text
stringlengths 1.33k
148k
| length_category
stringclasses 4
values | source
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|
Non , je ne regrette rien " ( " No , I Do Not Regret Anything " ) pointedly appears throughout the film , used to accurately time the dreams , and Zimmer reworked pieces of the song into cues of the score . A soundtrack album was released on July 11 , 2010 by Reprise Records . The majority of the score was also included in high resolution 5 @.@ 1 surround sound on the 2nd disc of the 2 disc Blu @-@ ray release Hans Zimmer 's music was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Original Score category in 2011 , losing to Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross of The Social Network .
= = Themes = =
= = = Reality and dreams = = =
In Inception , Nolan wanted to explore " the idea of people sharing a dream space ... That gives you the ability to access somebody 's unconscious mind . What would that be used and abused for ? " The majority of the film 's plot takes place in these interconnected dream worlds . This structure creates a framework where actions in the real or dream worlds ripple across others . The dream is always in a state of production , and shifts across the levels as the characters navigate it . By contrast , the world of The Matrix ( 1999 ) is an authoritarian , computer @-@ controlled one , alluding to theories of social control developed by Michel Foucault and Jean Baudrillard . Nolan 's world has more in common with the works of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari .
David Denby in The New Yorker compared Nolan 's cinematic treatment of dreams to Luis Buñuel 's in Belle de Jour ( 1967 ) and The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie ( 1972 ) . He criticized Nolan 's " literal @-@ minded " action level sequencing compared to Buñuel , who " silently pushed us into reveries and left us alone to enjoy our wonderment , but Nolan is working on so many levels of representation at once that he has to lay in pages of dialogue just to explain what 's going on . " The latter captures " the peculiar malign intensity of actual dreams . "
Deirdre Barrett , a dream researcher at Harvard University , said that Nolan did not get every detail accurate regarding dreams , but their illogical , rambling , disjointed plots would not make for a great thriller anyway . However , " he did get many aspects right , " she said , citing the scene in which a sleeping Cobb is shoved into a full bath , and in the dream world water gushes into the windows of the building , waking him up . " That 's very much how real stimuli get incorporated , and you very often wake up right after that intrusion " .
Nolan himself said , " I tried to work that idea of manipulation and management of a conscious dream being a skill that these people have . Really the script is based on those common , very basic experiences and concepts , and where can those take you ? And the only outlandish idea that the film presents , really , is the existence of a technology that allows you to enter and share the same dream as someone else . "
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
1944 , was appointed to carry out this task . Tenney more than doubled the size of the faculty and the student body , added several new departments , and oversaw the construction of five new campus buildings by 1964 .
In the 1960s , due to a national shortage of physicians and government incentives for schools that increased their class sizes , Dartmouth Medical School graduates began to experience difficulty in trying to transfer to other medical school to complete their final two years of medical school as other medical schools had increased their class size and could not accommodate transfer students . In the meantime , Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital had grown to be a 400 @-@ bed medical center , and Dartmouth Medical School had established a partnership with a 224 @-@ bed Veterans Administration Hospital in White River Junction , Vermont . The Doctor of Medicine program , now possible with the expanded local medical centers , was reinstated by a vote of the trustees in 1968 . The admission of M.D. candidates resumed in 1970 . Initially , the medical school curriculum was three years in length , unlike most medical schools , but it later was increased to the usual four years in 1979 .
A cooperative program with Brown Medical School began in 1981 where students received training at both medical schools . Fifteen to twenty students were selected for the program , which combined the first two years of basic science coursework at Dartmouth with the final two years of clinical coursework at Brown . The program balanced Dartmouth 's greater basic science facilities than Brown , but fewer clinical facilities than available at the urban setting of Brown , which is located in Providence , Rhode Island . Graduates of the program received M.D. degrees from Brown . The program was discontinued in 2010 .
In 1991 , the Dartmouth @-@ Hitchcock Medical Center was established on a 225 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 91 km2 ) campus in Lebanon , New Hampshire . The three @-@ year project , completed at the cost of $ 228 million , served as a replacement for the Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital , which was partially demolished in the early 1990s . A new curriculum was introduced in 1996 entitled " New Directions . " The curriculum , still in place today , seeks to promote small classes , reduce the amount of lectures , and offer students extensive interactive experience with patients . 2009 saw the successful completion of a $ 250 million capital campaign .
On April 4 , 2012 , the Dartmouth Medical School was renamed the Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine in honor of their many years of generosity to the College .
= = Campus = =
The Geisel School of Medicine has facilities on the campus of Dartmouth College , which is situated in the rural , Upper Valley town of Hanover , New Hampshire as well as at its Lebanon , NH campus at Dartmouth @-@ Hitchcock Medical Center ( DHMC ) .
The medical school facilities at Dartmouth College sit in a complex on the north side of Dartmouth 's campus and includes academic , administrative , research , and presentation facilities . Dartmouth Medical School is served by two libraries , the Dana Biomedical Library and the Matthews @-@ Fuller Health Sciences Library , which together offer over 240 @,@ 000 volumes . Dartmouth Medical School offers on @-@ campus housing for first @-@ year students . Off @-@ campus housing is available through Dartmouth College . In addition , the Class of 1978 Life Sciences Center was completed in August 2011 at a cost of $ 92 million , and as part of its design a central lawn is surrounded by the Remsen and Vail Laboratories and Dana .
The Dartmouth @-@ Hitchcock Medical Center , centered in nearby Lebanon , New Hampshire , is a main affiliated teaching hospital of the Geisel School of Medicine . Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital , DHMC 's 396 @-@ bed inpatient facility , acts as the medical school 's teaching hospital and " primary teaching site " . DHMC 's other constituent elements include the Dartmouth @-@ Hitchcock Clinic ( a network of physicians in Vermont and New Hampshire ) and a Veterans Affairs Medical Center in White River Junction , Vermont . In total , DHMC serves an area with a population of 1 @.@ 6 million .
In addition to on @-@ campus instruction in Hanover and Lebanon , third- and fourth @-@ year M.D. students may choose from 75 regional sites for their required clerkships . Most clerkship facilities are located in central New England , although students are also able to clerk at sites in Alaska , Arizona , California , New Mexico , and Florida .
= = Academics = =
The Geisel School of Medicine offers the four @-@ year Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. ) degree and the Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD ) degree in certain fields . In addition , the school offers two joint @-@ degree programs : the combination M.D. / Ph.D. , for which the Ph.D. can be obtained from any doctoral program at Dartmouth , and the combination MD / MBA , offered in conjunction with the Tuck School of Business . The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice , one of a number of DMS research institutes , offers its own degree programs in evaluative clinical sciences , including a Master of Public Health ( MPH ) , a Master of Science ( M.S. ) , a PhD , post @-@ doctoral fellowships , several joint @-@ degree programs , and a residency program for preventive medicine . Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital also offers residencies and fellowships which are administered by Dartmouth Medical School faculty .
The curriculum for the Doctor of Medicine degree spans four years , combining required courses with electives . First @-@ year students learn human anatomy and basic biomedical science in classes offered by the basic science departments , while beginning a two @-@ year course of study in clinical studies . Second @-@ year students study pathophysiology and take courses from almost every clinical and basic science department in the school . In their third year , M.D. candidates are required to participate in six eight @-@ week Medical clerkships with area medical institutions , covering both ambulatory clinics and hospitals . The final year is spent on additional clerkships , the designation of an area of focus , and preparation for a post @-@ graduation residency . In addition to imparting medical and clinical knowledge , the M.D. program is designed to teach " interpersonal and communications skills " , " professionalism " , and other practical skills for a medical career .
Dartmouth 's Geisel School of Medicine also offers the Doctor of Philosophy degree to train students as biomedical researchers and scientists . The PhD is available in six fields offered by the basic science departments : pharmacology and toxicology , molecular and cell biology , immunology , molecular pathogenesis , systems biology , and experimental and molecular medicine . Research and teaching positions at DMS and its centers and institutes are available to PhD candidates .
= = = Organization and research = = =
Like the undergraduate portion of Dartmouth College , the Geisel School of Medicine operates on a quarter system . As part of the larger institution , DMS is ultimately administered by Dartmouth 's President and Board of Trustees . The school is directly
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
for being the hospital bike . " His first relationship developed when he attracted the attention of ward sisters Chrissie Williams and Daisha Anderson . Daisha showed less interest in him than Chrissie , of whose attentiveness Anderson said , " I think any hot @-@ blooded male would find that attractive " . Oliver appeared to ruin his chances with Daisha when he encouraged a patient to complain about her diagnosis – though Anderson noted , " he does apologise to Daisha , and sweetly gives her a cupcake " . This left Chrissie free to pursue Oliver . Before their relationship began , Anderson opined " She 's gorgeous , and Oliver would be a fool not to go out with her . " He thought that Oliver and Chrissie 's " unflappable " natures made them a good fit for one another , though wondered if they were too alike . As an older woman , their relationship was described as a " toyboy storyline " for Chrissie . Hobley admitted to having fun with the storyline due to the real age gap between herself and Anderson . She described Chrissie 's feelings for Oliver , stating : " Chrissie is having a lot of fun with him . But deep down she 's really hoping to find true love – she 's been quite unlucky so far . She 's not getting any younger and she 's worried about missing out on kids . " Producers Kyle and McHale revealed that the pair could have been a " perfect match " , however said the romance would not run smoothly .
Anderson believed it was a bad idea for his character to get involved with a work colleague . Oliver began to doubt the relationship , and on Penny 's advice , convinced Chrissie to break up with him without ruining his career . Chrissie took the break up well , and Hobley told What 's on TV that her character did not mind , as " it was only a bit of fun . She never planned on settling down with him . " It was then announced Chrissie would become pregnant with Oliver 's child . Hobley assessed that Chrissie was surprised to learn that she was pregnant , but pleased , as she had lost a baby five years previously and did not think that she was capable of conceiving another . Oliver was displeased by the news , but Chrissie had no expectations that he should provide for her . Her father , nursing consultant Mark Williams ( Robert Powell ) , urged him to " stand up to the mark and be a proper man " . However , soon after , Chrissie miscarried their unborn baby .
Oliver went on to share a kiss with Jac , a photograph of which was spread around the hospital by Penny , prompting Oliver to try and hide it from Daisha . Ward sister Frieda Petrenko developed a crush on him , and was pleased when he invited her for a drink , however Oliver did not reciprocate her feelings and later cancelled . Fedori commented in January 2011 that she and Anderson had had little " juicy " material , more " little scenes here and there " . Asked about the future of Frieda and Oliver 's relationship , she was unwilling to divulge potential plots , but noted , " There 's been talk about things heading in all sorts of directions " .
Oliver initially had a " friendly rivalry " with sister Penny . Catherwood believes they always had " a really good relationship " . She characterised the siblings ' relationship as " one of constant rivalry but ultimately unconditional support " , and noted , " Everything always comes more easily to Oliver than Penny – she has spent her life playing catch up " . When Penny considered giving her career up over a patient she was romantically involved with , in order to protect her , Oliver ruined the romance . Their relationship remained unaffected by this : Catherwood revealed , " Well they are brother and sister , so you forgive your family for enormous amounts . So it doesn 't affect their relationship , if anything he is there as soon as she breaks down he 's there to catch her , full of apologies and support . " She said the situation would bring them closer together , because it is a typical scenario siblings go through . When Catherwood quit the series , Penny was killed whilst attempting to rescue a patient from a train crash . Her death was not shown on @-@ screen : a conscious decision made by the production team to fully focus on Oliver 's story . Series producer Myar Craig Brown revealed that the big focus would be on the effect it had on Oliver . Forced to come to terms with her death , he faced an " emotional rollercoaster of feeling that he was second best to her " .
= = = Career = = =
Having arrived at Holby as an F1 , Oliver quickly progressed onto his F2 training . This resulted in " professional jealousy " forming with Penny , and in retaliation to their disagreements , he put her career in jeopardy by revealing her affair . Registrar Greg Douglas was appointed as Oliver 's mentor . The fast @-@ paced storyline saw Greg initially " kick [ ing ] against his newfound responsibility " , before realising that Oliver could be beneficial to his own career , which resulted in an " unlikely friendship " forming between them . Though a " fairly light , buddy @-@ buddy " storyline to begin with , Anderson felt that filming their scenes was " intensive " . Speaking of their friendship , Anderson explained : " We start off on the wrong foot with each other and we 're competitive , which is unhelpful to the patients and ( initially ) we 're not out to help one another at all . But they have similarities ... in terms of dropping people in it . " The pace of the storyline had to be changed when Anderson injured his knee upon falling down a ten foot cellar . The pair clashed over conflicting medical opinions on patient care , and their friendship soon created a negative effect over Oliver 's work ethic . Greg 's jokes at his expense left Oliver unable to carry out simple procedures correctly .
Oliver 's career further deteriorated in early 2011 , when it transpired he was not a qualified doctor . A series of setbacks – failing the exam to progress on to his F3 year , blaming a surgical error on Penny , and the death of a patient in his care – prompted him to admit that he swapped his own exam paper with Penny 's in his final year of medical school . Anderson explained that Oliver could no longer cope with the mounting pressure , hence his confession . Contrasting the siblings , he assessed " [ Oliver ] was seen as the golden boy when he arrived at Holby – but he was trading on his sister 's success . " Issued with the ultimatum of confessing to Director of Surgery Henrik Hanssen , Oliver realised that " he must take responsibility " , lest he " lose the one person who loves him unconditionally . "
Believing himself to be in a " impossible dilemma " , Anderson said that Oliver was trying to make good on what
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
of large urban centers , such as monumental buildings , and seems to have been ruled by a kinship based assembly , headed by elders . The pre @-@ Akkadian kingdom was decentralized , and the provincial center of Nabada was ruled by a council of elders , next to the king 's representative . The Nagarite monarchs had to tour their kingdom regularly in order to assert their political control . During the early Akkadian period , Nagar was administrated by local officials . However , central control was tightened and the number of Akkadian officials increased , following the supposed environmental event that preceded the construction of Naram @-@ Sin 's palace . The post @-@ Akkadian Nagar was a city @-@ state kingdom , that gradually lost its political importance during the early second millennium BC , as no evidence for a king dating to that period exists .
= = = Rulers of Tell Brak = = =
= = Economy = =
Throughout its history , Tell Brak was an important trade center ; it was an enterpot of obsidian trade during the Chalcolithic , as it was situated on the river crossing between Anatolia , the Levant and southern Mesopotamia . The countryside was occupied by smaller towns , villages and hamlets , but the city 's surroundings were empty within three kilometers . This was probably due to the intensive cultivation in the immediate hinterland , in order to sustain the population . The city manufactured different objects , including chalices made of obsidian and white marble , faience , flint tools and shell inlays . However , evidence exists for a slight shift in production of goods toward manufacturing objects desired in the south , following the establishment of the Uruk colony .
Trade was also an important economic activity for the pre @-@ Akkadian kingdom of Nagar , which had Ebla and Kish as major partners . The kingdom produced glass , wool , and was famous for breeding and trading in the Kunga , a hybrid of a donkey and a female onager . Tell Brak remained an important commercial center during the Akkadian period , and was one of Mitanni 's main trade cities . Many objects were manufactured in Mitannian Tell Brak , including furniture made of ivory , wood and bronze , in addition to glass . The city provided evidence for the international commercial contacts of Mitanni , including Egyptian , Hittite and Mycenaean objects , some of which were produced in the region to satisfy the local taste .
= = = Equids = = =
The Kungas of pre @-@ Akkadian Nagar were used for drawing the carriages of kings before the domestication of the horse , and a royal procession included up to fifty animals . The kungas of Nagar were in great demand in the Eblaite empire ; they cost two kilos of silver , fifty times the price of a donkey , and were imported regularly by the monarchs of Ebla to be used as transport animals and gifts for allied cities . The horse was known in the region during the third millennium BC , but was not used as a draught animal before c . 18th century BC .
= = Site = =
=
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
= = Excavations = = =
Tell Brak was excavated by the British archaeologist Sir Max Mallowan , husband of Agatha Christie , in 1937 and 1938 . The Eye Temple was the first building unearthed and some artifacts from that initial excavation are now preserved in the British Museum 's collection , including the famous Tell Brak Head .
A team from the Institute of Archaeology of the University of London , led by David and Joan Oates , worked in the tell for 14 seasons between 1976 and 1993 . After 1993 , excavations were conducted by a number of filed directors under the general guidance of David ( until 2004 ) and Joan Oates . Those directors included Roger Matthews ( between 1994 @-@ 1996 ) , for the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research of the University of Cambridge ; Geoff Emberling ( between 1998 @-@ 2002 ) and Helen McDonald ( between 2000 @-@ 2004 ) , for the British Institute for the Study of Iraq and the Metropolitan Museum of Art . In 2006 , Augusta McMahon became field director , also sponsored by the British Institute for the Study of Iraq . A regional archaeological field survey in a 20 km ( 12 mi ) radius around Brak was supervised by Henry T. Wright ( between 2002 – 2005 ) . Many of the finds from the excavations at Tell Brak are on display in the Deir ez @-@ Zor Museum . The most recent excavations took place in the spring of 2011 , but archaeological work is currently suspended due to the ongoing Syrian Civil War .
= = = Syrian Civil War = = =
According to the Syrian authorities , the camp of archaeologists was looted , along with the tools and ceramics kept in it . The site changed hands between the different combatants , mainly the Kurdish People 's Protection Units and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . In early 2015 , Tell Brak was taken by the Kurdish forces after light fighting with the Islamic State .
= Dodo Marmarosa =
Michael " Dodo " Marmarosa ( December 12 , 1925 – September 17 , 2002 ) was an American jazz pianist , composer , and arranger .
Originating in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , Marmarosa became a professional musician in his mid @-@ teens , and toured with several major big bands , including those led by Tommy Dorsey , Gene Krupa , and Artie Shaw into the mid @-@ 1940s . He moved to Los Angeles in 1945 , where he became increasingly interested and involved in the emerging bebop scene . During his time on the West Coast , he recorded in small groups with leading bebop and swing musicians , including Howard McGhee , Charlie Parker , and Lester Young , as well as leading his own bands .
Marmarosa returned to Pittsburgh due to health reasons in 1948 . He began performing much less frequently , and had a presence only locally for around a decade . Friends and fellow musicians had commented from an early stage that Marmarosa was an unusual character . His mental stability was probably affected by being beaten into a coma when in his teens , by a short @-@ lived marriage followed by permanent separation from his children , and by a traumatic period in the army . He made comeback recordings in the early 1960s , but soon retreated to Pittsburgh , where he played occasionally into the early 1970s . From then until his death three decades later , he lived with family and in veterans ' hospitals .
= = Early life = =
Marmarosa was born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania on December 12 , 1925 . He had " Italian working @-@ class parents " – Joseph and Carmella . He was the middle of three children , between sisters Audrey and Doris , and grew up in the East Liberty neighborhood of Pittsburgh . Marmarosa attended Peabody High School . He received the uncomplimentary nickname " Dodo " as a child because of his large head , short body , and bird @-@ like nose .
Although he had stated an interest in playing the trumpet , Marmarosa 's parents persuaded him to take up the piano , which he began at the age of 9 . He received classical music lessons , but was influenced by the jazz playing of Art Tatum , Teddy Wilson , and others after fellow pianist Erroll Garner , four years Marmarosa 's elder , introduced him to their music . Marmarosa practiced a lot , until his left and right hands were equally strong .
= = Later life and career = =
= = = 1941 – 50 = = =
Marmarosa began his professional career around 1941 , joining the Johnny " Scat " Davis orchestra at the age of 15 or 16 . He was first mentioned in the national jazz press the following year , appearing in Down Beat magazine for his playing at a jam session . After touring , the Davis orchestra disbanded , so Marmarosa and others then joined Gene Krupa around the end of 1942 . After one 1943 Krupa performance in Philadelphia , Marmarosa was beaten into a coma by sailors who accused him of draft dodging . According to clarinetist Buddy DeFranco , who was also attacked by the men , " Dodo was always a little off but he seemed different after that beating . The head injury didn 't affect his playing , but I think it created psychological problems for him . "
After Krupa 's orchestra broke up in the middle of 1943 , Marmarosa played in Ted Fio Rito 's band for at least a month that summer . He then moved to Charlie Barnet 's big band , where he stayed from October 1943 to March 1944 . Marmarosa 's recording debut was with Barnet in 1943 ; they recorded " The Moose " , a track described by Gunther Schuller as " a veritable masterpiece " on which the 17 @-@ year @-@ old pianist played an original blend of nascent bebop and Count Basie @-@ style minimalism . Marmarosa recorded some trio tracks with Krupa and DeFranco in 1944 . From April to October of that year he was with Tommy Dorsey , including for the orchestra 's appearance in the MGM film Thrill of a Romance . A Dorsey biographer indicated that the pianist was dismissed because the bandleader did not care for the modernistic facets of his playing . Marmarosa soon joined clarinetist Artie Shaw , with whom he stayed until November 1945 , as part of a big band and Shaw 's small band , the Gramercy Five .
From the early 1940s Marmarosa had searched for and experimented with advanced progressive forms of jazz , and
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
= Postbellum life = =
Fearing prosecution for his execution of 22 deserters following the Battle of New Bern , which was then under investigation , Pickett fled with his wife and son to Canada . He remained out of the country for a year until hearing that , at the recommendation of Ulysses S. Grant , the investigation had ended . Pickett returned to the United States with his family in 1866 to work as an insurance agent and farmer in Norfolk , Virginia .
On June 23 , 1874 House Resolution 3086 , an " act to remove the political disabilities of George E. Pickett of Virginia " , was passed by the U.S. Congress . Pickett was granted a full pardon , about a year before his death .
Pickett lamented his men , lost in great number at Gettysburg . Late in his life , Colonel John Singleton Mosby , who had served under General J.E.B. Stuart , was present when Lee and Pickett met briefly after the war . He claimed their interaction was cold and reserved . Others present at the meeting refuted this , stating Lee only acted in his usual reserved and gentlemanly fashion . Pickett , Mosby said , complained bitterly after this meeting , saying to Mosby : " That man destroyed my division . " Mosby allegedly replied " Yes , but he made you immortal . " Most historians find the encounter as Mosby interpreted it unlikely . Asked by reporters why Pickett 's Charge failed , Pickett frequently replied : " I 've always thought the Yankees had something to do with it . "
George E. Pickett died in Norfolk , Virginia , on July 30 , 1875 . The cause of death was a liver abscess , although whether it was amoebic or bacterial is not clear . He was initially interred in Cedar Grove Cemetery in Norfolk . His remains were disinterred on October 23 and he was buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond , Virginia on October 24 , 1875 . More than 40 @,@ 000 people lined the funeral route while another 5 @,@ 000 marched in the funeral procession . A memorial to Pickett was erected over his grave site and dedicated on October 5 , 1888 . The memorial was not , however , placed directly above Pickett 's burial site , and the exact location of his remains is not clear .
LaSalle Corbell Pickett died on March 22 , 1931 , having outlived her husband by more than 55 years . Initially , Hollywood Cemetery declined to allow her to be buried next to her husband . Pickett 's grandson , Lieutenant George E. Pickett III , threatened to have his grandfather disinterred and moved to Arlington National Cemetery where both grandparents could be buried side @-@ by @-@ side . Hollywood Cemetery quickly agreed to permit LaSalle 's interment at Hollywood , but this did not immediately occur for reasons which are not clear , and LaSalle was cremated and buried at Abbey Mausoleum in Arlington County , Virginia . Originally a mausoleum for the wealthy , it went bankrupt in 1968 . The structure fell into disrepair , and it was vandalized many times and several graves desecrated . In early 1998 , the Military Order of the Stars and Bars and United Daughters of the Confederacy worked together to pay for LaSalle 's disinterment and reburial in
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
front of the George E. Pickett Memorial in Hollywood Cemetery . LaSalle Pickett was buried on Saturday , March 21 , 1998 . She was the first woman interred in the Confederate military burial section .
= = Legacy = =
Decades after Pickett 's death , his widow LaSalle ( also known as " Sallie " and " Mother " ) became a well @-@ known writer and speaker on " her Soldier , " eventually leading to the creation of an idealized Pickett who was the perfect Southern gentleman and soldier . Much controversy attends LaSalle Pickett 's lionizing of her husband . LaSalle was the author of Pickett and His Men , a history of her husband 's military campaigns , which was published in 1899 . She published two other books in her deceased husband 's name , The Heart of a Soldier , As Revealed in the Intimate Letters of Gen 'l George E. Pickett ( published in 1913 ) and Soldier of the South : General Pickett 's War Letters to His Wife ( 1928 ) . These two writings have been described as " unreliable works that were fictionalized by Pickett 's wife . " As a result , General Pickett has become a figure partially obscured by " Lost Cause " mythology . Pickett today is widely perceived as being a tragic hero of sorts — a flamboyant officer who wanted to lead his troops into a glorious battle , but always missed the opportunity until the disastrous charge at Gettysburg .
Historian John C. Waugh wrote of Pickett , " An excellent brigade commander , he never proved he could handle a division . " He quotes George B. McClellan , the Union general , as saying : " Perhaps there is no doubt that he was the best infantry soldier developed on either side during the Civil War . "
Pickett 's grave is marked by a memorial in Hollywood Cemetery , which was placed there in 1888 . A monument to Pickett also stands in the American Camp on San Juan Island , Washington , erected by the Washington University Historical Society on October 21 , 1904 .
Fort Pickett in Blackstone , Virginia , is named in his honor . It was completed in 1942 and served as an active U.S. Army training facility in World War II and is currently occupied by the Virginia National Guard .
= = In popular media = =
Actor Stephen Lang portrayed George Pickett in the 1993 film Gettysburg . Billy Campbell portrayed Pickett in the 2003 prequel Gods and Generals .
Pickett also appeared in two episodes of the 1985 mini @-@ series North and South , depicting his cadet years at West Point , at which time he was a friend of George Hazard and Orry Main , the two main fictional characters of the series .
= Bob Lemon =
Robert Granville " Bob " Lemon ( September 22 , 1920 – January 11 , 2000 ) was an American right @-@ handed pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Lemon was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a player in 1976 .
Lemon was raised in California where he played high school baseball and was the state player of the year in 1938 . At the age of 17 , Lemon began his professional baseball career in the Cleveland Indians organization , with whom he played for his entire professional career . Lemon was called up to Cleveland 's major league team as a utility player in 1941 . He then joined the United States Navy during World War II and returned to the Indians in 1946 . That season was the first Lemon would play at the pitcher position .
The Indians played in the 1948 World Series and were helped by Lemon 's two pitching wins as they won the club 's first championship since 1920 . In the early 1950s , Cleveland had a starting pitching rotation which included Lemon , Bob Feller , Mike Garcia and Early Wynn . During the 1954 season , Lemon had a career @-@ best 23 – 7 win – loss record and the Indians set a 154 @-@ game season AL @-@ record win mark when they won 111 games before they won the American League ( AL ) pennant . He was an All @-@ Star for seven consecutive seasons and recorded seven seasons of 20 or more pitching wins in a nine @-@ year period from 1948 – 1956 .
Lemon was a manager with the Kansas City Royals , Chicago White Sox and New York Yankees . He was named Manager of the Year with the White Sox and Yankees . In 1978 , he was fired as manager of the White Sox . He was named Yankees manager one month later and he led the team to a 1978 World Series title . Lemon became the first AL manager to win a World Series after assuming the managerial role in the middle of a season .
= = Early life = =
Bob Lemon was born in San Bernardino , California . Lemon 's father , Earl Lemon , ran an ice business and later moved the family to Long Beach , California . There , Lemon attended Wilson Classical High School and played shortstop on the school 's baseball team . He was recognized as the state baseball player of the year by the California Interscholastic Federation ( CIF ) Southern Section in 1938 .
Later that same year , at the age of 17 , Lemon began his professional baseball career in the farm system of the Cleveland Indians as a member of the Oswego Netherlands of the Canadian – American League and later that year , the Middle Atlantic League 's Springfield Indians . In 75 games with the Netherlands he recorded a .312 batting average . The following season he played 80 games with Springfield , and hit .293 , and then joined the New Orleans Pelicans of the Southern Association , where Lemon hit .309 . He spent the next two seasons at the Class A level with the Eastern League 's Wilkes @-@ Barre Barons as he hit .255 in 1940 and .301 in 1941 . In his final stint in the minors , Lemon hit .268 with 21 home runs for the 1942 Baltimore Orioles of the International League .
= = Major League career = =
= = = Making it as a utility player = = =
Lemon 's major league debut came as a third baseman as a late season call @-@ up on September 9 , 1941 . He appeared in five games and collected one hit in five plate appearances . He was joined by catcher and fellow rookie Jim Hegan . He repeated the same number of games in the 1942 season and failed to record a hit . Lemon served in the United States Navy during World War II and missed the next three seasons . Before leaving for tour duty in 1943 , Lemon married Jane McGee .
Lemon was the Indians ' center fielder for Opening Day in 1946 . On April 30 , Indians pitcher Bob Feller no @-@ hit the New York Yankees ; Feller later wrote that Lemon 's " daring catch " and " throwing to and doubling a man off second base " were key in " saving my " no @-@ hitter . By season 's end , however , Lemon had entered more games as a pitcher than a utility player . Before that season , Lemon had only pitched one inning while with Oswego and another while with Wilkes @-@ Barre . Birdie Tebbetts of the Detroit Tigers and Johnny Pesky of the Boston Red Sox had played against Lemon in Navy baseball games , and they spoke to Indians player @-@ manager Lou Boudreau about switching Lemon from the outfield to the pitching mound .
Boudreau discussed the potential move to pitcher with Yankees catcher Bill Dickey , who had also played in the Navy with Lemon . " I knew Lemon had a strong arm , and once I realized he was not going to hit with consistency as an outfielder , I thought it would be worthwhile to look at him as a pitcher " , Boudreau later wrote . Lemon resisted the idea at first , but he agreed to the change after he learned that his salary could be higher as
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
plan quickly faced difficulties ; the 60 @-@ man force was intercepted and jailed by Salvadoran policeman before it got to the border . At 8 : 20 am on 18 June 1954 , Castillo Armas led his invading troops over the border . Ten trained saboteurs preceded the invasion , with the aim of blowing up railways and cutting telegraph lines . At about the same time , Castillo Armas ' planes flew over a pro @-@ government rally in the capital . Castillo Armas ' demanded Árbenz ' immediate surrender . The invasion provoked a brief panic in the capital , which quickly decreased as the rebels failed to make any striking moves . Bogged down by supplies and a lack of transportation , Castillo Armas ' forces took several days to reach their targets , although their planes blew up a bridge on 19 June .
When the rebels did reach their targets , they met with further setbacks . The force of 122 men targeting Zacapa were intercepted and decisively beaten by a small garrison of 30 Guatemalan soldiers , with only 30 rebels escaping death or capture . The force that attacked Puerto Barrios was dispatched by policemen and armed dockworkers , with many of the rebels fleeing back to Honduras . In an effort to regain momentum , the rebel planes tried air attacks on the capital . These attacks caused little material damage , but they had a significant psychological impact , leading many citizens to believe that the invasion force was more powerful than it actuality was . The rebel bombers needed to fly out of the Nicaraguan capital of Managua ; as a result , they had a limited payload . A large number of them substituted dynamite or Molotov cocktails for bombs , in an effort to create loud bangs with a lower payload . The planes targeted ammunition depots , parade grounds , and other visible targets . Early in the morning of 27 June 1954 , a CIA Lockheed P @-@ 38M Lightning attacked Puerto San José and dropped napalm bombs on the British cargo ship , SS Springfjord , on charter to the U.S. company W.R. Grace and Company Line , which was being loaded with Guatemalan cotton and coffee . This incident cost the CIA one million U.S. dollars in compensation . On 22 June , another rebel plane bombed the Honduran town of San Pedro de Copán ; Dulles claimed the attack had been by the Guatemalan air force , thus avoiding diplomatic consequences . The handful of bombers that the rebel forces had begun with were shot down by the Guatemalan army within a few days , causing Castillo Armas to demand more from the CIA . Eisenhower quickly agreed to provide these additional planes , bolstering the rebel force . William Pawley had a crucial role to play in the delivery of these aircraft .
= = = Psychological warfare = = =
Castillo Armas ' army of 480 men was not large enough to defeat the Guatemalan military , even with U.S. supplied planes . Therefore , the plans for Operation PBSUCCESS called for a campaign of psychological warfare , which would present Castillo Armas ' victory as a fait accompli to the Guatemalan people , and would force Árbenz to resign . The U.S. propaganda campaign had begun well before the invasion , with the USIA writing hundreds of articles on Guatemala based on CIA reports , and distributing tens of thousands of leaflets throughout Latin America . The CIA persuaded the governments that were friendly to it to screen video footage of Guatemala that supported the U.S. version of events .
The success of the Alfhem in evading the U.S. effort to stop it led to the U.S. escalating its intimidation of Guatemala through the use of its navy . On 24 May , the U.S. launched Operation HARDROCK BAKER , a naval blockade of Guatemala . Ships and submarines patrolled the Guatemalan coasts , and all approaching ships were stopped and searched . This included ships from Britain and France , which was a violation of international law at the time . Britain and France did not protest very strongly , in the hope that the U.S. would not interfere with their efforts to subdue rebellious colonies in the Middle East . The intimidation was not solely naval ; on 26 May one of Castillo Armas planes flew over the capital , dropping leaflets that exhorted people to struggle against communism and support Castillo Armas .
The most wide @-@ reaching psychological weapon was the radio station known as the " Voice of Liberation . " This station began broadcasting on 1 May 1954 , carrying anti @-@ communist messages , telling its listeners to resist the Árbenz government and support the liberating forces of Castillo Armas . The station claimed to be broadcasting from deep within the jungles of the Guatemalan hinterland , a message which many listeners chose to believe . In actuality , the broadcasts were concocted in Miami by Guatemalan exiles , flown to Central America , and broadcast through a mobile transmitter . The station made an initial broadcast that was repeated four times , after which it took to transmitting two @-@ hour bulletins twice a day . The transmissions were initially only heard intermittently in Guatemala City ; a week later , the CIA significantly increased their transmitting power , allowing clear reception in the Guatemalan capital . The radio broadcasts have been given a lot of credit by historians for the success of the coup , due to the unrest they created through the country . They were unexpectedly assisted by the outage of the government @-@ run radio station , which stopped transmitting for three weeks while a new antenna was being fitted . These transmissions continued throughout the conflict , broadcasting news of rebel troops converging on the capital , and contributing to massive demoralization among both the army and the civilian population .
= = = Guatemalan response = = =
The Árbenz Government originally meant to repel the invasion by arming the military @-@ age populace , the workers ' militia , and the Guatemalan Army . Resistance from the armed forces , as well as public knowledge of the secret arms purchase , compelled the President to supply arms only to the Army . From the beginning of the invasion Árbenz was confident that Castillo Armas could be defeated militarily , and expressed this confidence in public . He was worried that a defeat for Castillo Armas would provoke a U.S. invasion . This also contributed to his decision not to arm civilians initially ; lacking a military reason to do so , this could have cost him the support of the army . Carlos Enrique Díaz , the chief of the Guatemalan armed forces , also told Árbenz that arming the civilians would be unpopular within the army , and that " the army [ would ] do its duty . "
Árbenz instead told Díaz to select officers to lead a counter @-@ attack . Díaz chose a corps of officers who were all known to be men of personal integrity , and who were loyal to Árbenz . On the night of 19 June , most of the Guatemalan troops in the capital region left for Zacapa , joined by smaller detachments from other garrisons . Árbenz stated that " the invasion was a farce . " He worried that if it was defeated on the Honduran border , Honduras would use it as an excuse to declare war on Guatemala , which would lead to a U.S. invasion . Due to the rumours spread by the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, " it has the best lyrics of any serious fitness / sports montage song . Overall , a very strong montage . " Disney.com itself cites " I 'll Make a Man Out of You " as a " song that was so epic , so legendary , that it requires an out loud sing along anytime we hear it . "
Despite dubbing the film 's songs its " weak link , " TV Guide wrote that the musical numbers are " crafted with a knowing , almost camp wink that 's totally in keeping with the subtext of the film , " concluding that " I 'll Make a Man Out of You " sounds like " a Village People original . " Writing for The Seattle Times , Moira Macdonald criticized Wilder and Zippel 's songs as " forgettable , " calling " I 'll Make a Man Out of You " " annoying . " The Phoenix 's Jeffrey Gantz wrote that although " Donny Osmond shows some grit , but he 's still the voice of the Whitebread West . " Amazon.ca 's Jason Verlinde commented , " Unfortunately , the voice of Donny Osmond , relegated to anthems such as ' I 'll Make a Man Out of You ' doesn 't really enhance the story line " .
= = = Accolades and recognition = = =
Total Film ranked " I 'll Make a Man Out of You " twenty @-@ ninth on its list of the " 30 Best Disney Songs " . Similarly , M ranked the song twentieth on its list of the " Top 20 Disney Songs of All Time " . Author Stephanie Osmanski cited " Did they send me daughters when I asked for sons ? " as her favourite lyric . Gregory E. Miller of the New York Post cited I 'll Make a Man Out of You " as one of " The best ( and the most underrated ) Disney songs , " writing , " Captain Shang ’ s battle @-@ preparation anthem is the movie ’ s most quotable , with a memorable chorus and a slew of one @-@ liners from supporting characters . " PopSugar ranked the song the nineteenth " Catchiest Disney Song " . On Empire 's list of the twenty " Most Awesome Training Montages In Cinema History " , " I 'll Make a Man Out of You " was ranked 14th . The author identified it as " a solid training montage in which Mulan and her friends go from hapless duffers to fearless warriors in just over two minutes . " Similarly , Men 's Fitness also ranked " I 'll Make a Man Out of You " among the greatest training montages in film history . Stephen Fiorentine of Sneaker Report wrote that " Training montages aren ’ t limited to just live @-@ action movies . With movies like Mulan and Hercules , Disney mastered the art of the montage in their animated films . "
= = Covers and parodies = =
When Mulan was released in China , Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan was hired to dub the voice of Shang and record " I 'll Make a Man Out of You " in Mandarin and Cantonese . The special edition DVD release of Mulan features a music video of Chan performing the song . The video also depicts Chan performing martial arts @-@ inspired choreography . Positively received , Scott Chitwood of ComingSoon.net called Chan 's rendition " a fun addition for Chan fans , " while Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News wrote that he performed the song " very ably . " Mexican singer Cristian Castro , who voiced Shang in the film 's Latin American release , recorded " I 'll Make a Man Out of You " in Spanish , entitled " Hombres de Acción serán hoy " .
In October 2014 , a parody of " I 'll Make a Man Out of You " was uploaded to YouTube entitled " I 'll Make a ' Mon Out of You " . A mashup of Mulan and the popular Pokémon franchise , the video features Digimon Gatomon attempting to masquerade as Pokémon Meowth in lieu of Mulan , while Ash occupies the role of Shang as his trainer , according to Smosh .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the website Discogs .
Donny Osmond – lead vocals
Lea Salonga , Eddie Murphy , Harvey Fierstein , Jerry Tondo and Matthew Wilder – additional vocals
Matthew Wilder – songwriting and producing
David Zippel – songwriting
= Tropical Storm Katrina ( 1999 ) =
Tropical Storm Katrina was a short @-@ lived , weak tropical cyclone that produced minor damage across areas previously devastated by Hurricane Mitch in 1998 . Forming out of a broad area of low pressure in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 28 , 1999 , the disorganized tropical storm made landfall near Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) on October 30 before weakening to a tropical depression . The remnants of the storm persisted until November 1 , at which time it was absorbed by a cold front on the northern end of the Yucatán Peninsula .
Throughout Central America , Katrina produced heavy rains , estimated up to 15 in ( 380 mm ) in mountainous areas , triggering mudslides and flash flooding . Unlike Mitch , little damage resulted from Katrina and no fatalities were reported . Due to the lack
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
of damage caused by the storm , the name was not retired and was re @-@ used during 2005 at which time it was retired due to catastrophic damage in the United States .
= = Meteorological history = =
Tropical Storm Katrina originated out of the remnants of a cold front tracking southward through the Caribbean Sea on October 22 . By October 26 , a broad area of low pressure , associated with disorganized shower and thunderstorm activity , developed over the southwestern Caribbean Sea . The following day , a surface low pressure became apparent after the system showed signs of rotation near the northern Panama coastline . On October 28 , a hurricane hunter flight into the circulation revealed a well @-@ defined low pressure system and resulting in the system being declared Tropical Depression Fifteen while situated roughly 175 mi ( 280 km ) east of Bluefields , Nicaragua . The center of the newly classified depression was situated on the western edge of deep convection . The depression tracked slowly towards the northeast in response to the mid @-@ level flow it was embedded within .
By the morning of October 29 , a tropical wave , tracking towards the west , began to interact with the depression and leading to forecasters discussing a possible merger of the two systems . An upper @-@ level anticyclone over the eastern Caribbean produced significant wind shear over the depression , preventing the center from moving under the deep convection . However , a large convective banding feature developed to the north of the system . Several hours later , hurricane hunters flew through the storm and recorded surface winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 999 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 5 inHg ) , leading to the upgrade of the depression to a tropical storm . At this time , the storm received the name Katrina and peaked in intensity . By 0000 UTC on October 30 , the center of Katrina made landfall near Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua at peak intensity . Within three hours , the storm weakened to a depression due to interaction with the mountains of Nicaragua and convection was limited to a small area on the western side of the center of circulation .
Katrina continued to track over Central America for most of October 30 and began to accelerate . Roughly 24 hours after landfall , the depression moved back over water , in the Gulf of Honduras ; however , by this time , there was no convection remaining around the system . The acceleration of the storm was due to a regeneration of the low @-@ level circulation northward . Due to unfavorable conditions , the weakened system failed to regenerate convection before moving back over land near the northern Belize @-@ Mexico border . Around this time , forecasters reported that the depression would re @-@ intensify once in the Gulf of Mexico before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone . Although situated over land , the depression began to regenerate convection , leading to increased rainfall over the Yucatan Peninsula . By the evening of November 1 , the depression weakened again and moved into the Gulf of Mexico ; however , unlike previous forecasts , the circulation was absorbed by a cold front hours later .
= = Preparations and Impact = =
Despite being a very weak storm , forecasters were wary about Katrina , as Central America was devastated by Hurricane Mitch exactly one year earlier . There was considerable fear of additional flash flooding and mudslides across the mountainous region . Immediately after being declared a tropical depression , a tropical storm warning was issued for Nicaragua , and it was extended to the San Andrés islands of Colombia shortly afterward . Officials in Honduras evacuated 71 families from the district of Colón and another 17 families from other at @-@ risk areas . Along the coastline of Honduras , a red alert was declared as torrential rains were anticipated to produce deadly mudslides in areas still recovering from Mitch nearly one year ago .
Overall , damage was minimal as a result of Katrina . Only a few small mudslides were reported , along with some minor flooding , as the storm tracked across Central America . It was estimated that between 10 and 15 inches ( 250 to 375 mm ) of rain fell across parts of the region as a result of Katrina , with one report of 3 @.@ 58 inches ( 91 mm ) in six hours from the island of San Andrés east of Nicaragua . Roughly 1 @,@ 200 people were evacuated to emergency shelters in Honduras due to flooding . At least five bridges sustained damage and the cities of Tocoa and Trujillo were isolated as the Aguán and Siline rivers overflowed their banks . The water pipes recently constructed after being destroyed by Hurricane Mitch , worth HNL 170 @,@ 000 ( US $ 9 @,@ 000 ) were once again destroyed by Katrina . The most severely affected area in Honduras was the Valle del Aguán .
Between October 30 and November 1 , the remnants of Katrina produced widespread moderate rainfall across the Yucatan Peninsula , peaking at 6 @.@ 32 in ( 161 mm ) in Cunduacán . Moisture from the remnants of the storm enhanced rainfall across southern Florida in association with the cold front that absorbed the system . Already saturated by previous rains , the National Weather Service issued flood watches for the region as torrential rains were expected to fall in relation to the system .
Following the storm , the United Nations deployed field assessment teams to survey the damage caused by Katrina . The International Organization for Migration helped relocate affected families and construct at least 300 new residences for victims of Katrina and Hurricane Mitch the year prior . The Pan American Health Organization also deployed assessment teams to survey the area for the possibility of post @-@ storm diseases . Due to the lack of any significant damage , the name Katrina was not retired and was re @-@ used in the 2005 season ; however , due to the catastrophic damage caused by the storm , it was retired in 2006 and was replaced with the name Katia .
= The Glenlivet distillery =
The Glenlivet distillery is a distillery near Ballindalloch in Moray , Scotland that produces single malt Scotch whisky . It is the oldest legal distillery in the parish of Glenlivet , and the production place of the Scottish whisky of the same name . It is described in packaging and advertising as " The single malt that started it all " . It was founded in 1824 and has operated almost continuously since . The distillery remained open throughout the Great Depression and its only closure came during World War II . The Glenlivet distillery has grown in the post @-@ war period to become one of the biggest single malt distilleries in order to keep up with global demand ; The
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
@-@ bodied man to work on the roads five days per year . The bill passed , and the new law was met with much opposition ; it was repealed by the next legislature in 1826 – 27 . Hamilton served as aide de camp to Governor Edward Coles , and while living in Illinois , first in Springfield and later in Peoria , Hamilton worked for the General Land Office as Deputy Surveyor of Public Lands . In that position he surveyed Springfield 's township . He was also an incorporator of the original Illinois and Michigan Canal Company , along with Coles and other prominent Illinoisans .
In late 1827 Hamilton served during the Winnebago War in the volunteer Illinois Militia as a captain . Hamilton commanded a company raised in Galena , Illinois known as the Galena Mounted Volunteers . Hamilton 's company was under the command of Henry Dodge and was mustered into service on August 26 , 1827 and released on September 10 , 1827 . Hamilton moved to Wisconsin and established Hamilton 's Diggings in 1827 .
During the April – August 1832 Black Hawk War , between white settlers in the lead mining regions and Sauk Chief Black Hawk 's British Band , Hamilton again served in the volunteer militia . Accounts of the war indicated that Hamilton was often in charge of the militia 's indigenous allies . At the war 's onset it was known that many of the Sioux and Menominee were eager to join the conflict against the Sauk . Hamilton was sent to the Michigan Territory , north of Prairie du Chien , to recruit the assistance of indigenous allies . The result was successful and several parties of U.S. aligned Native Americans joined the war .
In June , Hamilton 's return to Fort Hamilton with a large group of militia @-@ aligned Native Americans coincided with the arrival of one of the survivors of the June 14 Spafford Farm massacre . The survivor , Francis Spencer , arrived at the fort around the same time as Hamilton did - accompanied by U.S. aligned Menominee . Afraid that the fort , like his party at the farm , had also been attacked , Spencer retreated back into the woods . He avoided the fort for between six and nine days , when hunger finally drove him into the open and he realized his mistake . On June 16 , about an hour after the fight at Horseshoe Bend , Hamilton arrived on the battlefield with U.S. aligned Menominee , Sioux and Ho @-@ Chunk warriors . According to Dodge , the warriors were given some of the scalps his men had taken , with which they were " delighted " . Dodge also reported that the allied warriors then proceeded onto the battlefield and mutilated the corpses of the fallen Kickapoo .
In 1842 and 1843 Hamilton served as an elected member of the Wisconsin Territorial Assembly . Hamilton lost an 1843 election for the national @-@ level office of Wisconsin Territory delegate to the United States Congress , and in 1848 he lost an election for delegate to the Wisconsin Constitutional Convention . Though well known as a smelter and miner in the lead region of southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois , Hamilton was unable to achieve the political fame he desired .
= = Mining career = =
When Hamilton moved from Illinois to Wisconsin in the late 1820s he established a lead ore mine that became known as Hamilton 's Diggings ; he later renamed the settlement Wiota . During the 1832 Black Hawk War a fort was erected at Hamilton 's Diggings , it was known as Fort Hamilton . Two contemporary descriptions of Hamilton 's Diggings provide a glimpse into the mining life of Hamilton and the others settled at present @-@ day Wiota . An 1831 account from Juliette Kinzie noted the unkempt conditions as " shabby " and " unpromising " . Kinzie also decried the foul language from the miners , whom she called the " roughest @-@ looking set of men I ever beheld . " The other description of early Wiota was provided by Theodore Rodolf in 1834 . Rodolf , a one @-@ time political opponent of Hamilton , contrasted the settlement 's apparently rough exterior with small , finer details , such as the presence of a quarto edition of Voltaire 's works , printed in Paris .
Hamilton never married and presented a rough , garish appearance . His mother ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
evidence ( as introduced by Richard J. Evans at the 2000 libel trial that Irving brought against Deborah Lipstadt ) , Irving based his estimates of the dead of Dresden on the word of one individual who provided no supporting documentation , used forged documents , and described one witness who was a urologist as Dresden 's Deputy Chief Medical Officer . The doctor has since complained about being misidentified by Irving , and further , was only reporting rumours about the death toll .
Today , casualties at Dresden are estimated as 22 @,@ 700 – 25 @,@ 000 dead .
Irving based his numbers on a falsified document " TB 47 " promulgated by Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels , as well as claims made after the war by a former Dresden Nazi functionary , Hans Voigt , without verifying them against official sources available in Dresden . Irving 's estimates and sources were first disputed by Walter Weidauer , Mayor of Dresden 1946 – 1958 , in his own account of the Dresden bombing . When it was later confirmed that TB 47 was a forgery , Irving published a letter to the editor in The Times on 7 July 1966 retracting his estimates , writing that he had " no interest in promoting or perpetuating false legends " . In 1977 the original version of TB 47 was finally located in Dresden by Götz Bergander .
Despite acknowledging that the copy of " TB 47 " he had used was inaccurate , Irving argued during the late 1980s and 1990s that the death toll at Dresden was very high . In several speeches given during this period he claimed that 100 @,@ 000 or more people had been killed in the bombing of Dresden . In some of the speeches Irving also argued or implied that the raid was comparable to the Nazis ' killing of Jews .
= = = 1963 burglary of Irving 's flat = = =
By November 1963 , Irving was in England when he called the London Metropolitan Police with suspicions he had been the victim of a burglary by three men who had gained access to his Mayfair flat claiming to be General Post Office ( GPO ) engineers . Anti @-@ fascist activist Gerry Gable was subsequently arrested and held at Hornsey police station , where on 14 January 1964 , along with Manny Carpel and another , Gable admitted breaking in with intent to steal private papers . At the trial , counsel for the defence claimed that this was no ordinary crime , telling the court , " they hoped to find material they could take to Special Branch " . The case was reported in the Daily Telegraph , 17 January 1964 and other newspapers .
= = Author = =
After the success of the Dresden book , Irving continued writing , including some works of revisionist history , although his 1964 work The Mare 's Nest – an account of the German V @-@ weapons programme and the Allied intelligence countermeasures against it – was widely praised when published and continues to be well regarded . Michael J. Neufeld of the Smithsonian 's National Air and Space Museum has described The Mare 's Nest as " the most complete account on both Allied and German sides of the V @-@ weapons campaign in the last two years of the war .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
passengers ( along with the grounding of Siboney at Vigo in September 1920 ) led to the abandonment of the route .
By October 1921 , Orizaba was placed in New York – Cuba – Mexico service , where business thrived , in part because of Prohibition in the United States . Ward Line cruises to Havana were one of the quickest and least expensive ways to what one author called " alcohol @-@ enriched vacations " . Three years later , the ship underwent a major refit that , among other things , lengthened her funnels . A typical voyage at this time sailed from New York and called at Nassau , Havana , Progreso , Veracruz and Tampico .
By the early 1930s , Orizaba ’ s typical route had remained virtually the same , though Nassau and Tampico were dropped as ports of call . It was in this period that American poet Hart Crane leapt to his death from Orizaba . At around noon on 27 April 1932 , while the ship was headed to New York — some 275 miles ( 443 km ) north of Havana and 10 miles ( 16 km ) off the Florida coast — Crane , clad in pajamas and overcoat , climbed the rail at the stern of the ship and plunged into the ocean . The captain of Orizaba immediately stopped the ship and launched four lifeboats that searched in vain for two hours , but no trace of the poet was ever found . Before he jumped , Crane had been drinking and , the night before , had been the victim of homophobic violence after a pick @-@ up attempt of a crewman ended with a severe beating .
In April 1934 , American actress Katharine Hepburn sailed from New York on Orizaba , eventually ending up in Mérida , Yucatán . After her arrival there on 22 April , she filed for divorce from businessman Ludlow ( " Luddy " ) Ogden Smith , whom she had married in December 1928 . After the divorce was finalized she and her travel companion , Laura Harding , planned to spend a week in Havana and return to New York on the Ward Line ship Morro Castle . Other notable passengers on Orizaba in the 1930s included Ecuadorean diplomat Gonzalo Zaldumbide and Cuban president Fulgencio Batista . Zaldumbide , the Ecuadorean Minister to the United States , sailed to Mexico for his new posting as Minister to Mexico in August 1932 . In February 1939 , Orizaba carried Cuban leader Fulgencio Batista back to Havana after a two @-@ week goodwill visit to Mexico .
Beginning in the mid @-@ 1930s , Orizaba often carried gold and silver bars from Veracruz to New York for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , Chase National Bank , or for later transshipment to London . In October 1933 three short tons ( 2 @.@ 7 tonnes ) of gold bars and coins were shipped on Orizaba for eventual delivery to London , prompting some to believe that gold was being smuggled into Mexico to take advantage of its policy of not charging duties on gold . In July 1934 Orizaba brought in 16 cases of Mexican gold , and in January 1935 , 20 cases ; in both instances , for delivery to Chase National Bank . Twice in 1935 , the Ward liner delivered over 1 @,@ 000 bars of silver for the Federal Reserve Bank , bringing 1 @,@ 390 bars in March , and 1 @,@ 933 bars in July . Mexico was not the only place from which Orizaba delivered precious metals . In March 1934 , she delivered 12 cases of gold — consisting of 84 bars , and worth $ 1 @,@ 624 @,@ 000 — from Havana for Chase .
In mid @-@ 1939 , Orizaba was chartered to United States Lines as one of five ships added to increase what was perceived as a slow rate of return of US citizens fleeing war @-@ torn Europe . In September , the ship was diverted to Galway to pick up American survivors of SS Athenia , torpedoed by U @-@ 30 on 3 September ; Orizaba returned with 240 of the survivors later that month . After completing evacuation service , the ship was laid up in New York in the summer of 1940 , and subsequently purchased by the Maritime Commission on behalf of the Army on 27 February 1941 .
= = World War II = =
After her reacquisition by the War Department , Orizaba completed one round trip to the Panama Canal Zone . On her return she put in for a refit by the Bethlehem Steel Company at New York . After she was transferred to the Navy on 4 June 1941 , she was commissioned as Orizaba ( AP @-@ 24 ) on 15 June 1941 .
Following several months of coastal operations , Orizaba , now armed with two 5 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) guns and four 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) guns , departed New York in April 1942 on the first transatlantic run of her second world war . Sailing via Iceland , she steamed to England , Cape Town , Recife , and Norfolk , Virginia , from which she got underway for Bermuda and Puerto Rico . Returning
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
less peasants who had to resort to peddling were to be exempted from taxation .
Itinerant merchants were often wealthy and did not have to register . These itinerant merchants often participated in large @-@ scale trade with powerful families and officials . Nishijima writes that most of the biographies of " wealthy men " in the Records of the Grand Historian and Book of Han were those of itinerant merchants .
In contrast , registered marketplace merchants had a very low social status and were often subject to additional restrictions . Emperor Gaozu passed laws levying higher taxes , forbidding merchants from wearing silk , and barring their descendants from holding public office . These laws were difficult to enforce . Emperor Wu targeted both the registered and unregistered merchants with higher taxes . While registered merchants were not allowed to own land , if they broke this law their land and slaves would be confiscated . However , wealthy unregistered merchants owned large tracts of land . Emperor Wu significantly reduced the economic influence of great merchants by openly competing with them in the marketplace , where he set up government @-@ managed shops that sold commodities collected from the merchants as property taxes .
= = Crafts , industries , and government employment = =
= = = Private manufacture and government monopolies = = =
= = = = Iron and salt = = = =
At the beginning of the Han dynasty , China 's salt and iron enterprises were privately owned by a number of wealthy merchants and subordinate regional kings . The profits of these industries rivaled the funds of the imperial court . A successful iron or salt industrialist might have employed over a thousand peasants , causing a severe loss of agricultural tax revenue to the central government . To restrict the power of the industrialists , Emperor Wu had nationalized the salt and iron industries by 117 BC .
