is only through the support and care of Rosa Lee that he is able to settle into this role . Sociologist Norman K. Denzin points out that Tender Mercies embodies many of the ideas of recovery from addiction that are part of the twelve @-@ step program used by Alcoholics Anonymous . Both the film and the support group 's program advocate the idea of hitting rock @-@ bottom , making a decision to stop drinking , dealing with the past and adopting a spiritual way of life .
Tender Mercies also emphasizes the father – child theme common in the works of Foote , a theme that operates on both transcendent and temporal levels . Mac is reunited not only with his spiritual father through his conversion to Christianity , but also with his biological daughter , Sue Anne , when she pays him a surprise visit . Scholar Rebecca Luttrell Briley suggests that although Mac begins to plant new roots with Rosa Lee and Sonny in earlier scenes , they are not enough to fully satisfy his desire for redemption , as he is nearly driven to leave the family and return to his alcoholic ways . According to Briley , Sue Anne 's visit prompts Mac to realize that reconciliation with her and a reformation of their father – daughter relationship is the ingredient that had been lacking in his quest for redemption . This is further demonstrated by Mac 's singing " On the Wings of a Dove " to himself after their meeting ; the lyrics describe God baptizing his son Jesus , which connects Sledge 's spiritual reconciliation with the divine to the earthly reconciliation with his own child . However , the death of Sue Anne also demonstrates that , according to Briley , " all relationships cannot be mended , some by choice and some by chance , and the poignancy of missed opportunities between fathers and their children on this earth is underlined in this scene . "
The relationship between Mac and Sonny , whose name derives from " son " , is central to the film 's exploration of the father – child theme . Sonny tries to conjure an image of his biological father , whom he never had the chance to know , through old photographs , his mother 's memories and visits to his father 's grave . Sonny finds a father figure in Mac — when another young boy asks Sonny if he likes Mac more than his real father , Sonny says that he does , because he never knew the other man ; Briley says that this " emphasizes the distinction between companionship and blood relationship Foote has pointed out before . " The final scene , in which Mac and Sonny play catch with a football Mac bought him as a gift , symbolizes the fact that although Mac has lost the chance to reconcile with his daughter , he now has a second chance at establishing a father – child relationship with Sonny . The father – child theme also plays out through Mac 's relationship with the young band members , who say that he has been an inspiration to them , playing a paternal role in their lives before they even met him . Sledge eventually teams up with the musicians , offering them fatherly counsel in a much more direct way .
= = = Religion = = =
Mac 's redemption and self @-@ improvement run parallel with his conversion to Christianity . Briley argues that " the emphasis on the Christian family is stronger in this script than in any other Foote piece to this point . " At the urging of Rosa Lee , Mac begins to attend church regularly and is eventually baptized for the first time , along with Sonny . During a church scene , he also sings the hymn " Jesus , Savior , Pilot Me " , which serves as a symbol for his new direction in life . After they are baptized , Sonny asks Mac whether he feels any different , to which Mac responds , " Not yet . " According to scholars , this response indicates Mac 's belief that his reunion with God will lead to meaningful changes in his life . It is after this moment , Briley points out , that Mac is able to forge other relationships , such as those with his young bandmates , and " develop his own potential for success as a man . " Briley also proposes that Mac 's response — " Yes , ma 'am , I guess I was " — to a fan who asks if he was really Mac Sledge suggests that he has washed away his old self through baptism .
During one scene , Rosa Lee tells Mac , " I say my prayers for you and when I thank the Lord for his tender mercies , you 're at the head of the list . " Scholar Robert Jewett compares this line to the first verse of Romans 12 , in which Paul the Apostle appeals to Christians to live out their lives in service to others " through the mercies of God " . Many of the elements of Mac 's redemption , conversion to Christianity and budding relationship with Rosa Lee occur off @-@ camera , including their wedding . Jewett writes , " This is perfectly congruent with the theme of faith in the hidden mercies of God , the secret plot of the life of faith in Romans . ... It is a matter of faith , elusive and intangible . " Jewett compares Mac 's story to that of Abraham , because " just like Sledge 's story , [ it ] centers on the provision of a future through the tender mercies of God " . As told in Romans 4 , Abraham and his wife Sarah are too old to produce a son , but Abraham develops the faith that God will provide them an heir , which is exactly what occurs , though — as Paul describes — Abraham did nothing practical to guarantee or deserve such a miracle . Jewett describes Mac as similarly undeserving of redemption , based on his selfish and abusive past , typified by his condition in his first encounter with Rosa Lee : in a drunken stupor following a motel room fight . She takes him in and eventually falls in love with him , despite his having done nothing to deserve her care or his redemption : " It is an undeserved grace , a gift of providence from a simple woman who continues to pray for him and to be grateful for him . "
However , in the face of the loss of his daughter , Mac learns , in Briley 's words , that " his life as a Christian is no more sheltered from this world 's tragedies than it was before . " Before finding redemption , Sledge questions why God has allowed his life to take the path it has and , in particular , why his daughter was killed instead of him . Commentators have described this as a prime example of theodicy , the question of why evil exists that is commonly faced by Christians . Scholar Richard Leonard writes , " For all believers , the meaning of suffering is the universal question . ... No answer is completely satisfying , least of all the idea that God sends bad events to teach us something . " Following the death of his daughter , Mac moves forward with uncertainty as the film ends . Jewett writes of this conclusion , " The message of this film is that we have no final assurances , any more than Abraham did . But we can respond in faith to the tender mercies we have received . "
= = = Death and resurrection = = =
Mac experiences his spiritual resurrection even as he wrestles with death , in both the past — Sonny 's father in the Vietnam War — and present — his own daughter in a car accident . The latter threatens to derail Mac 's new life , captured in the moment when he learns of it and turns off the radio that is playing his new song . Leonard writes of this resurrection , " Depression hangs like a pall over Tender Mercies [ but ] what makes this film inspiring is that it is also about the joy of being found . ... Mac finds the way , the truth , and the life he wants . " In a climactic scene , Mac tells Rosa Lee that he was once nearly killed in a car crash himself , which forces him to address the question of why he was allowed to live while others have died . Jewett writes of this scene , " Mac Sledge can 't trust happiness because it remains inexplicable . But he does trust the tender mercies that mysteriously led him from death to life . "
Mac is portrayed as near death at the beginning of the film , having woken up in a drunken stupor in a boundless , empty flatland with nothing in his possession , a shot that scholar Roy M. Anker said " pointedly reflects the condition of his own soul " . The dialogue in other scenes suggests the threat of mortality , including a moment when Mac has trouble
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the sect after its various military leaders pursued their own policies towards the French and Hồ Chí Minh 's Việt Minh in the wake of Sổ 's death . At the time , France was in a ruinous financial state following World War II and was experiencing great difficulty in its attempts to re @-@ establish control over its colonies . Ba Cụt had only 1 @,@ 000 men in five battalions at the time , fewer than 5 % of Hòa Hảo forces , whereas Trần Văn Soái had 15 @,@ 000 men . The French tried to maintain their hold with a divide and conquer strategy towards the Hòa Hảo . They coaxed Soái into joining with them and recognised him as the leader of the Hòa Hảo . In 1948 , Ba Cụt rallied to the French and Soái , but broke away again soon after , relocating to Đồng Tháp Province and resuming his military activities against the French .
In 1950 , Ba Cụt was involved in a battle with another Hòa Hảo leader , Nguyễn Giác Ngộ . He was defeated and driven from the district of Chợ Mới in February , provoking Soái to attack Ngo . Ba Cụt then moved to Thốt Nốt and began attacking the civilians and the French forces there . The French saw the disagreements as an opportunity to divide the Hòa Hảo and gain an anti @-@ Việt Minh ally , and offered material aid , which Ba Cụt accepted . Ba Cụt repeatedly made treaties with the French colonial forces to fight the Việt Minh in return for arms and money , but he broke his end of the bargain and sometimes fought the Cao Đài instead of the communists . He made five such deals with the French , but he abandoned his military responsibilities each time . It was said that Ba Cụt sometimes broke away with the encouragement of Soái , who was still allied to the French , but nevertheless is believed to have given Ba Cụt weapons to fight the French . The French continued to furnish him with supplies despite his disloyalty and unreliability because they lacked the personnel to patrol all of Vietnam but had spare equipment . Some historians have claimed Ba Cụt 's anti @-@ French activities were not taken seriously as he was able to pass through French checkpoints without incident . There are also reports that he was accompanied by French intelligence agents during periods when he was nominally opposed to the French . The other Hòa Hảo commanders generally had the same general outlook as Ba Cụt ; they were stridently opposed to the Việt Minh due to Sổ 's assassination , and sometimes fought alongside and received supplies from the French , but at times they lapsed into apathy and refused to attack .
The most notable instance of Ba Cụt 's abandoning the fight against the Việt Minh came in mid @-@ 1953 . At that time , his forces had been helping to defend the regional Mekong Delta town of Mỹ Tho , but the French decided to transfer more of the military power to their more mainstream allies , the Vietnamese National Army ( VNA ) . As the French tried to undermine his position , tensions with Ba Cụt increased . On 25 June , the Hòa Hảo leader ordered his men to evacuate their French @-@ supplied bases ; they took their weapons with them and razed the camps . Ba Cụt then withdrew his forces from a string of military posts in the Plain of Reeds and retreated to Châu Đốc in the extreme south of the country . As a result , the French @-@ aligned presence in the Mekong Delta was severely dented and the Việt Minh made substantial gains in the area . Eventually , the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in May 1954 signaled the end of French Indochina .
When the Geneva Conference in July 1954 ended the First Indochina War , it handed North Vietnam to Hồ Chí Minh 's Việt Minh , and the south to the State of Vietnam . To reunify the country , national elections were scheduled for 1956 , following which the French would withdraw from Indochina . The partition of Vietnam angered Ba Cụt and he vowed not to cut his hair until the nation was reunified . Having fought against the Việt Minh since 1947 , Ba Cụt 's principal criticism of Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm 's State of Vietnam government stemmed from his belief that Diệm had been too passive in rejecting the partition , and
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as the warriors fled in confusion to the southwest to rejoin Victorio 's main force as it moved deeper into the Carrizo Mountains . Nolan 's ambush was not ready and the scattered warriors were able to avoid them .
= = = = = Pursuit of Victorio = = = = =
On August 9 , fifteen Texas Rangers with their Indian scouts , located Victorio 's main supply camp on Sierra Diablo . The Rangers joined Carpenter in the attack while Nolan guarded Sulfur Springs . Carpenter 's attack scattered the Indian guards while the troopers secured 25 head of cattle , provisions and several pack animals . Victorio under increasing pressure , short of food and more importantly water , began to head south in two main groups . By August 11 , Carpenter was on the trail in pursuit but , with horses tired and thirsty from the campaign , the chase was slow . Carpenter divided his command , with Nolan with his company and Texas Rangers on one route , while he took the rest of the command on another route . On August 13 , Nolan reached the Rio Grande where Indian scouts reported that Victorio had crossed the border into Mexico the evening before . Carpenter arrived later and ordered the cavalrymen to rest near the river .
On October 14 , 1880 , a sharpshooter of the Mexican Army ended Victorio 's life at Cerro Tres Castillos , in the state of Chihuahua , Mexico . He was survived by his warrior sister Lozen who continued fighting . She was captured in 1886 by Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th Cavalry .
Over 34 @,@ 420 miles of uncharted terrain were charted from 1875 to 1885 by Carpenter and other officers of the 10th Cavalry in West Texas . They added 300 plus miles of new roads with over 200 miles of telegraph lines . The scouting expeditions took the Buffalo soldiers through some of the harshest and desolate terrain ever documented in the American west . Excellent maps were provided by Carpenter and other officers showing the scarce water holes , mountain passes and grazing areas . These efforts by Carpenter and others of the 10th Cavalry were completed under adverse weather , limited supplies and the primitive equipment of the day . They had to be on the alert for the unexpected hit and run raids from Apaches and other Native American hostiles and bandits of all types . "
= = = = First Fort commands = = = =
From August 30 , 1878 to May 29 , 1879 , Carpenter , while holding the rank of captain in the Regular Army , but brevetted as a colonel in the 10th Cavalry , served as Commanding Officer of Fort Davis . Later , he served another period of command at the fort , between June 13 to July 27 , 1879 . Carpenter was then transferred to the 5th Cavalry with promotion to major , Regular Army , on February 17 , 1883 .
On July 4 , 1888 , on the battlefield of Gettysburg , Carpenter was " court @-@ martialed " for being absent without leave the previous day . He proved that his absence was due to the Secretary of War who , unmindful of Carpenter 's duties as a former member of the Sixth U.S. Cavalry in the Civil War , had neglected to issue orders to Carpenter in time to allow him to reach Fairfield for their 5th annual veteran 's reunion . Major Carpenter , then commanding officer of Fort Myer , was on duty with a contingent of soldiers at the bequest of William Crowninshield Endicott , the Secretary of War , for the 25th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg and its Blue & Gray reunions .
= = = Late career and Spanish – American War = = =
Carpenter served as the first Director of the " Cavalry and Light Artillery School " at Fort Riley , Kansas as a lieutenant colonel , Regular Army , 7th Cavalry ( 1892 – 1897 ) . This school " formed the basis for practical instruction that enabled the officers and men who participated to study the duties of the soldier in garrison , in camp , and on the march . " He also served as President of the Board to Revise Cavalry Tactics for the United States Army .
In 1891 , the United States Army conducted an experiment to integrate Indian soldiers into Regular Army units . While the primary object was to give employment , another was to utilize the talents of warriors from the most dangerous tribes . A significant number were sent to the " Cavalry School " at Fort Riley starting in late 1892 . They received training not only in cavalry tactics , but in hygiene and classes in English . Unfortunately , probably by the lack of patience on part of the United States Army , and partly because of language difficulties and racial discrimination , the experiment failed and was discontinued in 1897 . Carpenter had handpicked Lieutenant Hugh L. Scott to organize and command Troop L ( composed of Kiowa , Comanche , and Apache Indians ) for the 7th Cavalry . Scott commanded Troop L from inception to release of duty . Troop L , noted for their " deportment and discipline " , was the last of these Native @-@ American Troops to be disbanded soon after the " final review " of the Cavalry School 's Director . Carpenter was promoted to lieutenant colonel , Regular Army , 2nd Cavalry on July 28 , 1892 and transferred to the 5th Cavalry on August 28 , 1892 serving at Fort Riley , Kansas . He was transferred to the 7th Cavalry on September 22 , 1894 . He was promoted to colonel , Regular Army , while stationed with the 7th Cavalry on June 2 , 1897 and on May 4 , 1898 , he was commissioned a brigadier general of volunteers for the duration of the Spanish – American War .
General Carpenter commanded the 1st Division , 3rd Corps at Chickamauga and afterwards commanded the 3rd Division , 4th Corps at Tampa , Florida . Later , he was ordered to Cuba to occupy the Providence of Puerto Principe with a force consisting of the 8th Cavalry , 15th Infantry and the 3rd Georgia Volunteers . His were the first troops to take station in Cuba after the Battle of Santiago de Cuba . Carpenter was appointed Military Governor of the province and remained in that capacity until June 12 , 1899 when he was honorably discharged and reverted to his regular army rank of colonel . Colonel Carpenter was promoted on October 18 , 1899 , to brigadier general , Regular Army ; he then retired the next day , at his own request , having served honorably for 38 years .
= = Retirement = =
After retiring from the Army Carpenter went home to Philadelphia but never married or had any children . He updated and completed the book his father Edward Carpenter started on his family 's genealogical research , publishing it in 1912 , regarding his immigrant ancestor Samuel Carpenter .
He spent time writing about his Civil War service and his time on the Western Frontier . His work on the May 1864 Richmond Raid , also known as Sheridan ’ s raid , with the resulting Battle of Yellow Tavern where Confederate Army Major General J.E.B. Stuart was mortally wounded is still used as a basic reference . He gave many talks and wrote articles for the G.A.R. The Grand Army of the Republic was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army who had served in the American Civil War .
Brigadier General Carpenter died on January 21 , 1916 , at his home on 2318 De Lancey Place in Philadelphia and was buried in the family plot at Trinity Episcopal Church New Cemetery , Swedesboro , New Jersey .
= = Honors and awards = =
During his military career , Carpenter earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian campaigns . He received a brevet promotion for bravery and was mentioned in dispatches during the Civil War . He received another brevet promotion and mention in military dispatches during the Indian campaigns .
= = = Medal of Honor citation = = =
Rank and organization : Captain , Company H , 10th U.S. Cavalry . Place and date : At Indian campaigns , Kansas and Colorado , September – October 1868 . Entered service at : Philadelphia , Pa . Birth : Glassboro , N.J. Date of issue April 8 , 1898 .
Citation :
Was gallant and meritorious throughout the campaigns , especially in the combat of October 15 and in the forced March on September 23 , 24 and 25 to the relief of Forsyth ’ s Scouts , who were known to be in danger of annihilation by largely superior forces of Indians .
= = = Military promotions = = =
= = = = Regular Army = = = =
Private : July 1861 , Company C , 6th US Cavalry
Corporal : November 1 , 1861 , Company C , 6th US Cavalry
Sergeant : February 1862 , Company L , 6th US Cavalry
= = = = Brevet promotions = = = =
Carpenter received a series of brevet promotions for gallantry and or meritorious service to the ranks of ;
First lieutenant on July 3 , 1863 for Gettysburg .
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s The Sacks – Freund Teaching Award for a second time . In 2011 , she delivered the commencement address at the Rutgers School of Law – Newark , where she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree and was conferred membership in the Order of the Coif .
= = Books and other works = =
Warren and her daughter Amelia Tyagi wrote The Two @-@ Income Trap : Why Middle @-@ Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke . Warren and Tyagi point out that a fully employed worker today earns less inflation @-@ adjusted income than a fully employed worker did 30 years ago . Although families spend less today on clothing , appliances , and other consumption , the costs of core expenses such as mortgages , health care , transportation , and child care have increased dramatically . The result is that even with two income earners , families are no longer able to save and have incurred greater and greater debt .
In an article in The New York Times , Jeff Madrick said of Warren 's book :
The authors find that it is not the free @-@ spending young or the incapacitated elderly who are declaring bankruptcy so much as families with children ... their main thesis is undeniable . Typical families often cannot afford the high @-@ quality education , health care , and neighborhoods required to be middle class today . More clearly than anyone else , I think , Ms. Warren and Ms. Tyagi have shown how little attention the nation and our government have paid to the way Americans really live .
In 2005 , Warren and David Himmelstein published a study on bankruptcy and medical bills , which found that half of all families filing for bankruptcy did so in the aftermath of a serious medical problem . They say that three @-@ quarters of such families had medical insurance . This study was widely cited in policy debates , although some have challenged the study 's methods and offered alternative interpretations of the data , suggesting that only seventeen percent of bankruptcies are directly attributable to medical expenses .
Warren 's book A Fighting Chance was published by Metropolitan Books in April 2014 . According to a review published in The Boston Globe , " [ t ] he book 's title refers to a time she says is now gone , when even families of modest means who worked hard and played by the rules had at a fair shot at the American dream . "
= = Publications = =
= = Electoral history = =
= Eta Carinae =
Eta Carinae ( abbreviated to η Carinae or η Car ) , formerly known as Eta Argus , is a stellar system containing at least two stars with a combined luminosity over five million times that of the Sun , located around 7500 light @-@ years ( 2300 parsecs ) distant in the direction of the constellation Carina . First recorded as a 4th magnitude star , it brightened considerably over the period 1837 to 1856 in an event known as the Great Eruption . Eta Carinae became the second brightest star in the sky between 11 and 14 March 1843 before fading well below naked eye visibility . It has brightened consistently since about 1940 , peaking above magnitude 4 @.@ 5 in 2014 . Eta Carinae is circumpolar south of latitude 30 ° S , so it is never visible north of latitude 30 ° N.
The two main stars of the Eta Carinae system have an eccentric orbit with a period of 5 @.@ 54 years . The primary is a peculiar star similar to a luminous blue variable ( LBV ) that was initially 150 @-@ 250 M ☉ of which it has lost at least 30 M ☉ already , and is expected to explode as a supernova in the astronomically near future . This is the only star known to produce ultraviolet laser emission . The secondary star is hot and also highly luminous , probably of spectral class O , around 30 @-@ 80 times as massive as the Sun . The system is heavily obscured by the Homunculus Nebula , material ejected from the primary during the Great Eruption . It is a member of the Trumpler 16 open cluster within the much larger Carina Nebula . Although unrelated to the star or Nebula , the weak Eta Carinids meteor shower has a radiant very close to Eta Carinae .
= = Observational history = =
= = = Discovery and naming = = =
There is no reliable evidence of Eta Carinae being observed or recorded before the 17th century , although Dutch navigator Pieter Keyser described a fourth magnitude star at approximately the correct position around 1595 – 96 , which was copied onto the celestial globes of Petrus Plancius and Jodocus Hondius and the 1603 Uranometria of Johann Bayer . However , Frederick de Houtman 's independent star catalogue from 1603 does not include Eta Carinae among the other fourth magnitude stars in the region . The earliest firm record was made by Edmond Halley in 1677 when he recorded the star simply as Sequens ( i.e. " following " relative to another star ) within a new constellation Robur Carolinum . His Catalogus Stellarum Australium was published in 1679 . The star was also known by the Bayer designations Eta Roboris Caroli , Eta Argus or Eta Navis . In 1751 Nicolas Louis de Lacaille mapped the stars of Argo Navis and Robur Carolinum and divided them into separate smaller constellations . The star was placed within the keel portion of the ship named as the new constellation Carina . It was not generally known as Eta Carinae until 1879 , when the stars of Argo Navis were finally given the epithets of the daughter constellations in the Uranometria Argentina of Gould .
Eta Carinae is too far south to be part of the mansion @-@ based traditional Chinese astronomy , but it was mapped when the Southern Asterisms were created at the start of the 17th century . Together with s Carinae , λ Centauri , and λ Muscae , Eta Carinae forms the asterism 海山 ( Sea and Mountain ) . Eta Carinae has the names Tseen She ( from the Chinese 天社 [ Mandarin : tiānshè ] " Heaven 's altar " ) and Foramen . It is also known as 海山二 ( Hǎi Shān èr , English : the Second Star of Sea and Mountain ) .
Halley gave an approximate apparent magnitude of " 4 " at the time of discovery , which has been calculated as magnitude 3 @.@ 3 on the modern scale . The handful of possible earlier sightings suggest that Eta Carinae was not significantly brighter than this for much of the 17th century . Further sporadic observations over the next 70 years show that Eta Carinae was probably around 3rd magnitude or fainter , until Lacaille reliably recorded it at 2nd magnitude in 1751 . It is unclear whether Eta Carinae varied significantly in brightness over the next 50 years ; there are occasional observations such as William Burchell 's at 4th magnitude in 1815 , but it is uncertain whether these are just re @-@ recordings of earlier observations .
= = = Great Eruption = = =
In 1827 Burchell specifically noted E
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azolam
Inactive ingredients : microcrystalline cellulose , corn starch , docusate sodium , povidone , sodium starch glycollate , lactose monohydrate , magnesium stearate , colloidal silicon dioxide and sodium benzoate . In addition , the 0 @.@ 25 mg tablet contains D & C Yellow No. 10 and the 0 @.@ 5 mg tablet contains FD & C Yellow No. 6 and D & C Yellow No. 10
= = Society and culture = =
= = = Patent = = =
It is covered under U.S. Patent 3 @,@ 987 @,@ 052 , which was filed on 29 October 1969 , granted on 19 October 1976 , and expired in September 1993 .
= = = Recreational use = = =
There is a risk of misuse and dependence in both patients and non @-@ medical users of alprazolam ; the pharmacological properties of alprazolam such as high affinity binding , high potency , being short @-@ acting and having a rapid onset of action increase the abuse potential of alprazolam . The physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome of alprazolam also adds to the addictive nature of alprazolam . In the small subgroup of individuals who escalate their doses there is usually a history of alcohol or other substance use disorders . Despite this , most prescribed alprazolam users do not use their medication recreationally , and the long @-@ term use of benzodiazepines does not generally correlate with the need for dose escalation . However , based on US findings from the Treatment Episode Data Set ( TEDS ) , an annual compilation of patient characteristics in substance abuse treatment facilities in the United States , admissions due to " primary tranquilizer " ( including , but not limited to , benzodiazepine @-@ type ) drug use increased 79 % from 1992 to 2002 , suggesting that misuse of benzodiazepines may be on the rise . The New York Times also reported in 2011 that " The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention last year reported an 89 percent increase in emergency room visits nationwide related to nonmedical benzodiazepine use between 2004 and 2008 . "
Alprazolam is one of the most commonly prescribed and misused benzodiazepines in the United States . A large @-@ scale nationwide U.S. government study conducted by SAMHSA found that , in the U.S. , benzodiazepines are recreationally the most frequently used pharmaceuticals due to their widespread availability , accounting for 35 % of all drug @-@ related visits to hospital emergency and urgent care facilities . Men and women are equally likely to use benzodiazepines recreationally . The report found that alprazolam is the most common benzodiazepine for recreational use followed by clonazepam , lorazepam , and diazepam . The number of emergency room visits due to benzodiazepines increased by 36 % between 2004 and 2006 .
Regarding the significant increases detected , it is worthwhile to consider that the number of pharmaceuticals dispensed for legitimate therapeutic uses may be increasing over time , and DAWN estimates are not adjusted to take such increases into account . Nor do DAWN estimates take into account the increases in the population or in ED use between 2004 and 2006 .
At a particularly high risk for misuse and dependence are people with a history of alcoholism or drug abuse and / or dependence and people with borderline personality disorder .
Alprazolam , along with other benzodiazepines , is often used with other recreational drugs . These uses include aids to relieve the panic or distress of dysphoric ( " bad trip " ) reactions to psychedelic drugs , such as LSD , and the drug @-@ induced agitation and insomnia in the " comedown " stages of stimulant use , such as amphetamine , cocaine , and phencyclidine allowing sleep . Alprazolam may also be used in conjunction with other depressant drugs , such as ethanol , heroin and other opioids , in an attempt to enhance the psychological effect of these drugs . Alprazolam may be used in conjunction with cannabis , with users citing a synergistic effect achieved after consuming the combination .
The poly @-@ drug use of powerful depressant drugs poses the highest level of health concerns due to a significant increase in the likelihood of experiencing an overdose which may result in fatal respiratory depression .
A 1990 study claimed that diazepam has a higher misuse potential relative to other benzodiazepines , and that some data suggests that alprazolam and lorazepam resemble diazepam in this respect .
Anecdotally injection of alprazolam has been reported , causing dangerous damage to blood vessels , closure of blood vessels ( embolization ) and decay of muscle tissue ( rhabdomyolysis ) . Alprazolam is practically not soluble in water , when crushed in water it will not fully dissolve ( 40 µg / ml of H2O at pH 7 ) . There have also been anecdotal reports of alprazolam being snorted . Due to the low weight of a dose , alprazolam in one case was found to be distributed on blotter paper in a manner similar to LSD .
= = = = Popular culture = = = =
Slang terms for alprazolam vary from place to place . Some of the more common terms are shortened versions of the trade name " Xanax " , such as Bars or Xannies ( or Xanies ) ; references to their drug classes , such as benzos or downers ; or remark upon their shape or color ( most commonly a straight , perforated tablet or an oval @-@ shaped pill ) : bars , Z @-@ bars , footballs , planks , poles , blues , or blue footballs .
= = = Availability = = =
Alprazolam is available in English @-@ speaking countries under the following brand names :
Alprax , Alprocontin , Alzam , Alzolam , Anzilum , Apo @-@ Alpraz , Kalma , Mylan @-@ Alprazolam , Niravam , Novo @-@ Alprazol , Nu @-@ Alpraz , Pacyl , Restyl , Tranax , Trika , Xycalm , Xanax , Xanor , Zolam , Zopax , Helex .
As of December 2013 , in anticipation of the rescheduling of alprazolam to Schedule 8 in Australia — Pfizer Australia announced they would be discontinuing the Xanax brand in Australia as it is no longer commercially viable .
= = = Legal status = = =
Alprazolam has varied legal status depending on jurisdiction :
In the United States , alprazolam is a prescription drug and is assigned to Schedule IV of the Controlled Substances Act by the Drug Enforcement Administration .
Under the UK drug misuse classification system benzodiazepines are class C drugs ( Schedule 4 ) . Note that in the UK , alprazolam is not available on the NHS and can only be obtained on a private prescription .
In Ireland , alprazolam is a Schedule 4 medicine .
In Sweden , alprazolam is a prescription drug in List IV ( Schedule 4 ) under the Narcotics Drugs Act ( 1968 ) .
In the Netherlands , alprazolam is a List 2 substance of the Opium Law and is available for prescription .
In Australia , alprazolam was originally a Schedule 4 ( Prescription Only ) medication ; however , as of February 2014 , it has become a Schedule 8 medication , subjecting it to more rigorous prescribing requirements .
Internationally , alprazolam is included under the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances as Schedule IV .
