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Union Pacific Railroad , that branches off from the route of the Union Pacific / North Line about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north @-@ west of the bridge . The railroad to the east of the bridge has been abandoned since 2000 .
= = Previous bridges = =
Through the 1820s a small settlement grew around Wolf Point , at the forks of the Chicago River . In June 1829 , Samuel Miller — who owned a tavern on the north shore of the river beside the forks — and Archibald Clybourne were authorized to run a ferry across the mouth of the north branch of the river , just south of the present Kinzie Street . By 1832 the ferry had been replaced with a pedestrian bridge that was the first bridge to be constructed across the Chicago River .
On October 10 , 1848 the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad — Chicago 's first railroad — began operating out of a depot on the west side of the Chicago River , near the corner of Canal and Kinzie Streets . Though the City of Chicago had authorized the railroad to construct a bridge across the north branch of the river as early as July 17 , 1848 , it was not until 1851 that the railroad began to purchase the land needed to build the Wells Street Station to the east of the river . In order to access the new station a floating pontoon bridge designed by Jenks D. Perkins was built across the north branch at roughly the same location as the earlier pedestrian bridge . This bridge — the first railroad bridge in Chicago — was completed in 1852 , allowing trains to access the railroad 's new Wells Street Station and subsequently industry on the north bank of the Chicago River as far as the Ogden Slip and Navy Pier .
The original railroad bridge was replaced by a swing bridge in 1879 that , along with the Glasgow Railroad Bridge across the Missouri River , was one of the United States ' first all steel railroad bridges . This bridge was constructed from Bessemer steel , which proved too brittle and so the bridge was replaced again in 1898 . The replacement bridge was constructed on land and floated into position , allowing the old structure to be removed and the new one put in place in 27 ½ hours on March 13 and March 14 , 1898 .
= = Bascule bridge = =
River traffic and railroad traffic were increasingly in competition with each other . In October 1879 a disaster was narrowly avoided when a seven @-@ coach passenger train with 800 people on board approached the open swing bridge too fast and was barely able to stop in time , ending up with its front wheels hanging off the approach road over the river . Meanwhile , boats on the river were getting larger and finding it increasingly difficult to navigate the bridges at the mouth of the north branch , so the Army Corps of Engineers ordered the clearing of three swing bridges near Kinzie Street that were obstructing river traffic . Therefore , in 1907 construction started on a new bascule bridge that would allow more space for boats to pass by on the river .
= = = Design and construction = = =
The bridge is designed to carry two railroad tracks across the river . Its superstructure consists of two spans constructed by the Strauss Bascule & Concrete Bridge Company : a 26 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) plate @-@ girder span on the west bank of the river and the 170 @-@ foot ( 52 m ) movable main span that rests on the east trunnion pier . The size and weight of the main span , which , when completed would be world 's longest and heaviest bascule span , required the trunnion pier to be constructed on foundations that extend to the bedrock 94 feet ( 29 m ) below the river bed . To achieve this caissons were sunk to a depth of 29 feet ( 8 @.@ 8 m ) below the river bed and then 10 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) diameter wells were sunk the remaining 65 feet ( 20 m ) . The substructure of the bridge was constructed by the Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company .
= = = Usage = = =
The Chicago and North Western Railway originally planned for two bridges side @-@ by @-@ side that could carry four railroad tracks into the Wells Street Station . However , by the time that the first bridge opened on September 19 , 1908 an alternative scheme was already underway that led to the closure of Wells Street Station and its replacement with a new terminal on the west bank of the river . When the new station ( now the Ogilvie Transportation Center ) opened in 1911 , Kinzie Street railroad bridge was left to handle freight traffic only . In 1930 the Merchandise Mart was opened on the site of the old Wells Street Station . Merchandise Mart was built on air rights of the Chicago and North Western , and in the spring of 1932 the railroad opened a new freight house underneath the building that was designed to handle 1 @,@ 000 short tons ( 910 @,@ 000 kg ) of outbound and 600 short tons ( 540 @,@ 000 kg ) of inbound freight per day .
= = = Abandonment = = =
During the second half of the 20th century the number of companies using the railroad for shipping on Chicago 's near north side declined severely . In the 1970s customers at the east end of the line included the Curtiss candy factory and the Jardine Water Purification Plant . The construction of the Columbus Drive Bridge in 1982 wiped out part of the right of way and the spur to Navy Pier was abandoned . Service to the Tribune Tower also ended in the 1980s , and by the 1990s traffic along the remaining section of the spur served only one customer , the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , with only one train per day . The newspaper moved their printing plant out of downtown Chicago in early 2001 leaving no traffic across the bridge and it has since been permanently raised in the open position . On December 12 , 2007 the bridge was one of 12 historic Chicago railroad bridges to be designated as Chicago Landmarks .
= = = Proposals for reuse = = =
Tests were conducted in 1953 to see if the spur could be used as a part of a commuter line with stops at Merchandise Mart , State Street , and Michigan Avenue , but the plan was dropped in 1954 for financial reasons . In the 1970s architect Harry Weese suggested a light rail line along the spur to connect Chicago 's downtown stations with the River North neighborhoods . In 2008 the City of Chicago Department of Transportation commissioned an alternatives analysis to look at a proposal to create a transit link from Union Station and the Ogilvie Transportation Center to Michigan Avenue using the Union Pacific train tunnel running under the Apparel Center , the Merchandise Mart and other buildings east toward North Michigan Avenue . The proposed Carroll Avenue Transitway would include the retrofitting of Kinzie Street railroad bridge to carry buses or trams .
= Sarcófago =
Sarcófago was an influential Brazilian extreme metal band . They were fronted by Sepultura 's original singer , Wagner Lamounier , and Geraldo Minelli .
The front cover of the band 's debut album , I.N.R.I. , is regarded as a great influence on black metal 's corpse paint style make @-@ up . That record is also considered one of the " first wave " albums that helped shape the genre . Their second LP , The Laws of Scour
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but it did request that the district court declare that , based on the French administrative action , " the artifacts raised during the 1987 expedition are independently owned by RMST . " Following a hearing , the district court entered an order dated 2 July 2004 , in which it refused to grant comity or recognise the 1993 decision of the French administrator , and rejected RMS Titanic Inc . ' s claim that it should be awarded title to the items recovered since 1993 under the Maritime Law of Finds .
RMS Titanic Inc. appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit . In its decision of 31 January 2006 the court recognised " explicitly the appropriateness of applying maritime salvage law to historic wrecks such as that of Titanic " and denied the application of the Maritime Law of Finds . The court also ruled that the district court lacked jurisdiction over the " 1987 artifacts " , and therefore vacated that part of the court 's 2 July 2004 order . In other words , according to this decision , RMS Titanic Inc. has ownership title to the objects awarded in the French decision ( valued $ 16 @.@ 5 million earlier ) and continues to be salvor @-@ in @-@ possession of the Titanic wreck . The Court of Appeals remanded the case to the District Court to determine the salvage award ( $ 225 million requested by RMS Titanic Inc . ) .
On 24 March 2009 , it was revealed that the fate of 5 @,@ 900 artefacts retrieved from the wreck would rest with a U.S. District Judge 's decision . The ruling was later issued in two decisions on 12 August 2010 and 15 August 2011 . As announced in 2009 , the judge ruled that RMS Titanic Inc. owned the artefacts and her decision dealt with the status of the wreck as well as establishing a monitoring system to check future activity upon the wreck site . On 12 August 2010 , Judge Rebecca Beach Smith granted RMS Titanic , Inc. fair market value for the artefacts but deferred ruling on their ownership and the conditions for their preservation , possible disposition and exhibition until a further decision could be reached . On 15 August 2011 , Judge Smith granted title to thousands of artefacts from the Titanic , that RMS Titanic Inc. did not already own under a French court decision concerning the first group of salvaged artefacts , to RMS Titanic Inc. subject to a detailed list of conditions concerning preservation and disposition of the items . The artefacts can be sold only to a company that would abide by the lengthy list of conditions and restrictions . RMS Titanic Inc. can profit from the artefacts through exhibiting them .
RMS Titanic Inc. has also attempted to secure exclusive physical access to the wreck site . In 1996 , it obtained a court order finding that it had " the exclusive right to take any and all types of photographic images of the Titanic wreck and wreck site . " It obtained another order in 1998 against Deep Ocean Expeditions and Chris Haver , a British Virgin Islands corporation that aimed to run tourist trips to Titanic at a cost of $ 32 @,@ 000 per person ( it now charges $ 60 @,@ 000 ) . This was overturned in March 1999 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , which ruled that the law of salvage did not extend to obtaining exclusive rights to view , visit and photograph a wreck . The court pointed out that Titanic is " located in a public place " in international waters , rather than in a private or controllable location to which access could be restricted by the owner . Granting such a right would also create a perverse incentive ; since the aim of salvage is to carry out a salvage operation , leaving property in place so that it could be photographed would run counter to this objective .
= = = Conservation issues = = =
RMS Titanic Inc. has attracted considerable controversy for its approach to Titanic . Two rival camps have formed following the wreck 's discovery : the " conservationists " , championed by RMS Titanic Inc . ' s George Tulloch ( who died in 2004 ) , and the " protectionists " , whose most prominent advocate is Robert Ballard . The first camp has argued that artefacts from around the wreck should be recovered and conserved , while the latter camp argues that the entire wreck site should have been left undisturbed as a mass grave . Both camps agree that the wreck itself should not be salvaged – though RMS Titanic Inc. did not stick to its proclaimed " hands @-@ off " policy when it managed to demolish Titanic
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Bulgarian assassin who works as a killer for the Soviets in the Balkans .
Aliza Gur and Martine Beswick as Vida and Zora , respectively : Two jealous Gypsy girls who are disputing the same man .
Nadja Regin as Kerim Bey 's lonely girlfriend .
= = Production = =
Following the financial success of Dr. No , United Artists greenlit a second James Bond film . The studio doubled the budget offered to Eon Productions with $ 2 million , and also approved a bonus for Sean Connery , who would receive $ 100 @,@ 000 along with his $ 54 @,@ 000 salary . As President John F. Kennedy had named Fleming 's novel From Russia with Love among his ten favourite books of all time in Life magazine , producers Broccoli and Saltzman chose this as the follow @-@ up to Bond 's cinematic debut in Dr. No . From Russia with Love was the last film President Kennedy saw at the White House on 20 November 1963 before going to Dallas . Most of the crew from the first film returned , with major exceptions being production designer Ken Adam , who went to work on Dr. Strangelove and was replaced by Dr. No 's art director Syd Cain ; title designer Maurice Binder was replaced by Robert Brownjohn , and stunt coordinator Bob Simmons was unavailable and was replaced by Peter Perkins though Simmons performed stunts in the film . John Barry replaced Monty Norman as composer of the soundtrack .
The film introduced several conventions which would become essential elements of the series : a pre @-@ title sequence , the Blofeld character ( referred in the film only as " Number 1 " ) , a secret @-@ weapon gadget for Bond , a helicopter sequence ( repeated in every subsequent Bond film except The Man with the Golden Gun ) , a postscript action scene after the main climax , a theme song with lyrics , and the line " James Bond will return / be back " in the credits .
= = = Writing = = =
Ian Fleming 's novel was a Cold War thriller but the producers replaced the Soviet undercover agency SMERSH with the crime syndicate SPECTRE so as to avoid controversial political overtones . The SPECTRE training grounds were inspired by the film Spartacus . The original screenwriter was Len Deighton , who accompanied Harry Saltzman , Syd Cain , and Terence Young to Istanbul but he was replaced because of a lack of progress . Thus , two of Dr. No 's writers , Johanna Harwood and Richard Maibaum , returned for the second film in the series Some sources state Harwood with being credited for " adaptation " mostly for her suggestions which were carried over into Maibaum 's script . Harwood stated in an interview in a Cinema Retro that she had been a screenwriter of several of Harry Saltzman 's projects , and her screenplay for From Russia with Love had followed Fleming 's novel closely , but she left the series due to what she called Terence Young 's constant rewriting of her screenplay with ideas that were not in the original Fleming work . Maibaum kept on making rewrites as filming progressed . Red Grant was added to the Istanbul scenes just prior to the film crew 's trip to Turkey — a change that brought more focus to the SPECTRE plot , as Grant started saving Bond 's life there ( a late change during shooting involved Grant killing the bespectacled spy at Hagia Sophia instead of Bond , who ends up just finding the man dead ) . For the last quarter of the movie , Maibaum added two chase scenes , with a helicopter and speedboats , and changed the location of Bond and Klebb 's battle from Paris to Venice .
= = = Casting = = =
Although uncredited , the actor who played Number 1 was Anthony Dawson , who had played Professor Dent in the previous Bond film , Dr. No . In the end credits , Blofeld is credited with a question mark . Blofeld 's lines were redubbed by Viennese actor Eric Pohlmann in the final cut . Peter Burton was unavailable to return as Major Boothroyd , so Desmond Llewelyn , a Welsh actor who was a fan of the Bond comic strip published in the Daily Express , accepted the part . However , screen credit for Llewelyn was omitted at the opening of the film and is reserved for the exit credits , where he is credited simply as " Boothroyd " . Llewelyn 's character is not referred to by this name in dialogue , but M does introduce him as being from Q Branch . Llewelyn remained as the character , better known as Q , in all but one of the series ' films until his death in 1999 .
Several actresses were considered for the role of Tatiana , including Italians Sylva Koscina and Virna Lisi , Danish actress Annette Vadim , and English @-@ born Tania Mallet . 1960 Miss Universe runner @-@ up Daniela Bianchi was ultimately cast , supposedly Sean Connery 's choice . Bianchi started taking English classes for the role , but the producers ultimately chose to have her lines redubbed by British stage actress Barbara Jefford in the final cut . The scene in which Bond finds Tatiana in his hotel bed was used for Bianchi 's screen test , with Dawson standing in , this time , as Bond . The scene later became the traditional screen test scene for prospective James Bond actors and Bond Girls .
Greek actress Katina Paxinou was originally considered for the role of Rosa Klebb , but was unavailable . Terence Young cast Austrian singer Lotte Lenya after hearing one of her musical recordings . Young wanted Kronsteen 's portrayer to be " an actor with a remarkable face " , so the minor character would be well remembered by audiences . This led to the casting of Vladek Sheybal , whom Young also considered convincing as an intellectual . Several women were tested for the roles of Vida and Zora , the two fighting Gypsy girls , and after Aliza Gur and Martine Beswick were cast , they spent six weeks practising their fight choreography with stunt work arranger Peter Perkins .
Mexican actor Pedro Armendáriz was recommended to Young by director John Ford to play Kerim Bey . After experiencing increasing discomfort on location in Istanbul , Armendáriz was diagnosed with inoperable cancer . Filming in Istanbul was terminated , the production moved to Britain , and Armendáriz 's scenes were brought forward so that he could complete his scenes without delay . Though visibly in pain , he continued working as long as possible . When he could no longer work , he returned home and took his own life . Remaining shots after Armendáriz left London had a stunt double and Terence Young himself as stand @-@ ins .
Englishman Joe Robinson was a strong contender for the role of Red Grant but it was given to Robert Shaw .
= = = Filming = = =
Most of the film was set in Istanbul , Turkey . Locations included the Basilica Cistern , Hagia Sophia and the Sirkeci railway station which also was used for the Belgrade and Zagreb railway stations . The MI6 office in London , SPECTRE Island , the Venice hotel and the interior scenes of the Orient Express were filmed at Pinewood Studios with some footage of the train .