The government also instituted a liquor monopoly in 98 BC . However , this was repealed in 81 BC in an effort to reduce government intervention in the private economy .
The Reformist Party supported privatization , opposing the Modernist Party , which had dominated politics during the reign of Emperor Wu and the subsequent regency of Huo Guang ( d . 68 BC ) . The Modernists argued that state monopolies provided abundant raw materials , good working conditions , and high quality iron ; the Reformists countered that state @-@ owned ironworks produced large and impractical implements designed to meet quotas rather than to be of practical use , were of inferior quality , and were too expensive for commoners to purchase . In 44 BC , the Reformists had both the salt and iron monopolies abolished , but the monopolies were reinstated in 41 BC after their abrupt closure resulted in significant losses of revenue for the government and disruption of the private economy .
Wang Mang preserved these central government monopolies . When Eastern Han began , they were once again repealed , the industries given to local commandery governments and private entrepreneurs . Emperor Zhang of Han ( r . 75 – 88 AD ) briefly reintroduced the central government monopolies on salt and iron from 85 to 88 AD , but abolished them in the last year of his reign . After Emperor Zhang , the Han never returned the salt and iron industries to government ownership .
= = = = Grain = = = =
The grain trade was a profitable private enterprise during the early Western Han , yet Emperor Wu 's government intervened in the grain trade when it established the equable marketing system ( also known as the ever @-@ normal granary system ) in 110 BC . The government purchased grain when it was plentiful and inexpensive , shipping it to granaries for storage or to areas where grain was scarce . The system was intended to eliminate grain speculation , to create a standard price and to increase government revenue . The system was designed by civil servant Sang Hongyang ( d . 80 BC ) — who was previously a merchant . Sang Hongyang was criticized by merchants for placing government officials in market stalls . This supply system was discontinued in Eastern Han , although it was briefly revived by Emperor Ming of Han ( r . 57 – 75 ) . Emperor Ming also abolished the system in 68 AD , when he believed that the government 's storage of grain increased prices and made wealthy landowners richer .
Ebrey argues that although most of Emperor Wu 's fiscal policies were repealed during Eastern Han , their damage to the merchant class and the subsequent laissez @-@ faire policies of Eastern Han allowed the wealthiest landowners to dominate society , ensuring that China 's economy would remain firmly agrarian @-@ based for centuries . The Eastern Han central government lost an important source of revenue by relinquishing its salt and iron industries and purchasing its armies ' swords and shields from private manufacturers . However , this loss of revenue was often compensated by higher taxes levied on the merchants .
= = = Government workshops = = =
Han government workshops produced common , luxury , and even artistic funerary items , such as the ceramic figurines and tomb tiles which adorned the walls of underground tombs . Imperial workshops were operated by the Minister Steward , whose ministry controlled the treasury and the emperor 's private finances .
The Office of Arts and Crafts , subordinate to the Minister Steward , produced weapons , bronze mirrors , vessel wares , and other goods . The Office of Manufactures , also subordinate to the Minister Steward , made the cheaper weapons , utensils , and armor . Textiles and clothing worn by the emperor and royal family were made in the Weaving House of the West and Weaving House of the East ; the latter was abolished in 28 BC , and the Weaving House of the West was renamed the Weaving House .
Workshops located in the commanderies made silks and embroidered fabrics , silver and gold luxury items , and weapons . One workshop , in modern Anhui province , had a shipyard where battle ships were built . Although the government used the labor of state @-@ owned slaves , corvée laborers , and convicts in its workshops , they also hired skilled craftsmen who were well @-@ paid .
Han lacquerwares were privately made as well as being manufactured in government workshops . Hundreds of laborers could be employed to work on a single luxury item , such as a lacquered cup or screen . Some lacquerwares were inscribed simply with the clan name of the family who owned them . Others were inscribed with the titles of the owner , the specific type of the vessels , their capacities , the precise day , month , and year of manufacture ( according to Chinese era names and their lunisolar calendar ) , the names of the floor managers who oversaw the items ' production and the names of the workers who made them . Even some iron implements made during the age of the monopoly bore inscriptions of the date they were made and the name of the workshop . Bronze calipers from the Xin dynasty , used for minute measurements , had an inscription stating that it was " made on a gui @-@ you day at new moon of the first month of the first year of the Shijian gu
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the position to communicate by radio , which could be monitored by the Germans , and which required Bourguignon to transmit through Chesnois to reach headquarters .
The Germans eventually captured Hill 311 just before nightfall , driving off the first battalion of the 23rd Colonial Infantry Regiment with losses . During the afternoon of the 17th , the Villy artillery casemates were evacuated , while German bombardment continued amid French fire from Chesnois . At about this time , General Huntziger ordered that Villy and La Ferté be relieved to prevent their encirclement , emphasizing the importance of French possession of Hill 311 , and directing that the town of Inor to the southwest be held at all costs . General Brochard , responsible for the area , decided to counterattack from the south through Hill 311 to La Ferté using the 3rd North African Infantry Division and the newly arrived 6th Infantry Division . Through the ensuing night La Ferté requested and received supporting fire from Chesnois to suppress German movements on top of the ouvrage .
Telephone service was restored the morning of the 18th , allowing better artillery coordination in support of La Ferté . By the afternoon of 18 May , the Germans had occupied the village of Villy , completing the encirclement of the ouvrage . Between 1400 and 1500 hours on the 18th , Block 2 's automatic rifle / observation ( GFM ) cloche was hit by German fire , killing three . At about the same time , the retractable mixed arms turret on Block 2 became stuck in the opened position , facing to the rear and unable to aim . As this comprised La Ferté 's heaviest armament , it significantly reduced the position 's defensive strength . At 1700 hours , Germans entered the vacant Villy Est casemate , occupying Villy Ouest an hour later . Both had been evacuated by the French amid concerns about the German presence on Hill 311 . From 1800 – 1830 three batteries of German 210mm howitzers fired on La Ferté with supporting fire on the fort 's surroundings from 155mm howitzers . At 1810 four German 88mm guns opened fire on the exposed portions of the main ouvrage . The combined artillery fire destroyed the barbed wire entanglements surrounding La Ferté and cratered the ground . Firing ceased after 20 minutes to allow German sappers to destroy the previously damaged GFM cloche . They then threw smoke bombs into the resulting hole and destroyed the stuck turret and two more cloches , leaving Block 2 incapable of further resistance . Supporting fire from Chesnois was hampered by smoke shells that obscured French observation posts ' view of La Ferté .
The French counterattack was ordered from French lines using ten Char B tanks supported by two battalions of the 119th Infantry Regiment of the 6th Infantry Division . The attack was launched at 1930 hours . With the infantry making a late start , the tanks halted at the saddle between Hill 311 and La Ferté to let them catch up . The infantry was met on the slopes of Hill 311 by two battalions of the German 119th Infantry Regiment , while three tanks were lost , two to enemy fire . The counterattack failed to reach La Ferté . In the meantime , Chesnois was ordered to cease supporting fire for fear of hitting the French rescue force , allowing the Germans to move freely about the surface . After dark on the 18th the Germans opened artillery fire on Block 1 , while at the same time blasting the Block 2 mixed arms turret into the air so that it landed askew in its opening . At 2300 a ground
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
assault on Block 1 was launched . Two hours later all of Block 1 's cloches were out of action . Chesnois was directly ordered not to fire on La Ferté by the 6th ID artillery director , despite continuing assertions from observers that the Germans were on top of the position . Lieutenant Bouguignon repeatedly asked General Aymé , his commander at the 3rd Colonial Infantry Division for permission to abandon the position . Aymé refused Bourguignon permission to evacuate , saying " Your mission has not changed . " The commander of Chesnois , Bourguigonon 's former commander who pleaded with the divisional staff to allow Bourguignon to evacuate , advised him that " A Maginot Line ouvrage is like a submarine . One doesn 't leave a submarine : one sinks with it . " Contact was lost with La Ferté overnight .
By the morning of the 19th , resistance ceased . There was no response to repeated telephone calls from the French headquarters . It became apparent that the interior of Block 2 was on fire . On the 20th , equipped with respirators , the Germans entered Block 2 , encountering no one . The next day they were able to enter Block 1 . Finding no resistance , the Germans moved on to other objectives . French patrols reached La Ferté on the 28th and 29th , reporting dense smoke within , but were unable to advance . On 2 June a German patrol made a full survey of the ouvrage , finding " the most difficult conditions imaginable , " and discovering the corpses of the garrison , apparently suffocated , most wearing gas masks . By 9 June the area was firmly under German control . The bodies of the garrison were recovered by a German disciplinary battalion and buried . Examination indicated that the garrison died of carbon monoxide poisoning . While the gas masks were effective against low concentrations of carbon monoxide , they could not cope with a concentration greater than 2 % .
The entire garrison was posthumously awarded the Ordre de l 'Armée and Bourguigon was made a chevalier of the Legion d 'Honneur . On the German side , Oberleutnant Alfred Germer , who led the assault on Block 2 , was awarded the Knight 's Cross . Belated Unteroffizier Walter Pape was also awarded the Knight 's Cross for conquering Panzerwerk 505 and for his leading of a stormtroop ( Sturmtruppführer ) against Verdun in June 1940 .
= = Current condition = =
La Ferté is preserved as it was in 1940 , with the scars of shellfire visible on cloches and concrete . The site includes a military memorial facing the new road alignment . A small cemetery , established in 1960 opposite the memorial , is the burial site for the majority of the garrison . The ouvrage and surrounding casemates are recorded as French historic monuments . The interior is open to the public on stated days .
= Golf Ball =
Golf Ball ( sometimes Golfball ) is a 1962 painting by Roy Lichtenstein . It is considered to fall within the art movement known as Pop art . It depicts " a single sphere with patterned , variously directional semi @-@ circular grooves . " The work is commonly associated with black @-@ and @-@ white Piet Mondrian works . It is one of the works that was presented at Lichtenstein 's first solo exhibition and one that was critical to his early association with pop art . The work is commonly critiqued for its tension involving a three @-@ dimensional representation in two dimensions with much discussion revolving around the choice of a background nearly without any perspective .
= = History = =
When Lichtenstein had his first solo show at the Leo Castelli Gallery in February 1962 , it sold out before opening . Golf Ball was one of the works that Lichtenstein exhibited . Later , Lichtenstein included Golf Ball in Still Life with Goldfish Bowl , 1972 , and Go for Baroque , 1979 . The painting exemplifies the novel superimposition of abstraction and figuration . The work also represents abstraction as a result of elimination of three @-@ dimensionality , chiaroscuro and a landscape context .
The use of black and white is regarded as dramatic , and although it may have been influenced by 1940s and 1950s works of Willem de Kooning , Franz Kline and Robert Motherwell , it is more likely a commentary on Mondrian 's 1917 Composition in Black and White . Alternatively , it may have been a reference to another of Mondrian 's Pre @-@ World War I black and white oval paintings , such as Pier and ocean , 1915 . This complementary source art was common of Lichtenstein 's 1960s work on frequently advertised objects . Lichtenstein describes his sources as Mondrian Plus and Minus paintings .
= = Description = =
In 1962 , Lichtenstein produced several works in which he depicted " ... the repetitive regularity of their patterned surfaces ... " Golf Ball is a depiction of a golf ball using a Mondrianesque set of black and white arcs to depict the three @-@ dimensionality of the subject . However , the neutral background manipulates the image and diminishes the volumetric characteristics by stripping the viewer of his perspective . It is described as a " pure graphic mark on a gray ground " as well as a " totality of abstract marks . " Lichtenstein described Golf Ball as " the antithesis of what was thought of as having ' art meaning ' " because of its lack of perspective .
Golf Ball is an example of the emerging " confident authority " of his single @-@ image paintings with its " Rock of Gibraltar @-@ like thereness " . The " frontal and centralized presentation " ' s directness lacked the sophistication to market the images of household goods for advertising but was considered daring artistically . The black and white painting on a grey background challenges both the natural perception of realism and the boundaries of abstraction . The work " gives us both the impression of space and the fact of surface " .
Golf Ball was one of the bases by which " critics aligned him with other practitioners of Pop Art " , although much is made about the painting 's references to abstract painting , especially its likeness to Mondrian 's works . Furthermore , the painting leverages tensions regarding three @-@ dimensional representation in two dimensions resulting from spatial ambiguities caused by the lack of cues in the background .
= = Reception = =
Diane Waldman refers to the subject of Golf Ball as a freestanding form . This is one of the figures in which Lichtenstein demonstrates his draftsman experience . This work demonstrated his maturation as an artist with standardized contours that present uniformity and solidified inflections . This is a strong example of presenting the tension of volumetric potential balanced against two @-@ dimensional presentation . It also shows how placement against a neutral background diminishes three @-@ dimensionality . Despite Lichtenstein 's techniques to display / minimize dimensionality , the viewer imposes his or her own visualization experiences on the painting , which minimizes the effect of spatial illusion .
= Banded sugar ant =
The banded sugar ant ( Camponotus consobrinus ) , also known as the sugar ant , is a species of ant endemic to Australia . A member of the genus Camponotus in the subfamily Formicinae , it was described by German entomologist Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson in 1842 . Its common name refers to the ant 's liking for sugar and sweet food , as well as the distinctive orange @-@ brown band that wraps around its gaster .
The ant is polymorphic and relatively large , with two different castes of workers : major workers ( also known as soldiers ) , and minor workers . These two group of workers measure around 5 to 15 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 6 in ) in length , while the queen ants are even larger . Mainly nocturnal , banded sugar ants prefer a mesic habitat , and are commonly found in forests and woodlands . They also occur in urban areas , where they are considered a household pest . The ant 's diet includes sweet secretions that are retrieved from aphids and other insects that it tends . This species is a competitor of the meat ant ( Iridomyrmex purpureus ) , and food robbery and nest @-@ plugging is known to occur between these two ants . Workers prey on insects , killing them with a spray of formic acid . Banded sugar ants are preyed upon by other ants , echidnas , and birds . The eggs of this species were consumed by Indigenous Australians .
= = Taxonomy = =
The banded sugar ant was first described by German entomologist Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson , who named it Formica consobrina in 1
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
their cousin King Stephen Tvrtko II . Stephen Thomas was politically inactive and did not take part in the struggle between his brother and cousin , enabling his family to lead a quiet life in a period when the Ottoman state tried to weaken Bosnia by encouraging internal divisions . This all changed when the ailing and childless King Stephen Tvrtko II decreed that Stephen Thomas should succeed him . The King died shortly after , in November 1443 , and Stephen Tomašević 's father ascended the throne . The legal status of his parents ' marriage is ambiguous ; his mother has been described as either his father 's concubine or common @-@ law wife . The marriage ended when Bosnian noblemen , unwilling to recognize a commoner as their queen , requested that Stephen Thomas take a wife of noble birth . The annulment was granted by Pope Eugene IV on 29 May 1445 .
Stephen Thomas , raised as a member of the Bosnian Church , converted to Roman Catholicism in c . 1445 ; Stephen Tomašević later stated that he had been baptized into the Roman Catholic Church as a child , and that he had been taught Latin letters . In 1446 , Stephen Thomas married Catherine of St Sava , by whom Stephen Tomašević had a half @-@ brother named Sigismund and a half @-@ sister named Catherine .
= = Marriage = =
In 1453 , the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and annexed the remnants of the Byzantine Empire . Without an adversary to their rear , the Ottomans were now able to freely campaign against European states , including the Kingdom of Bosnia and the neighbouring Despotate of Serbia . Stephen Thomas thereupon desperately tried to ensure Christendom 's help in case of Ottoman invasion , and entered into negotiations with Francesco Sforza , Duke of Milan , over Stephen Tomašević 's marriage to an illegitimate daughter of the Duke .
Serbia 's despot , Lazar Branković , died in 1458 , and a power vacuum ensued . Having left three daughters and no sons , he was nominally succeeded by his older brother Stephen , but Stephen 's authority was challenged as he was blind and thus considered unfit to rule . Stephen Thomas took advantage of Serbia 's weakness to recapture Eastern Bosnian towns he had lost to Lazar 's and Stephen 's father George . Shortly afterwards , he entered peace negotiations with Lazar 's widow , Helen Palaiologina . Abandoning the prospect of his son 's marriage to a daughter of the Duke of Milan , Stephen Thomas came to an agreement with Helen : Stephen Tomašević was to marry the eldest of the three daughters of her and Lazar , the 11 @-@ year @-@ old Helen , and assume the government of Serbia . The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus agreed to the arrangement – it was in his interest to create a strong buffer zone between his realm and the Ottoman Empire by uniting the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Despotate of Serbia , which he considered Hungary 's vassal states , under Stephen Tomašević . The Diet of Hungary confirmed Stephen Tomašević 's right to Serbia in January 1459 .
Stephen Tomašević duly set out for Serbia but narrowly escaped imprisonment during an Ottoman
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
raid on the royal residence of Bobovac . He arrived to Smederevo , capital of the Eastern Orthodox despotate , during the Holy Week of 1459 , and ascended the Serbian throne on 21 March . Michael Szilágyi , regent for the underage King Matthias , arrived at the head of an army to ensure that command over the town 's fortress would be assumed by Stephen Tomašević without any difficulties .
= = Despotism = =
Stephen Tomašević 's marriage to Helen took place on 1 April , the first Sunday following Easter . Following the presumably Catholic ceremony , the bride was known as Maria . He assumed the title of despot , despite the fact that the title was neither hereditary nor tied to a specific territory , but a grant from the Byzantine emperor . It is possible that his mother @-@ in @-@ law , a member of Byzantium 's last imperial family , believed that she had the right to grant the title in the absence of an emperor . Within a week of the wedding , Stephen Tomašević exiled his wife 's deposed uncle from Serbia . King Stephen Thomas retold these events in a letter sent to the Duke of Milan , claiming that the title of despot was granted to his son by the King of Hungary " with the agreement and will of all the Rascians " . It is more likely , however , that only Hungarians and the supporters of Stephen Tomašević 's mother @-@ in @-@ law were pleased with his accession to the Serbian throne .
It was clear from the onset that Stephen Tomašević 's reign in Serbia would be short @-@ lived . The Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror considered Stephen Tomašević 's enthronement an unwarranted violation of his own rights , for the Ottomans too considered Serbia their vassal state . Mehmed promptly launched an attack on Smederevo in June , and there was no serious consideration of trying to defend it . Aware that it could not withstand the attack , Stephen Tomašević surrendered the fortress on 20 June . The Ottoman proceeded to annex the rest of the Serbian state to their empire within a year .
Following the fall of the town which Pope Pius II lamentably termed " the gateway to Rascia " , Stephen Tomašević fled to Bosnia with his wife and in @-@ laws , seeking refuge at the court of his father . The King of Hungary accused Stephen Tomašević and the Bosnians of selling Smederevo Fortress to the Ottomans , and the Pope at first believed the Hungarians . Pius 's own investigation appears to have come to the conclusion that Stephen Tomašević did not sell the fortress , as the Pope did not repeat the claim . Ottoman , Bosnian and Serbian sources say nothing about the supposed betrayal , so the allegation is unlikely to be based on fact . The Serbian @-@ born Janissary Konstantin Mihailović and the Byzantine Greek scholar Laonikos Chalkokondyles maintained Stephen Tomašević 's innocence and pointed out to the strength of the Ottoman army . Both agree that the Serbs within Smederevo were so unhappy with Bosnian rule and convinced that the Ottoman would prevail ( and grant them more religious tolerance than the Hungarians ) that they went out to meet Mehmed and presented him with keys to the city .
= = Kingship = =
= = = Accession and coronation = = =
Stephen Tomašević 's father died in the summer of 1461 . The 16th century Croatian chronicler Ivan Tomašić wrote that the King died on 10 July – more precisely , that he was murdered on the order of his brother Radivoj and with the consent of his son Stephen Tomašević . No contemporary source records that the King was murdered , however , and historians have generally discarded the claim . Stephen Tomašević ascended the throne without difficulty , as he had been appointed his father 's heir @-@ designate already during his brief reign as Despot of Serbia . He ensured that his uncle would not contest the succession by generously endowing him with land . The new monarch assumed the pompous title inherited from Stephen Tvrtko I , the first Bosnian king , styling himself as , " by the Grace of God , King of Serbia , Bosnia , the Maritime Lands , Zachlumia , Dalmatia , Croatia , and the Western lands " – regardless of the fact that Serbia had by then become an Ottoman pashaluk , that Croatia had been lost to Hungary in the 1390s , and that he had to beg the government of the Republic of Venice to allow him to take refuge in Dalmatia in case of an Ottoman attack .
Immediately upon his accession , Stephen Tomašević set out to resolve all disagreements within the royal family in order to strengthen his own position . His relations with his stepmother , the 37 @-@ year @-@ old Queen Catherine , had been strained during his father 's lifetime , but he now guaranteed that she would retain her title and privileges . Her father , Stjepan Vukčić Kosača , wrote to Venetian officials that the King had " taken her as his mother " , Vojača having already died by the time he ascended the throne . Kosača was the kingdom 's most powerful nobleman , and had been engaged in a never @-@ ending conflict with Stephen Tomašević 's father . It appears that he nevertheless refrained from claiming the Bosnian crown for his adolescent grandson Sigismund , Catherine 's son and Stephen Tomašević 's half @-@ brother , probably because he was aware that Bosnia needed a strong , mature monarch more than ever . Stephen Tomašević took the Venetians ' advice to make peace with his stepgrandfather , thus finally ensuring the nobility 's absolute support of their king . He then focused on improving Bosnia 's economy , which became stronger than ever during his reign , and ensuring that the state would collect more profit from the flourishing metalworking trade .
Pope Pius proclaimed Saint Gregory
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Thaumaturgus " Defender of Bosnia " on Stephen Tomašević 's request on 7 November , and sent a crown to be used for his coronation . On the feast of Saint Gregory ten days later , the newly appointed Bishop Nicholas of Modruš , Pope Pius 's legate , crowned Stephen Tomašević in the Church of Saint Mary in Jajce . The coronation marked the first and last time a Bosnian monarch received his crown from Rome . It exemplified how , with the religious persecution established by Stephen Thomas and Stephen Tomašević 's active correspondence with the papacy , the Kingdom of Bosnia acquired the character of a true Catholic state only at its very end .
= = = Ottoman invasion = = =
Conflict broke out in 1462 between Stephen Tomašević 's stepgrandfather and stepuncle Vladislav Hercegović , and the latter sought Ottoman help in the revolt . The King and Stjepan Vukčić Kosača , along with the papal legate Luke de Tolentis , prepared for an imminent Ottoman attack . The King could not count on Hungarian aid : Pope Pius 's recognition of Stephen Tomašević as a sovereign independent from Hungary gravely insulted King Matthias , who had not forgiven Stephen Tomašević for surrendering Smederevo in the first place . Stephen Tomašević seemingly appeased Matthias by paying him off with a considerable sum of money , ceding a few Bosnian castles , and promising to cancel the tribute due to the Ottomans .
Encouraged by Matthias 's commitment to help and possibly by the Bishop of Modruš , Stephen Tomašević made a tactless and fatal decision in June 1462 . Pope Pius wrote in his diary that , " relying on one knows what hope " , the King " refused the tributes which his ancestors had long been used to pay the Ottomans and had stormed the town which the enemy had built at the confluence of Sava and Bosna to put fear into the Hungarians and Slavs . " According to Chalkokondyles , Stephen Tomašević invited the Ottoman ambassador to his treasure house and showed him the money set aside as tribute , but informed him that he would rather use it to fight off an Ottoman attack or to live off it in exile . Mehmed the Conqueror was enraged by Stephen Tomašević 's insubordinance and audacity . The Pope recounts how , hearing of Sultan Mehmed 's vow to conquer his kingdom and destroy him , Stephen Tomašević summoned the Bishop of Modruš and blamed him for infuriating the Sultan . He commanded Nicholas to go to Hungary and seek immediate action against the Ottomans , but no help ever arrived to Bosnia from Christendom ; Matthias of Hungary , Skenderbeg of Albania and the Ragusans all failed to carry out their promises , while the Venetians flatly refused the King 's pleas .
In the spring of 1463 , Mehmed gathered an army of 150 @,@ 000 men in Adrianople and prepared to march towards Bosnia . In his despair , Stephen Tomašević turned to the Sultan himself and tried at the last moment to procure a 15 @-@ year @-@ long truce with him . Konstantinović claimed that he was present when the Ottomans duped the Bosnian envoys into thinking that the King 's request for truce was granted , and that he tried to warn them about the deceit . Mehmed 's army set out right after the envoys . Fortresses fell rapidly , and Stephen Tomašević fled with his family and possessions from Bobovac to Jajce . The Ottoman army under the leadership of Mahmud Pasha Angelović laid siege to Bobovac on 19 May , with the Sultan joining them the following day . Believing that Bobovac could withstand the siege for two years , Stephen Tomašević planned to assemble an army in Jajce , still counting on foreign aid . He sent his wife with their possessions to Dalmatia , while his stepmother took the rest to Ragusa .
= = = Capture and death = = =
Contrary to Stephen Tomašević 's expectations , Bobovac fell within days . The King had already realized that he had no choice but to take refuge in the neighbouring Croatia or Dalmatia . Angelović tirelessly pursued him , and caught up with him in Ključ . The Ottoman army was reportedly about to pass the city 's fortress , not suspecting that the King was hiding within its walls , when a local man revealed his whereabouts in return for money . A four @-@ day @-@ long siege of the fortress ensued . Eager to capture him , Angelović had his messengers solemnly promise the King that he would be done no harm if he surrendered , and sent him a document guaranteeing him freedom . With food supplies and ammunition running short , Stephen Tomašević decided to surrender himself and his garrison to Angelović . Angelović , in turn , brought him , his uncle Radivoj and 13 @-@ year @-@ old cousin Tvrtko before Mehmed in Jajce .
The captured King sought to ingratiate himself with the Sultan , and sent out orders to commanders and castellans to surrender , enabling Mehmed to take command of more than seventy towns in one week . Mehmed , however , had no intention of sparing Stephen Tomašević 's life and summoned him on 25 May . The King brought Angelović 's document , but Mehmed 's mullah , Ali al @-@ Bistami , issued a fatwah declaring that the Sultan was not bound to keep the promise made by his servant without his knowledge . As if to demonstrate the validity of his fatwah , the elderly mullah took out his sword and beheaded Stephen Tomašević in front of Mehmed . Benedetto Dei , on the other hand , recorded that Mehmed himself decapitated Stephen . The execution of the King , his uncle , cousin and two noblemen took place in a field next to Jajce , which has since been known as Carevo Polje ( " the Emperor 's Field " ) .
= = Assessment and legacy = =
Stephen Tomašević was buried on a hill near Jajce . Europe was stunned to see the Kingdom of Bosnia fall almost completely within weeks of his death . The country 's quick submission is said to be the consequence of a poor cooperation between Stephen Tomašević and his noblemen , but it is perhaps most accurate to attribute it to the people 's low morale and general belief that the conquest was inevitable . Additionally , the religiously diverse Bosnians were aware , much like the neighbouring Serbians , that the country would be overrun by Hungary if not by the Ottomans , and
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
efforts dealing with video games have generally focused on juveniles , Thompson got involved in a case involving an adult on one occasion in 2004 . This was an aggravated murder case against 29 @-@ year @-@ old Charles McCoy , Jr . , the defendant in a series of highway shootings the previous year around Columbus , Ohio . When McCoy was captured , a game console and a copy of The Getaway were in his motel room . Although not representing McCoy and over the objections of McCoy 's lawyers , Thompson succeeded in getting the court to unseal a search warrant for McCoy 's residence . This showed , among other things , the discovery of additional games State of Emergency , Max Payne , and Dead to Rights . However , he was not allowed to present the evidence to McCoy , whose defense team was relying on an insanity defense based on paranoid schizophrenia . In Thompson 's estimation , McCoy was the " functional equivalent of a 15 @-@ year @-@ old , " and " the only thing insane about this case is the ( insanity ) defense " .
= = = Early litigation = = =
Thompson filed a lawsuit on behalf of the parents of three children killed in the Heath High School shooting in 1997 . Investigations showed that the perpetrator , 14 @-@ year @-@ old Michael Carneal , had regularly played various computer games ( including Doom , Quake , Castle Wolfenstein , Redneck Rampage , Nightmare Creatures , MechWarrior , and Resident Evil ) and accessed some pornographic websites . Carneal had also owned a videotape of The Basketball Diaries , which includes a high school student dreaming about shooting his teacher and some classmates . The suit sought $ 33 million in damages , alleging that the producers of the games , the movie , and the operators of the Internet sites were negligent in distributing this material to a minor because it would desensitize him and make him more prone to violence . Additional claims included product liability for making " defective " products ( the defects alleged were violent features and lack of warnings ) and violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act for distributing this material to minors . Said Thompson , " We intend to hurt Hollywood . We intend to hurt the video game industry . We intend to hurt the sex porn sites . "
The suit was filed in federal district court and was dismissed for failing to present a legally recognizable claim . The court concluded that Carneal 's actions were not reasonably foreseeable by the defendants and that in any case , his actions superseded those of the defendants , so that the latter could not be the proximate cause of the harm . In addition , the judge determined that " thoughts , ideas and images " in the defendants ' materials did not constitute " products " that could be considered defective . The ruling was upheld on appeal .
= = = Grand Theft Auto = = =
In February 2003 , Thompson asked permission to file an amicus curiae ( or " friend of the court " ) brief in the Ohio case of Dustin Lynch , 16 , who was charged with aggravated murder in the death of JoLynn Mishne ; Lynch was " obsessed " with Grand Theft Auto III . When Judge John Lohn ruled that Lynch would be tried as an adult , Thompson passed a message from Mishne 's father to the judge , asserting that " the attorneys had better tell the jury about the violent video game that trained this kid [ and ] showed him how to kill our daughter , JoLynn . If they don 't , I will . " In a motion sent to the prosecutor , the boy 's court @-@ appointed lawyer , and to reporters , Thompson asked to be recognized as the boy 's lawyer in the case . However , Medina County Prosecutor Dean Holman said Thompson would be faced with deeply conflicting interests if he were to represent Dustin Lynch because he also advised Mishne 's parents . Claiming that delays had weakened his case , Thompson asked Medina County Common Pleas Judge Christopher Collier to disqualify himself from presiding over the case because the judge had not ruled on Thompson 's request for two months . Lynch himself eventually rejected Thompson 's offer , withdrawing his insanity plea . Lynch 's mother , Jerrilyn Thomas , who previously demanded that Collier appoint Thompson to defend her son , said she changed her mind after visiting with her boy in jail , saying , " It has nothing to do with video games or
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
oner might reveal details of their presence to the British and had demanded that Leissègues seize and burn the vessel , but the admiral had refused .
In the early morning of 6 February 1806 , Duckworth 's scouting frigates sighted Leissègues ' squadron off the port of Santo Domingo . French lookouts reported the British squadron to the admiral , who ordered his ships to sail in a line of battle westwards along the coast , in the direction of Nizao . Duckworth closed with Leissègues ' leading ships in his flagship Superb , followed by Cochrane in Northumberland and Spencer . The rest of the ships formed a second division led by Rear @-@ Admiral Thomas Louis in HMS Canopus , which rapidly fell behind the leading division . At 10 : 10 , Duckworth opened fire on Alexandre , while Northumberland and Spencer engaged the next two French ships in line , Leissègues ' flagship Impérial and Diomède . Within 15 minutes , Alexandre had fallen out of the line , dragging Spencer with her to the south , while Northumberland had suffered severe damage from Impérial 's heavy gun batteries . At 10 : 35 , Louis ' squadron arrived , each ship raking Alexandre as they passed and leaving her dismasted and shattered . Canopus then passed on towards the melee surrounding Impérial while HMS Donegal targeted Brave and HMS Atlas attacked Jupiter , both of which rapidly surrendered , followed shortly afterwards by Alexandre .
With the French rear defeated , the remaining British ships focused their attack on Impérial and Diomède , but the intense smoke blocked the British view and caused Atlas to collide with Canopus , while fire from Impérial disabled Northumberland . At 11 : 30 , surrounded by enemies and with escape impossible , Leissègues ' decided to drive his remaining ships on shore rather than surrender . Steering for the beach and closely pursued by Canopus , both Impérial and Diomède were deliberately grounded . With the enemy line destroyed , Duckworth anchored offshore to observe French activity on the grounded ships and conduct hasty repairs . Out of range of British fire , small boats evacuated most of the remaining sailors from Impérial and Diomède , which had lost all their masts and were rapidly filling with water . When Duckworth sent in his frigates on 8 February it was clear that both ships were beyond repair , the British boarding parties removing the remaining 156 crew as prisoners and setting fire to the hulls . British casualties in the engagement had been 74 killed and 264 wounded , while the French total was estimated at 1 @,@ 510 , although accurate counts were not taken in the aftermath of the battle .
With his enemy defeated , Duckworth detached Northumberland and HMS Agamemnon to Barbados and took the rest of the squadron to Jamaica with the prizes . There he was acclaimed , and his victory was also celebrated in Britain when the news reached Europe in the brig HMS Kingfisher . Awards were distributed among the officers of the squadron but Duckworth was overlooked : his abandonment of Cadiz and the failure to bring Willaumez to battle in December had earned the enmity of Lord Collingwood , commander in chief of the Mediterranean Fleet , who blocked any awards to his subordinate . Historians William James and William Laird Clowes have both suggested that if Duckworth had not been victorious at San Domingo then he would probably have faced a court martial .
= = Willaumez 's cruise = =
= = = South Atlantic = = =
After outrunning Duckworth on 26 December , Willaumez sailed for the South Atlantic , intending to pass into the Indian Ocean and cruise off the Cape of Good Hope in anticipation of the arrival of the British China Fleet . The China Fleet was a large annual convoy of East Indiamen that originated in Canton and passed through the Malacca Straits , across the Indian Ocean , around the Cape of Good Hope and then north through the Atlantic Ocean , arriving in British waters six to eight months after departure . During the passage , the convoy gathered ships from the various British colonies in the Indian Ocean and by the time it passed the southern tip of Africa it often contained dozens of vessels . By combining the heavy armaments of the East Indiamen with a strong Royal Navy escort , the China Fleet became a formidable target for French raiding squadrons : at the Battle of Pulo Aura in February 1804 , an unescorted China Fleet drove off a powerful French squadron under Contre @-@ Admiral Charles @-@ Alexandre Durand Linois after a sharp encounter .
Willaumez had planned to resupply his squadron at the Cape itself before searching for the China Fleet , but the crew of a merchant ship captured in the South Atlantic informed him that the Dutch governors had surrendered on 10 January 1806 to an expeditionary force under General Sir David Baird and Commodore Popham after five days of fighting . Turning away from the Cape , Willaumez decided to continue operations in the South Atlantic until April , when he put into Salvador in Brazil for supplies . Willaumez was fortunate to have collected this information before attempting to anchor in Table Bay : Popham had ordered all ships and shore facilities to continue to fly the Dutch flag in the hope that enemy ships would be lured within range of the port 's gun batteries . On 4 March this ruse worked successfully when the frigate Volontaire , detached from Willaumez 's squadron in December , anchored in the midst of Popham 's squadron without realising their identity . Hopelessly outnumbered , Captain Bretel had no choice but to surrender , the British boarding party discovering 217 British soldiers in the hold , captured by Willaumez from Redmill 's convoy .
= = = Destruction of Linois = = =
While Willaumez operated in the South Atlantic , the British squadrons under Strachan and Warren hunted for him hundreds of miles to the north . Warren 's squadron cruised the eastern Atlantic , monitoring the trade routes than ran along the coast of West Africa while Strachan focused on the western Atlantic , particularly the southern approaches to the Caribbean . Although neither was in a position to intercept Willaumez until he began the return journey north , Warren 's position afforded him the opportunity to watch for any French or allied vessels returning to Europe from the East . At 03 : 00 on 16 March
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
for assistance . He encouraged them , and the Scouting movement developed momentum . In 1910 Baden @-@ Powell formed The Boy Scouts Association in the United Kingdom . As the movement grew , Sea Scouts , Air Scouts , and other specialized units were added to the program .
= = = History = = =
The Boy Scout Movement swiftly established itself throughout the British Empire soon after the publication of Scouting for Boys . By 1908 , Scouting was established in Gibraltar , Malta . Canada , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . In 1909 Chile was the first country outside the British dominions to have a Scouting organization recognized by Baden @-@ Powell . The first Scout rally , held in 1909 at The Crystal Palace in London , attracted 10 @,@ 000 boys and a number of girls . By 1910 , Argentina , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , India , Malaya , Mexico , the Netherlands , Norway , Russia , Sweden , and the United States had Boy Scouts .
The program initially focused on boys aged 11 to 18 , but as the movement grew , the need became apparent for leader training and programs for younger boys , older boys , and girls . The first Cub Scout and Rover Scout programs were in place by the late 1910s . They operated independently until they obtained official recognition from their home country 's Scouting organization . In the United States , attempts at Cub programs began as early as 1911 , but official recognition was not obtained until 1930 .
Girls wanted to become part of the movement almost as soon as it began . Baden @-@ Powell and his sister Agnes Baden @-@ Powell introduced the Girl Guides in 1910 , a parallel movement for girls , sometimes named Girl Scouts . Agnes Baden @-@ Powell became the first president of the Girl Guides when it was formed in 1910 , at the request of the girls who attended the Crystal Palace Rally . In 1914 , she started Rosebuds — later renamed Brownies — for younger girls . She stepped down as president of the Girl Guides in 1920 in favor of Robert 's wife Olave Baden @-@ Powell , who was named Chief Guide ( for England ) in 1918 and World Chief Guide in 1930 . At that time , girls were expected to remain separate from boys because of societal standards , though co @-@ educational youth groups did exist . By the 1990s , two thirds of the Scout organizations belonging to WOSM had become co @-@ educational .
Baden @-@ Powell could not single @-@ handedly advise all groups who requested his assistance . Early Scoutmaster training camps were held in London and Yorkshire in 1910 and 1911 . Baden @-@ Powell wanted the training to be as practical as possible to encourage other adults to take leadership roles , so the Wood Badge course was developed to recognize adult leadership training . The development of the training was delayed by World War I , so the first Wood Badge course was not held until 1919 . Wood Badge is used by Boy Scout associations and combined Boy Scout and Girl Guide associations in many countries . Gilwell Park near London was purchased in 1919 on behalf of The Scout Association as an adult training site and Scouting campsite . Baden @-@ Powell wrote a book , Aids to Scoutmastership , to help Scouting Leaders , and wrote other handbooks for the use of the new Scouting sections , such as Cub Scouts and Girl Guides . One of these was Rovering to Success , written for Rover Scouts in 1922 . A wide range of leader training exists in 2007 , from basic to program @-@ specific , including the Wood Badge training .
= = = Influences = = =
Important elements of traditional Scouting have their origins in Baden @-@ Powell 's experiences in education and military training . He was a 50 @-@ year @-@ old retired army general when he founded Scouting , and his revolutionary ideas inspired thousands of young people , from all parts of society , to get involved in activities that most had never contemplated . Comparable organizations in the English @-@ speaking world are the Boys ' Brigade and the non @-@ militaristic Woodcraft Folk ; however , they never matched the development and growth of Scouting .
Aspects of Scouting practice have been criticized as too militaristic . Military @-@ style uniforms , badges of rank , flag ceremonies , and brass bands were commonly accepted in the early years because they were a part of normal society , but since then have diminished or been abandoned in both Scouting and society .
Local influences have also been a strong part of Scouting . By adopting and modifying local ideologies , Scouting has been able to find acceptance in a wide variety of cultures . In the United States , Scouting uses images drawn from the U.S. frontier experience . This includes not only its selection of animal badges for Cub Scouts , but the underlying assumption that American native peoples are more closely connected with nature and therefore have special wilderness survival skills which can be used as part of the training program .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
in any direction . The player can also push large crates in order to reach higher platforms . Combat is focused on shooting an enemy with a weapon on sight , however the player can crawl at any time in order to avoid the oncoming bullets of an enemy . The player is also able to neutralise enemies by dropping down onto them whilst dangling from a higher platform . In every level , the game sets a time limit when a bomb is placed on one of the crates containing Stinger missiles .
= = Background = =
Ocean Software was founded in Manchester by David Ward and Jon Woods in 1984 . The company were known for developing titles such as Platoon , Top Gun and Jurassic Park , which were usually based on their films of the same name . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , Ocean primarily focused on developing games related to best @-@ selling B @-@ movies or porting other commercially successful games to different platforms . In 1998 , the company was purchased by French holding company Infogrames and was later merged into Atari , in 2004 . In 2004 , both founders of Ocean Software received the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association Hall of Fame award , for their recognition in " transforming " the British video games industry into a multi @-@ national business . The music for Navy SEALS was composed by Matthew Cannon , an employee of Ocean Software .
= = Reception = =
The game received mostly positive reviews upon release . Richard Smith of Crash heralded the graphics for their detail , colour and smooth animation , summarising that it was a " landmark in every aspect " . Chris Jenkins of Sinclair User stated that the graphics and animation were " fabulous " , whilst focusing particular praise on the game 's background details . Jeff Matthews of Raze praised the graphics for both Amstrad GX4000 and Commodore 64 ports , heralding them as " nicely detailed " and " super @-@ smoothly animated " , respectively . Matt Bielby of Your Sinclair praised the presentation and gameplay , citing them both as " out of the ordinary " , whilst also praising the developer 's attention for detail . Steve Fielder of Commodore Format praised the game 's ability to fully utilise the colour palette of the Commodore 64 , in which Fielder praised the " smooth " side scrolling levels and " derfully " detailed backdrops .
Two reviewers of Mean Machines praised the sprites and background drops , calling both " cleverly animated " and " atmospheric " . However , the other reviewer criticised the game 's hard difficulty . Robert Swan of Computer and Video Games criticised the playability of the ZX Spectrum version , calling it " less playable " due to its presentation in monochrome and hard difficulty . Reviewing the GX4000 port , Swann praised the " colourful " graphics , but expressed scepticism over the difficulty . Fielder also praised the game 's soundtrack as " mystifying " .
= Ernst Lindemann =
Otto Ernst Lindemann ( 28 March 1894 – 27 May 1941 ) was a German Kapitän zur See ( naval captain ) . He was the only commander of the battleship Bismarck during its eight months of service in World War II .
Lindemann joined the German Imperial Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) in 1913 , and after his basic military training , served on a number of warships during World War I as a wireless telegraphy officer . On board SMS Bayern , he participated in Operation Albion in 1917 . After World War I , he served in various staff and naval gunnery training positions . One year after the outbreak of World War II , he was appointed commander of the battleship Bismarck , at the time the largest warship in commission anywhere in the world and the pride of the Kriegsmarine ( Nazi Germany 's navy ) .
In May 1941 , Lindemann commanded Bismarck during Operation Rheinübung . Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen formed a task force under the command of Admiral Günther Lütjens on board Bismarck . Orders were to break out of their base in German occupied Poland and attack British merchant shipping lanes in the Atlantic Ocean . The task force 's first major engagement was the Battle of the Denmark Strait which resulted in the sinking of HMS Hood . Less than a week later , on 27 May , Lindemann and most of his crew lost their lives during Bismarck 's last battle .
He was posthumously awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) , an honour that recognised extreme bravery on the battlefield or outstanding military leadership . The medal was presented to his widow , Hildegard , on 6 January 1942 .
= = Early life = =
Otto Ernst Lindemann was born on 28 March 1894 in Altenkirchen in the Westerwald , Rhine Province . He was the first of three children of Dr. jur . Georg Heinrich Ernst Lindemann and Maria Lindemann , née Lieber . Known as Ernst , Georg Lindemann was a probationary judge ( Gerichtsassessor ) and later president of the Prussian Central Land Credit Company , a Prussian credit bank .
Otto Ernst Lindemann was baptised into the Protestant Church on 26 April 1894 . The family moved to the Charlottenburg quarter of Berlin , where they lived at 6 Carmer Street , in 1895 . His younger brother — Kurt — was born in 1896 , followed by a second brother , Hans @-@ Wolfgang , in 1900 . The family relocated again in 1903 , this time to their own house in the Dahlem quarter of Berlin , near the Grunewald forest .
In 1910 , when Lindemann was 16 , his uncle Kapitän zur See Friedrich Tiesmeyer was in command of the light cruiser SMS Mainz ( October 1909 – January 1910 ) of the Imperial Navy , at that time holding the rank of Fregattenkapitän ( commander ) . At a family reunion in Hamelin , Lindemann talked with his uncle and heard of his seafaring adventures in the Far East . These conversations gave Lindemann the idea of a naval career .
Lindemann graduated from the Bismarck @-@ Gymnasium ( secondary school ) in Berlin @-@ Wilmersdorf with his Abitur ( diploma ) late in 1912 with an average @-@ to @-@ good overall rating . For the next six months , he attended the Royal Polytechnic Institution in Richmond , London .
= = Personal life = =
Ernst Lindemann met Charlotte Weil ( née Fritsche ; 1899 – 1979 ) , a Berlin singer , in the spring of 1920 . The couple married on 1 February 1921 , and they had a daughter , Helga Maria , born on 26 February 1924 . Lindemann 's job as a naval officer demanded that he be away from his family for long periods of time . This proved to be too demanding on the marriage , and they were divorced in 1932 . Lindemann was engaged again on 20 July 1933 to his youngest brother 's sister @-@ in @-@ law
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, Hildegard Burchard . Hildegard was 14 years younger than Lindemann . They married on 27 October 1934 in the St. Annen Church in Berlin – Dahlem . The ceremony was performed by Martin Niemöller , a founder of the Confessing Church , later imprisoned as an anti @-@ Nazi . They had a daughter , Heidi Maria , born on 6 July 1939 .
= = Naval career = =
= = = Imperial Navy = = =
On 26 March 1913 , Lindemann traveled with his parents to Flensburg for his medical examination at the Naval Academy at Mürwik . The strong financial background of his parents made him a suitable applicant for the Imperial Navy , as the costs associated with a naval education in 1909 were 800 – 1 @,@ 000 Marks per year for eight years . By comparison , a metal worker earned 1 @,@ 366 Marks annually and a teacher 3 @,@ 294 Marks . Only 5 percent of the German population at the time earned more than 3 @,@ 000 Marks annually . However , the doctor certified him as fit only for limited duties ( bedingt tauglich ) , as pneumonia in childhood had left him unfit for service in U @-@ boats . After a second examination , he was accepted on probation , and Lindemann became one of the 290 young men of " Crew 1913 " ( the incoming class of 1913 ) . He was officially enlisted in the Imperial Navy as a Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 1 April 1913 .
In early May 1913 , the cadets of Crew 1913 were sent to the training ships SMS Hansa , SMS Hertha , SMS Victoria Louise and SMS Vineta . Lindemann was assigned to Hertha with 71 of his comrades . At that time , Hertha was under the command of Captain Heinrich Rohardt , a friend of his uncle Friedrich . Arriving on board on 9 May , they were divided into watches consisting of roughly 18 men each . Hertha left Mürwik and stayed in Kiel until the end of the month . On 29 May 1913 , Hertha headed for Swinemünde , where she stayed until 15 June . The next stop , via Sassnitz and Visby , was Stockholm , Sweden , arriving on 24 June . The ship remained in Stockholm until 1 July , before leaving for Bergen in Norway . After a few days , the voyage continued to the Lönne Fjord . Here , Lindemann met his commander @-@ in @-@ chief — Kaiser Wilhelm II — for the first time . Hertha then returned to Germany , arriving in Wilhelmshaven on 8 August 1913 .
One week later , Hertha began a seven @-@ month training cruise ( 15 August 1913 – 12 March 1914 ) . The voyage took Lindemann to Dartmouth in England , Vilagarcía de Arousa in Spain , Faial Island in the Azores and as far as Halifax in Nova Scotia . The return trip then went via Vera Cruz in Mexico , Havana in Cuba , Port @-@ au @-@ Prince in Haiti , Kingston in Jamaica , Port of Spain in Trinidad and then to the Canary Islands , Madeira , and the Spanish mainland , arriving back in Germany in the middle of March 1914 , first in Brunsbüttel and two days later in Kiel . Lindemann was promoted to Fähnrich zur See ( Ensign ) on 3 April 1914 .
= = = World War I = = =
With the German declaration of war in August 1914 , all further training at the naval academy was terminated and the normal compulsory officer examination was skipped . The entire Crew 1913 was assigned to various units in the Imperial Navy . Lindemann was assigned to SMS Lothringen , a battleship which belonged to the 2nd Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet under the command of Vizeadmiral ( vice admiral ) Reinhard Scheer , taking on the position of 3rd wireless telegraphy officer . Lothringen was mostly tasked with patrolling the North Sea , sailing back and forth between Altenbruch ( now part of Cuxhaven ) and Brunsbüttel without engaging in combat . Lindemann left Lothringen on 1 June 1915 to attend the wireless telegraphy school at Mürwik . He successfully completed the course and returned from it in July 1915 . He then took over the position of 2nd wireless telegraphy officer and was promoted to Leutnant zur See ( Second Lieutenant ) on 18 September 1915 .
On 19 March 1916 , Lindemann was transferred to the newly commissioned battleship SMS Bayern ( under the command of Captain Max Hahn ) , with the same rank of 2nd wireless telegraphy officer . Bayern , with her eight 38 cm ( 15 in ) guns , was the most powerful ship of the fleet . Her crew had been largely assigned from Lothringen , which continued to serve as a training ship . Aboard Bayern , now under the command of Captain Rohardt , Lindemann participated in Operation Albion in September – October 1917 . Operation Albion 's objective was the invasion and occupation of the Estonian islands of Saaremaa ( Ösel ) , Hiiumaa ( Dagö ) and Muhu ( Moon ) , then part of the Russian Republic . At 05 : 07 on 12 October 1917 , Bayern struck a mine while moving into her bombardment position to secure the landing beaches at Pamerort . Seven sailors were killed . Despite mine damage , Bayern engaged the coast defense battery at Cape Toffri on the southern tip of Hiiumaa . Bayern was released from her duties at 14 : 00 that day . Preliminary repairs were made on 13 October in Tagga Bay before she returned to Kiel on 1 November 1917 .
After the armistice in 1918 , Bayern — together with the majority of the German High Seas Fleet — was interned at Scapa Flow , the home of the British Grand Fleet . Bayern arrived there on 23 November 1918 with a skeleton crew of only 175 men , including Lindemann , who was then ordered to return to Germany , arriving in Kiel on 12 January . On 21 June 1919 , Admiral Ludwig von Reuter ordered the interned fleet to be scuttled , and Bayern sank at 14 : 30 .
= = = Between the wars : Reichsmarine = = =
When Ernst Lindemann returned to Germany , it
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
was uncertain whether he could remain on active military service . As a result of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed on 28 June 1919 , the former Imperial German Navy was downsized to 15 @,@ 000 men , including 1 @,@ 500 officers , while being renamed the Reichsmarine in the era of the Weimar Republic . As Lindemann had finished fifth in the Class of 1913 , he stood a good chance of being retained . He served temporarily in the Dahlem Protection Company a part of the Protection Regiment of Greater Berlin ( June – July 1919 ) , before he became adjutant to the newly created chief of the Naval Command Department ( 1 August 1919 – 30 September 1922 ) , at the time under the command of William Michaelis . The Naval Command Department was directly subordinated to the Admiralty Staff . At the same time , he held the position of adjutant in the Fleet Department . During this assignment Lindemann was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See ( Sub @-@ Lieutenant ) on 7 January 1920 .
Lindemann 's next assignment ( 1 October 1922 – 30 September 1924 ) was aboard the battleship Hannover , where he served as a watch and division officer . During this assignment , he attended an officers ' course at the ships ' gunnery school in Kiel between 5 February and 3 May 1924 . From here , Lindemann took command of the 1st Artillery Company of the 3rd Coastal Defense Department in Friedrichsort in Kiel from 1 October 1924 – 26 September 1926 . His commanding officer was Korvettenkapitän ( Lieutenant Commander ) Otto Schultze , a former World War I U @-@ boat commander and later Generaladmiral ( general admiral ) of the Kriegsmarine . In this position , Lindemann was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant ) on 1 January 1925 .
His next assignment ( 27 September 1926 – 6 September 1929 ) placed him on the Admiral 's staff at the Baltic Naval Station , first as a staff officer and then as assistant to the chief of the station , which at the time was under the command of Vice Admiral Erich Raeder . From here , he was transferred to the Elsass serving as the second gunnery officer and Fähnrichsoffizier ( officer in charge of cadets ) , responsible for the on @-@ board training of the officer cadets , from 7 September 1929 – 25 February 1930 . Holding the same rank and position , Lindemann then transferred to the Schleswig @-@ Holstein .
= = = Between the wars : Kriegsmarine = = =
On 30 January 1933 , the Nazi Party , under the leadership of Adolf Hitler , came to power in Germany , ushering in a period of naval rearmament . In 1935 , the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine . Between 22 September 1931 and 22 September 1934 , Lindemann was a senior lecturer at the Naval Gunnery School in Kiel . He was then posted to the Hessen under the command of Captain Hermann Boehm and served as first gunnery officer from 23 September 1933 to 8 April 1934 . Ernst Lindemann was promoted to Lieutenant Commander on 1 April 1932 . On 9 April 1934 , he was ordered to the Wilhelmshaven Shipyard ( 9 April – 11 November 1934 ) for training in ship construction and familiarisation with the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer , under the command of Captain Wilhelm Marschall .
On Admiral Scheer , he again served as first gunnery officer , and in this position he participated in the Spanish Civil War ( 24 July – 30 August 1936 ) . Admiral Scheer had to make ready for the mission on short notice ; the order came from Admiral Rolf Carls on 23 July 1936 at 13 : 45 . The normal 48 hours required to prepare the ship was reduced to 12 hours , demanding a lot of the crew and especially Lindemann . As the first gunnery officer , Lindemann was responsible for handling and storing all munitions . Admiral Scheer and the cruiser Deutschland left Germany on 24 July at 8 : 00 . Lindemann 's main responsibilities included commanding the German landing parties and acting as diplomatic aid and interpreter for Captain Marschall . These landing parties consisted of up to 350 men , which included 11 officers , 15 non @-@ commissioned officers and 266 sailors , or roughly one @-@ third of the crew . On the return voyage to Germany , Admiral Scheer stopped at Gibraltar on the morning of 25 August 1936 . Marschall , Lindemann and other officers met with the British Governor and Rear Admiral James Somerville . After Lindemann returned to Germany , he was promoted to commander on 1 October 1936 .
Between 1936 and 1938 , he was an adviser and later head of the ship construction department at the Naval High Command , and at the same time a consultant to and later chief of the Naval Training Department . On 1 April 1938 , he was promoted to the rank of Kapitän zur See ( captain at sea ) . On 30 September 1939 , one month after the outbreak of World War II , Lindemann succeeded Captain Heinrich Wold
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ship .
Lindemann and Lütjens at this point differed on how best to continue the mission . Lindemann , as commander of a battleship , was guided by the tactical situation , and wanted to hunt down the damaged Prince of Wales . ( The Germans did not at that time know the ship to be Prince of Wales , but knew that it was a King George V @-@ class battleship . ) Lütjens , apparently mindful of the fleet order to avoid unnecessary contact with similar enemy units , rejected this without discussion . Lindemann and Lütjens also differed on where to take the ship for repairs ; Lindemann advocated retracing their route through the Denmark Strait and returning to Bergen , Norway . Lütjens overruled him and ordered a course set for Saint @-@ Nazaire , France . In the afternoon , Admiral Lütjens ordered Prinz Eugen to break away from Bismarck and operate independently against the enemy 's merchant shipping . Prinz Eugen and Bismarck separated at 18 : 14 that evening . Prinz Eugen arrived safely at Brest , France on 1 June 1941 . No direct witnesses to this difference of opinion survived the sinking , but Matrosengefreiter ( Leading Seaman ) Heinz Staat , the helmsman on the bridge , remembered a telephone call between the First Watch Officer , Commander Hans Oels , and a fleet staff officer which suggested that Lindemann had been trying to persuade Lütjens to pursue the enemy . A messenger returning to his comrades below spoke of " dicke Luft " ( " thick air " or a " bad atmosphere " ) on the bridge .