= The Spanish Teacher =
" The Spanish Teacher " is the twelfth episode of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , and the fifty @-@ sixth overall . Written by co @-@ creator Ian Brennan and directed by Paris Barclay , the episode aired on Fox in the United States on February 7 , 2012 . It features special guest star Ricky Martin as a night @-@ school Spanish teacher whom Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) introduces to McKinley High , and shows several of McKinley 's teachers competing for a promotion when a tenured position unexpectedly becomes
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cut from the final version of " The Almost People " . In the original script , the Doctor quizzes the Flesh Doctor about the events of The Mind of Evil ( 1971 ) and mentions former companions Jo Grant , Sarah Jane Smith , Romana , Rose Tyler , Martha Jones , and Donna Noble . There was also a montage of happy memories of the Doctor 's life stored in the Flesh Doctor , which included flashbacks of previous episodes and serials of the show as well as events that had not transpired onscreen . Also cut was the TARDIS providing the Doctor with another sonic screwdriver after he had given it to the Flesh Doctor , in a similar fashion to " The Eleventh Hour " .
The cliffhanger resolves several plot threads that had been seeded throughout the previous episodes of the series . According to executive producer Beth Willis , the Amy Pond Ganger has been acting in place of the original Amy Pond since the beginning of the series . Amy claimed she was pregnant in " The Impossible Astronaut " , but denied this in the following episode . Since then , the Doctor has performed several inconclusive pregnancy tests on Amy . The Eye Patch Lady , who was later revealed to be named Madame Kovarian in the episode " A Good Man Goes To War " , previously made brief appearances in " Day of the Moon " , " The Curse of the Black Spot " , and " The Rebel Flesh " . Gillan discussed the labour scene with her mother , and tried to make it " really horrific " .
= = = Filming and effects = = =
The read @-@ through for " The Rebel Flesh " and " The Almost People " took place on 12 November 2010 . It was then filmed through November and January 2011 . The cold temperatures at the time were a challenge and caused discomfort . The crew were concerned that the cast , particularly the three lead actors , would fall ill as their costumes were not designed for such weather conditions . Even so , the cast remained healthy . Scenes outside and inside the monastery were filmed at Caerphilly Castle . Other production problems included the director hurting himself and being snowed in . The crypt where the acid container was held was filmed in the same set that had been previously used as the Oval Office in " The Impossible Astronaut " / " Day of the Moon . The actors each played their respective Gangers , with prosthetics applied to their faces for when the duplicates ' faces reverted to the original material of the Flesh . For the scenes in which both the character and their respective Ganger was in the same shot , a double for each of the actors was used . Most of the shots showed either the character or their Ganger speaking over their counterpart 's shoulder , as only the backs of the doubles ' head were made to look similar to the actors . Smith had a voice double and a body double ; the former would read the other Doctor 's lines on set . The episode also marked the first time Smith wore prosthetic make @-@ up .
The unique contortions of the Gangers were achieved through computer @-@ generated imagery done by The Mill . It was originally planned that Jennifer would eat Buzzer , but The Mill decided only the shadows of the action would be shown on the wall . All of this was cut from the final episode , with the exception of Jennifer 's elongated mouth as she advanced towards him . The pile of discarded Jennifer Gangers was originally intended to just be a pile of bodies , but it was decided that would be " too grim " . Instead , life @-@ sized dolls were used and computer @-@ generated Flesh was painted on it , giving it a more melted look . The monster Jennifer transforms into at the end was created with CGI and a photo of pop singer Madonna was used as reference , as in the image " here arms were ... really sinewy , white , veiny , and fleshy " . Graham wanted the creature to have a real face and an alien body ; he was inspired by a drawing in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland that depicted Alice with a long neck . Sarah Smart was filmed in front of a greenscreen maneuvering like the monster , which was used as reference .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" The Almost People " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 28 May 2011 . In the United States , BBC America delayed broadcast of this episode until 4 June , one week later than it was aired in the UK , due to expected low numbers of TV viewers during the Memorial Day weekend . In the UK , overnight figures showed that " The Almost People " was watched by five million viewers on first broadcast . Final consolidated figures rose to 6 @.@ 72 million , the sixth highest viewing figure of a programme on BBC One for that week . It is the lowest figure for Doctor Who 's sixth series . The episode received an Appreciation Index of 86 , considered " excellent " .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Dan Martin of The Guardian thought that it " feels a bit uneven , though it 's worth saying that it 's one of those where everything makes more sense on second viewing " . He also felt that the cliffhanger may have overshadowed the episode itself . However , he went on to describe the Gangers as " memorable " and " an exercise in moral dilemmas " . He later rated it the ninth best episode of the series , though the finale was not included in the list . Gavin Fuller of The Daily Telegraph described it as a " taut , claustrophobic , sci @-@ fi thriller " , and as an " impressive episode with its neatly realised psychological and body horror " . Both Martin and Fuller were less generous of Jennifer 's monster transformation . Martin commented " this dark , thoughtful story is restored to camp running @-@ for @-@ your @-@ life @-@ around @-@ some @-@ corridors " , and Fuller called it " something of a pity " .
Neela Debnath of The Independent particularly praised Smith , stating that he " excels in his acting , managing to be reassuring and threatening , hilarious and sinister all within the same few scenes " . However , though she praised the cliffhanger , she thought it " eclipsed " the episode . Radio Times writer Patrick Mulkern thought that there were " points of logic " which might be questioned , but they were " minor points to wrestle with in a largely polished production " . Keith Phipps , reviewing for The A.V. Club , gave the episode a B and called it a " pretty good follow @-@ up " .
IGN 's Matt Risely rated " The Almost People " 8 out of 10 , noting that " As a traditional two @-@ parter , Matthew Graham wrote a tight and coherent but not entirely scintillating script that managed to ' flesh ' out the themes of morality and humanity with a couple of interesting touches " . Though he called the cliffhanger a " perfectly pitched WTF moment " , he too believed that it " detracts from the episode as a whole " . Richard Edwards of SFX was more critical of the episode , giving it three out of five stars . He stated he did not feel any " genuine threat " and considered the Gangers to be " uninteresting " and " predictable " . However , he did praise Smith 's performance and the cliffhanger . Digital Spy listed the cliffhanger among five best of Doctor Who since its revival in 2005 , explaining , " it changes everything you thought you knew about the latest series , and it 's damn creepy " .
= Al @-@ Masjid an @-@ Nabawi =
Al @-@ Masjid an @-@ Nabawī ( Arabic : المسجد النبوي ; Prophet 's Mosque ) is a mosque established and originally built by the Islamic prophet Muhammad , situated in the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia . Al @-@ Masjid an @-@ Nabawi was the second mosque built in the history of Islam and is now one of the largest mosques in the world . It is the second @-@ holiest site in Islam , after Masjid al @-@ Haram in Mecca . It is always open , regardless of date or time .
The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad 's house ; he settled there after his Hijra ( emigration ) to Medina in 622 CE . He shared in the heavy work of construction . The original mosque was an open @-@ air building . The mosque served as a community center , a court , and a religious school . There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran . Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated it . In 1909 , it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights . The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques . The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina , with many
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hotels and old markets nearby . It is a major pilgrimage site . Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque due to its connections to the life of Muhammad .
After an expansion during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al @-@ Walid I , it now incorporates the final resting place of Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar . One of the most notable features of the site is the Green Dome in the south @-@ east corner of the mosque , originally Aisha 's house , where the tomb of Muhammad is located . In 1279 , a wooden cupola was built over the tomb which was later rebuilt and renovated multiple times in late 15th century and once in 1817 . The current dome was added in 1818 by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II , and it was first painted green in 1837 , hence becoming known as the " Green Dome " .
= = History = =
= = = Early days = = =
The mosque was built by Muhammad in 622 after his arrival in the city of Medina . Riding on a camel called Qaswa he arrived at the place where this mosque was built . The land was owned by Sahal and Suhayl . Part of it was used as a place for drying dates ; one end had been previously used as a burial ground . Refusing to " accept the land as a gift " , he bought the land and it took seven months to complete the construction of the mosque . It measured 30 @.@ 5 metres ( 100 ft ) × 35 @.@ 62 metres ( 116 @.@ 9 ft ) . The roof , which was supported by palm trunks , was made of beaten clay and palm leaves . It was at a height of 3 @.@ 60 metres ( 11 @.@ 8 ft ) . The three doors of the mosque were Bab @-@ al @-@ Rahmah to the south , Bab @-@ al @-@ Jibril to the west and Babal @-@ Nisa to the east .
After the Battle of Khaybar , the mosque was " enlarged " . The mosque extended for 47 @.@ 32 metres ( 155 @.@ 2 ft ) on each side and three rows of columns were built beside the west wall , which became the place of praying . The mosque remained unaltered during the reign of the first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr . The second caliph Umar demolished all the houses around the mosque except that of Muhammad 's wives to expand it . The new mosque 's dimensions became 57 @.@ 49 metres ( 188 @.@ 6 ft ) × 66 @.@ 14 metres ( 217 @.@ 0 ft ) . Sun @-@ dried mud bricks were used to construct the walls of the enclosure . Besides strewing pebbles on the floor , the roof 's height was increased to 5 @.@ 6 metres ( 18 ft ) . Umar moreover constructed three more gates for entrance . He also added the Al @-@ Butayha for people to recite poetry .
The third caliph Uthman demolished the mosque in 649 . Ten months were spent in building the new rectangular shaped mosque whose face was turned towards the Mecca . The new mosque measured 81 @.@ 40 metres ( 267 @.@ 1 ft ) × 62 @.@ 58 metres ( 205 @.@ 3 ft ) . The number of gates as well as their names remained the same . The enclosure walls were made of stones laid in mortar . The palm trunk columns were replaced by stone columns which were joined by iron clamps . Teakwood was used in reconstructing the ceiling .
= = = Middle years = = =
In 707 , Umayyad caliph Al @-@ Walid ibn Abd al @-@ Malik renovated the mosque . It took three years for the work to be completed . Raw materials were procured from the Byzantine Empire . The area of the mosque was increased from 5094 sq. metre of Uthman 's time to 8672 sq metre . A wall was built to segregate the mosque and the houses of the wives of Muhammad . The mosque was reconstructed in a trapezoid shape with a length of 101 @.@ 76 metres ( 333 @.@ 9 ft ) . For the first time , porticoes were built in the mosque connecting the northern part of the structure to the sanctuary . For the first time , minarets were built in Medina as he constructed four minarets around it .
Abbasid caliph Al @-@ Mahdi extended the mosque to the north by 50 metres ( 160 ft ) . His name was also inscribed on the walls of the mosque . He also planned to remove six steps to the minbar , but abandoned this idea , owing to this causing damage of the woods on which they were built . According to an inscription of Ibn Qutaybah , the third caliph Al @-@ Mamun did " unspecified work " on the mosque . Al @-@ Mutawakkil lined the enclosure of Muhammad 's tomb with marble . Al @-@ Ashraf Qansuh al @-@ Ghawri built a dome of stone over his grave in 1476 .
The Rawdah ( referred to as al @-@ Rawdah al @-@ Mutaharah ) , covered by the dome over the south @-@ east corner of the mosque , was constructed in 1817C.E. during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II . The dome was painted green in 1837 C.E. and came to be known as the " Green Dome " .
The Sultan Abdul Majid I took thirteen years to rebuild the mosque , which started in 1849 . Red stone bricks were used as the main material in reconstruction of the mosque . The floor area of the mosque was increased by 1293 square metre . On the walls , verses from the Quran were inscribed in Islamic calligraphy . In the northern side of the mosque , a madrasah was built for " teaching Quranic lessons " .
= = = Saudis = = =
When Saud bin Abdul @-@ Aziz took Medina in 1805 , his followers , the Wahhabis , demolished nearly every tomb dome in Medina in order to prevent their veneration , and the Green Dome is said to have narrowly escaped the same fate . They considered the veneration of tombs and places thought to possess supernatural powers as an offence against tawhid . Muhammad 's tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornaments , but the dome was preserved either because of an unsuccessful attempt to demolish its hardened structure , or because some time ago Ibn Abd al @-@ Wahhab wrote that he did not wish to see the dome destroyed despite his aversion to people praying at the tomb . Similar events took place in 1925 when the Saudi ikhwans retook — and this time managed to keep — the city .
After the foundation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 , the mosque underwent several major modifications . In 1951 King Ibn Saud ( 1932 – 1953 ) ordered demolitions around the mosque to make way for new wings to the east and west of the prayer hall , which consisted of concrete columns with pointed arches . Older columns were reinforced with concrete and braced with copper rings at the top . The Suleymaniyya and Majidiyya minarets were replaced by two minarets in Mamluk revival style . Two additional minarets were erected to the northeast and northwest of the mosque . A library was built along the western wall to house historic Qurans and other religious texts .
In 1974 , King Faisal added 40 @,@ 440 square metres to the mosque . The area of the mosque was also expanded during the
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a separate call was made by Nevill .
The log is headed " Daughter gone berserk " : " Mr Bamber , White House Farm , Tolleshunt d ’ Arcy – daughter Sheila Bamber , aged 26 years , has got hold of one of my guns . " It adds : " Message passed to CD by the son of Mr Bamber after phone went dead . " It goes on to say : " Mr Bamber has a collection of shotguns and .410s , " and it includes the telephone number 860209 , the number at the time for White House Farm . The final entry says : " 0356 GPO [ the telephone operator ] have checked phone line to farmhouse and confirm phone left off hook . " The log shows that a patrol car , Charlie Alpha 7 ( CA7 ) , was sent to the scene at 3 @.@ 35 am .
= = = = Telephone log 2 = = = =
A different police log shows that , at 3 @.@ 36 am , Bamber rang Chelmsford Police Station using a direct line , rather than the emergency number ( 999 ) , and spoke to PC West . The court accepted that the officer who recorded the log misread a digital clock , and that the call had probably come in at around 3 : 26 am , around the time of the call mentioned in the first log .
Bamber said : " You 've got to help me . My father has just rung me and said , ' Please come over . Your sister has gone crazy and has got the gun . ' Then the line went dead . " Bamber said he had tried to ring his father back , but there was no reply . The log continues : " Father Mr. Bamber , White House Farm , Tolleshunt D 'Arcy ... Sister Sheila Bamber age 27 . Has history of mental illness . ... Dispatched CA5 [ Charlie Alpha 5 ] to scene ... Informant requested to attend scene . "
= = = = Police response = = = =
PC West contacted civilian dispatcher Malcolm Bonnet at the Chelmsford HQ Information Room using a radio link ; this conversation was recorded as having taken place at 3 @.@ 26 am . PC West then spoke to Bamber again , who apparently complained about the time the police response was taking , and said : " When my father rang he sounded terrified . " He was told to go to the farm and wait for the police . At 3 @.@ 35 am Bonnet sent a police car to White House Farm . A telephone operator checked the line to the farm at 03 : 56 , according to a police log , or at 04 : 30 , according to the Court of Appeal . The phone was off the hook , the line was open and a dog could be heard barking .
Explaining why he had called a local police station and not 999 , Bamber told police that night that he had not thought it would make a difference in terms of how fast they arrived . He said he had spent time looking up the number , and even though his father had asked him to
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come quickly , he had first telephoned his girlfriend , Julie Mugford , in London , then had driven slowly to the farmhouse . He also said he could have called one of the farm workers , but had not at the time considered it . In his early witness statements , Bamber said he had telephoned the police immediately after receiving his father 's call , then telephoned Mugford . During later police interviews , he said he had called Mugford first . He said he was confused about the sequence of events .
= = = Scene outside = = =
After the telephone calls , Bamber made his way to the farmhouse , as did PS Bews , PC Myall and PC Saxby from Witham Police Station , passing Bamber in their car on the way there . They told the court that , in their view , he was driving much slower than them . Bamber 's cousin , Ann Eaton , testified that Bamber was normally a fast driver .
Bamber arrived at the farmhouse one or two minutes after the police . They waited for a tactical firearms group to arrive , which turned up at 5 am . Police determined that all the doors and windows to the house were shut , except for the window in the main bedroom on the first floor . They decided to wait until daylight . They eventually entered at 7 : 54 am through the back door , which had been locked from the inside . The only sound they reported from the house was a dog barking .
While waiting outside , the police questioned Bamber , who they said seemed calm . He told them about the phone call from his father , and that it sounded as though someone had cut him off . He said he did not get along with his sister . When asked whether she might have gone berserk with the gun , the police said he replied : " I don 't really know . She is a nutter . She 's been having treatment . " The police asked why Nevill would have called Bamber and not the police . Bamber replied that his father was the sort of person who might want to keep things within the family .
Bamber told the police that Sheila was familiar with guns and that they had gone target shooting together . He said he had been at the farmhouse himself a few hours earlier , and that he had loaded the rifle because he thought he had heard rabbits outside . He had left it on the kitchen table fully loaded , with a box of ammunition nearby . After the bodies were discovered , a doctor , Dr. Craig , was called to the house to certify the deaths , which he testified could have occurred at any time during the night . He said Bamber appeared to be in a state of shock ; he broke down , cried and seemed to vomit . The doctor said Bamber told him at that point about the discussion the family had had about possibly having Sheila 's sons placed in foster care .
= = = Inside farmhouse = = =
= = = = Nevill = = = =
When police entered the house , they found five bodies with multiple gunshot wounds . Twenty @-@ five shots had been fired , mostly at close range . Nevill was found downstairs in the kitchen , dressed in pyjamas , lying over an overturned chair next to the fireplace , amid a scene suggestive of a struggle . A telephone was lying on one of the kitchen surfaces with its receiver off the hook , next to several .22 shells . The police said chairs and stools were overturned , and there was broken crockery , a broken sugar basin , and what looked like blood on the floor . A ceiling light lampshade had been broken .
Nevill had been shot eight times , six times to the head and face , fired when the rifle was a few inches from his skin . The remaining shots to his body had occurred from at least two feet away . Based on where the empty cartridges were found – three were in the kitchen and one on the stairs – the police concluded he had been shot four times upstairs , but had managed to get downstairs where a struggle took place , during which he was hit several times with the rifle and shot again , this time fatally .
There were two wounds to his right side , and two to the top of his head , which would probably have resulted in unconsciousness . The left side of his lip was wounded , his jaw was fractured , and his teeth , neck and larynx were damaged . The pathologist said he would have had difficulty speaking . There were gunshot wounds to his left shoulder and left elbow . He also had black eyes , a broken nose , bruising to the cheeks , cuts on the head , bruising to the right forearm , and circular burn @-@ type marks on his back , consistent with his having been hit with the rifle . One of the pillars of the prosecution case was that Sheila would not have been strong enough to inflict this beating on Nevill , who was 6 ft 4 in ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) tall and by all accounts in good health .
= = = = June = = = =
The court heard that the other four bodies were found upstairs . June 's body was heavily bloodstained . She was found lying on the floor in the master bedroom by the doorway , bare @-@ footed and wearing her nightdress . She had been shot seven times ; one shot to her forehead between her eyes , and another to the right side of her head , would have caused her death quickly . There were also shots to the right side of her lower neck , her right forearm , and two injuries on the right side of her chest and her right knee . The police believed she had been sitting up during part of the attack , based on the pattern of blood on her clothing . Five of the shots occurred when the gun was at least a foot from her body . The shot between her eyes was from less than one foot .
= = = = Daniel and Nicholas = = = =
The boys were found in their beds , shot through the head . They appeared to have been shot while in bed . Daniel had been shot five times in the back of the head , four times with the gun held within one foot of his head , and once from over two feet away . Nicholas had been shot three times , all contact or close @-@ proximity shots .
= = = = Sheila = = = =
The court heard that Sheila was found on the floor of the master bedroom with her mother . She was in her nightdress and bare @-@ footed , with two bullet wounds under her chin , one on her throat . The pathologist , Dr. Peter Vanezis , said that the lower of the injuries had occurred from three inches ( 76 mm ) away , and that the higher one was a contact injury . The higher of the two would have killed her immediately . The lower injury would have killed her too , he said , but not necessarily straightaway . Vanezis testified that it would be possible for a person with such an injury to stand up and walk around , but the lack of blood on her nightdress suggested to him that she had not done this . He believed that the lower of her injuries had happened first , because it had caused bleeding inside the neck ; the court heard that if the immediately fatal wound had happened first , the bleeding would not have occurred to the same extent . Vanesiz said that the pattern of blood stains on her nightdress
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Another featured match on the undercard was an unsanctioned match , or hardcore match , in which Shawn Michaels defeated Chris Jericho .
The event marked the first time the Championship Scramble format was used by WWE . The event had an attendance of 8 @,@ 707 . The event received 211 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys , more than the previous year 's event . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of second on Billboard 's DVD sales chart .
= = Background = =
The event featured seven professional wrestling matches with outcomes predetermined by WWE script writers . The matches featured wrestlers portraying their characters in planned storylines that took place before , during and after the event . All wrestlers were from one of the WWE 's brands – SmackDown , Raw , or ECW – the three storyline divisions in which WWE assigned its employees . The event also marked the first time that the Championship Scramble format was used by the WWE .
Wrestlers from the Raw brand were featured in the main event at Unforgiven : a Championship Scramble match , a 20 minute time limit bout , during which participants enter at five @-@ minute intervals and can become the temporary champion via pinfall or submission . The match was contested for the World Heavyweight Championship , and was originally scheduled to be CM Punk defending the title against John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) , Batista , Rey Mysterio , and Kane . During the event , however , Randy Orton attacked CM Punk and he was replaced in the match by Chris Jericho . The build up to the match began on the August 18 episode of Raw , when Raw General Manager Mike Adamle , who portrays an on screen authority figure , announced the match and its rules , stating that JBL , Batista , John Cena , Kane , and World Heavyweight Champion CM Punk would participate . The following week on Raw , Adamle announced that John Cena had been injured after his match against Batista at SummerSlam , and would be unable to compete in the Championship Scramble . Adamle then announced Rey Mysterio as Cena 's replacement . On the September 1 episode of Raw , a preview of the Championship Scramble match was featured , in which the five men fighting in the Championship Scramble competed in a traditional battle royal , which Kane won .
The other predominant match from the Raw brand was an unsanctioned match between Shawn Michaels and Chris Jericho . The build up to the match began at SummerSlam , when Michaels came to the ring to announce his storyline retirement . Jericho , however , interrupted the announcement and , in an attempt to punch Michaels , accidentally struck Michaels ' wife Rebecca . On the August 18 episode of Raw , Jericho stated that he had no remorse for what he did to Michaels wife , claiming that Michaels " had it coming " . The following week on Raw , Michaels announced he was not going to retire and asked Jericho for an unsanctioned match . Jericho agreed to the match , and the following week on Raw there was a contract signing for the match . The signing ended with Jericho and Michaels attacking each other .
The predominant match from the SmackDown brand was a Championship Scramble for the WWE Championship , in which title holder Triple H faced Jeff Hardy , The Brian Kendrick , Shelton Benjamin , and Montel Vontavious Porter ( MVP ) . The build up to the match began on the August 22 episode of SmackDown ! , when General Manager Vickie Guerrero announced that SmackDown would have a Championship Scramble match and that the competitors would include WWE Champion Triple H and four men to be decided later in the night through a series of qualifying matches . The first qualifying match was a ten man battle royal , which saw The Big Show disrupt the match and throw all the competitors over the top rope . The Brian Kendrick , however , was saved by his bodyguard , Ezekiel Jackson , who caught Kendrick and put him back in the ring after the Big Show had eliminated all other competitors . Thus , Kendrick qualified for the Championship Scramble . The second qualifying match saw MVP defeat Festus by count out , qualifying for the match . The third qualifying match was Shelton Benjamin versus Finlay , which Benjamin won . The final qualifying match was Jeff Hardy versus The Great Khali , which Hardy won .
The predominant match from the ECW brand was a third Championship Scramble , in which Mark Henry defended against Matt Hardy , The Miz , Chavo Guerrero , and Finlay . The build up to the match began on the August 26 episode of ECW , when General Manager Theodore Long announced that the ECW Championship would be defended in a Championship Scramble and that there would be qualifying matches that night to determine who would participate . The first qualifying match saw Matt Hardy defeat John Morrison to qualify . The second match was The Miz versus Evan Bourne , which The Miz won . The third qualifying match saw Chavo Guerrero defeat Tommy Dreamer to qualify , and the fourth match was Finlay versus Mike Knox , which Finlay won . On the September 1 episode of Raw , there was a preview of the Championship Scramble , in which the five participants took part in a traditional battle royal . The winner was ECW Champion Mark Henry .
= = Event = =
Before the event began and aired live on pay @-@ per @-@ view , a dark match was featured in which Evan Bourne defeated John Morrison with a shooting star press .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
Following the dark match , the pay @-@ per @-@ view event began with a Championship Scramble for the ECW Championship in which the champion , Mark Henry , defended against Matt Hardy , The Miz , Chavo Guerrero , and Finlay . In this type of match , competitors fight in a 20 minute time limit bout , during which participants can become the temporary champion by a pinfall or submission on any opponent . The match began with The Miz and Matt Hardy , who performed a variety of wrestling maneuvers including The Miz performing his signature move , a running knee lift and jumping neckbreaker , a combination called the " Reality Check " . After the first five minutes had passed , Chavo Guerrero came to the ring and quickly performed a body splash on Hardy and covered him for a pinfall , making him the interim champion . Guerrero continued with a variety of offensive maneuvers until Matt Hardy performed a wrist @-@ lock seated side slam , or " Side Effect " , on Guerrero and covered him for a pinfall , making him the temporary champion . After the next five minutes had passed , Mark Henry entered the ring . All three other men attacked him , but Henry overpowered them and performed a falling powerslam on Chavo Guerrero , covering him and scoring a pinfall to become the interim champion . After the next series of five minutes had passed , Finlay entered the ring . He attacked Henry and his storyline son Hornswoggle distracted Henry , allowing Finlay to strike him with a shillelagh , followed by a running over the shoulder back to belly piledriver , or " Celtic Cross " , on Hardy to become temporary champion . The match continued until Matt Hardy performed a front facelock cutter , or " Twist of Fate " , on The Miz . He covered The Miz and became the interim champion . Hardy continued to break up pinfall attempts until the end of the 20 minute time limit , at which time Matt Hardy , being the interim champion , won the ECW Championship .
The following bout was a tag team match for the World Tag Team Championship , where the champions , Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase , defended their titles against Cryme Tyme , a tag team composed of Shad Gaspard and JTG . The match began with Cryme Tyme in control , and Shad threw JTG over the top rope onto Rhodes and DiBiase . Rhodes and DiBiase , however , isolated JTG in their corner and performed a number of offensive maneuvers on him . Rhodes attempted a moonsault onto JTG , but missed , allowing JTG to tag in Shad at the same time Rhodes tagged in DiBiase . Shad performed a back body drop on DiBiase , but while the referee was distracted , Rhodes performed a DDT on Shad . DiBiase attempted
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to cover Shad , but was forced to break the cover as Shad placed his foot on the bottom rope . JTG attempted an inside cradle pin on Rhodes , but Shad accidentally pushed DiBiase on Rhodes , reversing the pinfall attempt so that Rhodes scored the pin over JTG , retaining his and DiBiase 's title in the process .
The third contest was an unsanctioned match between Shawn Michaels and Chris Jericho . The match was contested under no disqualification and no count @-@ out rules , so both men utilized a number of weapons in their offense . Jericho and Michaels used weapons and objects such as folding tables , steel chairs , and fire extinguishers . The match also saw Lance Cade interfere on behalf of Jericho , but Michaels ultimately gained the advantage over both men , leading to him placing both men on an announcer 's table and diving onto them with his elbow cocked , sending them through the table . After returning Jericho to the ring , Michaels continued to attack Jericho . The referee ended the match when he determined that Jericho could no longer defend himself against Michaels , making Michaels the victor by referee stoppage .
= = = Main event matches = = =
The main event for the SmackDown brand was a Championship Scramble for the WWE Championship in which the champion , Triple H , defended against Jeff Hardy , The Brian Kendrick , Shelton Benjamin , and Montel Vontavious Porter . The match began with Jeff Hardy and Shelton Benjamin , with both men wrestling inconclusively until the first five @-@ minute interval had passed , and The Brian Kendrick entered the match . Soon after Kendrick 's entrance , Hardy performed a reverse powerbomb on him and covered him , scoring a pinfall and becoming the interim WWE Champion . Later , Kendrick performed The Kendrick on Hardy and covered him for a pinfall , becoming the temporary WWE Champion . Shortly after , the second five @-@ minute interval expired and MVP entered the match . All four men in the match continued to fight , with no pinfalls being scored until the third five @-@ minute interval expired , at which point Triple H entered the match . Soon after his entrance , performed a spinebuster , followed by a Pedigree on Kendrick , covering him to become the interim champion . Hardy returned to the ring and performed a Twist of Fate on MVP , covering him for a pinfall and becoming temporary champion . After disrupting Hardy 's attempt to perform a maneuver off the top turnbuckle , Triple H performed another Pedigree on Kendrick to become interim champion again . Shortly after , however , Hardy performed a Swanton Bomb on Kendrick and again became temporary champion after a cover . The match ended with Triple H performing a Pedigree on MVP and Hardy performing a Swanton Bomb on Benjamin ; however , Triple H covered MVP faster and scored the pinfall with one second remaining on the clock . The time limit expired and Triple H retained the WWE Championship .