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In the film , the train journey was set in Eastern Europe . The journey and the truck ride were shot in Argyll , Scotland and Switzerland . The end scenes for the film were shot in Venice . However , to qualify for the British film funding of the time , at least 70 percent of the film had to have been filmed in Great Britain or the Commonwealth . The Gypsy camp was also to be filmed in an actual camp in Topkapi , but was actually shot in a replica of it in Pinewood . The scene with rats ( after the theft of the Lektor ) was shot in Spain , as Britain did not allow filming with wild rats , and filming white rats painted in cocoa did not work . Principal photography began on 1 April 1963 , and wrapped on 23 August .
Director Terence Young 's eye for realism was evident throughout production . For the opening chess match , Kronsteen wins the game with a re @-@ enactment of Boris Spassky 's victory over David Bronstein in 1960 . Production Designer Syd Cain built up the " chess pawn " motif in his $ 150 @,@ 000 set for the brief sequence . A noteworthy gadget featured was the attaché case ( briefcase ) issued by Q Branch . It had a tear gas bomb that detonated if the case was improperly opened , a folding AR @-@ 7 sniper rifle with twenty rounds of ammunition , a throwing knife , and 50 gold sovereigns . A boxer at Cambridge , Young choreographed the fight between Grant and Bond along with stunt co @-@ ordinator Peter Perkins . The scene took three weeks to film and was violent enough to worry some on the production . Yet Robert Shaw and Connery did most of the stunts themselves .
After the unexpected loss of Armendáriz , production proceeded , experiencing complications from uncredited rewrites by Berkely Mather during filming . Editor Peter Hunt set about editing the film while key elements were still to be filmed , helping to restructure the opening scenes . Hunt and Young conceived of moving the Red Grant training sequence to the beginning of the film ( prior to the main title ) , a signature feature that has been an enduring hallmark of every Bond film since . The briefing with Blofeld was rewritten , and back projection was used to re @-@ film Lotte Lenya 's lines .
Behind schedule and over @-@ budget , the production crew struggled to complete production in time for the already @-@ announced premiere date that October . On 6 July 1963 , while scouting locations in Argyll , Scotland for that day 's filming of the climactic boat chase , Terence Young 's helicopter crashed into the water with art director Michael White and a cameraman aboard . The craft sank into 40 – 50 feet ( 12 – 15 m ) of water , but
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title Joe Jump , then in the mid @-@ 2000s as Reboot Ralph .
John Lasseter , the head of Walt Disney Animation Studios and executive producer of the film , describes Wreck @-@ It Ralph as " an 8 @-@ bit video @-@ game bad guy who travels the length of the arcade to prove that he 's a good guy . " In a manner similar to Who Framed Roger Rabbit and the Toy Story films , Wreck @-@ It Ralph featured cameo appearances by a number of licensed video @-@ game characters . For example , one scene from the film shows Ralph attending a support group for the arcade 's various villain characters , including Clyde from Pac @-@ Man , Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog , and Bowser from Super Mario Bros. Rich Moore , the film 's director , had determined that for a film about a video @-@ game world to feel authentic , " it had to have real characters from real games in it . " Moore aimed to add licensed characters in a similar manner as cultural references in Looney Tunes shorts , but considered " having the right balance so a portion of the audience didn 't feel they were being neglected or talked down to . " However , Moore avoided creating the movie around existing characters , feeling that " there 's so much mythology and baggage attached to pre @-@ existing titles that I feel someone would be disappointed , " and considered this to be a reason why movies based on video game franchises typically fail . Instead , for Ralph , the development of new characters representative of the 8 @-@ bit video game was " almost like virgin snow , " giving them the freedom to take these characters in new directions .
Before production , the existing characters were added to the story either in places they would make sense to appear , or as cameos from a list of characters suggested by the film 's creative team , without consideration if they would legally be able to use the characters . The company then sought out the copyright holders ' permissions to use the characters , as well as working with these companies to assure their characters were being represented authentically . In the case of Nintendo , the writers had early on envisioned the Bad @-@ anon meeting with Bowser as a major character within the scene ; according to Moore , Nintendo was very positive towards this use , stating in Moore 's own words , " If there is a group that is dedicated to helping the bad guy characters in video games then Bowser must be in that group ! " Nintendo had asked that the producers try to devise a scene that would be similarly appropriate for Mario for his inclusion in the film . Despite knowing they would be able to use the character , the producers could not find an appropriate scene that would let Mario be a significant character without taking away the spotlight from the main story , and opted to not include the character . Moore debunked a rumor that Mario and his brother character Luigi were not included due to Nintendo requesting too high a licensing fee , stating that the rumor grew out of a joke John C. Reilly made at Comic @-@ Con. Dr. Wily from Mega Man was going to appear , but was cut from the final version of the film . Overall , there are about 188 individual character models in the movie as a result of these cameo inclusions .
An earlier draft of the screenplay had Ralph and Vanellope spending time going around the game world to collect the pieces for her kart for Sugar Rush , and at times included Felix traveling with the pair . During these scenes , Ralph would have lied to Felix regarding his budding relationship with Calhoun , leading eventually to Ralph becoming depressed and abandoning his quest to get his medal back . At this point , a fourth game world , Extreme Easy Living 2 , would have been introduced and was considered a " hedonistic place " between the social nature of The Sims and the open @-@ world objective @-@ less aspects of Grand Theft Auto , according to Moore . Ralph would go there to , wallowing in his depression , and would find happiness by gaining " Like It " buttons for doing acceptable actions in the party @-@ like nature of the place . Moore stated that while it was difficult to consider dropping this new game world , they found that its introduction in the second half of the film would be too difficult a concept for the viewer to grasp . They further had trouble working out how a social game would be part of an arcade , and though they considered having the game be running on Litwak 's laptop , they ultimately realized that justifying the concept would be too convoluted . Line art sketches and voice over readings of the scene were included on the home media release of the film .
The film introduced Disney 's new bidirectional reflectance distribution functions , with more realistic reflections on surfaces , and new virtual cinematography Camera Capture system , which makes it possible to go through scenes in real @-@ time . To research the Sugar Rush segment of the film , the visual development group traveled to trade fair ISM Cologne , a See 's Candy factory , and other manufacturing facilities . The group also brought in food photographers , to demonstrate techniques to make food appear appealing . Special effects , including from " smoke or dust , " looks distinct in each of the segments .
= = Release = =
The film was originally scheduled for a release on March 22 , 2013 , but it was later changed to November 2 , 2012 due to it being ahead of schedule . The theatrical release was accompanied by Disney 's animated short film , Paperman .
= = = Marketing = = =
The first trailer for Wreck @-@ It Ralph was released on June 6 , 2012 , debuting with Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted and Rock of Ages . This also coincided with the 2012 Electronic Entertainment Expo , for which Disney constructed a mock aged arcade cabinet for the fictional Fix @-@ It Felix , Jr. game on display on the show floor . Disney also released a browser @-@ based Flash @-@ based version of the Fix @-@ It Felix , Jr. game as well as iOS , Android and Windows Phone versions , with online Unity @-@ based versions of Sugar Rush and Hero 's Duty . A second trailer for the film was released on Sep 12 , 2012 , coinciding with Finding Nemo 3D and Frankenweenie .
To promote the home media release of Wreck @-@ It Ralph , director Rich Moore produced a short film titled Garlan Hulse : Where Potential Lives . Set within the movie 's universe , the mockumentary film was designed as a parody of The King of Kong .
= = = Home media = = =
Wreck @-@ It Ralph was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD in North America on March 5 , 2013 from Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . The film was made available for digital download in selected regions on Feb 12 , 2013 . Wreck @-@ It Ralph debuted at # 1 in Blu @-@ ray and DVD sales in the United States .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
Wreck @-@ It Ralph grossed $ 189 @.@ 4 million in North America and $ 281 @.@ 8 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $ 471 @.@ 2 million . It was the 14th @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of 2012 , and the fourth @-@ highest @-@ grossing 2012 animated film .
In North America , the film debuted with $ 13 @.@ 5 million , an above @-@ average opening @-@ day gross for an animated film released in November . During its opening weekend , the film topped the box office with $ 49 million , making it the largest opening for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film at the time .
Outside North America , Wreck @-@ It Ralph earned $ 12 million on its opening weekend from six markets . Among all markets , its three largest openings were recorded in the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $ 7 @.@ 15 million ) , Brazil ( $ 5 @.@ 32 million with weekday previews ) , and Russia and the CIS ( $ 5 @.@ 27 million ) . In total grosses , the three largest markets were the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $ 36 @.@ 2 million ) , Japan ( $ 29 @.@ 6 million ) , and Australia (
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pack contains three maps , unique in that they are not based on Reach campaign levels . Microsoft partnered with Certain Affinity , which had worked on Halo 2 maps , to produce the second , " Defiant Map Pack " , made available for download on March 15 , 2011 .
A " title update " was released by 343 Industries for Reach that modified game mechanics such as bullet spread and melee damage . The update also contained playlists for Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary . Purchasers of anniversary edition received a voucher to download the game 's seven multiplayer maps directly into Reach , the map pack was also made available to purchase via the Xbox Live Marketplace .
= = Reception = =
Halo : Reach received critical acclaim upon its release . On review @-@ aggregating web sites GameRankings and Metacritic , it holds averages of 91 @.@ 79 % and 91 / 100 , respectively . Critics such as 1UP.com 's Thierry Nguyen , the staff of Edge , GamePro 's Matt Cabral , and others considered Reach the best Halo title yet . Reviewers noted there were few major changes to the Halo formula ; IGN 's Erik Brudvig wrote that Reach was not " another rehash " , though franchise veterans would feel immediately at home with the game .
Nguyen , Tom Hoggins of The Daily Telegraph , and others wrote that Reach took the best elements from previous games and combined them in Bungie 's final entry . Hoggins noted that this approach made Reach " a blistering , breathless crescendo to a decade 's worth of work " , but also that it was unlikely to convert non @-@ Halo fans . The Daily Mirror 's Kevin Lynch praised Bungie for introducing new gameplay mechanics like jetpacks without ruining the title 's learning curve or game balance .
Brudvig praised the campaign for avoiding the " repetitive landscapes and circuitous , difficult to follow plots " of past Halo titles . GameSpot 's Chris Watters and others felt the artificial intelligence of friendly non @-@ player characters was less advanced than that of enemies , especially while driving . Steve Boxer wrote for The Guardian that Reach 's story made previous entries feel " amateurish " ; Nguyen felt that whereas previous Halo titles had become mired in inconsistencies and Star Trek @-@ like technobabble , Reach told a broader and more accessible story . Despite this , he contended , the game suffered from archetypal characters with which players spent little time : " I almost forgot that Noble Four ( Emile ) even existed for a big chunk of the campaign , as I rarely saw him . " Wired 's Gus Mastrapa unfavorably compared Noble Team to the marines of Aliens , writing that most of the characters were unmemorable and one @-@ dimensional . Nguyen also faulted the game for occasional lapses in exposition , but summed these up as " minor quibbles " compared to the improvements . In contrast , GamesRadar 's Charlie Baratt opined that Reach 's campaign was better than ODST 's , but lacked the " franchise @-@ changing potential " it promised . Lynch judged that while Bungie still had not learned to create a perfect story , " [ Reach ] does expertly set up bombastic scene after scene " .
Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica enjoyed the multiplayer component of Reach for its scope — " no matter how you play , you will find something to like . " Reviewers lauded the many customization options available to players : Watters and Kuchera praised the concept of psych profiles to hone more agreeable teammate selections , but questioned its effectiveness ; G4 considered Reach 's Forge World more expansive and impressive than Halo 3 's Forge offerings ; and Lynch wrote that the sheer quantity of multiplayer options would give the game a long life cycle for players .
Critics considered the audio @-@ visual components a marked advance over Halo 3 and ODST 's . The New Zealand Herald 's Troy Rawhiti @-@ Forbes wrote that with the improved graphics and animation , " [ Reach ] looks just like a big @-@ budget Hollywood project . " Official Xbox Magazine acknowledged better graphics in other games , but praised Reach for " eye @-@ catching beauty and breathless scope " , noting that the inclusion of wildlife and civilians heightened the impression of a planet under siege . Martin Robinson of IGN UK appreciated O 'Donnell 's moody score and the redone sound effects , writing that the new weapons " feel like they 're about to tear your hands off " .
= = = Awards = = =
= Keep It Together ( Madonna song ) =
" Keep It Together " is a song by American singer Madonna from her fourth studio album Like a Prayer ( 1989 ) . It was released on January 30 , 1990 by Sire Records as the sixth and final single from the album in the United States , Canada and Japan . Written and produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray , the main inspiration behind " Keep It Together " was Madonna 's relationship with her family — whom she dearly missed after her divorce from actor Sean Penn . The song was dedicated to American funk and soul band Sly and the Family Stone . The lyrics deal with the realization of how important Madonna 's family has been to her life . A pop and funk song consisting of an upbeat rhythm and groove , " Keep It Together " features percussion , banjo and a conga .
In the United Kingdom and some other countries , " Dear Jessie " ( 1989 ) served as the final single from the album and " Keep It Together " was not released as a separate single at all . Receiving mixed reviews from critics , " Keep It Together " was compared to the work of Sister Sledge , especially their song " We Are Family " . The song was a commercial success , reaching a peak of number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and Canadian charts , while topping the dance chart in the United States . In Australia it reached the top of the charts as a double A @-@ side single with " Vogue " . " Keep It Together " has been performed as the closing song of the 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour . The performances were inspired by the 1971 science fiction film , A Clockwork Orange , and during the introduction , Madonna sang a verse from " Family Affair " by Sly and the Family Stone .
= = Background = =
When Madonna started work on her fourth studio album , Like a Prayer , she was already in an emotional state of mind , following her divorce with then @-@ husband Sean Penn , her thirtieth birthday , and unfavorable reviews for her acting endeavors . She had certain personal matters on her mind that she thought could be the musical direction of the album . But she understood that as she was growing up , so was her core audience . Feeling the need to try something different , Madonna wanted the sound of her new album to indicate what could be popular in music . However , being raised as a Catholic , Madonna felt guilty about the failure of her marriage . She said , " Because in Catholicism you are a born sinner and you are a sinner all your life . ... I could not escape my past , nor could I relax " . Saddened by what was happening with her , Madonna missed her family , her father and her siblings . She confessed to Becky Johnston for Interview magazine :
I didn 't feel close to anybody in my family when I was growing up . [ ... ] I didn 't feel close to my older brothers , they were just typical older brothers who tortured me all the time . And I didn 't feel close to my sisters . There was a lot of competition in our family , [ ... ] so , I worked really hard in school . I was a straight @-@ A student , and they all hated me for it because I did it more for the position I was going to have in my father 's eyes that for whatever I was going to learn by studying . Then when I got a little older — when I was in high school and started dancing really seriously — I 'd say I got closer to my brothers . My oldest brother opened my eyes to lots of things [ ... ] .
The song was released as the sixth and final single from the album on January 30 , 1990 , by Sire Records . In Australia , it was released as the B @-@ side of " Vogue " , while it was not released in the United Kingdom at all , where " Dear Jessie " served as the album 's
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^ 9 m3 ) of oil in place .
Heating oil shale to a sufficiently high temperature causes the chemical process of pyrolysis to yield a vapor . Upon cooling the vapor , the liquid shale oil — an unconventional oil — is separated from combustible oil @-@ shale gas ( the term shale gas can also refer to gas occurring naturally in shales ) . Oil shale can also be burned directly in furnaces as a low @-@ grade fuel for power generation and district heating or used as a raw material in chemical and construction @-@ materials processing .