Bismarck was sunk less than a week later , after a concentrated effort by Britain 's Royal Navy . At 23 : 30 ( local time 19 : 30 ) on 24 May an attack was made by a small group of nine Swordfish biplane torpedo bombers of 825 Naval Air Squadron under the command of Eugene Esmonde from the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious . One hit was scored , which killed Oberbootsmann Kurt Kirchberg , but caused only superficial damage to the Bismarck 's armoured belt . In mid @-@ morning at 10 : 30 on 26 May , a RAF Coastal Command Catalina reconnaissance aircraft from 209 Squadron RAF spotted Bismarck roughly 700 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 300 km ; 810 mi ) west of Saint @-@ Nazaire . The British battle group Force H , under the command of Admiral James Somerville , whose main units were the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal , the First World War era battlecruiser HMS Renown and the cruiser HMS Sheffield , was ordered to stop Bismarck . At 19 : 15 that evening , 15 Swordfish from Ark Royal launched an attack . The air raid alarm was sounded on Bismarck at 20 : 30 . Roughly 15 minutes into the attack Bismarck was possibly hit by one torpedo , and at around 21 : 00 another single torpedo jammed Bismarck 's rudder 12 ° to port . Damage @-@ control parties laboured to regain steering control and uncoupled and centred the starboard rudder , but failed to free the port rudder . With asymmetric power applied , speed reduced to 8 kn ( 15 km / h ; 9 @.@ 2 mph ) , Bismarck was on a converging course with the Royal Navy units on the chase . The alarm sounded again at 23 : 00 when destroyers of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla under the command of Captain Philip Vian attacked Bismarck . Throughout the night Bismarck was targeted by incessant torpedo attacks by HMS Coss
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the end of the month , Stephen Merchant was cast in an unspecified role . In May 2016 , Eriq La Salle and Elise Neal were cast in unspecified roles . In May , Kinberg said filming had started and that he planned it to be an R @-@ rated movie .
= The Great Lover ( novel ) =
The Great Lover is a 2009 biographical novel by Jill Dawson . The novel follows the fictional Nell Golightly as she encounters the eccentric poet Rupert Brooke in Grantchester , Cambridgeshire . Set from 1909 until 1914 , in the novel Dawson examines Brooke 's relationship with Nell , and his growth as a poet and individual . The novel is based on the biography of Brooke during that period , incorporating opinions , ideas , and excerpts from Brooke 's letters and other primary sources documenting his life .
Much of the novel emphasises Brooke 's sexuality and his understanding of love . Additionally , the novel contrasts the various elements of English upper- and lower @-@ class life during the Edwardian period . Other notable elements of the novel include the vivid descriptions of the life in Grantchester and the borrowing of themes from Brooke 's poetry such as beekeeping .
Generally , reviews of the novel are positive , noting the complexity of the characterisation of both main characters and the ease which the novel communicates Brooke 's life . Additionally , the novel was also featured in the 2009 Richard & Judy Summer Reads and The Daily Telegraph 's " Novels of the Year " for 2009 .
= = Background = =
Rupert Brooke had a successful tenure as a student at Cambridge as a member of various prominent societies , including the Fabian Society and the Marlowe Dramatic Society . When he graduated in 1909 , he moved to Grantchester where he studied Jacobean drama . He eventually received a fellowship at King 's College , and upon his father 's death became a schoolmaster . But during this period following 1909 , his personal life was very chaotic due to sexual confusion and several unsuccessful relationships with both men and women . To escape the chaos of his personal life , he toured the United States , Canada and the South Seas during 1913 . Upon his return a year later , Brooke still had difficulty with relationships , however the outbreak of World War I prevented any from coming to fruition . When the War started , Brooke got a commission in the Royal Navy and wrote several of his most famous poems , a series of war sonnets . Brooke died in 1915 , however , his poems were lauded by the British public , most notably Winston Churchill , and brought him to posthumous fame .
= = Development = =
Dawson did
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
biographical research in order to develop the novel . Though she is interested in writing biography , she finds that novels are an easier genre to express her understanding of the historical individual . When writing her historical novels Dawson does not embark on a thorough bout of research beforehand , instead she researches as she writes . While researching the novel , Dawson read nine biographies of Brooke , finding different elements of his life in each one , and felt that she had an additional understanding of Brooke which need to be expressed . Dawson includes an extensive bibliography in the back of the novel showing where passages and ideas in the novel are from . She said that she included the bibliography in order to show readers where she found " [ her ] Rupert , a figure of [ her ] imagination " . Dawson spent so much time researching and thinking about Brooke , her husband once asked her " when is this obsession going to end ? "
Dawson 's initial inspiration came from a visit to The Orchard , an inn in Grantchestershire , Cambridgeshire , where she encountered a photograph of maids who had been there while Brooke was in residence there from 1909 – 1914 . The Orchard became the primary setting of The Great Lover and the maids inspired the creation of the character Nell Golightly . Dawson choose to write about Brooke because she was intrigued by his personality and why women kept falling in love with him . To explore Brooke 's personality , she asked herself the question " What if Rupert Brooke put a note under one of these floorboards — a note , in a way , just for me ? " She also was particularly interested in capturing the essence of Grantchester , the primary setting for the novel .
Many elements of the novel are inspired by the works and writings of Brooke . The first and most obvious example of this is the title of the novel which is inspired by the poem of the same name . The text of the poem is included at the end of the novel . Dawson chose to include the poem at the end of the book so that the reader is forced to decide if Brooke was actually a great lover , wishing the reader to be uninfluenced by the poem while she is reading the novel . Nell 's interest and ability with bee keeping are also a theme borrowed from Brooke 's poem " The Old Vicarage , Grantchester " .
= = Plot = =
Note on names : Throughout the novel Rupert Brooke is referred to as Brooke and Nell Golightly is referred to as Nell . That convention is maintained here .
The prelude of the novel begins with a 1982 letter from the elderly daughter of Rupert Brooke by a Tahitian women to Nell Golightly , asking Nell to help the daughter better understand her father . Nell responds , including a narrative of the time spent by Brooke at The Orchard in Grantchester from 1909 until his retreat in Tahiti in 1914 , which becomes the rest of the novel .
Nell 's story alternates between the perspectives of Nell Golightly , a seventeen @-@ year @-@ old girl , and the poet Rupert Brooke . The novel begins as Nell 's father dies while tending to the family 's bee hives . Because she is the oldest child and her mother is long dead , Nell Golightly decides finds a job as a maid at The Orchard , a boarding house and tea room outside of Cambridge which caters to the students at the University there . There she , along with several other young women , serves guests and cleans the facilities . She also helps a local beekeeper tend his hives .
Soon after Nell begins working at The Orchard , Rupert Brooke becomes a resident . As he enjoys his summer working on papers for Cambridge societies and composing his poetry , Brooke leads a social life flirting with various women and enjoying the company of artists and other students . Brooke soon lusts for Nell , and his increased interest in her leads to unconventional encounters . They develop a friendship in which both Nell and Brooke hold secret admiration and love for the other , but are unable to express it because of social conventions . Brooke also desires to lose his virginity because he feels that being a virgin is disgraceful . Because he cannot convince Nell or any of several other women to succumb to his wooing , he loses it in a homosexual encounter with a boyhood friend , Denham Russell @-@ Smith .
After the encounter , Brooke returns home to comfort his mother at his father 's death bed . After his father 's death , though Brooke desires to return to the Orchard , Brooke is forced to stay at the school where his father worked as headmaster , retaining the post until the end of the school year . After a brief period , Brooke returns to The Orchard . Meanwhile , Nell 's sister Betty becomes a maid at The Orchard and another of Nell 's sisters has a still birth . Brooke continues to become closer to Nell , and they covertly go swimming together in Byron 's pond , a local swimming hole named after the poet Lord Byron . Afterwards , Brooke departs on a tour advocating for workers ' rights , which does not go very well . At the end of the tour , Brooke proposes to Noel Oliver , one of the wealthy girls whom Brooke had been courting during his stay at The Orchard . Upon his return to Grantchester , Brooke also finds himself expelled from The Orchard because of his wanton social life . Brooke then moves next door to another boarding house , the Old Vicarage .
Brooke does not marry Noel , but rather spends a brief period in Munich where he tries to become intimate with a Belgian girl in order to lose his heterosexual virginity . This relationship also fails , and he returns to England confused about his sexuality . He and Nell continue to remain close until he goes on a vacation with his friends , where he again proposes to another of his friends . Brooke is refused resulting in a psychological breakdown and an extended absence from Grantchester while he is treated by a London doctor . After a few more months , Brooke returns to the Old Vicarage briefly before departing on a trip to Tahiti via Canada and the United States . The night before he leaves , Nell realises that she still loves Brooke and goes to Brooke 's bed the night before he leaves .
While in Tahiti , Brooke suffers an injury to one of his feet , and is nursed by the beautiful Taatama , a local woman . Then Brook and Taatama romance each other , eventually having sex and impregnating Taatama . After several months of exploring the island , Brooke decides to return home . Before his departure Brooke leave writes Nell a letter which contains a black pearl . Nell , now married to a local carter , receives the pearl and letter soon after she gives birth to a child by Brooke .
= = Characters = =
The novel focuses mostly on the real Rupert Brooke and the fictional Nell Golightly , although other characters , fictional and real people from Brooke 's own life such as Virginia Woolf ( then Virginia Stephen ) , are presented . Brooke 's and Nell 's individual character development and their relationship maintains the focus of the novel .
At the inception of the novel in 1909 , Brooke is 22 years old . Throughout the novel , Brooke 's character goes through an intensive development of maturity as a poet and individual . At first , Brooke is both an individual obsessed with his virginity and extremely narcissistic in his poetry and the relationship with Nell and the loss of virginity act as
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
148 aircraft and was led by No. 467 Squadron 's commanding officer , Wing Commander John Balmer . 2TAF also conducted 12 raids on German airfields during this period , of which eight involved individual Australians posted to RAF light bomber squadrons . Australians serving in the fighter squadrons of No. 10 Group RAF also occasionally took part in " ranger " operations over northern France in search of German aircraft . In addition , the 31 Australian pilots posted to RAF photo reconnaissance units frequently conducted sorties to monitor German dispositions along the coast of the English Channel .
The Allies also conducted a major air offensive against the French railway network and bridges over the river Seine from April to June . Bomber Command made 53 raids against these targets , of which 25 involved the four Australian heavy bomber squadrons . A total of 17 Australian bombers were lost during these operations , including six that German fighters shot down during an attack on the marshalling yards at Lille on the night of 10 / 11 May . In addition , Australians took part in 29 of the 46 raids conducted by 2TAF 's light bombers against French railway infrastructure . Australian fighter pilots , including all of No. 453 Squadron on occasion , escorted some of these raids and conducted ground attack sorties targeting railway rolling stock . 2TAF 's fighter @-@ bombers also attacked bridges over the river Seine from April as part of an effort to seal off the Normandy region , and Australian pilots posted to British squadrons were involved in a small number of these operations . No. 453 Squadron attacked bridges and viaducts near Normandy on 27 April and 2 May .
Australians participated in attacks on German defences in France in the weeks before D @-@ Day . No. 453 Squadron made four raids on radar stations in late May and early June , and RAAF pilots serving with British fighter and fighter @-@ bomber squadrons took part in other such attacks . The four Australian heavy bomber squadrons contributed aircraft to raids on radar stations and communications facilities in the week before the landing . These units also struck German coastal batteries along the channel coast on nine occasions between 8 and 29 May ; Australians serving with British light bomber units took part in a further 14 raids on German batteries . The RAAF heavy bomber squadrons and Australians in RAF light and heavy bomber units also participated in raids against German Army camps in France and Belgium during May . The Australian squadrons suffered heavy losses in several of these attacks , including seven aircraft lost during a raid on the 21st Panzer Division 's facilities at Mailly @-@ le @-@ Camp on the night of 3 / 4 May . In addition to these attacks on German positions , Bomber Command struck the seven largest German munitions factories and ammunition dumps in France during late April and early May ; the four Australian squadrons participated in five of these operations , and no Australian aircraft were lost .
Leading up to the invasion , the RAF intensified its operations against German submarines and ships operating near France . Coastal Command aircraft destroyed six submarines within eleven days during May ; Australian aircrew contributed to three of these sinkings . Bomber Command also expanded its program of laying naval mines from April , and No. 460 Squadron as well as Australians posted to RAF light and heavy bomber units took part in several minelaying operations in the Baltic Sea and Heligoland Bight . Coastal Command 's anti @-@ shipping force , which included the RAAF 's No. 455 Squadron , mainly undertook training exercises from April , but occasionally attacked German convoys in the English Channel .
Australian airmen were also involved in protecting southern England from German air attack in the lead @-@ up to the invasion . From late April to early June No. 456 Squadron was part of a force that defended port cities in southern England from a series of air raids . The Australian squadron accounted for eight of the 22 bombers shot down by Air Defence of Great Britain night fighters during this period . No. 464 Squadron also conducted " intruder " raids that tried to destroy German bombers as they returned to their bases in France . During this period , No. 453 Squadron and 36 Australians posted to eight RAF units took part in defensive patrols which sought to prevent German reconnaissance aircraft flying over southern England during daylight hours , but no German aircraft attempted this .
In addition to the air campaign , a small number of Australians took part in special operations ahead of the invasion . In January 1944 , RANVR officer Lieutenant Ken Hudspeth , who commanded the midget submarine HMS X20 , transported a party of specialist personnel to inspect and collect soil samples from French beaches being considered for the invasion . This operation was successful , and earned Hudspeth his second Distinguished Service Cross ( DSC ) . Nancy Wake , an Australian serving with the British Special Operations Executive , was parachuted into France in April 1944 and subsequently helped to organise the French Resistance in the Auvergne region .
= = Australians at D @-@ Day = =
On the night of 5 / 6 June Bomber Command conducted precision attacks on ten German coastal artillery batteries near the beaches where Allied troops were to land . Each battery was targeted by approximately 100 heavy bombers , and all four Australian heavy bomber squadrons took part in the operation . No. 460 Squadron dispatched 26 aircraft , which were evenly split between attacking the batteries at Fontenay @-@ Crisbecq and St Martin de Varreville . No. 466 Squadron provided 13 aircraft to the raid on batteries at Merville @-@ Franceville Maisy , 14 aircraft from No. 463 Squadron struck Pointe du Hoe and No. 467 Squadron dispatched 14 against batteries at Ouistreham . The RAAF squadrons did not suffer any losses . Many Australian aircrew posted to British units also participated in this attack , and 14 @.@ 8 percent of the 1 @,@ 136 Bomber Command aircraft despatched were either part of RAAF squadrons or were flown by Australians .
Australians posted to RAF units also landed paratroopers in Normandy and took part in diversionary operations . On the night of 5 / 6 June several Australian airmen served in heavy bombers that dropped " window " chaff in patterns that , on German radar , simulated the appearance of convoys headed for the Pas de Calais region of France . Other Australians served in aircraft that dropped dummy paratroopers and jammed German radar . One Australian pilot posted to No. 139 Squadron RAF took part in " intruder " bombing raids against targets in western Germany and the Low Countries that sought to divert German aircraft away from Normandy . Australian aircrew also served aboard the transport aircraft of No. 38 Group RAF and No. 46 Group RAF , which flew the British 6th Airborne Division from the UK to Normandy on the night of 5 / 6 June . About 14 percent of the transport aircraft in No. 38 Group were piloted by Australians , though the proportion of Australians in No. 46 Group was much lower . There were no completely Australian aircrews in either group .
Australian aircrew supported the fighting on 6 June . No. 453 Squadron was one of 36 Allied squadrons that provided low @-@ altitude air defence for the invasion fleet and landing force . Many of the squadron 's pilots flew several sorties during the day , though they did not encounter any German aircraft . No. 456 Squadron also formed part of the force that provided air defence for the invasion area at night . In addition , about 200 Australian pilots were spread across the dozens of RAF fighter and fighter @-@ bomber units that supported the landings . A small number of Australian aircrew also served in RAF reconnaissance units and 2TAF 's light bomber squadrons , which also saw
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
woman that , if the devil caught him , he could wheedle himself out of it if he had a chance to talk with the devil ’ s grandmother . This is the real seducer ; the aesthetic interest here is also different , namely : how , the method . There is evidently something very profound here , which has perhaps escaped the attention of most people , in that Faust , who reproduces Don Juan , seduces only one girl , while Don Juan seduced hundreds ; but this one girl is also , in an intensive sense , seduced and crushed quite differently from all those Don Juan has deceived , simply because Faust , as reproduction , falls under the category of the intellectual . The power of such a seducer is speech , i.e. , the lie .
A few days ago I heard one soldier talking to another about a third who had betrayed a girl ; he did not give a long @-@ winded description , and yet his expression was very pithy : “ He gets away with things like that by lies and things like that . ” Such a seducer is of quite a different sort from Don Juan , is essentially different from him , as one can see from the fact that he and his activities are extremely unmusical , and from the aesthetic standpoint come within the category of the interesting . The object of his desire is accordingly , when one rightly considers him aesthetically , something more than the mere sensuous . But what is this force , then by which Don Juan seduces ? It is desire , the energy of sensuous desire . He desires in every woman , the whole of womanhood , and therein lies the sensuously idealizing power with which he at once embellishes and overcomes his prey . The reaction beautifies and develops the one desired , who flushes in enhanced beauty by its reflection . As the enthusiast ’ s fire with seductive splendor illumines even those who stand in a casual relation to him , so Don Juan transfigures in a far deeper sense every girl , since his relation to her is an essential one . Therefore all finite differences fade away before him in comparison with the main thing : being a woman . He rejuvenates the older woman into the beautiful middle age of womanhood ; he matures the child almost instantly ; everything which is woman is his prey ( pur che` porti la gonella , voi sapete quel che` fa ) .
Either / Or Part 1 , Søren Kierkegaard , 1843 , Swenson , 1970 [ 1944 ] , p . 98 @-@ 99
Kierkegaard believed the spiritual element was missing in Don Juan 's and in Faust 's view of life . He wrote the following in 1845 .
Assume that a woman as beautiful as the concubine of a god and as clever as the Queen of Sheba were willing to squander the summa summarum [ sum of sums ] of her hidden and manifest charms on my unworthy cleverness ; assume that on the same evening one of my peers invited me to drink wine with him and clink glasses and smoke tobacco in student fashion and enjoy the old classics together @-@ I would not ponder very
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
-@ 48 atoms . The element was known as ununhexium until it was officially named livermorium in 2012 .
= = = Etymology = = =
In the 19th century , Jons Jacob Berzelius suggested calling the elements in group 16 " amphigens " , as the elements in the group formed amphid salts ( salts of oxyacids ) The term received some use in the early 1800s but is now obsolete . The name chalcogen comes from the Greek words χαλκος ( chalkos , literally " copper " ) , and γενές ( genes , born , gender , kindle ) . It was first used in 1932 by Wilhelm Biltz 's group at the University of Hanover , where it was proposed by Werner Fischer . The word " chalcogen " gained popularity in Germany during the 1930s because the term was analogous to " halogen " . Although the literal meanings of the Greek words imply that chalcogen means " copper @-@ former " , this is misleading because the chalcogens have nothing to do with copper in particular . " Ore @-@ former " has been suggested as a better translation , as the vast majority of metal ores are chalcogenides and the word χαλκος in ancient Greek was associated with metals and metal @-@ bearing rock in general ; copper , and its alloy bronze , was one of the first metals to be used by humans .
Oxygen 's name comes from the Greek words oxy genes , meaning " acid @-@ forming " . Sulfur 's name comes from either the Latin word sulfurium or the Sanskrit word sulvere ; both of those terms are ancient words for sulfur . Selenium is named after the Greek goddess of the moon , Selene , to match the previously @-@ discovered element tellurium , whose name comes from the Latin word telus , meaning earth . Polonium is named after Marie Curie 's country of birth , Poland . Livermorium is named for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory .
= = Occurrence = =
The four lightest chalcogens ( oxygen , sulfur , selenium , and tellurium ) are all primordial elements on Earth . Sulfur and oxygen occur as constituent copper ores and selenium and tellurium occur in small traces in such ores . Polonium forms naturally after the decay of other elements , even though it is not primordial . Livermorium does not occur naturally at all .
Oxygen makes up 21 % of the atmosphere by weight , 89 % of water by weight , 46 % of the earth 's crust by weight , and 65 % of the human body . Oxygen also occurs in many minerals , being found in all oxide minerals and hydroxide minerals , and in numerous other mineral groups . Stars of at least eight times the mass of the sun also produce oxygen in their cores via nuclear fusion . Oxygen is the third @-@ most abundant element in the universe , making up 1 % of the universe by weight .
Sulfur makes up 0 @.@ 035 % of the earth 's crust by weight , making it the 17th most abundant element there and makes up 0 @.@ 25 % of the human body . It is a major component of soil . Sulfur makes up 870 parts per million of seawater and about 1 part per billion of the atmosphere . Sulfur can be found in elemental form or in the form of sulfide minerals , sulfate minerals , or sulfosalt minerals . Stars of at least 12 times the mass of the sun produce sulfur in their cores via nuclear fusion . Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element in the universe , making up 500 parts per million of the universe by weight .
Selenium makes up 0 @.@ 05 parts per million of the earth 's crust by weight . This makes it the 67th most abundant element in the earth 's crust . Selenium makes up on average 5 parts per million of the soils . Seawater contains around 200 parts per trillion of selenium . The atmosphere contains 1 nanogram of selenium per cubic meter . There are mineral groups known as selenates and selenites , but there are not many of minerals in these groups . Selenium is not produced directly by nuclear fusion . Selenium makes up 30 parts per billion of the universe by weight .
There are only 5 parts per billion of tellurium in the earth 's crust and 15 parts per billion of tellurium in seawater . Tellurium is one of the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, alongside those of other units .
The New Zealand ' fern leaf ' emblem was painted on the regiment 's vehicles when it was under the command of 2nd New Zealand Division , a tradition which continues to this day . The brigade sign , worn during the Italian campaign but not subsequently , was a white horse on a green square background .
= Ion Croitoru =
Ion ( John ) William Croitoru ( born December 7 , 1965 ) is a Canadian former professional wrestler . He was born and raised in Ontario , Canada . To wrestling fans , Croitoru is better known by his ring names , Johnny K @-@ 9 and Bruiser Bedlam . He competed in several Canadian wrestling promotions , including Stampede Wrestling , and later wrestled for New Japan Pro Wrestling , Smoky Mountain Wrestling , and the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . He wrestled as a jobber in the WWF , but he was booked to win titles in several other promotions .
Croitoru is also famous for his history of legal problems . He was a member of Satan 's Choice , a biker gang , and has also been convicted of assault , trafficking cocaine and bombing a police station . In 2005 , Croitoru was arrested for the murder of lawyer Lynn Gilbank and her husband Fred . After a lengthy investigation , the charges were dropped in June 2006 because of insufficient evidence . He worked as a security guard in Vancouver , British Columbia until being arrested in May 2009 for conspiracy to commit murder . On January 24 , 2011 , Croitoru was charged with first degree murder in connection with the 2008 execution of Jonathan Barber in Burnaby , British Columbia .
= = Wrestling career = =
= = = Early years = = =
Croitoru trained with Nick DeCarlo and Vic Rossitini before debuting in Stampede Wrestling in 1984 . Bruce Hart gave Croitoru the ring name Orhan Turgedan , The Terrible Turk , a name Croitoru only wrestled under for a short time after leaving the promotion . He continued to wrestle in Canadian independent promotions , such as Grand Prix Wrestling in the Maritimes and Superstars of Wrestling in Windsor , Ontario .
In 1985 Croitoru wrestled for the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , where he received a push and was given a reign as AWA Southern Heavyweight champion . He defeated Jerry Lawler to win the belt on August 16 , but dropped it back to Lawler in a rematch on September 6 . The following month , Croitoru joined the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) as Johnny K @-@ 9 , where he competed until 1989 . Croitoru claims that he decided on this name while being arrested after a fight . He saw " K @-@ 9 " written on a paddywagon and decided on the ring name . He worked as a jobber to the stars , putting over such wrestlers as Pedro Morales , Tito Santana and Paul Orndorff . He wrestled in many tag team matches and formed a short @-@ lived team with Barry O in 1986 , but his biggest match in the WWF was a televised match against Hulk Hogan . After leaving the WWF , he wrestled on a tour of Japan for New Japan Pro Wrestling ; he later returned to Japan to compete for Frontier Martial @-@ Arts Wrestling and Wrestle Association R. In the late 1980s , Croitoru also worked as a promoter along with Mike Kelly and Bob Clarke , operating the short @-@ lived Canadian International Championship Wrestling in Hamilton , Ontario .
= = = Smoky Mountain Wrestling = = =
Croitoru joined Smoky Mountain Wrestling ( SMW ) in 1994 , where he was given the ring name Bruiser Bedlam . According to the storyline , he was brought in by manager Jim Cornette to help settle Cornette 's feud with Bob Armstrong . Bedlam and Cornette combined for a victory in a two @-@ on @-@ one handicap match over Armstrong at SMW 's Blue Grass Brawl II show on April 1 . That year , he wrestled many tag team and six @-@ man matches while teaming with Cornette .
Bedlam was booked for one title reign with the SMW Beat the Champ Television Championship during his stint in SMW . The kayfabe rules behind the title state that any wrestler winning five consecutive matches as champion would win $ 5 @,@ 000 but be forced to vacate the title . He won a match against Mike Furnas on April 4 , 1994 to win the title , and he defended it over the following month . Bedlam won his fifth match on May 2 with a victory over Anthony Michaels , and the storyline saw him forced to give up the title . He went on to feud with Tracy Smothers , and the two wrestled in a lengthy series of matches , including several Coalminer 's glove matches , in which a glove is available for the wrestlers to use as a weapon . Later that year , Bedlam wrestled several matches against " Dirty White Boy " Tony Anthony . The series consisted of several steel cage matches in which Bedlam put Anthony over .
= = = Later career = = =
In 1994 , Croitoru also began wrestling in Midwest Territorial Wrestling , an independent promotion based in Michigan . He took on the ring name Taras Bulba and proclaimed himself " King of Chain matches " . He competed in a tournament to determine the promotion 's first heavyweight champion , but Al Snow defeated him in the final round . Bulba was pushed for a run with the belt , however , defeating Mickey Doyle on January 21 , 1995 to win the vacant title . He held the championship for almost four months before dropping it to Marty Jannetty .
As Johnny K @-@ 9 , Croitoru returned to the WWF for one match where he defeated Gary Scott in a dark match on January 23 , 1995 . He then competed briefly in Cleveland All Pro Wrestling , where he wrestled against Cactus Jack in a booked loss on March 23 . Croitoru also wrestled in Border City Wrestling ( BCW ) and was pushed to win the BCW Can @-@ Am Heavyweight Championship by defeating Scott D 'Amore on May 21 , 1995 . He held the title for a little over a month before dropping it back to D 'Amore .
Once again using the ring name Bruiser Beldam , he wrestled for Insane Championship Wrestling ( ICW ) for a short time in 1996 . While there , he competed in a barbed wire baseball bat match against Ian Rotten ; Bedlam was booked for the victory in the match . He also wrestled New Jack at ICW 's Holiday Hell supercard in a match that ended in a double countout . He wrestled on World Championship Wrestling 's first annual Ilio DiPaolo tribute show , teaming with Cowboy Johnson in a loss to Tony Parisi and Dominic DeNucci . In the late 1990s , Croitoru wrestled in Cambridge , Ontario @-@ based International Championship Wrestling . He feuded with Greg Valentine , and the two wrestled in a series of matches . Bedlam won the ICW Heavyweight Championship from Valentine and used heel tactics such as brass knuckles to defend the belt .
Croitoru has also trained several wrestlers , including Pure Wrestling Association 's Eddie Osbourne and Melissa Maughn , who competes under
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
) and those of mixed ancestry ( mestizos ) became wealthy and an influx of Latin American settlers opened up government positions traditionally held by Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula ( peninsulares ) . The ideals of revolution also began to spread through the islands . Criollo dissatisfaction resulted in the 1872 Cavite Mutiny that was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution .
Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three priests — Mariano Gómez , José Burgos , and Jacinto Zamora ( collectively known as Gomburza ) — were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and executed . This would inspire a propaganda movement in Spain , organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar , José Rizal , and Mariano Ponce , lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines . Rizal was eventually executed on December 30 , 1896 , on charges of rebellion . As attempts at reform met with resistance , Andrés Bonifacio in 1892 established the secret society called the Katipunan , who sought independence from Spain through armed revolt .
Bonifacio and the Katipunan started the Philippine Revolution in 1896 . A faction of the Katipunan , the Magdalo of Cavite province , eventually came to challenge Bonifacio 's position as the leader of the revolution and Emilio Aguinaldo took over . In 1898 , the Spanish – American War began in Cuba and reached the Philippines . Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain in Kawit , Cavite on June 12 , 1898 , and the First Philippine Republic was established in the Barasoain Church in the following year .
The islands were ceded by Spain to the United States as a result of the latter 's victory in the Spanish – American War . A compensation of 20 million US dollars was paid to Spain according to the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris . As it became increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the nascent First Philippine Republic , the Philippine – American War broke out , the First Republic was defeated , and the archipelago was administered under an Insular Government . The war resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of combatants as well as a couple of hundred thousand civilians , mostly from a cholera epidemic .
The Americans then suppressed other rebellious sub @-@ states : mainly , the waning Sultanate of Sulu , as well as the insurgent Tagalog Republic , the Cantonal Republic of Negros in the Visayas , and the Republic of Zamboanga in Mindanao . During this era , a renaissance in Philippine culture occurred , with the expansion of Philippine cinema and literature . In 1935 , the Philippines was granted Commonwealth status with Manuel Quezon as president . He designated a national language and introduced women 's suffrage and land reform . Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the Japanese Empire invaded and the Second Philippine Republic of José P. Laurel was established as a collaborator state .
Many atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war such as the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre that culminated during the Battle of Manila . In 1944 , Quezon died in exile in the United States and Sergio Osmeña succeeded him . The Allied Forces then employed a strategy of island hopping towards the Philippine Archipelago , in the process , retaking territory conquered by Imperial Japan
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Southeast Asian region . It has hosted several summits and is an active contributor to the direction and policies of the bloc .
The Philippines values its relations with the United States . It supported the United States during the Cold War and the War on Terror and is a major non @-@ NATO ally . Despite this history of goodwill , controversies related to the presence of the now former U.S. military bases in Subic Bay and Clark and the current Visiting Forces Agreement have flared up from time to time . Japan , the biggest contributor of official development assistance to the country , is thought of as a friend . Although historical tensions still exist on issues such as the plight of comfort women , much of the animosity inspired by memories of World War II has faded .
Relations with other nations are generally positive . Shared democratic values ease relations with Western and European countries while similar economic concerns help in relations with other developing countries . Historical ties and cultural similarities also serve as a bridge in relations with Spain . Despite issues such as domestic abuse and war affecting overseas Filipino workers , relations with Middle Eastern countries are friendly as seen in the continuous employment of more than two million overseas Filipinos living there .
With communism no longer the threat it once was , once hostile relations in the 1950s between the Philippines and China have improved greatly . Issues involving Taiwan , the Spratly Islands , and concerns of expanding Chinese influence , however , still encourage a degree of caution . Recent foreign policy has been mostly about economic relations with its Southeast Asian and Asia @-@ Pacific neighbors .
The Philippines is an active member of the East Asia Summit ( EAS ) , the Asia @-@ Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) , the Latin Union , the Group of 24 , and the Non @-@ Aligned Movement . It is also seeking to strengthen relations with Islamic countries by campaigning for observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation .
= = = Military = = =
The Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP ) are responsible for national security and consist of three branches : the Philippine Air Force , the Philippine Army , and the Philippine Navy ( includes the Marine Corps ) . The Armed Forces of the Philippines are a volunteer force . Civilian security is handled by the Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local Government ( DILG ) .
In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao , the largest separatist organization , the Moro National Liberation Front , is now engaging the government politically . Other more militant groups like the Moro Islamic Liberation Front , the communist New People 's Army , and the Abu Sayyaf have previously kidnapped foreigners for ransom , particularly on the southern island of Mindanao . Their presence has decreased in recent years due to successful security provided by the Philippine government . At 1 @.@ 1 percent of GDP , the Philippines spent less on its military forces than the regional average . As of 2014 Malaysia and Thailand were estimated to spend 1 @.@ 5 % , China 2 @.@ 1 % , Vietnam 2 @.@ 2 % and South Korea 2 @.@ 6 % .
The Philippines has been an ally of the United States since World War II . A mutual defense treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951 . The Philippines supported American policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean and Vietnam wars . It was a member of the now dissolved SEATO , a group that was intended to serve a role similar to NATO and that included Australia , France , New Zealand , Pakistan , Thailand , the United Kingdom , and the United States . After the start of the War on Terror , the Philippines was part of the coalition that gave support to the United States in Iraq .
= = = Administrative divisions = = =
The Philippines are divided into three island groups : Luzon , Visayas , and Mindanao . These are divided into 18 regions , 81 provinces , 145 cities , 1 @,@ 489 municipalities , and 42 @,@ 029 barangays . In addition , Section 2 of Republic Act No. 5446 asserts that the definition of the territorial sea around the Philippine archipelago does not affect the claim over the eastern part of Sabah .
= = Geography = =
The Philippines is an archipelago composed of about 7 @,@ 500 islands with a total land area , including inland bodies of water , of approximately 300 @,@ 000 square kilometers ( 115 @,@ 831 sq mi ) . Its 36 @,@ 289 kilometers ( 22 @,@ 549 mi ) of coastline makes it the country with the 5th longest coastline in the world . It is located between 116 ° 40 ' , and 126 ° 34 ' E longitude and 4 ° 40 ' and 21 ° 10 ' N latitude and is bordered by the Philippine Sea to the east , the South China Sea to the west , and the Celebes Sea to the south . The island of Borneo is located a few hundred kilometers southwest and Taiwan is located directly to the north . The Moluccas and Sulawesi are located to the south @-@ southwest and Palau is located to the east of the islands .
Most of the mountainous islands are covered in tropical rainforest and volcanic in origin . The highest mountain is Mount Apo . It measures up to 2 @,@ 954 meters ( 9 @,@ 692 ft ) above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao . The Galathea Depth in the Philippine Trench is the deepest point in the country and the third deepest in the world . The trench is located in the Philippine Sea .
The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon . Manila Bay , upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies , is connected to Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the Philippines , by the Pasig River . Subic Bay , the Davao Gulf , and the Moro Gulf are other important bays . The San Juanico Strait separates the islands of Samar and Leyte but it is traversed by the San Juanico Bridge .
Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire , the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activity . The Benham Plateau to the east in the Philippine Sea is an undersea region active in tectonic subduction . Around 20 earthquakes are registered daily , though most are too weak to be felt . The last major earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake .
There are many active volcanoes such as the Mayon Volcano , Mount Pinatubo , and Taal Volcano . The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century . Not all notable geographic features are so violent or destructive . A more serene legacy of the geological disturbances is the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River , the area represents a habitat for biodiversity conservation , the site also contains a full mountain @-@ to @-@ the @-@ sea ecosystem and has some of the most important forests in Asia .
Due to the volcanic nature of the islands , mineral deposits are abundant . The country is estimated to have the second @-@ largest gold deposits after South Africa and one of the largest copper deposits in the world . It is also rich in nickel , chromite , and zinc . Despite this , poor management , high population density , and environmental consciousness have resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped . Geothermal energy is a product of volcanic activity that the Philippines has harnessed more
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
persisted here for some 1 @.@ 5 million years , the current glaciated cone is likely no more than 140 @,@ 000 years old , and possibly no older than 80 @-@ 90 @,@ 000 years . Older volcanic edifices have mostly eroded away due to glaciation .
After Mount Rainier , Mount Baker is the most heavily glaciated of the Cascade Range volcanoes ; the volume of snow and ice on Mount Baker , 0 @.@ 43 cu mi ( 1 @.@ 79 km3 ) is greater than that of all the other Cascades volcanoes ( except Rainier ) combined . It is also one of the snowiest places in the world ; in 1999 , Mount Baker Ski Area , located 14 km ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) to the northeast , set the world record for recorded snowfall in a single season — 1 @,@ 140 in ( 2 @,@ 900 cm ) .
At 10 @,@ 781 ft ( 3 @,@ 286 m ) , it is the third @-@ highest mountain in Washington State and the fifth @-@ highest in the Cascade Range , if Little Tahoma Peak , a subpeak of Mount Rainier , and Shastina , a subpeak of Mount Shasta , are not counted . Located in the Mount Baker Wilderness , it is visible from much of Greater Victoria , Nanaimo , British Columbia , Greater Vancouver , and , to the south , from Seattle ( and on clear days Tacoma ) in Washington .
Indigenous natives have known the mountain for thousands of years , but the first written record of the mountain is from the Spanish . Spanish explorer Gonzalo Lopez de Haro mapped it in 1790 as the Gran Montaña del Carmelo , " Great Mount Carmel " . The explorer George Vancouver renamed the mountain for 3rd Lieutenant Joseph Baker of HMS Discovery , who saw it on April 30 , 1792 .
= = History = =
Mount Baker was well @-@ known to indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest . Indigenous names for the mountain include Koma Kulshan or Kulshan ( Lummi , qwú ’ mə , " white sentinel " , i.e. " mountain " , and kwəlshé : n , " puncture wound " , i.e. " crater " ) ; Quck Sam @-@ ik ( Nooksack : kw ’ eq sámit , " white mountain " ) ; Kobah ( Skagit : qwúbə ’ , " white sentinel " , i.e. " mountain " ) ; and Tukullum or Nahcullum ( in the language of the unidentified " Koma tribe " ) .
In 1790 , Manuel Quimper of the Spanish Navy set sail from Nootka , a temporary settlement on Vancouver Island , with orders to explore the newly discovered Strait of Juan de Fuca . Accompanying Quimper was first @-@ pilot Gonzalo Lopez de Haro , who drew detailed charts during the six @-@ week expedition . Although Quimper 's journal of the voyage does not refer to the mountain , one of Haro 's manuscript charts includes a sketch of Mount Baker . The Spanish named the snowy volcano " La Gran Montana del Carmelo " , as it reminded them of the white @-@ clad monks of the Carmelite Monastery .
The British explorer George Vancouver left England a year later . His mission was to survey the northwest coast of America . Vancouver and his crew reached the Pacific Northwest coast in 1792 . While anchored in Dungeness Bay on the south shore of the Strait of Juan de Fuca , third lieutenant Joseph Baker made an observation of Mount Baker , which Vancouver recorded in his journal :
About this time a very high conspicuous craggy mountain ... presented itself , towering above the clouds : as low down as they allowed it to be visible it was covered with snow ; and south of it , was a long ridge of very rugged snowy mountains , much less elevated , which seemed to stretch to a considerable distance ... the high distant land formed , as already observed , like detached islands , amongst which the lofty mountain , discovered in the afternoon by the third lieutenant , and in compliment to him called by me Mount Baker , rose a very conspicuous object ... apparently at a very remote distance .
Six years later , the official narrative of this voyage was published , including the first printed reference to the mountain . By the mid @-@ 1850s , Mount Baker was a well @-@ known feature on the horizon to the explorers and fur traders who traveled in the Puget Sound region . Isaac I. Stevens , the first governor of Washington Territory , wrote about Mount Baker in 1853 :
Mount Baker ... is one of the loftiest and most conspicuous peaks of the northern Cascade range ; it is nearly as high as Mount Rainier , and like that mountain , its snow @-@ covered pyramid has the form of a sugar @-@ loaf . It is visible from all the water and islands ... [ in Puget Sound ] and from the whole southeastern part of the Gulf of Georgia , and likewise from the eastern division of the Strait of Juan de Fuca . It is for this region a natural and important landmark .
= = Climbing history = =
= = = First ascent = = =
Edmund Thomas Coleman , an Englishman who resided in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada and a veteran of the Alps , made the first attempt to ascend the mountain in 1866 . He chose a route via the Skagit River , but was forced to turn back when local Native Americans refused him passage .
Later that same year , Coleman recruited Whatcom County settlers Edward Eldridge , John Bennett and John Tennant to aid him in his second attempt to scale the mountain . After approaching via the North Fork of the Nooksack River , the party navigated through what is now known as Coleman Glacier and ascended to within several hundred feet of the summit before turning back in the face of an " overhanging cornice of ice " and threatening weather . Coleman later returned to the mountain after two years . At 4 : 00 p.m. on August 17 , 1868 , Coleman , Eldridge , Tennant and two new companions ( David Ogilvy and Thomas Stratton ) scaled the summit via the Middle Fork Nooksack River , Marmot Ridge , Coleman Glacier , and the north margin of the Roman Wall .
= = = Notable ascents = = =
1948 North Ridge ( AD , AI 2 @-@ 3 , 3700 feet ) Fred Beckey , Ralph and Dick Widrig ( August 1948 )
= = Geology = =
The present @-@ day cone of Mount Baker is relatively young ; it is perhaps less than 100 @,@ 000 years old . The volcano sits atop a similar older volcanic cone called Black Buttes , which was active between 500 @,@ 000 and 300 @,@ 000 years ago . Much of Mount Baker 's earlier geological record eroded away during the last ice age ( which culminated 15 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
years ago ) , by thick ice sheets that filled the valleys and surrounded the volcano . In the last 14 @,@ 000 years , the area around the mountain has been largely ice @-@ free , but the mountain itself remains heavily covered with snow and ice .
Isolated ridges of lava and hydrothermally altered rock , especially in the area of Sherman Crater , are exposed between glaciers on the upper flanks of the volcano ; the lower flanks are steep and heavily vegetated . Volcanic rocks of Mount Baker and Black Buttes rest on a foundation of non @-@ volcanic rocks .
Deposits recording the last 14 @,@ 000 years at Mount Baker indicate that Mount Baker has not had highly explosive eruptions like those of other volcanoes in the Cascade Volcanic Arc , such as Mount St. Helens , Mount Meager or Glacier Peak , nor has it erupted frequently . During this period , four episodes of magmatic eruptive activity have been recently recognized .
Magmatic eruptions have produced tephra , pyroclastic flows , and lava flows from summit vents and the Schriebers Meadow cinder cone . The most destructive and most frequent events at Mount Baker have been lahars or debris flows and debris avalanches ; many , if not most , of these were not related to magmatic eruptions but may have been induced by magma intrusion , steam eruptions , earthquakes , gravitational instability , or possibly even heavy rainfall .
= = = Eruptive history = = =
= = = = Early history = = = =
Research beginning in the late 1990s shows that Mount Baker is the youngest of several volcanic centers in the area and one of the youngest volcanoes in the Cascade Range . The Pliocene Hannegan caldera is preserved 16 miles ( 25 km ) northeast of Mount Baker Volcanic activity in the Mount Baker volcanic field began more than one million years ago , but many of the earliest lava and tephra deposits have been removed by glacial erosion . The pale @-@ colored rocks northeast of the modern volcano mark the site of the ancient ( 1 @.@ 15 million years old ) Kulshan caldera that collapsed after an enormous ash eruption one million years ago . Subsequently , eruptions in the Mount Baker area have produced cones and lava flows of andesite , the rock that constitutes much of other Cascade Range volcanoes such as Rainier , Adams , and Hood . From about 900 @,@ 000 years ago to the present , numerous andesitic volcanic centers in the area have come and disappeared through glacial erosion . The largest of these cones is the Black Buttes edifice , active between 500 @,@ 000 and 300 @,@ 000 years ago and formerly bigger than today 's Mount Baker .
= = = = Modern craters and cone = = = =
Mount Baker was built from stacks of lava and volcanic breccia prior to the end of the last glacial period , which ended about 15 @,@ 000 years ago . There are two craters on the mountain . Ice @-@ filled Carmelo Crater is under the summit ice dome . This crater is the source for the last cone @-@ building eruptions The highest point of Mount Baker , Grant Peak , is on the exposed southeast rim of Carmelo Crater , which is a small pile of andesitic scoria lying on top of a stack of lava flows just below . Carmelo Crater is deeply dissected on its south side by the younger Sherman Crater . This crater is south of the summit , and its ice @-@ covered floor is 1 @,@ 000 ft ( 300 m ) below the summit ice dome . This crater is the site of all Holocene eruptive activity . Hundreds of fumaroles vent gases , primarily H
2O , CO
2 , and H
2S .
Lava flows from the summit vent erupted between 30 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 years ago and , during the final stages of edifice construction , blocky pyroclastic flows entered the volcano 's southeastern drainages . An eruption from Sherman Crater 6 @,@ 600 years ago erupted a blanket of ash that extended more than 40 mi ( 64 km ) to the east . Today , sulfurous gases reach the surface via two fumarole pathways : Dorr Fumarole , northeast of the summit ; and Sherman Crater , south of the summit . Both are sites of hydrothermal alteration , converting lavas to weak , white @-@ to @-@ yellow clays ; sulfur is a common mineral around these fumaroles . At Sherman Crater , collapses of this weakened rock generated lahars in the 1840s .
= = = = Mazama Park eruptive period : 6 @,@ 600 years ago = = = =
Approximately 6 @,@ 600 years ago , a series of discrete events culminated in the largest tephra @-@ producing eruption in post @-@ glacial time at Mount Baker . This is the last episode of undoubted magmatic activity preserved in the geologic record . First , the largest collapse in the history of the volcano occurred from the Roman Wall and transformed into a lahar that was over 300 feet ( 91 m ) deep in the upper reaches of the Middle Fork of the Nooksack River . It was at least 25 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) deep 30 mi ( 48 km ) downstream from the volcano . At that time the Nooksack River is believed to have drained north into the Fraser River ; it is therefore unlikely that this lahar reached Bellingham Bay . Next , a small hydrovolcanic eruption occurred at Sherman Crater , triggering a second collapse of the flank just east of the Roman
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
44 – 48 in ) at the shoulder , while the height of the females is 106 – 116 cm ( 42 – 46 in ) . The black wildebeest is characterised by its white , long , horse @-@ like tail . It also has a dark brown to black coat and long , dark @-@ coloured hair between its forelegs and under its belly .
The black wildebeest is a herbivore , and almost the whole diet consists of grasses . Water is an essential requirement . There are three distinct social groups : the female herds , the bachelor herds and the territorial bulls . They are fast runners , and communicate using a variety of visual and vocal communication . The primary breeding season for the black wildebeest is from February to April . A single calf is usually born after a gestational period of about eight and a half months . The calf remains with its mother until her next calf is born a year later . The black wildebeest inhabits open plains , grasslands and Karoo shrublands .
The natural populations of black wildebeest , endemic to the southern part of Africa , were almost completely exterminated in the 19th century , due to their reputation as pests and the value of their hides and meat . However , the species has been reintroduced widely from captive specimens , both in private areas and nature reserves throughout most of Lesotho , Swaziland , and South Africa . It has also been introduced outside its natural range in Namibia and Kenya .
= = Taxonomy and evolution = =
The scientific name of the black wildebeest is Connochaetes gnou . The animal is placed in the genus Connochaetes and family Bovidae and was first described by the German zoologist , Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1780 . He based his description on an article written by natural philosopher Jean @-@ Nicolas @-@ Sébastien Allamand in 1776 . The generic name Connochaetes derives from the Greek words κόννος , kónnos , " beard " , and χαίτη , khaítē , " flowing hair " , " mane " . The specific name " gnou " originates from the Khoikhoi name for these animals , gnou . The common name " gnu " is also said to have originated from the Hottentot name T 'gnu , which refers to the repeated calls of " ge @-@ nu " by the bull in the mating season . The black wildebeest was first discovered in the northern part of South Africa in the 1800s .
The black wildebeest is currently included in the same genus as the blue wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus ) . This has not always been the case and at one time the latter was placed under a separate genus of its own , Gorgon . The black wildebeest lineage seems to have diverged from the blue wildebeest in the mid to late Pleistocene , and became a distinct species around a million years ago . This evolution is quite recent on a geologic time scale .
Features necessary for defending a territory such as the horns and broad @-@ based skull of the modern black wildebeest , have been found in their fossil ancestors . The earliest known fossil remains are in sedimentary rock in Cornelia in the Orange Free State and date back about eight hundred thousand years . Fossils have also been reported from the Vaal River deposits , though it is unclear whether or not they are as ancient as those found in Cornelia . Horns of the black wildebeest have been found in sand dunes near Hermanus in South Africa . This is far beyond the recorded range of the species and it has been suggested that these animals may have migrated to that region from the Karoo .
= = = Hybrids = = =
The black wildebeest is known to hybridise with its taxonomically close relative , the blue wildebeest . Male black wildebeest have been reported to mate with female blue wildebeest and vice versa . The differences in social behaviour and habitats have historically prevented interspecific hybridisation between the species , however hybridisation may occur when they are both confined within the same area . The resulting offspring is usually fertile . A study of these hybrid animals at Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve in South Africa revealed that many had disadvantageous abnormalities relating to their teeth , horns and the wormian bones in the skull . Another study reported an increase in the size of the hybrid as compared to either of its parents . In some animals the auditory bullae are highly deformed and in others the radius and ulna are fused .
= = Description = =
Black wildebeest are sexually dimorphic , with females being smaller in size and more slender than males . The head @-@ and @-@ body length is typically between 170 and 220 cm ( 67 and 87 in ) . Males reach approximately 111 to 121 cm ( 44 to 48 in ) at the shoulder , while females reach 106 to 116 cm ( 42 to 46 in ) . Males typically weigh 140 to 157 kg ( 309 to 346 lb ) and females 110 to 122 kg ( 243 to 269 lb ) . A distinguishing feature in both sexes is the tail , which is long and similar to that of a horse . Its bright @-@ white colour gives this animal the vernacular name of " white @-@ tailed gnu " , and also distinguishes it from the blue wildebeest , which has a black tail . The length of the tail ranges from 80 to 100
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
@ time Big East Champion at Seton Hall and graduated with a degree in economics and business . He then became a stockbroker with Goldman Sachs . According to Haas via the Q & A section on his website , he is a devout Christian . Following the death of his brother , Haas has wrestled with Russ ( his brother 's name ) written on his wrist tape as a tribute . Since 2002 he has maintained a close friendship with his longtime tag team partner Shelton Benjamin , who he often refers to as his brother . Benjamin also served as Haas 's best man at his wedding to Jackie Gayda .
His grandfather , Hugh Devore , was an assistant with the Houston Oilers and a former Head Coach of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish . Haas ' brother Russ was also a professional wrestler , until his death in 2001 due to a heart attack . After getting engaged in September 2004 , Haas married fellow wrestler Jackie Gayda on June 10 , 2005 . Their first child , daughter Kayla Jacquelyn Haas , was born on December 14 , 2006 . The couple 's second daughter , Taylor Suzanne , was born on September 17 , 2008 . On June 1 , 2010 , the couple 's third child , son Thomas Russell Haas , was born . Haas and his wife opened " Custom Muscle Nutrition and Smoothie Shop " , a nutritional store in Frisco , Texas on October 1 , 2008 . On July 23 , 2012 , Haas announced the birth of his fourth child .
On August 30 , 2007 , an article on Sports Illustrated 's website named Haas as one of ten superstars found to have purchased illegal steroids not in compliance with WWE 's Talent Wellness program . He was allegedly prescribed anastrozole , somatropin , stanozolol , nandrolone , and chorionic gonadotropin between August 2006 and January 2007 . Haas later said that he thought it was legal , and he was doing it for " maintenance " after he had both his knees reconstructed .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
Diving crossbody – 2004
Haas of Pain – Innovated
Haastile Takeover / Haastruction ( Scoop lift dropped into an inverted DDT ) – 2006
Inverted cloverleaf
Olympic Slam
Signature moves
Back body drop
Dropkick
Inverted atomic drop
Multiple arm drags
Multiple suplex variations
Exploder
German
Overhead belly to belly
Shoot kick to the back of a seated opponent
With Shelton Benjamin
Double team finishing moves
The World 's Greatest Finisher ( Double powerbomb )
Inverted atomic drop ( Haas ) followed by a superkick ( Benjamin ) followed by a jackknife pin ( Haas )
Double team signature moves
Broken Arrow ( Aided leapfrog body guillotine )
Managers
Paul Heyman
Kurt Angle
Jackie Gayda
Nicknames
" The Outlaw "
Entrance themes
" Medal " by Jim Johnston ( WWE ; used while a part of Team Angle )
" Heroes " by Jim Johnston ( WWE ; Used while a part of The World 's Greatest Tag Team )
" You Look So Good To Me " by Jim Johnston ( WWE / Used while teaming with Rico )
" Pay the Price " by Eric & The Hostiles ( WWE / Independent circuit )
" T.N.T. " by AC / DC ( ROH ; used while teaming with Shelton Benjamin )
" Mess You Up " by Maurice Davis ( ROH ; used while teaming with Shelton Benjamin )
" Hot Stakes " by Crushpile ( ROH ; used while teaming with Shelton Benjamin )
" Road House " by The Wild ! ( ROH )
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Ballpark Brawl
Natural Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
Combat Zone Wrestling
CZW World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Russ Haas
East Coast Wrestling Association
ECWA Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Russ Haas
ECWA Hall of Fame ( Class of 2004 )
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
Heartland Wrestling Association
HWA Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
Insane Hardcore Wrestling Entertainment
IHWE California West Coast Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
IHWE DFW Championship ( 2 times )
IHWE Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time , current )
Jersey All Pro Wrestling
JAPW New Jersey State Championship ( 1 time )
JAPW Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – with Russ Haas
JAPW Hall of Fame ( Class of 2007 )
Memphis Championship Wrestling
MCW Southern Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) – with Russ Haas
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
NWA Branded Outlaw Wrestling
NWA BOW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
NWA Southwest
NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
NWA Texoma
NWA Texoma Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time , current )
NWA Texoma Tag Team Championship ( 1 time , current ) - with Dane Griffin
Ohio Valley Wrestling
Danny Davis Invitational Tag Team Tournament ( 2015 ) - with Shelton Benjamin
Pennsylvania Championship Wrestling
PCW Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Russ Haas
Phoenix Championship Wrestling
Russ Haas Memorial Tag Team Tournament ( 2002 ) – with Nova
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Tag Team of the Year ( 2003 ) with Shelton Benjamin
PWI ranked him # 25 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2003
Ring of Honor
ROH World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – with Shelton Benjamin
Texas Outlaw Promotion
TOP Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
World Wrestling Entertainment
WWE Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) – with Shelton Benjamin ( 2 ) and Rico ( 1 )
Slammy Award ( 1 time )
Best Impersonation ( 2008 ) The GlamaHaas
Wrecking Ball Wrestling
Match of the Year ( 2011 ) vs. Low Ki
WrestleForce
WrestleForce World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
= Judge , Jury , Executioner =
" Judge , Jury , Executioner " is the eleventh episode of the second season of the post @-@ apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead . It originally aired on AMC in the United States on March 4 , 2012 . In this episode , Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) and his group opt to execute Randall ( Michael Zegen ) , much to the frustration of Dale Horvath ( Jeffrey DeMunn ) . Dale fears that the group is losing their humanity , which prompts him to persuade some of the group members to protest against the consensus . Meanwhile , Carl Grimes ( Chandler Riggs ) behaves recklessly and carelessly , going as far as to steal Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) ' s gun and harass a walker , which will ultimately initiate grave consequences for the group .
" Judge , Jury , Executioner " was directed by Greg Nicotero and written by Angela Kang . It explores themes of declining morality and humanity during a catastrophic event .
The episode features the death of Dale , who was severely injured during an attack by a walker . It also marks changes in the character development of Carl , who evolves into a desensitized character who loses his naivete to the world around him . " Judge , Jury , Executioner " features recurring appearances from several actors and actresses including Lauren Cohan , Emily Kinney , Scott Wilson , Michael Zegen , and IronE Singleton .
Commentators praised the episode , citing its character development and concluding scene as episode highlights . Upon airing , " Judge , Jury , Executioner " attained 6 @.@ 771 million viewers and a 3 @.@ 5 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . It became the highest @-@ rated cable telecast of the day , as well as the highest @-@ rated cable program of the week .
= = Plot = =
Randall ( Michael Zegen ) is beaten and interrogated by Daryl ( Norman Reedus ) in the barn . He reveals that his former group , which is composed of some thirty heavily armed men , had once found and raped two female teenagers that were camping with their father , forcing him to watch the attack . This subsequently convinces the group that harboring Randall poses an imminent threat .
Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) has concluded that Randall should be executed to protect the group , but leaves the act until sunset for a final decision . Dale ( Jeffrey DeMunn ) learns that the whole group has come to a consensus in favor of the decision to kill Randall . Dismayed , he unsuccessfully tries to convince Rick to abandon such plans , as it would set a poor example to his son Carl ( Chandler Riggs ) . Dale gains similar responses from Andrea ( Laurie Holden ) , but she agrees to guard the barn from Shane ( Jon Bernthal ) . Hershel ( Scott Wilson ) is indifferent on the matter when approached by Dale , but will follow the decision as he believes that Randall may pose a threat to his daughters Beth ( Emily Kinney ) and Maggie ( Lauren Cohan ) safety . Daryl avows to Dale that his opinion is meaningless , since Rick looks to Shane for validation . Dale later encounters Shane , who proposes that he will go along with Dale if he successfully convinces the group .