Following this , a backstage segment took place in which CM Punk was being interviewed regarding his title defense in the Championship Scramble later in the evening . The interview was interrupted by Randy Orton , and as he spoke with Punk , Cody Rhodes , Ted DiBiase , and Manu attacked CM Punk , as well as Kofi Kingston who tried to help Punk . After they had attacked both Punk and Kingston , Orton made use of this opportunity to perform a running punt on Punk .
The fifth contest was a standard match in which WWE Divas Champion Michelle McCool defended her title against Maryse . Maryse began the match attacking McCool 's knee , but McCool soon countered by grabbing Maryse 's foot and twisting it , a submission hold called a heel hook . Maryse , however , reached the ropes and caused McCool to break the hold . Later in the match , McCool performed a lifting double underhook facebuster , a move called the " Wings of Love " , and covered Maryse to retain her championship .
Following the match , an in ring segment took place in which The Big Show , entered the ring and asked the crowd whether they thought he should have been in the Championship Scramble for the WWE Championship . SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero , who portrays an on @-@ screen authority figure for the SmackDown brand , then came to the ring and proceeded to insult the Big Show , and demanded that he leave the ring . Druids then came to the ring bringing a casket , and The Undertaker appeared on the TitanTron , telling Guerrero to either get in the casket herself or he would put her in it . Guerrero refused to enter the casket voluntarily , so The Undertaker began to come to ringside . The Big Show held back Guerrero as The Undertaker came to the ring . Once he was in the ring , The Undertaker began to choke Guerrero , but the Big Show turned heel , becoming a villainous character , by striking The Undertaker and freeing Guerrero . He proceeded to attack The Undertaker , and restrained him to allow Guerrero to slap him and spit in his face .
The main event from the Raw brand was a Championship Scramble for the World Heavyweight Championship . The event was originally scheduled to be World Heavyweight Champion CM Punk defending against John " Bradshaw " Layfield , Batista , Rey Mysterio , and Kane . However , due to the attack on CM Punk earlier in the night , CM Punk was unable to compete and was replaced by Chris Jericho ( this information was not revealed until the final five minutes of the match , at which point Chris Jericho entered in place of CM Punk ) . Batista and JBL began the match , performing a variety of offensive maneuvers until the first five @-@ minute interval had passed , and Kane entered the match . Later , JBL attempted to strike Kane with his forearm , a move JBL calls a " Clothesline from Hell " , but was caught by Kane . Kane then lifted JBL by the throat and slammed him to the mat , called a chokeslam , and covered him for a pinfall , becoming the interim champion . Soon after , the second five @-@ minute interval expired and Rey Mysterio entered the match . The match continued for several minutes , until the final five @-@ minute interval expired and Jericho entered the match as a replacement for CM Punk , shocking everyone . Soon after Jericho 's entrance , Batista performed a spinebuster on Kane , covering him for a pinfall and becoming temporary champion . Batista was left as the only man standing until Jericho returned
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in ) long , about 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 6 in ) thick , nearly equal or slightly enlarged downward , dry , smooth , and reddish @-@ brown . It may be solid or stuffed ( filled with cotton @-@ like mycelia ) , but may become partially hollow with age . The flesh is firm , white to pinkish @-@ orange , and does not stain when cut . The latex is scant , yellowish @-@ white on exposure , unchanging , and does not stain tissues . Its taste is acrid . The spore print is white to creamy yellow .
The mushroom is edible , with a mild taste and a slight odor of maple syrup . American author David Arora suggests that the fruit bodies may be used in a manner similar to the candy cap mushrooms , despite being not as fragrant . Chefs in the San Francisco Bay Area have been known to use it for desserts such as ice creams , cakes and caramels .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The spores are 7 – 9 by 7 – 9 µm , spherical or nearly so , ornamented with a partial to complete reticulum ( a system of raised , net @-@ like ridges ) , with prominences up to 0 @.@ 5 µm high . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are both two- and four @-@ spored , and measure 45 – 52 by 9 – 11 µm . The cap cuticle is a poorly formed layer of inflated cells with scattered filamentous pileocystidia ( cystidia on the cap ) . Somewhat unusual for a Lactarius , L. rufulus lacks or has few swollen cells ( sphaerocysts ) in the cap and stem .
= = = Similar species = = =
Lactarius rubidus is similar in appearance to L. rufulus , but it has watery to whey @-@ like latex and develops a strong odor of maple syrup or butterscotch when dried . Another lookalike is Lactarius thiersii , but it has a smaller cap and stem and has mild @-@ tasting flesh and latex . The flesh and latex of Lactarius rufus have a strongly acrid taste , and its fruit bodies are stouter and lack an umbo . Additionally , L. rufus typically grows in a caespitose manner — with the fruit bodies clustered at a common base , and has more pallid colors and a more intense odor than L. rufulus . L. vinaceorufescens has a yellowing latex .
= = Ecology , habitat and distribution = =
Lactarius rufulus is a mycorrhizal species , and lives in a mutualistic association with oak species . The fungus forms an ectomycorrhizae — characterized by an external sheath that surround the rootlets of the oak . The fungus receives soluble carbohydrates that are byproducts of the plant 's photosynthesis , while affording the plant greater access to soil nutrients needed for growth . The fruit bodies of L. rufulus grow scattered or in groups on the ground under oak , usually from January to March ; their appearance is uncommon . Once thought to be only in California ( where they are most prevalent in the southern part of the state ) , they were reported from Mexico in 1998 , and from Arizona in 2006 .
= Sustainable biofuel =
Biofuels , in the form of liquid fuels derived from plant materials , are entering the market , driven by factors such as oil price spikes and the need for increased energy security . However , many of the biofuels that are currently being supplied have been criticised for their adverse impacts on the natural environment , food security , and land use .
The challenge is to support biofuel development , including the development of new cellulosic technologies , with responsible policies and economic instruments to help ensure that biofuel commercialization is sustainable . Responsible commercialization of biofuels represents an opportunity to enhance sustainable economic prospects in Africa , Latin America and Asia .
Biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be regarded as a ‘ silver bullet ’ to deal with transport emissions . However , they offer the prospect of increased market competition and oil price moderation . A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes and reduce dependency on fossil fuels , especially in the transport sector . Using transportation fuels more efficiently is also an integral part of a sustainable transport strategy .
= = Biofuel options = =
Biofuel development and use is a complex issue because there are many biofuel options which are available . Biofuels , such as ethanol and biodiesel , are currently produced from the products of conventional food crops such as the starch , sugar and oil feedstocks from crops that include wheat , maize , sugar cane , palm oil and oilseed rape . Some researchers fear that a major switch to biofuels from such crops would create a direct competition with their use for food and animal feed , and claim that in some parts of the world the economic consequences are already visible , other researchers look at the land available and the enormous areas of idle and abandoned land and claim that there is room for a large proportion of biofuel also from conventional crops .
Second generation biofuels are now being produced from a much broader range of feedstocks including the cellulose in dedicated energy crops ( perennial grasses such as switchgrass and Miscanthus giganteus ) , forestry materials , the co @-@ products from food production , and domestic vegetable waste . Advances in the conversion processes will improve the sustainability of biofuels , through better efficiencies and reduced environmental impact of producing biofuels , from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources .
In 2007 , Ronald Oxburgh suggested in The Courier @-@ Mail that production of biofuels could be either responsible or irresponsible and had several trade @-@ offs : " Produced responsibly they are a sustainable energy source that need not divert any land from growing food nor damage the environment ; they can also help solve the problems of the waste generated by Western society ; and they can create jobs for the poor where previously were none . Produced irresponsibly , they at best offer no climate benefit and , at worst , have detrimental social and environmental consequences . In other words , biofuels are pretty much like any other product . In 2008 the Nobel prize @-@ winning chemist Paul J. Crutzen published findings that the release of nitrous oxide ( N2O ) emissions in the production of biofuels means that they contribute more to global warming than the fossil fuels they replace .
According to the Rocky Mountain Institute ,
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y as Defense and Discovery ( 1952 ) . Mudrick portrayed Austen as isolated , defensive and critical of her society , describing in detail the relationship he saw between her attitude toward contemporary literature and her use of irony to contrast the realities of her society with what she felt they should be . These revisionist views , with critic F. R. Leavis ' view in The Great Tradition ( 1948 ) that Austen was one of the great writers of English fiction ( a belief shared by Ian Watt , who helped shape scholarly debate about the novel as a genre ) , cemented Austen 's academic reputation .
Late @-@ 20th @-@ century literary critic Harold Bloom has continued F. R. Leavis ' tradition , comparing Austen to Shakespeare on the strength of the portrayal of the inner lives of her major characters . For Bloom , Austen 's " genius " is comparable to Murasaki Shikibu ( author of The Tale of Genji ) , Alexander Pope , John Donne and Jonathan Swift . Vladimir Nabokov was less enthusiastic about Austen in his comparison with Nikolai Gogol ( one of his favourite authors ) . To Nabokov , Gogol 's craftsmanship exceeded Austen 's .
= = Reception = =
= = = Contemporary response = = =
Since Austen 's works were published anonymously , they brought her little personal renown . Although her novels quickly became fashionable among opinion @-@ makers such as Princess Charlotte Augusta ( daughter of George IV ) , only a few reviews were published . Most were short , favourable , superficial and cautious , focusing on the novels ' moral lessons . Walter Scott , a leading novelist of the day , provided an anonymous review . Using it as a platform from which to defend the then @-@ disreputable genre of the novel , he praised Austen 's realism . The other important early review of Austen 's works was attributed to Richard Whately in 1821 . Whately denied writing the review , which drew favourable comparisons between Austen , Homer and Shakespeare and praised the dramatic quality of her storytelling . Scott and Whately set the tone for nearly all subsequent 19th @-@ century Austen criticism .
= = = 19th century = = =
Because Austen 's novels failed to conform to romantic and Victorian expectations that " powerful emotion [ be ] authenticated by an egregious display of sound and colour in the writing " , 19th @-@ century critics and audiences generally preferred Charles Dickens and George Eliot . Although her novels were republished in Britain beginning in the 1830s and sold steadily , they were not bestsellers .
Austen had many 19th @-@ century admirers who considered themselves part of a literary elite , viewing their appreciation of her work as a mark of cultural taste . Philosopher and literary critic George Henry Lewes expressed this view in a series of enthusiastic articles published in the 1840s and 1850s . Later in the century , novelist Henry James ranked Austen with Shakespeare , Cervantes and Henry Fielding ( author of Tom Jones ) as among " the fine painters of life " .
The 1869 publication of James Edward Austen @-@ Leigh 's A Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider public as " dear aunt Jane " , a respectable maiden aunt . Publication of the Memoir sparked a revival of Austen 's novels ; the first popular editions appeared in 1883 , and illustrated editions and collectors ' sets quickly followed . Author and critic Leslie Stephen called Austen 's great popularity during the 1880s " Austenolatry " . Around the turn of the 20th century , members of the literary elite reacted against the popularization of Austen . They called themselves " Janeites " , distinguishing themselves from the masses who did not fully understand her works . Henry James began criticising what he called " a beguiled infatuation " with Austen , a rising tide of public interest which exceeded her " intrinsic merit and interest " . During the last quarter of the century , the first criticism of Austen was published ; after the Memoir , more criticism of Austen appeared in two years than in the previous half @-@ century .
= = = 20th century = = =
Several works paved the way for an academic focus on Austen 's novels . The first , a 1911 essay by Oxford Shakespearean scholar A. C. Bradley , is " generally regarded as the starting @-@ point for the serious academic approach to Jane Austen " . Bradley categorised her novels as " early " and " late " novels , a distinction still used by scholars . The second was R. W. Chapman 's 1923 edition of Austen 's collected works , her first scholarly edition and the first of any English novelist . The Chapman text is the basis for all subsequent published editions of Austen 's works . With the 1939 publication of Mary Lascelles 's Jane Austen and Her Art , academic study of the author took hold . Lascelles ' work included an analysis of the books Austen read and the effect of her reading on her work and an extensive analysis of Austen 's style and " narrative art " . Concern arose that Austen criticism was becoming increasingly academic and esoteric , a concern which continues .
During a period of 1940s revisionism , scholars called Austen a subversive writer . These views , with F. R. Leavis ' and Ian Watt 's belief that Austen was one of the great writers of English fiction , cemented her academic reputation . They agreed that she " combined [ Henry Fielding 's and Samuel Richardson 's ] qualities of interiority and irony , realism and satire to form an author superior to both " . The post @-@ World War II period has seen increased scholarship on Austen using a variety of critical approaches , with anthologies published by Cambridge University Press , Chelsea House and Prentice Hall . However , the gap between academic and popular appreciation of Austen has widened .
Sequels , prequels and adaptations , from soft @-@ core pornography to fantasy , have been based on Austen 's novels . During the mid @-@ 19th century , Austen family members began publishing conclusions to her incomplete novels ; by 2000 , there were over 100 printed adaptations . Austen 's first film adaptation was the 1940 MGM production of Pride and Prejudice , starring Laurence Olivier and Greer Garson . BBC television dramatisations , first produced during the 1970s , attempted to adhere meticulously to Austen 's plots , characterisation and settings . In 1995 , two Austen adaptations appeared : Ang Lee 's film version of Sense and Sensibility ( for which screenwriter and star
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the 1560s and 1570s . Architectural historian David Thomson suggests that the oval halls within du Cerceau 's courtyards were Catherine de ' Medici 's idea . She may have planned to use them for her famously lavish balls and entertainments . Du Cerceau 's drawings reveal that , before he published them in 1576 , Catherine decided to join the Louvre to the Tuileries by a gallery running west along the north bank of the Seine . Only the ground floor of the first section , the Petite Galerie , was completed in her lifetime . It was left to Henry IV , who ruled from 1589 to 1610 , to add the second floor and the Grande Galerie that finally linked the two palaces .
After de l 'Orme died in 1570 , Catherine abandoned his design for a freestanding house with courtyards . To his unfinished wing she added a pavilion that extended the building towards the river . This was built in a less experimental style by Jean Bullant . Bullant attached columns to his pavilion , as advocated in his 1564 book on the classical orders , to mark proportion . Some commentators have interpreted his different approach as a criticism of de l 'Orme 's departures from the style of Roman monuments .
Despite its unfinished state , Catherine often visited the palace . She held banquets and festivities there and loved to walk in the gardens . According to the French military leader Marshal Tavannes , it was in the Tuileries gardens that she planned the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre , in which thousands of Huguenots were butchered in Paris . The gardens had been laid out before work on the palace halted . They included canals , fountains , and a grotto decorated with glazed animals by the potter Bernard Palissy . In 1573 , Catherine hosted the famous entertainment at the Tuileries that is depicted on the Valois tapestries . This was a grand ball for the Polish envoys who had come to offer the crown of Poland to her son , the duke of Anjou , later Henry III of France . Henry IV later added to the Tuileries ; but Louis XVI was to dismantle sections of the palace . The communards set fire to the remainder in 1871 . Twelve years later , the ruins were demolished and then sold off .
= = Saint @-@ Maur = =
The palace of Saint @-@ Maur @-@ des @-@ Fossés , south east of Paris , was another of Catherine 's unfinished projects . She bought this building , on which Philibert de l 'Orme had worked , from the heirs of Cardinal Jean du Bellay , after the latter 's death in 1560 . She then commissioned de l 'Orme to finish the work he had begun there . Drawings by Jacques Androuet du Cerceau in the British Museum may shed light on Catherine 's intentions for Saint @-@ Maur . They show a plan to enlarge each wing by doubling the size of the pavilions next to the main block of the house . The house was to stay as one storey , with a flat roof and rusticated pilasters . That meant the extensions would not unbalance the masses of the building as seen from the side .
De l 'Orme died in 1570 ; in 1575 an unknown architect took over at Saint @-@ Maur . The new man proposed to heighten the pavilions on the garden side and top them with pitched roofs . He also planned two more arches over de l 'Orme 's terrace , which joined the pavilions on the garden side . In historian R. J. Knecht 's view , the scheme would have given this part of the house , a " colossal , even grotesque " pediment . The work was only partly carried out , and the house was never fit for Catherine to live in .
= = Hôtel de la Reine = =
After de l 'Orme 's death , Jean Bullant replaced him as Catherine 's chief architect . In 1572 , Catherine commissioned Bullant to build a new home for her within the Paris city walls . She had outgrown her apartments at the Louvre and needed more room for her swelling household . To make space for the new scheme and its gardens , she had an entire area of Paris demolished .
The new palace was known in Catherine 's time as the Hôtel de la Reine and later as the Hôtel de Soissons . Engravings made by Israël Silvestre in about 1650 and a plan from about 1700 show that the Hôtel de la Reine possessed a central wing , a courtyard , and gardens . The walled gardens of the hôtel included an aviary , a lake with a water jet , and long avenues of trees . Catherine also installed an orangery that could be dismantled in winter . The actual construction work was carried out after Bullant 's death in 1582 . The building was demolished in the 1760s . All that remains of the Hôtel de la Reine today is a single Doric column , known as the Colonne de l 'Horoscope or Medici column , which stood in the courtyard . It can be seen next to the domed Bourse de commerce . Catherine 's biographer Leonie Frieda has called it " a poignant reminder of the fleeting nature of power " .
= = Chenonceau = =
In 1576 , Catherine decided to enlarge her château of Chenonceau , near Blois . On Henry II 's death , she had demanded this property from Henry 's mistress Diane de Poitiers . She had not forgotten that Henry had given this crown property to Diane instead of to her . In return , she gave Diane the less prized Chaumont . When Diane arrived at Chaumont , she found signs of the occult , such as pentangles drawn on the floor . She quickly withdrew to her château of Anet and never set foot in Chaumont again .
Diane had carried out major works at Chenonceau , such as de l 'Orme 's bridge over the Cher River . Now Catherine set out to efface or outdo her former rival 's work . She lavished vast sums on the house and built two galleries on the extension over the bridge . The architect was almost certainly Bullant . The decorations show the fantasy of his late style .
Catherine loved gardens and often conducted business in them . At Chenonceau , she added waterfalls , menageries , and aviaries , laid out three parks , and planted mulberry trees for silkworms . Jacques Androuet du Cerceau made drawings of a grandiose scheme for Chenonceau . A trapezoidal lower court leads to a forecourt of semicircular atria joined to two halls that flank the original house . These drawings may not be a reliable record of Bullant 's plans . Du Cerceau " sometimes inserted in his book designs embodying ideas which he himself would have liked to see carried out rather than those of the actual designer of the building in question " .
Jacques Androuet du Cerceau was a favourite architect of Catherine 's . Like Bullant , he became a more fantastical designer with time . Nothing he built himself , however , has
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nd division held Elchingen , and Pierre Dupont de l 'Étang 's 1st Division was heading towards Ulm .
= = = Haslach @-@ Jungingen and Elchingen = = =
The demoralized Austrian army arrived at Ulm in the early hours of 10 October . Mack was deliberating his course of action and the Austrian army remained inactive at Ulm until the 11th . Meanwhile , Napoleon was operating under flawed assumptions : he believed the Austrians were moving to the east or southeast and that Ulm was lightly guarded . Ney sensed this misapprehension and wrote to Berthier that Ulm was , in fact , more heavily defended than the French originally thought . During this time , the Russian threat to the east began to preoccupy Napoleon so much that Murat was given command of the right wing of the army , consisting of Ney 's and Lannes 's corps . The French were separated in two massive wings at this point : the forces of Ney , Lannes , and Murat to the west were containing Mack while those of Soult , Davout , Bernadotte , and Auguste Marmont to the east were charged with guarding against any possible Russian and Austrian incursions . On 11 October Ney made a renewed push on Ulm ; the 2nd and 3rd divisions were to march to the city along the right bank of the Danube while Dupont 's division , supported by one dragoon division , was to march directly for Ulm and seize the entire city . The orders were hopeless because Ney still did not know that the entire Austrian army was stationed at Ulm .
The 32nd Infantry Regiment in Dupont 's division marched from Haslach towards Ulm and ran into four Austrian regiments holding Boefingen . The 32nd carried out several ferocious attacks , but the Austrians held firm and repulsed every one . The Austrians flooded the battle with more cavalry and infantry regiments to Ulm @-@ Jungingen hoping to score a knockout blow against Ney 's corps by enveloping Dupont 's force . Dupont sensed what was happening and preempted the Austrians by launching a surprise attack on Jungingen , during which he took as prisoner at least 1 @,@ 000 of the Austrians . Renewed Austrian attacks drove these forces back to Haslach , which the French managed to hold . Dupont was eventually forced to fall back on Albeck , where he joined Louis Baraguey d 'Hilliers 's foot dragoons division . The effects of the Battle of Haslach @-@ Jungingen on Napoleon 's plans are not fully clear , but the Emperor may have finally ascertained that the majority of the Austrian army was concentrated at Ulm . Accordingly , Napoleon sent the corps of Soult and Marmont towards the Iller , meaning he now had four infantry and one cavalry corps to deal with Mack ; Davout , Bernadotte , and the Bavarians were still guarding the region around Munich . Napoleon did not intend to fight a battle across rivers and ordered
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1896 , Beebe was accepted with advanced placement to Columbia University . While attending university , Beebe frequently split his time between the university and the American Museum of Natural history , many of whose researchers were also professors at Columbia . At Columbia he studied under Henry Fairfield Osborn , and developed a close relationship with him which would endure until Osborn 's death in 1935 .
While attending Columbia , Beebe persuaded his professors to sponsor him and several fellow students taking research trips to Nova Scotia , where he continued his hobby of collecting , as well as attempting to photograph difficult @-@ to @-@ observe scenes of birds and other animals . Several of Beebe 's photographs from these expeditions were purchased by Columbia professors to use as slides during their lectures . During these trips Beebe also developed an interest in dredging , the practice of using nets to haul up animals that lived deep underwater , and attempting to study them before they died or disintegrated . Beebe never applied to receive a degree from Columbia , although years later he was granted honorary doctorates from both Tufts and Colgate University .
= = = Employment at the Bronx Zoo = = =
In November 1897 , Frank Chapman sponsored Beebe to become an associate member of the American Ornithologists ' Union , and the following month Beebe gave his first professional lecture on ornithology to a society called Uncle Clarence 's Bergen Point Culture Club . In 1899 , although he had completed all of the required courses for a degree in science from Columbia except for mathematics , he decided to forgo his studies in favor of an invitation from Osborn to work at the New York Zoological Park which was about to open . Several factors contributed to this decision , including both excitement at being part of the zoo , and the sense that his studies were putting too much of a strain on his family 's finances .
Osborn appointed Beebe to the position of assistant curator of ornithology . As assistant curator , one of his principal jobs was to breed and rear the zoo 's birds in order to sustain their population . Beebe placed much importance on the birds being given as much space as possible , and proposed the building of a " flying cage " the size of a football field . This was eventually built , although at less than half the size that Beebe had originally requested . While Beebe 's flying cage was criticized as being based on an inaccurate understanding of birds ' needs , it ultimately proved very successful .
In 1901 , Beebe returned to Nova Scotia on his first expedition for the zoo , with the goal of collecting marine animals by searching tide pools and with additional dredging . The following year he was promoted from assistant curator to the rank of full curator , a post he held until 1918 . He then went on to serve as an honorary curator from 1919 to 1962 .
On August 6 , 1902 , Beebe was married to Mary Blair Rice , better known by her pen name Blair Niles . Blair subsequently accompanied Beebe on several of his expeditions , and as a writer herself , frequently assisted Beebe with his own writing . Beebe and Blair regarded their honeymoon , another trip to Nova Scotia , as a further opportunity for collecting .
The following February , Beebe and Blair went on an expedition to the Florida Keys , because Beebe was suffering from a throat infection and the zoo believed that the warm climate would be beneficial to his health . This expedition was Beebe 's introduction to the tropics , with which he developed a long @-@ standing fascination . In July 1903 , at the request of a lawyer named Louis Whealton whom the zoo 's director William Temple Hornaday regarded as a potential donor to the zoo , Beebe and Blair went on another expedition to Virginia 's Barrier Islands . Although it was intended as an expedition for the zoo , Beebe described it as " our third honeymoon this year " .
By the end of 1903 , at the age of 26 , Beebe had published more than thirty @-@ four articles and photographs in the past year . For his contributions to science , he was elected a fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science .
= = = Early exploration and expeditions = = =
In December 1903 , in an effort to avert another bout of Beebe 's throat ailment , Hornaday sent him on an expedition to Mexico which would last until the following April . Since Mexico was still largely unstable at this point , he and Blair traveled on horseback and lived mostly in tents , and both carried revolvers for self @-@ protection . Although the purpose of the expedition was to discover , identify and collect Mexico 's birds , it has also been described as yet another honeymoon between him and Blair . Beebe 's first book , titled Two Bird Lovers in Mexico , was an account of this expedition . The last chapter was written by Blair , and was an explanation of how to plan and execute a vacation in the wilderness . The book was enthusiastically well received .
Beebe 's second book , The Bird , Its Form and Function , was published in 1906 . This book was a reworking of a manuscript that Beebe had submitted to Henry Holt in 1902 , but which Holt had asked him to expand into a major work on birds . In its finished form it represented a new kind of nature writing in that , although it presented technical information about bird biology and evolution , it did so in a way meant to be accessible to a general audience . It also represented an important turning point for Beebe , because in contrast to his youthful fascination with adding animals to his collection , in this book he was beginning to emphasize the importance of wildlife conservation . Regarding the killing of animals for the sole purpose of collecting , the book
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states :
Although Beebe continued to shoot animals when it was necessary for the purpose of examining them scientifically , he no longer regarded adding to a collection as a valid reason to take a life . In 1906 Beebe presented his own collection , which had grown to 990 specimens during his earlier years as a collector , as a gift to the zoo for educational and research purposes . For this gift he was made a life member of the New York Zoological Society . The same year , he was also elected a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences .
In 1907 , the journal Zoologica was founded by Osborn and Hornaday specifically as a place for Beebe to publish his research . The first issue of the journal contained twenty papers , ten of which were written by Beebe , and two more of which were jointly written by him and Lee Saunders Crandall , the zoo 's assistant curator of birds . The following year Beebe received a promotion from the Zoological Society , placing him on equal footing with the research scientists at the Museum of Natural History . This promotion explicitly granted him two months off each year , for the purpose of further research expeditions . The first expedition conducted under his new privileges , beginning in February 1908 , took him to Trinidad and Venezuela to research birds and insects . During this expedition Beebe captured 40 live birds for the zoo , belonging to 14 different species .
At this point in his life , Beebe was forming a close friendship with then @-@ president Theodore Roosevelt , which would last until Roosevelt 's death in 1919 . Beebe admired Roosevelt 's skill as a field naturalist as well as his advocacy of conservation , and Roosevelt 's fame made his support highly valuable in Beebe 's scientific endeavors . Roosevelt in turn admired Beebe 's writing and his respect for the natural world . Roosevelt frequently provided praise for Beebe 's books , and went on to write introductions to Beebe 's books Tropical Wild Life and Jungle Peace .
In February 1909 , Beebe and Blair traveled to British Guiana , in the hope that with Roosevelt 's support , it might be possible to establish a permanent field research station there . Another goal of this expedition was to find and capture a hoatzin , a bird whose clawed wings caused it to be considered an important link in the evolution of birds from reptiles . Beebe made extensive documentation of hoatzin behavior through field glasses , but their plans to capture one were foiled when they had to return home early due to Blair breaking her wrist . Despite their failure to obtain their most sought @-@ after prize , the expedition still returned with 280 live birds of 51 species , 33 of which were new to the zoo , although several of these died or escaped during the long trip back to New York . Beebe summarized this expedition in his book Our Search for a Wilderness , which was enthusiastically well reviewed .
= = = The pheasant expedition = = =
In December 1909 , businessman and philanthropist Anthony R. Kuser proposed to the zoo that Beebe be allowed to go on a voyage around the world for the purpose of documenting the world 's pheasants , which would be financed by Kuser . Hornaday strongly objected to this proposal , describing Kuser as an " evil genius " who was attempting to steal Beebe away from his duties at the zoo . However , the zoo ultimately decided in Kuser 's favor , partly because the scientific papers produced by Beebe 's trip to Guiana had been beneficial to the zoo 's reputation . Hornaday appointed Crandall as the zoo 's acting curator of birds , giving him the duty of caring for its birds in Beebe 's absence . Beebe and Blair left for their expedition accompanied by Robert Bruce Horsfall , whose job would be to provide illustrations of the birds for the book that would hopefully result from this expedition .
After crossing the Atlantic Ocean on the RMS L
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ore ( described as " arcane night music " in prerelease promotion ) and the Machina albums ( concept records that tell the story of a fictional rock band ) .