Oil shale gains attention as a potential abundant source of oil whenever the price of crude oil rises . At the same time , oil @-@ shale mining and processing raise a number of environmental concerns , such as land use , waste disposal , water use , waste @-@ water management , greenhouse @-@ gas emissions and air pollution . Estonia and China have well @-@ established oil shale industries , and Brazil , Germany , and Russia also utilize oil shale .
General composition of oil shales constitutes inorganic matrix , bitumens , and kerogen . Oil shales differ from oil @-@ bearing shales , shale deposits that contain petroleum ( tight oil ) that is sometimes produced from drilled wells . Examples of oil @-@ bearing shales are the Bakken Formation , Pierre Shale , Niobrara Formation , and Eagle Ford Formation .
= = Geology = =
Oil shale , an organic @-@ rich sedimentary rock , belongs to the group of sapropel fuels . It does not have a definite geological definition nor a specific chemical formula , and its seams do not always have discrete boundaries . Oil shales vary considerably in their mineral content , chemical composition , age , type of kerogen , and depositional history and not all oil shales would necessarily be classified as shales in the strict sense . According to the petrologist Adrian C. Hutton of the University of Wollongong , oil shales are not " geological nor geochemically distinctive rock but rather ' economic ' term . " Their common feature is low solubility in low @-@ boiling organic solvents and generation of liquid organic products on thermal decomposition .
Oil shale differs from bitumen @-@ impregnated rocks ( oil sands and petroleum reservoir rocks ) , humic coals and carbonaceous shale . While oil sands do originate from the biodegradation of oil , heat and pressure have not ( yet ) transformed the kerogen in oil shale into petroleum , that means that its maturation does not exceed early mesocatagenetic .
General composition of oil shales constitutes inorganic matrix , bitumens , and kerogen . While the bitumen portion of oil shales is soluble in carbon disulfide , kerogen portion is insoluble in carbon disulfide and can contain iron , vanadium , nickel , molybdenum , and uranium . Oil shale contains a lower percentage of organic matter than coal . In commercial grades of oil shale the ratio of organic matter to mineral matter lies approximately between 0 @.@ 75 : 5 and 1 @.@ 5 : 5 . At the same time , the organic matter in oil shale has an atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon ( H / C ) approximately 1 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 8 times lower than for crude oil and about 1 @.@ 5 to 3 times higher than for coals . The organic components of oil shale derive from a variety of organisms , such as the remains of algae , spores , pollen , plant cuticles and corky fragments of herbaceous and woody plants , and cellular debris from other aquatic and land plants . Some deposits contain significant fossils ; Germany 's Messel Pit has the status of a Unesco World Heritage Site . The mineral matter in oil shale includes various fine @-@ grained silicates and carbonates . Inorganic matrix can contain quartz , feldspars , clays ( mainly illite and chlorite ) , carbonates ( calcite and dolomites ) , pyrite and some other minerals .
Geologists can classify oil shales on the basis of their composition as carbonate @-@ rich shales , siliceous shales , or cannel shales .
Another classification , known as the van Krevelen diagram , assigns kerogen types , depending on the hydrogen , carbon , and oxygen content of oil shales ' original organic matter . The most commonly used classification of oil shales , developed between 1987 and 1991 by Adrian C. Hutton , adapts petrographic terms from coal terminology . This classification designates oil shales as terrestrial , lacustrine ( lake @-@ bottom @-@ deposited ) , or marine ( ocean bottom @-@ deposited ) , based on the environment of the initial biomass deposit . Known oil shales are predominantly aquatic ( marine , lacustrine ) origin . Hutton 's classification scheme has proven useful in estimating the yield and composition of the extracted oil .
= = Resource = =
As source rocks for most conventional oil reservoirs , oil shale deposits are found in all world oil provinces , although most of them are too deep to be exploited economically . As with all oil and gas resources , analysts distinguish between oil shale resources and oil shale reserves . " Resources " refers to all oil shale deposits , while " reserves " , represents those deposits from which producers can extract oil shale economically using existing technology . Since extraction technologies develop continuously , planners can only estimate the amount of recoverable kerogen . Although resources of oil shale occur in many countries , only 33 countries possess known deposits of possible economic value . Well @-@ explored deposits , potentially classifiable as reserves , include the Green River deposits in the western United States , the Tertiary deposits in Queensland , Australia , deposits in Sweden and Estonia , the El @-@ Lajjun deposit in Jordan , and deposits in France , Germany , Brazil , China , southern Mongolia and Russia . These deposits have given rise to expectations of yielding at least 40 liters of shale oil per tonne of oil shale , using the Fischer Assay .
A 2008 estimate set the total world resources of oil shale at 689 gigatons — equivalent to yield of 4 @.@ 8 trillion barrels ( 760 billion cubic metres ) of shale oil , with the largest reserves in the United States , which is thought to have 3 @.@ 7 trillion barrels ( 590 billion cubic metres ) , though only a part of it is recoverable . According to the 2010 World Energy Outlook by the International Energy Agency , the world oil shale resources may be equivalent of more than 5 trillion barrels ( 790 billion cubic metres ) of oil in place of which more than 1 trillion barrels ( 160 billion cubic metres ) may be technically recoverable . For comparison , the world 's proven conventional oil reserves were estimated at 1 @.@ 317 trillion barrels ( 209 @.@ 4 × 10 ^ 9 m3 ) , as of 1 January 2007 . The largest deposits in the world occur in the United States in the Green River Formation , which covers portions of Colorado , Utah , and Wyoming ; about 70 % of this resource lies on land owned or managed by the United States federal government . Deposits in the United States constitute 62 % of world resources ; together , the United States , Russia and Brazil account for 86 % of the world 's resources in terms of shale @-@ oil content . These figures remain tentative , with exploration or analysis of several deposits still outstanding . Professor Alan R. Carroll of University of Wisconsin – Madison regards the Upper Permian lacustrine oil @-@ shale deposits of northwest China , absent from previous global oil shale assessments , as comparable in size to the Green River Formation .
= = History = =
Humans have used oil shale as a fuel since prehistoric times , since it generally burns without any processing . Britons of the Iron Age also used to polish it and form it into ornaments . The first patent for extracting oil from oil shale was British Crown Patent 330 granted in 1694 to three persons named Martin Eele , Thomas Hancock and William Portlock who had " found a way to extract and make great quantities of pitch , tarr , and oyle out of a sort of stone . "
Modern industrial mining of oil shale began in 1837 in Autun , France , followed by exploitation in Scotland , Germany , and several other countries .
Operations during the 19th century focused on the production of kerosene , lamp oil , and paraffin ; these products helped supply the growing demand for lighting that arose during the Industrial Revolution . Fuel oil , lubricating oil and grease , and ammonium sulfate were also produced . The European oil @-@ shale industry expanded immediately before World War I due to limited access to conventional petroleum resources and to the mass production of automobiles and trucks , which accompanied an increase in gasoline consumption .
Although the Estonian and Chinese oil @-@ shale industries continued to grow after World War II , most other countries abandoned their projects due to high processing costs and the
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that the lockdown population is infected with an exceedingly deadly contagion , finding a pile of body bags stored for incineration in the prison 's boiler room . Scully cuts open Torrance 's body bag and examines his corpse , but Dr. Osbourne , a member of the CDC team , tries to stop her . A pustule on Torrance 's body erupts in Osbourne 's face , causing him to flee the room . Meanwhile , the fugitives steal an RV and stop at a gas station , where Paul calls his girlfriend , Elizabeth , looking for shelter . The station 's clerk finds an infected Steve in the restroom ; he is knocked unconscious by Paul . Scully calls Mulder after the Marshals raid the gas station , telling him that the contagion could spread into the population if the fugitives are not captured . Mulder sees a CDC biohazard team arrive at the scene , forcibly taking away the clerk in a helicopter .
The fugitives arrive at Elizabeth 's house , where she tends to Steve , in the late stages of his infection . One of Steve 's pustules erupts in her face , killing him and infecting Elizabeth . At that moment , Mulder and the Marshals raid the house and arrest her , but find Paul missing . Meanwhile , Scully traces Torrance 's package to Pinck Pharmaceuticals , a major drug developer . She also finds an insect in the body of another prisoner . Dr. Osbourne , who has become infected , reveals that his team works for Pinck and are researching a dilating enzyme produced by the insect . However , the insect has a parasitic life cycle that kills its hosts . Osbourne claims that the insect and its contagion were deliberately introduced into the prison by Pinck as an experiment . He tells Scully that since she was next to him when he became infected , she may have contracted the contagion as well .
Mulder confronts Skinner and The Smoking Man , believing that he and Scully were deceived into taking the case without knowing about the contagion . Mulder is adamant that the public should know the truth about Pinck 's actions . The Smoking Man counters that public knowledge of the truth would create mass panic and do more harm than good . Mulder tries to take his case to Scully , but she agrees that exposing Pinck may result in a deadly hysteria . Paul becomes the only remaining proof of the company 's crimes , but he takes a hostage and is killed by the Marshals before Mulder can convince him to divulge the contents of Torrance 's package . The episode ends with Skinner warning Mulder to be more wary of the situations he will find himself in .
= = Production = =
F. emasculata and Pinck Pharmaceuticals are fictitious , but pharmaceutical companies do send scientists all over the world looking for plants and animals that could have medicinal use . The appearance of The Smoking Man in a stand @-@ alone episode is unusual , as Chris Carter did not like mixing the mythology and stand @-@ alone episodes . Initially , the producers were wary of releasing the episode so close to the release of the similarly @-@ themed movie Outbreak . In the end , however , they realized that the two entities were separate and stood on their own .
The exploding pustules were carefully rigged to burst on command . Makeup supervisor Toby Lindala constructed a handheld device that connected via tube to the faux sores . When the device was pressed , the pustule would burst . Filming the scenes was particularly arduous ; he later noted " I was jammed underneath one of the bus seats with these extras basically stepping on my head . " The X @-@ Files director Frank Spotnitz remarked , " When we saw the pustule bursting on film , we just laughed because it was just so over @-@ the @-@ top grotesque . " The Costa Rican forest at the opening was shot at the Seymour Demonstration Forest in Northern Vancouver , which also served as Puerto Rico in season opener " Little Green Men " . The city of Delta served for both the gas station and the bus station — actually a redecorated Dodge / Chrysler car dealership .
= = Reception = =
" F. Emasculata " was originally broadcast in the United States on the Fox network on April 28 , 1995 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on February 6 , 1996 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 9 , with a 16 share , meaning that roughly 8 @.@ 9 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 16 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 8 @.@ 5 million households .
The episode received generally mixed reviews from television critics . Entertainment Weekly graded the episode a C , writing , " A good idea is tainted by plot holes as gaping and disturbing as the pustular boils you 'll be treated to in this hour " . Zack Handlen of
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was a " major challenge " , but feels that the end result is very natural . The popularity of Ocarina of Time led to an increase in ocarina sales .
The official soundtrack of Ocarina of Time was published by Pony Canyon and released in Japan on December 18 , 1998 . It comprises one compact disc with 82 tracks . A US version was also released , although with fewer tracks and different packaging artwork . Many critics praised the music in Ocarina of Time , although IGN was disappointed that the traditional Zelda overworld theme was not included . In 2001 , three years after the initial release of Ocarina of Time , GameSpot labeled it as one of the top ten video game soundtracks . The soundtrack , at the time , was not released in Europe or Australia . In 2011 , however , a 51 @-@ track limited edition soundtrack for the 3DS version was available in a free mail out through a Club Nintendo offer to owners of the 3DS edition , as an incentive to register the product .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Ocarina of Time was released to widespread critical acclaim and strong commercial success worldwide . In the United States , over 500 @,@ 000 preorders were placed , more than tripling the number of preorders for any previous video game , and more than 1 million copies were sold there in less than a week . In 1998 , 2 @.@ 5 million copies were sold , although it was released only 39 days before the end of the year ; it earned $ 150 million in US revenues , higher than any Hollywood film in the last six weeks of 1998 . In Japan , 820 @,@ 000 copies were sold in 1998 , becoming the tenth best @-@ selling game of that year ; a reported 386 @,@ 234 copies were sold in its first week there , surpassing the 316 @,@ 000 first @-@ week sales of Metal Gear Solid . In the United Kingdom , 61 @,@ 232 copies were sold during its first weekend . During its lifetime , Ocarina of Time saw 1 @.@ 14 million copies sold in Japan , and 7 @.@ 6 million copies worldwide .
On its initial Nintendo 64 release , Ocarina of Time received perfect review scores from the majority of gaming publications that reviewed it , including Famitsu , Edge , Electronic Gaming Monthly , GameSpot , and IGN . As of January 2013 , the review aggregator websites Metacritic and GameRankings respectively rank the original Nintendo 64 version as the highest and second highest reviewed game of all time , with average scores of 99 / 100 from Metacritic and 97 @.@ 54 % from GameRankings ; it held the highest score on GameRankings for 10 years , when it was succeeded by Super Mario Galaxy . The reviews praised multiple aspects of the game , particularly its level design , gameplay mechanics and sound . GameSpot reviewer Jeff Gerstmann wrote that Ocarina of Time is " a game that can 't be called anything other than flawless " , and IGN called it " the new benchmark for interactive entertainment " that could " shape the action RPG genre for years to come " . GameTrailers ' editors called it a " walking patent office " due to the number of features that became " industry standard " . Rockstar Games vice president of creativity Dan Houser stated in 2012 , " Anyone who makes 3 @-@ D games who says they 've not borrowed something from Mario or Zelda [ on the Nintendo 64 ] is lying . "
After publication , Ocarina of Time was featured on a number of compiled lists of best or most influential games , including those of Electronic Gaming Monthly , IGN , and Nintendo Power . Ocarina of Time has consistently been placed at number one in Edge magazine 's "
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her maiden voyage . Smith ordered a new course to be set , to take the ship farther south .
At 13 : 45 , the German ship SS Amerika , which was a short distance to the south , reported she had " passed two large icebergs " . This message never reached Captain Smith or the other officers on Titanic 's bridge . The reason is unclear , but it may have been forgotten because the radio operators had to fix faulty equipment .
SS Californian reported " three large bergs " at 19 : 30 , and at 21 : 40 , the steamer Mesaba reported : " Saw much heavy pack ice and great number large icebergs . Also field ice . " This message , too , never left the Titanic 's radio room . The radio operator , Jack Phillips , may have failed to grasp its significance because he was preoccupied with transmitting messages for passengers via the relay station at Cape Race , Newfoundland ; the radio set had broken down the day before , resulting in a backlog of messages that the two operators were trying to clear . A final warning was received at 22 : 30 from operator Cyril Evans of the Californian , which had halted for the night in an ice field some miles away , but Phillips cut it off and signalled back : " Shut up ! Shut up ! I 'm working Cape Race . "
Although the crew was aware of ice in the vicinity , the ship 's speed was not reduced , and she continued to steam at 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) , only 2 knots ( 3 @.@ 7 km / h ; 2 @.@ 3 mph ) short of her maximum speed of 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) . Titanic 's high speed in waters where ice had been reported was later criticised as reckless , but it reflected standard maritime practice at the time . According to Fifth Officer Harold Lowe , the custom was " to go ahead and depend upon the lookouts in the crow 's nest and the watch on the bridge to pick up the ice in time to avoid hitting it . "
The North Atlantic liners prioritised time @-@ keeping above all other considerations , sticking rigidly to a schedule that would guarantee their arrival at an advertised time . They were frequently driven at close to their full speed , treating hazard warnings as advisories rather than calls to action . It was widely believed that ice posed little risk ; close calls were not uncommon , and even head @-@ on collisions had not been disastrous . In 1907 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm , a German liner , had rammed an iceberg and suffered a crushed bow , but was still able to complete her voyage . That same year , Titanic 's future captain , Edward Smith , declared in an interview that he could not " imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder . Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that . "
= = = " Iceberg right ahead ! " ( 23 : 39 ) = = =
= = = = Collision = = = =
As Titanic approached her fatal crash , most passengers had gone to bed and command of the bridge had passed from Second Officer Charles Lightoller to First Officer William Murdoch . Lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee were occupying the crow 's nest , 29 metres ( 95 ft ) above the deck . The air temperature had fallen to near freezing and the ocean was completely calm . Colonel Archibald Gracie , one of the survivors of the disaster , later wrote that " the sea was like glass , so smooth that the stars were clearly reflected . " It is now known that such exceptionally calm water is a sign of nearby pack ice .