Carl becomes restless and careless , and ultimately sneaks into the barn . Randall sees him and attempts to persuade Carl to release him . Discovering the interaction , Shane angrily scolds Carl for going into the barn , warning him of manipulations by the prisoner . Carol ( Melissa McBride ) attempts to cheer Carl up by mentioning that Sophia is in heaven . Carl rudely lashes out , and insults her for believing in heaven . After being chastised by Rick for doing so , Carl ventures into Daryl 's campsite and takes a pistol from among his possessions . Armed , he wanders into the woods , where he encounters a walker stuck in the creek bed 's mire . Carl provokes it by throwing rocks at it and later moves within closer range to shoot it in the head . Suddenly , the walker manages to free one leg and tries to attack Carl . Carl loses the pistol but narrowly escapes , and upon returning to the campsite , does not report the entire incident . Meanwhile , Beth has since recovered from her earlier suicide attempt . When Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) comes to check on her condition , Hershel gives him a family heirloom representing his approval of Glenn 's relationship with Maggie .
Later , the group meets to discuss Randall 's fate . Dale 's arguments on humanity , civilization and morality fails to sway most of the members and he storms out . Rick , Shane , and Daryl then take Randall to the barn . As Rick prepares to shoot him , Carl enters and urges his father to do it . Horrified , Rick puts down his revolver , causing Shane to storm out in disappointment . Meanwhile , Dale walks alone across the fields . He encounters a dying cow , which he discovers has been gutted . Realizing the danger , Dale turns , but a walker ambushes him . Dale 's screams alert the group , but the walker manages to rip
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
film .
There was originally a scene after the montage of Alfred and Bruce examining the NygmaTech " Box " .
An extended scene established Bruce in the Batcave shortly after having discussed with Dick then that this would have saved his life after the battle with Two @-@ Face in the subway system under construction . In this scene he is appreciated as the GNN news ( Bruce watching in the Batcomputer ) attacking Batman and Two @-@ Face after the battle in the Subway and after that Bruce talking to Alfred turns into the dilemma of continuing to be Batman and try a normal life with Chase . Like the deleted Helicopter fight sequence , this scene also makes reference to Batman himself being " a killer " , and in the original production screenplay , this scene was to contain footage from Batman Returns , specifically taken from the rooftop fight scene with Catwoman . This would explain why in the theatrical version Bruce turns off all the systems in the Batcave telling Dick he gives up being Batman . This scene appears in a rough form on the Special Edition DVD .
Another scene in the Wayne Manor raid sequence was longer , featuring Bruce and Chase fighting Two @-@ Face and his thugs .
The scene involving Chase Meridian on the couch originally included a longer ending where the Riddler injects her with a green sleeping agent so he can easily place her in the small tube with the trap door .
The most well @-@ known deleted scene involved further backstory to the film . It involved Bruce waking up after being shot in the head by Two @-@ Face , temporarily wiping a part of his memory ; he has forgotten his origin and life as the Dark Knight . Alfred takes him to the Batcave , which has been destroyed by the Riddler . They stand on the platform where the Batmobile was , and Alfred says , " Funny they did not know about the cave beneath the cave . " The platform then rotates downward to another level where the sonar @-@ modification equipment is kept , from the special Batsuit to the hi @-@ tech weaponry . Bruce then discovers the cavern where he first saw the image that inspired him to become Batman – a giant bat . Inside he finds his father 's red diary which he had dropped when he first fell into the Batcave after his parents death . He reads the entry that his memories had repressed , about him insisting his parents take him to the theater to see a show the same night they were killed and discovers that he had misread it all those years ago , his father writing ' even though Bruce insists , we wanted to see Zorro so his show will have to wait until next week ' . Bruce realizes his parents death was not his fault after all . The giant bat then appears and Bruce raises his arms to match the wing anatomy of the bat and the shot shows that they are one . Bruce now remembers who he is and goes with Alfred to solve the riddles left throughout the film . This scene makes what Batman tells the Riddler at the end of the theatrical version that he 's Batman now because he chooses
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
match the Replicators , Thor arrives at Stargate Command and asks SG @-@ 1 for help against the Replicators in the Asgard galaxy . As Colonel O 'Neill ( Richard Dean Anderson ) , Daniel Jackson ( Michael Shanks ) and Teal 'c ( Christopher Judge ) go to deal with the hijacked submarine , Major Carter ( Amanda Tapping ) goes with Thor .
O 'Neill , Daniel , and Teal 'c try to obtain intelligence on the little self @-@ replicating robotic invaders in the submarine , but they are forced to fall back . With Daniel 's new theory that the Replicators are made up of the same materials they consume , the Replicators may be eliminated through sinking the iron submarine as long as the surviving Replicator from Thor 's advanced ship is destroyed beforehand . Meanwhile , Carter witnesses a short battle against the Replicators in the Asgard galaxy during which five Asgard ships are lost . Carter notices the Replicators ' attraction to new technology and proposes to use the O 'Neill , an incomplete Asgard ship originally designed to fight the Replicators , as a lure to draw the Replicators into hyperspace and destroy them in the O 'Neill 's self @-@ destruct . Thor eventually accepts the plan , the Replicators take the bait and are destroyed .
Back on Earth , O 'Neill and Teal 'c penetrate the submarine and find and destroy the original Replicator . When the other Replicators take full control of the submarine , O 'Neill orders the forces outside to destroy the submarine and prepares for the end , but Thor beams the team onto his ship before the explosion occurs . With the imminent Replicator threat over , Thor promises that when the Asgard defeat the Replicators , he will come to assist Earth in the war against the Goa 'uld .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing and pre @-@ production = = =
Visual effects supervisor James Tichenor approached producer Robert C. Cooper after the completion of the season 3 finale , " Nemesis " , and stated his confidence in his team 's ability to create effects for a water @-@ based episode . By that time , Cooper had already written the outline of " Small Victories " as the season 4 opener . " Small Victories " resumes the cliffhanger ending of " Nemesis " and alludes to events of that episode several times . The episode begins aboard a Russian submarine where one Russian says in his mother tongue that the noise in the torpedo tube might be caused by " one of the bugs from the other episode " , an in @-@ joke that the producers intentionally left without subtitles . Daniel Jackson 's appendicitis attack from " Nemesis " is picked up , which was originally based on Michael Shanks ' real @-@ life appendicitis attack during the filming of the penultimate season 3 episode . " Small Victories " also continues building the relationship of O 'Neill and Carter in mirroring a similar scene from " Nemesis " . However , Christopher Judge , who in previous seasons sported a bald @-@ shaven head as the alien Teal 'c , returned to the set with a small blond chin beard after the hiatus , as the producers had not allowed his character to have scalp hair ( until season 8 ) . Judge shaved off the beard several episodes later after acknowledging its look as silly . The official Showtime website initially caused some confusion by listing Jay Acovone ( Kawalsky ) as a guest @-@ star in this episode , which later turned out to be untrue .
= = = Filming = = =
" Small Victories " was filmed over the course of seven days like most SG @-@ 1 episodes . After the first three seasons of Stargate SG @-@ 1 had been filmed on 16 mm film ( except for shots incorporating visual effects , where experience had shown 35 mm to work better ) , " Nemesis " was filmed entirely on 35 mm film as a test run , and season 4 switched to the new gauge for all filming purposes .
Martin Wood directed " Small Victories " and made a short cameo appearance with Sergeant Siler ( stunt coordinator Dan Shea ) in an SGC corridor . Andy Mikita served as the second unit director and filmed the coverage of the practical Thor puppet after Amanda Tapping 's coverage had been shot . Michael Shanks , who provided the voice of Thor in post @-@ production ADR , read some of Thor 's lines for Tapping on @-@ set . The top lip of the Thor puppet , which was visibly broken during the filming , proved a challenge . One anecdotal blooper moment that Amanda Tapping often tells at conventions and which producer Joseph Mallozzi named one of his favorites in the first five years of Stargate SG @-@ 1 , is that of the puppeteers raising Thor 's hand to touch Tapping 's behind during filming . Tapping instinctively slapped the expensive prop , then she kneeled down and apologized to the puppet in all seriousness before realizing the silliness of her reaction .
" Small Victories " is split into two parallel storylines , and several space shots of the B story onboard Thor 's spaceship were cut at the script stage to allot more money to the A story submarine scenes . " Small Victories " was originally written to set on a fishing trawler until the producers got access to a real Russian Foxtrot class submarine , which was brought from Vladivostok to Vancouver , Canada , where Stargate SG @-@ 1 was filmed . Several scenes were filmed in and outside of the submarine for two days . A matching set with removable walls was built later on because only three film crew members could fit into the real 25 @-@ feet @-@ wide submarine . To enhance the submarine 's narrowness , Martin Wood lit the ship with the actors ' helmet lights and chose an agitated shooting style , holding the shots tight and handholding some of the cameras himself . The logistics of the submarine filming proved difficult and time @-@ consuming , since the computer @-@ generated Replicators needed to appear on Daniel 's playback monitors in advance of filming . One scripted scene in which a Replicator piece is removed from Teal 'c's shoulder was trimmed on @-@ set because the actors felt it to be redundant .
= = = Effects = = =
" Small Victories " surpassed " Nemesis " as the biggest visual @-@ effects @-@ heavy Stargate SG @-@ 1 episode and remained one of biggest visual effects works of the season . Nevertheless , the limited budget required the major Computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) moments to be chosen well . The opening sequence of the Asgard ship flying over the ocean until its crash into the water was completely computer @-@ generated , as was the Asgard homeworld at a later point in the episode . The finetuning of the lighting of the Asgard homeworld , which was blended with a matte painting of Asgard space ships in the sky , was the most difficult job . To save costs , the moments before Thor 's entry to the SGC were stockshots of the Stargate , and the illusion of a Stargate event horizon behind Thor in the following scenes was created with an LCD projection . Although a computer @-@ generated version of Thor was built around the puppet for independent movements , the CGI version 's walking down the Stargate ramp was intercut with filmed shots of the puppet put on a trike .
Visual effects producer James Tichenor claimed that visual effects work better when not highlighted , and that a major part of effective visual effects are the actors ' reactions to nonexistent things . Replicator models were used to give the actors an idea at what they were looking and to match their eyelines . One model was mounted on a plexiglass rod and shown on @-@ screen , giving the impression of an organic Replicator hologram . The computer @-@ generated Replicators on board the submarine were tracked with small lights , some of which post @-@ production left in for good looks . The reflections of the green screen on the floor aboard Thor 's ship ( " green spill " , usually an undesired side effect ) were used to key selective patches for the reflection of the big spaceship screen .
= = Reception = =
" Small Victories " was first broadcast on June 30 , 2000 on Showtime . SG @-@ 1 visual effects producer James Tichenor considered the few episodes with big visual effects budgets the most likely works to contain visual cues that impress Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( Emmy Awards ) voters , but he feared that the 2000 submarine feature film U @-@ 571 might spoil expectations . " Small Victories " and the SG @-@ 1 season
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
standard elements .
= = = Resonator = = =
A mechanical resonator consists of both a mass element and a compliance element . Mechanical resonators are analogous to electrical LC circuits consisting of inductance and capacitance . Real mechanical components unavoidably have both mass and compliance so it is a practical proposition to make resonators as a single component . In fact , it is more difficult to make a pure mass or pure compliance as a single component . A spring can be made with a certain compliance and mass minimised , or a mass can be made with compliance minimised , but neither can be eliminated altogether . Mechanical resonators are a key component of mechanical filters .
= = = Generators = = =
Analogues exist for the active electrical elements of the voltage source and the current source ( generators ) . The mechanical analogue in the mobility analogy of the constant current generator is the constant force generator . The mechanical analogue of the constant voltage generator is the constant velocity generator .
An example of a constant force generator is the constant @-@ force spring . An example of a practical constant velocity generator is a lightly loaded powerful machine , such as a motor , driving a belt . This is analogous to a real voltage source , such as a battery , which remains near constant @-@ voltage with load provided that the load resistance is much higher than the battery internal resistance .
= = = Transducers = = =
Electromechanical systems require transducers to convert between the electrical and mechanical domains . They are analogous to two @-@ port networks and like those can be described by a pair of simultaneous equations and four arbitrary parameters . There are numerous possible representations , but the form most applicable to the mobility analogy has the arbitrary parameters in units of admittance . In matrix form ( with the electrical side taken as port 1 ) this representation is ,
<formula>
The element <formula> is the short circuit mechanical admittance , that is , the admittance presented by the mechanical side of the transducer when zero voltage ( short circuit ) is applied to the electrical side . The element <formula> , conversely , is the unloaded electrical admittance , that is , the admittance presented to the electrical side when the mechanical side is not driving a load ( zero force ) . The remaining two elements , <formula> and <formula> , describe the transducer forward and reverse transfer functions respectively . They are both analogous to transfer admittances and are hybrid ratios of an electrical and mechanical quantity .
= = = Transformers = = =
The mechanical analogy of a transformer is a simple machine such as a pulley or a lever . The force applied to the load can be greater or less than the input force depending on whether the mechanical advantage of the machine is greater or less than unity respectively . Mechanical advantage is analogous to the inverse of transformer turns ratio in the mobility analogy . A mechanical advantage less than unity is analogous to a step @-@ up transformer and greater than unity is analogous to a step @-@ down transformer .
= = Power and energy equations = =
= = Examples = =
= = = Simple resonant circuit = = =
The figure shows a mechanical arrangement of a platform of mass M that is suspended above the substrate by a spring of stiffness S and a damper of resistance Rm . The mobility analogy equivalent circuit is shown to the right of this arrangement and consists of a parallel resonant circuit . This system has a resonant frequency , and may have a natural frequency of oscillation if not too heavily damped .
= = Advantages and disadvantages = =
The principal advantage of the mobility analogy over its alternative , the impedance analogy , is that it preserves the topology of the mechanical system . Elements that are in series in the mechanical system are in series in the electrical equivalent circuit and elements in parallel in the mechanical system remain in parallel in the electrical equivalent .
The principal disadvantage of the mobility analogy is that it does not maintain the analogy between electrical and mechanical impedance . Mechanical impedance is represented as an electrical admittance and a mechanical resistance is represented as an electrical conductance in the electrical equivalent circuit . Force is not analogous to voltage ( generator voltages are often called electromotive force ) , but rather , it is analogous to current .
= = History = =
Historically , the impedance analogy was in use long before the mobility analogy . Mechanical admittance and the associated mobility analogy were introduced by F. A. Firestone in 1932 to overcome the issue of preserving topologies . W. Hähnle independently had the same idea in Germany . H. M. Trent developed a treatment for analogies in general from a mathematical graph theory perspective and introduced a new analogy of his own .
= USS Concord ( PG
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
event , they say that Siward attacked and killed Eadulf . It was thus that Siward became earl of all Northumbria , perhaps the first person to do so since Uhtred the Bold . It is possible that Siward used Ælfflæd 's lineage to claim the earldom of Bamburgh for himself , although it is unclear whether the marriage took place before or after Siward killed Eadulf . Kapelle has pointed out that no ruler of Bamburgh after Uhtred is attested at the English royal court , which he argued " must mean they were in revolt " against the monarchy , and that Siward 's attack may therefore have been encouraged by a monarch wishing to crush a rebellious or disloyal vassal . Siward however probably had his own interests too . Killing Eadulf eliminated his main rival in the north , and the marriage associated him with the family of Uhtred the Bold , and with Uhtred 's surviving son Gospatric .
There may nonetheless be a connection between the murder of Eadulf and events further south . For the same year the Chronicle of John of Worcester related that , because of an attack on two of Harthacnut 's tax @-@ collectors there , Siward took part in a reprisal on the city and monastery of Worcester . Harthacnut reigned only another year , dying on 8 June 1042 . He was succeeded by the exiled English ætheling Edward . As an ætheling , a royal prince with a present or likely future claim on the throne , Edward appears to have been invited back by Harthacnut in 1041 , fortuitously smoothing over the coming change in ruler . Edward was crowned king on Easter Day , 3 April 1043 .
= = English affairs under Edward the Confessor = =
Relations between Siward and King Edward appear to have been good . Neither Siward nor any associates of Siward were punished by Edward in later years . In fact , Siward appears to have been one of Edward 's most powerful supporters . On 16 November 1043 , Siward , along with Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia , marched with King Edward against Queen Emma , helping the king to deprive the queen of her huge treasury . Edward then accused Emma of treason and deposed Stigand , Bishop of Elmham from his position " because he was closest to his mother 's counsel " .
The Norman propagandist and historian , William of Poitiers , claimed that Siward was among those who had sworn an oath to uphold Edward the Confessor 's alleged declaration that William , Duke of Normandy ( later King William I ) , was to be his heir . Others said to have made that oath were Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia , along with Stigand , who had been pardoned in 1044 , and raised to Bishop of Winchester in 1047 . If this did happen , it was probably during or a little before spring 1051 , when Robert , Archbishop of Canterbury , was journeying to Rome for his pallium .
In 1051 Siward , along with Earls Leofric and Ralph the Timid , mobilised forces in defence of the king against a rebellion by Earl Godwine and his sons . The Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle relates that although Siward had to call up reinforcements , King Edward was successful and Earl Godwine was temporarily exiled . Earl Godwine remained a threat in exile , and the continued " belligerent support " of Siward and Leofric was thus vital to King Edward 's safety . It was apparently , however , the reluctance of these two earls to fight Earl Godwine that contributed to Godwine 's re @-@ establishment in England in 1052 .
There is evidence to suggest that Siward extended his power southward , bringing the shire of Northampton into his control in the 1040s and the shire of Huntingdon in the 1050s . The evidence comes from royal writs addressed to Siward as earl in these shires . Siward 's predecessors as earl in these areas were other Scandinavians , Thuri and Bjorn son of Earl Ulf ; the former was styled " earl of the Midlanders " ( comes mediterraneorum ) , showing that this earldom represented the earlier polity of the Middle Angles of Mercia . It was this area , rather than Northumbria , to which Siward 's descendants were most attached .
Likewise , it has been argued that Siward brought Cumberland , thought by some historians to have been lost to Strathclyde , back under Northumbrian lordship . The evidence comes from a document known to historians as " Gospatric 's Writ " . This is a written instruction , issued either by the future Gospatric , Earl of Northumbria or Gospatric , son of Earl Uhtred ) that was addressed to all Gospatric 's kindred and to the notables dwelling in the " all the lands that were Cumbrian " ( on eallun þam landann þeo Cōmbres ) ; it ordered that one Thorfinn mac Thore be free in all things ( þ Thorfynn mac Thore beo swa freo in eallan ðynges ) in Allerdale , and that no man is to break the peace which was given by Gospatric and Earl Siward . Historians such as Charles Phythian @-@ Adams believed that such phraseology indicated that Siward conquered the region from its previous rulers , although others , like William Kapelle , believed that the region had come , were it ever lost , back into English power before Siward 's time .
A little can be said about Siward 's relations with the Northumbrian church , in particular with regard to his relations with Durham . As a result of Siward 's marriage to Ælfflæd , Siward gained possession of a group of estates in Teesside claimed by the bishops of Durham . Acquisition of these estates might have brought opposition from the Bishop of Durham , but Æthelric the incumbent had been expelled by the clergy of Durham in either 1045 or 1046 and , according to the Libellus de Exordio , only returned by bribing Siward . According to the Libellus , the clergy were " terrified and overwhelmed by the fearful power of the earl " and " were compelled willy nilly to be reconciled to the bishop , and to admit him into his episcopal see " . Despite this , Siward escaped censure in the writings of later Durham monks , something which suggests relations between Siward and Durham were probably good in general .
Siward can be found witnessing numerous charters during Edward 's reign , though not as many as the Godwinsons ; Siward usually comes third in lists of earls , behind Godwine and Leofric but ahead of Godwine 's sons and the other earls . He witnessed at least seven , possibly nine , extant charters in 1044 , six or seven in 1045 , two in 1046 , one in 1048 and one in 1049 . A Dux ( " earl " ) named Sihroþ and Sihroð witnessed two charters in 1050 , and this may be Siward . There is another attestation in 1050 , and his name appears in two dubious witness lists attached to charters dating to 1052 and 1054 . Possibly Siward 's last historical appearance in English legal documents is in the agreement made — probably at Lincoln — between Wulfwig , Bishop of Dorchester , and Earl Leofric , dating to between 1053 and 1055 .
= = Expedition against the Scots = =
Siward is perhaps most famous for his expedition in 1054 against Macbeth , King of Scotland , an expedition that cost Siward his eldest son , Osbjorn . The origin of Siward 's conflict with the Scots is unclear . According to the Libellus de Exordio , in 1039 or 1040 , the Scottish king Donnchad mac Crínáin attacked northern Northumbria and besieged Durham . Within a year , Mac Bethad had deposed and killed Donnchad . The failed siege occurred a year before Siward attacked and killed Earl Eadulf of Bamburgh , and though no connection between the two events is clear it is likely that they were linked .
The Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham , written in the early 12th @-@ century , relate under the year 1046 that " Earl Siward with a great army came to Scotland , and expelled king Mac Bethad , and appointed another ; but after his departure Mac Bethad recovered his kingdom
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
-@ Olympic recognized sports . The goal was to apply a systematic approach to establishing the Olympic program for each celebration of the Games . The commission formulated seven criteria to judge whether a sport should be included on the Olympic program . These criteria are history and tradition of the sport , universality , popularity of the sport , image , athletes ' health , development of the International Federation that governs the sport , and costs of holding the sport . From this study five recognized sports emerged as candidates for inclusion at the 2012 Summer Olympics : golf , karate , rugby union , roller sports and squash . These sports were reviewed by the IOC Executive Board and then referred to the General Session in Singapore in July 2005 . Of the five sports recommended for inclusion only two were selected as finalists : karate and squash . Neither sport attained the required two @-@ thirds vote and consequently they were not promoted to the Olympic program . In October 2009 the IOC voted to instate golf and rugby union as Olympic sports for the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympic Games .
The 114th IOC Session , in 2002 , limited the Summer Games program to a maximum of 28 sports , 301 events , and 10 @,@ 500 athletes . Three years later , at the 117th IOC Session , the first major program revision was performed , which resulted in the exclusion of baseball and softball from the official program of the 2012 London Games . Since there was no agreement in the promotion of two other sports , the 2012 program featured just 26 sports . The 2016 and 2020 Games will return to the maximum of 28 sports given the addition of rugby and golf .
= = = Amateurism and professionalism = = =
The ethos of the aristocracy as exemplified in the English public school greatly influenced Pierre de Coubertin . The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education , an attitude summed up in the saying mens sana in corpore sano , a sound mind in a sound body . In this ethos , a gentleman was one who became an all @-@ rounder , not the best at one specific thing . There was also a prevailing concept of fairness , in which practicing or training was considered tantamount to cheating . Those who practiced a sport professionally were considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practiced it merely as a hobby .
The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics . The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi @-@ professional baseball before the Olympics . His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds . Swiss and Austrian skiers boycotted the 1936 Winter Olympics in support of their skiing teachers , who were not allowed to compete because they earned money with their sport and were thus considered professionals .
As class structure evolved through the 20th century , the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated . The advent of the state @-@ sponsored " full @-@ time amateur athlete " of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self @-@ financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . Nevertheless , the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism . Beginning in the 1970s , amateurism requirements were gradually phased out of the Olympic Charter . After the 1988 Games , the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics , subject to the approval of the IFs . As of 2012 , the only sports in which no professionals compete is boxing and wrestling , although even this requires a definition of amateurism based on fight rules rather than on payment , as some boxers and wrestlers receive cash prizes from their National Olympic Committees .
= = Controversies = =
= = = Boycotts = = =
Greece , Australia , France , Great Britain , and Switzerland are the only countries to be represented at every Olympic Games since their inception in 1896 . While countries sometimes miss an Olympics due to a lack of qualified athletes , some choose to boycott a celebration of the Games for various reasons . The Olympic Council of Ireland boycotted the 1936 Berlin Games , because the IOC insisted its team needed to be restricted to the Irish Free State rather than representing the entire island of Ireland .
There were three boycotts of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics : the Netherlands , Spain , and Switzerland refused to attend because of the repression of the Hungarian uprising by the Soviet Union , but did send an equestrian delegation to Stockholm ; Cambodia , Egypt , Iraq , and Lebanon boycotted the Games because of the Suez Crisis ; and China ( the " People 's Republic of China " ) boycotted the Games because Taiwan was allowed to compete in the Games as the " Republic of China " .
In 1972 and 1976 a large number of African countries threatened the IOC with a boycott to force them to ban South Africa and Rhodesia , because of their segregationist regimes . New Zealand was also one of the African boycott targets , because its national rugby union team had toured apartheid @-@ ruled South Africa . The IOC conceded in the first two cases , but refused to ban New Zealand on the grounds that rugby was not an Olympic sport . Fulfilling their threat , twenty African countries were joined by Guyana and Iraq in a withdrawal from the Montreal Games , after a few of their athletes had already competed .
Taiwan also decided to boycott these Games because the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) exerted pressure on the Montreal organizing committee to keep the delegation from the Republic of China ( ROC ) from competing under that name . The ROC refused a proposed compromise that would have still allowed them to use the ROC flag and anthem as long as the name was changed . Taiwan did not participate again until 1984 , when it returned under the name of Chinese Taipei and with a special flag and anthem .
In 1980 and 1984 , the Cold War opponents boycotted each other 's Games . The United States and sixty @-@ four other countries boycotted the Moscow Olympics in 1980 because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . This boycott reduced the number of nations participating to 81 , the lowest number since 1956 . The Soviet Union and 15 other nations countered by boycotting the Los Angeles Olympics of 1984 , contending that they could not guarantee the safety of their athletes . Soviet officials defended their decision to withdraw from the Games by saying that " chauvinistic sentiments and an anti @-@ Soviet hysteria are being whipped up in the United States " . The boycotting nations of the Eastern Bloc staged their own alternate event , the Friendship Games , in July and August .
There had been growing calls for boycotts of Chinese goods and the 2008 Olympics in Beijing in protest of China 's human rights record , and in response to Tibetan disturbances . Ultimately , no nation supported a boycott . In August 2008 , the government of Georgia called for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics , set to be held in Sochi , Russia , in response to Russia 's participation in the 2008 South Ossetia war .
= = = Politics = = =
The Olympic Games have been used as a platform to promote political ideologies almost from its inception . Nazi Germany wished to portray the National Socialist Party as benevolent and peace @-@ loving when they hosted the 1936 Games , though they used the Games to display Aryan superiority . Germany was the most successful nation at the Games , which did much to support their allegations of Aryan supremacy , but notable victories by African American Jesse Owens , who won four gold medals , and Hungarian Jew Ibolya Csák , blunted the message . The Soviet Union did not participate until the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki . Instead , starting in 1928 , the Soviets organized an international sports event called Spartakiads . During the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s , communist and socialist organizations in several countries , including the United States , attempted to counter what they called the " bourgeois " Olympics with the Workers Olympics . It was not until the 1956 Summer Games that the Soviets emerged as a sporting superpower and , in doing so , took full advantage of the publicity that came with winning at the Olympics . Individual athletes have also used the Olympic stage to promote their own political agenda . At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , two American track and field athletes , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , who finished first and third in the 200 meters , performed the Black Power salute on the victory stand . The second @-@ place finisher , Peter Norman of Australia , wore an Olympic Project for human rights badge in support of Smith and Carlos . In response to the protest , IOC president Avery Brundage told the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) to either send the two athletes home or withdraw the track and field team . The USOC opted for the former . During the same Olympics , Czechoslovakian gymnast Věra Čáslavská announced her protest to the Soviet @-@ led invasion of her home country
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
128th Boat Race took place on 27 March 1982 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford won by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths , securing their seventh consecutive victory . Their number five , Boris Rankov , won a record fifth Boat Race as a rower , and Oxford 's Clay brothers became the first twins to win the event .
In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths , and in the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge were victorious .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by eight lengths in the previous year 's race . However Cambridge held the overall lead , with 68 victories to Oxford 's 58 .
The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race .
During the pre @-@ race preparations , the Cambridge crew struck a floating railway sleeper near Chiswick Eyot , damaging their boat which needed repair before the race . Oxford 's crew suffered illness in the days leading up the race , in particular the president Nick Conington who was moved from stroke to bow to reduce the chances of a possible recurrence of glandular fever .
= = Crews = =
The Oxford crew weighed an average of just below 14 st ( 88 @.@ 7 kg ) per rower , and had a 10 pounds ( 4 @.@ 5 kg ) per man advantage over Cambridge . Oxford saw four former Blues return , including the first female cox in Sue Brown . Cambridge 's crew contained a single Blue in boat club president Roger Stephens . Despite retiring from rowing , Boris Rankov , a junior fellow at St Hugh 's was persuaded back into the crew by the Oxford boat club president Nick Conington . Rankov was rowing in his fifth consecutive Boat Race , alongside Steve Foster whom he supervised in classics . Oxford 's crew also contained the Clay twins , Robert and Hugh .
= = Race = =
River conditions were calm : Jim Railton of The Times described the course as " a smooth and flat Queen 's highway from Putney to Mortlake . " Michael Muir @-@ Smith was the umpire for the race , for which Oxford were " heavily favoured " . They won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . A good start from the Light Blues saw them a length ahead by Craven Cottage and passing the Mile Post one second ahead of Oxford . From Harrods Furniture Depository , Oxford fought their way back into contention with cox Brown forcing her counterpart Bernstein to steer towards the centre of the river . Both crews shot Hammersmith Bridge a second apart , with Oxford quickly gaining a length 's lead and a clear water advantage . Cambridge were nine seconds down by Chiswick Steps and a further second behind at Barnes Bridge . Oxford passed the finishing post eleven seconds and three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths ahead of Cambridge , in a time of 18 minutes 21 seconds , to record their seventh consecutive victory .
In the reserve race , Isis beat Goldie by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths and five seconds in a time of 18 minutes 43 seconds to record their third consecutive victory . In the 37th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge triumphed , their first win in three years .
=
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Exchequer in Chamberlain 's government :
[ I ] t was the hope of doing something to improve the conditions of life for the poorer people that brought me at past middle life into politics , and it is some satisfaction to me that I was able to carry out some part of my ambition even though its permanency may be challenged by the destruction of war . For the rest I regret nothing that I have done & I can see nothing undone that I ought to have done . I am therefore content to accept the fate that has so suddenly overtaken me .
Chamberlain died of bowel cancer on 9 November 1940 at the age of 71 . His funeral service took place at Westminster Abbey ( due to wartime security concerns , the date and time were not widely publicised ) , and his ashes were interred there next to those of Andrew Bonar Law . Churchill eulogised Chamberlain in the House of Commons three days after his death :
Whatever else history may or may not say about these terrible , tremendous years , we can be sure that Neville Chamberlain acted with perfect sincerity according to his lights and strove to the utmost of his capacity and authority , which were powerful , to save the world from the awful , devastating struggle in which we are now engaged . This alone will stand him in good stead as far as what is called the verdict of history is concerned .
Though some Chamberlain supporters found Churchill 's oratory to be faint praise of the late Prime Minister , Churchill added less publicly , " Whatever shall I do without poor Neville ? I was relying on him to look after the Home Front for me . " Amongst the others who paid tribute to Chamberlain in the Commons and in the House of Lords on 12 November were Lord Halifax , Attlee , and the Liberal Party leader and Air Minister , Sir Archibald Sinclair . Lloyd George , the only former Prime Minister remaining in the Commons , had been expected to speak , but absented himself from the proceedings . Ever close to his family , the executors of Chamberlain 's will were his cousins , Wilfred Byng Kenrick and Sir Wilfrid Martineau ; both of whom , like Chamberlain , were Lord Mayor of Birmingham .
= = Legacy and reputation = =
A few days before his death , Neville Chamberlain wrote ,
So far as my personal reputation is concerned , I am not in the least disturbed about it . The letters which I am still receiving in such vast quantities so unanimously dwell on the same point , namely without Munich the war would have been lost and the Empire destroyed in 1938 ... I do not feel the opposite view ... has a chance of survival . Even if nothing further were to be published giving the true inside story of the past two years I should not fear the historian 's verdict .
Guilty Men was not the only Second World War tract that damaged Chamberlain 's reputation . We Were Not All Wrong , published in 1941 , took a similar tack to Guilty Men , arguing that Liberal and Labour MPs , and a small number of Conservatives , had fought against Chamberlain 's appeasement policies . The author , Liberal MP Geoffrey Mander , had voted against conscription in 1939 . Another polemic against Conservative policies was Why Not Trust the Tories ( 1944 , written by " Gracchus " , who later proved to be future Labour minister Aneurin Bevan ) , which castigated the Conservatives for the foreign policy decisions of Baldwin and Chamberlain . Though a few Conservatives offered their own versions of events , most notably MP Quintin Hogg in his 1945 The Left was Never Right , by the end of the war , there was a very strong public belief that Chamberlain was culpable for serious diplomatic and military misjudgments that had nearly caused Britain 's defeat .
Chamberlain 's reputation was devastated by these attacks from the left . In 1948 , with the publication of The Gathering Storm , the first volume of Churchill 's six @-@ volume set , The Second World War , Chamberlain sustained an even more serious assault from the right . While Churchill stated privately , " this is not history , this is my case " , his series was still hugely influential . Churchill depicted Chamberlain as well @-@ meaning but weak , blind to the threat posed by Hitler , and oblivious to the fact that ( according to Churchill ) Hitler could have been removed from power by a grand coalition of European states . Churchill suggested that the year 's delay between Munich and war worsened Britain 's position , and criticised Chamberlain for both peacetime and wartime decisions . In the years following the publication of Churchill 's books , few historians questioned his judgment .
Anne Chamberlain , the former premier 's widow , suggested that Churchill 's work was filled with matters that " are not real misstatements that could easily be corrected , but wholesale omissions and assumptions that certain things are now recognised as facts which actually have no such position " .
Many of Chamberlain 's family letters and his extensive personal papers were bequeathed by his family in 1974 to the Birmingham University Archives . During the war , the Chamberlain family had commissioned historian Keith Feiling to produce an official biography , and gave him access to Chamberlain 's private diaries and papers . While Feiling had the right of access to official papers as the official biographer of a recently deceased person , he may not have been aware of the provision , and the Cabinet Secretary denied his requests for access .
Though Feiling produced what historian David Dutton described in 2001 as " the most impressive and persuasive single @-@ volume biography " of Chamberlain ( completed during the war and published in 1946 ) , he could not repair the damage already done to Chamberlain 's reputation .
Conservative MP Iain Macleod 's 1961 biography of Chamberlain was the first major biography of a revisionist school of thought on Chamberlain . The same year , A. J. P. Taylor , in his The Origins of the Second World War , found that Chamberlain had adequately rearmed Britain for defence ( though a rearmament designed to defeat Germany would have taken massive additional resources ) and described Munich as " a triumph for all that was best and most enlightened in British life ... [ and ] for those who had courageously denounced the harshness and short @-@ sightedness of Versailles " .
The adoption of the " thirty @-@ year rule " in 1967 made available many of the papers of the Chamberlain government over the subsequent three years , helping to explain why Chamberlain acted as he did . The resultant works greatly fuelled the revisionist school , although they also included books that strongly criticised Chamberlain , such as Keith Middlemas 's 1972 Diplomacy of Illusion ( which portrayed Chamberlain as a seasoned politician with strategic blindness when it came to Germany ) . Released papers indicated that , contrary to claims made in Guilty Men , Chamberlain had neither ignored the advice of the Foreign Office nor had he disregarded and run roughshod over his Cabinet . Other released papers showed that Chamberlain had considered seeking a grand coalition amongst European governments like that later advocated by Churchill , but had rejected it on the ground that the division of Europe into two camps would make war more , not less likely . They also showed that Chamberlain had been advised that the Dominions , pursuing independent foreign policies under the Statute of Westminster , had indicated that Chamberlain could not depend on their help in the event of a Continental war . The Chiefs of Staff report , which indicated that Britain could not forcibly prevent Germany from conquering Czechoslovakia , was first publicly known at this time .
In reaction against the revisionist school of thought regarding Chamberlain a post @-@ revisionist school emerged beginning in the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
1996 drama Heavy as Callie , a naive young waitress . The film received favorable reviews ; critic Janet Maslin noted : " Ms. Tyler ... gives a charmingly ingenuous performance , betraying no self @-@ consciousness about her lush good looks . "
Tyler had her breakthrough role in the art house film Stealing Beauty ( 1996 ) , in which she played Lucy Harmon , an innocent , romantic teenager who travels to Tuscany , Italy , intent on losing her virginity . The film received generally mixed reviews , but Tyler 's performance was regarded favorably by the critics . Variety wrote : " Tyler is the perfect accomplice . At times sweetly awkward , at others composed and serene , the actress appears to respond effortlessly and intuitively to the camera , creating a rich sense of what Lucy is about that often is not explicit in the dialogue . " Empire noted , " Liv Tyler ( here radiantly resembling a ganglier young Ava Gardner ) with a rare opportunity to enamour , a break she capitalizes on with composure . " The film was directed by Bernardo Bertolucci , who chose Tyler for the role after meeting with a number of young girls in Los Angeles , including Tyler 's music video co @-@ star Alicia Silverstone . Bertolucci said " there was something missing in all of them " . He later said that what he saw in Tyler was a gravitas he described as " a New York aura " . During promotion of the film , Tyler said she wanted to separate herself from the character during production : " I tried my damnedest not to think of my own situation . But at one point , after a take , I just started to cry and cry . I remembered when I found out about my dad and how we just stared at each other from head to toe taking in every nook and cranny . "
She later appeared in That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) , a movie about a fictional one @-@ hit wonder rock band called The Wonders , following their whirlwind rise to the top of the pop charts , and just as quickly , their plunge back to obscurity . The film was written and directed by Tom Hanks . It grossed over $ 25 million worldwide , and was met with favorable reviews . The following year , she appeared in Inventing the Abbotts in 1997 , in which she played the daughter of Will Patton and Barbara Williams ' characters . The movie is based on a short story by Sue Miller . Entertainment Weekly declared Tyler 's performance as " lovely and pliant " . That same year , Tyler was chosen by People magazine as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People .
= = = 1998 – 2000 : Mainstream exposure = = =
Tyler next appeared in Armageddon ( 1998 ) , where she played the daughter of Bruce Willis ' character and love interest of Ben Affleck 's character . The film generated mixed reviews , but was a box office success earning $ 553 million worldwide . The movie included the songs " I Don 't Want to Miss a Thing " and " What Kind of Love Are You On " by Aerosmith . In a 2001 interview with The Guardian , she said that she initially turned down the role in Armageddon ; " I really didn 't want to do it at first and I turned it down a couple of times , but the biggest reason I changed my mind was because I was scared of it . I wanted to try it for that very reason . I mean , I 'm not really in this to do amazing things in my career – I just want it to be special when I make a movie . "
She was then cast in the drama Onegin ( 1999 ) , a film based on the 19th century Russian novel of the same name by Alexander Pushkin , in which she portrayed Tatyana Larina and co @-@ starred with Ralph Fiennes . Tyler was required to master an English accent , though Stephen Holden of The New York Times felt that her approximation of an English accent was " inert " . The film was critically and financially unsuccessful . That same year , she appeared in the historical comedy film Plunkett & Macleane .
She later appeared in two films directed by Robert Altman , Cookie 's Fortune ( 1999 ) and Dr. T & the Women ( 2000 ) . In Cookie 's Fortune , she was part of an ensemble cast that included Glenn Close , Julianne Moore , Chris O 'Donnell , and Patricia Neal . Her performance well received among critics ; Salon.com wrote : "
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
This is the first time in which Tyler 's acting is a match for her beauty ( she 's always been a bit forlorn ) . Altman helps her find some snap , but a relaxed , silly snap , as in the cartoon sound she makes when she takes a midday swig of bourbon . The lazy geniality of the movie is summed up by the way Emma [ Tyler 's character ] saunters off to take a swim with her cowboy hat and pint of Wild Turkey . " Entertainment Weekly also noted that Tyler is " sweetly gruff as the tomboy troublemaker " . In the romantic comedy , Dr. T & the Women , she played Marilyn , a gynecological patient of Richard Gere 's character , who is the lesbian lover of his daughter , played by Kate Hudson .
= = = 2001 – 2007 : Lord of the Rings = = =
In 2001 , Tyler played the object of infatuation for three men ( Matt Dillon , John Goodman , and Paul Reiser ) in the comedy One Night at McCool 's . In discussion of the role , she said it was " definitely the first part where I had to be so physically aware and have people so aware of me physically . Maybe it 's not hard for anybody else , but it is a bit for me . I mean I love my body and I feel very comfortable in my skin but this was tough . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote : " Tyler , a true beauty , gives the role a valiant try , but her range is too limited to play this amalgam of female perfection . "
In 2001 , she starred in the feature film The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , directed by Peter Jackson . She played the Elf maiden Arwen Undómiel . The film is based on the first volume of J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . The filmmakers approached Tyler after seeing her performance in Plunkett & Macleane . She learned to speak the fictitious Elvish language that was created by Tolkien . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle noted that Tyler 's performance was " lovely and earnest " .
A year later , Tyler again starred as Arwen in The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , the second installment of the series . The film received favorable reviews . She spent months learning sword fighting to be used during the concluding battle scenes in The Two Towers , but her scenes were removed after the script was changed . The film was an enormous box office success , earning over $ 926 million worldwide , out @-@ grossing its predecessor , which earned over $ 871 million . In 2003 , Tyler featured in the third and last installment of the series , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King .
Following the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
930 election . At the election , Bruxner retained his seat with 59 % . On 23 December 1930 , Bruxner was granted by King George V retention of the title " The Honourable " for having served for more than three years as a Member of the Executive Council of New South Wales .
As the political climate in New South Wales became more volatile after Lang 's attempts to abolish the Legislative Council and conflict with the Federal Government over debts , Bruxner emphasised the need that the Country Party remain independent of the United Australia Party ( which had succeeded the Nationalist Party ) amidst calls for the opposition to unite . On 26 April 1932 , Country Party Leader Buttenshaw notified the party of his intention to resign . Bruxner was then elected as the new party Leader .
= = Deputy Premier = =
Not long after , on 13 May Governor Sir Philip Game dismissed the Lang government and called upon the Leader of the Opposition and UAP Leader Bertram Stevens to form a caretaker government . Stevens formed a coalition with Bruxner 's Country Party and immediately called an election . Lang 's NSW Labor Party was heavily defeated and the Country Party gained eleven seats and held five seats on the cabinet . Bruxner retained his seat again unopposed ( he would be elected unopposed a total of five times during his term ) . This time , the Country Party was an equal partner in the coalition and Bruxner was named as the first Deputy Premier of New South Wales . Sworn in on 16 May 1932 as Minister for Transport , Bruxner also briefly resumed his former Local Government portfolio during the caretaker period until 17 June 1932 .
Insistent that his party take an equal role in the coalition government , Bruxner formed a good working relationship and long @-@ lasting friendship with Stevens that would ensure the government 's stability . The Stevens government had significant success , reducing Lang 's 2 million pound deficit by 75 % . However , one significant problem was that Stevens had trouble with an unruly backbench , and increasingly depended upon Bruxner and the Country Party . As Deputy Premier , Bruxner saw himself as loyal to Stevens , but still managed to push through several initiatives that specifically benefited rural areas , including another royal commission on the question of new States in 1935 . The May 1935 election saw Stevens and Bruxner retaining government against a divided and fractious Labor opposition and Bruxner was returned unopposed again in his seat .
Bruxner detested the UAP Deputy Leader and Minister for Public Works and Local Government , Eric Spooner , whom Bruxner saw as trying to undermine confidence in Steven 's leadership and reducing Country Party influence in the government . When Stevens went on a visit to London in March 1936 for six months until October , Bruxner became Acting Premier , with Spooner as Acting Deputy . The animosity between the two became most pronounced at this time , often over the most petty issues . In May 1937 , Bruxner visited the United Kingdom as a member of the NSW parliamentary delegation to the coronation of King George VI . At the March 1938 election , the Stevens @-@ Bruxner government reatined power against Lang and the still @-@ divided Labor Party . Bruxner was re @-@ elected with 61 % of the vote . Bruxner worked with his long @-@ time friend , now Minister for Education David Drummond , to establish a regional tertiary education institution . After the 193
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Ellet , and he left the project to work full @-@ time on the Wheeling Suspension Bridge .
The Niagara Suspension Bridge project was in hiatus for three years before the bridge companies engaged another renowned civil engineer , John Augustus Roebling , to complete it . The delay caused Roebling to miss out on the honor of building the first permanent bridge to span the Niagara ; Serrell completed the Lewiston Suspension Bridge in 1851 . Roebling would , however , achieve other honors in building his Niagara Railway Suspension Bridge .
= = = John Augustus Roebling 's railway bridge = = =
Born in Prussia ( later a part of Germany ) , John Augustus Roebling obtained his first conditional engineering degree ( Feldmesserprüfung ) at Erfurt in 1824 . He attended two semesters of lessons at Berlin 's Bauakademie and worked for the Prussian government , constructing military roads . Tired of the bureaucracy , he resigned his position and left for the United States in 1830 , arriving with his brother in Philadelphia on August 6 , 1831 . Instead of continuing an engineering profession , he took up farming for a living . After five years he married a tailor 's daughter , and had eight children with her over the next decade . Agrarian work was unsatisfactory to John Roebling , and in 1837 , after the death of his brother and the birth of his first child , he returned to engineering .
Roebling first signed on as a surveyor for the Beaver River canal system , launching his career with a string of canal and railroad projects . Aside from writing articles in engineering journals , Roebling designed his own wire cables and started his own company to manufacture them ; the John A. Roebling Company was the first wire rope manufacturer in the United States . Gradually gaining fame for his civil engineering , Roebling finally got to build suspension bridges . His first bridge was the Allegheny Suspension Aqueduct in Pittsburgh . The structure , completed in 1845 , was the first suspension aqueduct in the world and the first large American suspension bridge that had multiple spans . Furthermore , it was the first suspension structure built with modern cable spinning techniques — Roebling 's own invention . Earlier bridge building techniques involved fabricating the main cables at a factory , transporting them to the bridge site , and then stretching the heavy cables over the gap to erect them over the bridge . Roebling , during his experiments with wire ropes , conceived and patented a new construction method for these main cables . A long line — the traveler rope — formed a loop around two horizontal wheels , one on each side of the gorge . A lightweight wheel , " the traveling wheel " , was attached to this line , and a wire threaded around this wheel . Like a belt in a mechanical system , the traveler rope and its wheel moved across the gap as the horizontal wheels turned , pulling the wire along . The traveling wheel effectively hauled two lengths of the same wire ( running above and under the traveling wheel ) across the gap at a time . The lengths of wire were collected and bound at intervals to form thicker strands , which were later compressed together into the main cables. which supported themselves and later the proportional weight of the bridge as they were formed . The method became the standard for suspension bridge construction , and remained unchanged for many years . In the 20th century , suspension bridges were still built with this pulley winding system , albeit with more sophisticated equipment .
John Roebling was a contrasting character to Charles Ellet . Whereas Ellet embellished his proposals with fanciful words and deeds , Roebling presented papers filled with meticulous calculations and drawings . The elder engineer was stern and driven to achieve , taking a scientific approach to all interests . Rarely did he show emotions in his dealings , even to his closest associates . The man , however , dared to confront his detractors and make bold exaltations about his work . He openly called European suspension bridges — including American suspension bridges built with European techniques — weak , and occasionally sniped at Ellet 's and Stephenson 's works . He announced that his Brooklyn Bridge , when completed , " will not only be the greatest bridge in existence , but it will be the greatest engineering work of this continent , and of the age . " Roebling 's history with Ellet started before the bidding for the Niagara Suspension Bridge , early in their careers . During the bidding for the Schuylkill Suspension Bridge project , Ellet had written a proposal that was published in the American Railroad Journal . Mistakenly believing Ellet had won the contract , Roebling wrote to offer his congratulations and requested to be Ellet 's assistant . He received a formal reply without any reference to his request , and his subsequent letter was ignored . When Roebling learned that a contractor had won the bid , he successfully applied to be the contractor 's chief engineer . Ellet , however , persisted with his tactics and snatched the project away from the contractor ; he promoted himself to the bridge company and offered to accept land instead of cash as payment . From then on , Ellet and Roebling became rivals , vying with each other for suspension bridge projects in North America . Roebling learned from their rivalry . His losses to Ellet showed him that he needed to promote himself and gain backers to effectively secure the contracts he desired .
When Roebling was called to the Niagara Suspension Bridge project in 1851 , he had six suspension structures to his name . He found Ellet 's final plan to be impractical ; the bridge would have been too heavy and expensive . Roebling had another design in mind : the double @-@ deck bridge he had proposed earlier during the bidding . The lower deck , level with the edge of the chasm , would convey passengers and carriages , and the upper deck , 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) above , would allow fully laden trains to continue their journeys non @-@ stop , albeit at a speed of 5 miles per hour ( 8 @
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
among the game 's greats , he said , " I haven 't mastered the homers or RBI . The little things , I probably mastered . " Of his various records and achievements , he values his career runs scored mark the most : " You have to score to win . "
= = = Records = = =
= = = Awards and honors = = =
= Section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 =
Section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 is a provision of the Human Rights Act 1998 that enables the Act to take effect in the United Kingdom . The section requires courts to interpret both primary and subordinate legislation so that their provisions are compatible with the articles of the European Convention of Human Rights , which are also part of the Human Rights Act 1998 . This interpretation goes far beyond normal statutory interpretation , and includes past and future legislation , therefore preventing the Human Rights act from being impliedly repealed by subsequent contradictory legislation .
Courts have applied section 3 of the Act through three forms of interpretation : " reading in " – inserting words where there are none in a statute ; " reading out " where words are omitted from a statute ; and " reading down " where a particular meaning is chosen to be in compliance . They do not interpret statutes to conflict with legislative intent , and courts have been reluctant in particular to " read out " provisions for this reason . If it is not possible to so interpret , they may issue a declaration of incompatibility under section 4 .
The relationship between sections 3 and 4 and parliamentary sovereignty has been commented on most extensively . The most common criticism has been of the implied limitations on legislative supremacy . Opponents of this criticism has questioned both its factual accuracy and its suggestion that the weakening of parliamentary sovereignty should be avoided . They instead cite morality and constitutionalism as among positive features of this change . The limits of courts ' powers have also been queried . The retroactivity of law making is one criticism related to the rule of law , although the advancement of human rights is seen as a positive feature also associated with the rule of law . Whilst the scope of section 3 has been criticised for being vague and there have been warnings of to the imposition of the judiciary on parliament 's domain , these have also been challenged .
= = Context = =
Human rights are rights taken to be universal , of considerable importance , and relate to the individual and not collectively ; among other things , they can grant freedoms , claims , immunities and powers . The European Convention on Human Rights was drawn up in the wake of the Second World War to uphold such rights . The United Kingdom ratified the European Convention on Human Rights in 1951 , and accepted the right of individual petition to the European Court of Human Rights , Strasbourg , in 1966 . The Human Rights Act 1998 made most Convention rights directly enforceable in a British court for the first time . Excluded are Articles 1 and 13 , which the government argued were fulfilled by the Act itself , and therefore were not relevant to rights enforced under it . The Human Rights Act has had a considerable effect on British law , and remains an Act of " fundamental constitutional importance " .
= = Provisions = =
Section 3 ( 1 ) states that " So far as it is possible to do so , primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights . " Accordingly , a court must read any statute passed by parliament so as to uphold Convention rights , where this is possible . It is possibly the section of the act with the widest scope . The Human Rights Act therefore built upon a small number of previously recognised absolute freedoms
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
a rise in crime and gang activity in the city .
The Gotham City Police Department is aware of " the Batman " , and does not condone his approach to crime @-@ fighting . Led by Commissioner Loeb , the GCPD is thoroughly corrupt ; Branden and his SWAT team are hunting for Batman to claim the bounty for themselves . The incorruptible Captain James Gordon is one of the most unpopular members of the force . Batman 's relationship with Alfred is strained ; the butler , an overbearing parental figure , reminds him of his parents ' deaths and Alfred sees Batman as a spoiled child squandering his inheritance on a vigilante crusade .
Old Gotham , the section of Gotham City which will become the Arkham City prison , is not yet walled off and has slums , low buildings , a shopping mall and docks ( where Penguin 's ship , the Final Offer , is moored ) . On the Final Offer , Penguin has added a casino , a fighting pit and a sales floor with weapons and ammunition . Across the bridge from Old Gotham is New Gotham , a modern metropolitan area filled with towering skyscrapers .
= = = Plot = = =
On Christmas Eve , Batman intervenes in a jailbreak at Blackgate Penitentiary led by Black Mask , who executes Police Commissioner Loeb and escapes . Left to battle the hired assassin Killer Croc , Batman prevails but learns that Croc is the first of eight of the world 's deadliest assassins in Gotham City vying to claim a $ 50 million bounty placed on Batman 's head by Black Mask . Hoping to learn Black Mask 's location , Batman tracks the Penguin to his ship . There , he defeats assassins Deathstroke and Electrocutioner and learns from the Penguin that Black Mask was purportedly murdered at an apartment complex . Batman investigates the murder scene , learning that the victim was not Black Mask and that the murder may have involved a criminal known as " the Joker " .
Needing more information to solve the case , Batman breaks into the GCPD to access its national criminal database . While escaping , he encounters Captain James Gordon , who is distrusting of Batman , and the corrupt SWAT team , who hope to collect the bounty money for themselves . Following advice from Gordon 's daughter Barbara , Batman enters the sewers beneath the GCPD for permanent access to the database and finds Black Mask 's crew planting explosives . Using the database , Batman deduces that Black Mask was kidnapped by the Joker , presumably to access the Gotham Merchants Bank . At the bank , Black Mask removes his disguise for Batman and reveals himself as the Joker ; having assumed Black Mask 's identity several days prior , the Joker seized his criminal empire and imposed the bounty on Batman . Batman chases the Joker to the Sionis Steel Mill , where he frees Black Mask and defeats the poisonous assassin Copperhead .
Tracking the Joker to the Gotham Royal Hotel , Batman discovers that the villain and his men have filled the hotel with explosives , murdered the staff , and taken the guests hostage . The Joker berates the assassins for their failure to kill Batman , throwing Electrocutioner out a window to his death : Batman recovers his electric gloves . The assassins leave , except for Bane , who thinks Batman is coming for the Joker . After traversing the building , Batman finds the Joker on the roof but is forced to battle Bane . Thinking Batman is outmatched , Alfred alerts the police so they will intervene . As Bane escapes by helicopter , he fires a rocket at the Joker , who is thrown from the hotel by the concussive force . Batman saves the Joker , leaving him with the police . Puzzled by the events , the Joker is imprisoned in Blackgate under the care of Dr. Harleen Quinzel ; he tells Quinzel that he and Batman were destined to meet .
In the Batcave , Alfred begs Batman to abandon his crusade , fearing he will die , but Batman refuses . Infiltrating Bane 's headquarters , Batman learns that his true identity as Bruce Wayne has been uncovered by the villain . Firefly attacks the Pioneers Bridge , forcing Batman and Gordon to work together to incapacitate the assassin and his bombs . Meanwhile , Bane breaks into the Batcave and nearly kills Alfred . Batman finds the cave in ruins and Alfred dying ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
required for bombing to have a decisive effect . However , a more significant error in planning , the omission of long @-@ range fighter escorts for the bombers , seriously impacted the strategic bombing campaign that later took place . Hansell deeply regretted the omission but noted that it reflected the best available information at the time on fighter aircraft capabilities , which was that any means then available to extend range would also seriously degrade a fighter 's air combat performance . Hansell wrote , " Failure to see this issue through proved one of the Air Corps Tactical School 's major shortcomings . "
A lack of knowledge about the capability of radar to create an effective centralized early warning system also contributed to the over @-@ reliance on the self @-@ defense capabilities of bombers . However Hansell also argued that ignorance of radar was fortuitous in the long run . He surmised that had radar been a factor in making doctrine , many theorists would have reasoned that massed defenses would make all strategic air attacks too costly , inhibiting if not entirely suppressing the concepts that proved decisive in World War II and essential to the creation of the United States Air Force .
= = World War II service = =
= = = Planning duties = = =
Following the entry of the United States into World War II , Hansell received a rapid series of promotions , to lieutenant colonel on January 5 , 1942 , colonel on March 1 , 1942 , and brigadier general on August 10 , 1942 . In January 1942 , he assisted George and Walker in presenting an organizational plan to the War Department for maintaining the Air Corps as part of the Army during World War II , while dividing the Army into three autonomous branches , a reorganization adopted on March 9 , 1942 , with the creation of the Army Air Forces , Army Ground Forces and Services of Supply . On March 10 , 1942 , Hansell was transferred from AWPD to the Strategy and Policy Group , Operations Division of the War Department General Staff and served on the eight @-@ member Joint Strategy Committee as the USAAF representative .