The Pumpkins drew inspiration from a variety of other genres , some unfashionable during the 1990s among music critics . Corgan in particular was open about his appreciation of heavy metal , citing Dimebag Darrell of Pantera as his favorite contemporary guitarist . When one interviewer commented to Corgan and Iha that " Smashing Pumpkins is one of the groups that relegitimized heavy metal " and that they " were among the first alternative rockers to mention people like Ozzy and Black Sabbath with anything other than contempt , " Corgan went on to rave about Black Sabbath 's Master of Reality and Judas Priest 's Unleashed in the East . The song " Zero , " which reminded Iha of Judas Priest , is an example of what the band dubbed " cybermetal . " Post @-@ punk and gothic rock bands like Joy Division / New Order , Bauhaus , The Cure , and Depeche Mode were formative influences on the band , which covered such artists in concert and on record . Corgan also cited Siouxsie and the Banshees saying it was important to point back to bands that influenced them . Psychedelic rock was also referenced often in the band 's early recordings ; according to Corgan , " In typical Pumpkins fashion , no one at that point really liked loud guitars or psychedelic music so , of course , that 's exactly what we had to do . " Corgan acknowledged that a chord he jokingly claimed as " the Pumpkin chord " ( a G # octave chord at the eleventh fret of a guitar with the low E string played over it ) , used as the basis for " Cherub Rock " , " Drown " , and other songs , was in fact previously used by Jimi Hendrix . Other early influences cited by Corgan include Cream , The Stooges , and Blue Cheer .
Regarding the band 's influence upon other groups , Greg Kot wrote in 2001 , " Whereas Nirvana spawned countless mini @-@ Nirvanas , the Pumpkins remain an island unto themselves . " Still , some artists and bands have been influenced by the Pumpkins , such as Nelly Furtado , Marilyn Manson , Tegan and Sara , Panic ! at the Disco , and members of My Chemical Romance . My Chemical Romance vocalist Gerard Way has said that they pattern their career upon the Pumpkins ' , including music videos . The members of fellow Chicago band Kill Hannah are friends with Corgan , and lead singer Mat Devine has compared his group to the Pumpkins .
= = Music videos = =
The Smashing Pumpkins have been praised as " responsible for some of the most striking and memorable video clips " and for having " approached videos from a completely artistic standpoint rather than mere commercials to sell albums " . MTV 's 2001 anniversary special Testimony : 20 Years of Rock on MTV credited the Pumpkins , along with Nine Inch Nails , with treating music videos as an art form during the 1990s . Corgan has said , " We generally resisted the idea of what I call the classic MTV rock video , which is like lots of people jumping around and stuff . " The band worked with video directors including Kevin Kerslake ( " Cherub Rock " ) , Samuel Bayer ( " Bullet with Butterfly Wings " ) , and , most frequently , the team of Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris ( " Rocket " , " 1979 " , " Tonight , Tonight " , " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " , and " Perfect " ) . Corgan , who was frequently heavily involved in the conception of the videos , said of Dayton and Faris , " I know my [ initial ] versions are always darker , and they 're always talking me into something a little kinder and gentler . " Videos like " Today " , " Rocket " , and " 1979 " dealt with images taken from middle American culture , albeit exaggerated . The group 's videos so often avoid the literal interpretation of the song lyrics that the video for " Thirty @
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-@ Three " , with images closely related to the words of the song , was created as an intentional stylistic departure .
The band was nominated for several MTV Video Music Awards during the 1990s . In 1996 , the group won seven VMAs total for the " 1979 " and " Tonight , Tonight " videos , including the top award , Video of the Year , for " Tonight , Tonight " . The video was also nominated for a Grammy at the 1997 ceremony . Of the " Tonight , Tonight " video , Corgan remarked , " I don 't think we 've ever had people react [ like this ] ... it just seemed to touch a nerve . "
Shortly after the band 's 2000 breakup , the Greatest Hits Video Collection was released , collecting the band 's music videos from 1991 to 2000 and including commentary from Corgan , Iha , Chamberlin , Wretzky , and various music video directors with outtakes , live performances , and the extended " Try , Try , Try " short film . The band has also released several music videos to YouTube and other online sources since reuniting .
= = Band members = =
= = = Current = = =
Billy Corgan – lead vocals , guitars , keyboards , bass guitar ( 1988 – 2000 ; 2006 – present )
Jimmy Chamberlin – drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1988 – 1996 ; 1999 – 2000 ; 2006 – 2009 ; 2015 – present )
Jeff Schroeder – guitars , keyboards , backing vocals ( 2007 – present )
= = = Current touring = = =
Katie Cole – various instruments ( 2015 ; 2016 – present )
Sierra Swan – various instruments ( 2016 – present )
= = = Former = = =
James Iha – guitars , backing vocals ( 1988 – 2000 )
D 'arcy Wretzky – bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1988 – 1999 )
Melissa Auf der Maur – bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1999 – 2000 )
Mike Byrne – drums , percussion , backing vocals , keyboards ( 2009 – 2014 )
Nicole Fiorentino – bass guitar , backing vocals , keyboards ( 2009 – 2014 )
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Gish ( 1991 )
Siamese Dream ( 1993 )
Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness ( 1995 )
Adore ( 1998 )
Machina / The Machines of God ( 2000 )
Machina II / The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music ( 2000 )
Zeitgeist ( 2007 )
Teargarden by Kaleidyscope ( 2009 – 2016 )
Oceania ( 2012 )
Monuments to an Elegy ( 2014 )
= Jamaica at the 1988 Winter Olympics =
Jamaica competed in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Canada . They competed in one sport , Bobsledding , in both the two @-@ man and four @-@ man events and finished outside the medal places in both competitions . Athletes were recruited from the Jamaica Defence Force , which saw Dudley Stokes , Devon Harris and Michael White become the first members of the team . Caswell Allen was the fourth man , but was injured prior to the start of the Olympics and was replaced by Chris Stokes , who was only in Canada to support his brother and new team @-@ mate Dudley .
The two man event took place first , with Dudley Stokes and White finishing in 30th position overall . American television stations aired footage of the four @-@ man Jamaican team , and despite crashing during the third run and finishing last overall , went on to inspire the 1993 film Cool Runnings .
= = Background = =
The Jamaica Olympic Association was formed in 1936 , but due to the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Olympics due to the Second World War , the first Games they competed in was the 1948 Summer Olympics in London . They have appeared at every Summer Games since , including at the 1960 Games in which they appeared as part of the combined team of the British West Indies . They have won medals at every Summer Games they have competed at , with the exception of the 1956 and 1964 Summer Olympics .
= = Bobsleigh = =
Businessmen George B. Fitch and William Maloney proposed the idea of a Jamaican bobsleigh team after seeing a local pushcart derby in Jamaica . The President of the Jamaica Olympic Association at the time supported the idea , and so preparations were made to hire athletes . Advertisements were placed describing " dangerous and rigorous " trials which would form the basis of the country 's first bobsleigh team . However , recruitment proved to be problematic and so the Jamaica Defence Force was asked for volunteers . This resulted in the first team of Dudley Stokes , Devon Harris and Michael White . These three were selected as part of the team in October 1987 , with team @-@ mate Casewell Allen added later .
With funding provided by the Fitch and the Jamaica Tourist Board , training was conducted in Canada and Austria in preparation for the 1988 Winter Olympics . Sepp Haidacher was recruited as a coach , and the team began to be featured in North American media with a comical angle . An agreement was reached with the Fédération International de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing in order to allow for entrance in both the four @-@ man and the two @-@ man events at the Games . Once in Calgary , the team conducted test runs on a frozen lake in order to get used to the conditions , but Allen fell and was injured . Chris Stokes , who was only in Canada in order to support his brother Dudley , was added to the four @-@ man team three days before the first run having never been in a bobsleigh before .
The first event which Jamaica competed in was the two @-@ man bobsleigh , where Dudley Stokes and Michael White became Jamaica 's first Winter Olympians . In their first run , they finished in 34th position , ahead of the second New Zealand team , both of the pairs from Portugal , U.S. Virgin Islands and Mexico . They improved in the second run , moving up to 22nd place , but were in 31st place on the third run and finished only one place higher in 30th place during the fourth and final run . Overall the duo finished in 30th place out of the 41 teams competing .
Following the elimination of the United States ice hockey team , American television stations needed to fill airtime and chose to focus on the Jamaican bobsleigh team in the four @-@ man event . The first run ended poorly , as when Dudley Stokes jumped into the bobsleigh , the push @-@ bar in the sleigh broke , resulting in the team coming in third from last in 24th place . On their second attempt , the team ranked second to last , due in part to White struggling to crouch down properly in his seat , remaining almost upright through the first corner .
It was the events of the third run for which the team became best known . Stokes injured his shoulder prior to the race , but decided to continue with the run . The team set the seventh fastest start for all competitors . At the turn called the " Kreisel " , Stokes lost control of the bobsleigh and it careened into the wall of the track , and flipped over on top of the four athletes . The four team members climbed out and pushed the bobsleigh to the end of the track , before they carried it off . The team did not compete in the fourth run of the event , and subsequently were listed as not finishing the event and therefore were placed in the last place overall .
= = Legacy = =
The story of the Jamaican bobsleigh team at the 1988 Winter Olympics was turned into the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . However , the film was only loosely based on actual events , with real life coach Pat Brown later saying that the team had never experienced any of the animosity from the other teams as depicted in the movie .
All of the team members returned for the
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s presidential candidate ( though his name does not appear on the published roll of convention delegates ) . His mother was of English ancestry and was a Methodist .
Kanne came from the Kohen family line , and Clark 's son has characterized Clark 's parents ' marriage , between his Methodist mother , Veneta ( née Updegraff ) , and his Jewish father , Benjamin Jacob Kanne , as " about as multicultural as you could 've gotten in 1944 " .
Clark was born Wesley Kanne in Chicago on December 23 , 1944 . His father Benjamin died on December 6 , 1948 ; his mother then moved the family to Little Rock , Arkansas . This move was made for a variety of reasons , including escaping the greater cost of living in a large city such as Chicago , the support Veneta 's family in Arkansas could provide , and her feeling of being an outsider to the remaining Kanne family as she did not share their religion . Once in Little Rock , Veneta married Viktor Clark , whom she met while working as a secretary at a bank . Viktor raised Wesley as his son , and officially adopted him on Wesley 's 16th birthday . Wesley 's name was changed to Wesley Kanne Clark . Viktor Clark 's name actually replaced that of Wesley 's biological father on his birth certificate , something Wesley would later say that he wished they had not done . Veneta raised Wesley without telling him of his Jewish ancestry to protect him from the anti @-@ Semitic activities of the Ku Klux Klan in the South . Although his mother was Methodist , Clark chose a Baptist church after moving to Little Rock and continued attending it throughout his childhood .
He graduated from Hall High School with a National Merit Scholarship . He helped take their swim team to the state championship , filling in for a sick teammate by swimming two legs of a relay . Clark has often repeated the anecdote that he decided he wanted to go to West Point after meeting a cadet with glasses who told Clark ( who wore glasses as well ) that one did not need perfect vision to attend West Point as Clark had thought . Clark applied , and he was accepted on April 24 , 1962 .
= = Military career = =
Clark 's military career began July 2 , 1962 , when he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York . He later said that Douglas MacArthur 's famous " Duty , honor , country " speech was an important influence on his view of the military . The speech was given to the class of 1962 several months before Clark entered West Point , but a recording was played for his class when they first arrived .
Clark sat in the front in many of his classes , a position held by the highest performer in class . Clark participated heavily in debate , was consistently within the top 5 % of his class as a whole ( earning him a " Distinguished Cadet " patch on his uniform ) and graduated as valedictorian of West Point . The valedictorian is first to choose which career field of the Army to serve in , and Clark selected armor . He met Gertrude Kingston , whom he later married , at a USO dance for midshipmen and West Point cadets .
Clark eventually applied for a Rhodes Scholarship and learned in December of his senior year at West Point that he had been accepted .
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ch and Karl Weinbacher of Tesch & Stabenow were tried in a British military court and executed for knowingly providing Zyklon B to the SS for use on humans . Gerhard Peters , who served as principal operating officer of Degesch and Heli and also held posts in the Nazi government , served two years eight months in prison as an accessory before being released due to amendments to the penal code .
Use of hydrogen cyanide as a pesticide or cleaner has been banned or restricted in some countries . Most hydrogen cyanide is used in industrial processes , made by companies in Germany , Japan , the Netherlands and the US . Degesch resumed production of Zyklon B after the war . The product was sold as Cyanosil in Germany and Zyklon in other countries . It was still produced as of 2000 . Degussa sold Degesch to Detia @-@ Freyberg GmbH in 1986 . The company is now called Detia @-@ Degesch . A fumigation product similar to Zyklon B is also in production by Lučební závody Draslovka of the Czech Republic , under the trade name Uragan D2 . Uragan means " hurricane " or " cyclone " in Czech .
Subsequent use of the word " Zyklon " in trade names has prompted angry reactions in English @-@ speaking countries . The name " Zyklon " on portable roller coasters made since 1965 by Pinfari provoked protests among Jewish groups in the U.S. in 1993 , 1999 , and 2011 . In 2002 , British sportswear and football equipment supplier Umbro issued an apology and stopped using the name " Zyklon " , which had appeared since 1999 on the box for one of its trainers , after receiving complaints from the Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre . Also in 2002 , Siemens withdrew its application for an American trademark of the word " Zyklon " , which their subsidiary BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte had proposed to use for a new line of home appliances in the United States . ( The firm was already using the name in Germany for one of their vacuum cleaners . ) Protests were lodged by the Simon Wiesenthal Center after the trademark application was reported to BBC News Online by one of their readers . French company IPC 's product names used " Cyclone " for degreasers and suffix " B " for biodegradable : " Cyclone B " was renamed " Cyclone Cap Vert " ( " green cap " ) in 2013 after protests from Jewish groups . A rabbi said the name was " horrible ignorance at best , and a Guinness record in evil and cynicism if the company did know the history of the name of its product . "
Holocaust deniers claim that Zyklon B gas was not used in the gas chambers , relying for evidence on the research of Fred A. Leuchter , who found low levels of Prussian blue in samples of the gas chamber walls and ceilings . Leuchter attributed its presence to general delousing of the buildings . Leuchter 's negative control , a sample of gasket material taken from a different camp building , had no cyanide residue . In 1999 , James Roth , the chemist who had analyzed Leuchter 's samples , stated that the test was flawed because the material that was sent for testing included large chunks , and the chemical would only be within 10 microns of the surface . The surface that had been exposed to the chemical was not identified , and the large size of the specimens meant that any chemical present was diluted by an undeterminable amount . In 1994 , the Institute for Forensic Research in Kraków re @-@ examined Leuchter 's claim , stating that formation of Prussian blue by exposure of bricks to cyanide is not a highly probable reaction . Using microdiffusion techniques , they tested 22 samples from the gas chambers and delousing chambers ( as positive controls ) and living quarters ( as negative controls ) . They found cyanide residue in both the delousing chambers and the gas chambers but none in the living quarters .
= = = Explanatory notes = = =
= A.I. Artificial Intelligence =
A.I. Artificial Intelligence , also known as A.I. , is a 2001 American science fiction drama film directed by Steven Spielberg . The screenplay by Spielberg was based on a screen story by Ian Watson and the 1969 short story Super @-@ Toys Last All
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Trijata serves .
In the Ramayana , Trijata appears as a wise old rakshasi , who dreams of Ravana 's destruction and Rama 's victory . She accompanies Sita on a survey of the battlefield of the war between Rama and Ravana , and reassures Sita of Rama 's well @-@ being when Sita sees her husband unconscious and presumes him dead . In later Ramayana adaptations , Trijata becomes the daughter of Vibhishana , the brother of Ravana who sides with Rama . She plays a much greater role in later versions , especially Southeast Asian ones .
Barring a few exceptions where Trijata is cast as Ravana 's agent , she is generally portrayed as a friend and loyal companion of Sita in her adversity . On numerous occasions , she offers solace to Sita and brings news from the outside world ; she also dissuades Sita from committing suicide . After Rama 's victory and Ravana 's death , Trijata is richly rewarded by Sita and Rama . While some Ramayana adaptations mention her being a devotee of Rama , Southeast Asian versions often depict her as the wife of Rama 's monkey general Hanuman , whom she bears a son . She is worshipped as a local goddess in Varanasi and Ujjain ; both in India .
= = Names = =
While Indian , Javanese and Balinese versions of the Ramayana call her Trijata , she is known as Punukay in the Laotian Phra Lak Phra Lam , Benyaki in the Thai Ramakien and Devi Seri Jali in the Malay Hikayat Seri Rama .
= = The Ramayana = =
In the original Ramayana by Valmiki , Trijata is described as an aged rakshasi ( demoness ) who is prominently featured in two incidents . The first takes place in the Sundara Kanda , the epic 's fifth book . The kidnapped princess Sita is imprisoned in the Ashoka Vatika of Lanka . The demon @-@ king of Lanka , Ravana has ordered the raskshasis who guard Sita to convince her to marry him by any means possible , since Sita adamantly refuses and is still faithful to her husband Rama . After Ravana leaves , the rakshasis start to harass Sita to compel her to change her will . The aged Trijata intervenes and narrates a prophetic dream that predicts Ravana 's doom and Rama 's victory .
In her dream , Trijata sees Rama and his brother Lakshmana riding the celestial elephant Airavata toward Sita . Rama takes Sita in his lap and rises high in the sky , allowing Sita to touch the Sun and the Moon . Then the trio ride to Lanka and get into the Pushpaka Vimana ( aerial chariot of Ravana ) to fly towards the north , while Ravana , drenched in oil and with a red complexion , lies on the ground . Ravana then heads south on a donkey and falls in a pit of dung . A black woman in a red saree , drags him to the south . Other members of Ravana 's family , like his brother Kumbhakarna and son Indrajit , face similar fates . Ravana 's brother Vibishana is seen in regal white garments , riding a four tusked elephant near the Pushpaka Vimana . The city of Lanka drowns in the ocean and a monkey ( vanara ) messenger of Rama burns the city . Trijata advises the rakshasis to take refuge in Sita and apologize to her ; in turn , Sita promises that if Trijata 's dream materializes , she will protect her rakshasi guards .
The second incident is found in the sixth book , Yuddha Kanda . Rama and his brother Lakshmana come with a monkey army to rescue Sita from the clutches of the demon @-@ king . On the first day of war , Ravana 's son Indrajit binds the brothers with the weapon Nagapasha ( serpent @-@ noose ) and the brothers lose consciousness . Ravana sends Sita with Trijata to see the battlefield . Thinking her husband is dead , Sita laments , but is reassured by Trijata that the brothers are still alive . Trijata expresses her love for Sita and tells her that the captive 's " moral character and gentle nature " have compelled her to love her .
= = Trijata and Vibhishana = =
In the Ramayana , Sita has few other rakshasi benefactors besides Trijata . When Hanuman – the monkey @-@ general of Rama who was tasked to find Sita – meets her in Lanka , she tells him that the wife of Vibhishana ( the brother of Ravana who sides with Rama in the war ) sent her daughter Kala ( in other recensions of the Ramayana , known as Nanda or Anala ) to proclaim Ravana 's intention to not surrender Sita to Rama , despite the advice of the wise minister Avindhya and Vibhisana . Another friend , Sarama , consoles Sita when Ravana shows Sita an illusory severed head of Rama . She also informs her of Rama 's well @-@ being and his entry in Lanka with his army . In some versions of the Ramayana , an interpolated canto mentions how Sarama also tells Sita of the burning of Lanka by Hanuman after his meeting with Sita . Ravana 's wife Mandodari is described to have rescued Sita in some versions , when Ravana tries to kill Sita . In later Rama @-@ centric literature , Sarama was identified as Vibishana 's wife , while Trijata was regarded as his daughter .
The Tamil epic Kamba Ramayana , Govindaraja 's commentary on the Ramayana ( Bhushana ) , the Oriya Balaramadasa Ramayana , the Javanese Kakawin Ramayana and the Malay Seri Rama all accord the status of Vibhishana 's daughter to Trijata , a trend generally followed by post @-@ Ramayana literature . Though Govindaraja 's commentary on the Ramayana states that Trijata is Vibhishana 's daughter in the epic , Goldman considers this " strange " given her advanced age in the original epic .
A few works relate Trijata to Vibhishana in a position other than his daughter . The Ananda Ramayana and the Marathi Bhavartha Ramayana of Eknath regard Trijata as the wife and the sister of Vibhishana ( thus sister of Ravana ) respectively . The Jain version , the Vasudevahindi of Samghadasa Gani , says Trijata is a sister of Ravana , Vibhishana , Kumbhakarna , and Shurpanakha . Jayamangala 's commentary on the Bhattikavya also describes Trijata as Ravana 's sister .
= = Trijata and Sita = =
In later literature , Trijata plays the roles which were attributed to Kala , Sarama , and Mandodari in the original Ramayana . She becomes a more important character in Southeast Asian versions of the Ramayana , particularly in Indonesian retellings such as the Kakawin Ramayana .
In the Ramopakhyana ( the narrative of Rama in the epic Mahabharata ) , Sita informs Hanuman that Trijata brought her a message from Avindhya about the well @-@ being of Rama , and that he and Lakshamana will soon come to rescue her from Lanka . Trijata thus assumes the role assigned to Kala in the original Ramayana . The Raghuvamsa , the Setubandha , the Balaramadasa Ramayana , the Kakawin Ramayana and the Seri Rama all replace Sarama with Trijata in the episode where the truth of the illusory head of Rama is revealed to Sita . The Prasannaraghava has Trijata inform Sita about the burning of
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14 @-@ 044200 @-@ 6 .
( 1977 ) Historia Vitae et Regni Ricardi Secundi , ed . George B. Stow . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8122 @-@ 7718 @-@ X.
Knighton , Henry ( 1995 ) . Knighton 's Chronicle 1337 – 1396 , ed . G. H. Martin . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 820503 @-@ 1 .
Walsingham , Thomas ( 1862 – 64 ) . Historia Anglicana 2 vols . , ed . Henry Thomas Riley . London : Longman , Roberts , and Green
= StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty =
StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty is a military science fiction real @-@ time strategy video game developed and released by Blizzard Entertainment for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. A sequel to the award @-@ winning 1998 video game StarCraft and its expansion set Brood War , the game was released worldwide on July 27 , 2010 . It is split into three installments : the base game with the subtitle Wings of Liberty , an expansion pack Heart of the Swarm , and a stand @-@ alone expansion pack Legacy of the Void .
The game revolves around three species : the Terrans , human exiles from Earth ; the Zerg , a super @-@ species of assimilated life forms ; and the Protoss , a technologically advanced species with vast mental powers . Wings of Liberty focuses on the Terrans , while the expansions Heart of the Swarm and Legacy of the Void focus on the Zerg and Protoss , respectively . The game is set four years after the events of 1998 's StarCraft : Brood War , and follows the exploits of Jim Raynor as he leads an insurgent group against the autocratic Terran Dominion . The game includes both new and returning characters and locations from the original game .
The game was met with very positive reviews from critics , receiving an aggregated score of 93 % from Metacritic . Similar to its predecessor , StarCraft II was praised for its engaging gameplay , as well as its introduction of new features and improved storytelling . The game was criticized for lacking features that existed in the original StarCraft game including LAN play and the ability to switch between multiplayer regions . At the time of its release , StarCraft II became the fastest @-@ selling real @-@ time strategy game of all time , with over three million copies sold worldwide in the first month .
= = Gameplay = =
StarCraft II features the return of the three species from the original game : Protoss , Terran , and Zerg . In the Terran campaign , the original StarCraft briefing room is replaced with an interactive version of the battlecruiser Hyperion , with Jim Raynor , now a bitter and hard @-@ drinking mercenary captain , as the central character . In a departure from previous Blizzard games , the campaign is non @-@ linear , with Raynor taking jobs for money and using that money to buy additional units and upgrades . Although each play through will vary , the end result remains consistent , keeping the storyline linear . Blizzard 's Vice President Rob Pardo stressed that each campaign will function very differently . The Terran campaign , Wings of Liberty , places players in a mercenary @-@ style campaign , as Terran rebel group Raynor 's Raiders raise funds by taking assignments from outside groups . The second release , Heart of the Swarm , is Zerg @-@ focused and has role @-@ playing elements . Kerrigan is the focus of the campaign , and the story revolves around the possibility of her redemption . The Protoss @-@ themed Legacy of the Void will be the final expansion , with the Protoss Artanis attempting to reunite the Protoss tribes in order to stop Amon , a fallen Xel 'Naga .
Wings of Liberty has 29 playable campaign missions , but only 26 of them are playable in a single playthrough since three missions are choice @-@ related alternates . There is one secret mission named " Piercing the Shroud " , which can be unlocked on the " Media Blitz " mission , by destroying a Science Facility in a corner of the map . There is also a series of four missions in which the player plays as the Protoss in reliving the memory of Zeratul .
The Wings of Liberty campaign contains several missions with unique features , such as lava that floods the battlefield every five minutes , forcing the player to move their units to high ground before they 're destroyed . In another mission , enemy units will only attack the player at night , forcing the player into a form of siege warfare . Finally , in one mission , the player must use a single unit to influence the tide of an AI @-@ controlled battle . The single player missions are highly customizable and are featured in the StarCraft II Community Zone . Between missions , players can choose units , buildings , and upgrades that are not available in the multiplayer missions . A major new addition to the map @-@ making community will be the StarCraft II Marketplace , where high quality maps will be sold for a small fee as " premium maps " over Battle.net. The mode of payment has not yet been announced . Lead Designer Dustin Browder has mentioned that even maps like player @-@ created Defense of the Ancients in Warcraft III would not meet the quality requirements to
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9 , both doing so as more mature four @-@ year @-@ olds . He was rated the number one horse in the world in 2015 by the World 's Best Racehorse Rankings .
= = = = Awards = = = =
At the conclusion of the season , American Pharoah 's accomplishments were named the top sports story of the year by the Associated Press . He or his connections also swept most of the year @-@ end achievement awards of the horse racing world . At the 2015 Eclipse Awards , he was the unanimous choice for American Horse of the Year and Champion Three @-@ Year @-@ Old Male Horse . His win marked only the second time that an American Horse of the Year had been unanimously selected , the first being John Henry in 1981 . He was named the winner of the Secretariat Vox Populi Award , and his Belmont win was declared the NTRA Moment of the Year . His connections were given the Big Sport of Turfdom Award , an honor for people who " enhance coverage of Thoroughbred racing through cooperation with media and racing publicists . " In addition , Baffert won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer and Zayat Stables took home the Eclipse awards for Outstanding Owner and Outstanding Breeder . Acknowledging owner Ahmed Zayat 's record of philanthropy to Jewish causes , the Jewish Daily Forward in November 2015 named American Pharoah its " plus one " on its annual list of 50 most influential American Jews . The major award that the horse did not win was the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year . In spite of being the public 's overwhelming favorite , earning 47 % of the vote out of eleven candidates in online voting , topping the Kansas City Royals , Usain Bolt , and Novak Djokovic , the editors of the magazine gave the award to Serena Williams .
= = Retirement = =
On May 20 , 2015 , The New York Times reported that Zayat had sold breeding rights to the colt to the Ashford Stud , a division of Ireland 's Coolmore Stud , but retained control over the colt and his racing career . Before the announcement , offers for American Pharoah 's breeding rights reportedly exceeded $ 20 million . After the Belmont , Forbes magazine reported that Zayat had actually sold the breeding rights to Ashford in late 2014 , long before he began his Triple Crown run , and that Zayat retained 100 % of the racing rights . Forbes went on to estimate that if American Pharoah stood for a $ 100 @,@ 000 stud fee , he could be worth $ 50 million . More conservative estimates placed his potential stud fee at $ 75 @,@ 000 and his potential value at about $ 25 to $ 36 million . The New York Times said that breeding rights had been sold for $ 13 @.@ 8 million : $ 9 @.@ 8 million with an additional $ 4 million incentive if American Pharoah won the Belmont Stakes . Zayat retained an undisclosed percentage in the colt 's breeding career , and explained that American Pharoah would retire from racing at the end of 2015 .
American Pharoah shipped to Ashford Stud on November 2 , 2015 , where he was housed in the stall once occupied by Grand Slam and pastured each morning next to Thunder Gulch , who , at 23 years old , was chosen as a neighbor due to his calming influence on the young , energetic stallion . Ashford Stud set his initial stud fee for 2016 at $ 200 @,@ 000 , the second @-@ highest stud fee in the United States , behind that of the $ 300 @,@ 000 fee for Tapit . Sire Pioneerof the Nile 's stud fee of $ 60 @,@ 000 in 2015 was raised to $ 125 @,@ 000 for 2016 .
American Pharoah officially began breeding mares in the spring of 2016 , and was first bred to Untouched Talent , an 11 @-@ year @-@ old mare owned by Coolmore , dam of Zayat 's Bodemeister ; within the first two months of his breeding career , American Pharoah had " about " 80 mares in foal after approximately 100 breeding sessions . Notably , he has retained his kind disposition even as a breeding stallion .