Although the air was clear , there was no moon , and with the sea so calm , there was nothing to give away the position of the nearby icebergs ; had the sea been rougher , waves breaking against the icebergs would have made them more visible . Because of a mix @-@ up at Southampton the lookouts had no binoculars ; but reportedly binoculars would not have been effective in darkness which was total except for starlight and the ship 's own lights . The lookouts were nonetheless well aware of the ice hazard , as Lightoller had ordered them and other crew members to " keep a sharp look @-@ out for ice , particularly small ice and growlers " .
At 23 : 30 , Fleet and Lee noticed a slight haze on the horizon ahead of them , but did not make anything of it . Nine minutes later , at 23 : 39 , Fleet spotted an iceberg in Titanic 's path . He rang the lookout bell three times and telephoned the bridge to inform Sixth Officer James Moody . Fleet asked " Is there anyone there ? " Moody replied , " Yes , what do you see ? " Fleet replied : " Iceberg , right ahead ! " After thanking Fleet , Moody relayed the message to Murdoch , who ordered Quartermaster Robert Hichens to change the ship 's course . Murdoch is generally believed to have given the order " Hard a 'starboard " which would result in the ship 's tiller being moved all the way to starboard ( the right side of the ship ) in an attempt to turn the ship to port ( left ) . He also rang " Full Astern " on the ship 's telegraphs .
According to Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall , Murdoch told Captain Smith that he was attempting to " hard @-@ a @-@ port around [ the iceberg ] " , suggesting that he was attempting a " port around " manoeuvre – to first swing the bow around the obstacle , then swing the stern so that both ends of the ship would avoid a collision . There was a delay before either order went into effect ; the steam @-@ powered steering mechanism took up to 30 seconds to turn the ship 's tiller , and the complex task of setting the engines into reverse would also have taken some time to accomplish . Because the centre turbine could not be reversed , both it and the centre propeller , positioned directly in front of the ship 's rudder , were simply stopped . This reduced the rudder 's effectiveness , therefore impairing the turning ability of the ship . Had Murdoch simply turned the ship while maintaining her forward speed , Titanic might have missed the iceberg with feet to spare .
In 2010 , Louise Patten asserted that her grandfather Charles Lightholler claimed that the helmsman Robert Hitchins initially panicked and turned the rudder the wrong way and that subsequently Bruce Ismay ordered the boat to continue " Slow Ahead " in the belief that Titanic was unsinkable . This had never been revealed because of the insurance implications .
In the event , Titanic 's heading changed just in time to avoid a head @-@ on collision , but the change in direction caused the ship to strike the iceberg with a glancing blow . An underwater spur of ice scraped along the starboard side of the ship for about seven seconds ; chunks of ice dislodged from upper parts of the berg fell onto her forward decks . A few minutes later , all of Titanic 's engines were stopped , leaving the ship facing north and drifting in the Labrador Current .
= = = = Effects of the collision = = = =
The impact with the iceberg was long thought to have produced a huge opening in Titanic 's hull , " not less than 300 feet ( 91 m ) in length , 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) above the level of the keel " , as one writer later put it . At the British enquiry following the accident , Edward Wilding ( chief naval architect for Harland and Wolff ) , calculating on the basis of the observed flooding of forward compartments forty minutes after the collision , testified that the area of the hull opened to the sea was " somewhere
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then given developmental duties for the Game Boy Advance Crash Bandicoot game .
The game was tentatively titled Crash Bandicoot Advance and went through the titles Crash Bandicoot X / S and Crash Bandicoot : The Big Adventure before arriving at its final name . The game was developed over the course of nine months from conception to completion . The team working on the game expanded to as much as seven programmers at the height of the game 's development . The graphics and animation for the game were created in Maya . Some of the original animation and textures from Crash Bandicoot 3 : Warped were repurposed and used as a basis for the Game Boy Advance game . The sprite for the Crash Bandicoot character features between 1000 and 1500 frames of animation . The audio for the game was supplied by Shin 'en Multimedia , with Manfred Linzner creating the sound effects and Todd Masten composing the music . Shin 'en Multimedia was assisted by Universal Sound Studios while creating the game 's audio . The game uses a static random access memory battery , allowing the player to save their progress . The game was designed with battery saving in mind from the beginning of production , as keeping track of all the data would prove extremely cumbersome with a password system .
= = Reception = =
Crash Bandicoot : The Huge Adventure received generally favorable reviews from critics . Louis Bedigian of GameZone , praising many of the game 's elements , concluded that the game was not overshadowed by the series ' previous successful titles and offered a new experience . IGN 's Craig Harris commented positively on the " solid controls and level design " and said that the game 's overall design on the Game Boy Advance was " amazingly tight " . Andrew Reiner of Game Informer , while critical of the short levels , praised the game for its graphical prowess . Four @-@ Eyed Dragon of GamePro commended the game as " a superb @-@ looking , straightforward platformer that no interested GBA gamer should miss . " Scott Alan Marriott of Allgame ( " All Game Guide " at the time ) and Scott Osborne of GameSpy , while acknowledging the game 's lack of innovation , stated that the translation of the graphics , gameplay and feel of the PlayStation Crash games onto the Game Boy Advance was executed well . However , Giancarlo Varanini of GameSpot cited the game 's lack of innovation in a more negative manner . A Nintendo Power reviewer noted that the game 's challenges were generally more difficult and sometimes more frustrating than those of the Mario games . Play Magazine 's reviewer criticized the " straight @-@ ahead " nature of the side @-@ scrolling , but called it " a great , little game " otherwise . Electronic Gaming Monthly remarked that " Crash for the GBA is what the PS2 game wanted to be . "
= Lyman Hall ( academic ) =
Lyman Hall ( February 18 , 1859 – August 16 , 1905 ) was a professor and president of the Georgia School of Technology ( now called the Georgia Institute of Technology , commonly referred to as Georgia Tech ) . He is perhaps best known for bringing what is now the School of Materials Science & Engineering to Georgia Tech . Hall 's administration also introduced degrees in electrical engineering and civil engineering in December 1896 , textile engineering in February 1899 , and engineering chemistry in January 1901 . Hall died in 1905 , reportedly due to the stress of fundraising for a new chemistry building which now bears his name .
= = Early life = =
Born in 1859 in Americus , Georgia , he attended Mercer University in Penfield , Georgia . He was admitted to the United States Military Academy in 1877 , and graduated in 1881 . Due to a physical disability , he was unable to have a military career ; instead , he taught mathematics at the Georgia Military Academy in Kirkwood , Georgia for two years and subsequently at the South Carolina Military Academy in Charleston , South Carolina ( now known as " The Citadel " ) from 1883 to 1886 . He was then a professor at the Moreland Park Military Academy before Georgia Tech recruited him .
= = Career = =
In 1888 , Captain Lyman Hall was appointed Georgia Tech 's first mathematics professor ( and consequently head of the school 's mathematics department ) . He had a solid background in engineering due to his time at West Point and often incorporated surveying and other engineering applications into his coursework . He had an energetic personality and quickly assumed a leadership position among the faculty . At the first faculty meeting on October 5 , 1888 , he was elected secretary . On June 25 , 1895 , Professor Hall was invited to speak to Georgia Tech 's board about the school 's needs . While there were no recorded minutes , subsequent board actions suggest that he recommended the construction of on @-@ campus dormitories to reduce disciplinary problems , and a more proactive recruitment of students .
Previous president Isaac S. Hopkins tendered his resignation in May 1895 because he had been elected president of the First Methodist Church of Atlanta and he could not do " justice to both to the school and the church " . While several successors were considered , Samuel M. Inman proposed that the decision be postponed . Georgia Tech 's trustees correspondingly elected Hall as the chairman of the faculty ( acting president ) From January 1 , 1896 to July 1 , 1896 . On June 24 , the trustees elected him the institute 's second president .
As president , Hall was noted for his aggressive fundraising and improvements to the school , including his special project , the Aaron S. French Textile School . In February 1899 , Georgia Tech opened the first textile engineering school in the Southern United States , with $ 10 @,@ 000 from the Georgia General Assembly , $ 20 @,@ 000 of donated machinery , and $ 13 @,@ 500 from supporters . It named the A. French Textile School , after its chief donor and supporter , Aaron S. French .
Lyman Hall 's other goals included enlarging Tech and attracting more students , so he expanded the school 's offerings beyond mechanical engineering ; the new degrees introduced during Hall 's administration included electrical engineering and civil engineering in December 1896 , textile engineering in February 1899 , and engineering chemistry in January 1901 . Hall also became infamous as a disciplinarian , even suspending the entire senior class of 1901 for returning from Christmas vacation a day late .
Lyman Hall died on August 16 , 1905 during a vacation at a New York health resort . His death while still in office was attributed to stress
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on 6 May , which confirmed what the forensic experts had been telling the management of Stern for the last week : the diaries were poor forgeries , with modern components and ink that was not in common use in wartime Germany . Measurements had been taken of the evaporation of chloride in the ink which showed the diaries had been written within the previous two years . There were also factual errors , including some from Domarus 's Hitler : Speeches and Proclamations that Kujau had copied . Before passing the news to Stern , the Bundesarchiv had already informed the government , saying it was " a ministerial matter " . The managers at Stern tried to release the first press statement that acknowledged the forensic findings and stated that the diaries were forged , but the official government announcement was released five minutes before Stern 's version of events went out .
= = Arrests and trial = =
Once the government announcement appeared on television , Kujau took his wife and mistress to Austria ; he introduced the latter to Edith as his cleaner . After he saw a news report a few days later , naming him as the forger , and hearing that Stern had paid nine million DMs , he first phoned his lawyer and then the Hamburg State prosecutor ; the forger agreed to hand himself in at the border between Austria and West Germany the following day . When police raided his house , they found several notebooks identical to those used in the fraud . Kujau continued to use a variation of the story he had told Heidemann — that of obtaining the diaries from the East — but he was bitter that the journalist was still at liberty , and had withheld so much of Stern 's money from him . After thirteen days , on 26 May , he wrote a full confession , stating that Heidemann knew all along that the diaries were forgeries . Heidemann was arrested that evening .
Following a police investigation that lasted over a year , on 21 August 1984 the trial against Heidemann and Kujau opened in Hamburg . Both men were charged with defrauding Stern of 9 @.@ 3 million DMs . Despite the seriousness of the charges facing the two men , Hamilton considers that " it also appeared clear that the trial was going to be a farce , a real slapstick affair that would enrage the judge and amuse the entire world . " The proceedings lasted until July 1985 , when both men were sent to prison : four years and eight months for Heidemann , four years and six months for Kujau . In September one of the supporting magistrates overseeing the case was replaced after he fell asleep ; three days later the court were " amused " to see pictures of Idi Amin 's underpants , which Heidemann had framed on his wall . At times the case " denigrated into a slanging match " between Kujau and Heidemann . In his summing up Judge Hans @-@ Ulrich Schroeder said that " the negligence of Stern has persuaded me to soften the sentences against the two main co @-@ conspirators . " Heidemann was found guilty of stealing 1 @.@ 7 million DMs from Stern ; Kujau guilty of receiving 1 @.@ 5 million DMs for his role in the forgeries . Despite the lengthy investigation and trial , at least five million DMs remained unaccounted for .
= = Aftermath = =
When Kujau was released from prison in 1987 he was suffering from throat cancer . He opened a gallery in Stuttgart and sold " forgeries " of Salvador Dalí and Joan Miró , all signed with his own name . Although he prospered , Kujau was later arrested for forging driving licences ; he was fined the equivalent of £ 2 @,@ 000 . He died of cancer in Stuttgart in September 2000 .
Heidemann was also released from prison in 1987 . Five years later it was reported in the German newspaper Der Spiegel that in the 1950s he had been recruited by the Stasi , the East German secret police , to monitor the arrival of American nuclear weapons into West Germany . In 2008 he had debts exceeding € 700 @,@ 000 , and was living on social security ; his situation had not changed by 2013 , and he remained bitter about his treatment .
Two of Stern 's editors , Koch and Schmidt , lost their jobs because of the scandal . Both complained strongly when told that their resignations were expected , pointing out that they had both wanted to sack Heidemann in 1981 . A settlement of 3 @.@ 5 million DMs ( c . $ 1 million ) was provided to each of them as part of the severance package . The staff at the magazine were angry at the approach taken by their managers , and held sit @-@ ins to protest at the " management 's bypassing traditional editorial channels and safeguards " . The scandal caused a major crisis for Stern and , according to Esser and Hartung , the magazine " once known for its investigative reporting , became a prime example of sensation @-@ seeking checkbook journalism " . Stern 's credibility was severely damaged and it took the magazine ten years to regain its pre @-@ scandal status and reputation . According to the German Historical Institute , the scandal was also " instrumental in discrediting the tendency toward an ' unprejudiced ' and euphemistic assessment of the Third Reich in West German popular culture " .
Murdoch moved Giles to the new position of editor emeritus . When Giles asked what the title meant , Murdoch informed him that " It 's Latin , Frank ; the e means you 're out and the meritus means you deserved it . " Murdoch later said that " circulation went up and it stayed up . We didn 't lose money or anything like that " , referring to the 20 @,@ 000 new readers the paper retained after the scandal broke , and the fact that Stern returned all the money paid to it by the Sunday Times . In April 2012 , during the Leveson Inquiry , he acknowledged his role in publishing the diaries , and took the blame for making the decision , saying " It was a massive mistake I made and I will have to live with it for the rest of my life . " Trevor @-@ Roper died in 2003 . Despite a long and respected career as a historian , according to Richard Davenport @-@ Hines , his biographer , Trevor @-@ Roper 's role in the scandal left his reputation " permanently besmirched " . In January 1984 Broyles resigned as editor of Newsweek , to " pursue new entrepreneurial ventures " .
In 1986 the journalist Robert Harris published an account of the hoax , Selling Hitler : The Story of the Hitler Diaries . Five years later Selling Hitler , a five @-@ episode drama @-@ documentary series based on Harris 's book , was broadcast on the British ITV channel . It starred Jonathan Pryce as Heidemann , Alexei Sayle as Kujau , Tom Baker as Fischer , Alan Bennett as Trevor @-@ Roper , Roger Lloyd @-@ Pack as Irving , Richard Wilson as Nannen and Barry Humphries as Murdoch .
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@ string team plays in the prefectural qualifying tournament for Koshien , Maeno has the portable team practice at a recently closed elementary school with the support from a mysterious old man . The portable team also has six practice matches with other local high schools , all of which reached semifinals or higher in the regional preliminaries . Near the end of summer vacation , the interim principal decides to dissolve the portable team . However , Coach Maeno asks for a rematch scrimmage with the first @-@ string team , after which the losing team would be dissolved and that coach would leave . The portable team , playing with Aoba , wins a narrow victory . The first @-@ string team is dissolved , and the head coach and the interim principal leave to work at other schools .