Hansell , at the request of Major General Dwight D. Eisenhower , was assigned on July 12 , 1942 as Officer in Charge , Air Section , ETOUSA headquarters , and simultaneously as deputy theater air officer for Major General Carl A. Spaatz , commander of the Eighth Air Force . His duties were to mold Eisenhower ’ s opinion on the use of airpower , guided by Spaatz , but there is little indication that he succeeded . He also flew combat in a B @-@ 17 to gain first @-@ hand experience with daylight precision bombing , attacking the Longueau marshalling yard at Amiens , France , on August 20 , 1942 . During the mission he developed frostbite on his hands and spent several days recovering from the effects .
On August 26 , 1942 he was recalled to USAAF Headquarters to head the planning team for AWPD – 42 , a revision of the air strategy plan in light of ongoing crises in the war , completing it in 11 days . Even though the Navy rejected the plan outright ( because it did not participate in its writing ) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff did not accept it , presidential advisor Harry Hopkins recommended to Roosevelt that he follow the precepts unofficially , which was done . Hansell then returned to England , where he was ironically tasked with diverting a large portion of the strategic bomber force to the Twelfth Air Force to support Operation Torch .
= = = Combat wing commander in Europe = = =
On December 5 , 1942 Hansell received his first combat command , the 3rd Bombardment Wing . Originally one of the three wings of General Headquarters Air Force , the 3rd was now part of the Eighth Air Force in England , planned as a Martin B @-@ 26 Marauder unit with the mission of supporting the Eighth 's heavy bomber operations by bombing Luftwaffe fighter airfields . However the wing had no aircraft or units yet assigned , and on January 2 , 1943 , Hansell was shifted to command the 1st Bomb Wing , the B @-@ 17 component of VIII Bomber Command . Hansell flew his first mission with his new command the next day to bomb the submarine pens at Saint @-@ Nazaire , France . He saw first hand the effectiveness of German interceptors , as both wingmen of Hansell 's bomber were shot down . Later that month , on a January 13 mission to Lille , France , the pilot of the B @-@ 17 in which he flew was killed in action and the plane nearly shot down on .
Hansell commanded the 1st Wing during six critical months when the B @-@ 17 force , with only four inexperienced groups , struggled to prove itself . Among the combat doctrines that Hansell developed himself or approved were use of the defensive combat box formation , detailed mission Standard Operating Procedures , and all aircraft bombing in unison with the lead bomber , each designed to improve bombing accuracy .
Hansell recognized the most serious flaws in the daylight precision bombardment theory , that :
radar early warning and the lack of long @-@ range escort fighters made deep penetration raids by massed bombers too costly to achieve strategic goals until a means of air superiority was attained , and that
German industry , rather than being fragile and fixed , proved to be resilient and mobile .
These factors later influenced his planning of similar daylight raids against Japan .
On March 23 , 1943 , he headed up a committee of USAAF and RAF commanders to draw up a plan for the Combined Bomber Offensive ( CBO ) . Despite the fact that it altered the target system priorities outlined in AWPD @-@ 42 , and changed the overall goal of the offensive from knocking Germany out of the war using airpower to one of preparing for the invasion of Europe , Hansell approved the designation of the German aircraft industry as its most important target and the destruction of the German Luftwaffe as its top priority . Hansell wrote the final draft of the CBO plan himself . Although Hansell did not personally participate in later strategic bombing operations against Germany , he had been instrumental in setting in motion the plans and policies that led to the near total destruction of German war industry .
He continued to fly combat missions at the same rate as his group commanders , with his final mission to Antwerp on May 4 , 1943 , the date that the Joint Chiefs approved the CBO plan . On June 15 , 1943 , noting signs of fatigue and stress , Eaker decided to replace Hansell in command of the 1st Wing with veteran commander Brigadier General Frank A. Armstrong , but retained him as a staff officer , first as an air planner in the COSSAC ( Chief of Staff Supreme Aliied Commander ) headquarters until August 1 , 1943 , when Eisenhower named him deputy commander of the Allied Expeditionary Air Force . He conjointly was part of the Tactical Air Force Planning Committee , where he oversaw the planning for Operation Tidal Wave , the low @-@ level bombing of oil refineries at Ploieşti , Romania , on August 1 , 1943 , and recommended approval of the Schweinfurt @-@ Regensburg mission . While in Washington on this task , he was " captured " by Arnold and accompanied him to the Quadrant Conference in August , where he personally briefed President Roosevelt on strategic bombing to that point .
= = = B @-@ 29 operations planning = = =
In October 1943 , General Hansell was appointed chief of the Combined and Joint Staff Division , in the Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff for Plans , located at Headquarters USAAF . As such he became Air Planner on the Joint Planning Staff . He immediately had an impact on planning of strategic air attacks on Japan . The JPS draft outline denigrated strategic bombing and declared that an invasion of the home islands was the only means of defeating Japan , but Hansell successfully
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
60 jamming pods so they would appear on North Vietnamese radars as F @-@ 105 bombers . To prepare for the operation , U.S. aircrews spent several days studying weapons envelopes , pod operation , and all aspects of air @-@ to @-@ air tactics . On 2 January 1967 , a total of 56 F @-@ 4C Phantom II from the 8th and 366th Tactical Fighter Wings flew in a formation which resembled an F @-@ 105 strike force , towards the VPAF ’ s Phuc Yen Air Base . There were four flights of F @-@ 104 fighters flying in escort , to simulate the F @-@ 4s .
When the U.S. fighter formations were detected by North Vietnamese radar , MiG @-@ 21 fighters of the VPAF 921st Fighter Regiment based at Phúc Yên Air Base and Kép Air Base were immediately placed on category one red alert , which was the highest state of alert . However , unknown to the U.S. pilots at the time , the VPAF High Command forbade their pilots from taking off until U.S. fighters were 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) away from Noi Bai . Apart from the late reaction of the VPAF High Command , weather conditions over North Vietnam also favored U.S. aircrews ; North Vietnamese bases at Noi Bai and Kep were covered by 10 / 10th cloud , which started at a height of 1 @,@ 500 meters ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) and cleared at 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) . By the time the first wave of North Vietnamese MiG fighters had taken off , two additional flights of F @-@ 4C fighters from the 8th TFW had already flown into the area undetected . Due to their lack of radar equipment , North Vietnamese MiG @-@ 17 fighters were restricted to flying at cloud base , so they failed to detect the presence of U.S. fighters that were flying at a higher altitude .
From above 10 @,@ 000 meters ( 33 @,@ 000 ft ) U.S. F @-@ 4 fighters had a greater energy level over North Vietnamese MiG @-@ 17 and MiG @-@ 21 fighters , and U.S. pilots had no trouble seeing or identifying North Vietnamese fighters flying up from below . Furthermore , weather conditions on the day allowed radar and missile systems on the F @-@ 4 fighters to perform at their maximum level , an advantage which U.S. pilots fully exploited as North Vietnamese MiG fighters flew up to engage them . Just after 3 : 00 pm North Vietnamese MiG @-@ 21 fighters appeared through the clouds and began attacking U.S. fighters circling above . One by one the MiG @-@ 21 fighters were picked off by AIM @-@ 7 and AIM @-@ 9 missiles launched by U.S. pilots . The USAF suffered no losses and they claimed to have shot down seven MiG @-@ 21 fighters , but only five were confirmed by the North Vietnamese . All North Vietnamese pilots who were hit ejected safely , while the survivors managed to return to the safety of their home bases .
= = Engagement = =
On 8 January 1967 , the VPAF High Command convened a meeting to examine what had gone wrong . The actions of 2 January had exposed the flawed tactics employed by MiG @-@ 21 pilots ; they broke through the clouds too quickly , and they did not join up with each other before they attacked the U.S. fighters waiting above them . The VPAF High Command then devised a new tactic which required the deployment of between two or four aircraft for each attack , with a maximum of ten aircraft for each mission to perform guerrilla @-@ style attacks on U.S. bomber formations . Furthermore , after they had examined U.S. air tactics , North Vietnamese commanders decided that MiG @-@ 17 pilots should attack U.S. formations from either side , while MiG @-@ 21 pilots would strike from above . Before the North Vietnamese Air Force could implement their new tactics , however , the VPAF 921st Fighter Regiment was withdrawn from combat for several months to recover from the bloody defeat it had suffered as a result of Operation Bolo .
In April , North Vietnamese MiG fighters were back in the air to challenge U.S. Navy and Air Force fighter @-@ bombers again , but they only experienced mixed results with heavy losses . As a result , between late June and early August 1967 , North Vietnamese Air Force fighters were grounded several times , so their pilots could work on their training and new tactics . While the North Vietnamese pilots were undergoing training , American airpower was concentrated on striking at Hanoi ’ s line of communications , especially the rail lines running north @-@ east and north @-@ west into China , and the transportation network which linked North Vietnam ’ s capital with Hai Phong . To minimize the effects of U.S. strikes , North Vietnamese authorities constructed several alternate rail yards on the north @-@ eastern train line , including the Yen Vien rail yard which located 58 kilometers ( 36 mi ) north of Hanoi and ran through Thai Nguyen , and linked up with the main line at Kep close to China .
In response , the Seventh Air Force launched repeated strikes on the Yen Vien rail yard and other infrastructures which linked Hanoi with the China buffer zone . On 21 August 1967 , a formation of twenty F @-@ 105 Thunderchiefs and eight F @-@ 4 Phantoms raided Yen Vien , which contained about 150 boxcars . The Americans claimed to have damaged more than half of the boxcars and trapped the remainder in the rail yard , so they returned two days later to destroy the rest . On the afternoon of 23 August 1967 , a flight of sixteen F @-@ 4s from the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing escorted a formation of thirty @-@ six F @-@ 105 strike aircraft from the 355th and 388th Tactical Fighter Wings based in Thailand , for the second attack on Yen Vien . The 555th Tactical Fighter Squadron provided two flights of F @-@ 4 Phantoms , ‘ Ford ’ flight and ‘ Falcon ’ flight . The mission was led by Colonel Nicholas J. Donelson with Olds , who spearheaded Operation Bolo back in January , as the leader of the escort formation . At 1 : 45 pm on 23 August , North Vietnamese radars detected a flight of 40 U.S aircraft approaching Hanoi from Sam Neua , in neighboring Laos .
The VPAF High Command immediately scrambled two flights of four MiG @-@ 17 fighters from the VPAF
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
of the census of 2010 , there were 11 @,@ 497 people , 4 @,@ 540 households , and 3 @,@ 009 families residing in the city . The population density was 4 @,@ 790 @.@ 4 inhabitants per square mile ( 1 @,@ 849 @.@ 6 / km2 ) . There were 4 @,@ 779 housing units at an average density of 1 @,@ 991 @.@ 3 per square mile ( 768 @.@ 8 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 89 @.@ 2 % White , 0 @.@ 9 % African American , 1 @.@ 0 % Native American , 1 @.@ 6 % Asian , 0 @.@ 4 % Pacific Islander , 3 @.@ 4 % from other races , and 3 @.@ 6 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8 @.@ 7 % of the population .
= = Arts and culture = =
The annual Gladstone Cultural Festival and parade in early August commemorates Gladstone 's former status as a popular Chautauqua destination . The festival is held in Max Patterson Memorial City Park . Despite its relatively small geographic size , The city of Gladstone recognizes 17 separate parks and recreational areas .
KRYP is a Spanish language FM radio station that broadcasts from the city .
= = Public services = =
= = = Public safety and quality of life = = =
Some polling data suggests that Gladstone citizens are satisfied with city services they receive and a large majority consider Gladstone a particularly " good / excellent " place to live . Perhaps reflecting this support , the police , fire , and medical services levy renewal measures were overwhelmingly approved by voters in November 2012 .
= = = Education = = =
= = = = Schools = = = =
Gladstone is served by the Gladstone School District , which includes John Wetten Elementary School , Kraxberger Middle School , and Gladstone High School . In 2006 , a bond was passed to allow approximately $ 40 million worth of construction on the three schools . The majority ( approx . 26 million ) of the money was applied towards a remodel of the high school . The district later refinanced the bond , saving taxpayers over 5 percent on its total ( $ 805 @,@ 040 ) , with savings to begin in the 2024 tax year .
= = = = Library = = = =
The city operates a library that is part of the Library Information Network of Clackamas County . In 2012 , the city council approved plans for a new $ 10 million library , but ballot measures backed by the group Save Gladstone blocked the financing and construction pending specific voter approval . The city then placed a new measure on the November 2014 ballot for a $ 6 @.@ 4 million option .
= = = = Public transit = = = =
Gladstone is within the TriMet transportation district , and transit service in the city is provided by TriMet bus routes 32 @-@ Oatfield , 33 @-@ McLoughlin / King Road , 34 @-@ Linwood / River Road , and 79 @-@ Clackamas / Oregon City , as well as rush @-@ hour express route 99 @-@ Macadam / McLoughlin .
= = Notable people = =
American labor activist Liz Shuler grew up in Gladstone . She went on to become Secretary @-@ Treasurer of the AFL @-@ CIO . She is the first woman and ( as of 2009 ) the youngest person to hold the position of Secretary @-@ Treasurer .
= Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai =
The Mongol Empire conquered the Qara Khitai in the years 1216 – 1218 AD . Prior to the invasion , war with the Khwarazmian dynasty and the usurpation of power by the Naiman prince Kuchlug had weakened the Qara Khitai . When Kuchlug besieged Almaliq , a city belonging to the Karluks , vassals of the Mongol Empire , Genghis Khan dispatched a force under command of Jebe to pursue Kuchlug . After his force of 30 @,@ 000 was defeated by Jebe at the Khitan capital Balasagun , Kuchlug faced rebellions over his unpopular rule , forcing him to flee to modern Afghanistan , where he was captured by hunters in 1218 . The hunters turned Kuchlug over to the Mongols , who beheaded him . Upon defeating the Qara Khitai , the Mongols now had a direct border with the Khwarazmian Empire , which they would soon invade in 1219 .
= = Background = =
After Genghis Khan defeated the Naimans in 1204 , Naiman prince Kuchlug fled his homeland to take refuge among the Qara Khitai . The Gurkhan Yelü Zhilugu welcomed Kuchlug into his empire , and Kuchlug became an advisor and military commander , eventually marrying one of the daughters of Zhilugu . However , during a war with the bordering Khawarzmian dynasty , Kuchlug initiated a coup d 'état against Zhilegu . After Kuchlug took power , he allowed Zhilegu to rule the Qara Khitai in name only . When the Gurkhan died in 1213 , Kuchlug took direct control of the khanate . Originally a Nestorian , once among the Khitai
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ian War . The government of Bosnia and Herzegovina welcomed the move as it contributed to their goal of gaining control over western Bosnia and the city of Banja Luka — the largest city in the Bosnian Serb @-@ held territory .
In the final days of August 1995 , NATO launched Operation Deliberate Force — an air campaign targeting the VRS . This campaign was launched in response to the second Markale massacre of 28 August , which came on the heels of the Srebrenica massacre . Airstrikes began on 30 August , initially targeting VRS air defences , and striking targets near Sarajevo . The campaign was briefly suspended on 1 September and its scope was expanded to target artillery and storage facilities around the city . The bombing resumed on 5 September , and its scope extended to VRS air defences near Banja Luka by 9 September as NATO had nearly exhausted its list of targets near Sarajevo . On 13 September , the Bosnian Serbs accepted NATO 's demand for the establishment of an exclusion zone around Sarajevo and the campaign ceased .
Following a relative lull in fighting in western Bosnia , the HV , HVO and ARBiH renewed their joint offensive against the VRS in the region . The HV and HVO component of the offensive , codenamed Operation Maestral 2 , was launched on 8 September with the aim of capturing the towns of Jajce , Šipovo and Drvar . The ARBiH 7th Corps advanced on the right flank of the HV and the HVO towards Donji Vakuf . As Operation Maestral 2 neared its objectives , the ARBiH 5th Corps launched Operation Sana in the Bihać area , aimed at pushing the VRS back to the Sana River to the east . The ARBiH achieved significant territorial gains , advancing 70 kilometres ( 43 miles ) to capture the town of Ključ , and approaching Sanski Most and Novi Grad by 18 – 19 September — before being halted by significant VRS reinforcements . A VRS counteroffensive , launched on the night of 23 / 24 September from Novi Grad , Sanski Most and Mrkonjić Grad gradually pushed the 5th Corps back towards Bosanska Krupa and Ključ , despite gradual arrival of reinforcements dispatched by the ARBiH 7th Corps . The VRS had
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
linked the four stirrup turrets and bastions that formed the main defences for the castle . This wall had initially been built in the second phase of work on the castle , but was then supplemented in the final phase with an additional 2 @.@ 4 @-@ metre @-@ thick ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) exterior facing , and was originally finished with a gun embrasure along each section , and parapets . A two @-@ storey gallery , which provided relatively spacious barrack accommodation for the garrison , ran all the way around the inside of the wall , although only the ground floor of the gallery now survives . The gallery would have been lit by windows facing into the courtyard . The Rampire earthwork built in the early 17th century lies across the south and south @-@ east parts of the defences , where the gunports were blocked up with stone when the earth was piled up along the inside of the castle .
The four stirrup towers are two storeys tall , 6 by 6 @.@ 2 metres ( 19 @.@ 7 by 20 @.@ 3 ft ) across internally , with 0 @.@ 8 @-@ metre @-@ thick ( 2 @.@ 6 ft ) walls , flat at the front and curved at the back . They would originally have been topped by firing platforms , with gunloops around the inside of the fortification enabling their occupants to fire into the courtyard if necessary . The bastions built around the outside of the towers in the third phase of work are 19 metres ( 62 @.@ 3 ft ) wide internally and each extend 12 metres ( 39 @.@ 4 ft ) from their respective stirrup tower , with 3 @.@ 6 @-@ metre @-@ thick ( 12 ft ) walls . Most of the bastions had a single internal gun room with a robust gun deck on top , but the West Bastion was used as a kitchen and the interior was fitted with two circular ovens and a range for cooking . The bastions would have been connected by a wall @-@ walk and parapets , but these have since been lost . The south stirrup tower and bastion remains partially buried as a result of the construction of the Rampire .
= Nancy Reagan =
Nancy Davis Reagan ( born Anne Frances Robbins ; July 6 , 1921 – March 6 , 2016 ) was an American actress and the wife of the 40th President of the United States , Ronald Reagan . She was the First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989 .
She was born in New York City . After her parents separated , she lived in Maryland with an aunt and uncle for some years . She moved to Chicago when her mother remarried in 1929 , and later took the name Davis from her stepfather . As Nancy Davis , she was a Hollywood actress in the 1940s and 1950s , starring in films such as The Next Voice You Hear ... , Night into Morning , and Donovan 's Brain . In 1952 , she married Ronald Reagan , who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild . They had two children together . Reagan was the First Lady of California when her husband was Governor from 1967 to 1975 , and she began to work with the Foster Grandparents Program .
Reagan became First Lady of the United States in January 1981 , following her husband 's victory in the 1980 presidential election . She was criticized early in his first term , largely due to her decision to replace the White House china , despite it being paid for by private donations . She aimed to restore a Kennedy @-@ esque glamour to the White House following years of lax formality , and her interest in high @-@ end fashion garnered much attention as well as criticism . She championed recreational drug prevention causes by founding the " Just Say No " drug awareness campaign , which was considered her major initiative as First Lady . More discussion of her role ensued when it was revealed in 1988 that she had consulted an astrologer to assist in planning the president 's schedule after the attempted assassination of her husband in 1981 . She had a strong influence on her husband , and played a role in a few of his personnel and diplomatic decisions .
The Reagans retired to their home in Bel Air , Los Angeles , California in 1989 . Reagan devoted most of her time to caring for her husband , who was diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease in 1994 , until his death at the age of 93 in 2004 . Reagan remained active within the Reagan Library and in politics , particularly in support of embryonic stem cell research , until her death in March 2016 .
= = Early life and education = =
Anne Frances Robbins was born on July 6 , 1921 , at Sloane Hospital for Women , at the time located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City . She was the only child of Kenneth Seymour Robbins ( 1894 – 1972 ) , a car salesman who had been born into a once @-@ prosperous family , and his actress wife , radio actress Edith Prescott Luckett ( 1888 – 1987 ) . Her godmother was silent @-@ film @-@ star Alla Nazimova . From birth , she was commonly called Nancy .
She lived her first two years in Flushing , Queens , in New York City , in a two @-@ story house on Roosevelt Avenue between 149th and 150th Streets . Her parents separated soon after her birth and were divorced in 1928 . After their separation , her mother traveled the country to pursue acting jobs and Reagan was raised in Bethesda , Maryland , for six years by her aunt , Virginia Luckett , and uncle , Audley Gailbraith . Nancy later described longing for her mother during those years : " My favorite times were when Mother had a job in New York , and Aunt Virgie would take me by train to stay with her . "
In 1929 , her mother married Loyal Edward Davis ( 1896 – 1982 ) , a prominent conservative neurosurgeon who moved the family to Chicago . Nancy and her stepfather got along very well ; she later wrote that he was " a man of great integrity who exemplified old @-@ fashioned values . " He formally adopted her in 1935 , and she would always refer to him as her father . At the time of the adoption , her name was legally changed to Nancy Davis . She attended the Girls ' Latin School of Chicago ( describing herself as an average student ) , graduated in 1939 , and later attended Smith College in Massachusetts , where she majored in English and drama , and graduated in 1943 .
= = Acting career = =
In 1
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
60s .
= = Route description = =
Most of NY 96 's 126 miles ( 203 km ) are maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) ; however , three sections of the route in Tompkins County and Monroe County are maintained by local highway departments . In the Tompkins County city of Ithaca , NY 96 is city @-@ maintained from the southern city line to the start of the Fulton / Meadow Street one @-@ way couplet , at which point maintenance of the highway reverts to NYSDOT . The route is also maintained by Ithaca from Park Road to the western city limits . The last locally owned section is in the Monroe County city of Rochester , where the entirety of NY 96 within the city is city @-@ maintained .
= = = Tioga County = = =
Though unsigned at this point , NY 96 begins at the eastbound onramp to NY 17 at exit 64 on Southside Drive across the Susquehanna River from the Tioga County village of Owego . The route remains unsigned until the intersection of Court Street and Southside Drive , the western terminus of NY 434 . NY 434 continues east along Southside Drive while NY 96 , now fully signed , turns north onto Court Street and crosses the Susquehanna River . On the opposite side of the river , NY 96 intersects Front Street . The configuration of NY 96 between Front Street and East Main Street is unorthodox in that NY 96 splits at Front Street to follow a one @-@ way couplet around the Tioga County Courthouse to Main Street , where both streets terminate . NY 96 turns onto Main Street for half a block to North Avenue , where it resumes its northward path . The route shares the parallel one @-@ way streets with NY 17C , which enters Owego from the west via Main Street and leaves via Front Street to the east .
Now on North Avenue , NY 96 passes through the heart of Owego before leaving the village and following Owego Creek into a long stretch of rural country . Just over 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of Owego village in the town of Owego , NY 96 meets the southern terminus of NY 38 . At this point , NY 38 becomes the creekside highway while NY 96 passes over Owego Creek and follows Catatonk Creek northwest into the town of Candor . Once in Candor , the route and the creek turn northward toward the village of Candor , where NY 96 meets NY 96B , an alternate route of NY 96 between Candor and the city of Ithaca . Past NY 96B , NY 96 turns to the west and crosses over Catatonk Creek as it exits the village . West of Candor , NY 96 follows an east – west alignment through a creek valley to the village of Spencer , where the route converges with NY 34 and heads north into another valley leading to Tompkins County .
= = = Tompkins County = = =
The two routes remain concurrent as they snake to the northwest through Tompkins County . Southwest of the city of Ithaca in the town of Ithaca , NY 34 and NY 96 meet NY 13 . The three routes continue northeast through the town , intersecting NY 327 and NY 13A before crossing over the inlet of Cayuga Lake and entering the city of Ithaca on Meadow Street . Here , NY 96B reconnects to its parent at the junction of Clinton and Meadow Streets . North of this point , Meadow Street splits into a one @-@ way couplet , with Fulton Street carrying southbound traffic and Meadow Street handling northbound traffic . NY 79 , also routed on a one @-@ way couplet here , crosses NY 96 at Green and Seneca Streets , with NY 79 eastbound using one block of Fulton Street to travel from State Street to Green Street .
One block north of NY 79 , NY 96 splits from NY
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
responding to a plan by Australian Telecommunications Minister Stephen Conroy that would require internet service providers to block Australian users from accessing illegal and what the government deemed as " unwanted " content . Websites to be blocked feature pornography showing rape , bestiality , child sex abuse , small @-@ breasted women ( who may appear under the legal age ) , and female ejaculation . Drawn depictions of such acts are included in the proposal . The proposed filter also includes gambling sites along with others showing drug use . A leaked version of the proposed blacklist ( also referred to as the " refused classification " or " RC " list ) also showed sites that did not include adult content . The name " Operation Titstorm " was in reference to the material that would be censored .
Google has questioned the proposal , saying the prohibitions would be too broad . It is strongly opposed by free speech groups . A poll conducted by McNair Ingenuity Research for the Hungry Beast television program found that 80 % of their 1 @,@ 000 respondents were in favour of the concept of the plan . The survey also found that 91 % were concerned about the government 's intent to keep the list of filtered websites a secret .
The Department of Defence 's Cyber Security Operations Centre discovered the attack was coming on 5 February . A statement released by Anonymous to the press two days before the attack said , " No government should have the right to refuse its citizens access to information solely because they perceive it to be ' unwanted ' . " It went on to read , " The Australian Government will learn that one does not mess with our porn . No one messes with our access to perfectly legal ( or illegal ) content for any reason " . Anonymous had previously garnered media attention with protests against Church of Scientology ( Project Chanology ) and the Iranian government . In September 2009 , Prime Minister Kevin Rudd 's website was hacked in a similar protest to proposed web censorship reforms .
= = Attacks = =
Flyers distributed to recruit participants said the attack was to begin at 8 pm AEST on 10 February . On that day , government websites were targeted by denial @-@ of @-@ service attacks . The Communications Department said the hackers had not infiltrated government security , but had instead swamped government computer servers . Sites were left unavailable for sporadic periods throughout the attack . At one point , the Australian Parliament 's website was offline for about two days due to the high volume of requests . Rudd 's government site was also inaccessible for some time . As a primary target , the Communications Department also received a large amount of traffic . Government offices were also flooded with e @-@ mail spam , junk faxes , and prank phone calls . The Prime Minister 's homepage was vandalized with pornographic images . The flyer released before the attack called for the faxes to focus on cartoon pornography , female ejaculation , and small @-@ breasted pornography .
Reports of the actual size of the attack have varied . One cyber security expert described the attacks as " the equivalent of parking a truck across the driveway of a shopping centre " . A firm marketing security technology said that the peak of the attack was a relatively low 16 @.@ 84 megabits per second . One writer described the 7 @.@ 5 million requests per second that initially brought down the Parliament website as " massive " . The site usually only receives a few hundred per second . It appears that botnets made up of compromised computers were not used . Estimates of the number of attacking systems involved have ranged from hundreds to thousands .
= = Response = =
A spokeswoman for Conroy said such attacks were not a legitimate political protest . According to her , they were " totally irresponsible and potentially deny services to the Australian public " . The Systems Administrators Guild of Australia said that it " condemned DDoS attacks as the wrong way to express disagreement with the proposed law " . Anti @-@ censorship groups criticised the attacks , saying they hurt their cause . A purported spokesperson for the attackers recommended that the wider Australian public protest the filter by signing the petition of Electronic Frontiers Australia .
Anonymous coordinated a second phase with small protests outside the Parliament House in Canberra and in major cities throughout Australia on 20 February . Additional demonstrations were held at some of the country 's embassies overseas . The organizers called the follow @-@ up protests " Project Freeweb " to differentiate them from the criticised cyber attacks .
Several supporters of the attack later said on a messageboard that taking down websites was not enough to convince the government to back down on the web filtering policy and called for violence . Others disagreed with such actions and proposed launching an additional attack on a popular government site . A spokesman for Electronic Frontiers Australia said he believed there was no real intention or capacity to follow through with any of the violent threats .
The attack also resulted in criticism of Australia 's terrorism laws from the The University of New South Wales Law Journal . One writer wrote that the provisions leave " no place for legitimate acts of online protest , or at least sets the penalty far too high for relatively minor cyber @-@ vandalism " .
An Australian teenager was charged with four counts of inciting other hackers to impair electronic communications and two of unauthorised access to restricted data for his role in the attack . He was ordered to pay a bond instead of being convicted after pleading guilty and showing good behaviour .
In July 2010 , Conroy delayed implementing the plan pending a 12 @-@ month review into how refused classification content was rated . The proposal is not expected to go forward due to the opposition from The Coalition and the Greens . Internet service providers Telstra and Optus have both agreed to voluntarily block some content .
= History of Crystal Palace F.C. =
Crystal Palace Football Club is an English professional football club who were founded in 1905 at the famous Crystal Palace Exhibition building and during their early years they played at the FA Cup Final venue which was situated inside the Palace grounds . This article documents the history of the club from its
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ured by the international blockade , Serbia withdrew its army from Scutari , which was subsequently occupied by a joint Allied ground force .
The first seaplanes used in combat , supplied by French manufacturer Donnet @-@ Lévêque , were operated from Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and her two sisters during the blockade . However , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy was not satisfied with the operation , as the ships lacked enough deck space for the planes , as well as a lack of cranes with which they could easily hoist the planes onto the decks . The planes were later moved to a hangar at the navy yard in Teodo . By 1913 , the four new dreadnoughts of the Tegetthoff class — the only dreadnoughts built for the fleet — were coming into active service . With the commissioning of these dreadnoughts , the navy shifted Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and her sisters to the 2nd Division of the 1st Battle Squadron .
= = = World War I = = =
The ship was named after Archduke Franz Ferdinand , whose assassination on 28 June 1914 triggered World War I. At that time , the battleships in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy consisted of the Radetzky class , the Tegetthoff class , and the older Habsburg and Erzherzog Karl classes . Along with the remainder of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand was mobilized in late July 1914 to support the flight of SMS Goeben and Breslau . The two German ships broke out of Messina , which was surrounded by the British navy , and reached their allies in Turkey . The flotilla had advanced as far south as Brindisi in southeastern Italy when news of the successful breakout reached Vienna . The Austro @-@ Hungarian ships were recalled before seeing action .
On 23 May 1915 , between two and four hours after the Italian declaration of war reached the main Austro @-@ Hungarian naval base at Pola , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and the rest of the fleet departed to bombard the Italian coast . Their focus was on the important naval base at Ancona , and later the coast of Montenegro . The bombardment of Montenegro was part of the larger Austro @-@ Hungarian campaign against the Kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia , who were members of the Entente , during the first half of 1915 . The attack on Ancona was an immense success , and the ships were unopposed during the operation . The bombardment of the province and the surrounding area resulted in the destruction of an Italian steamer in the port of Ancona itself , and an Italian destroyer , Turbine was severely damaged further south . On the shore , the infrastructure of the port of Ancona , as well as the surrounding towns , were severely damaged . The railroad yard in Ancona , as well as the port facilities in the town , were damaged or destroyed . The local shore batteries were also rendered inactive . Additional targets that were damaged or destroyed included wharves , warehouses , oil tanks , radio stations , and the local barracks . 63 Italians , both civilians and military personnel alike , were killed in the bombardment . By the time Italian ships from Taranto and Brindisi arrived at Ancona , the Austro @-@ Hungarians were safely back in Pola .
The objective of the bombardment of Ancona was to delay the Italian Army from deploying its forces along the border with Austria @-@ Hungary by destroying critical transportation systems . The surprise attack on Ancona succeeded in delaying the Italian deployment to the Alps for two weeks . This delay gave Austria @-@ Hungary valuable time to strengthen its Italian border and re @-@ deploy some of its troops from the Eastern and Balkan fronts .
The only damage in the ensuing days to Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand appears to have been after the battleships returned to Pola . A collision occurred between the ship and an unknown Austro @-@ Hungarian destroyer on 30 May , while both were attempting to avoid an aerial bombardment from an Italian airship ; the destroyer sank .
Aside from the attack on Ancona , the Austro @-@ Hungarian battleships were confined to Pola for the duration of the war . Their operations were limited by Admiral Anton Haus , the commander of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , who believed that he would need to husband his ships to counter any Italian attempt to seize the Dalmatian coast . Since coal was diverted to the newer Tegetthoff @-@ class battleships , the remainder of the war saw Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and the rest of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy acting as a fleet in being . This resulted in the Allied blockade of the Otranto Strait . With his fleet blockaded in the Adriatic Sea , and with a shortage of coal , Haus enacted a strategy based on mines and submarines designed to reduce the numerical superiority of the Allied navies .
= = = Postwar fate = = =
According to the terms of the Armistice of Villa Giusti , which ended hostilities between Italy and Austro @-@ Hungary , the latter was to transfer three battleships to Venice . Italy originally intended to seize the three remaining Tegetthoff @-@ class ships , but Italian frogmen sank SMS Viribus Unitis three days before the Armistice took effect . Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand was substituted in her place . The pre @-@ dreadnought served as a showpiece of the Italian victory parade held in March 1919 . She was formally ceded to Italy under the terms of the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , signed in September 1919 , and was moved to Venice by sailors of the Regia Marina ( Royal Italian Navy ) . Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand did nothing while in Italian custody ; she was scrapped in 1926 .
= The Young Victoria =
The Young Victoria is a 2009 Anglo @-@ American period drama film directed by Jean @-@ Marc Vallée and written by Julian Fellowes , based on the early life and reign of Queen Victoria , and her marriage to Prince Albert of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha . Produced by Graham King , Martin Scorsese , Sarah Ferguson and Timothy Headington , the film stars Emily Blunt , Rupert Friend , Paul Bettany , Miranda Richardson and Jim Broadbent among a large ensemble cast .
As screenwriter , Fellowes sought to make the film as historically accurate as possible . With this in mind , Academy Award @-@ winning costume designer Sandy Powell and historical consultant Alastair Bruce were hired , and filming for The Young Victoria took place at various historical landmarks in England to further the film 's authenticity . Despite this , various aspects of the film have been criticised for their historical inaccuracies .
Momentum Pictures released the film in the United Kingdom , where it appeared in cinemas on 6 March 2009 . Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions Group opened The Young Victoria in limited theatrical release in the United States on 18 December 2009 through Apparition . Critical reception was generally positive , and it scored a 76 percent rating on film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based upon 139 reviews . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards , winning the 2009 Academy Award for Best Costume Design . The film also won for the Best Make @-@ Up and Hair and Best Costume Design at the 63rd British Academy Film Awards .
= = Plot = =
Princess Victoria of Kent is the heiress presumptive to the throne during the last years of the reign of her uncle King William IV and is subject to a political tug of war for influence over her . On the one side is her mother , the Duchess of Kent , along with the comptroller of the Duchess 's household , Sir John Conroy , who tries to force Victoria to sign papers declaring a regency and giving him and her mother power .
On the other side is her uncle , King Leopold I of Belgium , who wishes to use his influence through family ties to secure an alliance between Britain and his kingdom . He decides to have his nephew Prince Albert of Saxe @-@ Coburg @-@ Gotha seduce Victoria and he is coached in her likes and dislikes . The Duchess invites the Coburg brothers , Albert and Prince Ernest of Saxe @-@ Coburg @-@ Gotha , to visit the household . Victoria and Albert develop an early fondness for each other , despite Victoria knowing that Albert was sent by their uncle to win her favours . They begin writing to one another after Albert returns home .
At a birthday reception in Windsor Castle , the King states his wish to be closer to Victoria and insults her mother . But when the King increases Victoria 's income , this is rejected by Conroy , who physically subdues her in front of her mother , heightening the animosity between them . The King then sends the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne to advise her . Victoria agrees to make him her private secretary , and he appoints ladies @-@ in @-@ waiting for her from political families allied to him .
King William dies after Victoria 's 18th birthday , avoiding a regency . After accession , Victoria immediately begins to exert her independence , including moving into her own room and banishing Conroy from her household and coronation . During her first meeting with the Privy Council , she announces that " I mean to devote my life in service of my country and my people " . Victoria now moves into the recently completed Buckingham Palace and her aunt , Queen
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
was unrepresentative of the final game . Williams expected the game to be sold through word of mouth promotion and that it would become a cult classic .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Reviews of Spec Ops : The Line were mostly positive , with many critics praising the narrative , themes , and the provocative take on violence in video games , but noted that it failed to innovate or present a strong multiplayer component . The game was considered to be underrated by many critics . Previews of the game , and the final game was banned in United Arab Emirates for its depiction of Dubai in a state of destruction .
The overall gameplay received mixed reviews . Some critics believed that the game 's gameplay was enjoyable , serviceable and acceptable by modern standards , but most agreed that some of the gameplay mechanics , such as the cover system , lacked polish and was flawed . Some critics considered the gameplay generic due to its inclusion of typical shooter elements such as on @-@ rail and turret segments , and stated that such mechanics are unable to help the game differentiate itself from other shooters such as Gears of War , and give the game an identity crisis . Some critics lamented that gameplay occasionally disconnects players from the story , creating annoyance . Many criticized the game for not having a roll mechanic . The artificial intelligence system was criticized for not being strong enough to make the game more gratifying , though some critics thought that the AI system for Adams and Lugo was well @-@ crafted and did not suffer from severe or frequent technical problems , although they may not be able to carry out player 's commands . Some critics criticized the game 's low replay value , unbalanced difficulty level , and sudden difficulty spike .
The graphics and art design of the game was praised . Brandon Justice from Electronic Gaming Monthly stated that he expected the game to look " bland " due to the its setting , but he was surprised at how much variety and color there was in the game . The game 's level design and vibrant colors were also praised . Critics agreed that the game 's setting , Dubai , was excellent and well @-@ realized ; some critics praised Yager for adding different details to the game 's world . The terrain and landscape was praised for being interesting , unique , and creating " fantastic set piece battles " . Some commented that the sand mechanic sometimes became gimmicky . Many criticized the game 's poor textures and the poor rendering of cutscenes .
The game 's overall narrative was praised by critics ; many considered it compelling , engaging , riveting , and mature , and viewed it as the standout feature of the game . Some believed that the story had an excellent presentation with decent voice @-@ acting , memorable characters , and atmospheric soundtracks . Many critics thought it was a bold attempt by Yager and that the story about mistakes and consequences allowed the game 's narrative to exceed its competitors in terms of quality . Some critics believed that Yager should be respected for successfully creating a message through the story and delivering it to the player , and trying to do something different . Mitch Dyer of IGN thought that the game 's narrative made violence " meaningful " , and that the story was unexpectedly good and personal . Some believed the story is impactful and at times shocking , and that the plot would make " Modern Warfare 2 's nefarious No Russian look pretty tame " . The game 's choices were praised for being " powerful " despite not offering a branching storyline . Some critics believed that these choices are provocative , organic , impactful , upsetting , and thematically correct though unsatisfying and sometimes hollow and binary . The endings of the game were praised , though some felt that there are some plotholes in the story . Some critics noted that emotionally Spec Ops : The Line is not a pleasant game .
The multiplayer received mixed reviews . Justice appreciated the upgrade system , as he thought that it had successfully encouraged teamwork . Dyer added that the multiplayer is unremarkable and uninspiring , despite saying that the Buried mode created a tense experience . Many critics believed that this mode is not worthwhile , and can only served as a distraction . Arthur Gies from Polygon noted that the multiplayer component suffers from technical issues such as freezing and glitches , as well as issues with player 's conduct such as cheating in matches .
Critics have pointed out that the " mechanics " of the game — the actions available to the player , and the responses resulting from said actions — contrast pointedly with many mechanics of popular FPS games , and that the game deliberately used shooter genre clichés in order to illustrate how ludicrous they are in comparison to real warfare . In particular contrast to other games of its kind , some critics believe that Spec Ops : The Line does not intend the combat to be a fun experience for the player , but rather aims to engage the player through its narrative which critiques the shooter genre for being removed from reality and providing players with an unrealistic ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
501 Wing continued to provide deep maintenance and logistics support for the F @-@ 111s at Amberley until 2001 , when Boeing Australia was awarded the maintenance contract .
= Lou Rymkus =
Louis Joseph " the Battler " Rymkus ( November 6 , 1919 – October 31 , 1998 ) was an American football player and coach in the All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , National Football League ( NFL ) and American Football League ( AFL ) . Playing as a tackle for the Cleveland Browns in the AAFC and NFL in the late 1940s and early 1950s , Rymkus provided pass protection for quarterback Otto Graham as the team won five league championships . Following his playing career , Rymkus took a number of assistant coaching jobs before serving as the first head coach of the AFL 's Houston Oilers in 1960 . The team won the league 's first championship , but Rymkus was fired by Oilers owner Bud Adams after a slow start in 1961 .
Rymkus was born in Royalton , Illinois and grew up in Chicago . He was a star lineman in high school and won a football scholarship to attend the University of Notre Dame . At Notre Dame , he played on a 1941 team that went undefeated under head coach Frank Leahy . Rymkus was drafted by the NFL 's Washington Redskins in 1943 and played one season for the team before joining the U.S. Marines during World War II . Following two years in the service , he signed with the Browns , where he spent the remainder of his playing career . Paul Brown , the Browns ' first coach , called Rymkus " the best pass protector I 've ever seen " . His blocking was used by coaches to demonstrate proper form .
After Rymkus 's brief stint coaching the Oilers , he held numerous football jobs , including as the coach of a high school team in Louisiana and an assistant with the Detroit Lions . Rymkus was a finalist for induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1988 but was not elected . In 2005 , he was named to the Professional Football Researchers Association Hall of Very Good in the association 's third HOVG class .
He died of a stroke in Houston , Texas , where he lived for most of his later life .
= = Early life and high school career = =
Rymkus was born in Royalton , Illinois , the son of a Lithuanian immigrant coal miner who owned a small grocery store . After his father was shot and killed outside the grocery store , Rymkus and his family moved to the Back of the Yards neighborhood on Chicago 's South Side . With family finances tight , he took a number of odd jobs , including working as a laborer and delivering newspapers and groceries . At the suggestion of a friend , Rymkus attended Tilden Tech , now known as Tilden High School , and began to display talent as a lineman on the school 's football team . He blocked a kick and scored a touchdown in a game at Chicago 's Soldier Field in 1936 against rival Austin High , a play he later said was the most memorable of his high school career . Rymkus won seven letters at Tilden playing on the football , track and wrestling teams . As a senior , he defeated Rudy Mucha to win the Chicago prep @-@ school wrestling title .
= = College and professional career = =
Rymkus 's success in high school led to a scholarship to the University of Notre Dame , where he played from 1940 to 1942 . He was known in college as a tough and durable tackle . In a 1941 game against Georgia Tech , Rymkus was elbowed in his upper lip . He left the game to get 14 stitches and returned to play in the 20 – 0 Notre Dame victory . Notre Dame went undefeated that season , coach Frank Leahy 's first year at the school . During his junior year in 1942 , Rymkus earned All @-@ America honors , and in his final season at Notre Dame he was named the team 's Most Valuable Player .
Rymkus was drafted by the National Football League 's Washington Redskins in 1943 , signing a contract giving him a $ 2 @,@ 000 annual salary ( $ 27 @,@ 350 in 2016 dollars ) . Playing alongside quarterback Sammy Baugh , Rymkus returned a blocked punt for a touchdown in one game and an interception for a touchdown in the next game . After the 1943 season , Rymkus joined the U.S. Marines during World War II . He trained Navy recruits at Great Lakes Naval Station near Chicago in 1944 and 1945 , and served at Pearl Harbor .
As the war wound down with Germany 's surrender in mid @-@ 1945 , Rymkus decided to join the new Cleveland Browns of the fledgling All @-@ America Football Conference . Paul Brown , the coach of the new team , had met Rymkus at Great Lakes , where he coached the training station 's military football squad . Brown offered Rymkus a $ 4 @,@ 000 salary ( $ 52 @,@ 577 today ) , double what he made with the Redskins . George Preston Marshall , the owner of the Redskins , declined to match the offer and questioned the wisdom of joining a league that he thought had little chance of success competing against the more established NFL . Rymkus left his wife Betty in Nappanee , Indiana and hitchhiked to the Browns ' training camp in Bowling Green , Ohio .
The Browns began play in 1946 , and Rymkus soon became an anchor of the team 's offensive and defensive lines . He solidified his reputation for toughness by playing more than 50 minutes per game that year despite a knee injury for which he needed surgery immediately after the season . On defense , Rymkus helped stop opponents ' rushing attacks and disrupt the opposing quarterback . On offense , he helped protect quarterback Otto Graham and opened up running room for fullback Marion Motley . Graham led the AAFC in total passing yards over its four years of existence , while Motley led the league in rushing .
The Browns advanced to the AAFC championship in 1946 , but a week before the game , Rymkus and teammates Jim Daniell and Mac Speedie were arrested and held for several hours after a confrontation with Cleveland police . The men were drinking as they waited to pick up Speedie 's wife , who was coming on a plane from Utah . Daniell , who was driving the car the three men were in , honked at a police car that was blocking him , leading to an argument and the arrests . Rymkus and Speedie were charged with creating a disturbance and Daniell was charged with public intoxication . Daniell , the Browns ' captain , was kicked off the team after the incident , but Rymkus and Speedie remained . The Browns went on to win the championship the following week , and Rymkus was named to a combined all @-@ AAFC and NFL team .
Cleveland won the AAFC championship in each of the following three years before the league dissolved and the Browns were absorbed by the NFL . Rymkus was named to all @-@ AAFC teams in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 . In 1948 , when the Browns won all of their games , Brown took away Rymkus 's defensive duties and made him exclusively an offensive tackle . That summer , he served as an umpire in the All @-@ American Girls Professional Baseball League .
The Browns won the NFL championship in 1950 , the team 's first year in the league . Cleveland advanced to the championship the following year , but lost 24 – 17 to the Los Angeles Rams . Slowed by injuries to his elbow and knees , the 32 @-@ year @-@ old Rymkus retired after the 1951 season , never having missed a game or a practice during his six years with the team . Brown called him " the best pass protector I 've ever seen " ; former teammates said his play was a model Cleveland coaches used to teach pass blocking to newcomers .
= = Coaching career = =
Following his retirement in early 1952 , Rymkus accepted a position as line coach at Indiana University , where his former Notre Dame teammate Bernie Crimmins had been appointed head coach . A year later , he headed north to work as an assistant under former Rams head coach Bob Snyder with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League . In 1954 , he returned to the NFL as a line coach for the Green Bay Packers . In four seasons there , he worked with future Hall of Famers Forrest Gregg and Jim Ringo .
On January 9 , 1958 , Rymkus accepted an assistant coaching position with the Rams . Rymkus had
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
been mentioned as a possible candidate to replace Lisle Blackbourn as the head coach of the Packers , but was passed over for the job in favor of fellow assistant Ray McLean . He worked under Sid Gillman with the Rams for two seasons , and was seen as a potential head coach . The new American Football League 's ( AFL ) Los Angeles Chargers considered him for the top spot in 1959 ; Leahy , Rymkus ' former Notre Dame coach , served as the team 's general manager . The Chargers selected Gillman instead , and Rymkus in January 1960 took the head coaching position of the AFL 's Houston Oilers . Oilers owner Bud Adams signed him to a three @-@ year contract paying $ 15 @,@ 500 per year ( $ 123 @,@ 983 in 2016 dollars ) .
Rymkus hired a stable of assistant coaches including Wally Lemm , Walt Schlinkman , Fred Wallner and former Browns teammate Speedie . The team was led by quarterback George Blanda , running back Billy Cannon and wide receiver Charlie Hennigan . As the regular season progressed , Houston built up a 10 – 4 record , setting up a meeting with the Chargers in the AFL championship game . The Oilers had lost to the Chargers in a November 13 game dubbed the " Sawdust Game " because sawdust was spread over the muddy and wet field in Los Angeles , but they entered the championship a six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half point favorite . Before the game , Rymkus was named the AFL 's coach of the year . The Oilers went on to beat Gillman 's Chargers 24 – 16 in the championship game on January 1 , 1961 . To commemorate the victory , Rymkus ordered thousands of drinking glasses emblazoned with a picture of his face and gave them to friends .
The celebratory mood continued into the next preseason , when Adams sent the team for two weeks of training camp in Hawaii . Rymkus was upset by the distractions caused by the decision . " We found it hard to think football around the palm trees " , he said . " A preseason camp has to be hard , and you have to work hard . You can 't do it in a place like Hawaii . " The team got off to a 1 – 3 – 1 start in 1961 , and Adams fired him on October 14 . Adams said the decision was " based on the conclusion the material on hand has not been used to its fullest potential " . Wally Lemm was given the head coaching job , but the shake @-@ up prompted Speedie to resign . Under Lemm , the Oilers regrouped to win their second consecutive title .
Rymkus left football after his firing and accepted a regional public relations position with the Los Angeles @-@ based Global Marine Exploration Company . After more than three years out of the sport , he returned to coaching and the Oilers when former Redskins teammate Hugh Taylor hired him as the team 's offensive line coach . Rymkus stayed with the team for the 1965 season , resigning in January 1966 . Despite his short tenure with the Oilers , Rymkus 's was popular in Houston ; over 250 people attended a dinner in his honor following his resignation .
Three weeks later , Rymkus and Baugh , who had worked with him on the Oilers ' staff , were named assistant coaches for the Detroit Lions . When Harry Gilmer was fired as Lions ' head coach after the 1966 NFL season , however , Rymkus was once again out of work . He got a job as an assistant for the Akron Vulcans of the Continental Football League and was appointed the team 's head coach and general manager in 1967 . Rymkus stayed in the position until the team folded later that year due to financial difficulties ; the team 's owner , Frank Hurn , ran out of money and stopped paying the Vulcans ' bills .
Rymkus next took a steep pay cut to serve as head coach of Many High School in Many , Louisiana . The job , in rural west @-@ central Louisiana , paid him only $ 9 @,@ 200 a year ( $ 62 @,@ 604 in 2016 ) to coach football , teach three history classes and run the school 's summer recreation program . Rymkus was drawn by the tough conditions the players endured ; many of his athletes missed practice to work on family farms . The team failed to win a game in 1968 , but Rymkus stayed connected to professional football as a scout with the Kansas City Chiefs on weekends .
In 1969 , Rymkus left Many – he said he " couldn 't afford it " – and began working as general manager of the Executive Health Club in Houston . Later that year , he raised money to organize a West Texas Rufneks team in the Continental Football League . After the Rufneks lost an exhibition game 31 – 0 to the visiting Omaha Mustangs , the board of directors of Professional Sports Inc. voted unanimously to remove him as head coach . Ted Dawson , who had been head coach and general manager of the Rufneks when the team was part of the Texas Football League in 1968 , retook the position and completed the season in a tie with the Western Conference champion San Antonio Toros .
In early 1970 , Rymkus applied for a job as the Browns ' offensive line coach but did not get the position . Later that year , he returned to the NFL as an offensive line coach for the Baltimore Colts under Don McCafferty . After just three regular @-@ season games , however , he was replaced by George Young and transferred to the team 's scouting department . Rymkus received a championship ring that year when the Colts defeated the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl V.
During his coaching career , Rymkus was renowned for his strictness . While with the Oilers , he repeatedly threatened to whip his players . He could also be melodramatic . He once repeated a speech Leahy gave at Notre Dame before a practice in a blizzard . He told his players during a hot August in Houston to be " like the Great Northern Buffalo , whose coat is shaggy and whose muscles are strong . The Great Northern Buffalo sticks his head into the wind and braves the cold , not like the puny Southern Buffalo , who turns his back to the storm . "
= = Later life and death = =
Rymkus worked in the late 1970s for the Houston Astros in the group sales department . He went on to take a number of jobs outside of football , including selling cars in Houston , where he spent his remaining years . In 1988 , he was among 15 finalists for induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame but did not make the cut . He died of a stroke in a Houston hospice in 1998 . He and his wife Betty had two children , twin boys named Pat and Mike .
= American Cocker Spaniel =
The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of sporting dog . It is a spaniel type dog that is closely related to the English Cocker Spaniel ; the two breeds diverged during the 20th century due to differing breed standards in America and the UK . In the United States , the breed is usually called the Cocker Spaniel , while elsewhere in the world , it is called the American Cocker Spaniel in order to differentiate between it and its English cousin . The word cocker is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock in England , while spaniel is thought to be derived from the type 's origins in Spain .
The first spaniel in America came across with the Mayflower in 1620 , but it was not until 1878 that the first Cocker Spaniel was registered with the American Kennel Club ( AKC ) . A national breed club was set up three years later and the dog considered to be the father of the modern breed , Ch . Obo II , was born around this time . By the 1920s the English and American varieties of Cocker had become noticeably different and in 1946 the AKC recognised the English type as a separate breed . It was not until 1970 that The Kennel Club in the UK recognised the American Cocker Spaniel as being separate from the English type . The American Cocker was the most popular breed in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and again during the 1980s , reigning for a total of 18 years . They have also won the best in show title at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on four occasions , and have been linked to the President of the United States on several occasions , with owners including Richard Nixon and Harry S. Truman . In 2013 , the cocker
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
terms of the Armistice with Germany . Démocratie was stricken in 1921 and subsequently broken up for scrap .
= = Design = =
Démocratie was laid down at the Arsenal de Brest shipyard on 1 May 1903 , launched on 30 April 1904 , and completed in January 1908 , over a year after the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought , which rendered the pre @-@ dreadnoughts like Démocratie outdated before they were completed . The ship was 133 @.@ 81 meters ( 439 ft 0 in ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 24 @.@ 26 m ( 79 ft 7 in ) and a full @-@ load draft of 8 @.@ 41 m ( 27 ft 7 in ) . She displaced up to 14 @,@ 489 metric tons ( 14 @,@ 260 long tons ; 15 @,@ 971 short tons ) at full load . Démocratie had a crew of between 739 and 769 officers and enlisted men . The ship 's propulsion system consisted of three vertical triple expansion engines with twenty @-@ two Belleville boilers . They were rated at 18 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 13 @,@ 800 kW ) and provided a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 1 @,@ 800 t ( 1 @,@ 800 long tons ; 2 @,@ 000 short tons ) .
Démocratie 's main battery consisted of four Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 / 96 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of ten Canon de 194 mm Modèle 1902 guns ; six were mounted in single turrets , and four in casemates in the hull . She also carried thirteen 9 @-@ pounder guns and ten 3 @-@ pounders , and had two 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . The ship 's main belt was 280 mm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 350 mm ( 13 @.@ 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower had 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) thick sides .
= = Service history = =
In August 1910 , the 1st Squadron of the Mediterranean fleet conducted a gunnery practice using the old ironclad Fulminant as a target ; Démocratie scored 22 @.@ 7 percent hits , the second best performance in the squadron and surpassed only by her sister Justice . During a fleet exercise on 28 May 1914 , Démocratie collided with the battleship Suffren when the latter vessel lost power . Suffren was only lightly damaged , with her port anchor and hawsepipe carried away .
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Démocratie was assigned to the 1st Division of the 2nd Squadron in the Mediterranean , along with Justice . The French fleet was initially used to cover the movement of French troops — the XIX Corps — from Algeria to metropolitan France . As a result , the fleet was far out of position to catch the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben . For the majority of the war , the French used their main fleet to keep the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet bottled up in the Adriatic Sea . In 1914 she participated in the Battle of Antivari , where the battle line caught the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta by surprise and sank her . The French battleships then bombarded Austrian fortifications at Cattaro in an attempt to draw out the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet , which refused to take the bait .
The French operations in the area were hampered by a lack of a suitable base close to the mouth of the Adriatic ; the British had given the French free access to Malta , but that was hundreds of miles away . The Austrians also possessed several submarines , one of which torpedoed the dreadnought Jean Bart in December 1914 . This threat from underwater weapons greatly limited French naval activities in the Adriatic . As the war progressed , the French eventually settled on Corfu as their primary naval base in the area . Later in the war , Démocratie was sent to Mudros along with her sister ships to reinforce the blockade of the Dardanelles .