= = Statistics = =
= = Pedigree = =
American Pharoah 's pedigree includes horses adept at classic race distances on his sire 's side and endowed with speed on his dam 's side . Sire Pioneerof the Nile won the Santa Anita Derby and ran second in the 2009 Kentucky Derby , with all of his wins at distances of 1 1 ⁄ 16 miles or more . Prior to American Pharoah , Pioneerof the Nile had sired five other winners of stakes races of a mile or more in his relatively new career as a stallion . Trainer Bob Baffert observed that Pioneerof the Nile also raced with " a big , long stride " and had " that same springing motion as American Pharoah , whose acceleration is pretty remarkable . " He also praised Pioneerof the Nile 's dam , Star of Goshen : " She was a freaky filly , really , really fast . " To Baffert , American Pharoah 's bloodline is a source of fascination : " Every time I work him , I go back and look at the pedigree , and I go , What is going on here ? "
Pioneerof the Nile 's sire is Empire Maker , who won the 2003 Belmont Stakes . This makes American Pharoah a great @-@ grandson of Unbridled , who won the 1990 Kentucky Derby and the Breeders ' Cup Classic . He carries lines to Grade I champions Toussaud and Fappiano , and to the top @-@ rated European two- and three @-@ year @-@ old colt of 1983 and 1984 , El Gran Senor . He is also descended from Northern Dancer , Buckpasser , and Mr. Prospector — whose descendants have won 43 Triple Crown races , all via Empire Maker . Ultimately , via Unbridled and his ancestors , American Pharoah 's sire line traces to the Darley Arabian .
Although Littleprincessemma , American Pharoah 's dam , is the half @-@ sister to graded stakes winner Storm Wolf , and to Misty Rosette , winner of the Old Hat Stakes in 2006 , her own undistinguished racing career , combined with the modest record of her sire , Yankee Gentleman , dampened initial public expectations for her second @-@ born foal . Yet American Pharoah 's maternal bloodline includes Storm Cat , a Grade I winner retired early due to injury , Northern Dancer , a Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner , and Terlingua , a celebrated broodmare , through whom he is a fifth @-@ generation descendant of Secretariat . He is also descended through his dam from Flying Paster , a Grade I champion who was 1978 California Horse of the Year , and Exclusive Native ( sire of Affirmed and Genuine Risk ) . Through both sire and dam , American Pharoah is a fifth- and sixth @-@ generation descendant of Bold Ruler , as well as a sixth- and seventh @-@ generation descendant of Tom Fool , one of the top thoroughbreds of the last century . His tail @-@ female line traces back to The Oldfield Mare , foaled circa 1695 .
Figuring prominently and repeatedly in American Pharoah 's deep lineage is an earlier generation of champions , including Nasrullah , Native Dancer , Nearco , Princequillo , War Admiral and Man o ' War .
= Branded to Kill =
Branded to Kill ( 殺しの烙印 , Koroshi no rakuin ) is a 1967 Japanese yakuza film directed by Seijun Suzuki and starring Joe Shishido , Koji Nanbara and Annu Mari . It was a low budget , production line number for the Nikkatsu Company , originally released in a double bill with Shōgorō Nishimura 's Burning Nature . The story follows Goro Hanada in his
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1500 soldiers in first @-@ line units . The situation for the Polish Army was so dire that some of the soldiers sent as reinforcements had reportedly " never seen a rifle in their lives " . In addition , most units to make a stand at Radzymin were exhausted after surviving a 600 @-@ kilometre ( 370 mi ) retreat from Belarus . However , the Polish side had superior intelligence and aerial superiority .
The two Russian divisions assaulting Radzymin were battle @-@ hardened Siberian divisions led by experienced front @-@ line commanders . Both divisions were as exhausted as their opponents , whom they had chased all the way from Belarus . However , prior to the battle both divisions received reinforcements from other units , instead of fresh recruits , and were much superior in manpower to other Russian units on the Polish front . Later , in his monograph on the war , Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski remarked that the commanding officer of the 27th Rifle Division had achieved what was unheard of in the Polish Army despite numerous attempts : putting rear echelons and stragglers of his division into front @-@ line service . This was indeed a problem for both armies , as the number of " bayonets and sabres " , or soldiers fighting in the first line , was at all times smaller than the number of second echelon troops . On August 15 Polish intelligence reported the strength of the Russian forces as " three to four standard Russian divisions " . Even post @-@ war memoirs by General Żeligowski mention " [ t ] hree Russian infantry divisions , that is 27 battalions , though admittedly understrength , against one of our own " , though in fact the Russian forces only had two divisions .
= = Battle = =
= = = August 13 = = =
Both Polish and Russian planners expected an attack on Warsaw — and Radzymin in particular — from the east . Yet the first fights started to the north @-@ east of the Polish capital . Warsaw was to be assaulted from the east by the 16th Red Army . At the same time the 14th Red Army ( under Ieronim Uborevich ) captured Wyszków and started a fast march westwards , towards Toruń . It was then to cross the lower Vistula and assault Warsaw from the north @-@ west . However , its 21st Rifle Division remained on the south side of the Bug River and headed for Warsaw directly , under orders from Russia 's Commissar of War Leon Trotsky . Aided by the Russian 27th Rifle Division , it came into contact with the Polish forces at Radzymin on August 12
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and succession = = =
= Battle of Cape Esperance =
The Battle of Cape Esperance , also known as the Second Battle of Savo Island and , in Japanese sources , as the Sea Battle of Savo Island ( サボ島沖海戦 ) , took place on 11 – 12 October 1942 in the Pacific campaign of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and United States Navy . The naval battle was the second of four major surface engagements during the Guadalcanal campaign and took place at the entrance to the strait between Savo Island and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands . Cape Esperance ( 9 ° 15 ′ S 159 ° 42 ′ E ) is the northernmost point on Guadalcanal , and the battle took its name from this point .
On the night of 11 October , Japanese naval forces in the Solomon Islands area — under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa — sent a major supply and reinforcement convoy to their forces on Guadalcanal . The convoy consisted of two seaplane tenders and six destroyers and was commanded by Rear Admiral Takatsugu Jojima . At the same time , but in a separate operation , three heavy cruisers and two destroyers — under the command of Rear Admiral Aritomo Gotō — were to bombard the Allied airfield on Guadalcanal ( called Henderson Field by the Allies ) with the object of destroying Allied aircraft and the airfield 's facilities .
Shortly before midnight on 11 October , a U.S force of four cruisers and five destroyers — under the command of Rear Admiral Norman Scott — intercepted Gotō 's force as it approached Savo Island near Guadalcanal . Taking the Japanese by surprise , Scott 's warships sank one of Gotō 's cruisers and one of his destroyers , heavily damaged another cruiser , mortally wounded Gotō , and forced the rest of Gotō 's warships to abandon the bombardment mission and retreat . During the exchange of gunfire , one of Scott 's destroyers was sunk and one cruiser and another destroyer were heavily damaged . In the meantime , the Japanese supply convoy successfully completed unloading at Guadalcanal and began its return journey without being discovered by Scott 's force . Later on the morning of 12 October , four Japanese destroyers from the supply convoy turned back to assist Gotō 's retreating , damaged warships . Air attacks by U.S. aircraft from Henderson Field sank two of these destroyers later that day .
As with the preceding naval engagements around Guadalcanal , the strategic outcome was inconsequential because neither the Japanese nor United States navies secured operational control of the waters around Guadalcanal as a result of this action . However , the Battle of Cape Esperance provided a significant morale boost to the US Navy after the disaster of Savo Island .
= = Background = =
On 7 August 1942 , Allied forces ( primarily U.S. ) landed on Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands . The objective was to deny the islands to the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia , and secure starting points for a campaign to isolate the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign . The Guadalcanal campaign would last six months .
Taking the Japanese by surprise , by nightfall on 8 August , the Allied forces , mainly consisting of U.S. Marines , had secured Tulagi and nearby small islands , as well as an airfield under construction at Lunga Point on Guadalcanal ( later completed and named Henderson Field ) . Allied aircraft operating out of Henderson became known as the " Cactus Air Force " ( CAF ) after the Allied codename for Guadalcanal .
In response , the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army 's 17th Army — a corps @-@ sized formation headquartered at Rabaul under Lieutenant @-@ General Harukichi Hyakutake — with the task of retaking Guadalcanal . On 19 August , various units of the 17th Army began to arrive on the island .
Due to the threat of Allied aircraft , the Japanese were unable to use large , slow transport ships to deliver their troops and supplies to the island , and warships were used instead . These ships — mainly light cruisers or destroyers — were usually able to make the round trip down " The Slot " to Guadalcanal and back in a single night , thereby minimizing their exposure to air attacks . Delivering troops in this manner , however , prevented most of the heavy equipment and supplies , such as heavy artillery , vehicles , and much food and ammunition , from being delivered . In addition , they expended destroyers that were desperately needed for commerce defense . These high @-@ speed runs occurred throughout the campaign and were later called the " Tokyo Express " by the Allies and " Rat Transportation " by the Japanese .
Due to the heavier concentration of Japanese surface combat vessels and their well positioned logistical base at Simpson Harbor , Rabaul , and their victory at the Battle of Savo Island in early August , the Japanese had established operational control over the waters around Guadalcanal at night . However , any Japanese ship remaining within range of American aircraft at Henderson field , during the daylight hours — about 200 mi ( 170 nmi ; 320 km ) — was in danger of damaging air attack . This persisted for the months of August and September 1942 . The presence of Admiral Scott 's task force at Cape Esper
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Duke of Teck , a descendant of the German Royal House of Württemberg . During the war H. G. Wells wrote about Britain 's " alien and uninspiring court " , and George famously replied : " I may be uninspiring , but I 'll be damned if I 'm alien . "
On 17 July 1917 , to appease British nationalist feelings , King George issued an Order in Council that changed the name of the British Royal Family to the House of Windsor . He specifically adopted Windsor as the surname for all descendants of Queen Victoria then living in the United Kingdom , excluding women who married into other families and their descendants . He and his relatives who were British subjects relinquished the use of all German titles and styles , and adopted English surnames . George compensated several of his male relatives by creating them British peers . Thus , his cousin , Prince Louis of Battenberg , became Louis Mountbatten , 1st Marquess of Milford Haven , while his brother @-@ in @-@ law , the Duke of Teck , became Adolphus Cambridge , 1st Marquess of Cambridge . Others , such as Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig @-@ Holstein and Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig @-@ Holstein , simply stopped using their territorial designations . The system for titling members of the royal family was also simplified . Relatives of the British royal family who fought on the German side were simply cut off ; their British peerages were suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 .
Developments in Russia posed another set of issues for the monarchy . Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was King George 's first cousin and the two monarchs looked very much alike . When Nicholas was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the British Government was prepared to offer asylum to the Tsar and his family . However , worsening conditions for the British people , and fears that revolution might come to the British Isles , led George V to think that the presence of the Romanovs in the United Kingdom might seem inappropriate to the public . Records of the King 's private secretary , Lord Stamfordham , suggest that George V opposed the granting of asylum for the Romanovs , against the advice of Lloyd George .
The Prince of Wales – the future Edward VIII – was keen to participate in the war but the government refused to allow it , citing the immense harm that would occur if the heir to the throne were captured . Despite this , Edward witnessed trench warfare at first hand and attempted to visit the front line as often as he could , for which he was awarded the Military Cross in 1916 . His role in the war , although limited , led to his great popularity among veterans of the conflict .
Other members of the royal family were similarly involved . The Prince Albert , Duke of York ( later George VI ) , was commissioned in the Royal Navy and saw action as a turret officer aboard HMS Collingwood against at the battle of Jutland but saw no further action in the war , largely because of ill health . Princess Mary , the King 's only daughter , visited hospitals and welfare organisations with her mother , assisting with projects to give comfort to British servicemen and assistance to their families . One of these projects was Princess Mary 's Christmas Gift Fund , through which £ 162 @,@ 000 worth of gifts was sent to all British soldiers and sailors for Christmas 1914 . She took an active role in promoting the Girl Guide movement , the Voluntary Aid Detachment ( VAD ) , the Land Girls and in 1918 , she took a nursing course and went to work at Great Ormond Street Hospital .
= = Defence of the Realm Act = =
The first Defence of the Realm Act ( DORA ) was passed on 8 August 1914 , during the early weeks of the war , though in the next few months its provisions were extended . It gave the government wide @-@ ranging powers , such as the ability to requisition buildings or land needed for the war effort . Some of the things the British public were prohibited from doing included loitering under railway bridges , feeding wild animals and discussing naval and military matters . British Summer Time was also introduced . Alcoholic beverages were now to be watered down , pub closing times were brought forward from 12 @.@ 30 am to 10 pm , and , from August 1916 , Londoners were no longer able to whistle for a cab between 10 pm and 7 am . It has been criticised for both its strength and its use of the death penalty as a deterrent – although the act itself did not refer to the death penalty , it made provision for civilians breaking these rules to be tried in army courts martial , where the maximum penalty was death .
= = His Majesty 's forces = =
= = = Army = = =
The British Army during World War I was small in size when compared to the other major European powers . In 1914 , the British had a small , largely urban English , volunteer force of 400 @,@ 000 soldiers , almost half of whom were posted overseas to garrison the British Empire . ( In August 1914 , 74 of the 157 infantry battalions and 12 of the 31 cavalry regiments were posted overseas . ) This total included the Regular Army and reservists in the Territorial Force . Together they formed the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , for service in France and became known as the Old Contemptibles . The mass of volunteers in 1914 – 1915 , popularly known as Kitchener 's Army , was destined to go into action at the battle of the Somme . In January 1916 , conscription was introduced , and by the end of 1918 , the army had reached its peak of strength of four million men .
= = = Royal Navy = = =
The Royal Navy at the start of the war was the largest navy in the world due , in the most part , to The Naval Defence Act 1889 and the two @-@ power standard which called for the navy to maintain a number of battleships such as their strength was at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies in the world , which at that point were France and Russia .
The major part of the Royal Navy 's strength was deployed at home in the Grand Fleet , with the primary aim of drawing
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was getting to the point where I wasn 't enjoying either thing enough because both were very high pressure . "
= = Acting career = =
= = = 1991 – 1997 : Early acting roles = = =
Beckinsale decided at a young age that she wanted to be an actress : " I grew up immersed in film . My family were in the business . I quickly realised that my parents seemed to have much more fun in their work than any of my friends ’ parents . " She was inspired by the performances of Jeanne Moreau . She made her television debut in 1991 with a small part in an ITV adaptation of P. D. James ’ Devices and Desires . Also that year , she appeared as a young woman engaging in a forbidden affair with a Nazi officer in the Hallmark film One Against the Wind . In 1992 she starred alongside Christopher Eccleston in Rachel ’ s Dream , a 30 ‑ minute Channel 4 short , and in 1993 , she appeared in the pilot of the ITV detective series , Anna Lee , starring Imogen Stubbs . In 1993 , Beckinsale landed the role of Hero in Kenneth Branagh 's big @-@ screen adaptation of Much Ado About Nothing . It was filmed in Tuscany , Italy , during a summer holiday from Oxford University . She attended the film 's Cannes Film Festival premiere and later remembered it as an overwhelming experience . " Nobody even told me I could bring a friend ! " " I had Doc Martens boots on , and I think I put the flower from the breakfast tray in my hair . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone was won over by her " lovely " performance while Vincent Canby of the New York Times noted that she and Robert Sean Leonard " look right and behave with a certain naive sincerity , although they often seem numb with surprise at hearing the complex locutions they speak . " The film earned over $ 22 million at the box office . She made three other films while at university . In 1994 , she appeared as Christian Bale 's love interest in Prince of Jutland , a film based on the Danish legend which inspired Shakespeare 's Hamlet , and starred in the murder mystery Uncovered . In 1995 , while studying in Paris , she filmed the French language Marie @-@ Louise Ou La Permission .
Shortly after leaving Oxford University in 1995 , Beckinsale starred in Cold Comfort Farm as Flora Poste , a newly orphaned 1930s socialite sent to live with distant family members in rural England . The John Schlesinger @-@ directed film was an adaptation of Stella Gibbons 's novel and also featured Joanna Lumley , Eileen Atkins , Ian McKellen , Rufus Sewell and Stephen Fry . Beckinsale was initially considered too young , but was cast after she wrote a pleading letter to the director . Emanuel Levy of Variety was reminded of " the strength of a young Glenda Jackson and the charm of a young Julie Christie . " Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times classed the actress as " yet another of those effortlessly skilled British beauties who light up the screen . " Janet Maslin of the New
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6 during the Battle of Jutland , the largest naval battle of the war . Escorting the main body of the Grand Fleet , the ship was fired upon by one German battlecruiser and four dreadnoughts as she attempted to engage a disabled German light cruiser . She was struck by two salvoes from the German ships that detonated her rear magazine . The fire from that explosion spread to the ship 's secondary magazines , which exploded in turn . There were no survivors .
= = Description = =
Defence displaced 14 @,@ 600 long tons ( 14 @,@ 800 t ) as built and 16 @,@ 630 long tons ( 16 @,@ 900 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 519 feet ( 158 @.@ 2 m ) , a beam of 74 feet 6 inches ( 22 @.@ 7 m ) and a mean draught of 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) . She was powered by a pair of four @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one shaft , which developed a total of 27 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 20 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 23 knots ( 43 km / h ; 26 mph ) . The engines were powered by 24 Yarrow water @-@ tube boilers . The ship carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 060 long tons ( 2 @,@ 090 t ) of coal and an additional 750 long tons ( 760 t ) of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full capacity , she could steam for 8 @,@ 150 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 090 km ; 9 @,@ 380 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Defence was designed to carry 779 officers and men .
The ship 's main armament consisted of four BL 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch Mark X guns in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one each fore and aft . Her secondary armament of ten BL 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Mark II guns were mounted amidships in single turrets . Anti @-@ torpedo boat defence was provided by sixteen QF 12 @-@ pounder ( three @-@ inch ) 18 @-@ cwt guns . Defence also mounted five submerged 17 @.@ 7 @-@ inch torpedo tubes , one of which was mounted in the stern .
The waterline belt consisted of 6 inches ( 152 mm ) of Krupp cemented armour roughly between the fore and aft 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch gun turrets , but was reduced in steps to three inches to the ends of the ship . The gun turrets and barbettes were protected by 6 – 8 in ( 152 – 203 mm ) of armour . The thickness of the lower deck was 1 @.@ 5 – 2 inches ( 38 – 51 mm ) . The armour of the conning tower was 10 inches ( 254 mm ) thick .
= = Construction and career = =
Defence was ordered as part of the 1904 – 05 naval construction programme as the last of three Minotaur @-@ class armoured cruisers . She was laid down on 22 February 1905 at the Royal Dockyard in Pembroke Dock , Wales . She was christened on 27 April 1907 by Lady Cawdor and commissioned on 3 February 1909 at the cost of £ 1 @,@ 362 @,@ 970 . The ship was briefly assigned to the 5th Cruiser Squadron of the Home Fleet until she was transferred to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron when the Home Fleet reorganised on 23 March 1909 . Three months later Defence was reassigned to the 1st Cruiser Squadron . She escorted the ocean liner RMS Medina in 1911 – 1912 while the latter ship served as the royal yacht for the newly crowned King George V 's trip to India to attend the Delhi Durbar . After the ship returned to Plymouth in early 1912 , Defence was transferred to the China Station , where she remained until December when she was ordered to rejoin the 1st Cruiser Squadron in the Mediterranean as flagship .
At the start of the First World War , she was involved in the pursuit of the German warships Goeben and Breslau , but Rear @-@ Admiral Ernest Troubridge decided not to engage Goeben due to the latter 's more powerful guns , heavier armour and faster speed . She then blockaded the German ships inside the Dardanelles until the ship was ordered on 10 September to the South Atlantic to take part in the hunt for Admiral Graf von Spee 's East Asia Squadron . The order was cancelled on 14 September when it became clear that the German squadron was still in the Eastern Pacific and Defence returned to the Dardanelles . The Admiralty again ordered the ship to the South Atlantic in October to join Rear @-@ Admiral Christopher Cradock 's squadron searching for the German ships . Defence , however , had only reached Montevideo , Uruguay by 3 November 1914 when she received word that most of Admiral Cradock 's squadron had been destroyed two days previously at the Battle of Coronel . The ship rendezvoused with the battlecruisers HMS Inflexible and HMS Invincible later that month and transferred her long @-@ range radio equipment to Invincible before sailing to South Africa to escort a troop convoy to Great Britain . Defence departed Table Bay , Cape Town on 8 December and rejoined the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Grand Fleet as its flagship upon her arrival .
Defence received a QF 12 @-@ pounder ( 3 @-@ inch ) 12 cwt anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) gun and a QF 3 @-@ pounder ( 47 mm ) AA gun in 1915 – 16 . The 12 @-@ pounder gun was mounted on the aft superstructure and the 3 @-@ pounder on the quarterdeck at the extreme rear .
During the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916 , she was the flagship of Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Robert Arbuthnot , leading the First Cruiser Squadron . The squadron formed the starboard flank of the cruiser screen , ahead of the main body of the Grand Fleet . Defence was just to the right of the centre of the line . At 5 : 47 p.m. , Defence , and HMS Warrior , the leading two ships of the squadron , spotted the German II Scouting Group and opened fire . Their shells fell short and the two ships turned to port in pursuit , cutting in front of the battlecruiser HMS Lion , which was forced to turn away to avoid a collision . Shortly afterwards , they spotted the disabled German light cruiser SMS Wiesbaden and closed to engage . When the two ships reached a range of 5 @,@ 500 yards ( 5 @,@ 000 m ) from Wiesbaden they were spotted in turn at 6 : 05 by the German battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger and four battleships who were less than 8 @,@ 000 yards ( 7 @,@ 300 m ) away . The fire from the German ships was heavy and Defence was hit by two salvoes from the German ships that caused the aft 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch magazine to explode . The resulting fire spread via the ammunition passages to the adjacent 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch magazines which detonated in turn . The ship exploded at 6 : 20 with the loss of all men on board ; between 893 and 903 men were killed .
= = Defence today = =
At the time , it was believed that Defence had been reduced to fragments by the explosion , but the wreck was discovered in mid @-@ 1984 by Clive Cussler and a NUMA survey of the North Sea and English Channel at coordinates 56 ° 58 ′ 02 ″ N 05 ° 49 ′ 50 ″ E. It was dived upon in 2001 by a team led by nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney and found to be largely intact , despite the violence of her sinking . Defence , along with the other Jutland wrecks , was belatedly declared a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 , to discourage further damage to the resting place of approximately 900 men .
= Maya (
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of Love " on her first solo tour Dangerously in Love Tour ( 2003 ) at the Wembley Arena in London , England . Knowles performed the song in a yellow summer @-@ dress that was bedazzled in rhinestones across the upper breast area and around the bottom of the dress . The song , alongside its live version , was included on a live DVD / CD titled Live at Wembley . " Summertime " serves as the twelfth track of the live DVD . A performance of the remix of the song was included on the Jay @-@ Z documentary Fade to Black ( 2004 ) , which features Knowles performing with Ghostface Killah .
= = Track listing and formats = =
US 12 " vinyl single
" Summertime " ( Album Version featuring P. Diddy ) – 3 : 53
" Summertime " ( Album Version Instrumental ) – 3 : 34
" Summertime " ( A Capella featuring P.Diddy ) – 2 : 59
" Summertime " ( Remix featuring Ghostface Killah ) – 4 : 04
" Summertime " ( Remix Instrumental ) – 3 : 34
" Summertime " ( A Capella featuring Ghostface Killah ) – 3 : 08
= = Charts = =
= Percy Henn =
Reverend Canon Percy Umfreville Henn ( 21 January 1865 in Manchester , England – 25 February 1955 in Perth , Western Australia ) was a clergyman and teacher in England and later Western Australia . He is best known for his time as Headmaster at Guildford Grammar School and later for the building of the Chapel of SS . Mary and George .
Henn gained his BA in 1887 and MA in 1890 from Worcester College at Oxford University . He taught at various schools until 1900 , when he became a missionary in Western Australia in country towns . In Western Australia Henn married Jean Elliott and had four children . After further religious work in regional WA , he moved to Guildford , Western Australia and became a leading force behind Guildford Grammar School 's Guildford Grammar School Chapel and preparatory school . He died in 1955 at age 90 .
= = Early years = =
Henn was the tenth child of Rev. John Henn and his wife Catherine , née Holcroft . Born in Manchester , England in 1865 , he was educated at Christ 's Hospital , London as a Bluecoat Boy and then at Worcester College , Oxford on a scholarship . Henn considered taking holy orders after gaining two qualifications : a BA ( 1887 ) and a MA ( 1890 ) .
= = Early career = =
Henn decided , before taking on a spiritual career , that he would become a teacher . He began his career as an assistant master at Hurstpierpoint College , West Sussex ( one of the Woodard Schools , a series of eleven schools founded by Nathaniel Woodard ) . There , he became interested in education through religion , and became an ordained priest in 1891 . He then became Chaplain at Hurstpierpoint in 1892 . Henn became recognised as a teacher when he became a founding headmaster at Worksop College in Nottinghamshire ; however he resigned in 1899 amidst differences with a new superior who disagreed with Henn 's philosophy of a school grounds with beautiful buildings dominated by a chapel .
= = Looking abroad = =
In January 1900 , Henn arrived as a missionary in Perth , Western Australia . After a short spell in Kalgoorlie , he moved to Geraldton as rector ( parish priest ) . On 3 April 1902 , in Geraldton , Henn married Jean Elliott and they eventually had four children together . Henn became a rector in Northam for three years ( 1902 – 1905 ) , signifying the end of his missionary term . He returned to England and became organising secretary in the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in the dioceses of Canterbury and Rochester .
= = Return to Western Australia = =
= = = A Chapel for Guildford = = =
In 1910 , Henn returned to Perth to take up the position of Headmaster of Guildford Grammar School . His task was to oversee the first attempt by the Church of England at secondary education since 1873 . His first thought for the new school was the provision of a chapel . To him , a Church school without a chapel was " like the play of Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark . " Henn immediately sent out a circular entitled " A Church of England Secondary School for Western Australia . " This circular fell into the hands of one Cecil H. Oliverson , whom Henn eventually persuaded to pay the full cost of the Chapel , the Chapel of SS . Mary and George .
= = = Relations with Christ Church Grammar School = = =
In 1918 , Guildford Grammar School and Christ Church Grammar School were placed under the same ruling council . Henn became a member immediately ; however , Christ Church did not gain representation until 1920 . In 1918 , Henn suggested that Christ Church Grammar School 's oval be widened and made a first @-@ class playing field .
= = = Guildford Preparatory School = = =
In 1912 , a Cecil Priestley was temporarily employed by Henn as a member of the Guildford Grammar School staff . It seems today that he conceived the idea of a Guildford Preparatory School . Henn was enthusiastic about this , however the Guildford Preparatory School did not integrate with the main Guildford Grammar School until 1921 , when it became Guildford Grammar Preparatory School , and Priestley resigned from his position as the Head of the Prep School around this time .
Henn became canon of St George 's Cathedral , Perth in 1921 . He has a Guildford Grammar School house named after him , Henn 's House , founded 1927 .
= = 1925 – death = =
Henn left his job as Headmaster at Guildford Grammar School in 1925 and returned to England . However , he could not be kept away from Western Australia and returned again to become founding warden of St. Georges College , within the University of Western Australia . Henn retired permanently to Perth in 1933 and died in 1955 , age 90 . Henn 's ashes reside in the Guildford Grammar School Chapel , with a stone slab to commemorate this situated on the north side of the sanctuary .
= New Jersey Route 81 =
Route 81 is a state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey . The route is a freeway connector between exit 13A of the New Jersey Turnpike ( Interstate 95 ) and U.S. Route 1 / 9 near Newark Liberty International Airport . It runs for 1 @.@ 18 miles ( 1 @.@ 90 km ) , entirely within the city of Elizabeth in Union County . A freeway called Route S100 was initially proposed on the current alignment of Route 81 in 1938 ; it , along with its parent Route 1
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th Cavalry Division ) .
On the morning after the charge outside Afule [ 21 September ] , having settled down to a Boche cigar and a bottle of ditto hock , I would not have changed places with President Wilson himself !
= = = Capture of Beisan = = =
The 5th Cavalry Division remained to garrison Afulah , where they were rejoined later that day by the 15th Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade and their divisional artillery , which had been left the night before to move through the Abu Shusheh pass during daylight .
Barrow ordered the 4th Cavalry Division , less the 19th Lancers ( Fane 's Horse ) , 12th Cavalry Brigade , to advance to Beisan ; leaving Afulah at 13 : 00 on 20 September , led by the 10th Cavalry Brigade . They advanced quickly along the main road protected by flank guards ; the 36th Jacob 's Horse , 11th Cavalry Brigade , capturing some German soldiers along the way . About 100 enemy soldiers retreating from the direction of Mount Ephraim were captured during this advance , and while moving down the railway through Shatta into Beisan another 100 or more soldiers with three 150 @-@ mm howitzers facing eastwards were captured . A line of piquets was established from Afulah to Beisan and another 700 prisoners were captured during the night .