In the spring , Ko becomes a second @-@ year student and Aoba enters Seishu High School . Yūhei , who stays at Seishu despite having been on the former first @-@ string team , moves in with Ko 's family after the first @-@ stringers ' dormitory is closed . The reformed Seishu team goes on to prove themselves by defeating Sannō High School in the first round of the summer prefectural qualifying tournament . However , they lose to their second @-@ round opponents , Ryuō , in overtime , ending Seishu 's hopes of Koshien for the year . Ryuō subsequently reaches Koshien , advances up to the semifinals where they are narrowly beaten . However , Ryuō then goes on to win the spring invitational Koshien tournament later that same year .
As Ko and Aoba enter their summer break , a girl named Akane Takigawa with a striking resemblance to Wakaba moves in next door to Ko . This causes mixed feelings among the various characters , particularly Ko , Aoba , and Akaishi ( who had also liked Wakaba ) . Akane soon becomes friends with Ko and Tsukishimas , and begins working in the Tsukishima cafe . As another year begins , the romantic subplots further solidify when Yūhei expresses an interest in Aoba . Meanwhile , Seishu gains a new assistant coach in the form of Yūhei 's older brother Junpei , after Ichiyo agrees to marry him if Seishu makes it to Koshien .
When the prefectural summer baseball tournament starts , Seishu starts with a dominating shutout against its first @-@ round opponent , Matsunami Municipal High School . In the second round , they face Sena Municipal High School led by Tatsumasa Miki , a former Seishu first @-@ string player , which in the first round defeated the team headed by Seishu 's former head coach . Seishu wins with a nearly perfect game , ending Part Two of the story .
Part Three starts with the prefectural tournament still in progress . After another win by Seishu , Akane is hospitalized due to an unspecified illness . Initially , Akaishi 's play is affected by worrying about Akane 's condition . Ko continues to perform well and promises Akane to go on a date with her if Seishu reaches Koshien . However , Akane 's illness is more severe than expected , and she is scheduled for surgery on the morning of the prefectural final against Ryuō . Before the game begins , Ko tells Aoba he loves her more than anyone , but in such a way she thinks he is lying until after Seishu wins in extra innings , clinching a Koshien berth . In the final chapter , the morning before traveling to Koshien , Akaishi visits Akane recovering in the hospital and Ko and Aoba head for the train station holding hands .
= = Main characters = =
Ko Kitamura ( 樹多村 光 , Kitamura Kō ) Voiced by : Miyu Irino
One of the two protagonists , Ko is in fifth grade in Part One and enters Seishu High School early in Part Two . Despite their age in Part One , he and Wakaba are very close and their families treat them as if they are a couple . While he shows little interest in baseball to outsiders , he has practiced daily at the Tsukishima Batting Center in the 60 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 97 km / h ) cage and above since he was old enough to swing a bat . Ko is described by several other characters , including Ichiyo , Yuhei Azuma , and Junpei Azuma , as very like Aoba . In particular , they say the two are both very competitive , and Junpei attributes their frequent squabbling to their similarities . After a sandlot game against Aoba 's team in elementary school , Ko is inspired by her pitching form to become a pitcher himself , and at Wakaba 's urging secretly adopts Aoba 's daily training regimen . Although he does not play baseball in junior high school , Akaishi and Nakanishi convince him to join the high school baseball team . With his changeup pitches , control , and incredible fastball , he becomes the ace pitcher in Seishu High School , as well as a strong hitter . Ko describes himself as having no self @-@ confidence and an excellent liar . Despite being at odds with one another , Ko and Aoba share a deep bond through their love for Wakaba . Ko takes to heart what Aoba has to say and values her opinion more than others .
Aoba Tsukishima ( 月島 青葉 , Tsukishima Aoba ) Voiced by : Haruka Tomatsu
The other protagonist , Aoba is the third daughter of the Tsukishima family , one year younger than Ko and Wakaba . Aoba is seen as a tomboy by other characters , one who loves baseball very much . Her father has played catch with Aoba since she was little , thus grooming her into a strong pitcher . She has a poster of Ryota Igarashi , a famous fastball pitcher , on her bedroom wall , and when she was young Aoba told Wakaba she was only interested in a guy who could pitch a fastball over 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) . She has an excellent pitching form , on which Ko based his own form , and she has a wide variety of pitches . Although as a girl she cannot play in official inter @-@ school games , in practice games she plays center field or replaces Ko as pitcher . Many younger members of the Seishu baseball team are inspired by how much effort she puts into baseball and coaching them , and work hard to not disappoint her . Ko claims she is secretly disappointed that she will never be able to pitch in an official game , and Yuhei Azuma points out that she is using Ko as her proxy to get to Koshien .
Aoba is very close to Wakaba in Part One , and according to Ichiyo jealous of how much time Wakaba spends with Ko . She frequently reiterates her intense dislike of Ko throughout the series and often squabbles with him . Despite this , she is very like him in behavior and talents , as several characters comment . After Ko becomes the ace pitcher of Seishu High School , Aoba slowly comes to admit his qualities as a player , and becomes less reluctant to offer advice and even teaches him new breaking pitches . Eventually she admits she has faith in his ability to fulfill Wakaba 's last dream , in which he pitches at Koshien . She is often teased about her similarities with Ko in their behaviors and habits . Her name means " green leaf " or " fresh leaf " .
= = Media = =
= = = Manga = = =
Cross Game was written and illustrated by Mitsuru Adachi and published by Shogakukan . It began serialization on May 11 , 2005 in the shōnen manga magazine Shōnen Sunday ( issue 22 / 23 2005 ) , and concluded with the 160th chapter in February 17 , 2010 ( issue 12 2010 ) . The seventeenth and final tankōbon volume is scheduled for release in April 2010 . The series is divided into multiple parts . Part One , " Wakaba 's Season " , consists of volume one , and takes place while the main characters are in elementary school . Part Two , " Aoba 's Season " , covering volumes 2 through 14 , with chapter numbering restarted from 1 , begins four years later with Ko in his third year of junior high school and continues into high school . In October 2008 , the series went on hiatus at the end of Part Two , resuming in March 2009 with the start of Part Three , which is untitled and covers volumes 15 through 17 , with Ko in the summer of his third year of high school
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Peng authorized the text after removing the phrase " and of Comrade Mao Zedong " . In 1956 an anonymous Chinese citizen wrote a letter to Peng condemning the practices of hanging portraits of Mao in public places and singing songs in praise of Mao : Peng sent this letter to Huang Kecheng , his chief of staff , to be widely distributed . Peng successfully opposed efforts to place a bronze statue of Mao in the Beijing Military Museum , saying : " why take the trouble to put it up ? What is put up now will be removed in the future . " When greeted by a group of soldiers who shouted " Long Live Chairman Mao ! " ( literally " 10 @,@ 000 years for Chairman Mao " ) , Peng addressed the soldiers , saying : " You shout ' 10 @,@ 000 years for Chairman Mao ! ' – does he , then , live for 10 @,@ 000 years ? He will not even live for 100 years ! This is a personality cult ! " When one of Peng 's political commissars suggested to him that the song The East is Red ( a song that idealizes Mao , which Mao later had sung in place of the Chinese national anthem during the Cultural Revolution ) be widely taught throughout the PLA , Peng angrily rejected the suggestion , saying " That is a personality cult ! That is idealism ! " Later in 1956 a group of soldiers visited Peng in order to request an audience with the Chairman , but Peng rejected them , saying : " He is an old man , what is so beautiful about him ? "
In preparation for the Eighth National Congress , held in September 1956 , Peng attended a Politburo committee to redraft the new Party Constitution . At this meeting , Peng suggested that a section in the Constitution 's preamble referring to Mao Zedong Thought be removed . Liu Shaoqi , Deng Xiaoping , Peng Zhen , and most other senior CCP members present quickly agreed , and it was removed from the final version of the 1956 Party Constitution . At the Congress , Peng was re @-@ appointed to the Politburo and as a full member of the Central Committee .
Peng resented Mao 's personal lifestyle , which Peng considered decadent and luxurious . By the late 1950s Mao had developed a lifestyle that was out of touch with Peng 's preference for modesty and simplicity . Mao enjoyed a private pool in Zhongnanhai , and had many villas around China built for him , which he would travel to on a private train . Mao enjoyed the companionship of an ever @-@ changing succession of enthusiastic young women whom he met either on weekly dances in Zhongnanhai or on his journeys by train . Mao had a costly office suite built for him in Beijing , including a private , book @-@ lined study . When Peng 's wife suggested the couple spend more free time visiting Mao 's quarters , Peng was reluctant , stating that Mao 's surroundings were " too luxuriously furnished " for him to tolerate . Throughout the 1950s , Peng continued to refer to the Chairman as " Old Mao " , an egalitarian title that was used among senior CCP leaders in the 1930s and 1940s .
= = = Military activities = = =
Peng staged his first offensive after becoming Defense Minister in January 1955 , when he attacked and occupied a chain of islands , part of Zhejiang , which were still held by the Kuomintang , from which the Nationalists occasionally staged guerrilla raids as far as Shanghai . This operation led the United States to form a defense agreement with Taiwan , effectively preventing the communists from completely defeating the Kuomintang .
Peng participated in a number of foreign trips throughout the communist world after becoming Defense Minister , the first time that he had traveled outside of China and North Korea . In May 1955 Peng visited East Germany , Poland , and the Soviet Union , meeting with Wilhelm Pieck , Józef Cyrankiewicz , Nikita Krushchev , and the Soviet marshals Konstantin Rokossovsky and Georgy Zhukov . In September 1955 Peng traveled to Poland and the Soviet Union to attend the signing of the Warsaw Pact as an observer . In November 2 – December 3 , 1957 Peng accompanied Mao on his second visit to the Soviet Union . From April 24 – June 13 , 1959 Peng went on a " military goodwill tour " across the communist world , visiting Poland , East Germany , Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Albania , the Soviet Union , and Mongolia .
After Peng returned from his first tour abroad , in September 1955 , he began to seriously implement his " Four Great Systems " : the implementation of standardized military ranks , salaries , awards , and rules of conscription . On September 23 , 1955 the State Council named Peng one of the ten marshals of the PLA , China 's highest military rank . ( Before 1955 , Chinese soldiers were assigned " functions " instead of ranks , such as " company commander " , or " division commander " ) . PLA leaders were promoted into Peng 's newly founded system of military ranks , and were awarded newly created orders of merit . Peng himself was awarded the First Class Medal of the Order of August 1 ( for his achievements in the Chinese Civil war from 1927 – 1937 ) , the First Class Medal of the Order of Independence and Freedom ( for his achievements in the Sino @-@ Japanese War ) , and the First Class Medal of the Order of Liberation ( for his achievements in the Chinese Civil war from 1945 – 1949 ) . Peng introduced military insignia for the first time , and issued military uniforms modeled on those worn by Soviet soldiers . From January 1 , 1956 Peng replaced conscription with voluntary service , and standardized career soldiers ' salaries on eighteen grades , from private second class to marshal . In May 1956 Peng introduced a clear prioritization of rank favoring commanders over political commissars . By September 1956 Peng 's doctrines of professionalism , strict training , discipline , and the mastery of modern equipment were entrenched within the structure of the PLA .
Mao Zedong opposed all of these initiatives , but first focused his dissatisfaction on other marshals , Liu Bocheng and Luo Ronghuan , who Mao accused of " dogmatism " ( uncritically assimilating methods borrowed from the Soviet Union ) . In 1958 Mao convinced Peng of the need to maintain a balance between military professionalism and political indoctrination , and Peng cooperated in removing Liu and Luo from high positions . Peng 's removal of Liu especially cost Peng the support of many other military leaders , and Mao used Liu 's resulting criticism of Peng to criticize Peng before other senior Chinese leaders the next year , when Mao then sought to remove Peng .
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gain practical experience . There she worked as a clinical clerk at Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street , London . To gain experience in midwifery , she went to Coombe Women 's Hospital in Dublin , and after returning to London to complete a course in tropical medicine , she travelled to India where she worked for a year as a midwife in a Cambridge Mission hospital for women and children . In 1906 , Mayo returned to Adelaide and started a private practice in premises owned by her father on Morphett Street , next to the family home . With spare time on her hands , she began laboratory work at the Adelaide Hospital and took up an appointment as honorary anaesthetist at the Adelaide Children 's Hospital .
= = = The Mothers and Babies ' Health Association = = =
In May 1909 , Mayo presented a paper to an interstate conference on the subject of infant mortality . In it , she addressed the high infant mortality rate in South Australia , and claimed that more needed to be done to educate women for motherhood . Later that year , after hearing a talk about the success of a school for mothers in London , she and Harriet Stirling ( the daughter of Edward Stirling ) founded the School for Mothers in Adelaide . The Kindergarten Union made a room in its offices available for one afternoon a week , where a nurse would weigh babies and Mayo and Stirling would give advice . At the first annual meeting of the School a prominent medical doctor criticised the organisation for thinking that spinsters could teach mothers , who were guided by the " mother instinct " ( both Mayo and Stirling were childless ) . In spite of this , the organisation flourished , and in 1911 a cottage in Wright Street was purchased and became the headquarters of the School . In 1927 , the organisation became the Mothers ' and Babies ' Health Association , and by 1932 , it had branches throughout South Australia . Mayo served as the honorary medical officer of the association until her death in 1967 , by which time the organisation gained a training school for maternal nurses and a hospital . In her honour , the Association inaugurated the annual Helen Mayo lecture . Eventually , in 1981 , the Mothers and Babies ' Association was incorporated into the Department of Health of the South Australian Government .
After visiting Melbourne to learn how to make vaccines , in 1911 Mayo was appointed clinical bacteriologist at the Adelaide hospital , a position she would hold for 22 years .
= = = The Mareeba Hospital = = =
In the early part of the 1910s , there was an urgent need for medical facilities to treat infants in South Australia since , due to the risks of cross @-@ infection , the Adelaide Children 's Hospital would not treat those under the age of two . In 1913 , Mayo and Stirling called a meeting of medical practitioners to discuss the prospect of a hospital for these children . After doubts about the practicality of such a plan were expressed , the group raised some funds and presented to the board of the Adelaide Children 's Hospital a plan to use the funds to build a separate ward on the grounds of the hospital . The board rejected the proposal , so Mayo and her group rented a two @-@ story house in St. Peter 's and opened a hospital for infants in 1914 . Financial difficulties for the hospital eventually became overwhelming and the state government took over the hospital , moving it to Woodville and renaming it the Mareeba Hospital .
Mayo played a central role in establishing Mareeba Hospital and forming its policy , serving as honourable physician at Mareeba , and as honorary responsible officer from 1921 to 1946 . To combat the risks of cross @-@ infection , she instituted a policy of strict isolation of babies from other patients . Each child had their own locker , where their own equipment would be kept , gowns used by nurses to tend to one child would only be used for that child , and blankets , bottles and floors were all sterilised . Mareeba eventually became a 70 @-@ bed hospital , complete with a surgical unit and a ward for premature babies .