Shortly after the end of the war , Démocratie , Justice , and a destroyer joined an Allied fleet ( including the British dreadnoughts HMS Superb and Temeraire and the Italian battleship Roma ) that was sent to the Black Sea port of Sevastopol . They oversaw the enforcement of the terms of the Armistice with Germany ; the Germans had previously seized Russian naval units and stationed occupation forces there under the terms of the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk . The French contingent provided crews for a pair of Russian destroyers and two German U @-@ boats , and the other Allied ships similarly activated Russian and German vessels to secure the area . Démocratie ultimately was stricken from the naval register in 1921 and sold to ship @-@ breakers .
= Ganoga Lake =
Ganoga Lake is a natural lake in Colley Township in southeastern Sullivan County in Pennsylvania , United States . Known as Robinson 's Lake and Long Pond for most of the 19th century , the lake was purchased by the Ricketts family in the early 1850s and became part of R. Bruce Ricketts ' extensive holdings
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
in AH 1223 ( 1808 ) , as well as Maria Theresa coins . The iraqiyeh was worn by married women and elaborate pieces were passed down as family heirlooms . Long embroidered headbands made of cotton hanging from both sides were wrapped around the woman 's braids to facilitate the bundling of her hair , then secured to the back of the headdress .
= = = Shrines = = =
In Islamic tradition , Bayt Jibrin is the burial place of the sahaba ( companion ) of the prophet Muhammad , Tamim al @-@ Dari , who was famously known for his piety and briefly served as the Governor of Jerusalem in the late 7th century . Al @-@ Dari and his family were granted trusteeship over the Hebron Hills , including Bayt Jibrin , and were assigned as the supervisors of the Cave of the Patriarchs ( Ibrahimi Mosque ) in Hebron . His sanctuary is the most venerated site in Bayt Jibrin , located just northwest of it . Until the present day , al @-@ Dari 's sanctuary has been a place of local Muslim pilgrimage . Other Islamic holy sites in the village include maqam for a local shaykh named Mahmud and a tomb for a shaykha ( female religious figure ) named Ameina .
= The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Adventures =
The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Adventures , released as The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords + ( Japanese : ゼルダの伝説 4つの剣 + , Hepburn : Zeruda no Densetsu : Yottsu no Tsurugi + ) in Japan , is the eleventh installment in Nintendo 's The Legend of Zelda series . It was released for the Nintendo GameCube home video game console in Japan on March 18 , 2004 ; in North America on June 7 , 2004 ; in Europe on January 7 , 2005 ; and in Australia on April 7 , 2005 . The Game Boy Advance handheld game console can be used as a controller when using the Nintendo GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable bundled with the game in North America and Europe . The game is the only entry in the series that cannot be played on current @-@ generation Nintendo consoles .
The game takes Link on an adventure to restore peace to Hyrule after learning that an evil counterpart of himself , Shadow Link , has been created . Four Swords Adventures was considered the 48th @-@ best game ever made for a Nintendo system by Nintendo Power , and received an aggregated 86 out of 100 from Metacritic . It was the third best @-@ selling game of June 2004 in North America , with 155 @,@ 000 units , and has since sold 250 @,@ 000 copies ; it has also sold 127 @,@ 000 units in Japan .
= = Gameplay = =
The main mode of Four Swords Adventures is " Hyrulean Adventure " , an episodic , cooperative multiplayer adaptation of conventional The Legend of Zelda gameplay . " Shadow Battle " is a competitive multiplayer battle mode . " Navi Trackers " , present only in the Japanese version of the game ( and displayed briefly at E3 before the US release ) , is a multiplayer stamp rally race .
= = = Hyrulean Adventure = = =
Hyrulean Adventure is the main campaign of Four Swords Adventures , and can be played by one to four players . It consists of eight worlds , each with three stages and a boss battle . The graphics are similar to that of the Game Boy Advance version , but the maps are static rather than randomly generated , the top @-@ down view is taken from The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past , and gameplay includes effects from The Wind Waker . The graphics also include enhanced atmospheric effects such as cloud shadows that slowly move across the ground , heat shimmer , dust storms , and fog . Music is based on that of A Link to the Past , but is rearranged in places .
In Hyrulean Adventure , most of the same mechanics as the previously released Four Swords for the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) are used . The multiplayer version requires each player to have a GBA , which is used as a controller and to which the action transfers when that player 's character goes off the main screen , but the single player game may be played with either a GameCube controller or a GBA . There are always four Link characters ( differentiated by different colors : green , red , blue and purple ) in play , regardless of the number of people playing ; " extra " Links are attached to those directly controlled and positioned around the controlling character . Normally , the extra Links follow the player , but players can separate an individual Link and control independently , or put the four Links into formations . These techniques are required to solve puzzles and defeat enemies . Players are encouraged to work together to gather enough Force Gems to empower the Four Sword , and failing to do so by the time the boss is defeated or the dark barrier is reached results in having to go back to the beginning of the stage to collect more . However , once the requisite gems are collected , players are automatically transported to the dark barrier and therefore do not have to repeat the entire stage .
Players can play minigames in multiplayer mode at Tingle 's Tower , which appears in every world , to gain extra multiplayer lives . These eight games are earned by playing though certain stages in multiplayer mode . The minigames include horse racing , hammer tag , monster hunting and five others .
= = = Shadow Battle = = =
In Shadow Battle , two or more players battle each other until only one is left standing . As in Hyrulean Adventure , each player uses a different @-@ colored Link character and wields various tools to attack the other Links . Initially , there are five stages which players can choose as the battle 's arena . Five bonus maps are unlocked upon completion of Hyrulean Adventure ( these " dark stages " are almost the same as the first five maps , but portals to the dark world appear and the player has limited vision ) . In each stage , items randomly appear , and are usually similar to the items in Hyrulean Adventure . There are many special objects in each stage , which can be used to the player 's advantage . There is also a time limit ; when it reaches zero , the game is tied .
= = = Navi Trackers = = =
Navi Trackers ( formerly planned as a stand @-@ alone game titled Tetra 's Trackers ) is a game only present in the Japanese version of Four Swords Adventures ( Four Swords + ) . In this game , multiple players use a combination of the television screen and Game Boy Advances to search for members of Tetra 's pirate crew to gain as many stamps as possible within a given time limit . Action takes place on the Game Boy Advance used by each player , with the television screen showing a basic map and Tetra narrating the action . A single @-@ player mode is also available , which allows players to either collect alone or compete against Tingle .
= = Plot =
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
astha Brahmins such as Dr. Govande and Mahadev Ambedkar supported and helped Dalit leaders like Mahatma Phule and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar respectively . Dr. Ambedkar expressed gratitude towards Mahadev Ambedkar many times in his speeches .
= = = Deshastha @-@ Konkanastha relations = = =
The prominence of a Brahmin in Indian society was directly related to his virtues , values , knowledge and practice of the scriptures . Manu 's list of virtues of a perfect Brahmin , according to Italian Jesuit Roberto de Nobili , in order of importance were righteousness , truthfulness , generosity , almsgiving , compassion , self @-@ restraint and diligent work . Prior to the rise of the Konkanastha Peshwas , the Konkanastha Brahmins were considered inferior in a society where the Deshasthas held socio @-@ economic , ritual and Brahminical superiority . As mentioned earlier , all the Peshwa during Shivaji 's rule were Deshastha Brahmins and many modern families who have surname , Peshwe , are in fact Deshastha Brahmins tracing descent to Shivaji 's Peshwa , Moropant Pingle or Sonopant Dabir . . After the appointment of Balaji Vishwanath Bhat as Peshwa , Konkanastha migrants began arriving en masse from the Konkan to Pune , where the Peshwa offered all important offices to the Konkanastha caste . The Konkanastha kin were rewarded with tax relief and grants of land . Historians point out nepotism and corruption during this time . The Sahyadri Khanda which contains the legend of the origin of the Konkanastha has been carefully suppressed or destroyed by the Konkanastha Peshwas . Crawford , an early Indologist described how a Brahmin reluctantly produced the manuscript when he asked for it and that Baji Rao , in 1814 , ruined and disgraced a respectable Deshastha Brahmin of Wai , found in possession of a copy of the Sahyadri Khand . The Konkanasthas were waging a social war on Dehasthas during the period of the Peshwas . By the late 18th century , Konkanasthas had established complete political and economic dominance in the region . Richard Maxwell Eaton states that this rise of the Konkanastha is a classic example of social rank rising with political fortune . Since then , despite being the traditional religious and social elites of Maharashtra , the Deshastha Brahmins failed to feature as prominently as the Konkanastha . However , in recent decades , there have been deshasthas who have made a mark . One such person was the late Bharatiya Janata Party politician Pramod Mahajan , who was called a brilliant strategist and had an impact nationwide . Other notables include Manohar Joshi , who has been the only Brahmin chief minister of Maharashtra , Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh founder Dr. Hedgewar , social activist , Baba Amte , BJP politician and Social activist , Nanaji Deshmukh and present chief minister of Maharashtra , Devendra Fadnavis . The Deshasthas looked down upon the Konkanasthas as newcomers in the 18th and 19th centuries . They refused to socialise and intermingle with them , not considering them to be Brahmins . A Konkanstha who was invited to a Deshastha household was considered to be a privileged individual , and even the Peshwas were refused permission to perform religious rites at the Deshastha ghats on the Godavari at Nasik . The Konkanasthas on their part , claimed they possessed greater intellectual ability and better political acumen . During the British colonial period of 19th and early 20th century , Deshasthas dominated professions such as government administration , practice of medicine , music , legal and engineering fields , whereas Konkanasthas dominated fields like politics , social reform , journalism and education . This situation has since improved by the larger scale mixing of both communities on social , financial and educational fields , as well as with intermarriages .
= = = Community organisations = = =
The Deshastha Rigvedi sub @-@ caste have community organizations in many major cities such as Mumbai , Dombivali , Belgaum , Nasik , Satara etc . Most of these organizations are affiliated to Central organization of the community called Akhil Deshastha Rugvedi Brahman Madhyavarty Mandal ( A. D. R. B. M. ) which is located in Mumbai . The activities of ADRBM includes offering scholarships to needy students , financial aid to members , exchange of information , and Matrimonial services . The Deshastha community organizations are also affiliated to their respective local All Brahmin Umbrella Organizations . Similar to the Rigvedi community , there are organizations and trusts dedicated to the welfare of the Yajurvedi sub @-@ caste . ,
= = Surnames and families = =
A large number of Deshastha surnames are derived by adding the suffix kar to the village from which the family originally hailed . For example , Bidkar came from town of Bid , Nagpurkar comes from the city Nagpur , Dharwadkar from the town of Dharwad in Karnataka , and the Marathi poet V. V. Shirwadkar , colloquially knows as Kusumagraj , came from the town of Shirwad . The names Kulkarni , Deshpande , and Joshi are very common amongst Deshastha Brahmins , and denote their professions . For example , Kulkarni means revenue collector and Joshi means astrologer . Some surnames simply describe physical and mental characteristics such as Hirve which means green or Buddhisagar which literally translates to ocean of intellect or " Dharm
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
age of 55 following David 's unexpected death in 1371 . England still controlled large sectors in the Lothians and in the border country so King Robert allowed his southern earls to engage in actions in the English zones to regain their territories , halted trade with England and renewed treaties with France . By 1384 , the Scots had re @-@ taken most of the occupied lands , but following the commencement of Anglo @-@ French peace talks , Robert was reluctant to commit Scotland to all @-@ out war and obtained Scotland 's inclusion in the peace treaty . Robert 's peace strategy was a factor in the virtual coup in 1384 when he lost control of the country , first to his eldest son , John , Earl of Carrick , afterwards King Robert III , and then from 1388 to John 's younger brother , Robert , Earl of Fife , afterwards the first Duke of Albany . Robert II died in Dundonald Castle in 1390 and was buried at Scone Abbey .
= = Heir presumptive = =
Robert Stewart , born in 1316 , was the only child of Walter Stewart , High Steward of Scotland and King Robert I 's daughter Marjorie Bruce , who died probably in 1317 following a riding accident . He had the upbringing of a Gaelic noble on the Stewart lands in Bute , Clydeside , and in Renfrew . In 1315 parliament removed Marjorie 's right as heir to her father in favour of her uncle , Edward Bruce . Edward was killed at the Battle of Faughart , near Dundalk on 14 October 1318 , resulting in a hastily arranged Parliament in December to enact a new entail naming Marjorie 's son , Robert , as heir should the king die without a successor . The birth of a son , afterwards David II , to King Robert on 5 March 1324 cancelled Robert Stewart 's position as heir presumptive , but a Parliament at Cambuskenneth in July 1326 restored him in the line of succession should David die without an heir . This reinstatement of his status was accompanied by the gift of lands in Argyll , Roxburghshire and the Lothians .
= = High Steward of Scotland = =
= = = Renewed war for independence = = =
The first war of independence began in the reign of King John Balliol . His short reign was bedeviled by Edward I 's insistence on his overlordship of Scotland . The Scottish leadership concluded that only war could release the country from the English king 's continued weakening of Balliol 's sovereignty and so finalised a treaty of reciprocal assistance with France in October 1295 . The Scots forayed into England in March 1296 — this incursion together with the French treaty angered the English king and provoked an invasion of Scotland taking Berwick on 30 March before defeating the Scots army at Dunbar on 27 April . John Balliol submitted to Edward and resigned the throne to him before being sent to London as a prisoner . Despite this , resistance to the English led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray had emerged in the name of King John Balliol . On their deaths , Robert the Bruce continued to resist the English and eventually succeeded in defeating the forces of Edward II of England and gained the Scottish throne for himself .
David Bruce , aged five , became king on 7 June 1329 on the death of his father Robert . Walter the Steward had died earlier on 9 April 1327 , and the orphaned eleven @-@ year @-@ old Robert was placed under the guardianship of his uncle , Sir James Stewart of Durrisdeer , who along with Thomas Randolph , Earl of Moray , and William Lindsey , Archdeacon of St Andrews were appointed as joint Guardians of the kingdom . David 's accession kindled the second independence war which threatened Robert 's position as heir . In 1332 Edward Balliol , son of the deposed John Balliol , spearheaded an attack on the Bruce sovereignty with the tacit support of King Edward III of England and the explicit endorsement of ' the disinherited ' . Edward Balliol 's forces delivered heavy defeats on the Bruce supporters at Dupplin Moor on 11 August 1332 and again at Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333 , at which the 17 @-@ year @-@ old Robert participated . Robert 's estates were overrun by Balliol , who granted them to David Strathbogie , titular earl of Atholl , but Robert evaded capture and gained protection at Dumbarton Castle where King David was also taking refuge . Very few other strongholds remained in Scottish hands in the winter of 1333 — only the castles of Kildrummy ( held by Christian Bruce , elder sister of Robert I and wife of Andrew Murray of Bothwell ) , Loch Leven , Loch Doon , and Urquhart held out against Balliol forces .
In May 1334 , the situation looked dire for the house of Bruce and David II gained safety in France . Robert set about winning back his lands in the west of Scotland . Strathbogie came over to the Bruce interest after disagreements with his fellow ' disinherited ' but his fierce opposition to Randolph came to a head at a Parliament held at Dairsie Castle in early 1335 when Strathbogie received the support of Robert . Strathbogie once again changed sides and submitted to the English king in August and was made Warden of Scotland . It seems that Strathbogie may also have persuaded Robert to submit to Edward and Balliol — Sir Thomas Gray , in his Scalacronica claimed that he had actually done so — and may explain his removal as Guardian around this time . The Bruce resistance to Balliol may have been verging on collapse in 1335 but a turn @-@ round in its fortunes began with the appearance of Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell as a potent war leader at the Battle of Culblean . Murray had been captured in 1332 , ransomed himself in 1334 , and immediately sped north to lay siege to Dundarg Castle in Buchan held by Sir Henry de Beaumont , with the castle falling on 23 December 1334 . Murray was appointed Guardian at Dunfermline during the winter of 1335 – 6 while he was besieging Cupar Castle in Fife . He died at his castle in Avoch in 1338 and Robert resumed the Guardianship . Murray 's campaign put an end to any chance of Edward III having full lasting control over the south of Scotland and Edward 's failure in the six @-@ month siege of Dunbar Castle confirmed this . Balliol lost many of his major supporters to the Bruce side and the main English garrisons began to fall to the Scots — Cupar in the spring or summer of 1339 , Perth taken by Robert also in 1339 and Edinburgh by William , Earl of Douglas in April 1341 .
John Randolph , released from English custody in a prisoner @-@ exchange in 1341 , visited David II in Normandy before returning to Scotland . Just as Randolph was a favourite of the king , David II mistrusted Robert Stewart with his powerful positions of heir presumptive and Guardian of Scotland . At the beginning of June 1341 , the kingdom appeared sufficiently stable to allow the king to return to a land where his nobles , while fighting for the Bruce cause , had considerably increased their own power bases . On 17 October 1346 , Robert accompanied David into battle at Neville 's Cross , where many Scottish nobles including Randolph , died — David II was wounded and captured while Robert and Patrick , earl of March had apparently fled the field .
= = = King David 's captivity = = =
With the king now imprisoned in England and Randolph dead , the Guardianship once again fell to Robert . In 1347 he took the important step of ensuring the legitimation of his four sons , John , Earl of Carrick ( the future King Robert III ) , Walter , Lord of Fife ( d . 1362 ) , Robert ( the future
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
NASA accident investigations = = =
Armstrong served on two spaceflight accident investigations . The first was in 1970 , after Apollo 13 , where as part of Edgar Cortright 's panel , he produced a detailed chronology of the flight . Armstrong opposed the report 's recommendation to re @-@ design the service module 's oxygen tanks , the source of the explosion . In 1986 , President Ronald Reagan appointed him to the Rogers Commission which investigated the Space @-@ shuttle Challenger disaster of that year . As vice @-@ chairman , Armstrong was in charge of the operational side of the commission .
= = = Business activities = = =
After Armstrong retired from NASA in 1971 , he acted as a spokesman for several businesses . The first company to successfully approach him was Chrysler , for whom he appeared in advertising starting in January 1979 . Armstrong thought they had a strong engineering division , plus they were in financial difficulty . He later acted as a spokesman for other companies , including General Time Corporation and the Bankers Association of America . He acted as a spokesman for U.S. businesses only .
Along with spokesman duties , he also served on the board of directors of several companies , including Marathon Oil , Learjet , Cinergy ( Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company ) , Taft Broadcasting , United Airlines , Eaton Corporation , AIL Systems and Thiokol . He joined Thiokol 's board after he served on the Rogers Commission ; the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed due to a problem with the Thiokol @-@ manufactured solid rocket boosters . He retired as chairman of the board of EDO Corporation in 2002 .
= = = North Pole expedition = = =
In 1985 , professional expedition leader Mike Dunn organized a trip to take the then " greatest explorers " to the North Pole . The group included Armstrong , Edmund Hillary , Hillary 's son Peter , Steve Fossett , and Patrick Morrow , and arrived on April 6 , 1985 . Armstrong said he was curious to see what the North Pole looked like from ground level , as he 'd only seen it from the Moon .
= = = Television and film = = =
In 2010 , he voiced the character of Dr. Jack Morrow in Quantum Quest : A Cassini Space Odyssey , a 2010 animated educational sci @-@ fi adventure film initiated by JPL / NASA through a grant from Jet Propulsion Lab . Between 1991 and 1993 , he hosted First Flights with Neil Armstrong , an aviation history documentary series on A & E.
= = Personal life = =
Unlike former astronauts who actively sought political careers after leaving NASA ( such as U.S. Senators John Glenn ( D @-@ OH , 1974 – 1999 ) and Harrison Schmitt ( R @-@ NM , 1977 – 1983 ) ) , Armstrong was approached by political groups from both parties , but declined all offers . He described his political leanings as favoring states ' rights and opposing the United States acting as the " world 's policeman " .
In the late 1950s , Armstrong applied at a local Methodist church to lead a Boy Scout troop . When asked for his religious affiliation , he labeled himself as a deist . His mother later said that Armstrong 's religious views caused her grief and distress in later life as she was more religious . His official biography also describes him as a deist .
In 1972 , Armstrong was welcomed into the town of Langholm , Scotland , the traditional seat of Clan Armstrong ; he was made the first freeman of the burgh , and happily declared the town his home . The Justice of the Peace read from an unrepealed 400 @-@ year @-@ old law that required him to hang any Armstrong found in the town .
In the fall of 1979 , Armstrong was working at his farm near Lebanon , Ohio . As he jumped off of the back of his grain truck , his wedding ring caught in the wheel , tearing off the tip of his ring finger . He collected the severed digit and packed it in ice , and surgeons reattached it at the Jewish Hospital in Louisville , Kentucky . In February 1991 , a year after his father had died , and nine months after the death of his mother , he suffered a mild heart attack while skiing with friends at Aspen , Colorado .
Armstrong married his first wife Janet Shearon on January 28 , 1956 . Their first son Eric was born in 1957 , followed by daughter , Karen , in 1959 . Karen died of a brain tumor in January 1962 , and the couple 's second son Mark was born in 1963 . Armstrong 's first wife , Janet , divorced him in 1994 , after 38 years of marriage . He had met his second wife , Carol Held Knight ( b . 1945 ) , in 1992 at a golf tournament , where they were seated together at the breakfast table . She said little to Armstrong , but two weeks later she received a call from him asking what she was doing — she replied she was cutting down a cherry tree ; 35 minutes later Armstrong was at her house to help out . They were married on June 12 , 1994 , in Ohio , and then had a second ceremony , at San Ysidro Ranch , in California . He lived in Indian Hill , Ohio .
Armstrong is generally referred to as a " reluctant " American Hero . John Glenn , the first American to orbit Earth , recalled Armstrong 's legendary humility . " He didn 't feel that he should be out huckstering himself , " the former Ohio senator told CNN . " He was a humble person , and that 's the way he remained after his lunar flight , as well as before . "
After 1994 , Armstrong refused all requests for autographs because he found that his signed items were selling for large amounts of money and that many forgeries were in circulation ; any requests that were sent to him received a form letter in reply , saying that he had stopped signing . Although his no @-@ autograph policy was well known , author Andrew Smith observed people at the 2002 Reno Air Races still trying to get signatures , with one person even claiming , " If you shove something close enough in front of his face , he 'll sign . " He also stopped sending out congratulatory letters to new Eagle Scouts , because he believed these letters should come from people who know the Scouts personally .
Use of Armstrong 's name , image , and famous quote caused him problems over the years . MTV wanted to use his quote for its now @-@ famous identity depicting the Apollo 11 landing when it launched in 1981 , but he refused . Armstrong sued Hallmark Cards in 1994 after they used his name and a recording of the " one small step " quote in a Christmas ornament without permission . The lawsuit was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount of money which Armstrong donated to Purdue .
In May 2005 , Armstrong became involved in an unusual legal dispute with his barber of 20 years , Mark Sizemore . After cutting Armstrong 's hair , Sizemore sold some of it to a collector for $ 3 @,@ 000 without Armstrong 's knowledge or permission . Armstrong threatened legal action against Sizemore unless he returned the hair or donated the proceeds to a charity of Armstrong 's choosing . Sizemore , unable to retrieve the hair , decided to donate the proceeds to the charity of Armstrong 's choice .
Since the early 1980s , Armstrong has been the subject of a hoax saying that he converted to Islam after hearing the adhan , the Muslim call to prayer , while walking on the Moon . The Indonesian singer Suhaemi wrote a song called " Gema Suara Adzan di Bulan " ( " The Resonant Sound of the Call to Prayer on the Moon " ) which described Armstrong 's conversion ; the song was discussed widely in various Jakarta news outlets in 1983 . Other similar hoax stories were seen in Egypt and Malaysia . In March 1983 , the U.S. State Department responded by issuing a global message to Muslims saying that Armstrong " has not converted to Islam " . However , the hoax was not completely quieted ; it surfaced occasionally for the next three decades . A part of the confusion stems from the similarity between Armstrong 's American residence in Lebanon , Ohio , and the country Lebanon which has a majority population of Muslims .
= = Illness and death = =
Armstrong underwent vascular bypass surgery on August 7 , 2012 , to relieve blocked coronary arteries . Although he was reportedly recovering well , he developed complications in the hospital and died on August 25 , in Cincinnati , Ohio . After his death , Armstrong was described , in a statement released by the White House , as " among
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
early application of these new theoretical tools was in phonographic sound reproduction . A recurring problem with early phonograph designs was that mechanical resonances in the pickup and sound transmission mechanism caused excessively large peaks and troughs in the frequency response , resulting in poor sound quality . In 1923 , Harrison of the Western Electric Company filed a patent for a phonograph in which the mechanical design was entirely represented as an electrical circuit . The horn of the phonograph is represented as a transmission line , and is a resistive load for the rest of the circuit , while all the mechanical and acoustic parts — from the pickup needle through to the horn — are translated into lumped components according to the impedance analogy . The circuit arrived at is a ladder topology of series resonant circuits coupled by shunt capacitors . This can be viewed as a bandpass filter circuit . Harrison designed the component values of this filter to have a specific passband corresponding to the desired audio passband ( in this case 100 Hz to 6 kHz ) and a flat response . Translating these electrical element values back into mechanical quantities provided specifications for the mechanical components in terms of mass and stiffness , which in turn could be translated into physical dimensions for their manufacture . The resulting phonograph has a flat frequency response in its passband and is free of the resonances previously experienced . Shortly after this , Harrison filed another patent using the same methodology on telephone transmit and receive transducers .
Harrison used Campbell 's image filter theory , which was the most advanced filter theory available at the time . In this theory , filter design is viewed essentially as an impedance matching problem . More advanced filter theory was brought to bear on this problem by Norton in 1929 at Bell Labs . Norton followed the same general approach though he later described to Darlington the filter he designed as being " maximally flat " . Norton 's mechanical design predates the paper by Butterworth who is usually credited as the first to describe the electronic maximally flat filter . The equations Norton gives for his filter correspond to a singly terminated Butterworth filter , that is , one driven by an ideal voltage source with no impedance , whereas the form more usually given in texts is for the doubly terminated filter with resistors at both ends , making it hard to recognise the design for what it is . Another unusual feature of Norton 's filter design arises from the series capacitor , which represents the stiffness of the diaphragm . This is the only series capacitor in Norton 's representation , and without it , the filter could be analysed as a low @-@ pass prototype . Norton moves the capacitor out of the body of the filter to the input at the expense of introducing a transformer into the equivalent circuit ( Norton 's figure 4 ) . Norton has used here the " turning round the L " impedance transform to achieve this .
The definitive description of the subject from this period is Maxfield and Harrison 's 1926 paper . There , they describe not only how mechanical bandpass filters can be applied to sound reproduction systems , but also apply the same principles to recording systems and describe a much improved disc cutting head .
= = = Volume production = = =
The first volume production of mechanical filters was undertaken by Collins Radio Company starting in the 1950s . These were originally designed for telephone frequency @-@ division multiplex applications where there is commercial advantage in using high quality filters . Precision and steepness of the transition band leads to a reduced width of guard band , which in turn leads to the ability to squeeze more telephone channels into the same cable . This same feature is useful in radio transmitters for much the same reason . Mechanical filters quickly also found popularity in VHF / UHF radio intermediate frequency ( IF ) stages of the high end radio sets ( military , marine , amateur radio and the like ) manufactured by Collins . They were favoured in the radio application because they could achieve much higher Q @-@ factors than the equivalent LC filter . High Q allows filters to be designed which have high selectivity , important for distinguishing adjacent radio channels in receivers . They also had an advantage in stability over both LC filters and monolithic crystal filters . The most popular design for radio applications was torsional resonators because radio IF typically lies in the 100 to 500 kHz band .
= = Transducers = =
Both magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducers are used in mechanical filters . Piezoelectric transducers are favoured in recent designs since the piezoelectric material can also be used as one of the resonators of the filter , thus reducing the number of components and thereby saving space . They also avoid the susceptibility to extraneous magnetic fields of the magnetostrictive type of transducer .
= = = Magnetostrictive = = =
A magnetostrictive material is one which changes shape when a magnetic field is applied . In reverse , it produces a magnetic field when distorted . The magnetostrictive transducer requires a coil of conducting wire around the magnetostrictive material . The coil either induces a magnetic field in the transducer and sets it in motion or else picks up an induced current from the motion of the transducer at the filter output . It is also usually necessary to have a small magnet to bias the magnetostrictive material into its operating range . It is possible to dispense with the magnets if the biasing is taken care of on the electronic side by providing a d.c. current superimposed on the signal , but this approach would detract from the generality of the filter design .
The usual magnetostrictive materials used for the transducer are either ferrite or compressed powdered iron . Mechanical filter designs often have the resonators coupled with steel or nickel @-@ iron wires , but on some designs , especially older ones , nickel wire may be used for the input and output rods . This is because it is possible to wind the transducer coil directly on to a nickel coupling wire since nickel is slightly magnetostrictive . However , it is not strongly so and coupling to the electrical circuit is weak . This scheme also has the disadvantage of eddy currents , a problem that is avoided if ferrites are used instead of nickel .
The coil of the transducer adds some inductance on the electrical side of the filter . It is common practice to add a capacitor in parallel with the coil so that an additional resonator is formed which can be incorporated into the filter design . While this will not improve performance to the extent that an additional mechanical resonator would , there is some benefit and the coil has to be there in any case .
= = = Piezoelectric = = =
A piezoelectric material is one which changes shape when an electric field is applied . In reverse , it produces an electric field when it is distorted . A piezoelectric transducer , in essence , is made simply by plating electrodes on to the piezoelectric material . Early piezoelectric materials used in transducers such as barium titanate had poor temperature stability . This precluded the transducer from functioning as one of the resonators ; it had to be a separate component . This problem was solved with the introduction of lead zirconate titanate ( abbreviated PZT ) which is stable enough to be used as a resonator . Another common piezoelectric material is quartz , which has also been used in mechanical filters . However , ceramic materials such as PZT are preferred for their greater electromechanical coupling coefficient .
One type of piezoelectric transducer is the Langevin type ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
) for training flight attendants for the RAAF 's VIP jets until 2015 , when No. 34 Squadron established its own training section and took over the task . The C @-@ 130J FFMS was networked to a virtual exercise in August 2015 , allowing aircrew operating the simulator at No. 285 Squadron to interact for the first time with other exercise participants in Australia , the US and the UK . By February 2016 , according to No. 285 Squadron 's commanding officer , ninety per cent of C @-@ 130 flying training was conducted in the FFMS . In March , a commemorative cairn and garden was unveiled at Richmond in tribute to the squadron 's inaugural commanding officer , " Zip " Szypula , who died in March 2001 with his partner and her daughter in an avalanche in the Himalayas , while preparing to climb Mount Everest .
= Homesick ( A Day to Remember album ) =
Homesick is the third studio album by American rock band A Day to Remember , produced by Chad Gilbert and the band , and released in February 2009 . It was the band 's second album for Victory . The album features material written while the band had been touring , which Andrew Wade helped them demo . Recording took place between October and November 2008 at The Wade Studio , located in Ocala . Featured on the album are guest vocalists Mike Hranica ( The Devil Wears Prada ) , Vincent Bennett ( The Acacia Strain ) and Sierra Kusterbeck ( VersaEmerge ) . Recorded during the album sessions but remaining unreleased is an instrumental called " Money Maker " . Several of the album 's songs appeared on the band 's MySpace profile before the release of the album .
Planned for a mid @-@ February 2009 release by Victory before being moved forward two weeks , the album sold 22 @,@ 000 copies in the first week and charted at number 21 on the U.S. Billboard 200 . It also charted at number 165 in the UK . It was the band 's final album featuring Tom Denney on guitar , who was replaced on tour by Kevin Skaff . Three singles were released from the album : " NJ Legion Iced Tea " in January 2009 , " The Downfall of Us All " in March 2009 , " Have Faith in Me " in August 2009 . Only the third of these charted , at number 40 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . A re @-@ release with additional tracks was released in October 2009 . Several of the album tracks are available for Rock Band . In 2014 , two songs from the album , " The Downfall of Us All " and " If It Means a Lot to You " , were certified gold by the RIAA . The album was certified Silver in the UK by the BPI in 2015 , and Gold in
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the United States the following year .
= = Background and composition = =
A Day to Remember were pressed for a new album by their record label , Victory , in early 2008 ; bassist Joshua Woodard said the band weren 't ready to record a new album at the time . This resulted in a re @-@ release of their previous album , For Those Who Have Heart ( 2007 ) , with additional tracks . The songs featured on Homesick were written while the band were on Warped Tour 2008 and on the Easycore Tour with producer Chad Gilbert of New Found Glory . The songs were finished on the latter tour . Gilbert helped to structure the band 's songs and also assisted the band with composing " a few really catchy parts " . The album 's lyrics are similar to their previous efforts , with the band aiming to " keep it as personal and open at the same time " , as vocalist Jeremy McKinnon commented . Speaking of the album 's sound , McKinnon said that the band " wanted to make sure it was heavier and poppier " while at the same time trying " to take it to the next level " .
= = Music and lyrics = =
= = = Tracks 1 – 6 = = =
In the early hours of one morning , McKinnon was driving to Ocala , Florida when the chorus guitar riff to " The Downfall of Us All " came to him , sometime in September 2008 . Upon arriving at his mom 's house , he got an acoustic guitar and worked the song out , finishing it within 2 days . The song 's lyrics are about pressure when it comes to songwriting and the attempt to make people happy because of it . It was the last song written for the album . " My Life for Hire " was one of the first songs written for the album , but remained unfinished until shortly before recording sessions began . The lyrics refer to the music business and how the band were told that they couldn 't " be the band we wanted to be " , as McKinnon commented . The title " I 'm Made of Wax , Larry , What Are You Made Of ? " was a quote that McKinnon " thought was cool " , from the movie Night at the Museum , while the lyrics are about getting revenge . " NJ Legion Iced Tea " refers to how someone would feel watching gigs . The title for " Mr. Highway 's Thinking About the End " also comes from a movie , The Good Son , while the lyrics are about people attempting to undermine your achievements . " Have Faith in Me " is about trusting other people , and looking after them .
= = = Tracks 7 – 12 = = =
" Welcome to the Family " features a recording of Andrew Wade 's heart beat towards the end of the track . The title track , " Homesick " , was written as one piece , before being split into two songs , which the band thought didn 't work well and changed it back to one song . McKinnon said he was " proud " of the track : " My parents were really happy when they first heard it : My dad is always worried about me and my mom really did ask me to write her some soft songs . I finally did . " " Holdin ' It Down for the Underground " came about after McKinnon lost two family members and writing the song helped him relieve the pain .
" You Already Know What You Are " is about negative people and music critics , and doing whatever you want no matter what others say . The song 's title was a saying from a friend of the band . The title for " Another Song About the Weekend " is a reference to Secret Lives of the Freemasons 's album Weekend Warriors ( 2008 ) , while the lyrics are about " a sick cycle " of " life on the road [ ... ] Every time you 're gone , you miss home and when you get home , you miss the road " . " If It Means a Lot to You " had been written over the course of
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, although his credibility comes into question when he believes himself to be a character in the plot of Star Trek .
Using information from her visions , Olivia tracks down the victim 's twin sister , who only moments before was kidnapped for more ZFT experimentation . Harris ( Michael Gaston ) is revealed to be responsible for the crimes , and while closing in on him , Olivia gets locked in a room with the twin sister , whose unstable pyrokinetic abilities threaten both their lives . With Olivia 's guidance , the woman focuses her energy on Harris and incinerates him . Olivia finds out that the sisters were part of the same nootropic drug trial that she was as a child . She presses Walter to reveal why he and William Bell were developing " supersoldiers , " but Walter only shares that it was for protection against some impending doom that he regrettably cannot recall .
Meanwhile , Walter reveals that the ZFT manuscript was written by William Bell , and that the copy of the manuscript that ZFT uses is missing a chapter dealing with ethics . He locates the original , but the Observer ( Michael Cerveris ) shows up and takes Walter away , cryptically stating : " it is time to go . " Nina Sharp ( Blair Brown ) visits Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) to discuss the Observer , and is later shot in her hotel by two masked gunmen using a suppressed pistol .
= = Production = =
The episode 's teleplay was co @-@ written by supervising producer J.R. Orci and executive producer Jeff Pinkner , based on a story by Akiva Goldsman . Producer Frederick E. O. Toye served as director . Goldsman had joined the series half way through the season by writing and directing the mythology @-@ riddled episode " Bad Dreams " , and was instrumental in convincing the showrunners to depict more Fringe mythology earlier than planned , most notably with the depiction of parallel universes . The title of " The Road Not Taken " is based on the Robert Frost poem of the same name .
New Media consultants and scientists Robert Chiappetta and Glen Whitman aided in the production of the episode . They had worked on the series throughout the first season , with their role ranging from directly writing episodes to advising the others on scientific concepts . Whitman later explained that they " come to us with questions : Is this possible ? Where can we go with this ? Then we go and read the very technical articles , or talk with scientists , and then translate that into the storytelling medium of our show . " For " The Road Not Taken " , he and Chiappetta were asked to again " find a new and gruesome way to blow people up , " this time by rooting it in the concept of pyrokinesis . Chiappetta explained , " They wanted to have someone spontaneously combust and burn up . So this is where we sort of leaned back into our mythology . "
They and the episode writers developed a storyline in which a victim 's childhood experimentation , when they were injected with something , was now " coming back to haunt them . " Whitman noted that the concept , like others in the show , was based on real scientific knowledge , " The notion is , some kind of a medical treatment that they were given allowed their brain to command vibrations that would take place . It really is true that essentially what heat is is vibrations of atoms , so if your brain can cause some kind of vibration to take place , eventually you could create enough heat to even create a flame . " Pinkner added , " And if you haven 't yet mastered pyrokinesis and the ability to excite molecules that are outside your body , well then your going to excite the ones inside your body and you 're going to blow up , sadly . "
For Harris ' immolation scene , first unit director Gary Rake emphasized safety , explaining that " everyone really has to think about what ’ s going on and really focus tonight . This is a quintessential moment where we can ’ t have any mistakes . " Everything in the scene was flame retardant , and a special burn unit crew was present . Actor Michael Gaston 's arm , immersed in a special gel , was actually inflamed and then extinguished after filming was cut . Then , Gaston 's stand @-@ in , stuntman Don Hewitt , Jr , was completely set on fire . Hewitt wore the same costume , a wig , a face shield , and was also covered in a flammable gel . It was Gaston 's final episode with the series .
Actress Jasika Nicole , who plays junior FBI agent Astrid Farnsworth , described the episode in a May 2009 interview , " It 's about spontaneously combusting . This is the episode I get to get out of the lab . I remember thinking I can 't wait to see what the set 's going to look like and how they will make it look when the spontaneous combusting takes place . And we get there and it 's just smoke on the walls , like a kitchen fire . I thought that was so funny because I thought there were going to be body parts everywhere , like a small explosion . But it 's a really good episode , which leads you into the coolest parts of the finale episode . "
= = Cultural references = =
The episode contains many cultural references , which Annalee Newitz of io9 attributed to the episode 's writers : " It was bound to happen that one day these four supernerds would get together and spawn an episode so packed with in @-@ groupy pop culture references that smacking is probably in order . " Peter and Walter reference the 1984 supernatural comedy film Ghostbusters while investigating the opening scene 's case , and later debate the origin of the term pyrokinesis , coined by author Stephen King in his 1981 novel Firestarter . Emmanuel Grayson refers to the titular character of the 1982 science fiction film Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , as well as Romulans and the United Federation of Planets , when describing government conspiracies to Peter and Olivia . Grayson also believes himself to be Mr. Spock . This reference is made even more appropriate by the fact that Spock 's mother was named Amanda Grayson .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" The Road Not Taken " was first broadcast in the United States on May 5 , 2009 on the Fox network . It was watched by an estimated 9 @.@ 245 million viewers , making it the network 's fifth most watched show for the week . The episode earned a 4 @.@ 0 / 10 ratings share among adults aged 18 to 49 , meaning that it was seen by 4 @.@ 0 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 10 percent
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
@,@ 000 km2 . SRDC headquarters is also located inside the Wisma Sanyan tower .
Sibu Islamic Complex opened in September 2014 . It houses Sibu Resident Office , Sibu District Office , State Treasury Office , Social Welfare Department , and State Islamic Religious Department ( JAIS ) .
= = = International relations = = =
As of 2015 , Sibu is twinned to fifteen places in China :
= = Geography = =
Sibu town is located near the Rajang delta at the confluence of Rajang and Igan rivers . Peat swamp forests and alluvial plains are particularly prevalent in the Sibu Division . The Sibu town is located on a deep peat soil . This has caused problems in infrastructure development because buildings and roads will slowly sink into the ground after its construction completion . The location of Sibu in lowland peat swamps have subjected it to frequent floods which was about 1 to 3 times per year . Therefore , Sibu Flood Mitigation project was started to relieve the area from the floods . The highest elevation in Sibu is a peak at Bukit Aup Jubilee Park measuring 59 m above sea level .
= = = Climate = = =
Sibu has a tropical rainforest climate according to Köppen climate classification . The Sibu town has high temperatures of 30 – 33 ° C ( 86 – 91 ° F ) and low temperatures of 22 @.@ 5 – 23 ° C ( 72 @.@ 5 – 73 @.@ 4 ° F ) . Annual rainfall is approximately 3 @,@ 200 millimetres ( 130 in ) , with relative humidity between 80 and 87 % . Sibu receives between 4 and 5 hours of sunlight per day with yearly average daily values of global solar radiation of 15 @.@ 2 MJ / m2 . Cloud cover over Sibu reduces during the months of June and July ( 6 @.@ 75 Oktas ) but increases from November to February ( 7 Oktas ) .
= = Demographics = =
The change in Sibu 's population since 1947 is shown below :
= = = Ethnicity = = =
According to the 2010 Malaysian census , the town of Sibu ( excluding suburban area ) has total population of 162 @,@ 676 . Chinese ( 63 @.@ 4 % , 101 @,@ 019 ) is the largest ethnic group in the town , followed by indigenous people ( 35 @.@ 7 % , 56 @,@ 949 ) , Indians ( 0 @.@ 5 % , 598 ) , and non @-@ Malaysians ( 3 @,@ 236 ) . Among the indigenous tribes , there are Iban ( 26 @,@ 777 ) , Malays ( 16 @,@ 646 ) , Melanau ( 10 @,@ 028 ) , Bidayuh ( 1 @,@ 337 ) , and other indigenous tribes ( 874 ) . A majority of the non @-@ Malaysians are Indonesian workers employed at plywood and sawmills factories . There are also a number of illegal workers employed by syndicates to tap rubber . A number of foreign Chinese nationals and Indonesians are also working in massage parlours .
= = = Languages = = =
Since the majority of the town population is made up of Foochow and Hokkien Chinese , Mandarin Chinese , Fuzhou dialect and Hokkien Chinese are commonly spoken . The majority of Sibu Chinese are multilingual and are able to speak both Malay and English . Indigenous languages such as Sarawak Malay , Melanau , Bidayuh and Iban are also spoken .
= = = Religion = = =
The majority of the Chinese population in Sibu are Christians while other Chinese practice Buddhism , Taoism , and Confucianism . Some of the Iban in Sibu are Christians . Malays and Melanaus are Muslims . Respective religious groups are free to hold their processions in the town . Several notable religious buildings in the town are Sacred Heart Cathedral , Masland Methodist Church , Tua Pek Kong Temple , and An @-@ Nur Mosque . Yu Lun San Tien En Si ( 玉龙山天恩寺 ) or Jade Dragon Temple is located at KM26 Sibu @-@ Bintulu Road . The temple combined Buddhism , Taoism and Confucianism under one roof . It is claimed to be the largest temple in South East Asia .
= = Economy = =
In the early days , Chinese Foochow settlers in Sibu tried to convert the town into a rice cultivation centre . However , this vision did not materialise because the soil was not suitable for rice cultivation . In August 1909 , Charles Brooke agreed to grant land titles to Sibu Chinese farmers and encouraged them to cultivate rubber plantations . The rise of rubber prices from 1909 to 1911 had encouraged another 2 @,@ 000 Foochow settles to come to Sibu . The demand for rubber rose again during Korean War between 1950 and 1953 and has benefited Sibu rubber plantations . Local farmers later used the profits from rubber plantations into setting up shops at Sungai Merah and Durin bazaars and involve in more profitable timber industry . During the Sarawak Communist Insurgency in the 1970s , rural farmers had to abandon their rubber plantations because of martial law declared by the state government which forbade them for helping the communists operating in the jungles .
The timber industry in Sibu flourished during the 1940s and 1950s and its economic importance surpassed rubber plantations in the 1960s . Several global timber conglomerates such as the Rimbunan Hijau Group , Ta Ann Holdings Berhad , Sanyan Group , WTK , The Sarawak Company , and Asia Plywood Company set up their headquarters in Sibu . Timber processing and exports become the main economic driving force in Sibu . Development of the timber industry in Sibu has been supported by loans given by the earliest Chinese banks in Sibu such as Wah Tat Bank ( 1929 ) , Hock Hua Bank ( 1952 ) , and Kong Ming Bank ( 1965 ) . Following the introduction of " Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1989 " ( BAFIA ) by the Malaysian federal government , Kong Ming Bank was acquired by EON Bank in 1992 , followed by the merger of Wah Tat Bank with Hong Leong Bank and the merger of Hock Hua Bank with Public Bank Berhad in the year 2000 . In 1958 , HSBC started its banking operation in Kuching , followed by Sibu in 1959 . It was responsible for supporting several timber conglomerates in Sibu such as WTK and Ta Ann Holdings Berhad . In November 2013 , HSBC decided to close down all its commercial banking sectors in Sarawak after the bank was alleged for supporting non @-@ sustainable logging operations in Sarawak .
Shipbuilding business in Sibu started in the 1930s to supply wooden boats for river and coastal navigation . It flourished in 1970s and 1980s along with increase in exports of tropical timber from Sarawak . It later shifted its focus into steel boat building . Some of the vessels in demand are tug boats for towing logs , barges for carrying logs , anchor handlers , Offshore Support Vessels ( OSV ) , ferries , and express boats for carrying passengers . Most of the boats built are of small and medium in size . There are a total of 40 shipyards in Sibu . A majority of the workers are welders . In 2003 , 17 of the shipyards were relocated to Rantau Panjang Integrated Shipyard Shipbuilding Industrial Zone , Sibu . This included Yong Chin Kui , Far East , and TuongAik . The boats built in Sibu are often exported to neighbouring state of Sabah , Peninsular Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia and United Arab Emirates . In the year 1991 , a total of US $ 50 million was earned for shipbuilding business in Sibu . In 2011 , Sibu ship exports stood at RM 525 million . Sibu
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ah Wan Ismail , president of PKR , told the press that " we should not keep talking about Malay supremacy or marginalising a certain race , which is not what the people want to see , " urging instead the adoption of ketuanan rakyat .
Not long thereafter , Hishammuddin himself apologised for his brandishing of the keris at the three previous UMNO annual general assemblies , saying he was sorry " if it had affected the non @-@ Malays " . He refused to comment on whether he would repeat the act in the future . His conditional apology was met with heavy criticism from within UMNO ; one media outlet described the reaction as such : " The sentiment among many in the party is that the Chinese and Indians betrayed the BN when they voted for Pakatan Rakyat . There is hurt . There is anger . So why should Hishammuddin be too concerned about what non @-@ Malays think of the keris act ? " Many felt that the apology itself threatened Malay supremacy . Abdullah welcomed the apology , saying it was brave and " made it clear to the non @-@ Malays the important role the keris had in the Malay community " . In response to questions about the diminishing of Malay supremacy post @-@ elections , he said that it was more about parity for the Bumiputra communities , rejecting the notion of political dominance :
So when we talk about ( Malay supremacy ) , we mean we must be successful in many fields . It is never about ruling over others , or forcing our power upon them ... We are not going to be a race that dominates others . We want to be a party that represents the Malays and that is ready to co @-@ operate for the future of Malays and the people , as Malays will also succeed when all Malaysians are successful . ... That is Malay supremacy and I hope people will understand it .
Shortly thereafter , Information Minister Ahmad Shabery Cheek insisted that ketuanan Melayu did not imply a master @-@ slave relationship in any sense between the Malays and non @-@ Malays . Instead , he suggested , it referred to the institution of the Malay monarchs , who had once been the " masters " , but gave up their primacy when the Federal Constitution was adopted at independence . Shabery cited Article 182 of the Constitution , which grants the royalty certain legal immunities , as an example of Malay supremacy . However , some prominent members of the royalty such as the Raja of Perlis and former Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Putra Syed Jamalullail have themselves been critical of ketuanan Melayu ; in early 2009 , the Raja stated that " In Malaysia , every race is tuan [ master ] ... I believe that if everyone understands that every individual of any race , should not be deprived of their rights , then the efforts of certain parties who think that the supremacy or rights should only be given to a particular race can be stopped . "
In late 2009 , the Cabinet decided to change the curriculum of Biro Tata Negara ( National Civics Bureau , or BTN ) programmes , which are mandatory for public servants and students studying on public funds . Many , especially politicians from Pakatan Rakyat , had previously criticised BTN programmes as propaganda for ketuanan Melayu ; citing this , the Selangor state government banned its civil servants and students from attending BTN courses . Some Ministers and former Prime Minister Mahathir defended BTN as necessary to imbue participants with the values of discipline and honesty , denying they had anything to do with ketuanan Melayu . Minister in the Prime Minister 's Department Nazri Aziz insisted the Cabinet was right to demand a change in BTN , calling Mahathir a racist and saying :
They all know what the syllabus is all about so who are we to say that it did not happen ? You want to lie ? You make people laugh . I mean there are people who attended the courses who came out very angry . There were many instances of the use of words like ketuanan Melayu . It is ridiculous ...
= The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter ( Once Upon a Time ) =
" The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " is the seventh episode of the first season of the American fairy tale / drama television series Once Upon a Time , and the seventh overall . The episode was co @-@ written by series creators Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis , while being directed by David M. Barrett . Horowitz and Kitsis had intended to kill off Graham since the pilot episode was picked up , believing that it would add " stakes " to the series and show viewers that the story is " not in Henry 's head . " The episode is considered significant , as Graham 's death reveals that Regina is aware of her fairytale past .
The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke , Maine , in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales that were transported to the " real world " town by a powerful curse . This episode 's story follows Sheriff Graham ( Jamie Dornan ) as he remembers his fairytale counterpart , leading to significant consequences that parallel his previous life as the Huntsman . It first aired in the United States on ABC on December 11 , 2011 . An estimated 8 @.@ 91 million viewers watched the episode , placing third in its timeslot behind NBC and CBS . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics , as some praised Dornan 's character but were divided on the ending sequence . It was the series ' mid @-@ season finale .
= = Plot = =
= = = Opening Sequence = = =
A wolf is shown in the forest .
= = = In Storybrooke = = =
In Granny 's Cafe , Sheriff Graham ( Jamie Dornan ) throws darts at a picture of a deer very accurately . Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) arrives but leaves immediately because she has not forgiven him for hiding his relationship with Regina ( Lana Parrilla ) . Emma
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
attempts to avoid conversation , but Graham is insistent on explaining to her he feels nothing for Regina . He kisses Emma and suddenly sees a vision of a wolf , only to have Emma push him away . Frustrated by Emma 's lack of understanding , Graham later sleeps with Regina . During the night , he awakens abruptly from a dream of a deer and a wolf . When Graham tells Regina that the dream felt like a memory , Regina tries to convince him to stay , but Graham leaves . As Graham attempts to get to his car , the wolf from his visions appears next to him , startling him before it leaves . As he tries to find the wolf in the woods , he runs into Mr. Gold ( Robert Carlyle ) . Graham tells him about the wolf , and Mr. Gold suggests to him that dreams are memories from another life .
The following morning , Emma discovers flowers on the table and throws them out , assuming they are from Graham , but Mary Margaret ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) says that they were hers from Dr. Whale ( David Anders ) , with whom she had a one @-@ night stand . Emma is glad to hear that Mary Margaret appears to be getting over David ( Josh Dallas ) . Mary Margaret tells Emma that it is obvious that she has feelings for Graham , but does not acknowledge them because she is putting up a " wall " to keep herself from getting hurt .
The sheriff finds the wolf in the woods , and when he whistles , the wolf goes to him . As he pets the wolf 's head , he sees himself holding a knife , about to hurt the woman he only knows as Mary Margaret . Graham pays a visit to her classroom , telling her that he believes they know each other from another life , before Storybrooke . Mary Margaret assumes that the sheriff has been talking to Henry , and while this is not the case , this gives Graham the idea to consult Henry about his book . Meanwhile , at the sheriff 's office , Regina shows up and warns Emma to stay away from Graham , apparently jealous of his connection with Emma .
Graham visits Henry ( Jared S. Gilmore ) and describes his visions to Henry , to which Henry replies that he must be the queen 's Huntsman . The Huntsman was hired by the Evil Queen to remove Snow White 's heart and bring it back to her , but when he does not do so , she removes his heart . Graham later attempts to explain to Emma that he could not feel anything with Regina because he does not have a heart . Graham and Emma then encounter the wolf from Graham 's visions , and follow it to a graveyard and vault marked with a symbol Graham saw in his visions and in Henry 's book . Looking for his heart , Graham fervently searches the vault , which turns out to be the tomb of Henry Mills . Regina arrives to place flowers on her father 's grave and is furious to find them there .
Regina accuses Emma of stealing the sheriff from her , and Emma responds that Regina has chased everyone away . Graham defends Emma , and the women exchange blows . Later , while Graham cleans Emma 's wounds , Regina pushes aside the stone inside the vault , which turns out not to be a tomb after all ; the stone reveals a staircase . Emma realizes her feelings for Graham and the two kiss just as Regina opens a storage box in the hidden room and clutches Graham 's heart , crushing it to dust , showing that she remembers being the Evil Queen . Before he collapses and dies , Graham 's last words to Emma are " I remember ! Thank you . "
= = = In the Characters ' Past = = =
In the Enchanted Forest , the Evil Queen mourns the death of her husband , Snow White 's father , although she herself is responsible for his death . Snow ( Goodwin ) and the Queen seemingly comfort each other over the loss . The Queen consults her magic mirror ( Esposito ) to ask how she can kill Snow , who is beloved by the people but a threat to her bid for the throne . She says that the king 's knights will not kill his daughter , and the mirror tells her that she needs a huntsman . As Graham saw in his flashbacks , the Huntsman ( Dornan ) and his brother wolf seem to enjoy living a peaceful life in the woods . The Huntsman kills only for himself to live , and has no compassion for humans , who do not understand the wild . As the Huntsman and his wolf enter a tavern , the other patrons begin harassing him , prompting him to successfully defend himself . His performance is viewed in the magic mirror by the Queen , who is greatly impressed . She summons the Huntsman to offer him anything he wants on the condition that he brings her Snow 's heart . He agrees to this deal , in return asking for the protection of all the wolves in the Enchanted Forest .
Snow and the Huntsman walk together in the forest , and she sees through his disguise and correctly guesses that he was sent by the Queen to kill her . Snow flees , but as the Huntsman catches up with her , he finds her writing a letter , which she requests he deliver to the queen after she is killed . The Huntsman takes out his knife , but instead of killing her , he fashions a whistle out of a bamboo stick , telling her that it will summon help and then telling her to run . The Huntsman then returns to the queen with a deer heart , hoping that she will not know the difference . The queen asks him to read her the letter , which is an apology for past wrongs as well as a request from Snow that her stepmother rule the kingdom with compassion . The queen burns the letter and takes the box with the heart in it to store in her vault . When she cannot open one of her storage safes , it proves that the Huntsman lied to her ; the heart is not human . The Queen has her guards drag him down to the vault and she yanks his glowing heart out of his body . She tells the Huntsman that from now on he will be her pet and will do her bidding forever , and if he ever betrays her , all she has to do is squeeze .