Beisan was captured without a fight between 16 : 30 and 18 : 00 on 20 September . Here the 4th Cavalry Division rested , having covered 70 miles ( 110 km ) , the first 20 miles ( 32 km ) over sandy soil , and fought two actions all in 34 hours with the loss of only 26 horses . This was the first opportunity for the division to take saddles off the horses since the cavalry advance began .
At Beisan , the 4th Cavalry Division was well in advance of their rations transport , which did not catch up until the next day , when lorries delivered rations . Until then , the division had the remains of their two days ' special emergency ration , which had been carried in sandbags on their saddles . Ration transport had been 50 miles ( 80 km ) behind the division ; ' A ' , ' B ' Echelons , the Divisional Transport Train , and Ammunition Column bivouacking for the night at Shellalif on 19 September . The special camel convoy had been unable to keep up , and its provisions were distributed elsewhere . By the evening of 20 September rations had also been delivered to the 5th Cavalry Division at Aujah by motor lorry via the Musmus Pass , while ' A ' Echelon and the Divisional Transport Train were bivouacked at Qaqun .
The 10th Cavalry Brigade had had only two full night 's rest since leaving the Jordan Valley on 11 September , nine nights before and about 150 miles ( 240 km ) away . " They had had no rest during the last three nights . " The brigade had participated in long advances as part of divisional formations , during which such things as watering and off @-@ saddling were complicated by the large numbers involved . Despite this , the brigade only lost 15 horses ; 36th Jacob 's Horse lost four , and the 19th Lancers , one .
By the evening of 20 September , Chauvel 's communications with his cavalry divisions , were limited to wireless and aircraft . The last aerial reconnaissance on 20 September reported three large fires burning at Nablus railway station , fires burning at the Balata dumps , and the whole Ottoman front line from El Lubban to the Jordan alarmed . They also reported a brigade of British cavalry entering Beisan .
= = = Capture of the Jisr el Mejamie bridge = = =
The 19th Lancers ( 12th Cavalry Brigade , 4th Cavalry Division ) remained at Afulah , with orders to ride during the evening directly to Jisr el Mejamie , 9 miles ( 14 km ) north @-@ north @-@ east of Beisan , to capture the railway bridges and prepare them for demolition .
Accompanied by a section of the 18th Machine Gun Company and a party of the 4th Field Squadron Royal Engineers , the regiment left Afulah at 19 : 30 after handing over to the 5th Cavalry Division . They rode 20 miles ( 32 km ) during the night over very rough stony country to reach Jisr el Mejamie at 05 : 00 on 21 September . The rail tracks on the left bank of the Jordan River and on the right bank of the Yarmuk River were picked up , thus blocking the connection between the Hedjaz Railway and the Palestine Railway systems . Explosive charges were attached to the bridge over the Jordan River and over the Yarmuk River to the north , but were not exploded . The second bridge was not captured , but it was later blown up by retreating Yildirim forces .
= = Aftermath = =
Allenby described the successful advance :
... my infantry ... have driven the enemy into the arms of the Desert Mounted Corps operating from Beisan and Jenin . Cavalry have occupied Nazareth . I cannot estimate total number of prisoners , but 18 @,@ 000 have been counted . I motored to Lejjun , today ; 65 miles N. of here , overlooking the plain of Esdraelon . A beautiful view across the flat vale . Nazareth , high in hills , to the N. ; Mount Tabor opposite ; Mount Gilboa to the E. , overlooking Jezreel . Some of the Indian cavalry got into Turks with the lance , in the plain yesterday , and killed many . I ... passed through thousands of prisoners today ...
During the first 36 hours of battle , from 04 : 30 on 19 September until 17 : 00 on 20 September , the German and Ottoman front line had been cut by infantry , and the cavalry had passed through the gap to reach their objectives at Afulah , Nazareth , and Beisan . The continuing British Empire infantry attack in the Judean Hills had forced the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Armies to withdraw northwards towards the waiting Desert Mounted Corps .
By dusk on 19 September , 4 @,@ 000 prisoners had been captured and brigade transport following the cavalry divisions was 20 miles ( 32 km ) behind enemy lines in what had been Ottoman Empire territory .
On 22 September the 4th Cavalry Division 's motor ambulances , which had been working in the Judean Hills transporting wounded infantry , rejoined their division at Beisan .
= = = Liman von Sanders ' withdrawal = = =
Liman von Sanders had no combat formations available to stop the cavalry advance up the coast and across the Esdraelon Plain ; Allenby 's attack forced the Yildirim Army Group and its commander to retire . Liman von Sanders ' retreat from Nazareth , began in the early hours of 20 September , taking him to Tiberias and Samakh late in the afternoon , and then on to Deraa , where he arrived on the morning of 21 September on his way to Damascus .
= = = Retreat of the Asia Corps = = =
With about 700 German and 1 @,@ 300 Ottoman soldiers of the 16th and 19th Divisions , von Oppen was moving northwards from Tubas towards Beisan when he learned it had already been captured . He decided to advance during the night of 22 September to Samakh , where he correctly guessed Liman von Sanders would order a strong rearguard action . However , Jevad , the commander of the Eighth Army , ordered him to cross the Jordan instead ; he successfully got all the Germans and some of the Ottoman soldiers across during 23 September , before the 11th Cavalry Brigade attack , which closed the last Jordan River gap . Those who had not crossed were captured .
= = = Jordan River gap closed
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Tangerine Dream , Can and Faust developed a distinctive brand of electronic rock , known as kosmische musik , or in the British press as " Kraut rock " . The adoption of electronic synthesisers , pioneered by Popol Vuh from 1970 , together with the work of figures like Brian Eno ( for a time the keyboard player with Roxy Music ) , would be a major influence on subsequent electronic rock . In Japan , Osamu Kitajima 's 1974 psychedelic rock album Benzaiten utilized electronic equipment such as a synthesizer and drum machine , and one of the record 's contributors was Haruomi Hosono , who later started the electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra ( as " Yellow Magic Band " ) in 1977 .
Psychedelic rock , with its distorted guitar sound , extended solos and adventurous compositions , has been seen as an important bridge between blues @-@ oriented rock and later heavy metal . American bands whose loud , repetitive psychedelic rock emerged as early heavy metal included the Amboy Dukes and Steppenwolf . From England , two former guitarists with the Yardbirds , Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page , moved on to form key acts in the genre , The Jeff Beck Group and Led Zeppelin respectively . Other major pioneers of the genre had begun as blues @-@ based psychedelic bands , including Black Sabbath , Deep Purple , Judas Priest and UFO . Psychedelic music also contributed to the origins of glam rock , with Marc Bolan changing his psychedelic folk duo into rock band T. Rex and becoming the first glam rock star from 1970 . From 1971 David Bowie moved on from his early psychedelic work to develop his Ziggy Stardust persona , incorporating elements of professional make up , mime and performance into his act .
= = Neo @-@ psychedelia = =
Neo @-@ psychedelia ( or acid punk ) is a diverse subgenre of alternative / indie rock that originated in the 1970s as an outgrowth of the British post @-@ punk scene . Its practitioners drew from the unusual sounds of 1960s psychedelic music , either updating or copying the approaches from that era . Neo @-@ psychedelia may include forays into psychedelic pop , jangly guitar rock , heavily distorted free @-@ form jams , or recording experiments .
= King Charles 's Castle =
King Charles 's Castle is a ruined artillery fort overlooking New Grimsby harbour on the island of Tresco in the Isles of Scilly . Built between 1548 and 1551 to protect the islands from French attack , it would have held a battery of guns and an accompanying garrison , designed to prevent enemy vessels from entering the harbour . The castle is polygonal in design , constructed from granite stone , with the gun battery at the front , and a dining room , kitchen and living accommodation at the rear . An additional defensive earthwork was constructed around it during the 17th century . The design of the castle is unusual for the period , and is only seen elsewhere in blockhouses along the River Thames .
The castle 's design was unsatisfactory , as its guns could not be angled so to fire down into the harbour , and its defences were considered vulnerable to attack . To mitigate this , an additional blockhouse was probably constructed below , closer to the water , but eventually a new fortification , the Star Castle , was built instead on the neighbouring island of St Mary 's , which became the main fort in the Scilly Isles . In the aftermath of the English Civil War , the Scilly Isles were held by the Royalist sympathisers of King Charles I , who gave the castle its current name . The islands were then attacked by a Parliamentary force led by Sir Robert Blake in 1651 , who landed on Tresco but bypassed the fort as he took the island . Its Royalist defenders blew up parts of the castle as they left , and some of its stone appears to have been used to build the newer Cromwell 's Castle by the harbour .
Although King Charles 's Castle was being used to house soldiers in 1660 , by the 18th century it was described as ruinous . After 1922 , the castle passed into the guardianship of the Ministry of Works , and archaeological excavations were carried out in 1954 . In the 21st century the site is controlled by English Heritage and is open to visitors . It is protected under UK law as a scheduled monument and a Grade II * listed building .
= = History = =
= = = 16th century = = =
= = = = Construction = = = =
King Charles 's Castle was built between 1548 and 1551 to protect the Scilly Isles against French attack . Tensions with France had grown during the reign of Henry VIII and spilled over into war in 1538 . Henry initially responded by fortifying the coasts of England , constructing new artillery forts designed to defend against the longer @-@ range cannons that were becoming common in the 16th century . Henry 's son , the nine @-@ year @-@ old Edward VI , inherited the throne in 1547 , facing renewed war with France . Edward Seymour was made the Lord Protector to the King , and he appointed his brother , Thomas , as England 's Lord Admiral . Thomas inspected the Scilly Isles personally and concluded that they were vulnerable to a French invasion .
As a result of the inspection , Sir Francis Flemming , the Lieutenant @-@ General of the Ordnance , was tasked in February 1558 with improving the defences on the islands . Flemming was supported in this effort with a shipment of lead to aid in construction , and money raised from the dissolution of the monasteries in England . The building work initially focused on the island of Tresco and was carried out under the direction of John Killigrew , the captain of Pendennis Castle in Falmouth . Tresco was in need of modern defences , but Killigrew also wanted to use the work programme to increase his political influence on the island .
The castle was built as part of
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Poland ) . During his visit in Poland , in August 2009 , Ian Gillan was presented with the plaque at the Gdansk Walk of Fame .
= = = WhoCares = = =
Gillan has expressed particular fondness for Armenia and has maintained popularity there since Rock Aid Armenia in 1989 , which has led to him forming the supergroup WhoCares as a side @-@ project to Deep Purple .
In May 1990 Gillan visited Armenia and played four concerts at the Karen Demirchyan Complex .
On 2 October 2009 , in honour of the 20th anniversary of Rock Aid Armenia , Gillan together with Tony Iommi , Geoff Downes , and the project organiser Jon Dee were received by the Prime Minister of Armenia who awarded them with the republic 's Orders of Honour .
On 26 and 27 March 2010 , in Yerevan , Gillan performed with State Philharmonic Orchestra of Armenia . At a press conference in Yerevan on 27 March , Gillan said he considers Armenia his spiritual motherland .
In 2010 , Ian Gillan met Tony Iommi , Nicko McBrain and Jon Lord , Mikko Lindström from HIM and Jason Newsted at a studio in London to finish recording a song called " Out of my Mind " , which was released 6 May 2011 . This is for the benefit of the music school to be built in Gyumri , Armenia – a project Ian Gillan has been working on with others since his 1990 solo concerts in Yerevan .
On the flight back from Armenia in 2011 , after each receiving the Armenian Presidential medal of Honour , Gillan and Iommi decided to form the side project WhoCares for ad hoc recordings ( and possible performances ) dedicated to raising money for specific causes .
On 20 September 2013 Ian Gillan participated in the opening of the Octet Music School in Gyumri . The Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America named Ian Gillan as its 2014 " Friend of the Armenians " and presented him the award at the 112th Diocesan Assembly in New York City .
= = = Non @-@ musical Side projects = = =
In 2010 Ian Gillan hosted a documentary about great Polish composer and pianist Fryderyk Chopin in Poland directed by Jerzy Szkamruk . Chopin 's Story is about the rise of artistic genius of the composer and documents his Polish years . The film has won several international awards , including the Best Documentary award at Tourfilm International Festival in Florianopolis , Brazil . It will be aired on Polish channel Discovery Historia on 21 June 2011 . A worldwide DVD release is also in the works .
= = Personal life = =
Gillan was in a relationship with Zoe Dean from 1969 to 1978 . They had known each other since his time in Episode Six .
In 1984 , Gillan married his girlfriend Bron , to whom he had dedicated " Keep It Warm " from Black Sabbath 's 1983 album Born Again . They have twice since renewed their marriage vows . Gillan has two children and three grandchildren , all of whom were brought up in Scotland . Gillan moved to southern Portugal in the late 2000s .
Gillan is a passionate football fan , supporting Queens Park Rangers . He is also a big fan of cricket . He is also known for his intolerance of aggressive crowd security personnel at concerts . On 15 August 1998 , he was charged with assault after striking a security guard on the head with a microphone .
His surname is sometimes misspelled as " Gillian " . Gillan himself made light of this in the lyrics to " MTV " , a track from Deep Purple 's 2005 album Rapture of the Deep , when he sang about " Mr. Grover ' n ' Mr Gillian " .
= = = Professional relationship with Blackmore = = =
Gillan was room @-@ mates with Ritchie Blackmore in the 1970s , but left the band in 1973 amid tensions with Blackmore and overall exhaustion . In a 2006 interview , Gillan said of Blackmore 's final 1993 departure from Deep Purple , " he turned into a really weird guy , and the day he walked out of the tour was the day the clouds disappeared and the day the sunshine came out and we haven 't looked back since . " He added that " there are certain personal issues that I have with Ritchie , which means that I will never speak to him again . Nothing I 'm going to discuss publicly , but deeply personal stuff . "
In March 2009 , Gillan claimed that prior to the 1993 reunion of the band , Blackmore had requested $ 250 @,@ 000 be deposited in his bank account in order for him to continue with the reunion . The other members of the band did not receive anything . This claim was subsequently denied by Blackmore 's solicitor in a statement released soon after .
In August 2014 , he was quoted in Rolling Stone magazine as saying : " I don 't have an issue with Ritchie , nor does anyone . I 've been in touch with Ritchie recently and everything 's cool , so there 's no bitter , personal problem . We 're too old for that and everything 's in the past . " He did however add that if Deep Purple was chosen as one of the inductees of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , it would be out of the question to have Blackmore play with the band again due to it being " disrespectful " to the current lineup of the band .
= = Selected discography = =
Prominent releases .
= Glarentza =
Glarentza ( Greek : Γλαρέντζα ) is a medieval town located near the site of modern Kyllini in Elis , at the westernmost point of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece . Founded in the mid @-@ 13th century by William II of Villehardouin , the town served as the main port and mint of the Frankish Principality of Achaea , being located next to the Principality 's capital , Andravida . Commerce with Italy brought great prosperity , but the town began to decline in the early 15th century as the Principality itself declined . In 1428 , Glarentza was ceded to the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea , and served as its co @-@ capital , being the residence of one of the Palaiologos despots , until the Ottoman conquest in 1460 . Under Ottoman rule , Glarentza declined rapidly as the commercial links with Italy were broken , and by the 16th century was abandoned and falling into ruin . Little remains of the town today : traces of the city wall , of a church and a few other buildings , as well as the silted @-@ up harbour .
= = History = =
Glarentza was founded in the mid @-@ 13th century by William II of Villehardouin ( ruled 1246 – 78 ) , the ruler of the Principality of Achaea , a Frankish state established after the Fourth Crusade and encompassing the Peloponnese or Morea peninsula in southern Greece . Its Frankish foundation is evident in its name , Clarence or Clairence in French , Chi
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, the improved Career mode , and the improved GHTunes . Some identified that the target market of the game appears to be towards teenage girls , such as the featuring of Taylor Swift , the color schemes used in the game , and other parts of the song selection . Reviewers noted that setlist would be the strongest measure of whether players should purchase the game . The reviewers also commented on the smaller setlist , which contains only 65 songs compared to Guitar Hero 5 's 85 .
Review did note that the " Top 40 " songs do not always make for challenging songs , as many featured simple chord repetition throughout the song or simply following pre @-@ programmed electronic keyboard or drum beats . However , most songs were found to feature at least one difficult instrument portion that would be fun to play . Reviews also noted that the censoring of songs in order to affirm a family @-@ friendly rating is awkward , such as censoring the word " whiskey " from Don McLean 's " American Pie " ( 8 times ) , and can ruin the enjoyment of some songs . Greg Miller of IGN further noted that these censoring are at odds with the straight @-@ up inclusion of other songs such as " Gasoline " by The Airborne Toxic Event which , Miller claims , is about sex .
Some reviews saw Band Hero as a good addition to the Guitar Hero franchise , and pointed out the strength of the game is improved in part due to the ability to import and export songs between Band Hero , Guitar Hero 5 , and content . Justin Haywald of 1UP.com , in consideration of the equivalent nature of featured , considered that players now had a choice of " ' Top 40 ' Band Hero or ' Hard Rock ' [ Guitar Hero 5 ] " skins to select for playing the music on , and positive direction for the series . However , others saw the simple rebranding of the game , and that some may see the product as little more than a " full @-@ price track pack " .
The game has sold 596 @,@ 000 units in North America through January 2010 , according to data from NPD Group . Prior to the end of 2009 , Activision had expressed plans to publish a sequel to Band Hero in 2010 . However , as a result of overall decline in music game sales , in part due to the large number of SKUs released by Activision during 2009 , such plans have been shelved , as Activision only plans to release continuing sequels to Guitar Hero and DJ Hero in 2010 .
= = = Lawsuit by No Doubt = = =
A day following Band Hero 's release , the band No Doubt filed a lawsuit against Activision . In a similar manner as Guitar Hero 5 , where the avatar of Kurt Cobain could be used to play any of the songs in the game and leading to questionable virtual performances , the same was found to be true for the No Doubt avatars in Band Hero . No Doubt 's lawsuit claimed their contract limited their performance to the three songs within the game and that they were never told their avatars would be used in that manner . Activision argued that it believes that the manner of use of the band 's avatars in the game is within the bounds of the contract . Activision subsequently filed a counter @-@ suit against the band , alleging contract breaches ; Activision claimed that it was " publicly known " that in @-@ game characters in the Guitar Hero series , once unlocked , could be used for all game modes , and that No Doubt 's request came well after the game 's code was finalized . Courtney Love , who has expressed an intention to follow legal action for Cobain 's appearance in Guitar Hero 5 , said to NME that she will join No Doubt in their lawsuit against Activision .
In April 2010 , the Los Angeles County Superior Court denied Activision 's motion to dismiss No Doubt 's rights of publicity claims under California 's anti @-@ SLAPP law . In
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undergraduate students . The house started life as a collection of villas built somewhere between 1888 and 1924 that were later converted , bit by bit , into a hotel by John Dingle . The Hawthorns also houses conferencing facilities , the staff refectory and bar , the Accommodation Office and the Student Houses Office . Several of the residences in the central precinct are more recent and have been built and are managed by third @-@ party organisations under exclusivity arrangements with the University . These include Unite House and Chantry Court , opened in 2000 and 2003 respectively by the UNITE Group , as well as Dean 's Court ( 2001 , postgraduates only ) and Woodland Court ( 2005 ) , both run by the Dominion Housing Group .
= = Symbols = =
In common with other universities in the United Kingdom , Bristol uses its particular pattern of academic dress as well its logo and coat of arms to represent itself .
= = = Academic dress = = =
The university specifies a mix of Cambridge and Oxford academic dress . For the most part , it uses Oxford @-@ style gowns and Cambridge @-@ style hoods , which are required to be " university red " ( see the logo at the top of the page )
= = = Logo and arms = = =
In 2004 , the university unveiled its new logo . The icons in the logo are the sun for the Wills family , the dolphin for Colston , the horse for Fry and the ship @-@ and @-@ castle from the mediaeval seal of the City of Bristol , as also used in the coat of arms . The shape of the whole logo represents the open book of learning . This logo has replaced the university arms shown , but the arms continue to be used where there is a specific historical or ceremonial requirement . The arms comprise :
argent on a cross quadrate gules the arms of the City of Bristol between in pale and a sun in splendour ( for Wills ) and an open book proper , leaved and clasped or , and inscribed with the words Nisi quia Dominus , and in fesse to the sinister a dolphin embowed ( for Colston ) , and to the dexter a horse courant ( for Fry ) , both of the third .
The inscription on the book is the Latin opening of the 124th Psalm , " If the Lord Himself had not ( been on our side ... ) " .
= = Notable people = =
= = = Academics = = =
Current academics at the University of Bristol include 18 fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences , 10 fellows of the British Academy , 13 fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 31 fellows of the Royal Society . These include , Sir Michael Berry , one of the discoverers of quantum mechanics ' " geometric phase " , John Rarity international expert on quantum optics , quantum cryptography and quantum communication , David May , computer scientist and lead architect for the transputer , Mark Horton , a British maritime and historical archaeologist .
Past academics of the university include , Patricia Broadfoot , Vice @-@ Chancellor of the University of Gloucestershire , and Nigel Thrift , Vice @-@ Chancellor of the University of Warwick . Anthony Epstein , co @-@ discoverer of the Epstein @-@ Barr virus , was Professor of Pathology at the university from 1968 – 1982 . , Sir John Lennard @-@ Jones , discoverer of the Lennard @-@ Jones potential in physics and Alfred Marshall , one of the University College 's principals and influential economist in the latter part of the 19th century . Mathematicians and philosophers Rohit Parikh and Brian Rotman lectured in the mathematics department .
The University of Bristol is associated with two Ig Nobel Prizes , an award for unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research . Sir Michael Berry shared the award ( with Andre Geim , a Nobel Laureate ) for using magnets to levitate a frog . Gareth Jones also shared an Ig Nobel prize for scientifically documenting fellatio in fruit bats .
= = = Alumni = = =
Notable alumni include writers Dick King @-@ Smith , Sarah Kane , Angela Carter , David Gibbins and David Nicholls , author of the novel Starter for Ten , turned into a screenplay set in the University of Bristol . Mark Simmons , author of business books , Will Hutton , economist , author , commentator .
In entertainment and current affairs former students include , James Landale , BBC News Chief Political Correspondent who founded the university independent newspaper Epigram , William Lewis , editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the Telegraph Media Group , Derren Brown , illusionist , Sue Lawley , Radio 4 presenter , Alastair Stewart , newsreader and Dominic Waghorn , Sky News US Correspondent . Susanna Reid , ITV Breakfast anchor studied Politics , Philosophy and Law at the university between 1989 and 1992 and was also editor of the student newspaper , Epigram .
In comedy , Matt Lucas and David Walliams , Simon Pegg ( of Hot Fuzz fame ) , Chris Morris , creator of the controversial Brass Eye and Jon Richardson . Other comedy stars include Chris Langham , of The Thick of It fame , standup comic Marcus Brigstocke .
Other alumni include , Mike Bennett , digital media entrepreneur , Albert II , Prince of Monaco , musician James Blunt , former Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Öpik was President of Bristol University Students ' Union during his time . Paul Dirac , Lucasian Professor at Cambridge and Nobel Laureate , Sir Jonathan Evans former head of MI5 and Anne McClain , member of the 2013 NASA Astronaut Class
Notable alumni from the Film and Television Production department include film directors Mick Jackson , Michael Winterbottom , Marc Evans , Christopher Smith , Alex Cox and Peter Webber amongst many others .
= Songs by George Harrison =
Songs by George Harrison is a book of song lyrics and commentary by English musician George Harrison , with illustrations by New Zealand artist Keith West . It was published in February 1988 , in a limited run of 2500 copies , by Genesis Publications , and included an EP of rare or previously unreleased Harrison recordings . Intended as a luxury item , each copy was hand @-@ bound and boxed , and available only by direct order through Genesis in England . The book contains the lyrics to 60 Harrison compositions , the themes of which West represents visually with watercolour paintings . Starting in 1985 , Harrison and West worked on the project for two years , during which Harrison returned to music @-@ making with his album Cloud Nine , after focusing on film production for much of the early 1980s . The book includes a foreword by his Cloud Nine co @-@ producer , Jeff Lynne , and a written contribution from Elton John .
The musical disc contains three songs that Warner Bros. Records had rejected in 1980 for inclusion on Harrison 's album Somewhere in England , together with a live version of his Beatles track " For You Blue " . This last song was recorded during Harrison 's controversial 1974 North American tour , when his singing was marred by the effects of laryngitis ; it remains the only vocal performance from that tour to have been made available outside of concert bootlegs . While " Lay His Head " was issued as the B @-@ side to his 1987 single " Got My Mind Set on You " , the Songs by George Harrison EP remains the sole official release for this live version of " For You Blue " and for the studio tracks " Sat Singing " and " Flying Hour " .
Genesis undertook a single print run for the book ,
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up to surprise Jamie at the station . When the moment comes , he catches up with Jamie and tells her how he really feels . Surprised and happy by this turn of events , Jamie tells him to kiss her . After sharing a passionate kiss , Dylan suggests it is time they go on their first real date . They go across the street to the Pershing Square café and although they attempt to keep the date casual and relaxed , the film ends with them in a sensual embrace and passionate kiss .
= = Cast = =
Credits adapted from AllMovie and The Guardian .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
In April 2010 , Justin Timberlake became the first to sign on to the project . He was soon followed by Mila Kunis when she landed the female lead opposite him . Approximately two months later , Variety magazine announced that an ensemble cast consisting of Emma Stone , Patricia Clarkson , Richard Jenkins , Woody Harrelson , Andy Samberg and Jenna Elfman were set to join them in the film . Three days after principal filming began , Bryan Greenberg completed the cast . The film features cameo appearances from Shaun White , Jason Segel , and Rashida Jones . Production locations were set up as early as July 13 , and principal filmography commenced on July 20 , 2010 in the Midtown Manhattan section of New York City . Filming continued in Central Park and other sections of New York City from July to early August before the production relocated to Los Angeles , California .
Paramount Pictures dropped its original protest against the film after their director Ivan Reitman , re @-@ titled his film No Strings Attached . Screen Gems then moved forward with the title Friends with Benefits . At the same time , NBC was developing a sitcom with the same title , but the movie production company stated that due to its production schedule , they didn ’ t expect an issue to arise . Screen Gems chose to accelerate production fearing that they would lose their title to the competing Paramount project . Director Will Gluck spoke about the frustration of comparing the two films , stating : " I wish there was more space between them . The thing that 's irking me now is people are saying we 're remaking No Strings Attached . We 're not remaking it . The two movies were being made at the same time . " Gluck , in an interview with The New Zealand Herald , said that both films are different . Similar sentiments were expressed by Kunis , stating , " It 's just two different movies . There 's only [ ... ] so many stories you can tell in the world . This is just one of the many . "
The first theatrical trailer was released on March 16 , 2011 . The trailer had a subsequent release on YouTube and attracted over a million views in 48 hours , becoming the second most watched video of the day and the most viewed video in the film category . Promotion for Friends with Benefits subsequently grew , including promotional videos from Facebook and Twitter . Timberlake and Kunis also landed on the cover of Elle in support of the film .
= = = Writing = = =
Will Gluck stated that the concept of the story began with the idea that he wanted to work with Kunis and Timberlake , explaining that he rewrote the script for the two actors . Following those changes , Gluck expressed that he wanted to attract a more adult audience and that he " wanted to do more of an adult movie about sex , too , and about relationships " . He went on to compare the storyline of Friends with Benefits to the relationship in films between Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy .
In an interview with Movieline , Gluck further discussed the film 's plot saying that Friends with Benefits would relate largely with a younger generation . He added : " They comment about these romantic comedies throughout the movie , and as they go through their storyline , they realize that they ’ re in a romantic comedy story — as two regular people who aren ’ t in a movie would comment on . They ’ re very cognizant that they ’ re in this story [ ... ] but they end up embracing the fact that they ’ re going through a romantic comedy moment . " In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Timberlake explained that he and Gluck held authorship of humor and tone in regards to Friends with Benefits . Timberlake and Kunis workshopped the script for more than a month before the movie went into production . Gluck would meet with the actors with 20 pages of script in front of him and the three would beat it up , changing lines , and defending each character 's perspective .
= = = Music = = =
In June 2011 , it was announced that Madison Gate Records would be distributing the album which featured fifteen songs . The album for Friends with Benefits was released on July 19 , 2011 .
= = Release and reception = =
The film was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc in the United States on December 2 , 2011 and in the United Kingdom on February 6 , 2012 .
= = = Critical response = = =
Friends with Benefits received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 70 % , based on 168 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Friends with Benefits adds nothing new to its well @-@ worn rom @-@ com formula , but the chemistry between Justin Timberlake and Mila Kunis is almost enough to carry the movie by itself . " Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score , gave the film a 63 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " .
Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised Friends with Benefits for its " breezy , speedy and funny comedy " and complimented the chemistry between the lead actors . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film three stars , and remarked about the film , " What not every rom @-@ com has , however , is good dialogue , well @-@ delivered at a fast clip . " He added , " Kunis fast @-@ talks her way through
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. Common features borrowed from sixteenth- and seventeenth @-@ century houses included battlemented gateways , crow @-@ stepped gables , pointed turrets and machicolations . The style was popular across Scotland and was applied to relatively modest dwellings by architects such as William Burn ( 1789 – 1870 ) , David Bryce ( 1803 – 76 ) , Edward Blore ( 1787 – 1879 ) , Edward Calvert ( c . 1847 – 1914 ) and Robert Stodart Lorimer ( 1864 – 1929 ) . The publication of Robert Billings ' Baronial and Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland ( 1848 – 52 ) provided a handbook for the style and the rebuilding of Balmoral Castle as a baronial palace ( and subsequent adoption as a royal retreat from 1855 – 58 ) confirmed its popularity . Estate house building boomed between about 1855 and the agricultural depression and Glasgow Bank crash of 1878 . Construction was now dominated by patronage from nouveau riche industrialists . The decline in numbers of servants , linked to the introduction of electricity , central heating and labour @-@ saving devices such as the vacuum cleaner , also led to changes in the scale of building . Arts and crafts designs first featured in Philip Webb 's ( 1831 – 1915 ) gothic design at Arisaig ( 1863 – 64 ) . It was pursed by William Lethaby at Melsetter House , Hoy ( 1898 ) for a Birmingham industrialist .
= = = Twentieth century to the present = = =
The Baronial style peaked towards the end of the nineteenth century , and the building of large houses declined in importance in the twentieth century . An exception was the work undertaken by John Kinross ( 1855 – 1955 ) . Beginning with the reconstruction of Thurston House , Dunbar , from 1890 he produced a series of major country house designs . The most important was Manderston House ( 1901 – 03 ) , built for James Miller ( 1864 – 1906 ) in the Adam style . The baronial style continued to influence the construction of some estate houses , including Skibo Castle , which was rebuilt for industrialist Andrew Carnegie ( 1899 – 1903 ) by Ross and Macbeth . English architect C. H. B. Quennell ( 1872 – 1935 ) designed a neo @-@ Georgian mansion at Altmore ( 1912 – 14 ) for the owner of a Moscow department store .
There was a lull in building after the First World War and social change undermined the construction of rural estate houses . Isolated examples included the houses designed by Basil Spence and built at Broughton Place ( 1936 ) and Gribloch ( 1937 – 39 ) , which combined modern and traditional elements . The Second World War disrupted the occupation of estate houses , as they were used as wartime schools , barracks , evacuee housing and hospitals . After the war many were outdated , with a lack of electricity and modern plumbing . There was a shortage of live @-@ in servants and the heavily taxed aristocracy were also unable to find the money to modernise and maintain large houses . The shortage of building materials in the post @-@ war period also made estate houses valuable resources of stone . As a result 200 of the 378 architecturally important estate houses have been demolished , were destroyed in the period after 1945 , a higher proportion of the total than in England . Included in the destruction were works by Robert Adam , including Balbardie House and Hamilton Palace . One firm , Charles Brand of Dundee , demolished at least 56 country houses in Scotland in the 20 years between 1945 and 1965 . The shortage of building materials further reduced the number of new large luxury houses . Isolated examples included Logan House , designed by David Style in the 1950s . In the 1960s there was Basil Hughes 's design at Snaigow for the earl of Cadogan and the remodelling of Gask House by Claude Phillimore . This period also saw considerable restoration of existing houses .
= = Interiors = =
The creation of estate houses led to greater privacy , comfort and luxury for the families who lived in them . Interiors were remodelled , with broader staircases , family rooms were added and heating was improved . Oriel windows gave better views , more light and could be opened for fresh air . After the Reformation , which virtually ended religious patronage of art in Scotland , craftsmen and artists turned to secular patrons . With the departure of the Scottish court for England in 1603 , Jenny Wormald argues that there was a shift " from court to castle " in patronage and creativity ; estate houses became repositories of art and elaborate furnishings that illustrated the wealth and taste of their occupants .
One result was a flourishing of Scottish Renaissance painted ceilings and walls in estate houses . These included detailed coloured patterns and scenes , of which over a hundred examples survive . The designs relied upon continental pattern books that often led to the incorporation of humanist moral and philosophical symbolism , as well as elements that called on heraldry , piety , classical myths and allegory . The earliest example still extant is at the Hamilton palace of Kinneil , West Lothian , decorated in the 1550s for the then regent the James Hamilton , Earl of Arran . Other examples include the ceiling at Prestongrange House , undertaken in 1581 for Mark Kerr , Commendator of Newbattle , and the long gallery at Pinkie House , painted for Alexander Seaton , Earl of Dunfermline in 1621 .
Scottish estate houses were increasingly adorned with paintings , including portraits , landscapes and later classical , genre and historical paintings . Thomas Warrender ( fl . 1673 – 1713 ) made his living as a house decorator , working closely with architects , including William Adam . He may have trained James Norie ( 1684 – 1757 ) , who with his sons James ( 1711 – 36 ) and Robert ( d . 1766 ) also worked with the Adams , painting the houses of the peerage with Scottish landscapes that were pastiches of Italian and Dutch scenes . They tutored many artists and have been credited with the inception of the tradition of Scottish landscape painting that would come to fruition from the late eighteenth century . The painters Allan Ramsay ( 1713 – 84 ) , Gavin Hamilton ( 1723 – 98 ) , the brothers John ( 1744 – 68 / 9 ) and Alexander Runciman ( 1736 – 85 ) , Jacob More ( 1740 – 93 ) and David Allan ( 1744 – 96 ) , mostly began in the tradition of the Nories , but were artists of European significance , spending considerable portions of their careers outside Scotland . Henry Raeburn ( 1756 – 1823 ) was the most significant artist of the eighteenth century to pursue his entire career in Scotland , and from this point Scottish painters would be able to be professionals in their homeland , often supplying the nobility and lairds with works to fill the walls of their houses .
Carving and plasterwork also became a feature of estate houses . Some of the finest domestic wood carving is in the Beaton panels made for Arbroath Abbey , which were eventually moved to the dining room of Balfour House in Fife . Carvings at Huntly Castle , rebuilt for George Gordon , 1st Marquess of Huntly in the early seventeenth century , focused on heraldic images . Their " popish " overtones led to them being damaged by an occupying Covenanter army in 1640 . From the seventeenth century there was elaborate use of carving in pediments and fireplaces , with heraldic arms and classical motifs . Plasterwork also began to be used , often depicting flowers and cherubs . William Bruce favoured Dutch carvers for his realisation of Kinross House , where there are festoons , trophies and cornucopia around the doorways and gates . This may have included the work of Jan van Sant Voort , a Dutch carver known to have been living in Leith , who supplied Bruce with a carved heraldic overdoor in 1679 and who worked on Bruce 's rebuilding of Holyrood Palace . From 1674 the London plasterers George Dunsterfield ( fl . 1660 – 76 ) and John Houlbert ( fl . 1674 – 79 ) worked for Bruce at Thirlestane , Berwickshire and at Holyroodhouse . Dunsterfield was also active at Balcaskie
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, Fife and probably at Kellie Castle .
In the eighteenth century the development of the Grand Tour took young Scottish aristocrats to the continent , particularly Rome , which was home to the exiled Jacobite Stuarts . This in turn fuelled interest in classical and Renaissance styles , and the buying of artistic works , particularly sculptures . However , the only major Scottish collection of marble before the nineteenth century was that of James Johnstone , 2nd Marquess of Annandale . As in England , commissions of new statuary tended to be crafted in relatively cheap lead and even more economical painted or gilded plaster . The plasterwork of John Cheere 's yard in London was particularly in demand . Also important was the work from the yard of John Bacon ( 1740 – 99 ) . Bacon was also a partner in Mrs Eleanor Coade 's Artificial Stone Manufactory at Lambeth in London . This produced a buff coloured ceramic that could be moulded to provide fine detail , and be fired in sections , but was impervious to frost and fire . Much cheaper than carved stone , Coadstone was used for sphinxes , balustrading , capitals , coats of arms , tablets and ornamental vases . It was used extensively by the Adam brothers , particularly in the houses they built in Scotland , such as Cullen , Banff , Culzean Castle , Ayrshire , Dunbar Castle , East Lothian , Gosford House , East Lothian and Wedderburn , Berwickshire . They also supplied sculpture , candelabra and cippi that made up the neo @-@ classical Adam Style .
Nineteenth @-@ century interiors could often be lavish and eclectic . The origins of this style were in Scott 's Abbotsford , where the author began the incorporation of actual old architectural fragments and pieces of furniture on a lavish scale ( the effective beginning of ' antique ' collecting in Scotland ) . He also initiated the treatment of new surfaces so as to resemble old ones , with new wood darkened to resemble old oak . The Adam solution of a castellated exterior with a neo @-@ classical interior was abandoned and in Baronial revival houses this change was extended to create a synthesised Victorian style that combined elements of the Renaissance , such as plastered or rubble walls , unpainted stone fireplaces and pitch pine timberwork , with seventeenth @-@ century style plaster ceilings . To this were added symbols of landed power and national affiliation , including displays of tartan , weaponry and stuffed animals ' heads . Integrated into these traditional materials and styles were modern fittings such as sprung upholstery , gaslighting and water @-@ closets .
= = Gardens = =
Gardens , or yards , around medieval castles , abbeys and houses were formal and in the European tradition of herb garden , kitchen garden and orchard . They were often surrounded by defensive walls and they sometimes adjoined a hunting park . The first Renaissance style gardens in Scotland were built
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heavy neck muscles to control the orientation of the head . Wind tunnel tests showed that the crest did function as an effective counterbalance to a degree , but Bennett noted that again , the hypothesis focuses only on the long crests of male P. longiceps , not on the larger crests of P. sternbergi and very small crests that existed among the females . Bennett found that the crests of females had no counterbalancing effect , and that the crests of male P. sternbergi would , by themselves , have a negative effect on the balance of the head . In fact , side to side movement of the crests would have required more , not less , neck musculature to control balance .
In 1943 , Dominik von Kripp suggested that the crest may have served as a rudder , an idea embraced by several later researchers . One researcher , Ross S. Stein , even suggested that the crest may have supported a membrane of skin connecting the backward @-@ pointing crest to the neck and back , increasing its surface area and effectiveness as a rudder . The rudder hypothesis again , does not take into account females nor P. sternbergi , which had an upward @-@ pointing , not backward @-@ pointing crest . Bennett also found that even in its capacity as a rudder , the crest would not provide nearly so much directional force as simply maneuvering the wings . The suggestion that the crest was an air brake , and that the animals would turn their heads to the side in order to slow down , suffers from a similar problem . Additionally , the rudder and air brake hypotheses do not explain why such large variation exists in crest size even among adults .
Alexander Kellner suggested that the large crests of the pterosaur Tapejara , as well as other species , might be used for heat exchange , allowing these pterosaurs to absorb or shed heat and regulate body temperature , which also would account for the correlation between crest size and body size . There is no evidence of extra blood vessels in the crest for this purpose , however , and the large , membranous wings filled with blood vessels would have served that purpose much more effectively .
With these hypotheses ruled out , the best @-@ supported hypothesis for crest function seems to be as a sexual display . This is consistent with the size variation seen in fossil specimens , where females and juveniles have small crests and males large , elaborate , variable crests .
= = = Sexual variation = = =
Adult Pteranodon specimens may be divided into two distinct size classes , small and large , with the large size class being about one and a half times larger than the small class , and the small class being twice as common as the large class . Both size classes lived alongside each other , and while researchers had previously suggested that they represent different species , Christopher Bennett showed that the differences between them are consistent with the concept that they represent females and males , and that Pteranodon species were sexually dimorphic . Skulls from the larger size class preserve large , upward and backward pointing crests , while the crests of the smaller size class are small and triangular . Some larger skulls also show evidence of a second crest that extended long and low , toward the tip of the beak , which is not seen in smaller specimens .
The sex of the different size classes was determined , not from the skulls , but from the pelvic bones . Contrary to what may be expected , the smaller size class had disproportionately large and wide @-@ set pelvic bones . Bennett interpreted this as indicating a more spacious birth canal , through which eggs would pass . He concluded that the small size class with small , triangular crests represent females , and the larger , large @-@ crested specimens represent males .
Note that the overall size and crest size also corresponds to age . Immature specimens are known from both females and males , and immature males often have small crests similar to adult females . Therefore , it seems that the large crests only developed in males when they reached their large , adult size , making the sex of immature specimens difficult to establish from partial remains .
The fact that females appear to have outnumbered males two to one suggests that , as with modern animals with size @-@ related sexual dimorphism , such as sea lions and other pinnipeds , Pteranodon might have been polygynous , with a few males competing for association with groups consisting of large numbers of females . Similar to modern pinnipeds , Pteranodon may have competed to establish territory on rocky , offshore rookeries , with the largest , and largest @-@ crested , males gaining the most territory and having more success mating with females . The crests of male Pteranodon would not have been used in competition , but rather as " visual dominance @-@ rank symbols " , with display rituals taking the place of physical competition with other males . If this hypothesis is correct , it also is likely that male Pteranodon played little to no part in rearing the young ; such a behavior is not found in the males of modern polygynous animals who father many offspring at the same time .
= = = Terrestrial locomotion = = =
Main article : Pterosaur : Ground movement
Historically , the terrestrial locomotion of Pteranodon , especially whether it was bipedal or quadrupedal , has been the subject of debate . Today , most pterosaur researchers agree that pterosaurs were quadrupedal , thanks largely to the discovery of pterosaur trackways .
The possibility of aquatic locomotion via swimming has been discussed briefly in several papers ( Bennett 2001 , 1994 , and Bramwell & Whitfield 1974 ) .
= = Discovery and history = =
Pteranodon was the first pterosaur found outside of Europe . Its fossils first were found by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1870 , in the Late Cretaceous Smoky Hill Chalk deposits of western Kansas . These chalk beds were deposited at the bottom of what was once the Western Interior Seaway , a large shallow sea over what now is the midsection of the North American continent . These first specimens , YPM 1160 and YPM 1161 , consisted of partial wing bones , as well as a tooth from the prehistoric fish Xiphactinus , which Marsh mistakenly believed to belong to this new pterosaur ( all known pterosaurs up to that point had teeth ) . In 1871 , Marsh named the find Pterodactylus Oweni , assigning it to the well @-@ known ( but much smaller ) European genus Pterodactylus . Marsh also collected more wing bones of the large pterosaur in 1871 . Realizing that the name Pterodactylus oweni already had been used in 1864 for a specimen of the European Pterodactylus , Marsh re @-@ named his North American pterosaur Pterodactylus occidentalis , meaning " Western wing finger , " in his 1872 description of the new specimen . He also named two additional species , based on size differences : Pterodactylus ingens ( the largest specimen so far ) , and Pterodactylus velox ( the smallest ) .
Meanwhile , Marsh 's rival Edward Drinker Cope also had unearthed several specimens of the large North American pterosaur . Based on these specimens , Cope named two new species , Ornithochirus umbrosus and Ornithochirus harpyia , in an attempt to assign them to the large European genus Ornithocheirus . As he misspelled the name ( forgetting the ' e ' ) , however , he accidentally created an entirely new genus . Cope 's paper naming his ' ' Ornithochirus species was published in 1872 , just five days after Marsh 's paper . This resulted in a dispute , fought in the published literature , over whose names had priority in what obviously were the same species . Cope conceded in 1875 that Marsh 's names did have priority over his , but maintained that Pterodactylus umbrosus was a distinct species ( but not genus ) from any that Marsh had named previously . Re @-@ evaluation by later scientists has supported Marsh 's case , and found that Cope 's assertion that P. umbrosus was a larger , distinct species were incorrect .
While the first Pteranodon wing bones were collected by Marsh and Cope in the early 1870s , the first Pteranodon skull was found on May 2 , 1876 , along the Smoky Hill River in Wallace County ( now Logan County ) , Kansas , USA , by Samuel Wendell Williston , a fossil collector working for Marsh . A second , smaller skull soon was discovered as well . These skulls showed that the North American pterosaurs were different from any European species , in that they lacked teeth . Marsh recognized this major difference , describing the specimens as " distinguished from all previously known genera of the order Pterosauria by the entire absence of teeth . " Marsh recognized that this characteristic warranted a new genus , and he coined the name Pteranodon ( " wing without tooth " ) in 1876 . Marsh also reclassified all the previously named North American species from Pterodactylus to Pteranodon , with the larger skull , YPM 1117 , referred to the new species Pteranodon longiceps . He also named an additional species , Pteranodon gracilis , based on a wing bone that he mistook for a pelvic bone . He soon realized his mistake , and re @
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-@ classified that specimen into a separate genus , which he named Nyctosaurus .
Some of the most influential studies of Pteranodon during the 20th century were published by George Francis Eaton , who conducted thorough re @-@ analysis of the known specimens and published some of the first good photographs and illustrations of the best specimens . During the early 1990s , S. Christopher Bennett also published several major papers reviewing the anatomy , taxonomy and life history of Pteranodon .
Fragmentary fossils assigned to Pteranodon have also been discovered in Skåne , Sweden .
= = Classification = =
= = = Valid species = = =
Many researchers consider there to be at least two species of Pteranodon . However , aside from the differences between males and females described above , the post @-@ cranial skeletons of Pteranodon show little to no variation between species or specimens , and the bodies and wings of all pteranodonts were essentially identical .
Two species of Pteranodon are traditionally recognized as valid : Pteranodon longiceps , the type species , and Pteranodon sternbergi . The species differ only in the shape of the crest in adult males ( described above ) , and possibly in the angle of certain skull bones . Because well @-@ preserved Pteranodon skull fossils are extremely rare , researchers use stratigraphy ( i.e. which rock layer of the geologic formation a fossil is found in ) to determine species identity in most cases .
Pteranodon sternbergi is the only known species of Pteranodon with an upright crest . The lower jaw of P. sternbergi was 1 @.@ 25 meters ( 4 @.@ 1 feet ) long . It was collected by George F. Sternberg in 1952 and described by John Christian Harksen in 1966 , from the lower portion of the Niobrara Formation . It was older than P. longiceps and is considered by Bennett to be the direct ancestor of the later species .
Because fossils identifiable as P. sternbergi are found exclusively in the lower layers of the Niobrara Formation , and P. longiceps fossils exclusively in the upper layers , a fossil lacking the skull can be identified based on its position in the geologic column ( though for many early fossil finds , precise data about its location was not recorded , rendering many fossils unidentifiable ) .
Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic placement of this genus within Pteranodontia from Andres and Myers ( 2013 ) .
= = = Alternate classifications = = =
Due to the subtle variations between specimens of pteranodontid from the Niobrara Formation , most researchers have assigned all of them to the single genus Pteranodon , in at least two species ( P. longiceps and P. sternbergi ) distinguished mainly by the shape of the crest . However , the classification of these two forms has varied from researcher to researcher . In 1972 , Halsey Wilkinson Miller published a paper arguing that the various forms of Pteranodon were different enough to be placed in distinct subgenera . He named these Pteranodon ( Occidentalia ) occidentalis ( for the now @-@ disused species P. occidentalis ) and Pteranodon ( Sternbergia ) sternbergi . However , the name Sternbergia was preoccupied , and in 1978 Miller re @-@ named the species Pteranodon ( Geosternbergia ) stern
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in Auckland , he was heavily involved in the horse racing industry and acted as a steward at the Auckland Trotting Club .
Hinton retired in 1980 and he and Molly moved to Ashburton in the South Island . He spent much of his retirement fishing and in 1990 shifted to Christchurch to be nearer to Molly 's relatives . He died on 28 June 1997 and was honoured with a military funeral , attended by 800 people . The Chief of General Staff , Major General Piers Reid , delivered a eulogy . The New Zealand Parliament honoured him with a minute 's silence at a sitting on 1 July 1997 . He was survived by his second wife ; he had no children from either of his marriages . He is buried in Christchurch , in the Returned Servicemen 's League Section of the Ruru Lawn Cemetery . He is remembered with a plaque in his birthplace of Colac Bay , and the restaurant at the Christchurch Returned Servicemen 's Association is named for him .
= = Victoria Cross = =
Hinton 's VC was loaned by his family to the Army Museum New Zealand at Waiouru , where it is on display . On Sunday , 2 December 2007 , it was one of nine VCs among a hundred medals stolen from the museum . On 16 February 2008 , New Zealand Police announced all the medals had been recovered as a result of a NZ $ 300 @,@ 000 reward offered by Michael Ashcroft and Tom Sturgess .
= 1961 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1961 Atlantic hurricane season featured the highest number of major hurricanes – Category 3 or higher on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale – until being tied by 2005 . The season officially began on June 15 , and lasted until November 15 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . It was an above average season in terms of tropical storms , with a total of 11 named storms . The first system , Hurricane Anna , developed in the eastern Caribbean Sea near the Windward Islands on July 20 . It brought minor damage to the islands , as well as wind and flood impacts to Central America after striking Belize as a hurricane . Anna caused one death and about $ 300 @,@ 000 ( 1961 USD ) in damage . Activity went dormant for nearly a month and a half , until Hurricane Betsy developed on September 2 . Betsy peaked as a Category 4 hurricane , but remained at sea and caused no impact .
One of the most significant storms of the season was Hurricane Carla , which peaked as a Category 5 hurricane , before weakening slightly and striking Texas . Carla caused 43 deaths and approximately $ 325 @.@ 74 million in damage . Hurricane Debbie was a Category 3 storm that existed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean . Early in its duration , unsettled weather from Debbie in Cape Verde resulted in a plane crash that killed 60 people . Debbie then brushed Ireland as either a Category 1 hurricane or shortly after becoming extratropical . The next storm , Hurricane Esther , threatened to strike New England as a major hurricane , but rapidly weakened and made landfall in Massachusetts as only a tropical storm . Impact was generally minor , with about $ 6 million in damage and seven deaths , all of which from a United States Navy plane crash . An unnamed tropical storm and Hurricane Frances caused minimal impact on land . In mid @-@ October , Tropical Storm Gerda brought flooding to Jamaica and eastern Cuba , resulting in twelve deaths .
Another significant storm was Hurricane Hattie , a late @-@ season Category 5 hurricane that struck Belize . Hattie caused 319 confirmed fatalities and about $ 60 @.@ 3 million in damage . Destruction was so severe in Belize that the government had to relocate inland to a new city , Belmopan . The remnants of Hattie may have contributed to the development of Tropical Storm Simone in the eastern Pacific Ocean . In early November , the depression that would later strengthen into Hurricane Jenny brought light rainfall to Puerto Rico . The final storm , Tropical Storm Inga , dissipated on November 8 , after causing no impact on land . On September 11 , three hurricanes existed simultaneously – Betsy , Carla , and Debbie – the most on a single day in the Atlantic basin since 1893 and until 1998 . Collectively , the storms of the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season caused about $ 391 million in damage and at least 348 fatalities .
= = Season summary = =
The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 15 . It was an above average season in which eleven tropical
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John Paul II . Wojtyła 's unexpected elevation strengthened the opposition to the authoritarian and ineffective system of nomenklatura @-@ run state socialism , especially with the pope 's first visit to Poland in 1979 . In early August 1980 , a new wave of strikes resulted in the founding of the independent trade union " Solidarity " ( Polish Solidarność ) led by electrician Lech Wałęsa . The growing strength and activity of the opposition caused the government of Wojciech Jaruzelski to declare martial law in December 1981 . However , with the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union , increasing pressure from the West , and dysfunctional economy , the regime was forced to negotiate with its opponents . The 1989 Round Table Talks led to Solidarity 's participation in the 1989 election ; its candidates ' striking victory gave rise to the first of the succession of transitions from communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe . In 1990 , Jaruzelski resigned from the presidency of the Republic of Poland and , after the December 1990 elections , was succeeded by Wałęsa .
= = Creation of the Polish People 's Republic ( 1944 – 48 ) = =
= = = Wartime devastation , border and population shifts = = =
Before World War II , a third of Poland 's population was composed of ethnic minorities . Poland had about 35 million inhabitants in 1939 , but fewer than 24 million in 1946 , within the respective borders . Of the remaining population over three million were ethnic minorities , such as Germans , Ukrainians and Jews , most of whom would soon leave Poland . Poland suffered the heaviest proportionate human losses during World War II , amounting to 16 – 17 percent of its population . It is estimated that up to 6 million Polish citizens died from war @-@ related causes between 1939 and 1945 . The approximate figure includes 3 million Jewish @-@ Polish victims as part of the above total . The number of ethnically Polish victims was perhaps 2 million .
The historical minorities in Poland were most significantly affected , whereas Poland 's multiethnic diversity reflected in prior national censuses was all but gone within several years after the war . The Polish educated class suffered greatly . A large proportion of the country 's pre @-@ war social and political elite perished and a large proportion were dispersed .
Poland suffered catastrophic damage to its infrastructure during the war , which caused it to lag even further behind the West in its industrial output . The losses in national resources and infrastructure amounted to over 30 % of the pre @-@ war potential . Poland 's capital of Warsaw was among the most devastated cities – over 80 percent destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 . Nonetheless , resulting from forced migration , there was a rapid increase in population to 23 @.@ 9 million shown in the first post @-@ war census of 14 February 1946 . The Polish state acquired more highly developed western territories and lost the more economically backward eastern regions . Already in 1948 the prewar level of industrial production was exceeded in global and per capita terms during the first Three @-@ Year Plan ( Plan Trzyletni ) fueled by the collective desire to rebuild shattered lives .
The implementation of the immense task of reconstructing the country was accompanied by the struggle of the new government to acquire centralized authority , further complicated by the mistrust a considerable part of society held for the new regime and by disputes over Poland 's postwar borders , which were not firmly established until mid @-@ 1945 . In 1947 Soviet pressure caused the Polish government to reject the American @-@ sponsored Marshall Plan , and to join the Soviet Union @-@ dominated Comecon in 1949 . The Soviet forces present engaged in plunder of the former eastern territories of Germany which were being transferred to Poland , stripping it of valuable industrial equipment , infrastructure and factories and sending them to the Soviet Union .
After the Soviet annexation of the Kresy territories east of the Curzon line , about 2 million Poles were " repatriated " ( moved or were transferred or expelled ) from these areas into the new western and northern territories east of the Oder @-@ Neisse line , which were transferred from Germany to Poland under the Potsdam Agreement . Others stayed in what had become the Soviet Union and more went to Poland after 1956 . Additional settlement with people from central parts of Poland brought the number of Poles in what the government called the Recovered Territories up to 5 million by 1950 . The former German population of 10 million had fled or was expelled to post @-@ war Germany by 1950 , of which 5 million were involved in involuntary transfers in the " Polish part of the operation " . The expulsion of the Germans was the result of the Allied decisions finalized in Potsdam .
With the repatriation of Ukrainians from Poland to the Soviet Union and the 1947 Operation Vistula dispersing the remaining Ukrainian minority , and with most of the former Jewish minority exterminated by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust and many of the survivors emigrating to the West and to newly created Israel , Poland for the first time became an ethnically homogeneous nation state . The government @-@ imposed and spontaneous movements of people amounted to one of the greatest demographic upheavals in European history .
Warsaw and other ruined cities were cleared of rubble — mainly by hand — and rebuilt with great speed ( one of the successes of the Three @-@ Year Plan ) at the expense of former German cities like Wrocław , which often provided the needed construction material . Wrocław , Gdańsk , Szczecin and other formerly German cities were also completely rebuilt .
Historian Norman Davies found the new Polish frontiers , from the Polish interests point of view , entirely advantageous , but realized at the cost of enormous suffering and specious justifications . The radically new Eastern European borders constituted a " colossal feat of political engineering " , but could not be derived from immemorial historical determinations , as claimed by the communist propaganda .
The Regained Territories Exhibition ( Polish : Wystawa Ziem Odzyskanych ) , a propaganda exhibition celebrating " the restoration
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of ideology and politics , Solidarity followed the lead of its associated opposition intellectuals .
The activity of Solidarity , although concerned with trade union matters ( such as replacing the nomenklatura @-@ run system with worker self @-@ management in enterprise @-@ level decision making ) , was widely regarded as the first step towards dismantling the regime 's dominance over social institutions , professional organizations and community associations . Because of conditions specific to state socialist society , Solidarity soon lost its labor focus and became a universalist movement that emphasized civic rights and open society . Removing the ruling formation or breaking the dependence on the Soviet Union was not on the agenda . Using strikes and other tactics , the union sought to block government policies . The aims of the original , so @-@ called First Solidarity ( 1980 – 81 ) , were to reform socialism , not to introduce industrial private ownership or promote capitalism in general . Solidarity was an egalitarian and collectivist movement . It did not postulate any re @-@ privatization of state @-@ owned or small rural property , as such concepts were beyond the axiological horizon of Polish society . Solidarity was socialist and social justice was its goal . The First Solidarity upheaval could be viewed also as working people revolting against the emerging capitalist features of the economic order that diminished their role in Gierek @-@ led society , combined with the " anti @-@ politics " approach ( building civil society " without reference to both state and market " ) embraced at that time by their allied intellectual leaders . People of decidedly anticommunist or anti @-@ PZPR orientations constituted a relatively small minority within the First Solidarity organization , which accommodated one million communist party members among its ranks . Apart from workers , both individual farmers and students created their own independent organizations : Rural Solidarity and Independent Students ' Union . They were formally recognized by the authorities only after strike actions conducted by activists of both movements in January 1981 .