= = = Later medical career = = =
In 1919 , The Adelaide Children 's Hospital advertised for honorary physicians . Believing that her gender would prevent her being given the position , Mayo initially declined to apply . However , following a recommendation by Adelaide surgeon Henry Simpson Newland , Mayo applied for the post , and that year was appointed honorary Assistant Physician in charge of outpatients . With positions at the Royal Adelaide Hospital , the Children 's Hospital and the Mareeba Hospital , as well as commitments at her private practice , Mayo commenced her Doctor of Medicine degree in 1925 . She used her experiences as a clinical bacteriologist at the Adelaide Hospital as the basis for her thesis , which she was forced to write on the weekends , such was the volume of her workload . The following year , she became the first woman to receive an MD from the University of Adelaide . She was subsequently appointed honorary physician to inpatients at the Children 's Hospital , and a clinical lecturer at the University of Adelaide . In May 1935 Mayo was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) " for services in connection with maternal and child welfare in the state of South Australia . "
She retired in 1938 and became an honorary consulting physician at the Children 's Hospital , but when the Second World War broke out , she returned to the hospital as senior paediatric adviser , at the same time organising the Red Cross donor transfusion service . Dr. Elma Linton Sandford @-@ Morgan ( 22 February 1890 – ) , author of ABC of Mothercraft , was appointed medical officer for M.B.H.A. in 1937 . She was a daughter of industrialist and politician A. Wallace Sandford .
= = Other activities = =
Mayo became the first woman in Australia to be elected to a university council when , in 1914 , she was elected to the Council of the University of Adelaide , a position she held for 46 years . She founded , in 1922 , the Adelaide Lyceum Club , and was its inaugural president . The club provided a place for women who were leaders in their respective fields to meet , and aimed to " advance the status of women in the world of arts and letters " .
Mayo was also heavily involved in the life of female students and graduates of the University of Adelaide . She spearheaded the foundation of the Women Student 's Club ( eventually the Women 's Union ) in 1909 , and in 1921 initiated efforts to unify the various student bodies at that University into what would eventually become the Adelaide University Union . The construction of the Lady Simon Building for the Women 's Union was due in large part to her efforts , as was the founding of St. Ann 's College , where she served as chairperson from 1939 to 1959 .
Mayo died 13 November 1967 , aged 89 . In its obituary , the Medical Journal of Australia described her as " the doyen of medical women in South Australia ( and most probably Australia ) " , and credited her with the efficiency of South Australia 's infant health welfare system . The Federal Division of Mayo is named for her .
= New Amerykah Part One ( 4th World War ) =
New Amerykah Part One ( 4th World War ) is the fourth studio album by American neo soul singer Erykah Badu . After a hiatus from recording music due to writer 's block , Badu communicated with several hip hop producers over the Internet and worked on new music using the GarageBand software program on her laptop . Once the songs were composed , she went on to record most of the album at Electric Lady Studios in New York City .
New Amerykah Part One is an esoteric concept album titled as a pun on Badu 's first name and a reflection of the record 's political leanings . It features social commentary and themes related to the plight of the African @-@ American community , including poverty , urban violence , complacency , and cultural identity . The record 's densely produced music incorporates funk , R & B , hip hop , soul , jazz , and electronica styles .
When New Amerykah Part One was released by Universal Motown on February 26 , 2008 , it received widespread critical acclaim and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 albums
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chart . At the end of the year , it was named by many critics as one of 2008 's best records , and by December 2009 , it had sold 359 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . Badu promoted the album with a supporting tour , The Vortex World Tour , during May to July 2008 .
= = Background = =
Dealing with writer 's block and conflicted about her mainstream success , Erykah Badu embarked on her Frustrated Artist Tour in 2003 . Her increasing popularity brought upon some backlash towards her public image and expectations of her as " queen of neo soul " , an honorific nickname that she found limiting . Her third studio album , Worldwide Underground ( 2003 ) , was released to mostly positive reviews and was certified gold , although it was underpromoted and sold less than her previous albums . Badu herself was not satisfied with the album and felt she had nothing substantial to express with her music at the time . She took time off from her recording career to deal with her creative block and focus on caring for her children , although she continued to tour in the period between albums .
In 2004 , Badu gave birth to a daughter , Puma Rose , with her former boyfriend , rapper The D.O.C .. Later that year , she received her first computer as a Christmas gift from drummer and producer Ahmir " Questlove " Thompson , and began communicating with and receiving music from him and other producers such as Q @-@ Tip and J Dilla . Beginning in 2005 , Badu worked from her home in Dallas and used the software application GarageBand as a digital audio workstation , which she was introduced to by her son , Seven . He taught her how to use her laptop as a mini recording studio , and she used it to construct various backing tracks for songs . Using GarageBand , she recorded demos of her vocals by singing into the computer 's microphone .
Badu composed more than 75 songs within the year and intended on splitting them among her planned series of New Amerykah albums . She said of her productivity with her laptop , " I could be here , in my own space , with headphones on , and the kids could be doing what they doing , and I ’ m cooking dinner still , I ’ m making juices still , and it ’ s so easy just to sing . You got an idea — boom ! Idea , boom ! " Badu 's iChat contacts , including hip hop producers Questlove , Madlib , 9th Wonder , and J Dilla , instant messaged her to get back into the studio and sent her tracks . Such exchanges inspired a creative spark for Badu , which she explained in an interview for the Dallas Observer , " I started to accept that maybe it 's OK for me to put out music , and it doesn 't have to be something dynamic or world @-@ changing . But just as I was accepting that , here comes this burst of light and energy and creativity . And that 's the process , I guess , of life — the detachment and the release of something gives you even more room to grow or be creative . "
With the album , Badu sought to augment her music 's production , expose the work of underground hip hop producers , and exceed listeners ' expectations of contemporary music . She discussed her creative intentions in an interview for Billboard , stating " In taking on a project like this , I 'm taking the responsibility to talk for my race and my planet . " In
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and now we ’ re putting control of you back to you " , and a countdown leading to " Honey " . According to Badu , the song is about " a lover , a fictitious character named Slim , who I 'm chasing . " Allmusic 's Andy Kellman commented that the song is included as an unlisted track as " it doesn 't fit into the album 's fabric , what with its drifting , deeply sweetened , synth @-@ squish @-@ and @-@ string @-@ drift groove . "
= = Title and packaging = =
Before New Amerykah 's release , the album was tentatively called KahBa , which Badu derived from her name , as a reference to Islam and Kemetism . The title of the album series , New Amerykah , is a pun of Badu 's name . She has explained one meaning of it as " a statement that simply says , ' This is the beginning of the new world ' -for both the slaves and the slave masters . In other words , everybody has to wake up and see . This new world moves much faster . We don 't even realize how fast we 're moving . " Part One 's subtitle , 4th World War , reflects the content 's objective , political leanings , which Badu explained to be " outside of me ... What ’ s going on outside is the left brain " . Badu further explained New Amerykah 's title in an interview for Remix :
In 1997 , a 25 @-@ year @-@ old Erykah Badu came out as an artist , pregnant , a mother @-@ to @-@ be . We used to bring cassettes home as our listening from the studio . No one had a cell phone , only a couple people with these great big contraptions . The Internet was not our form of communication ; we still had the library . We were creating from sand and scrap . So quickly it 's turned into this technological society . I can send the album to millions of fans from Antarctica to Mexico City with one push of the button . The way our children think and the things they see ? It 's new , and it 's happened so quick . And I am in the middle of that . Me on the platform with a microphone — that is how I envision New Amerykah .
The album 's cover and interior artwork were designed by Badu and graphic artist Emek . The cover features an abstract portrayal of Badu , who dons vintage nameplate knuckle rings bearing the album title and an Afro decorated in a bric @-@ a @-@ brac manner with various emblems . Badu and Emek sought to reflect the former 's perspective on various topics , including music , religion , governments , and economics , and incorporate emblems to depict American culture and modern society . Images featured in the Afro include those of flowers , spray cans , dollar signs , power plants , musical notes , toilets , raised fists , needles , laptops , turntables , handcuffs , broken chains , bar codes , drugs , and guns . The album 's interior artwork features ominous , psychedelic , futuristic , and apocalyptic imagery . The artwork includes illustrations of a red @-@ eyed Uncle Sam pointing a gun , robotic creatures tattooing each other , a bar code bearing the alphanumeric message " 50C1AL 5Y5T3M " , and a suited skeleton with a dollar sign on its skull lecturing to a headless audience from a podium that bears the pyramid image from the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States . The illustration of a soft melting fork , hypodermic needle , and spoon is an adaptation of Salvador Dalí 's 1931 painting The Persistence of Memory .
= = Release and promotion = =
The album 's lead single , " Honey " , was released on December 11 , 2007 . It reached number 88 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , on which it spent three weeks . On the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , it charted for 17 weeks and peaked at number 22 . A music video for the song was directed by Badu and Chris Robinson , and released on January 28 , 2008 . Badu wanted to pay homage to classic records with the video , which is set in a small business record store and follows a customer as she looks through vintage R & B , hip hop , and rock LPs , whose album covers are depicted as moving images with Badu cast in them . In January 2008 , Badu also previewed songs from the album as a headlining act at the Barbados Jazz Festival . On April 23 , she released " Soldier " as the album 's second single and announced The Vortex World Tour , a supporting tour to promote the
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album . The tour 's 42 concert dates included shows in the United States , Canada , and Aruba , spanned from May to June , and featured hip hop band The Roots as Badu 's opening act . She later toured in Europe during June and July .
New Amerykah Part One was released by Universal Motown Records in the United States on February 26 , Badu 's 37th birthday . That same day , a release party took place at the House of Blues in Dallas , and Badu performed songs from the album on VH1 Soul 's SoulStage . The record was released in several European countries on February 29 , the United Kingdom on March 3 , and Japan on March 12 . The Japanese and UK editions feature the bonus track " Real Thang " . The album 's digital release to the iTunes Store featured the song 's " Tumbling Dice Remix " as a bonus track . It was also released as a double vinyl LP on March 11 , and on USB stick format . In an interview for the Chicago Tribune , Badu discussed the album 's accompanying USB stick , stating " I might as well give a digital world what they need and what they want . And that 's to just cut out the middle man , which is the CD , which will be extinct , I would say , in about seven to eight years — right along with the record labels . "
= = Reception = =
In the United States , New Amerykah debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 125 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It was Badu 's best opening week since her debut album Baduizm in 1997 . It also entered at number two on the Billboard Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums . In its second week , the album sold 41 @,@ 466 copies , and 35 @,@ 000 in its third week . It spent 15 weeks on the Billboard 200 and 29 weeks on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums . By December 2009 , New Amerykah Part One had sold 359 @,@ 000 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan . In the United Kingdom , the album charted at number 55 on the UK Albums Chart , on which it spent one week . In France , it debuted at number 49 and spent 11 weeks on the French Albums Chart . In Switzerland , it debuted at number 10 and spent six weeks on the Swiss Albums Top 100 . In the Netherlands , the album entered at number 25 and spent seven weeks on the Mega Album Top 100 . In Poland , it reached number nine and spent eight weeks on the Polish Albums Chart . The album 's highest international charting was number five in Sweden , where it charted for seven weeks .
New Amerykah Part One received widespread acclaim from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 83 , based on 25 reviews . Slant Magazine 's Eric Henderson said it is a powerful listen that stands as Badu 's most musically ambitious work . Sasha Frere @-@ Jones from The New Yorker described the album as " a brilliant resurgence of black avant @-@ garde vocal pop " and " the work of a restless polymath ignoring the world around her and opting for an idiosyncratic , murky feeling that reflects her impulses . " In the Chicago Tribune , Kot wrote that " art this deeply personal " is rarely an easy listen , while Alex Macpherson of The Guardian deemed it a rewarding listen that " demands to be explored . " Rolling Stone magazine 's Christian Hoard was more critical , finding Badu 's socially conscious lyrics unexceptional and too ambiguous , and some songs " absent @-@ minded doodles " . In MSN Music , Robert Christgau deemed it an enjoyable effort , citing " Amerykahn Promise " and " The Cell " as highlights , but said some of the themes seemed dated in comparison to the music : " When your funk is this futuristic , not to say abstract , astrology and Farrakhan sound old , not to say ignorant " . According to Pitchfork Media 's Nitsuh Abebe :
A lot of the critical love for New Amerykah seems rooted in a love for the music of ... a time in which popular black artists made records filled not only with visionary , avant @-@ garde sounds , but with a social expansiveness , a fire and ambition to say something important to and for a community ... This album doesn 't just have the personal and social ambitions of those old records — plenty of charmless " nu @-@ soul " records aspire to that — but some of the sonic ones , too . Big tracks aside , it 's an awfully static record , which gives it the kind of high @-@ art " difficulty " that we critics have been known to like .
At the end of 2008 , New Amerykah Part One was ranked on several critics ' lists of the year 's best records , including the Associated Press ( number 1 ) , The Austin Chronicle ( number 9 ) , Entertainment Weekly ( number 5 ) , New York ( number 8 ) , The New York Times ( number 4 ) , The A.V. Club ( number 8 ) , PopMatters ( number 4 ) , Slant Magazine ( number 8 ) , and The Guardian ( number 9 ) . Spin ranked the album number 12 on its year @-@ end list , calling it " laptop R & B that uses hip @
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-@ hop as its muse " . Pitchfork Media later ranked it at number 133 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s decade , while Rhapsody named it the decade 's best R & B record .
= = Track listing = =
• ( add . ) Additional production • ( co . ) Co @-@ producer
Sample credits
" The Healer " contains a sample of " Kono Samuraï " ( 1971 ) by The Yamasuki Singers .
" My People " contains a sample of " My People ... Hold On " ( 1972 ) by Eddie Kendricks .
" Soldier " contains samples of " Theme " ( 1973 ) by Solution and " Upon This Rock " by Joe Farrell .
" Master Teacher " contains a sample of " Freddie 's Dead " ( 1972 ) by Curtis Mayfield .
" That Hump " contains a sample of " There 'll Never Be " ( 1978 ) by Switch .
" Telephone " contains a sample of " King of the Beats " ( 1988 ) by Mantronix .
" Honey " contains a sample of " I 'm in Love " ( 1978 ) by Nancy Wilson .
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= Here I Stand ( Usher song ) =
" Here I Stand " is a song by American recording artist Usher . It was sent to urban adult contemporary radio on August 18 , 2008 by LaFace Records and RCA Records as the fifth single from Usher 's fifth studio album , Here I Stand ( Usher album ) . Penned by the singer with Polow da Don , Adam Blackstone , Gerrell Gaddis , and Dre & Vidal , and produced by Dre & Vidal , " Here I Stand " is a slow soul ballad and contains similarities to Stevie Wonder 's music . The record received critical acclaim , and was nominated for the Best Male R & B Vocal Performance award at the 51st Grammy Awards . " Here I Stand " maintained a position on the United States Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs for several weeks in 2008 and 2009 , reaching the top twenty . It also appeared on the US Radio Songs and Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles charts , peaking at numbers seventy @-@ two and six , respectively .
= = Background and composition = =
" Here I Stand " was written by Usher , Polow da Don , Adam Blackstone and Gerrell Gaddis , as well as Dre & Vidal , who also produced the track . The song was recorded by Vincent Dilorenzo , with assistance from Geoff Rice , at Sony Music Studios , New York City and Zac Recording , Atlanta . Dilorenzo also mixed the record , with assistance from Matt DeSando , at Studio 609 , Philadelphia . According to Josh Eells of Blender , " Here I Stand " was written for Tameka Foster , whom Usher married in August 2007 . Composed before their engagement , " Here I Stand " was played at Usher and Foster 's wedding , on Foster 's request . The tune is an assurance of sexual fidelity and commitment . In an interview with MTV News , Usher stated , " If you listen to the words [ of ' Here I Stand ' ] , it is very heartfelt , simplistic , yet very soulful . ... It 's a man 's words to his woman : a vow to say that you are the one , and I 'll be there for you . " A slow jam soul ballad , " Here I Stand " has been compared to the work of Stevie Wonder by critics . It was included on Usher 's fifth studio album of the same name , released on May 13 , 2008 by LaFace Records .