= = Production = =
The episode was co @-@ written by co @-@ creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz , and was directed by The Mentalist veteran David M. Barrett . Guest actor Giancarlo Esposito made his second appearance in the series as Magic Mirror / Sidney Glass . Meghan Ory returned as Ruby / Red Riding Hood , while Scott Heindl made his only appearance for the series as Bartholomew . Leading up to the episode broadcast , Kitsis and Horowitz noted that " The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " would feature consequences of events that occurred in the previous episode . Horowitz explained , " Emma is in a raw emotional place , trying to come to terms with her feelings about what she discovered about Graham . Graham is also in a very raw emotional place because he 's clearly conflicted and it 's this cauldron of emotions that leads to the kiss . " Kitsis added that , " We 're really excited that the kiss that you 've seen is really just the jumping off point of the story we 're telling . It 's not like it ends with the kiss , it starts with that and it takes us somewhere that we 're excited to show you . "
In the episode , the character of Sheriff Graham was killed off , something that actor Jamie Dornan had known would happen since ABC picked up the pilot . It was the first major death of the series . In an interview with E ! reporter Kristin Dos Santos , Dornan hinted that while his counterpart in Storybrooke has died , the huntsman could return at some point , as Dornan is still a regular on the series . As much of the episode involves Graham discovering his fairytale past , the writers designed the episode to mislead viewers by having them invest in the character . Kitsis and Horowitz commented that while the death made them " sad , " the battle between Emma and Regina requires " stakes and unfortunately , sometimes stakes are people 's lives . " They also decided to kill the character relatively early in the series in order to show viewers that " it 's real . It 's not in Henry 's head . " Kitsis continued , " It ’ s interesting , but part of the intent was to make you love him and we loved him very much . And the fact that the audience seems to have loved him means a lot to us , in that we feel like we succeeded on that front . If you don ’ t feel sad , then it was a failure of the execution of the story . "
Actress Lana Parrilla believed that Graham helped fill a void for her character , commenting that his loss " was not easy for [ Regina ] . That ’ s why , when she crushes his heart , there ’ s a tear coming out of her eye . She didn ’ t want to do it , but she had no choice — almost like how she had no choice to kill her father . I ’ m not saying I agree with it , but for the character , it ’ s what she had to do . " Parrilla also cited " The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " as the first episode where viewers see " how the two worlds collided , " a reference to Regina 's ability to kill Graham by squeezing the heart of his fairytale counterpart . The revelation of the vault , Kitsis and Horowitz explained , " is a very important thing for us in terms of moving forward
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
) , a role held by Oberst Werner Streib at the time . Schnaufer pushed back , not wanting to push out his friend and mentor from this position . He argued that he would better serve the German cause fighting the enemy . Göring was convinced and Schnaufer remained in his position as Geschwaderkommodore .
The British propaganda radio station Soldatensender Calais ( Soldiers ' Radio Calais ) congratulated Schnaufer on account of his 23rd birthday on 16 February 1945 . The radio station explicitly addressed the soldiers of NJG 4 stationed in Gütersloh followed by the song " Das Nachtgespenst " [ The Bogeyman ] praising him for the honorary title given to him by the British bomber crews " The spook of St. Trond " .
Schnaufer 's greatest one @-@ night success and the second time he became an ace @-@ in @-@ a @-@ day was on 21 February 1945 , when he claimed nine Lancaster heavy bombers in the course of one day . Two were claimed in the early hours of the morning and a further seven , in just 19 minutes , in the evening between 20 : 44 and 21 : 03 . On 7 / 8 March , he claimed three RAF four @-@ engine bombers for victories 119 to 121 . These were his last victories of the war . He was then banned from further combat flying and was given the task of evaluating the then new Dornier Do 335 , a twin @-@ engine heavy fighter with a unique " push @-@ pull " layout , for its suitability as night fighter . Disobeying his ban from combat flying , he flew his last mission of the war on 9 April 1945 . Attempting to chase a Lancaster , he took off from Faßberg Air Base at 22 : 00 and landed after 79 minutes at 23 : 19 without success .
= = Prisoner of war = =
Schnaufer was taken prisoner of war by the British Army in Schleswig @-@ Holstein in May 1945 . According to Schumann , he was taken to England for interrogation . In this account British authorities were especially interested in knowing whether his achievements had been made under the influence of methamphetamine or other stimulating psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical functions or both . He was released later that year in November following a bout of diphtheria .
According to Hinchliffe , this is an incorrect statement . Hinchliffe based his account on Rumpelhardt 's testimony who claims that Schnaufer was never taken to England . Rumpelhardt was released on 4 August 1945 and soon after Schnaufer was admitted to a hospital in Flensburg , ill with a combination of diphtheria and scarlet fever . Interrogation had begun in late May 1945 by a team of twelve officers from the Department of Air Technical Intelligence ( DAT ) , led by Air Commodore Roderick Aeneas Chisholm . The German prisoners were brought to Eggebek . Here they conducted a number of interviews with various members of the night fighter force .
= = Later life and death = =
Following his release from the hospital and as a prisoner of war — the exact date is unknown — Schnaufer took over the family wine business . He had never planned to run the family winery as his ambition had always been to pursue an officer 's career in the Luftwaffe . However , in the immediate aftermath of World War II the business had virtually ceased to exist and Schnaufer was given the task of rebuilding it from scratch . He had to re @-@ establish business links to suppliers and customers and to consolidate them . Then he had to make new contacts in order to facilitate expansion and growth of the business . Lastly , he had to create an infrastructure which supported the growth of the business .
As the wine business began to prosper , Schnaufer also gave thought to alternative employment possibilities in peacetime aviation . With his wartime friend Hermann Greiner , he traveled from Weil am Rhein to Bern in Switzerland to meet South American diplomats ; the two hoped to find employment as pilots in South America . To get to Bern , they crossed the Swiss @-@ German border illegally . The meeting was a failure . As they returned to Germany , they were caught by Swiss border guards attempting to make a second illegal border crossing . The Swiss handed them over to the French occupation authorities and they were imprisoned in Lörrach , where they remained until Schnaufer managed to make contact with a French general , who was a customer of the Schnaufer winery and had them released . This misadventure kept him away from his business for about half a year .
In July 1950 , Schnaufer was on a wine buying visit to France . On the afternoon of the 13 July , he was heading south on the Route Nationale No. 10 in his Mercedes @-@ Benz 170 convertible with a registration number " AWW 44 @-@ 3425 " . Just south of Bordeaux , at about 18 : 30 , he was involved in a collision with a Renault 22 truck . The accident occurred at the intersection of road D1 , present @-@ day D211 , and the N10 , present @-@ day D1010 , in Cestas ( 44 ° 42 ′ 04 ″ N 0 ° 42 ′ 20 ″ W ) . The truck , driven by Jean Antoine Gasc , was carrying a 6 metric tons ( 5 @.@ 9 long tons ; 6 @.@ 6 short tons ) load of empty gas cylinders . The collision ruptured the fuel tank of the Mercedes and ignited the petrol . Witnesses to the accident quickly put out the flames . Alice Ducourneau gave first aid to Schnaufer , who was bleeding from a wound from the back of his head . The police appeared at the scene of the accident at about 19 : 30 , followed by an ambulance shortly thereafter . Schnaufer had suffered a fractured skull , and was immediately taken to the Saint @-@ André Hôpital in Bordeaux .
Schnaufer never regained consciousness and succumbed to his injuries at the hospital two days later on 15 July 1950 . The investigation into the accident concluded that though the impact of the two vehicles was severe , it seemed unlikely that the collision itself was the cause of his injuries . It was speculated that at least one of the truck 's cargo of 30 empty gas cylinders , which were thrown off by the collision , had struck Schnaufer on the head . Subsequently the truck driver was charged with manslaughter and breach of traffic regulations before a court at Jauge , Cestas . The hearing began on 29 July 1950 and concluded with his conviction on 16 November 1950 . Gasc was found guilty of not yielding the right of way , and his speed was considered too high . It was ruled that as a consequence of not observing the law , he involuntarily caused the death of Schnaufer .
Schnaufer 's Messerschmitt Bf 110 G @-@ 4 / U 8 was brought to England after the war . The aircraft was displayed in London 's Hyde Park . The port @-@ side vertical stabiliser of this twin tailed aircraft , tallying all his victories , is preserved at the Imperial War Museum in London . A fin from another Bf 110 flown by Schnaufer is at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra . The street " Heinz @-@ Schnaufer @-@ Straße " in Calw was named after him .
= = Aerial victory credits = =
Heinz @-@ Wolfgang Schnaufer was the top @-@ scoring night fighter pilot of World War II . He was credited with 121 aerial victories claimed in just 164
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Bruton . It is a Grade I listed building , and scheduled monument . The bridge may have been built as a link between the former Bruton Abbey , and its Court House in the High Street . The bridge was restored after floods in 1982 .
The River Brue has a long history of flooding . Its lower reaches are close to sea @-@ level , and the river above Bruton drains an area of 31 square kilometres ( 12 sq mi ) into a steep and narrow valley . In 1984 a protective dam was built 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) upstream from the town .
The valley includes several Sites of Special Scientific Interest including Westhay Moor , Shapwick Heath and Shapwick Moor . Much of the area has been at the centre of peat extraction on the Somerset Levels . Large areas of peat were laid down on the Somerset Levels , particularly in the River Brue Valley , during the Quaternary period after the ice sheets melted . The extraction of peat from the Moors is known to have taken place during Roman times , and has been carried out since the Levels were first drained . Peat extraction on the Somerset Moors continues today , although much reduced .
= = History = =
The area is known to have been occupied since the Neolithic when people exploited the reedswamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways such as the Sweet and Post Tracks . The Sweet Track , named after the peat digger who discovered it in 1970 and dating from the 3800s BC , is the world 's oldest timber trackway , once thought to be the world 's oldest engineered roadway . The track was built between what was in the early 4th millennium BC an island at Westhay and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick , close to the River Brue . The remains of similar tracks have been uncovered nearby , connecting settlements on the peat bog including the Honeygore , Abbotts Way , Bells , Bakers , Westhay and Nidons trackways .
The Levels contain the best @-@ preserved prehistoric village in the UK , Glastonbury Lake Village , as well as two others at Meare Lake Village . Discovered in 1892 by Arthur Bulleid , it was inhabited by about 200 people living in 14 roundhouses , and was built on a morass on an artificial foundation of timber filled with brushwood , bracken , rubble and clay .
The valley was used during Romano @-@ British period when it was the site of salt extraction . At the time of King Arthur the Brue formed a lake just south of the hilly ground on which Glastonbury stands . According to legend this lake is one of the locations suggested by Arthurian legend as the home of the Lady of the Lake . Pomparles Bridge stood at the western end of this lake , guarding Glastonbury from the south , and it is suggested that it was here that Sir Bedivere threw Excalibur into the waters after King Arthur fell at the Battle of Camlann . John Leland noted in the 16th century that the bridge had four arches , while W. Phelps in an 1839 illustration as having only two arches , one pointed , probably from the 14th or 15th century , and the other round . Excavations in 1912 found the remains of a second round arch regarded as 12th century work . The current concrete arch bridge was built in 1911 and extended in 1972 . It carries the A39 road over the Brue .
= = = Alteration of route = = =
Before the 13th century the direct route to the sea at Highbridge was blocked by gravel banks and peat near Westhay . The course of the river partially encircled Glastonbury from the south , around the western side ( through Beckery ) , and then north through the Panborough @-@ Bleadney gap in the Wedmore @-@ Wookey Hills , to join the River Axe just north of Bleadney . This route made it difficult for the officials of Glastonbury Abbey to transport produce from their outlying estates to the Abbey , and when the valley of the river Axe was in flood it backed up to flood Glastonbury itself . Sometime between 1230 and 1250 a new channel was constructed westwards into Meare Pool north of Meare , and further westwards to Mark Moor . It then divided into two channels , one the Pilrow cut flowing north through Mark to join the Axe near Edingworth , and the other directly west to the sea at Highbridge . During monastic times , there were several fish weirs along the lower reaches of the river . They used either nets or baskets , the fishing rights belonging to the Bishop of Bath and Wells and the Abbot of Glastonbury .
= = = Drainage improvements = = =
Between 1774 and 1797 a series of enclosures took place in the Brue valley between the Poldens and Wedmore . In 1794 the annual floods filled the whole of the Brue valley . Work by the Commissioners of Sewers led to the 1801 Brue Drainage Act which enabled sections at Highbridge and Cripp 's Bridge to be straightened , and new feeder channels such as the North and South Drains to be constructed . In 1803 the clyse at Highbridge , which had been built before 1485 , was replaced and moved further downstream .
The area around Bruton has suffered over the centuries . The earliest recorded damage was in 1768 when a stone bridge was destroyed after the river rose very rapidly . On 28 June 1917 , 242 @.@ 8 millimetres ( 9 @.@ 56 in ) of rain fell in 24 hours at Bruton , leaving a water mark on one pub 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) above the normal level of the river . In 1982 extensive flooding occurred in the town , and as a result in 1984 a protective dam was built 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) upstream from the town .
= = = 19th , 20th and 21st centuries = = =
The mouth of the River Brue had an extensive harbour in Roman and Saxon times , before silting up in the medieval period . It was used again as a small harbour in the 17th and 18th centuries , and in 1833 the port of Highbridge was formally opened on the river . A new wharf , known as Clyce Wharf , was built on the Huntspill side of the river mouth by 1904 , and was used for the import of coal and the export of bricks and tiles and agricultural products . The port closed in 1949 .
Both Galton 's Canal and Brown 's Canal , which were built in the early 19th century , were connected to the river . The Glastonbury Canal used the course of the River Brue from Highbridge to Cripp 's Bridge , and part of the South Drain to Ashcott Corner . The Glastonbury Canal ran for just over 14 miles ( 23 km ) through two locks from Glastonbury to Highbridge , where it entered the River Parrett and from there the Bristol Channel . The canal was authorised by Parliament in 1827 and opened in 1834 . It was operated by The Glastonbury Navigation & Canal Company . Most of it was abandoned as a navigation in 1854 , when a railway was built along the towpath .
During the Second World War the Brue was incorporated into GHQ Line and many pillboxes were constructed along the river
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ignored by the Russian authorities . The Institute 's development was interrupted by the coming war , as most researchers were drafted into the French Army , and it fully resumed its activities in 1919 .
= = = World War I = = =
During World War I , Curie saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons . After a quick study of radiology , anatomy , and automotive mechanics she procured X @-@ ray equipment , vehicles , auxiliary generators , and developed mobile radiography units , which came to be popularly known as petites Curies ( " Little Curies " ) . She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France 's first military radiology centre , operational by late 1914 . Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17 @-@ year @-@ old daughter Irène , Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war . Later , she began training other women as aides .
In 1915 Curie produced hollow needles containing ' radium emanation ' , a colorless , radioactive gas given off by radium , later identified as radon , to be used for sterilizing infected tissue . She provided the radium from her own one @-@ gram supply . It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X @-@ ray units . Busy with this work , she carried out very little scientific research during that period . In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort , Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government .
Also , promptly after the war started , she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them . She did buy war bonds , using her Nobel Prize money . She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause . After the war , she summarized her war time experiences in a book Radiology in War ( 1919 ) .
= = = Postwar years = = =
In 1920 , for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium , the French government established a stipend for her ; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur ( 1822 – 95 ) . In 1921 , Marie was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium . Mrs. William Brown Meloney , after interviewing Marie , created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium , publicising her trip . In 1921 , US President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States . Before the meeting , recognising her growing fame abroad , and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public , the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award , but she refused . In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine . She also travelled to other countries , appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium , Brazil , Spain , and Czechoslovakia .
Led by Curie , the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners , including her daughter Irène Joliot @-@ Curie and her son @-@ in @-@ law , Frédéric Joliot @-@ Curie . Eventually , it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories , the others being the Cavendish Laboratory , with Ernest Rutherford ; the Institute for Radium Research , Vienna , with Stefan Meyer ; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry , with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner .
In August 1922 , Marie Curie became a member of the newly created International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations . In 1923 , she wrote a biography of Pierre , entitled Pierre Curie . In 1925 , she visited Poland , to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw . Her second American tour , in 1929 , succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium ; it was opened in 1932 and her sister Bronisława became its director . These distractions from her scientific labours and the attendant publicity caused her much discomfort but provided resources needed for her work . In 1930 , she was elected a member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where she served until her death .
= = = Death = = =
Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934 . A few months later , on 4 July 1934 , she died at the Sancellemoz Sanatorium in Passy , in Haute @-@ Savoie , from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long @-@ term exposure to radiation . The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work , which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed . She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket , and she stored them in her desk drawer , remarking on the faint light that the substances gave off in the dark . Curie was also exposed to X @-@ rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the war . Although her many decades of exposure to radiation caused chronic illnesses ( including near blindness due to cataracts ) and ultimately her death , she never really acknowledged the health risks of radiation exposure .
She was interred at the cemetery in Sceaux , alongside her husband Pierre . Sixty years later , in 1995 , in honour of their achievements , the remains of both were transferred to the Panthéon , Paris . She became the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits . In 2015 , two other women were also interred on their own merits .
Because of their levels of radioactive contamination , her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle . Even her cookbook is highly radioactive . Her papers are kept in lead @-@ lined boxes , and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing .
In her last year , she worked on a book , Radioactivity , which was published posthumously in 1935 .
= = Legacy = =
The physical and societal aspects of the Curies ' work contributed substantially to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty @-@ first centuries . Cornell University professor L. Pearce Williams observes :
The result of the Curies ' work was epoch @-@ making . Radium 's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored . It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics . On the experimental level the discovery of radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom . As a result of Rutherford 's experiments with alpha radiation , the nuclear atom was first postulated . In medicine , the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked .
If Curie 's work helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry , it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere . To attain her scientific achievements , she had to overcome barriers that were placed in her way because she was a woman , in both her native and her adoptive country . This aspect of her life and career is highlighted in Françoise Gir
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
oud 's Marie Curie : A Life , which emphasizes Marie 's role as a feminist precursor .
She was known for her honesty and moderate life style . Having received a small scholarship in 1893 , she returned it in 1897 as soon as she began earning her keep . She gave much of her first Nobel Prize money to friends , family , students , and research associates . In an unusual decision , Curie intentionally refrained from patenting the radium @-@ isolation process , so that the scientific community could do research unhindered . She insisted that monetary gifts and awards be given to the scientific institutions she was affiliated with rather than to her . She and her husband often refused awards and medals . Albert Einstein reportedly remarked that she was probably the only person who could not be corrupted by fame .
= = Awards , honours , and tributes = =
As one of the most famous women scientists to date , Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe , even in the realm of pop culture . In a 2009 poll carried out by New Scientist , Marie Curie was voted the " most inspirational woman in science " . Curie received 25 @.@ 1 per cent of all votes cast , nearly twice as many as second @-@ place Rosalind Franklin ( 14 @.@ 2 per cent ) .
Poland and France declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie , and the United Nations declared that this would be the International Year of Chemistry . An artistic installation celebrating " Madame Curie " filled the Jacobs Gallery at San Diego 's Museum of Contemporary Art . On 7 November , Google celebrated the anniversary of her birth with a special Google Doodle . On 10 December , the New York Academy of Sciences celebrated the centenary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel prize in the presence of Princess Madeleine of Sweden .
Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel prize , the first person to win two Nobel Prizes , the only woman to win in two fields , and the only person to win in multiple sciences . Awards that she received include :
Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1903 , with Pierre )
Davy Medal ( 1903 , with Pierre )
Matteucci Medal ( 1904 , with Pierre )
Actonian Prize ( 1907 )
Elliott Cresson Medal ( 1909 )
Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 1911 )
Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society ( 1921 )
Marie Curie 's 1898 publication with her husband M. P. Curie and also with M. G. Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris ( Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris ) in 2015 .
In 1995 , she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon , Paris . The curie ( symbol Ci ) , a unit of radioactivity , is named in honour of her and Pierre ( although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre , Marie or both of them ) . The element with atomic number 96 was named curium . Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies : curite , sklodowskite , and cuprosklodowskite . She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world . The Marie Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her . In Poland , she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów Polytechnic ( 1912 ) , Poznań University ( 1922 ) , Kraków 's Jagiellonian University ( 1924 ) , and the Warsaw Polytechnic ( 1926 ) . In 1921 , she was awarded the Iota Sigma Pi National Honorary Member for her significant contribution .
Numerous locations around the world are named after her . In 2007 , a metro station in Paris was renamed to honour both of the Curies . Polish nuclear research reactor Maria is named after her . The 7000 Curie asteroid is also named after her . A KLM McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 11 ( registration PH @-@ KCC ) is named in her honour .
Several institutions bear her name , starting with the two Curie institutes – the Maria Skłodowska – Curie Institute of Oncology , in Warsaw ; and the Institut Curie in Paris . She is the patron of Maria Curie @-@ Skłodowska University , in Lublin , founded in 1944 ; and of Pierre and Marie Curie University ( Paris VI ) , France 's pre @-@ eminent science university . In Britain , Marie Curie Cancer Care was organized in 1948 to care for the terminally ill .
Two museums are devoted to Marie Curie . In 1967 , the Maria Skłodowska @-@ Curie Museum was established in Warsaw 's " New Town " , at her birthplace on ulica Freta ( Freta Street ) . Her Paris laboratory is preserved as the Musée Curie , open since 1992 .
Several works of art bear her likeness . In 1935 , Michalina Mościcka , wife of Polish President Ignacy Mościcki , unveiled a statue of Marie Curie before Warsaw 's Radium Institute . During the 1944 Second World War Warsaw Uprising against the Nazi German occupation , the monument was damaged by gunfire ; after the war it was decided to leave the bullet marks on the statue and its pedestal . In 1955 Jozef Mazur created a stained glass panel of her , the Maria Skłodowska @-@ Curie Medallion , featured in the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
over an 8 @-@ inch ( 20 cm ) sub @-@ base . The new pavement also incorporated fly ash and less cement , allowing the pavement to achieve maximum strength faster than pure concrete .
One of the last issues settled prior to the opening of the tollway was the highway 's number . Originally , tollway officials designated the new road I @-@ 355 . Early in 1988 , however , the tollway administration received a letter from the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) indicating that the highway should be named Interstate 455 . FHWA policy at the time dictated that auxiliary Interstate routes that join two other Interstate Highways should start with an even number . IDOT argued the highway more closely resembles a spur from I @-@ 55 . Ultimately , the tollway authority kept the I @-@ 355 designation .
Governor James R. Thompson and U.S. Secretary of Transportation Samuel K. Skinner dedicated the North – South Tollway on December 22 , 1989 . When it opened , officials estimated travel times from Schaumburg to Oak Brook would be reduced from 55 minutes to 34 minutes , and from Wheaton to Darien from 60 to 34 minutes . Tollway officials also estimated that 200 @,@ 000 cars per day would use I @-@ 355 . This figure has since been shown to be slightly optimistic , with maximum average daily traffic values approaching 170 @,@ 200 only at the northern end of the Interstate . The initial length of I @-@ 355 was 20 @.@ 01 miles ( 32 @.@ 20 km ) from I @-@ 55 north to I @-@ 290 .
= = = Opening = = =
I @-@ 355 opened at the stroke of midnight on December 24 , 1989 . As a Christmas gift , the first two days of operation were free . Because of lower traffic counts at the north and south ends of the highway and lack of construction money , tollway officials built the road with four lanes from North Avenue ( IL 64 ) to the Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway ( I @-@ 88 ) on the north end , and around I @-@ 55 on the south end . As early as 1991 , tollway officials had drawn up plans to widen the highway to three lanes in each direction . Widening from North Avenue to Butterfield Road ( IL 56 ) took place in 1995 . The old lines marking the former shoulder can still be seen in the right lane as a result of the tollway authority 's attempt to grind them away .
After the new road opened , congestion decreased considerably on nearby north – south arteries . The DuPage County Division of Transportation calculated that congestion had decreased on Illinois 53 by 20 % , and the volume of cars on nearby north – south roads Illinois 53 , Illinois 59 and IL 83 had decreased . On IL 53 between Ogden Avenue and Roosevelt Road , traffic counts sank from 21 @,@ 400 to 11 @,@ 800 vehicles per day . In addition , traffic on the exit ramp from the Tri @-@ State Tollway ( I @-@ 294 ) to I @-@ 55 dropped 10 percent in 12 months . Drivers also reported decreases in travel time from one end of the county to the other of up to 40 minutes . However , the opening of the tollway also greatly increased congestion on I @-@ 290 near the northern terminus . A construction project in the summer months of 1990 widened I @-@ 290 just north of the tollway , at a cost of $ 2 – 2 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to $ 46 @.@ 7 million – 58 @.@ 3 million in 2015 ) .
In spite of the apparent success of the tollway opening , traffic counts and projected toll revenues were initially lower than projected , with an estimated 65 @,@ 000 motorists per day traveling along the tollway , generating $ 55 @,@ 000 – 65 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 128 @,@ 000 – 152 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) ) in daily toll revenues . In addition , a spate of lawsuits
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
were filed regarding the payment of contractors and subcontractors . Numerous liens filed by subcontractors against the tollway were settled in June at a cost of $ 10 @.@ 1 million ( equivalent to $ 23 @.@ 6 million in 2015 ) . The tollway authority released an additional $ 1 million ( equivalent to $ 2 @.@ 19 million in 2015 ) in May 1992 to further settle claims made by the general contractor , entering arbitration soon afterwards to settle another $ 1 @.@ 6 – 27 million ( equivalent to $ 3 @.@ 51 million – 59 @.@ 2 million in 2015 ) ) the contractor claimed it was owed . By 2005 , average annual daily traffic values had risen to a range of 77 @,@ 400 to 170 @,@ 200 vehicles per day .
As early as 1989 , the tollway authority had discussed implementing automatic toll collection across the entire system to relieve congestion caused by traffic stopping at mainline toll barriers . The tollway authority began testing I @-@ Pass , the tollway system 's electronic payment method , on the entire stretch of I @-@ 355 in 1993 at various tollbooths ; by September 1994 , every plaza on I @-@ 355 accepted I @-@ Pass . By 1998 , the tollway authority had installed dedicated I @-@ Pass lanes ( lanes specifically set aside for electronic toll collections ) at both mainline toll barriers . In 1999 , I @-@ 355 became the first tollway to receive I @-@ Pass Express Lanes ( also known as open road tolling , or ORT ) . With the installation of the express lanes , vehicles with I @-@ Pass could be tolled at highway speeds of 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) . In 2005 , the tollway authority widened the express lanes from two lanes to three lanes in each direction . This allowed the number of express lanes to match the number of travel lanes on the tollway .
Unlike the other tollways in the tollway system , there are no oases on the Veterans Memorial Tollway . This is primarily due to the widespread access to food and fuel throughout the western suburbs when construction began in the late 1980s . When the southern extension was opened in Will County in 2007 , that segment of road also did not have any oases .
= = = Southern extension = = =
In addition to the original alignment of I @-@ 355 , the Transportation Plan of April 1962 included the concept of a route that ran from Bolingbrook south to Joliet . After the northern portion of I @-@ 355 opened in 1989 , the Illinois General Assembly authorized the tollway authority to begin studying the southern extension of I @-@ 355 .
The discovery of the Hine 's Emerald Dragonfly , an endangered species , and related concerns for the environmental health of the Des Plaines River wetlands in 1995 , ignited a series of legal challenges that delayed construction of the I @-@ 355 extension for several years . The Sierra Club filed a lawsuit in 1996 to block planning of the southern extension . In January 1997 , a federal judge sided with the Sierra Club , halting construction of the southern extension while the state appealed . In 1999 , the state dropped its appeal and amended the environmental impact study ( EIS ) to meet the Sierra Club 's concerns . The state released the supplemental EIS in 2000 , and in 2002 the FHWA issued a Record of Decision , allowing construction of the tollway to proceed after six years of delays . Land acquisition and utility relocation took place in 2004 . Governor Rod Blagojevich 's $ 5 @.@ 6 billion Congestion @-@ Relief Program for the Illinois Tollway passed the General Assembly in September 2004 , with $ 729 @.@ 3 million being set aside for the extension ( equivalent to $ 7 @.@ 46 billion and $ 972 million in 2015 , respectively ) . Bidding on an excavation contract passed on November 18 , 2004 with construction beginning several days later .
To document and reduce the impact of construction on the dragonfly 's habitat , construction crews agreed to keep carcasses of any dragonfly kills . In addition , the tollway authority funded the construction of separate habitats for the dragonfly near the Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve in Lemont and in two other preserves in Cook and Will counties . In late 2005 , construction began on the roadway of the 12 @.@ 5 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 20 @.@ 1 km ) southern extension of I @-@ 355 from I @-@ 55 in Bolingbrook to I @-@ 80 in New Lenox .
Another controversy erupted in February 2006 , when the tollway authority threatened to build the tollway with no interchanges unless the suburbs through which the new extension ran contributed $ 20 million ( equivalent to $ 24 @.@ 1 million in 2015 ) for construction of the interchanges . This marked the first time that the tollway authority had required local municipalities to contribute funds for interchange construction . The towns of Homer Glen , Lemont , New Lenox , Lockport and Will County agreed in a June 2006 intergovernmental agreement to provide $ 20 million in both cash and in @-@ kind contributions for the interchanges .
The southern extension is expected to become an economic catalyst for municipalities located along the tollway . The Village of New Lenox estimates that it will receive an additional $ 12 million in sales taxes after its two malls are built out . In Lockport , officials have announced that new Home Depot and SuperTarget stores are planned for the areas near 159th Street and I @-@ 355 . Commercial developers are also building large warehouse facilities in areas near the Lockport interchanges .
One of " the most impressive engineering feats on the state 's 274 miles [ 441 km ] of toll roads " is the Des Plaines River Valley Bridge , a bridge over the Des Plaines River , the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal , the Illinois and Michigan Canal , Bluff Road , New Avenue , numerous railroads , and a major Commonwealth Edison utility corridor . The bridge is 1 @.@ 3 miles ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) long , and constituted $ 125 million of the cost of the extension . Work on the bridge included the construction of 34 piers and elevation of existing high @-@ voltage electricity lines to accommodate the highway . To limit the number of piers in the valley , the tollway authority built the bridge with both 170 @-@ foot ( 52 m ) pre @-@ stressed bulb tee girders and 270 @-@ foot ( 82 m ) post @-@ tensioned segmental concrete girders . This was $ 12 million ( equivalent to $ 13 @.@ 9 million in 2015 ) cheaper than the concrete box girder design option , and $ 50 million ( equivalent to $ 58 @.@ 1 million in 2015 ) less than the steel plate girder design option . A design @-@ build clause in the original contract for the bridge , in addition to success in the design @-@ build contracts on the 2004 – 07 Tri @-@ State Tollway widening and reconstruction , allowed project managers to redesign and build the new bridge .
The tollway authority held a ribbon cutting and dedication ceremony on Veterans Day ( November 11 ) , 2007 , officially renaming the entire length of I @-@ 355 the Veterans Memorial Tollway . Ceremonies were held on the tollway near the 127th Street interchange in Lemont , at 147th Street in Homer Glen , and at US 6 in New Lenox . In addition to the dedication , the tollway authority sponsored a Charity Walk / Run / Roll and " Roll the Tollway " , a charity pre @-@ opening bicycle ride on the highway 's south extension . After noting the success of the festival , a tollway spokesman announced plans to repeat the event annually , including the closure of the entire southern extension . He later clarified the tollway 's position , indicating that while the extension would probably not be closed in its entirety in the future , a possible five @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) ride across the Des Plaines River Valley Bridge may be held . At around 10 : 00 p.m. on November 11 , a group of Illinois State Police vehicles and tollway maintenance vehicles escorted the first motorists southbound along the I @-@ 35
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
details of it . " Homer 's relationship to Thomas Edison 's achievements is a version of my own experience of trying to communicate the experience of things you love by driving people crazy , " Greaney said in a DVD audio commentary for the episode . The untippable chair was also an idea of Greaney 's ; while working on the episode , he was leaning back in his chair and fell backwards . He casually said it would be great if there were legs on the back of the chair and someone in the writing room said that would be a great invention for Homer . Soon after coming up with the story , Greaney told it to Swartzwelder so that he could turn it into a script . Greaney said " it couldn 't in my best dreams have turned out as good as it did if I had written it . "
Mark Kirkland was the director of " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " . He recalls that when he attended the table @-@ read for the episode , the staff thought it was " hilarious " and they could tell it was " going to be a good one . " It was the last episode to be produced during the season nine production run and because it takes several months to complete the production of a single episode , it had to air as a hold @-@ over in the upcoming tenth season . It was decided that " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " would be the premiere episode of season ten . As a result , the annual premiere party was held at the Museum of Science and Technology in Los Angeles – it was a tradition for the premiere party to be related to the premiere episode .
Kirkland cites his assistant director Matthew Nastuk as a big influence on the episode . He became heavily involved with the animation because he had grown up in New Jersey , where the Thomas Edison National Historical Park that Homer and Bart visit is located . To help make the museum look as authentic as possible , Kirkland and Nastuk visited it and took a large number of photographs that they brought back to the animation studio . At one point in the episode , Homer writes complex math formulas on a chalkboard . The producers wanted them to be actual formulas , so writer David X. Cohen got in contact with a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who were able to provide them .
The episode features a guest appearance by actor William Daniels as KITT , a character from the Knight Rider television series of which Homer is a fan . KITT is an artificially intelligent electronic computer module installed in an automobile . In the episode , after failing to cheer Homer up with a film reel of his life , the family shows him a video featuring KITT . The automobile , seen driving in the desert , tells Homer the following : " Hello Homer . It 's me , KITT , from TV 's Knight Rider . Your family has asked me to invite you to a very special ... " ; the film reel breaks just before KITT finishes his sentence . This of course leads to Homer becoming even more depressed . Daniels ' appearance in " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " was the first and only time that he voiced KITT outside of Knight Rider and the film Knight Rider 2000 . He recalls that " when I told my son in New York that I was going to be on The Simpsons , I think that was the first time that he was really impressed with what I was doing ! The Simpsons is a great show and I 'm glad they thought of KITT in one of their jokes . "
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " finished 25th in the ratings for the week of September 14 – 20 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 0 , equivalent to approximately 7 @.@ 95 million viewing households . It tied with Beverly Hills
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
06 , Mancera was named Assistant Attorney General of Mexico City .
On July 8 , 2008 , Mancera was named Attorney General of Mexico City , after Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas was dismissed from office due to the News Divine Bar incident , in which nine teenagers and three police officers died in a botched police raid . According to official reports , from 2010 to 2011 crime in Mexico City decreased by 12 % , while the national crime rate rose 10 @.@ 4 % . Average annual crime in Mexico City decreased 3 @.@ 5 % annually , from 2007 to 2011 , and Mexico City dropped from third place to number twenty nationally in number of kidnappings . During this time , 179 street gangs with 706 members were disbanded .
= = = Mayor of Mexico City = = =
On January 6 , 2012 , Mancera resigned as attorney general to become candidate for the Head of Government in the July 1 , 2012 election . Jesús Rodríguez Almeida took his place as Attorney General . On January 8 , Mancera registered as a precandidate for Mayor of Mexico City , as a member of the PRD . On January 19 , he became the official Party of the Democratic Revolution ( PRD ) candidate for Mayor of Mexico City , running against Alejandra Barrales , Gerardo Fernández Noroña , Martí Batres and Joel Ortega Cuevas , representing the leftist Progressive Movement coalition , which is formed by the PRD party , the Labor Party , and the Citizen 's Movement Party . The adversaries of Mancera were Beatriz Paredes Rangel , for the Commitment to Mexico coalition , an alliance of political parties Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) and Ecologist Green Party of Mexico ( PVEM ) , Isabel Miranda de Wallace for the National Action Party ( PAN ) , and Rosario Guerra for the New Alliance Party ( PANAL ) . According to surveys made in late January , Mancera was between 18 and 30 points ahead of Paredes . However , the following month , electoral preferences that favored him decreased by nine points . Electoral preference for Mancera then increased from 36 % in March to 41 % in April in an El Universal daily poll . In May , Mancera favorability increased to 57 @.@ 5 % ; in the same month , Adolfo Hellmund , Luis Mandoki , and Costa Bonino , in the house of Luis Creel , borrowed six million dollars on behalf of Mancera and López Obrador , but both politicians disassociated themselves from the incident , and Mancera filed a complaint against the people responsible for using his name without authorization with the Attorney General of Mexico City .
As candidate , the proposals of Mancera included to continue Ebrard 's policies , an increase of 13 @.@ 000 to 20 @.@ 000 safety cameras , a reduction of car travel time , the expansion of the Mexico City Metro 12 line , a review of the issue of solid waste , the minibuses will be removed from the streets , 18 water purification plants , a Green Plan , the replacement of garbage trucks to separate organic and inorganic waste , among others . On July 1 , 2012 , exit polls noted that Mancera was the presumed winner of the election , with a margin of 59 @.@ 5 – 64 @.@ 5 % , and had approximately 40 % more votes than the second @-@ place candidate , Paredes . On July 7 , 2012 , the Federal District Electoral Institute ( IEDF ) announced Mancera as Head of Government @-@ elect , endorsing him with a certificate ; which he received on October 8 , 2012 .
Mancera assumed office on December 5 , 2012 , as the sixth Mayor of Mexico City . On December 24 , 2012 , Mancera began a voluntary disarmament campaign in Iztapalapa borough , in return people who participated would receive money , tablet computers , and home appliance . As of January 8 , 2013 , more than 1 @,@ 300 weapons were secured there , including small arms and grenades . The program was applied to all Mexico City 's boroughs during 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 .
In July 2015 , Mancera 's government announced a major urban project for Mexico City , the creation of " Corredor Cultural Creativo Chapultepec @-@ Zona Rosa " , or " CCC " , ( English : Creative Cultural Corridor ) to promote the reactivation of Chapultepec Avenue , a historical street which runs from Chapultepec Park to Zona Rosa . Mexican architect Fernando Romero is in charge of coordinating the design team of the " Chapultepec @-@ Zona Rosa " project , architects Juan Pablo Maza and Ruysdael Vivanco . The trees and the historical Chapultepec aqueduct will be preserved , and the street will be given back to pedestrians and cyclists . The project won the International Architecture Award in the Urban Planning category .
On April 7 , 2013 , Mexican actress Laura Zapata asked Mancera to help her son , whose car had been crashed and the responsible escaped . Mancera asked Rodolfo Ríos , then @-@ Attorney General of Mexico City , to take the case . Because of this , he was criticized by Twitter users because of " selectively attending requests from citizens . " In November 2013 , Mancera announced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare , from three pesos to five , per travel . According to the Metro operator , Sistema Transporte Colectivo , with the increase the system would use the earnings for several uses , including the improvement of the infrastructure and maintainment of its 12 lines and its 195 stations . The decision was criticized by sectors of the city population because its increase would represent a " blow up in the economy " of the inhabitants , as the minimum wage in
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Mexico City is 64 @.@ 76 pesos , as of January 2013 . Mancera announced three opinion poll companies would ask to 7 @,@ 200 Metro users if the fare should be increased , polling from November 28 to December 2 ; the respondents represented less than the 1 % of the 5 @.@ 5 million daily users who use the system . According to the results from the companies Parametría ( with 53 @.@ 3 % ) , Consulta Mitofsky ( with 56 @.@ 2 % ) and Covarrubias y Asociados ( with 57 @.@ 6 % ) , the increment was approved to be applied since December 13 . Due to this , users from the system called to a civil disobedience by skipping turnstiles . However , Mexico City Government announced they would take legal actions against those who skip them .
= = Personal life = =
Mancera has been married twice . His first marriage was to a woman named Martha in the early 1990s , with whom lived in civil union for a year . They divorced two years later , and after six years Mancera married Magnolia , with whom he had two children , Miguel and Leonardo . After a decade , he divorced Magnolia . Mancera has a daughter out of wedlock , but he has said the child 's mother does not want Mancera to see her . In September 2007 , two assailants on a motorcycle intercepted and attempted to rob him while he drove his BMW in Periférico Sur . His bodyguard intervened and shot one of the robbers , killing him . From 2008 to 2009 , Mancera dated Alejandra Barrales , who was the president of the PRD party at that time , and also she intended to become the PRD candidate for Mayor of Mexico City in 2012 . In his spare time , he practices multiple sports , including Krav Maga , indoor cycling and weight lifting , hunting and aviation . On October 31 , 2014 , Mancera had a cardiac surgery because three months before a cardiac arrhythmia was detected . During the surgery , he had a cardiac perforation . He recovered two weeks later .
In 2008 , Mancera received the Alfonso Caso Award , given by the UNAM Faculty of Law , for the most distinguished graduate of the doctoral program . In September 2011 , he was awarded the Latin American Prize for Life and Security of Women and Girls in Latin America and the Caribbean . In October 2011 , he was co @-@ awarded the First Class Honor Star Medal , by the Police and Security Association , for " his international collaboration to search and locate supected criminals , as well as cooperation for the exchange of information and training on security and law enforcement . " In February 2012 , UNAM 's Faculty of Law awarded Mancera the Raúl Carrancá y Trujillo Medal for his " academic and professional trajectory " .
= Angel Beats ! =
Angel Beats ! ( エンジェルビーツ ! , Enjeru Bītsu ! ) is a 13 @-@ episode Japanese anime television series produced by P.A.Works and Aniplex and directed by Seiji Kishi . The story was originally conceived by Jun Maeda , who also wrote the screenplay and composed the music with the group Anant @-@ Garde Eyes , with original character design by Na @-@ Ga ; both Maeda and Na @-@ Ga are from the visual novel brand Key , who produced such titles as Kanon , Air , and Clannad . The anime aired in Japan between April 3 and June 26 , 2010 . An original video animation ( OVA ) episode was released in December 2010 , and a second OVA was released in June 2015 . The story takes place in the afterlife and focuses on Otonashi , a boy who lost his memories of his life after dying . He is enrolled into the afterlife school and meets a girl named Yuri who invites him to join the Afterlife Battlefront , an organization she leads which fights against the student council president Angel , a girl with supernatural powers .
Key worked in collaboration with ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki G 's Magazine to produce the project into a media franchise . Three manga series are serialized in Dengeki G 's Magazine and Dengeki G 's Comic : two illustrated by Haruka Komowata , and one drawn by Yuriko Asami . A series of illustrated short stories written by Maeda and illustrated by GotoP were also serialized in Dengeki G 's Magazine between the November 2009 and May 2010 issues . Two Internet radio shows were produced to promote Angel Beats ! . The first volume in a six @-@ part episodic visual novel adaptation produced by Key was released for Windows on June 26 , 2015 .
Angel Beats ! received generally positive reviews by critics . The integration of various individual elements together , such as musical performances , humor and action , was commended in one review but panned in another , saying that the story was overloaded with too many elements . P.A.Works was praised for the animation of the action sequences and attention to detail with the weapons used . A major flaw noted by critics , however , is that the anime is too short , which leaves many of the characters with untold back @-@ stories . The anime was selected as a recommended work by the awards jury of the 14th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2010 .
= = Plot = =
Angel Beats ! takes place at a high school acting as a limbo for those who have died , where students learn to give up any lingering attachments they still have from life before passing on . Those in the afterlife school can still feel pain as they did when they were alive , as well as dying again , only to awaken later with no injuries .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
The story follows the main protagonist Otonashi , a boy who has lost his memories of his life after dying . He meets Yuri , a girl who invites him to join the Afterlife Battlefront ( 死んだ世界戦線 , Shinda Sekai Sensen , ( SSS ) ) , an organization she founded and leads which fights against God for the negative experiences the SSS members went through in life . In the SSS , there is a four @-@ girl band named Girls Dead Monster that acts as a diversion during missions , and an organization called the Guild that mass @-@ produces weapons out of dirt and supplies them to the SSS . Their only enemy is Angel , a girl who uses her supernatural powers to fight against the SSS . Angel creates her powers with the aid of a computer program called Angel Player . The rest of the afterlife school is populated by a large number of " normal " students and teachers Yuri deems " non @-@ player characters " ( NPCs ) , which are not human but look and act the part .
The first of the characters to fulfill her dream and pass on is Iwasawa , the leader of Girls Dead Monster . Angel , whose real name is Kanade Tachibana , loses her position as student council president and the vice president Naoi succeeds her . Naoi uses powers of hypnosis to control NPCs to fight for his own interests against the SSS , but Otonashi stops him after acknowledging Naoi 's existence and he subsequently joins the SSS . Otonashi regains his memories with the aid of Naoi 's hypnosis and agrees to continue with the SSS . Otonashi befriends Kanade and invites her to join in on SSS activities . After Otonashi fully remembers the details of his life and death , he starts cooperating with Kanade to help the other SSS members move on , and Kanade is reinstated as student council president in accordance with their plan . Yui , the girl who replaced Iwasawa after she passed on , is the second of the characters who passes on .
When mysterious shadow monsters begin attacking the SSS , Takamatsu gets devoured by one , only to reappear as an NPC . Otonashi reasons with the other SSS members and many of them agree to pass on in lieu of becoming an NPC , including the rest of Girls Dead Monster , Chaa of the Guild , and several unnamed members . Yuri destroys the computers responsible for the shadow program , which was programmed to activate when love was detected in the world , to prevent it from becoming a true paradise and maintain its limbo state . Those who are left — Otonashi , Yuri , Kanade , Hinata and Naoi — hold a graduation ceremony where they thank each other for their support . After Naoi , Yuri and Hinata pass on , Otonashi learns that Kanade 's regret was not being able to thank him for the heart she received from Otonashi after his death . Otonashi is heartbroken after she thanks him and passes on , as he has fallen in love with her . In the epilogue , two people resembling Otonashi and Kanade meet each other on the street in the real world . In an alternative epilogue , Otonashi is shown to have stayed behind in the afterlife to help people pass on .
= = Characters = =
= = = Main characters = = =
Yuzuru Otonashi ( 音無 結弦 , Otonashi Yuzuru )
Voiced by : Hiroshi Kamiya ( Japanese ) ; Blake Shepard ( English )
Otonashi is the main protagonist of Angel Beats ! . Due to his past , he has a caring personality and does not want anyone to experience pain or sadness . After dying , he lost his memories of the time when he was still alive , but later regains them . He had a younger sister , Hatsune ( 初音 , Voiced by : Mai Nakahara ( Japanese ) ; Jessica Boone ( English ) ) , who died of cancer and whom he cared for very much . When she died , he decided to go to school to become a doctor , but died in a train accident before he could take the entrance exam to college . Initially unskilled in any equipment , he starts to practice his marksmanship , and pulls through for the team when they are in danger . He carries a Glock 17 .
Yuri Nakamura ( 仲村 ゆり , Nakamura Yuri )
Voiced by : Harumi Sakurai ( Japanese ) ; Brittney Karbowski ( English )
Yuri , also known as Yurippe ( ゆりっぺ ) , has a determined personality but is secretly very sensitive and protective . She invites Otonashi to join the SSS , an organization she founded and leads which fights against God . She is smart and decisive when making operations and decisions . She carries a silver Beretta 92 . Not only is she skilled with a gun , but she is also capable in close range hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , which is shown when she fends off Angel 's hand sonic with a combat knife . She vowed to fight against God after her three younger siblings were murdered by burglars looking for valuables and never forgave herself for failing to prevent their deaths . She is an effective leader , but does not think so . She regrets even fighting with Kanade later in the story , because she feels she could have been great friends with her . She disappears after the graduation ceremony .
Angel ( 天使 , Tenshi ) / Kanade Tachibana ( 立華 かなで , Tachibana Kanade )
Voiced by : Kana Hanazawa ( Japanese ) ; Emily Neves ( English )
Angel is the student council president at the afterlife school . This places her at odds with the SSS as her responsibilities require her to suppress delinquency and other disruptive activities that the team does . The SSS initially calls her " Angel " since they do not know her real name , but they still refer to her by it even after finding out her real name to be Kanade Tachibana . It is difficult to understand what she is thinking due to her rarely showing any outward emotions and her way of talking bluntly . She is personally dedicated to helping others overcome their regrets and pass on . However , she often lacks a proper understanding of others , as she never thinks to try to explain to the SSS why she was doing what she did . She enjoys eating mapo doufu , a
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
light sources . At 5480 Å , the flux is 3 @,@ 650 Jy with an error margin of 2 % . The visual spectrum of Vega is dominated by absorption lines of hydrogen ; specifically by the hydrogen Balmer series with the electron at the n = 2 principal quantum number . The lines of other elements are relatively weak , with the strongest being ionized magnesium , iron , and chromium . The X @-@ ray emission from Vega is very low , demonstrating that the corona for this star must be very weak or non @-@ existent . However , as the pole of Vega is facing us and a polar coronal hole may be present , confirmation of a corona as the likely source of the X @-@ rays detected from Vega ( or the region very close to Vega ) may be difficult as most of any coronal X @-@ rays would not be emitted along the line of sight .
Using spectropolarimetry , a magnetic field has been detected on the surface of Vega by a team of astronomers at the Observatoire du Pic du Midi . This is the first such detection of a magnetic field on a spectral class A star that is not an Ap chemically peculiar star . The average line of sight component of this field has a strength of − 0 @.@ 6 ± 0 @.@ 3 G. This is comparable to the mean magnetic field on the Sun . Magnetic fields of roughly 30 gauss have been reported for Vega , compared to about 1 gauss for the Sun . In 2015 , star spots were detected on the star 's surface — the first such detection for a normal A @-@ type star , and these features show evidence of rotational modulation with a period of 0 @.@ 68 days .
= = = Rotation = = =
When the radius of Vega was measured to high accuracy with an interferometer , it resulted in an unexpectedly large estimated value of 2 @.@ 73 ± 0 @.@ 01 times the radius of the Sun . This is 60 % larger than the radius of the star Sirius , while stellar models indicated it should only be about 12 % larger . However , this discrepancy can be explained if Vega is a rapidly rotating star that is being viewed from the direction of its pole of rotation . Observations by the CHARA array in 2005 – 06 confirmed this deduction .
The pole of Vega — its axis of rotation — is inclined no more than five degrees from the line @
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
-@ of @-@ sight to the Earth . At the high end of estimates for the rotation velocity for Vega is 236 @.@ 2 ± 3 @.@ 7 km / s along the equator , which is 87 @.@ 6 % of the speed that would cause the star to start breaking up from centrifugal effects . This rapid rotation of Vega produces a pronounced equatorial bulge , so the radius of the equator is 19 % larger than the polar radius . ( The estimated polar radius of this star is 2 @.@ 362 ± 0 @.@ 012 solar radii , while the equatorial radius is 2 @.@ 818 ± 0 @.@ 013 solar radii . ) From the Earth , this bulge is being viewed from the direction of its pole , producing the overly large radius estimate .
The local gravitational acceleration at the poles is greater than at the equator , so , by the Von Zeipel theorem , the local luminosity is also higher at the poles . This is seen as a variation in effective temperature over the star : the polar temperature is near 10 @,@ 000 K , while the equatorial temperature is 7 @,@ 600 K. As a result , if Vega were viewed along the plane of its equator , then the luminosity would be about half the apparent luminosity as viewed from the pole . This large temperature difference between the poles and the equator produces a strong ' gravity darkening ' effect . As viewed from the poles , this results in a darker ( lower intensity ) limb than would normally be expected for a spherically symmetric star . The temperature gradient may also mean Vega has a convection zone around the equator , while the remainder of the atmosphere is likely to be in almost pure radiative equilibrium .
As Vega had long been used as a standard star for calibrating telescopes , the discovery that it is rapidly rotating may challenge some of the underlying assumptions that were based on it being spherically symmetric . With the viewing angle and rotation rate of Vega now better known , this will allow for improved instrument calibrations .
= = = Element abundance = = =
Astronomers term " metals " those elements with higher atomic numbers than helium . The metallicity of Vega 's photosphere is only about 32 % of the abundance of heavy elements in the Sun 's atmosphere . ( Compare this , for example , to a three @-@ fold metallicity abundance in the similar star Sirius as compared to the Sun . ) For comparison , the Sun has an abundance of elements heavier than helium of about ZSol = 0 @.@ 0172 ± 0 @.@ 002 . Thus , in terms of abundances , only about 0 @.@ 54 % of Vega consists of elements heavier than helium .
The unusually low metallicity of Vega makes it a weak Lambda Boötis @-@ type star . However , the reason for the existence of such chemically peculiar , spectral class A0 @-@ F0 stars remains unclear . One possibility is that the chemical peculiarity may be the result of diffusion or mass loss , although stellar models show that this would normally only occur near the end of a star 's hydrogen @-@ burning lifespan . Another possibility is that the star formed from an interstellar medium of gas and dust that was unusually metal @-@ poor .
The observed helium to hydrogen ratio in Vega is 0 @.@ 030 ± 0 @.@ 005 , which is about 40 % lower than the Sun . This may be caused by the disappearance of a helium convection zone near the surface . Energy transfer is instead performed by the radiative process , which may be causing an abundance anomaly through diffusion .
= = = Kinematics = = =
The radial velocity of Vega is the component of this star 's motion along the line @-@ of @-@ sight to the Earth . Movement away from the Earth will cause the light from Vega to shift to a lower frequency ( toward the red ) , or to a higher frequency ( toward the blue ) if the motion is toward the Earth . Thus the velocity can be measured from the amount of redshift ( or blueshift ) of the star 's spectrum . Precise measurements of this redshift give a value of − 13 @.@ 9 ± 0 @.@ 9 km / s . The minus sign indicates a relative motion toward the Earth .
Motion transverse to the line of sight causes the position of Vega to shift with respect to the more distant background stars . Careful measurement of the star 's position allows this angular movement , known as proper motion , to be calculated . Vega 's proper motion is 202 @.@ 03 ± 0 @.@ 63 milli @-@ arcseconds ( mas ) per year in right ascension — the celestial equivalent of longitude — and 287 @.@ 47 ± 0 @.@ 54 mas / y in declination , which is equivalent to a change in latitude
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
after Burroughs published his initial essay , Long was reported to have previously resigned from his parish so as to devote himself to writing and lecturing on nature full @-@ time . Rather than be discouraged by Burroughs ' criticism — which included the other man calling Long " the worst of these nature @-@ writing offenders " — within weeks of the publication of " Real and Sham Natural History " , Long submitted a stern reply to the Boston Evening Transcript . Two months later , he published a longer article titled " The Modern School of Nature @-@ Study and its Critics " in the North American Review .
In the latter essay , Long insisted that there was a difference between the study of nature and the study of science ; whereas science concerned itself with laws and generalizations , the study of nature was far more complex as it allowed for the recognition of individual life forms . He wrote , " The difference between Nature and Science is the difference between a man who loves animals , and so understands them , and the man who studies Zoology ; it is the difference between the woman who cherishes her old @-@ fashioned flower @-@ garden and the professor who lectures on Botany in a college class @-@ room . " Long 's intention was to divide the old school naturalists ( which included Burroughs among its members ) from what he saw as the newly formed school , of which he was part , whose members were capable of seeing animals as individuals . Because he wrote personal nature essays , and not scientific reports , Long believed that his readers required from him " not simply eyes and ears and a note @-@ book ; but insight , imagination , and , above all , an intense human sympathy , by which alone the inner life of an animal becomes luminous , and without which the living creatures are little better than stuffed specimens " .
While his explanation was found to be credible by some readers , Long 's critics faulted an example he gave of two orioles he had seen building a nest outside his window . Intended to prove his thesis about the unpredictable and adaptive nature of wild animals , he wrote of how the pair " plainly deliberated " their elaborate swinging nest that had been made out of three sticks fastened together ; when finished , the birds then " tied a single knot at the extreme end " of a dangling string so it would not unravel over time . Burroughs and his allies were again incensed at Long 's insistence that what he wrote was based entirely upon fact , and quickly responded with criticism ; Burroughs ' written reply reportedly proved to be almost too harsh for publication . Atlantic Monthly did not wish to escalate the debate , so it was ultimately published by Century Magazine . Evoking Long 's story of the orioles , Burroughs wrote , " After such an example as this , how long will it be before the water @-@ birds will be building little rush cradles for their young or rush boats driven about the ponds and lakes by means of leafy sails , or before Jenny Wren will be living in a log cabin of her own construction ? "
= = Escalation ( 1903 – 1904 ) = =
= = = Animal surgery = = =
Threatened financially by Burroughs ' condemnation , Long 's publishers came to their client 's defense by distributing a pamphlet defending his positions . In late 1903 , Long published a new book titled A Little Brother to the Bear . In the preface , he wrote : " Except where it is plainly stated otherwise , all the incidents and observations have passed under my own eyes and have been confirmed later by other observers ... I have simply tried to make all these animals as interesting to the reader as they were to me when I discovered them . " While The New York Times reviewed it favorably , pointing out its " close observation and loving attention to the details of wood life " , Long 's critics were quick to note a number of propositions regarding wildlife . An essay in the book titled " Animal Surgery " , in which Long wrote of various animals ' ability to treat and mend their own injuries , particularly riled his critics . He told of how animals such as muskrat , beaver and bear were capable of intentionally bandaging their wounds and stumps of amputated limbs by coating them with materials such as tree resin or clay to keep the injury clean . The example that received the greatest attention was the story about a " woodcock genius " who set his own broken leg and applied a cast to the injury :
At first he took soft clay in his bill from the edge of the water and seemed to be smearing it on one leg near the knee . Then he fluttered away on one foot for a short distance and seemed to be pulling tiny roots and fibers of grass , which he worked into the clay that he had already smeared on his leg . Again he took some clay and plastered it over the fibers , putting on more and more till I could plainly see the enlargement , working away with strange , silent intentness for fully fifteen minutes , while I watched and wondered , scarce believing my eyes . Then he stood perfectly still for a full hour under an overhanging sod , where the eye could with difficulty find him , his only motion meanwhile being an occasional rubbing and smoothing of the clay bandage with his bill , until it hardened enough to suit him , whereupon he fluttered away from the brook and disappeared in the thick woods .