In September 1980 , in the aftermath of the labor agreements , First Secretary Gierek was removed from office and replaced as Party leader by Stanisław Kania . Kania made promises of the sort that Gomułka and Gierek had made when each came power . But whatever goodwill the new leader gained , it lasted for an even shorter period than it had been the case in 1956 and 1971 , because there was no way that the regime could have kept the promises it had made at Gdańsk , even if it wanted to . The authorities were still trapped by the contradiction : if they followed economic necessity , they would generate political instability . GNP fell in 1979 by 2 % , in 1980 by 8 % and in 1981 by 15 – 20 % .
At the communist summit in December 1980 in Moscow Kania argued with Leonid Brezhnev and other Warsaw Pact leaders , who pressed for an immediate military intervention in Poland . Kania and Minister of Defense Wojciech Jaruzelski declared their determination to fight the " counterrevolution " in Poland on their own . In regard to Solidarity , they felt , there was still a chance for its healthy , working class current to prevail , not the KOR @-@ instigated anti @-@ socialist , troublemaking elements . President Jimmy Carter and President @-@ elect Ronald Reagan made urgent phone calls to Brezhnev and the intervention was postponed . In the meantime Solidarity , not quite aware of the looming danger , did its revolutionary work , practicing democracy in the union movement and pushing for sovereign society in a number of ways . The autonomous labor unions , united under the Solidarity banner , strove to " recapture public life from the monopoly control of the Party " . On 16 December 1980 , a monument dedicated to the memory of the victims of the 1970 protests on the coast was officially unveiled in Gdańsk in a ceremony that marked the high point in the ascent of Solidarity .
Among the mass protests that occurred at that time were the winter 1981 general strike in Bielsko @-@ Biała , the nationwide warning strike in the spring of that year and hunger demonstrations in summer . The warning strike took place in the aftermath of the Bydgoszcz events ( March 1981 ) , during which the authorities resorted to violence to suppress Solidarity activists . The planned general strike was called off after Solidarity 's questionable deal with the government , but the negotiators worked under a threat of Soviet intervention . Wałęsa 's compromise prevented a confrontation with the regime or its foreign allies , at the price of the protest movement 's loss of some of its dynamics . During the months that followed Solidarity kept getting weaker and its popular support was no longer capable of mass determined action .
Minister Jaruzelski became also prime minister in February 1981 . In June , the Soviet Central Committee pressured the Polish Party for a leadership change , but Jaruzelski received strong support from the military members of the Polish Central Committee . The extraordinary IX Congress of the PZPR took place in July . Kania was reelected the Party 's first secretary , while the organization 's internal reformers suffered a defeat .
As the economic situation kept deteriorating and the regime avoided implementation of the agreed reforms , the government and Solidarity representatives met in early August to discuss the outstanding issues . The talks ended in disagreement . During a conference of Solidarity 's National Commission ( a central representative policy making body ) that followed , Modzelewski , Kuroń and others proposed a democratic transformation and practical arrangements by which the Union would take upon itself a major political role , participating in governing the country , accepting responsibility for the outcome and keeping social peace , thus relieving the ( still ) ruling Party of some of its burdens . Such a deal was seen as the only constructive way forward , but it would require government partners interested in a negotiated solution .
The existence of Solidarity and the political liberties that the movement brought paralyzed the authoritarian state and the state @-@ controlled economy . Everyday life was becoming increasingly unbearable and the public displayed sentiments of extreme volatility . The hostility of the nomenklatura toward Solidarity was rapidly increasing .
At the State Defense Committee meeting on September 13 ( the time of the Soviet Exercise Zapad @-@ 81 maneuvers and of renewed pressure on the Polish leadership ) , Kania was warned by the uniformed cadres that the progressing counterrevolution must be terminated by an imposition of martial law . The PZPR regional secretaries soon issued the same demands . Under the circumstances , in October First Secretary Kania stepped down and Prime Minister Jaruzelski became also the Party chief .
In September and October , the First Congress of Solidarity deliberated in Gdańsk . Wałęsa faced activist opposition and was barely elected chairman of the organization . The delegates passed a radical reform program in which the world " social " or " socialized " was repeated 150 times . The Congress issued a provocative call for workers in other East European countries to follow in Solidarity 's footsteps . Locally authorized , increasingly " political " strikes continued . They were characterized as " wildcats " by Wałęsa , who desperately tried to impose discipline from the center and reach an accord with the state , meeting General Jaruzelski and Catholic Primate Józef Glemp on 4 November . At the time of the regime 's re @-@ energized efforts to reduce
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Solidarity 's role , the Union had nearly ten million members — almost four times as many as the ruling Party . Militant mood was displayed and unrealistic demands made at the meeting of the partially represented National Commission on 3 December , but the proceedings were wiretapped by the authorities , who broadcast the recordings previously manipulated to their advantage .
For its part the government , not consulting Solidarity , adopted a plan of economic measures that could only be implemented by force and asked parliament for extraordinary authority . In early December , Jaruzelski was pressured by his generals and colonels for an immediate forceful action and their demands were repeated at the Politburo meeting on 10 December . On 11 and 12 December Solidarity 's National Commission declared 17 December the day of countrywide protest . Neither the exhausted but radicalized Solidarity nor the ruling establishment was willing or able to back down and , in the era of Brezhnev , there could be no peaceful resolution to the situation that developed . The Soviets now expressed a preference for the conflict to be resolved by the Polish authorities , but Poland , according to Karol Modzelewski , was lucky to avoid a carnage of foreign intervention . Others , including the historian Antoni Dudek , feel that there was no sufficient justification for the imposition of martial law that followed .
= = = Imposition of martial law = = =
On 13 December 1981 , claiming that the country was on the verge of economic and civil breakdown , and alleging a danger of Soviet intervention , General Wojciech Jaruzelski began a crack @-@ down on Solidarity . Martial law was declared , the free labor union was suspended and most of its leaders detained . Several thousand citizens were interned or imprisoned and much larger numbers were subjected to various forms of harassment . Polish state militia ( Milicja Obywatelska , the police ) and paramilitary riot police ZOMO suppressed the strike action and demonstrations . Military forces entered industrial enterprises to clamp down on the independent union movement . A series of violent attacks included the pacification of Wujek Coal Mine during which 9 people were killed . The martial law offensive was directed primarily against workers and their Union ; they , rather than intelligentsia activists , were the object of the most brutal treatment . The authorities succeeded in imposing on members of Solidarity an individual and collective trauma , from which the broken mass movement would not be able to recover . The Catholic Church strove to exert on Solidarity a moderating influence both before and after the martial law .
Initially , the regime leadership intended to remold Solidarity into a compliant union , stripped of its intelligentsia advisers and compatible with the state socialist system . The failure to incite most ranking Solidarity leaders to collaborate , especially Wałęsa 's refusal to extend any cooperation along this course of action , resulted in the government adopting the goal of total liquidation of the union movement .
Strikes and protests followed , but were not nearly as widespread as those of August 1980 . The last mass street demonstrations that Solidarity was able to muster occurred on 31 August 1982 , the second anniversary of the Gdańsk agreements . The " Military Council of National Salvation " banned Solidarity officially on 8 October . Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983 , though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life , as well as food rationing , remained in place throughout the mid @-@ to @-@ late 1980s . With all the restrictions , however , " the official cultural realm remained far more open than it was prior to 1980 " and " cultural policy continued to be the most open in all of Eastern Europe " . Among the concessions in the civil and political rights area granted by the troubled regime were the establishment of the Constitutional Tribunal in 1982 and of the Polish Ombudsman office in 1987 .
In the mid @-@ 1980s and even as late as 1987 , Solidarity was seen by many , including most of its activists , as likely a thing of the past . It persisted solely as a rather small underground organization , supported by various international institutions , from the Catholic Church to the Central Intelligence Agency . When most senior Solidarity figures were interned or otherwise neutralized by the authorities , Zbigniew Bujak , head of the Union 's Warsaw branch , remained in hiding and was the leader of the clandestine organization until his arrest in 1986 . But the post @-@ martial law general public showed signs of tiredness and disappointment , as it had become apparent that Solidarity was not a united front .
= = = " Market socialism " and systemic implosion = = =
During the chaotic years of Solidarity and martial law , Poland entered a decade of economic crisis more pronounced than in Gierek 's years . Work on the major unfinished projects that had begun in the 1970s drained the available investment outlays , little money was left for replacing obsolete production equipment and the manufactured goods were not competitive on the world market . Managerial ineffectiveness , bad organization of production and shortages of inputs and raw materials were among the factors that contributed to further deterioration of workers ' morale . 640 @,@ 000 people of productive age left the country between 1981 and 1988 .
The regime of General Jaruzelski unsuccessfully tried various expedients to improve the performance of the economy . To gather foreign currency , the government established in all Polish cities a chain of state @-@ run Pewex stores , where goods could only be bought with Western currency , as well as issued its own ersatz U.S. currency ( bony ) . The government allowed more small @-@ scale private enterprises to function , departing further from the ' socialist ' model of economy . Ideological considerations were abandoned and priority was given to pragmatic issues and moves . Searching for ways to improve the economy and conscious of its alienation from the industrial working class , the regime turned toward market reforms with an increasingly significant elite @-@ oriented liberal ( from the mid @-@ 1980s ) component . Marketization , formalized by a 1988 statute on economic activity , was a process that would continue past the mid @-@ 1990s . Neoliberal processes may have been initiated by Deputy Prime Minister Zdzisław Sadowski and the government of Zbigniew Messner , then developed further under Minister Mieczysław Wilczek ( author of the statute ) and Mieczysław Rakowski 's government . " Market socialism " was introduced , as the regime leaders actually lost their faith in the socialist system and even the nomenklatura managers were threatened by the declining economy . The enterprises were to be made independent , self @-@ financing and self @-@ managed , which included workers ' councils that were resistant to restructuring . Owners of private businesses did well in the final years of the People 's Republic and the number of such entities increased . Foreign investment was also encouraged , but limited marketization failed to deliver an economic turnaround . The practice of centralized economic decision making had not been overcome , while the newly autonomous enterprises moved toward a rather spontaneous , chaotic partial privatization of dubious legality that included elements of kleptocracy and had a significant middle @-@ level nomenklatura component . On a more basic level , countless ordinary Poles took advantage of the changing attitudes and became involved in a great variety of income @-@ producing activities .
The deepening economic crisis caused a marked deterioration in quality of life of ordinary citizens and resulted in increasing political
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The New York Times describes as a " fiercely independent young woman " , comparing the film to a " Joan Crawfordesque drama " . Her next film , El pecado de Julia , featured Alberto Closas , with whom she had begun a relationship , and received mixed reviews .
In 1947 , Bence won the Writers Association award for Best Actress and the inaugural prize for the Hispanoamericano de Cinematografía in Madrid for her role as a wealthy but weak and vulnerable lady , mistreated by an evil nephew in Daniel Tinayre 's murder drama , A sangre fría . For her role in Momplet ' s La otra y yo ( 1949 ) , which co @-@ starred Enrique Álvarez Diosdado and Fernando Lamas , she dyed her hair blond to play two different characters — the film star " Dora Nelson " and the clothing designer " Matilde García " . It amused and surprised the public , as there is a scene where the two characters talk to each other in the same frame . La Opinión praised her acting and the magazine El Hogar reported that she " soared beyond the script and the director " . Bence again starred opposite Diosdado in Danza del fuego , in which played Elena Valdez , a successful concert pianist who died on her wedding night after falling out the window of her home , tortured and believing herself guilty of a crime . Her performance earned her the award for Best Actress in 1949 from both Writers Association and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences of Argentina .
After marrying Closas in 1950 , they formed a theater company and dedicated themselves more frequently to theater performance . The premiere of " La estrella cayó en el mar " , though marred by politics , was a success and continued playing to sold @-@ out houses . After the first presentation , a reporter from the magazine El Hogar gave rave reviews on the play and marriage of Bence to Closas . The reporter was contacted by first lady Eva Peron , who also demanded that the editor print a retraction and a public denial of what had been written . Bence stated in her autobiography , that from that moment she was " black listed " by the regime , although she was apolitical . In July , after the play reached 150 performances at the Odéon Theatre , the cast began a tour that started in the Coliseo Podestá of La Plata , where they played to sold @-@ out houses for ten days . As they continued with the tour , Bence and Closas worked on the play " Mi marido y su complejo " , which they opened for the first time in Rosario and then took it to Buenos Aires , Rio Cuarto , Mendoza , San Juan and Córdoba . The tour was cut short by the production of Mi mujer está loca ( 1952 ) , an adaptation of the play " Florence est folle " . The screenplay was written by Carlos Schlieper and Ariel Cortazzo and starred both Bence and Closas .
= = = Mid @-@ century = = =
Contracted to work for Reforma Films in Mexico , Bence 's first Mexican film was Siete Mujeres ( 1953 ) . She recalled that the filming was completely different than anything she
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63 aerial victories — that is , 63 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft — achieved in 93 combat missions . He recorded 56 victories at night , including 33 Mosquitos , and scored more aerial victories from a jet fighter aircraft than anyone else in World War II and possibly in aviation history . However this score is a matter of controversy ; research of Royal Air Force losses suggests Welter may have overclaimed .
Welter was born in Cologne @-@ Lindenthal ( Köln @-@ Lindenthal ) on 25 February 1916 . He joined the military service of the Luftwaffe in 1934 and was trained as a pilot . He showed a strong natural ability as a pilot and was subsequently selected for flight instructor training and served many years as a flight instructor . In 1943 Welter transferred to an operational night fighter unit flying contemporary piston engine fighter aircraft . On 18 October 1944 , after 40 combat missions , Welter was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross . In early 1945 , Welter transferred to an experimental jet night fighter unit flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 . On 11 March 1945 he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves for 48 aerial victories . Welter survived the war and was killed in an accident at a railroad crossing on 7 March 1949 .
= = Biography = =
Welter was born on 25 February 1916 in Cologne @-@ Lindenthal . Following schooling and completing a merchant apprenticeship , he joined the Luftwaffe on 1 October 1934 and was trained as a pilot . Because of his skill as a pilot he was trained as a flight instructor . During World War II , Welter was promoted to Feldwebel on 1 August 1940 and transferred to flight training school Flieger @-@ Ausbildungs @-@ Regiment 63 and later on to the flight instructor school at Quedlinburg . Here Welter served as a flight instructor until 10 August 1943 when he was transferred to Blindflugschule 10 ( school for instrument flight training ) in Altenburg with the rank of Oberfeldwebel as a night fighter instructor .
On 2 September 1943 , Welter was transferred to 5 . Staffel / Jagdgeschwader 301 ( JG 301 ) , a night fighter squadron that experimented with the use of largely radar @-@ less single @-@ seat Fw 190A @-@ 5 and Fw 190A @-@ 6 fighter aircraft by night , often equipped with the FuG 350 Naxos device , used in the form of German night @-@ fighter operations without AI radar — due to Düppel interference from RAF Bomber Command aircraft — dubbed Wilde Sau ( wild boar ) . On his first Wilde Sau intercept mission against Allied bombers on the night of 22 September 1943 , Welter shot down two Allied four @-@ engine bombers . He shot down a further two on his third mission on the night of 3 October 1943 . By the beginning of April , he had accumulated 17 victories in only 15 missions . Subsequently on 10 May 1944 Welter was awarded the German Cross in Gold . Leutnant Welter was transferred to 5 . Staffel / Jagdgeschwader 300 ( JG 300 ) on 7 July 1944 .
In July , Welter claimed two United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) B @-@ 17 four @-@ engined bombers and three P @-@ 51 fighters , two of which claimed on 19 July between Munich and Memmingen , shot down by day . From 25 July 1944 , Welter served with 1 . Staffel / Nachtjagdgruppe 10 ( NJGr 10 ) performing further Wilde Sau missions . He claimed four Royal Air Force ( RAF ) Lancaster four @-@ engine bombers shot down on the night of 29 August 1944 to record his 24th through 27th victories .
Welter transferred to 10 . / JG 300 on 4 September 1944 . 10 . Staffel / JG 300 was established to counter intrusions by RAF Mosquito twin @-@ engined bombers , flying specially optimized for speed Bf 109G @-@ 6 / AS fighters . In September , Welter claimed seven Mosquitos downed , including one by ramming . It is thought that during his service with 1 . / NJG 10 and 10 . / JG 300 , Welter recorded 12 victories in only 18 missions . On the night of 19 September 1944 , according to Hinchliffe , Welter may have shot down Wing Commander Guy Gibson who was leading a 300 @-@ bomber attack on Mönchengladbach and Rheydt . Gibson 's Mosquito crashed near Steenbergen in the Netherlands . Welter was the only German pilot to have claimed a Mosquito . The claim is unlikely . Welter submitted his victory claim north of Wittenberg in eastern Germany , some hundreds of miles away from the place Gibson 's Mosquito was found . Recent research suggests that his victim was Mosquito VI " PZ177 " of No. 23 Squadron RAF which was shot down by Welter at 8 @,@ 000 metres ( 26 @,@ 000 ft ) west of Bad Münder , Holzminden . The crew , F / O. K. Eastwood and Navigator F / L. G.G. Rogers were both killed . Welter was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 18 October 1944 for 33 victories in just 40 missions .
= = = Flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 = = =
On 2 November 1944 , Welter was transferred to II . Gruppe / Nachtjagdgeschwader 11 ( NJG 11 ) , a reformation of his former unit . Here he was given command of a special Kommando subordinate to II . / NJG 11 , set up on 11 November 1944 at Erprobungsstelle Rechlin 's southern Lärz airbase ( 2 November 1944 – 28 January 1945 ) , and dedicated to performing nocturnal interception with the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter of RAF Mosquitos attacking the Berlin area . According to some sources , Oberleutnant Welter added a Lancaster to his growing list of Mosquitos on the night of 12 December 1944 , the first night victory by a jet fighter . Other sources state that his first aerial victory flying the Me 262 was claimed either on the night of 2 January 1945 or 5 January 1945 . On 28 January 1945 , the unit initially known as Sonderkom
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was built by the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel ; she was laid down in July 1926 , launched in August 1927 , and commissioned into the Reichsmarine in November 1929 . She was armed with a main battery of nine 15 cm SK C / 25 guns in three triple turrets and had a top speed of 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) .
Like her sisters , Karlsruhe served as a training cruiser for naval cadets throughout the 1930s . During the Spanish Civil War , she joined the non @-@ intervention patrols off the Spanish coast . She was in the process of being modernized at the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , and so she was not ready for action until April 1940 , when she participated in Operation Weserübung , the invasion of Norway . She landed troops at Kristiansand , and while returning to Germany , she was attacked by the British submarine HMS Truant ; two torpedoes hit the ship and caused significant damage . Unable to return to port , Karlsruhe was scuttled by one of the escorting torpedo boats .
= = Characteristics = =
Karlsruhe was 174 meters ( 571 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 15 @.@ 2 m ( 50 ft ) and a maximum draft of 6 @.@ 28 m ( 20 @.@ 6 ft ) . She displaced 7 @,@ 700 long tons ( 7 @,@ 800 t ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of four steam turbines and a pair of 10 @-@ cylinder four @-@ stroke diesel engines . Steam for the turbines was provided by six Marine @-@ type double @-@ ended oil @-@ fired boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) and a range of approximately 5 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 600 km ; 6 @,@ 600 mi ) at 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . Karlsruhe had a crew of 21 officers and 493 enlisted men .
The ship was armed with nine 15 cm SK C / 25 guns mounted in three triple gun turrets . One was located forward , and two were placed in a superfiring pair aft . The rear gun turrets were offset to increase their arc of fire . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 080 rounds of ammunition , for 120 shells per gun . The ship was also equipped with two 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns in single mounts ; they had 400 rounds of ammunition each . Karlsruhe also carried four triple torpedo tube mounts located amidships ; they were supplied with twenty @-@ four 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedoes . She was also capable of carrying 120 naval mines . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick amidships and an armored belt that was 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides .
= = Service history = =
The new cruiser was ordered as " Cruiser C " and given the temporary name Ersatz Medusa as a replacement for the old cruiser Medusa . Construction
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and creates a vast field of flowers , trees , and grass . The final scene has the camera zooming out of the spacecraft next to a tree , riddled with vines and flowers . The music video and the behind the scenes video was included on her DVD compilation Single Clip Collection Vol . 3 ( 2000 ) .
The video achieved success by critics and several award ceremonies . Japanese recording artist Kyary Pamyu Pamyu wrote for the The Guardian , and said that the video " is a strong interpretation of the music . " She also praised the video 's creativity . At the 17th Japan Gold Disc Awards , " Traveling " won the Music Video of the Year trophy .
= = Live performances and promotion = =
The single has been performed on majority of Utada 's concert tours . Its first performance was in 2004 , during her Bokuhan concert tour . It appeared on the live DVD , which was released on July 28 , 2004 . It was included on Utada 's debut English concert tour named Utada United , which was later included on the live DVD , released on December 20 , 2006 . The song was performed during Utada 's two date concert series Wild Life in December 2010 . Since the track 's release , it has appeared on three compilation releases : Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol . 1 ( 2003 ) , its 2014 remastered version , and a special bundle of the compilation and the vol . 2 collection on a USB .
= = Track listings and formats = =
= = Charts = =
= = DVD charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Adventure Time =
Adventure Time is an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward for Cartoon Network . The series follows the adventures of a boy named Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) — a dog with the magical power to change shape and size at will . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo . Throughout the show , they interact with the other main characters Princess Bubblegum ( voiced by Hynden Walch ) , The Ice King ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) , and Marceline the Vampire Queen ( voiced by Olivia Olson ) . The series is based on a short produced for Nicktoons and Frederator Studios ' animation incubator series Random ! Cartoons . After the short became a viral hit on the Internet , Cartoon Network commissioned a full @-@ length series that previewed on March 11 , 2010 , and officially premiered on April 5 , 2010 .
The series was inspired by the fantasy role @-@ playing game Dungeons & Dragons and video games . It is produced using hand @-@ drawn animation ; episodes are created through the process of storyboarding . Multiple episodes are worked on concurrently with each individual episode taking roughly eight to nine months to complete . The Adventure Time cast record their lines in group recordings and the series regularly employs guest actors for minor and recurring characters . Each Adventure Time episode runs for about eleven minutes ; pairs of episodes are often telecast to fill half @-@ hour program slots . Six seasons of the program have been completed , the seventh is currently airing , and the show has been renewed for an eighth season , which is scheduled to air in the latter part of 2016 . As of October 2015 , a feature @-@ length film is in development .
Since its debut , Adventure Time has been a ratings success for Cartoon Network , with the highest @-@ rated episodes having attracted over 3 million viewers . The show has received positive reviews from critics and — despite being aimed primarily at children — has developed a following among teenagers and adults . Adventure Time has won awards including four Primetime Emmy Awards , a Peabody Award , two Annie Awards , two British Academy Children 's Awards , a Motion Picture Sound Editors Award , a Pixel Award , and a Kerrang ! Award . The series has also been nominated for three Critics ' Choice Television Awards , two Annecy Festival Awards , a TCA Award , and a Sundance Film Festival Award , among others . A comic book spin @-@ off based on the series won an Eisner Award and two Harvey Awards . The series has also inspired various clothing items and related merchandise , video games , comic books , and DVD compilations .
= = Premise = =
Adventure Time follows the adventures of a boy , Finn the Human , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake the Dog , who has magical powers to change shape and to change size at will . The show 's creator Pendleton Ward describes Finn as a " fiery little kid with strong morals " ; Jake is based on Bill Murray 's character in Meatballs , Tripper Harrison . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo , where they interact with the show 's other main characters : Princess Bubblegum ( voiced by Hynden Walch ) , the sovereign of the Candy Kingdom ; the Ice King ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) , a menacing but largely misunderstood ice wizard ; and Marceline the Vampire Queen ( voiced by Olivia Olson ) , a thousand @-@ year @-@ old vampire and rock music enthusiast .
= = Development = =
= = = Concept and creation = = =
According to series creator Pendleton Ward , the show 's style was influenced by his time attending the California Institute of the Arts ( CalArts ) and his experiences working as a writer and storyboard artist on The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack . In an interview with Animation World Network , Ward said he strives to combine the series ' subversive humor with " beautiful " moments , using Hayao Miyazaki 's film My Neighbor Totoro as inspiration . Ward has also named Home Movies and Dr. Katz , Professional Therapist as influences , largely because both shows are " relaxing " and feature " conversational dialogue that feels natural [ and ] not over the top [ nor ] cartoony and shrill " .
The show began as a stand @-@ alone animated short film that ran for seven minutes . Ward created the short almost entirely by himself , and concluded its production in early 2006 . The film was first broadcast on Nicktoons Network on January 11 , 2007 , and was re @-@ aired as part of Frederator Studios ' anthology show Random ! Cartoons on December 7 , 2008 . After its initial release , the short video became a viral hit on the Internet .
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climb of foxes as more prestigious quarries in his The Master of Game . By the Renaissance , fox hunting became a traditional sport of the nobility . After the English Civil War caused a drop in deer populations , fox hunting grew in popularity . By the mid @-@ 1600s , Britain was divided into fox hunting territories , with the first fox hunting clubs being formed ( the first was the Charlton Hunt Club in 1737 ) . The popularity of fox hunting in Britain reached a peak during the 1700s . Although already native to North America , red foxes from England were imported for sporting purposes to Virginia and Maryland in 1730 by prosperous tobacco planters . These American fox hunters considered the red species more sporting than grey species .
The grays furnished more fun , the reds more excitement . The grays did not run so far , but usually kept near home , going in a circuit of six or eight miles . ' An old red , , generally so called irrespective of age , as a tribute to his prowess , might lead the dogs all day , and end by losing them as evening fell , after taking them a dead stretch for thirty miles . The capture of a gray was what men boasted of ; a chase after ' an old red ' was what they ' yarned ' about .
Red foxes are still widely persecuted as pests , with human @-@ caused deaths among the highest causes of mortality in the species . Annual fox kills are : UK 21 @,@ 500 – 25 @,@ 000 ( 2000 ) ; Germany 600 @,@ 000 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Austria 58 @,@ 000 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Sweden 58 @,@ 000 ( 1999 – 2000 ) ; Finland 56 @,@ 000 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Denmark 50 @,@ 000 ( 1976 – 1977 ) ; Switzerland 34 @,@ 832 ( 2001 ) ; Norway 17 @,@ 000 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Saskatchewan ( Canada ) 2 @,@ 000 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Nova Scotia ( Canada ) 491 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Minnesota ( US ) 4 @,@ 000 @-@ 8 @,@ 000 ( average annual trapping harvest 2002 @-@ 2009 ) ; New Mexico ( US ) 69 ( 1999 – 2000 ) .
= = = Fur use = = =
Red foxes are among the most important furbearing animals harvested by the fur trade . Their pelts are used for trimmings , scarfs , muffs , jackets and coats . They are principally used as trimming for both cloth coats and fur garments , including evening wraps . The pelts of silver @-@ morph foxes are popular as capes , while cross foxes are mostly used for scarves and rarely for trimming . The number of sold fox scarves exceeds the total number of scarves made from other furbearers . However , this amount is overshadowed by the total number of fox pelts used for trimming purposes . The silver morphs are the most valued by furriers , followed by the cross and red morphs respectively . > In the early 1900s , over 1 @,@ 000 American fox skins were imported to Britain annually , while 500 @,@ 000 were exported annually from Germany and Russia . The total worldwide trade of wild red foxes in 1985 – 86 was 1 @,@ 543 @,@ 995 pelts . Foxes amounted to 45 % of US wild @-@ caught pelts worth $ 50 million . Pelt prices are increasing , with 2012 North American wholesale auction prices averaging $ 39 , and 2013 prices averaging $ 65 @.@ 78 .
North American red foxes , particularly those of northern Alaska , are the most valued for their fur , as they have guard hairs of a silky texture , which , after dressing , allow the wearer unrestricted mobility . Red foxes living in southern Alaska 's coastal areas and the Aleutian Islands are an exception , as they have extremely coarse pelts that rarely exceed one @-@ third of the price of their northern Alaskan cousins . Most European peltries have coarse @-@ textured fur compared to North American varieties . The only exceptions are the Nordic and Far Eastern Russian peltries , but they are still inferior to North American peltries in terms of silkiness .
= = = Livestock and pet predation = = =
Red foxes may on occasions prey on lambs . Usually , lambs targeted by foxes tend to be physically weakened specimens , but not invariably . Lambs belonging to small breeds , such as Blackface , are more vulnerable than larger breeds such as Merino . Twins may be more vulnerable to foxes than singlets , as ewes cannot effectively defend both simultaneously . Crossbreeding small , upland ewes with larger , lowland rams can cause difficult and prolonged labour for ewes due to the heaviness of the resulting offspring , thus
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