= = Release and promotion = =
The song was released to urban adult contemporary radio by LaFace and RCA Records on August 18 , 2008 , serving as the fifth single from Here I Stand . Usher sang " Here I Stand " along with " Trading Places " and " What 's Your Name " at the warmup concert for the 2008 National Football League Kickoff game on September 4 . Usher performed " Here I Stand " at Sony 's keynote address at the 2009 Consumer Electronics Show . The song was performed on his One Night Stand : Ladies Only Tour , with a slower tempo .
= = Reception = =
Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly called " Here I Stand " a throwback to Stevie Wonder , and was disappointed that it was placed near the end of the parent album . USA Today 's Steve Jones noted the track as a highlight of the album . Joshua Alston from The A.V. Club wrote that the song " lyrically and musically sounds more passionate and more adult than Usher ever has , " and called it a " syrupy ballad " . However , Blender 's Josh Eells called the " chivalrous " number " sweet but taxing , like looking at photos from someone else ’ s wedding , " while Jim Farber of the Daily News wrote that " the [ song 's ] melody fails [ Usher ] . " The
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song ranked at number one on AOL Radio 's list of top Usher songs . At the 51st Grammy Awards , " Here I Stand " was nominated for the Best Male R & B Vocal Performance award , but lost to Ne @-@ Yo 's " Miss Independent " from his 2008 album , Year of the Gentleman .
Following its radio release , " Here I Stand " debuted on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs at number seventy @-@ five on the issue dated September 20 , 2008 , and peaked at number eighteen on March 14 , 2009 . On July 18 , 2009 it fell off the chart , having spent forty @-@ three weeks on the chart . " Here I Stand " entered the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles at number fourteen on the chart of December 17 , 2008 . It peaked at number six on January 3 , 2009 , before it slipped off the chart the following week , having lasted four weeks there . On February 7 , 2009 , the song appeared on the Hot 100 Airplay ( Radio Songs ) at number seventy @-@ three , but failed to reappear on the chart the next week . It re @-@ entered one place higher , at number seventy @-@ two , on March 14 , 2009 , but again did not gain any traction , with no place achieved on the following chart .
= = Credits = =
Source :
= = Charts = =
= Half of Me ( Rihanna song ) =
" Half of Me " is a song recorded by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna for her seventh studio album Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . It was written by Emeli Sandé , Naughty Boy and Stargate , with production done by the latter two . It is a chamber pop song that sees Rihanna deliver vocals in an " experimental " fashion . Its lyrics have been described as a " personal essay " , with lyrics that discuss Rihanna 's unrepentant attitude in letting people into her life . She references Oprah Winfrey in the line " You saw me on the television " . The song garnered positive reviews from music critics , some of whom felt that it is " heartfelt " and " psychedelic " . Upon the release of Unapologetic , the song charted in Canada , France , Ireland , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . It debuted at number 10 on the UK R & B Chart .
= = Background and production = =
" Half of Me " was co @-@ written by Scottish recording artist Emeli Sandé together with Shahid Khan , Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen . Production of the song was helmed by Khan under his production name Naughty Boy as well as Eriksen and Hermansen under their production name StarGate . It was recorded by Eriksen and Miles Walker at Roc the Mic Studios located in New York City . Rihanna 's vocals were recorded by Marcus Tovar and Kuk Harrell at R Studios in Los Angeles , California , while it was mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios in Burbank , California . Harrell also handled production of Rihanna 's vocals . All instrumentation and programming was carried out by Eriksen , Hermansen , Khan and Sandé .
= = Composition and lyrical interpretation = =
" Half of Me " is a chamber pop song which lasts for a duration of three minutes and twelve seconds . The line " You saw me on the television " is a possible reference to her interview with Oprah Winfrey after her boyfriend , Chris Brown assaulted her . Christina Lee for Idolator thought that this is because of how Rihanna 's popularity and personal life combined with her " paparazzi @-@ documented interactions " with Brown has generated headlines and news stories around the world . " Half of Me " can be interpreted as a " personal essay " rather than just a song . Stacy @-@ Ann Ellis for Vibe noted
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cities around Sri Lanka used the monsoon winds to power furnaces as early as 300 BCE . The furnaces were constructed on the path of the monsoon winds to exploit the wind power , to bring the temperatures inside up to 1 @,@ 200 ° C ( 2 @,@ 190 ° F ) . An early historical reference to a rudimentary windmill was used to power an organ in the first century CE . The first practical windmills were later built in Sistan , Afghanistan , from the 7th century CE . These were vertical @-@ axle windmills , which had long vertical driveshafts with rectangle shaped blades . Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material , these windmills were used to grind corn and draw up water , and were used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries . Horizontal @-@ axle windmills were later used extensively in Northwestern Europe to grind flour beginning in the 1180s , and many Dutch windmills still exist . High altitude wind power is the focus of over 30 companies worldwide using tethered technology rather than ground @-@ hugging compressive @-@ towers . Oil is being saved by using wind for powering cargo ships by use of the mechanical energy converted from the wind 's kinetic energy using very large kites .
= = = Recreation = = =
Wind figures prominently in several popular sports , including recreational hang gliding , hot air ballooning , kite flying , snowkiting , kite landboarding , kite surfing , paragliding , sailing , and windsurfing . In gliding , wind gradients just above the surface affect the takeoff and landing phases of flight of a glider . Wind gradient can have a noticeable effect on ground launches , also known as winch launches or wire launches . If the wind gradient is significant or sudden , or both , and the pilot maintains the same pitch attitude , the indicated airspeed will increase , possibly exceeding the maximum ground launch tow speed . The pilot must adjust the airspeed to deal with the effect of the gradient . When landing , wind shear is also a hazard , particularly when the winds are strong . As the glider descends through the wind gradient on final approach to landing , airspeed decreases while sink rate increases , and there is insufficient time to accelerate prior to ground contact . The pilot must anticipate the wind gradient and use a higher approach speed to compensate for it .
= = Role in the natural world = =
In arid climates , the main source of erosion is wind . The general wind circulation moves small particulates such as dust across wide oceans thousands of kilometers downwind of their point of origin , which is known as deflation . Westerly winds in the mid @-@ latitudes of the planet drive the movement of ocean currents from west to east across the world 's oceans . Wind has a very important role in aiding plants and other immobile organisms in dispersal of seeds , spores , pollen , etc . Although wind is not the primary form of seed dispersal in plants , it provides dispersal for a large percentage of the biomass of land plants .
= = = Erosion = = =
Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind . There are two main effects . First , wind causes small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region . This is called deflation . Second , these suspended particles may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion ( ecological succession ) . Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation , often in areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation . An example is the formation of sand dunes , on a beach or in a desert . Loess is a homogeneous , typically nonstratified , porous , friable , slightly coherent , often calcareous , fine @-@ grained , silty , pale yellow or buff , windblown ( Aeolian ) sediment . It generally occurs as a widespread blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick . Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces . Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils . Under appropriate climatic conditions , areas with loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world . Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature , and will erode very readily . Therefore , windbreaks ( such as big trees and bushes ) are often planted by farmers to reduce the wind erosion of loess .
= = = Desert dust migration = = =
During mid @-@ summer ( July in the northern hemisphere ) , the westward @-@ moving trade winds south of the northward @-@ moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean Sea into southeastern North America . When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge within the belt of trade winds moves over land , rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance , which leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates . Over 50 % of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened because of periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the
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notice . In his 1908 memoir , he tells the following story :
Barrington returned to the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company in 1908 for the second of the London repertory seasons , playing Pooh @-@ Bah , Captain Corcoran , Mountararat , and the Sergeant of Police once again , and adding the roles of Wilfred Shadbolt in Yeomen ( finally completing his cycle of the extant Gilbert and Sullivan operas ) , and Don Alhambra in The Gondoliers to his Savoy repertoire . He then played in more music hall sketches and toured in musicals , including in A Member of Tattersall 's , an adaptation by Adrian Ross of Leo Fall 's Die Geschtedene Frau ( 1909 , repeated in London in 1911 ) ; as the Marquis of Steyne in The Walls of Jericho ( 1909 ) ; and as Judge Tucker in The Bigamist ( 1910 ) . In 1910 , he created the role of Lucas van Tromp in The Girl in the Train at the Vaudeville Theatre .
= = = Last years = = =
Barrington also established himself on the legitimate stage , playing Falstaff in The Merry Wives of Windsor at His Majesty 's Theatre in 1911 ; in several other roles from 1911 to 1913 ; on tour in Other People 's Babies , by Lechmere Worrall , in 1913 ; as Lord Leonard Alcar in the highly successful The Great Adventure by Arnold Bennett ( 1913 – 14 ; based on Bennett 's 1908 novel , Buried Alive ) ; as Max Somossy in The Joy @-@ Ride Lady , by Arthur Anderson and Hartley Carrick at the New Theatre ( 1914 ) ; and Polonius in Hamlet and Christopher Sly in The Taming of the Shrew at His Majesty 's in 1916 , among other roles . He continued to perform in London and in the provinces until 1918 , from 1916 under the management of John Martin @-@ Harvey . One of his later successes was a reprise of his 1909 role as the kindly bookmaker Peter Perks in A Member of Tattersall 's . His last role was Claus in The Burgomaster of Stilemonde , by Count Maurice Maeterlinck , at the Lyceum Theatre , Edinburgh , beginning in October 1918 .
Barrington wrote horse racing columns for Punch magazine under the pseudonym Lady Gay and also wrote two volumes of reminiscences , in 1908 and 1911 . He also appeared in four silent films : " San Toy " ( 1900 ) ; as Mr. Texel in " The Great Adventure " ( 1915 ) ; as Septimus Beaumont in " The Girl Who Loves a Soldier " ( 1916 ) ; and as Mr. Potter in Still Waters Run Deep ( 1916 ) . In addition to his avid interest in several sports , which he describes at length in his memoirs , Barrington was a skilled artist in watercolous and pen and ink .
After Barrington suffered a paralytic stroke in early 1919 , he was unable to perform . He spent the rest of his life in poverty , although his fellow actors held benefits and made other efforts to help him , and his brothers and his neighbors in East Hagbourne , Berkshire , helped him as he became increasingly disabled and eventually unable even to speak . He died in 1922 while living at the St. James 's Infirmary , Balham , in South London , at the age of 69 and is buried in Lower Morden Lane at the Morden Cemetery , also known as Battersea New Cemetery , in Surrey . On the 75th anniversary of Barrington 's death , a granite monument with a photoplaque of Barrington as Pooh @-@ Bah was dedicated to him at the Morden Cemetery , by members of the Gilbert and Sullivan Society , the Sir Arthur Sullivan Society and others .
= Wendover Air Force Base =
Wendover Air Force Base is a former United States Air Force base in Utah now known as Wendover Airport . During World War II , it was a training base for B @-@ 17 and B @-@ 24 bomber crews . It was the training site of the 509th Composite Group , the B @-@ 29 unit that carried out the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki .
After the war , Wendover was used for training exercises , gunnery range and as a research facility . It was closed by the Air Force in 1969 , and the base was given to Wendover City in 1977 . Tooele County , Utah , assumed ownership of the airport and base buildings in 1998 , and the County continues to operate the airfield as a public airport . A portion of the original bombing range is now the Utah Test and Training Range ( UTTR ) which is used extensively by the Air Force with live fire targets on the range .
= = Origins = =
Wendover Air Force Base 's history began in 1940 , when the United States Army began looking for additional bombing ranges . The area near the town of Wendover was well @-@ suited to these needs ; the land was virtually uninhabited , had generally excellent flying weather , and the nearest large city ( Salt Lake City ) was 100 miles ( 160 km ) away ( Wendover had around 100 citizens at the time ) . Though isolated , the area was served by the Western Pacific Railroad , and many of its citizens were employed by the railroad .
Construction of the base began on 20 September 1940 and on the range on 4 November 1940 . Wendover Air Base became a subpost of Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City on 29 July 1941 . By that time a total of 1 @,@ 822 @,@ 000 acres ( 737 @,@ 000 ha ) had been acquired for the base and associated gunnery / bombing range 86 miles ( 138 km ) long and 18 to 36 miles ( 29 to 58 km ) wide . Ranchers protested the loss of their grazing land , which they claimed would wipe them out and cost the state of Utah $ 1 @.@ 5 million annually . They took their complaints to Governor Henry Hooper Blood , but the War Department pressed on with the development of the bombing range . The first military contingent arrived on 12 August 1941 , to construct targets on the bombing range . To provide water , a pipeline was run from a spring on Pilot Peak to the base .
= = World War II = =
With the entrance of the United States into World War II , Wendover Field took on greater importance . It was the Army Air Force 's largest bombing and gunnery range . On March 1942 the Army Air Force activated Wendover Army Air Field and also assigned the research and development of guided missiles , pilotless aircraft , and remotely controlled bombs to the site . The new base was supplied and serviced by the Ogden Air Depot at Hill Field . In April 1942 , the Wendover Sub @-@ Depot was activated and assumed technical and administrative control of the field , under the Ogden Air Depot . The Wendover Sub @-@ Depot was tasked to requisition , store , and issue all Army Air Forces property for organizations stationed at Wendover Field for training .
By late 1943 there were some 2 @,@ 000 civilian employees and 17 @,@ 500 military personnel at Wendover . Construction at the base continued for most of the war , including three 8 @,@ 100 @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 500 m ) paved runways , taxiways , a 300 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 28 @,@ 000 m2 ) ramp , and seven hangars . By May 1945 the base consisted of 668 buildings , including a 300 @-@ bed hospital , gymnasium , swimming pool , library , chapel , cafeteria , bowling alley , two movie theatres , and 361 housing units for married officers and civilians .
= = = Heavy Bombardment Group training = = =
Wendover 's mission was to train heavy bomb groups . The training of Boeing B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberator groups began in April 1942 , with the arrival of the 306th Bomb Group flying B @-@ 17s . From March 1942 through April 1944 , Wendover AAF hosted twenty newly formed B @-@ 17 and B @-@ 24 groups during one phase of their group training . The Second Air Force organized bombardment training into three phases
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. ) The five bullets Žerajić fired at Varešanin and the fatal bullet he put in his own brain made Žerajić an inspiration to future assassins , including Princip and Princip 's accomplice Čabrinović . Princip said that Žerajić " was my first model . When I was seventeen I passed whole nights at his grave , reflecting on our wretched condition and thinking of him . It is there that I made up my mind sooner or later to perpetrate an outrage . "
In 1913 , Emperor Franz Joseph commanded Archduke Franz Ferdinand to observe the military maneuvers in Bosnia scheduled for June 1914 . Following the maneuvers , Ferdinand and his wife planned to visit Sarajevo to open the state museum in its new premises there . Duchess Sophie , according to their oldest son , Duke Maximilian , accompanied her husband out of fear for his safety .
As a " Czech countess [ she ] was treated as a commoner at the Austrian court " . Emperor Franz Joseph had only consented to their marriage on the condition that their descendants would never ascend the throne . The 14th anniversary of their morganatic marriage fell on 28 June . As historian A. J. P. Taylor observes :
[ Sophie ] could never share [ Franz Ferdinand 's ] rank ... could never share his splendours , could never even sit by his side on any public occasion . There was one loophole ... his wife could enjoy the recognition of his rank when he was acting in a military capacity . Hence , he decided , in 1914 , to inspect the army in Bosnia . There , at its capital Sarajevo , the Archduke and his wife could ride in an open carriage side by side ... Thus , for love , did the Archduke go to his death .