Long 's theories about animal surgery garnered negative attention from the scientific community as well as the literary ; biologist William Morton Wheeler wrote to Science in February 1904 that Long 's story was " a series of anecdotes which for rank and impossible humanization of the animal can hardly be surpassed . " Other scientists agreed about the dubiousness of Long 's claims , and publicly rebuked him for not providing evidence as to his observations in a scientifically @-@ accepted format . Long responded in turn , insisting that " If scientists and comparative @-@ psychologists are honestly looking for new facts in the animal world , I have enough to fill several regular editions of Science , every one of which is supported not only by my own personal observation , but by the testimony of other honest men whose word can be taken without hesitation . " As to the woodcock story , Long provided several accounts
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
. Homer , however , saves the day when he brings up how he and Marge got together ( in clips from the second season episode " The Way We Was " ) . Ultimately , the kids do not care for this one and wind up watching Itchy & Scratchy while Homer and Marge share another special moment .
= = Production = =
As the title of the episode suggests , it is second clip show episode of The Simpsons after " So It 's Come to This : A Simpsons Clip Show " , the 18th episode of the fourth season . It was written by Jon Vitti , who used the pseudonym Penny Wise in the closing credits because he did not want to be credited for writing a clip show , and it was directed by David Silverman . The episode also includes contributions from John Swartzwelder , Frank Mula , David Richardson , Jeff Martin , Bill Oakley , Josh Weinstein , Matt Groening , Sam Simon , Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Jay Kogen , Wallace Wolodarsky , Nell Scovell , David M. Stern , George Meyer , Conan O 'Brien , Robert Cohen , Bill Canterbury , and Dan McGrath .
During the early years of the show , the staff was forced by the Fox network into doing clip shows to save money . There was originally intense pressure on the producers of the show to create extra episodes in each season , and the plan was to make four clip shows per season to meet that limit . Writers and producers , however , felt that this many clip shows would alienate fans of the series . The Fox network 's reasoning was that clip shows cost half of what a normal episode cost to produce , but they could sell syndication rights at full price .
= = = Referenced clips = = =
This flashback episode uses clips from episodes released during the first five seasons :
= = = Cultural references = = =
At the beginning of the episode Marge is reading " The Bridges of Madison County " , also when Bart , Lisa , and Maggie are watching Itchy & Scratchy , Marge says they watch the same shows all the time , while Lisa says that the Itchy & Scratchy cartoons are just pasted together from pieces of old episodes ( and pointing out that Ren and Stimpy do it all the time ) . This comment is a sly joke about the construction of this episode ; the blackboard and couch gags are taken from other episodes , there are clips from past episodes , and the interstitials are actually clips from past episodes that feature the family members talking in the kitchen . These three aspects support the idea of this episode being a clip show to the extreme .
In the clip from " Lady Bouvier 's Lover " , Grampa tries to stop the wedding between Jacqueline Bouvier and Mr. Burns by banging on the window while shouting " Mrs. Bouvier ! " , which is a reference to the 1967 film The Graduate . Marge is seen reading the 1992 book The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller .
The Arab Strap song First Big Weekend refers to this episode , stating ″ Sunday afternoon we go up to John 's with a lot of beer in time to watch the Simpsons . It was a really good episode about love always ending in tragedy except , of course , for Marge and Homer . ″
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Another Simpsons Clip Show " finished 68th in the ratings for the week of September 19 to September 25 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 7 . The episode was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week , beaten only by Beverly Hills , 90210 , The X @-@ Files , and Married ... With Children .
The episode has received rather negative reviews , since clip shows tend to be the least favorite episodes among fans . Nevertheless , it is considered one of the better clip show episodes of The Simpsons . The episode has been described as " framed in such a way as to still make [ it ] worth watching , [ ... ] like a slideshow that 's not quite so boring , " " another clip show , although not the worst of them , " or as " the episode title pretty much says it all " . Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said in a review : " The romance related storyline fizzles . That leaves us with a good collection of clips , but since we can already watch them in their original episodes , why bother with this cheap excuse for product ? "
Lisa 's comments — " romance is dead , it was acquired in a hostile takeover by Hallmark and Disney , homogenized , and sold off piece @-@ by @-@ piece " — have been used in case studies of the cultural representations of organizations .
Scottish indie @-@ rock band Arab Strap referred to this episode in the lyrics of their debut single " The First Big Weekend " ( " Sunday afternoon we go up to John 's with a lot of beer in time to watch The Simpsons - it was a really good episode about love always ending in tragedy except , of course , for Marge and Homer . It was quite moving at the end and to tell you the truth my eyes were a bit damp " ) .
= Cyclone Winifred =
Severe Tropical Cyclone Winifred was the worst tropical cyclone to make landfall in northern Queensland since Cyclone Althea in 1971 and the first since Althea to inflict significant damage on the northeastern coast of Australia . The sixth named storm of the 1985 – 86 Australian region cyclone season , Winifred originated as a tropical low north of Cairns , Queensland on 27 January 1986 . Slowly organizing , the system was recognized as a tropical cyclone after gaining tropical characteristics on 30 January , christened with the name Winifred the same day . Meandering southward , the cyclone began to curve southeastward that evening before suddenly turning toward the coast , southwestward , on 31 January , steadily intensifying in that time . By the time it came ashore near Silkwood , Queensland at 0445 UTC on 1 February , it was producing Category 3 @-@ force winds on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 957 mbar ( 28 @.@ 38 inHg ) . Weakening as it drifted inland , Winifred persisted as a tropical depression for another five days after landfall before finally dissipating on 5 February .
In advance of Winifred 's approach , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) issued cyclone watches and warnings for various locations along the Queensland coast , prompting evacuations in several towns . Damage after landfall was widespread and severe , with thousands of homes damaged , flooding as a result of heavy rainfall along major rivers , and severe damage to crops . Debris obstructed roads across northern Queensland and power outages disrupted electrical service , even at water treatment plants , forcing officials to warn residents to boil water as a precautionary measure . Overall , the cyclone caused $ 86 @.@ 4 million in agriculture @-@ related damages , with sugar cane and banana harvests suffering the most . Tourist operations were generally uninterrupted by the storm , while ecological and environmental damage , if any , was mild . Even so , high winds uprooted trees in wide swaths of forests , with those not completely defoliated . Overall , Winifred caused three deaths and inflicted $ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ; $ 154 million USD ) in damage .
In the aftermath of the cyclone , the Australian government distributed financial and emergency aid , offering to provide assistance to hard @-@ hit banana and sugar cane farmers in northern Queensland . Hundreds of State Emergency Service ( SES ) volunteers were deployed to restore electrical and water services , evacuate local citizens , provide food , and repair and protect structures . The Department of Social Security ( DSS ) sent employees to receive claims for damage , requests for financial aid , and filings for unemployment benefits . Meanwhile , the Commonwealth of Australia initiated a three @-@ year , $ 150 million program to provide relief to damaged areas . Fund payments , however , were frequently incorrectly distributed , and in some cases , fraudulent . In the confusion in the days following the cyclone , looters stole possessions in areas within the vicinity of Innisfail , and relief efforts were impeded by thunderstorms at Cairns . The Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) was subject to heavy criticism in the days following the storm 's landfall , accused of not giving ample warning in advance of Winifred 's approach ; however , these
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Mansell . Prost had the same number of wins as Piquet , but he had four second places to Piquet 's three , thus placing him second before the final race . While running third behind Piquet , and directly behind Prost on the road ( 3rd was all he needed to win the title ) , Mansell suffered a rear tyre failure at 180 mph ( 290 km / h ) and crashed out . The Williams team then pitted Piquet to change tyres as a safety precaution , while Prost had already pitted earlier due to a puncture and did not need to change his tyres again . He then held the lead ahead of a charging Piquet to the chequered flag and the Championship .
Another memorable race that year for Prost was at the San Marino Grand Prix . He was cruising to victory when his car began to run out of fuel three corners from the chequered flag . Frantically weaving the car back and forth to slosh the last drops of fuel into the pickup , he managed to keep it running just long enough to creep over the line and win the race ( Prost commented after the race that when his car started running dry he immediately thought to himself " shit , I am going to lose this race again " , referring to his 1985 disqualification at Imola ) . It happened again at the German Grand Prix : while running in fourth position , Prost 's car ran out of fuel on the finishing straight of the last lap . Instead of retiring at a time in the season when points were critical , Prost got out of his car and tried to push it to the finish , to great applause from the crowd . The finish line was too far , though , and he never reached it . He was eventually classified sixth in the race , as the seventh @-@ placed car ( the Brabham @-@ BMW of Derek Warwick ) was a lap behind .
1987
With Rosberg retiring from Formula One at the end of 1986 season , underrated Swede Stefan Johansson filled the McLaren seat alongside Prost for the 1987 season . Even though McLaren had introduced the new Steve Nichols designed MP4 / 3 after three seasons with the MP4 / 2 model ( Barnard had departed for Ferrari ) , the TAG engines were not the force they had been previously , lagging behind in power and with unreliability previously unseen . He never gave up though and challenged Piquet and Mansell almost until the end , winning three races and breaking Jackie Stewart 's record for race victories by winning for the 28th time at the Portuguese Grand Prix . Prost considers his win in the opening round in Brazil as his best and most rewarding race ever . The Williams @-@ Hondas had been dominant during qualifying , and Prost started fifth on the grid with a time three seconds slower than Mansell 's pole time . Knowing he didn 't have the qualifying speed , he instead worked on his race set @-@ up , and with everyone else going for a high @-@ downforce set @-@ up , the Frenchman went the other way . The set @-@ up meant less tyre wear , thanks to slower speeds in the corners while going fast down the straights . With his car having less tyre wear than his rivals , Prost was able to get through the 61 laps of the abrasive Jacarepaguá Circuit with only two stops compared to the three or more by his rivals ( Piquet pitted for tyres 3 times within the first 40 laps ) . Prost finished 40 seconds in front of Piquet , with Johansson a further 16 seconds back in third .
When you win a race like this the feeling is very , very good . There have been times when I have been flat @-@ out to finish sixth , but you can 't see that from the outside . In 1980 I finished three or four times in seventh place . I pushed like mad , yet everyone was gathered around the winner and they were thinking that I was just trundling around . But that 's motor racing . So in fact the only thing you can judge in this sport is the long term . You can judge a career or a season , but not one race .
Prost finished the 1987 season in fourth place in the championship behind Piquet , Mansell and Lotus driver Ayrton Senna . Prost finished 30 points behind champion Nelson Piquet . Other than his debut season in 1980 , and 1991 , it was the furthest away he would finish a season from the championship lead .
1988
Despite Nelson Piquet winning the 1987 Drivers ' Championship and Williams winning the Constructors ' Championship , Honda decided not to supply the team with their engines , partly due to Williams ' refusal to dump Nigel Mansell and hire Japanese driver and Honda test driver Satoru Nakajima ( who debuted with Lotus in 1987 ) , and instead supplied the McLaren team for 1988 . Prost had convinced Ron Dennis to sign Ayrton Senna to a three @-@ year contract , which played a role in luring Honda ( Senna 's ability had been highly regarded by the Japanese
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
co superstore was the largest in Britain at the time ) . The shopping area was also expanded southeastwards from Queen 's Square : although the original plans of 1975 were not implemented fully , several large shop units were built and a new pedestrianised link — The Martlets — was provided between Queen 's Square and Haslett Avenue , the main road to Three Bridges . The remaining land between this area and the railway line was sold for private development by 1982 ; in 1992 a 450 @,@ 000 square feet ( 41 @,@ 800 m2 ) shopping centre named County Mall was opened there . Its stores includes major retailers such as Debenhams , Boots , W H Smith and British Home Stores as well as over 80 smaller outlets . The town 's main bus station was redesigned , roads including the main A2220 Haslett Avenue were rerouted , and some buildings at the south end of The Martlets were demolished to accommodate the mall .
A regeneration strategy for the town centre , " Centre Vision 2000 " , was produced in 1993 . Changes brought about by the scheme have included 50 @,@ 000 square feet ( 4 @,@ 600 m2 ) of additional retail space in Queen 's Square and The Martlets , and a mixed @-@ use development at the southern end of the High Street on land formerly occupied by Robinson Road ( which was demolished ) and Spencers Road ( shortened and severed at one end ) . An ASDA superstore , opened in September 2003 , forms the centrepiece . Robinson Road , previously named Church Road , had been at the heart of the old Crawley : a century before its demolition , its buildings included two chapels , a school , a hospital and a post office .
There are plans to expand Crawley 's central shopping area northwards on to land occupied by the Town Hall and office buildings . The borough council 's premises would be moved to a new site — possibly the land occupied by Sussex House on the High Street — and The Boulevard would become a large pedestrianised shopping area . The scheme , named " Town Centre North " , is designed to make Crawley a major regional shopping destination .
= = Public services = =
Policing in Crawley is provided by Sussex Police ; the British Transport Police are responsible for the rail network . The borough is the police headquarters for the North Downs division , and is itself divided into three areas for the purposes of neighbourhood policing : Crawley East , Crawley West , and Crawley Town Centre . A separate division covers Gatwick Airport . There is a police station in the town centre ; it is open 24 hours a day , and the front desk is staffed for 16 hours each day except Christmas Day . Statutory emergency fire and rescue services are provided by the West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service which operates a fire station in the town centre . The South East Coast Ambulance Service is responsible for ambulance and paramedic services .
Crawley Hospital in West Green is operated by West Sussex Primary Care Trust . Some services are provided by the Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust , including a 24 @-@ hour Urgent Treatment Centre for semi @-@ life @-@ threatening injuries . The Surrey and Sussex was judged as " weak " by the Healthcare Commission in 2008 , however in 2015 both the hospital and the Surrey and Sussex Trust were rated good by the Care Quality Commission .
Thames Water is responsible for all waste water and sewerage provision . Residents in most parts of Crawley receive their drinking water from Southern Water ; areas in the north of the town around Gatwick Airport are provided by Sutton & East Surrey Water ; and South East Water supplies Maidenbower .
UK Power Networks is the Distribution Network Operator responsible for electricity . Gas is supplied by Southern Gas Networks who own and manage the South East Local Distribution Zone .
The provision of public services was made in co @-@ operation with the local authorities as the town grew in the 1950s and 1960s . They oversaw the opening of a fire station in 1958 , the telephone exchange , police station and town centre health clinic in 1961 and an ambulance station in 1963 . Plans for a new hospital on land at The Hawth were abandoned , however , and the existing hospital in West Green was redeveloped instead . Gas was piped from Croydon , 20 miles ( 32 km ) away , and a gasworks at Redhill , while the town 's water supply came from the Weir Wood reservoir south of East Grinstead and another at Pease Pottage .
In December 2008 , a new three @-@ storey library was opened in new buildings at Southgate Avenue , replacing the considerably undersized establishment formerly at County Buildings .
The Civil Aviation Authority Regulation Safety Group is in the Aviation House in Gatwick Airport in Crawley .
= = Transport = =
Crawley 's early development as a market town was helped by its location on the London – Brighton turnpike . The area was joined to the railway network in the mid @-@ 19th century ; and since the creation of the new town , there have been major road upgrades ( including a motorway link ) , a guided bus transit system and the establishment of an airport which has become one of Britain 's largest and busiest .
= = = Road = = =
The London – Brighton turnpike ran through the centre of Crawley , forming the High Street and Station Road . When Britain 's major roads were classified by the British government 's Ministry of Transport between 1919 and 1923 , it was given the number A23 . It was bypassed by a new dual carriageway in 1938 ( which forms the A23 's current route through the town ) , and then later to the east side of the town by the M23 motorway , which was opened in 1975 . This connects London 's orbital motorway , the M25 , to the A23 at Pease Pottage , at the southern edge of Crawley 's built @-@ up area . The original single @-@ carriageway A23 became the A2219 .
The M23 has junctions in the Crawley area at the A2011 / A264 ( Junction 10 ) and Maidenbower ( area of Crawley ) ( Junction 10A ) . The end of the motorway at Pease Pottage is Junction 11 . The A2011 , another dual @-@ carriageway , joins the A23 in West Green and provides a link , via the A2004 , to the town centre . The A2220 follows the former route of the A264 through the town , linking the A23 directly to the A264 at Copthorne , from where it then runs to East Grinstead .
= = = Rail = = =
The first railway line in the area was the Brighton Main Line , which opened as far as Haywards Heath on 12
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
with just 700 runs at an average of less than 20 .
The 2001 English cricket season saw Key 's form improve , with him scoring four first @-@ class centuries ; including one against the touring Pakistanis . His highest score of the season and career to date would come in the final game — he scored 132 in a rain @-@ affected match against Lancashire . His scoring throughout the season persuaded the national selectors to include him in the National Academy , which went on a winter tour of Australia , where he showed his ability with an innings of 177 against the side 's Australian counterparts .
He continued his good form into 2002 , where his run @-@ scoring earned him an invitation to play for the Marylebone Cricket Club against the Sri Lankans . He scored 77 in a drawn match , and would later that season make his Test match debut against India . However , following his Test debut , he only passed 50 on one further occasion that year . He would maintain his place in the Test side against Zimbabwe the following year , despite only scoring one innings of note — 129 against the Cambridge students . However , after being dropped from the side , Key 's form seemed to improve : he scored 140 against Nottinghamshire to set up a Kent victory , and consistently scored around 40 runs per innings for the remainder of the season .
The 2004 English cricket season saw Key hit top form for the first time , scoring a total of 2 @,@ 486 runs in all competitions . This total included a " majestic " unbeaten 118 in the opening game of the season against Gloucestershire , during which Key did not offer a single chance throughout . He reached the thousand run milestone for the season on 2 June , the earliest date the milestone had been reached since 1978 , and went on a run that included five centuries in seven innings . He was then recalled to the England squad for the series against the West Indies , and Key played two key innings : 221 at Lord 's , and his second innings 93 not out to win the third Test for England . Following the series Key returned to the domestic scene , and finished the season with two further tons ; 131 against both Northamptonshire and Middlesex .
Following the winter international series in South Africa , Key returned to domestic action with Kent . While not having as successful a season as in the previous year , he still scored over 1 @,@ 500 runs . This included two centuries in the same match against Surrey , during the second of which he shared a county third @-@ wicket record partnership of 323 with Martin van Jaarsveld . At the end of the season , Key was named the new county captain following the resignation of David Fulton , a role he took on in order to help his chances of regaining a place in the England side .
His first season as captain saw his form slide , as Kent 's chairman of cricket Graham Johnson related at the end of the season : " His commitment to the team has probably impacted on his own form " . Nonetheless , he was given the captaincy of the England A team in their fixture against Pakistan , and led Kent to fifth place in the top tier of the County Championship . The following season saw Key lead Kent to silverware , whilst returning to some of his best form . He struck a total of eight centuries , and amassed a total of 2 @,@ 267 runs in all competitions , whilst also leading Kent to the finals day of the 2007 Twenty20 Cup , in which Kent defeated Sussex and Gloucestershire to claim the trophy . However , Key was later found guily of " serious dissent " following his controversial dismissal in the final .
He continued his run @-@ scoring into 2008 , where he scored an unbeaten 178 against the touring New Zealanders to " lift himself firmly into the Test reckoning " . Following Michael Vaughan 's resignation as England captain , Key was touted by the some people in the media as a potential candidate for the job . However , the season ended badly for Key , as under his captaincy Kent were relegated to the second tier of the County Championship for the first time , with Key also being fined £ 1 @,@ 250 for comments he made over an ECB pitch panel decision in August .
Key took his first wicket in first @-@ class cricket on the final day of Kent 's draw with Northamptonshire at the start of the 2009 season . He went on to score 1 @,@ 209 runs that season , with four centuries including a career @-@ best 270 * , at 50 @.@ 37 runs per innings . It was the sixth time he had passed one thousand runs in a season . He came close to beating this score the following season when , on 17 May 2010 , he scored 261 against Durham . He had , until that match , struggled with the bat - averaging only 14 @.@ 30 in the County Championship .
He announced his retirement from the game on 18 April 2016 , citing his desire to not " hinder younger players [ coming through ] " and focus on coaching and his role with SKY Sports as a television pundit .
= = International career = =
= = = India in England , 2002 = = =
Key made his Test match debut in the second Test against India in 2002 , as a replacement for Marcus Trescothick , who had broken his thumb . Chairman of selectors David Graveney said Key was selected because of his " outstanding form for Kent after attending the National Academy " over the winter . Opening the batting with Michael Vaughan , Key made 17 runs in his only innings before being bowled by Ashish Nehra . Retained in the side for the third Test , Key managed scored 30 and 34 as England succumbed to an innings defeat . However , his performance was marred by him dropping three catches . Key was dropped from the fourth and final Test , with Trescothick replacing him having been rushed back from injury .
= = = England in Australia , 2002 – 03 = = =
After success in domestic cricket and promise shown in his Test appearances previously , Key was selected as part of the squad to play Australia . Despite playing well in a limited overs match against an ACB Chairman 's XI ; hitting 68 , he was not selected to play in the first
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Test , instead acting as twelfth man . He ended up fielding to a greater extent than he would have imagined , after Simon Jones ruptured knee ligaments while fielding , and took no further part in the match .
Brought back into the side for the second Test for the injured John Crawley , Key made a solitary run in the first innings , batting at number three , before being caught off the bowling of Shane Warne just after the lunch break . Relegated to number five in the second innings , with Mark Butcher and Nasser Hussain batting ahead of him , he again made just one before being caught off Andy Bichel .
Key fared better in the third match , played at the WACA Ground in Perth . On a pitch with " exceptional bounce and pace " , Key was the only English batsman to keep his wicket intact for a prolonged period , batting passively for 47 , the highest score of the innings . He then caught Brett Lee at third man in Australia 's only innings , before offering Hussain " stout support " in making 23 second time around . England lost the Test match by an innings and 48 runs , a result that ensured that Australia retained the Ashes .
Following a break for the first part of the VB Series of One Day Internationals , England moved to Melbourne for the fourth Test . Unfortunately for Key , he fell for a duck in the first innings , trapped leg before wicket ( lbw ) second ball by fast bowler Brett Lee . With England following on , Key made a maiden half @-@ century to ensure Australia had to bat again . He eventually fell just after the new ball was taken , caught at second slip for 52 .
The final Test , played at the Sydney Cricket Ground , saw England attempting to avoid a series whitewash . Key scored three runs in England 's first innings , before falling lbw to an innocuous half @-@ volley from Steve Waugh , playing in his last Ashes Test . He scored 14 in his final innings of the tour , before being caught at midwicket , however England had nearly 350 runs on the board by that stage and were on track to complete a consolatory victory . The 2004 edition of the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack recorded that Key had " justified his selection ahead of an older player , like Mark Ramprakash , but did not cement his place " .
= = = Zimbabwe and South Africa in England , 2003 = = =
Despite a low @-@ scoring start to the 2003 English cricket season , in which he passed 40 only once in his first seven innings of the season , he kept his place in the Test side for the visit of the touring Zimbabweans . Batting at number five in both Tests , Key failed to make much of an impact , scoring 18 runs in the first match and four in the second . He had reason to feel aggrieved at his first Test dismissal — umpire Steve Bucknor gave him out caught behind , despite Key not hitting the ball .
His inclusion in the One Day International ( ODI ) squad for the following NatWest Series against Zimbabwe and South Africa owed more to the lack of available players than his own form ; he had only passed 40 on one occasion going into the series . Key made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in the opening match of the tournament ; he scored 11 before falling to the left @-@ arm spin of Ray Price . Key only played one more match in the series ; against South Africa he fell for a golden duck taking a " wild swing " at the first ball he received from Makhaya Ntini . Following England 's qualification into the final of the tournament , Key was released from the squad " to have some match @-@ practice in the longer form of the game ahead of the Test series " against South Africa . However , Key did not make an appearance in the series .
= = = West Indies in England , 2004 = = =
Key returned to the Test match side after an excellent start to the 2004 season . He reached 1 @,@ 000 runs for the season by 2 June , the earliest date the milestone had been reached for 16 years , and had a run of five centuries in seven innings . However , his limited @-@ overs form was not as good — he passed fifty only once all season . Despite this , he was called into the squad for the NatWest Series against the West Indies and New Zealand .
Key 's series began with the fifth match of the tournament ; against the West Indies at Headingley . With England chasing 160 to win , Key came in at 55 for one , but scored just six before being bowled by Dwayne Bravo . His only other appearance came against New Zealand towards the end of the group stage — Key scored 18 and was playing well before being caught behind .
His place in the Test side was ensured after Mark Butcher pulled out , having been hit from behind in his car and sustaining a whiplash injury . Key took the opportunity , moving toward a maiden Test century with what Wisden described as " powerful driving and pulling " . He was dropped twice — Chris Gayle parried an opportunity with Key on 16 , while Devon Smith failed to dismiss him when on 58 . Key maintained his concentration throughout , even after meeting the Queen in a presentation during the tea interval . He brought up his century with a boundary off the bowling of Fidel Edwards , and by the end of the first day had reached 167 not out . He continued positively on the second day , and brought up his maiden double century with four through square leg off Pedro Collins . He was eventually dismissed when he " slashed a wide ball to Brian Lara at backward point " , having made 221 . In the second innings , he was run out by his captain Michael Vaughan , who went on to score his second century of the match .
The second Test saw Key struggling in the corridor of uncertainty , a characteristic highlighted by Collins , who beat the bat on several occasions before finding the edge to dismiss him . His second innings lasted just seven balls before Key " chipped a simple catch to mid @-@ on " , having scored just four .
Key 's most valuable innings , according to Wisden , came in the third Test . Despite only scoring six runs in the first innings , Key came to the crease for his second innings with England requiring another 216 runs to take a 3 – 0 lead in the series . Initially batting with Michael Vaughan , and then with Andrew Flintoff , Key scored an unbeaten 93 to guide England to their target , which was a record fourth innings total to win an Old Trafford Test . His series came to an end when he scored ten runs , in England 's ten @-@ wicket victory in the final Test .
Key 's performances in the series and his domestic form earned him recognition
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
role as gateway to the world . A third space for temporary exhibitions is housed in a purpose built pavilion extension to the civic centre . Further phases of development may yet add to the exhibition space .
The museum was designed by Wilkinson Eyre with Kier Southern serving as the main contractor . The budget for the museum was £ 15M , approximately £ 5M of which came from the Heritage Lottery Fund , with Southampton City Council and Southampton Cultural Development Trust providing the remainder . The council had planned on selling works from their municipal art collection to fund the museum , but backed down after encountering significant opposition from both within and outside the city .
= = Background = =
Plans for a heritage centre in Southampton began to emerge in 2002 , with the city council 's formation of the Heritage Working Group to explore options and to outline the way forward for such a scheme . In 2004 , the following locations were shortlisted as potential sites for the then named " Story of Southampton " heritage centre –
Lower High Street 50 @.@ 897536 ° N 1 @.@ 404339 ° W / 50 @.@ 897536 ; -1.404339 ( Lower High Street )
Mayflower Park 50 @.@ 897836 ° N 1 @.@ 408783 ° W / 50 @.@ 897836 ; -1.408783 ( Mayflower Park )
Berth 101 at the Port of Southampton 50 @.@ 900206 ° N 1 @.@ 414747 ° W / 50 @.@ 900206 ; -1.414747 ( Berth 101 )
The former Vosper Thornycroft shipyard , Woolston 50 @.@ 895617 ° N 1 @.@ 382861 ° W / 50 @.@ 895617 ; -1.382861 ( Former Vosper Thornycroft shipyard )
All of the shortlisted sites were deemed too costly and unworkable . Following these developments , in 2006 Southampton Police announced their intention to vacate their civic centre headquarters due to a lack of space . With the magistrates ' court having left the building in 2001 , this would leave an entire block of the civic centre vacant . And so the civic centre became a candidate to host the heritage centre , and by 2007 was considered the front runner .
Plans were unveiled for the civic centre heritage centre in 2008 . The original plans included a 3 @-@ storey extension to the building , and a water feature running from nearby Watts Park , both of which were scrapped to reduce the cost by £ 10M to £ 28M . The project was split into two phases . The focus of phase one was to be Southampton 's Titanic connection , and the Sea City name was attached . Phase one had a budget of £ 15M and a completion date due in 2012 .
= = Funding = =
Southampton City Council sought Heritage Lottery Funding towards the museum ; it was awarded £ 0.5M in 2009 for the development phase , and a further £ 4.6M in 2010 for the construction .
To raise the rest of the £ 15M , in 2009 , Southampton City Council proposed selling off works from their municipal art collection . The council selected two works to be sold , an oil painting by Alfred Munnings , After the Race ( 1937 ) , and one of two bronzes by Auguste Rodin , either Eve ( 1880 ) or Crouching Woman ( 1882 ) . The council believed that these works were not core to the gallery 's focus on British modern and contemporary 20th and 21st century art . Due to space constraints at Southampton City Art Gallery , only 200 of the 3 @,@ 500 works in the collection can ever be displayed there at one time ; the council believed that the sale of the two works would allow space to be created in the new museum for the display of 100 further works from the collection . It was hoped that the sale would generate £ 5M towards the museum .
The proposed sale of the artwork had backing from the local paper , the Daily Echo , which had campaigned for three years for the deaccessioning of pieces from the " overflowing " municipal collection . There were voices of dissent from within the city however , in spite of Alec Samuels , the then Conservative council leader 's assertion that , " If we don 't sell some paintings we don 't get a heritage centre . " Councillors from opposition Liberal Democrat and Labour camps described the proposed sale as a " betrayal of public trust " which would damage the reputation of the city 's museum . Alan Whitehead , MP for neighbouring Southampton Test described the proposed sale as an " outstandingly bad idea " , which would discourage future donations and bequests to the city and destroy the national standing of its gallery . Labour politicians proposed borrowing funds as an alternative to the proposed sale , but the ruling Conservative faction dismissed this plan , arguing that it would lead to either cuts in front @-@ line services , or increases in council tax , to cover interest and repayments .
Opponents formed the " Save our Collection " group to campaign against the proposed art sale ; they protested outside the civic centre and handed a petition with over 2 @,@ 500 signatories opposing the proposed sale to the council . Nonetheless , the council voted to proceed with its plans , and in September 2009 , they formally approached Baroness Scotland of Asthal , then Attorney General for England and Wales to approve the sale . Criticism came from further afield when the Museums Association stated that the proposed sale would be in breach of the association 's code of ethics as Southampton City Council had not fully explored alternate sources of funding . The
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Munnings forms part of the Chipperfield bequest to the city , over which the Tate held an advisory responsibility . They joined in the criticism , stating that " the sale of works acquired through the Chipperfield bequest to raise funds towards a capital project is not advisable and , indeed , not in the spirit of the bequest . " The Art Fund , which had previously provided funding towards the acquisition of Bridget Riley 's Red Movement ( 2005 ) by the city , expressed concern at the proposed sale , wary that it would " set an uncomfortable precedent , stretching the sector 's guidelines and effectively sanctioning the disposal of works of art from publicly @-@ owned collections to support other areas of public sector cultural provision " .
In November 2009 , due to the strong opposition , Southampton City Council placed the proposed art sale on hold to re @-@ evaluate their funding possibilities . By February 2010 , the council had cancelled the proposed art sale . The council stated that movements in the property markets had allowed it to consider selling off assets that were previously seen as unviable for sale . The council also looked to other organisations to provide funding , such as partnerships with neighbouring Hampshire County Council through a loan of artworks scheme . And if these efforts were to fail , the council stated that any shortfall would be met through borrowing .
A charity , the Southampton Cultural Development Trust was formed in 2010 to raise funds towards the project . The museum further received a grant from the Department for Culture , Media and Sport in conjunction with the Wolfson Foundation , and another from the Garfield Weston Foundation .
Over its first two years of operations income was £ 468 thousand ( 23 % ) lower than expected . Visitor numbers were 10 thousand lower than expected at 240 thousand . Visitor numbers have continued to fall in subsequent years raising concerns over ongoing funding and long term viability .
= = Construction = =
Southampton City Council appointed the design team in July 2009 , naming Wilkinson Eyre as lead . A year later , Kier Southern were named as main contractor . Despite reservations over the appearance of the new pavilion , English Heritage gave their approval for the designs , and final planning permission was granted in September 2010 . Work began in October . There were some obstacles to the build , contractors discovered significant corrosion to the original building 's steel frame which had to be repaired . Adding the necessary security elements to cover museum exhibits in a listed building also proved challenging . Features from the original building were preserved in the design , the former prison cells were kept intact and used as toilet facilities , and a court room was preserved as an exhibition space .
By August 2011 , contractors had reached the top of the pavilion , and a topping out ceremony was held . The pavilion was designed as three interlocking bays to negotiate the irregular site upon which it sits , which rises two metres from South to North . Stone aggregate was used on the pavilion 's exterior to maintain consistency with the original civic centre building 's portland stone exterior . Wilkinson Eyre described the pavilion as a " bold architectural addition " which signalled " the presence of a new important cultural attraction within the city " . Oliver Green , writing for Museums Journal described the shape of the pavilion as echoing the " prows of ocean liners cutting through art deco waves " . The completed museum provides 2 @,@ 000 m2 of exhibition and learning space . The museum opened on time on 10 April 2012 , marking the centenary of RMS Titanic 's departure from the city . Southampton City Council forecast that the museum would receive over 150 @,@ 000 visitors per year , but these numbers were only achieved in the first year , and annual totals have subsequently fallen consistently .
Work on the SeaCity Museum attracted positive attention from industry bodies . The Institution of Structural Engineers shortlisted Ramboll 's structural design work for their 2012 Structural Awards ; Architects ' Journal shortlisted Wilkinson Eyre and interior fitters 8build for their 2012 Retrofit Awards .
= = Exhibits = =
There are three exhibitions at SeaCity , all of which were designed by Urban Salon . Two permanent exhibitions are housed in the former police station and magistrates ' court .
Gateway to the World examines Southampton 's history , and its role as a hub for human migration . Exhibits include a one tonne , seven @-@ metre long replica of RMS Queen Mary , rehoused from Southampton Maritime Museum . Both Southampton Maritime Museum and Southampton Museum of Archaeology closed permanently in September 2011 to allow their exhibits to be rehoused at SeaCity and Tudor House Museum .
Southampton 's Titanic Story explores the Titanic tragedy through the eyes of its crew , the majority of whom listed Southampton as their address . A preserved court room uses audiovisual elements to re @-@ enact scenes from the British inquiry into the sinking and to explore its ramifications . The civic centre clock tower , approximately the height of a funnel on the Titanic can be viewed through a roof light as visitors enter the exhibition , giving them an impression of the scale of the ship . The story incorporates audio recordings given by the survivors and features interactive elements allowing visitors to steer the virtual ship and to stoke its engines .
The pavilion plays host to temporary exhibitions . The first of which , to coincide with the Titanic centenary , is Titanic : The Legend which explores the public 's enduring fascination with the ship through its portrayal in popular culture . The exhibition hosts screens playing back scenes from films such as 1912 's In Nacht und Eis and 1997 's Titanic . Titanic memorabilia collected include Steiff " mourning bears " , beers from the Titanic Brewery , jigsaw puzzles and many other such kitsch that SeaCity scoured the internet to find .
Catherine Roberts , reviewing Southampton 's Titanic Story for Culture24 described the comparison between the height of the civic centre and the height of the Titanic as inspired . She praised the graphics for making the story digestible for children and adults . And while she mentioned that the motif of following several crew members through the story never quite pans out , she concluded that it was a well @-@ conceived exhibition and that " there can be no better place than Southampton to remember both those who died and those who survived the Titanic ’ s first and final voyage . "
Oliver Green , writing in Museums Journal welcomed the new building , comparing it favourably to Southampton Maritime Museum 's former home at The Wool House , which he described as being " completely unsuitable for telling the story of 20th century Southampton " . Green praised the use of multimedia as " creative but restrained " , and highlighted their careful integration with the museum 's collections . He finished his review on a hopeful note , eyeing the still undeveloped spaces available in the civic centre building for further expansion . He concluded that it would be " a real shame if the project were to falter at this stage " , and that further phases of expansion " must surely be good for the city and its future success . "
= Kanye West =
Kanye Omari West ( / ˈkɑːnjeɪ / ; born June 8 , 1977 ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , fashion designer , and entrepreneur . Raised in Chicago , West first became known as a producer for Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as Jay Z and Alicia Keys . Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success . He went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque @-@ inflected Late Registration ( 2005 ) , the arena @-@ inspired Graduation ( 2007 ) , and the polarizing 808s & Heartbreak ( 2008 ) . In 2010 , he released his critically acclaimed fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , and the following year he collaborated with Jay Z on the joint LP Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) . West released his sixth album , Yeezus , to further critical praise in 2013 . West 's seventh album , The Life of Pablo , was released in 2016 .
West 's outspoken views and life outside of music have received significant mainstream attention . He has been a frequent source of controversy and
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows , on social media , and in other public settings . His more publicized comments include his unscripted denunciation of President George W. Bush during a live 2005 television broadcast for Hurricane Katrina relief and his interruption of country music singer Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . West 's efforts as a fashion designer include collaborations with Nike , Louis Vuitton , and A.P.C. on both clothing and footwear , and have most prominently resulted in the YEEZY collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013 . He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA . His 2014 marriage to television personality Kim Kardashian has also been subject to widespread media coverage .
West is among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century , and is one of the best @-@ selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy @-@ awarded artist to have debuted in the 21st century . Three of his albums have been included and ranked on Rolling Stone 's 2012 update of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " list . He has also been included in a number of Forbes annual lists . Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 .
= = Early life = =
Kanye Omari West was born on June 8 , 1977 in Atlanta , Georgia . His parents divorced when he was three years old . After the divorce , he and his mother moved to Chicago , Illinois . His father , Ray West , is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution . Ray West was later a Christian counselor , and in 2006 , opened the Good Water Store and Café in Lexington Park , Maryland with startup capital from his son . West 's mother , Dr. Donda C. ( Williams ) West , was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University , and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University before retiring to serve as his manager . West was raised in a middle @-@ class background , attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn , Illinois after living in Chicago .
At the age of 10 , West moved with his mother to Nanjing , China , where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program . According to his mother , West was the only foreigner in his class , but settled in well and quickly picked up the language , although he has since forgotten most of it . When asked about his grades in high school , West replied , " I got A 's and B 's . And I 'm not even frontin ' . "
West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age ; he began writing poetry when he was five years old
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
. His mother recalled that she first took notice of West 's passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade . Growing up in Chicago , West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene . He started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade , eventually selling them to other artists . At age thirteen , West wrote a rap song called " Green Eggs and Ham " and began to persuade his mother to pay $ 25 an hour for time in a recording studio . It was a small , crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger . Although this wasn 't what West 's mother wanted , she nonetheless supported him . West crossed paths with producer / DJ No I.D. , with whom he quickly formed a close friendship . No I.D. soon became West 's mentor , and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15 .
After graduating from high school , West received a scholarship to attend Chicago 's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English . He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work , and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams . This action greatly displeased his mother , who was also a professor at the university . She later commented , " It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life ... but some career goals don 't require college . For Kanye to make an album called College Dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are , rather than following the path society has carved out for you . "
= = Career = =
= = = 1996 – 2002 : Early work and Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records = = =
Kanye West began his early production career in the mid @-@ 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . His first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on Down to Earth , the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper named Grav . For a time , West acted as a ghost producer for Deric " D @-@ Dot " Angelettie . Because of his association with D @-@ Dot , West wasn 't able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go @-@ Getters , a late @-@ 1990s Chicago rap group composed of him , GLC , Timmy G , Really Doe , and Arrowstar . His group was managed by John " Monopoly " Johnson , Don Crowley , and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
don 't offer much of a challenge " . Eurogamer also felt that the mechanics " [ get ] very tired , very fast " . 1UP.com also felt that the games were formulaic and that double battles were underused .
ComputerAndVideoGames.com was enthusiastic over the graphics , calling them " gorgeous " . Other reviewers were less enthusiastic , however . GamePro felt that the graphics were only " a fair bit prettier " than those of the Game Boy color games ; GameZone said that the games " still [ use ] the simple animations and basic character designs that were created for the original , color @-@ less Game Boy " . IGN and 1UP.com noted that the graphics had received only a minor upgrade , and Eurogamer felt that the graphics had been upgraded to a " functional level at best " . The audio was generally well @-@ received : GameZone and GameSpot both felt the audio was catchy ; GameZone gave the audio an 8 out of 10 score , saying that while the music " was annoying at times , [ ... ] it 's also very good . [ ... ] I found myself humming the music when I wasn 't playing " . Other complaints included the removal of the time system of Gold and Silver and the inability to import Pokémon from the games of previous generations .
= = = Sales = = =
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire were highly anticipated . In Japan , they sold 1 @.@ 25 million units within the first four days of release and were the best @-@ selling games of the 2002 holiday season ; sales totaled around 4 @.@ 4 million within six weeks of release . They also became the first games to sell 2 million copies in Japan since 2001 's Final Fantasy X and the first games for a hand @-@ held console to do so since 2000 's Yu @-@ Gi @-@ Oh ! Duel Monsters 4 . In North America , Nintendo sold 2 @.@ 2 million units by April 2003 ( within one month of the games ' North American release ) in the region alone . Ruby and Sapphire were the second and third best @-@ selling games , respectively , of 2003 . The games enjoyed success in Europe as well . They were the second best @-@ selling games of the holiday season in 2002 ; even before release , European retailers imported cartridges from the United States to meet the high demand for the games . With around 16 million units sold worldwide , the games are the best @-@ selling titles ever for the Game Boy Advance . However , analysts noted that with " young kids ... gravitating toward Yu @-@ Gi @-@ Oh ! " at the time , Pokémon 's popularity was waning . This was reflected in the games ' sales compared to those of previous generations : Red and Blue sold nearly 27 million units worldwide , and Gold and Silver sold over 14 million units .
= = Related games = =
= = = Pokémon Emerald = = =
Pokémon Emerald ( ポケットモンスター エメラルド , Poketto Monsutā Emerarudo , lit " Pocket Monsters : Emerald " ) , featuring Rayquaza on the box art , is the twelfth game in the Pokémon video game series in Japan , and the eleventh in North America and Europe . The game , an updated version of Ruby and Sapphire , was released in Japan on September 16 , 2004 ; it was released in North America on May 1 , 2005 ; Australia on June 9 , 2005 ; and Europe on October 21 , 2005 .
Although the gameplay is as that of Ruby and Sapphire , Emerald introduces new features . The plot is modified ; both Team Magma and Aqua are villains who are locked in a constant gang war and awaken Groudon and Kyogre , respectively . When the two legendary Pokémon begin to battle each other , the protagonist must unleash the legendary Pokémon Rayquaza ( pictured on the box cover ) to calm them . Some of the game mechanics are changed as well . Though double battles were clearly marked in Ruby and Sapphire , in Emerald , two separate trainers might unite to battle as a pair . After the Elite Four is defeated , the player may re @-@ battle Gym Leaders in a double battle if they are called on their PokéNav . Also , Pokémon sprites are animated in battle like they were in Pokémon Crystal . Probably the most significant addition is the Battle Frontier , an expanded version of the Battle Tower in Ruby and Sapphire .
Another change made in Emerald is the addition of Team Magma 's base on the side of Mt . Chimney ; moreover , the legendary Pokémon Groudon is found here , rather than in the Cave of Origin . Even though the locations of the legendary Pokémon are different , Team Magma still makes the mistake of taking the blue orb to Groudon , while Team Aqua still makes the mistake of taking the red orb to Kyogre . A new character named Scott is also introduced in this game . Unknown to the player , he is the creator of the Battle Frontier . He follows the player throughout the game , watching them battle each Gym Leader and even meeting up with them when they get to the Battle Frontier .
Emerald has been generally well received . The game has an aggregate rating of 77 % on Game Rankings . GameSpot gave it a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 ; IGN gave it an " Impressive " rating of 8 @.@ 0 out of a possible 10 . Eurogamer , however , gave Emerald a score of 6 out of 10 . Though it praised
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Emerald for looking better than either Ruby or Sapphire and for having harder and longer gameplay , it criticized the game for not even being a " half changed update [ ... ] but more of a director 's cut " . Emerald was the second best @-@ selling game in the United States of 2005 ; it sold 6 @.@ 32 million copies , making it the third @-@ best selling game for the Game Boy Advance .
In 2011 , it was reported that the game was still selling in Japan in 2010 with approximately 7 @,@ 724 sold that year .
= = = Pokémon Box : Ruby and Sapphire = = =
Pokémon Box : Ruby and Sapphire , or simply Pokémon Box , is a spin @-@ off Pokémon game for the Nintendo GameCube console , bundled with a Nintendo GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable and a Memory Card 59 . It was released in Japan on May 30 , 2003 and in North America on July 11 , 2004 , but only through the New York Pokémon Center and its online store . It is no longer available in either location . The game was released in some parts of Europe as Pokémon Memory Magic due to translation problems , and Europeans only could get the game by using points from Nintendo of Europe 's loyalty program , or by buying the Pokémon Colosseum Mega Pack .
The game is essentially a storage system for the Game Boy Advance Pokémon games that allows players to trade and store Pokémon that they have caught in Ruby , Sapphire , Emerald , FireRed , and LeafGreen onto a GameCube memory card . Players can then organize and interact with their Pokémon on the GameCube , such as allowing them to breed . Unique Pokémon can also be acquired . Another feature allows the games to be played on the television via the GameCube Game Boy Advance Cable . Options such as taking screenshots of the game are available in this mode . Another addition is the " Showcase " , where players can create and display game pieces of Pokémon .
Nintendo referred to the game as " the most exclusive Pokémon software ever offered to North American Pokémon fans , " but it was generally considered to be unnecessary , receiving a score of 50 % on Game Rankings from 1 review . Craig Harris of IGN gave the game a " Meh " rating of 5 @.@ 0 out of 10 , praising the interface , which makes the organization of Pokémon much easier as compared to the Game Boy Advance interface , as well as the emulator which allows Ruby and Sapphire to be played on the GameCube . He also stated that the game was a good deal due to the inclusion of a Memory Card and Cable . However , Harris cited the " Showcase " as " entirely unnecessary and completely out of place , " and said that overall the game lacked much to do . He wrote , " It 's targeted specifically for the truly die @-@ hard Pokemon fan , but it requires so many specific elements to actually be useful to anyone . " Allgame gave the game three and a half out of five stars .
= = = Pokémon Omega Ruby and Pokémon Alpha Sapphire = = =
On May 7 , 2014 , Nintendo announced that a remake of Ruby and Sapphire , titled Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire , and it was released for the Nintendo 3DS on November 21 , 2014 Worldwide , with the exclusion of Europe , where it was released on November 28 , 2014 .
= = = General = = =
= Brabham BT49 =
The Brabham BT49 / ˈbræbəm / is a Formula One racing car designed by South African Gordon Murray for the British Brabham team . The BT49 competed in the 1979 to 1982 Formula One World Championships and was used by Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet to win his first World Championship in 1981 .
The car was initially designed in 1979 as a short notice replacement for the team 's Alfa Romeo @-@ engined BT48 , after Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone decided to end his relationship with the Italian engine manufacturer . The BT49 was created in only six weeks using elements of the BT48 chassis together with the widely used Cosworth DFV engine . It is a single seater with an open cockpit and exposed wheels . The monocoque chassis is made from aluminium alloy and carbon fibre composites . The car was fitted with controversial hydropneumatic suspension and water @-@ cooled brakes at different points in its life .
The BT49 was updated over four seasons taking a total of seven wins , six poles and 135 points . Seventeen were eventually built , most of which survive today . Some are used successfully in historic motorsport ; Christian Glaesel won the 2005 FIA Historic Formula One Championship driving a BT49D .
= = Concept = =
The BT49 was created by South African designer Gordon Murray for the Brabham team during the 1979 season of the Formula One motor racing World Championship . The Brabham team had been competing in partnership with engine supplier Alfa Romeo since 1976 and won races in the 1978 season . However , the team 's 1979 car , the BT48 , was not a great success . Alfa Romeo entered their own Type 177 and Type 179 cars in Formula One Grands Prix that summer , helping to convince the Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone that the partnership was over . Motorsport author Alan Henry writes that Ecclestone did not want his team to take second place to an Alfa Romeo works team , and that the team designing Alfa Romeo 's cars was drawing on Brabham knowledge .
Alfa 's engines were powerful , but had proved troublesome and according to Henry , " the days during which pure power was the main criterion had temporarily vanished by the start of 1979 " . Instead aerodynamic ground effect , as brought to Formula One by the Lotus 78 two years earlier , was the most important factor . To allow them to focus on this , the Brabham team reverted to a known quantity , the reliable and widely used Ford Cosworth DFV engine that it had last used in 1975 . Three BT49s were designed and built in only six weeks for the Canadian Grand Prix on 30 September 1979 ; two of them were converted BT48 chassis and one was newly built .
= = Chassis and suspension = =
Like all of its Formula One contemporaries , the BT49 chassis is a monocoque structure . It is built from sheet aluminium alloy with reinforcement from carbon fibre composite panels and is one of the first Formula One chassis to incorporate this material structurally . The chassis is slightly longer than that of the BT48 , and is new from the cockpit back with revised sidepods and a structural fuel tank reduced from 45 to 38 imperial gallons ( 205 to 173 L ) capacity to match the reduced fuel consumption requirements of the DFV compared to the Alfa Romeo . This allowed a reduction in dry
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
weight over the BT48 of 35 pounds ( 15 @.@ 9 kg ) and of 95 lb ( 43 @.@ 1 kg ) when fully fuelled .
The underside of the BT49 is shaped to create downforce through ground effect : air is accelerated under the car , reducing the air pressure beneath it and pushing the tyres down harder onto the track . This provides more grip and thus higher cornering speeds , but compared to conventional wings creates less of the drag that slows the car in a straight line . In its original form , the reduced pressure area under the car was sealed off with sliding skirts which rose and fell with the movement of the car to ensure no air could leak under it . According to Murray , the aerodynamics were the car 's great strength : " It had more [ downforce ] than any other car and it all came from the ground effect . We ran the car with no front wing at all and scarcely any at the back . "
The suspension , which controls the relative motion of the chassis and the wheels , is similar to that of the BT48 : it features double wishbones front and rear , with the springs and dampers mounted on the chassis out of the airflow and activated by pullrods . Anti @-@ roll bars are fitted front and rear . The BT49 's disc brakes are mounted outboard , within the wheel hubs , and are activated by a single four piston brake caliper for each wheel . For most of the BT49 's career , it used conventional steel brakes . Lighter reinforced carbon @-@ carbon discs and pads , a technology that Brabham had introduced to Formula One in 1976 , were used in 1981 and 1982 ; The wheels are of 13 @-@ inch ( 330 mm ) diameter , although occasionally 15 in ( 381 mm ) wheels were used at the front . The car initially raced on Goodyear tyres , but the team had to adapt the BT49 to Michelin 's new radial tyres for part of the 1981 season when Goodyear temporarily withdrew from Formula One . Slick tyres were used in dry conditions and treaded tyres in the wet .
Three chassis , included the two modified BT48 units , were built for the end of the 1979 season . Two of these were re @-@ used during the 1980 Formula One season , alongside seven new chassis .
= = Engine and transmission = =
The Ford Cosworth DFV was produced by Cosworth in Northampton and had been used in Formula One since 1967 . It is a 2 @,@ 993 cc ( 183 cu in ) normally aspirated four @-@ stroke engine with two banks of four cylinders at 90 degrees to each other in a ' V8 ' configuration . It has an aluminium alloy engine block with cylinder liners . Each of its crossflow cylinder heads has a single spark plug and four valves , activated by gear @-@ driven double overhead camshafts . This , combined with the flat @-@ plane crankshaft , provides a relatively simple exhaust layout , in which the exhaust pipes exit on the outer side of the block . The engine is water @-@ cooled , with water and oil radiators mounted in the left and right sidepods respectively . In 1980 , a revised version of the DFV was introduced in which ancillaries such as the water and oil pumps were reduced in size and grouped further forwards on the flanks of the engine to provide more clearance for ground effect tunnels under the cars .
Like its contemporaries , the BT49 uses the engine as a fully stressed structural component , carrying all loads between the front and rear of the car : the front of the engine bolts directly to the integral fuel tank and the back of the engine attaches to the car 's rear suspension and gearbox . The Ford Cosworth engine integrated into the car much more easily than Alfa Romeo 's large , heavy and inconsistently sized units : Murray described returning to the DFV as being " like having a holiday " .
By the time the DFV was used in the BT49 , it weighed roughly 340 lb ( 154 kg ) and produced around 500 brake horsepower ( 373 kW ) at about 11 @,@ 000 revolutions per minute ( rpm ) . Peak torque was 270 pound @-@ feet ( 366 N · m ) at 9 @,@ 000 rpm . After his first test session with the car , Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet commented that he had always believed " that the DFV was quite a rough , coarse engine , but it felt quite the opposite to me . After those Alfa V12s it felt smooth and willing to rev. " In 1979 , when the BT49 first raced , all but three teams - Ferrari , Alfa Romeo and Renault - used the DFV , and the most powerful alternative ( Alfa Romeo 's V12 ) produced 525 bhp ( 391 kW ) . By 1982 , most teams still used the DFV , but BMW , Ferrari and Hart had joined Renault in employing turbocharged engines : Ferrari 's 1982 turbocharged V6 engine produced around 580 bhp ( 433 kW ) , while the DFV 's output had remained at around 500 bhp .
The BT49 was initially fitted with the same gearbox the team had been using since 1977 : a six @-@ speed unit designed by Brabham using internal components from Hewland and a casing cast by Alfa Romeo .
= = Variants = =
BT49B
A BT49B specification appeared early in the 1980 season ; it was conceived around a new transverse gearbox designed by American gearbox specialist Pete Weismann . The new unit could be fitted with five or six gears and was tall and narrow , allowing a clearer airflow from under the car to the rear , with the intent of improving the ground effect . An alternative rear suspension layout was designed to go with this gearbox . It replaced the standard pullrods with rocker arms that activated vertical coil springs mounted behind the gearbox . The Weismann unit proved difficult to make reliable and was used alongside the original gearbox , mainly on a spare chassis , until the Dutch Grand Prix , after which it was put to one side .
BT49T
A modified BT49 , dubbed BT49T , was used to test the earliest versions of BMW 's turbocharged Formula One engine between the 1980 and 1981 Formula One seasons . This was a 1 @,@ 499 cc ( 92 cu in ) inline four @-@ cylinder engine , with a single KKK turbocharger mounted in the left hand sidepod of the car . The first version of the engine was said to produce 557 bhp ( 415 kW ) .
BT49C
For the 1981 season , a BT49C specification was produced with a chassis lightened through increased use of carbon composite materials . Five of this variant were built and two of the previous year 's cars converted to this specification . That year a minimum ride height of 60 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) was introduced and sliding skirts were banned , with the intention of limiting ground effect and slowing the cars . The BT49C regained its front wings to compensate in part for the downforce lost . More significantly , Murray devised a hydropneumatic suspension system for the BT49C in which soft air springs supported the car at the regulation height for checks while stationary . At speed , where the ride height could not be measured , downforce compressed the air and the car settled to a much lower height , creating more downforce . Because the skirts now had to be fixed , the suspension had to be very stiff to allow them to consistently seal around the sides of the car : by the end of the 1981 season , total suspension movement was only 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) , half of which came from the compression of the tyres . A lightweight qualifying chassis was produced , featuring a small fuel tank and lighter reinforced carbon @-@ carbon brake discs and pads .
BT49D
Three new BT49D chassis were built for the 1982 season , featuring a still lighter chassis and one @-@ piece bodywork . By this stage , the cars had to be ballasted to bring them up to the minimum weight limit of 580 kg ( 1 @,@ 279 lb ) specified in the rules . The BT49D used the carbon @-@ carbon brakes as standard and was one of several DFV @-@ powered cars to be fitted with large water tanks , ostensibly for " water @-@ cooled brakes " . In practice , the water was dumped early in the race , allowing the cars to race as much as 50 kg ( 110 lb ) under the weight limit ; the regulations stated coolant could be topped up at the end of the race before the weight was checked . In the view of the DFV teams , this practice met the letter of the regulations and equalised their performance with that of the more powerful turbocharged cars . The 60 mm ground clearance rule was removed for the 1982 season , but the fixed skirts and very stiff suspension remained .
= = Racing history = =
The BT
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.