Franz Ferdinand was an advocate of increased federalism and widely believed to favor trialism , under which Austria @-@ Hungary would be reorganized by combining the Slavic lands within the Austro @-@ Hungarian empire into a third crown . A Slavic kingdom could have been a bulwark against Serb irredentism , and Franz Ferdinand was therefore perceived as a threat by those same irredentists . Princip later stated to the court that preventing Franz Ferdinand 's planned reforms was one of his motivations .
The day of the assassination , June 28 ( June 15 in the Julian calendar ) , is the feast of St. Vitus . In Serbia , it is called Vidovdan and commemorates the 1389 Battle of Kosovo against the Ottomans , at which the Sultan was assassinated in his tent by a Serb .
= = Preliminaries = =
= = = Planning direct action = = =
Danilo Ilić was a Bosnian Orthodox Serb . He had worked as a school teacher and as a bank worker but in 1913 and 1914 he lived with , and outwardly off , his mother , who operated a small boarding house in Sarajevo . Secretly , Ilić was leader of the Serbian @-@ irredentist Black Hand cell in Sarajevo . In late 1913 , Danilo Ilić came to the Serbian listening post at Užice to speak to the officer in charge , Serbian Colonel C. A. Popović , who was a captain at the time and a member of the Black Hand . Ilić recommended an end to the period of revolutionary organization building and a move to direct action against Austria @-@ Hungary . Popović passed Danilo Ilić on to Belgrade to discuss this matter with Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević , known more commonly as Apis . By 1913 , Apis and his fellow military conspirators ( drawn heavily from the ranks of the May 1903 coup ) had come to dominate what was left of the Black Hand .
There are no reports as to what took place between Ilić and Apis , but soon after their meeting , Apis 's righthand man and fellow Black Hander , Serbian Major Vojislav Tankosić , who by this time was in charge of guerrilla training , called a Serbian irredentist planning meeting in Toulouse , France . Amongst those summoned to the Toulouse meeting was Muhamed Mehmedbašić , a carpenter by trade and son of an impoverished Muslim noble from Herzegovina . He too was a member of the Black Hand , having been sworn into the organization by Black Hand Provincial Director for Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina Vladimir Gacinović and Danilo Ilić . Mehmedbašić was ( here quoting Albertini paraphrasing Mehmedbašić ) " eager to carry out an act of terrorism to revive the revolutionary spirit of Bosnia
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. " During this January 1914 meeting , various possible Austro @-@ Hungarian targets for assassination were discussed , including Franz Ferdinand . However , the participants decided only to dispatch Mehmed Mehmedbašić to Sarajevo , to kill the Governor of Bosnia , Oskar Potiorek .
While Mehmedbašić was travelling to Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina from France , police searched his train for a thief . Thinking the police might be after him , he threw his weapons ( a dagger and a bottle of poison ) out the train window . Once he arrived in Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina he had to set about looking for replacement weapons .
= = = Franz Ferdinand chosen = = =
The search for new weapons delayed Mehmedbašić 's attempt on Potiorek . Before Mehmedbašić was ready to act , Ilić summoned him to Mostar . On 26 March 1914 , Ilić informed Mehmedbašić that Belgrade had scrapped the mission to kill the governor . The plan now was to murder Franz Ferdinand , and Mehmedbašić should stand by for the new operation . ( Apis confessed to the Serbian Court that he ordered the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in his position as head of the Intelligence Department . ) The assassination was planned with the knowledge and approval of the Russian ambassador in Belgrade Nikolai Hartwig and the Russian military attache in Belgrade Viktor Artamonov .
Ilić recruited the Serbian youths Vaso Čubrilović and Cvjetko Popović shortly after Easter ( Orthodox Easter as given by Dedijer : 19 April 1914 ) , for the assassination , as evidenced by the testimony of Ilić , Čubrilović , and Popović at the Sarajevo trial . Three youths – Gavrilo Princip , Trifko Grabež , and Nedeljko Čabrinović – Bosnian Serb subjects of Austria @-@ Hungary , living in Belgrade , testified at the Sarajevo trial that at about the same time ( a little after Easter ) , they were eager to carry out an assassination and approached a fellow Bosnian Serb and former guerrilla fighter known to be well connected and with access to arms , Milan Ciganović , and through him Major Tankosić and reached an agreement to transport arms to Sarajevo and participate in the assassination .
Agreement in principle was quickly reached , but delivery of the weapons was delayed for more than a month . The assassins would meet with Ciganović and he would put them off . At one point , Ciganović told Grabež
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and Michelle , who have been working so hard " .
At first , the film was on a tight budget ; Giddens used his entire savings and mortgaged his house to raise money , saying that he did it to impress ex @-@ girlfriend , who provided the inspiration for this film 's female protagonist , Shen Chia @-@ yi . Executive producer Angie Chai also played a key role in raising money for the film .
= = = Casting = = =
Michelle Chen was the first cast member confirmed by the director . Mypaper reported that Giddens was attracted to her during their first meeting , saying that she resembled the real Shen Chia @-@ yi . Chen had previously starred in Taiwanese television drama series such as Why Why Love and Miss No Good , although she was better known for her 2009 film Hear Me . Chen went on a diet to lose weight for the role , saying she wished to " not disappoint the director " . Giddens later used her as a basis to select the other cast members . The selection process for the male lead was the longest , and a series of auditions attracted several celebrities . Giddens chose first @-@ time actor Ko Chen @-@ tung because he felt he showed great improvement in his acting skills in each successive audition . Giddens liked his attitude , having seen Ko Chen @-@ tung hiding in a corner , frantically studying the script just before his audition .
The director chose Ao @-@ chuan , Yen Sheng @-@ yu , Hao Shao @-@ wen , and Tsai Chang @-@ hsien to play the roles of his high school friends . He described Hao Shao @-@ wen as being a persuasive speaker , Tsai Chang @-@ hsien as being a very good prankster , and Ao @-@ chuan as self @-@ confident . Hu Chia @-@ wei played herself as a teenager . Giddens describes the two of them as " the Jay Chou and Jolin Tsai of the [ Chinese ] publishing world " .
Giddens ' mother told him that she would like either Lotus Wang or Phoebe Huang to play her in the film . In the end , Giddens settled on Lotus Wang , because she did not have any other work commitments at that time . Ko Chen @-@ tung 's real father plays the father in the film .
= = = Filming = = =
You Are the Apple of My Eye was primarily filmed at Ching Cheng High School ( 精誠中學 ) , the school Giddens and Shen Chia @-@ yi attended . The director said he chose the school because " he wanted so badly to see Ko Chen @-@ tung and Michelle Chen in the school uniform that he remembered vividly " . The filming of the school scenes could only be done during the Taiwanese school holidays . Because the main location was at the school , it was decided to film the remainder of the film on location throughout Changhua County . The filming had a reported budget of NT $ 50 million ( approx . US $ 1.67M in January 2012 ) .
= = = Theme song = = =
" Childish " ( 孩子氣 ) , a song from the film , was written and sung by Michelle Chen . Giddens was so touched by the song that he shed tears " on the spot " after first hearing it ; in particular , he liked the song 's lyrics . He also praised Michelle 's dedication to her role , saying " I believe that the reason that she managed to get inspiration to write this song is because she likes her role [ in this film ] " .
Giddens was also involved in some of this film 's theme songs , including " Those Years " ( 那些年 ) . At first Giddens could not decide on the closing theme for this film ; however , after hearing one of Japanese composer Mitsutoshi Kimura 's new compositions he chose it and added lyrics . " The Lonely Caffeine " ( 寂寞的咖啡因 ) had been composed by Giddens for Shen Chia @-@ Yi when the two were in a relationship . He asked the male lead actor to sing the song in the film , because he felt this would convey the song 's original meaning .
" Those Years " was an instant hit . The music video on YouTube logged its ten millionth viewer on 11 November 2011 , leading Giddens to note that the song " broke every notable viewership record set by a Chinese @-@ language video on Youtube " . In the Taiwanese KKBOX singles daily charts , " Those Years " remained at the top for 64 consecutive days , from 22 August to 22 October 2011 , breaking the previous record of 45 consecutive days . The song was nominated for the Best Original Film Soundtrack award at the 48th Golden Horse Awards .
= = = Editing = = =
You Are the Apple of My Eye was edited over for its various releases due to its controversial content . In Taiwan , the film was initially given a " Restricted " film classification . Giddens was extremely upset by this , and even personally went to Government Information Office to appeal . The film had to be edited 4 times in order to lower its classification . In the end , the film received a " Guidance " classification , meaning that children above 12 are able to watch it . In Malaysia , the scene where the students masturbated in the classroom was deleted . In Singapore , the film remained unedited , but it received a NC @-@ 16 rating , thus restricting the film to viewers above 16 .
The film was heavily edited for its Mainland China release . The scene where a flag @-@ raising ceremony was taking place was edited away , as were the scenes involving masturbation . In total , six scenes involving " negative sexual and pro @-@ Taiwan content " were either edited away or changed . The director also had to add new scenes in order to make the story flow more smoothly after editing .
= = Soundtrack = =
The original soundtrack album for You Are the Apple of My Eye was released by Sony Music Entertainment Taiwan on 5 August 2011 . It contains six songs with vocals and nine instrumental pieces that were used in this film .
= = Release = =
You Are the Apple of My Eye made its debut in competition at the 13th Taipei Film Festival on 25 June 2011 . The film made its international debut as the opening film for the sixth Summer International Film Festival in Hong Kong . It then had its general release in Taiwan on 19 August 2011 .
The film was screened at the 24th Tokyo International Film Festival on 24 October 2011 , where the director and cast were present . It was well @-@ received , with audiences reportedly squeezing into the cinema to the extent that people had to sit in the aisles . Internationally , the film was released in Hong Kong and Macau on 20 October and in Singapore and Malaysia on 10 November 2011 .
On 21 December , Giddens announced on his blog that the film passed the censorship board in China and would debut in that country on 6 January 2012 . Giddens had previously expressed a wish for the film to be screened in China so Shen Chia @-@ Yi , for whom he had made the film , could see it and comment . Giddens was unhappy when Chinese censors cut much of the film 's " negative sexual and pro @-@ Taiwan content " . He apologized to viewers in China for being unable to deliver on his promise to show the full story , saying that he " blamed only himself " . He added that he " did not think that the China 's version was better [ than the other overseas versions ] . "
Giddens revealed that negotiations were ongoing for the film 's release in Europe and the United States . The film subsequently made its North American debut at the New York Asian Film Festival on 2 July 2012 . It was later screened at the 2012 Fantasia Film Festival in Montreal . Giddens also announced that a sequel will be produced ; it will begin production in 2013 , and is expected to be released in cinemas in 2014 .
You Are the Apple of My Eye was first aired on television on 24 March 2012 on the STAR Chinese Movies network . It became the most @-@ watched film on television in Taiwan , having attracted an audience of almost 3 million people . In the 15 to 44 years old audience , it had an average rating of 7 @.@ 14 , with the rating peaking at 9 @.@ 27 during the screening . It was also the most @-@ watched television program on both cable and free @-@ to @-@ air networks in Taiwan . STAR Chinese Movies reportedly purchased the rights to this film at a hefty price of NT $ 2 million ( approx . US $ 69 @,@ 000 ) .
= = Reception = =
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American novelist and Beat poet William S. Burroughs ( in a recreation of the accidental killing of his wife Joan Vollmer ) , was scheduled to go on display in New York 's Half Gallery on 14 November 2008 with a sale price of US $ 100 @,@ 000 . Perego said of the sculpture : " Rock stars are the sacrificial animals of society . " Winehouse 's spokesperson stated : " It 's a funny kind of tribute . The artist seems in thrall to a tabloid persona that is not the real Amy . People often use her image to sell their work . "
On 14 September 2014 ( which would have been Winehouse 's 31st birthday ) , a statue was unveiled of her , which was created by sculptor Scott Eaton , at Stables Market in Camden Town , north London . Fans and relatives gathered for the unveiling in Camden 's Stable Market , where it will be a permanent memorial to her . London @-@ based Eaton , who sculpted the piece after being introduced to Winehouse 's father Mitch , said the statue was meant to capture her " attitude and strength , but also give subtle hints of insecurity . " Her father Mitch said of the statue : " Now Amy will oversee the comings and goings of her home town forever ... Amy was in love with Camden and it is the place her fans from all over the world associate her with . "
= = = The next generation = = =
British singer Adele has credited Winehouse 's success in making her and fellow British singer Duffy 's journey to the United States " a bit smoother . " Lady Gaga credited Winehouse with paving the way for her rise to the top of the charts , explaining that Winehouse made it easier for unconventional women to have mainstream pop success . Raphael Saadiq , Anthony Hamilton and John Legend said " Amy Winehouse was produced by people who wanted to create a marketing coup . The positive side is that it reacquainted an audience with this music and played an introductory role for others . This reinvigorated the genre by overcoming the vintage aspect . "
Other artists that have credited Winehouse as a major influence and / or for paving the way for them include Ellie Goulding , Jessie J , Emeli Sandé , Victoria Justice , Misha B , Paloma Faith , Lana Del Rey , Sam Smith , Florence Welch and Estelle .
After the release of Back to Black , record companies sought out female artists with a similar sound and fearless and experimental female musicians in general . Adele and Duffy were the second wave of artists with a sound similar to Winehouse 's . A third wave of female musicians that has emerged since the album was released are led by V V Brown , Florence and the Machine , La Roux and Little Boots . In March 2011 , the New York Daily News ran an article attributing the continuing wave of British female artists that have been successful in the United States to Winehouse and her absence . Spin magazine music editor Charles Aaron was quoted as saying " Amy Winehouse was the Nirvana moment for all these women , " " They can all be traced back to her in terms of attitude , musical styles or fashion . " According to Keith Caulfield , chart manager for Billboard , " Because of Amy , or the lack thereof , the marketplace was able to get singers like Adele , Estelle and Duffy , " " Now those ladies have brought on the new ones , like Eliza Doolittle , Rumer and Ellie . "
= = = Amy Winehouse Foundation = = =
After the singer 's death by alcohol intoxication in July 2011 , the Amy Winehouse Foundation was set up by Winehouse 's family and launched on 14 September 2011 ( which would have been Winehouse 's 28th birthday ) . Its aim is to help young people and it works with other charitable organisations to provide frontline support . Its central office is in North London , but it also has an office in New York ( operating under the name ' The Amy Winehouse Foundation US ' ) . Both Jon Snow and Barbara Windsor are patrons for the charity , and ambassadors include Keira Chaplin and Mica Paris . In October 2015 Mark Ronson became a patron . Amy 's brother Alex works full @-@ time for the foundation , having given up his career as an online music journalist .
The charity itself works to prevent the effects of drug and alcohol misuse on young people and it also aims to support , inform and inspire vulnerable and disadvantaged young people to help them reach their full potential . On 12 March 2013 , with the help of ex @-@ addict Russell Brand , the Foundation launched the Amy Winehouse Foundation Resilience Programme For Schools across the UK which aims to provide effective education around drugs , alcohol and dealing with emotional issues .
= = = Films = = =
A documentary film , Amy , was released in the United Kingdom on 3 July and worldwide on 10 July . The film received its première at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival on 16 May and has been reviewed as " a tragic masterpiece " , " brilliant " , " heartbreaking " and " unmissable " . The soundtrack of the same name was released on
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d Clowes , writing in 1900 stated that " The resistance offered by the French to a force so superior was in every way credible " .
Within days of the action Hood had been promoted to rear @-@ admiral and awarded a pension of £ 500 a year , but despite his wound he continued in service , fighting a notable action with Russian ships in the Baltic Sea in 1807 and later operating off the Spanish coast in the early Peninsular War . French efforts to resupply their West Indian colonies continued throughout the next three years , costing a heavy toll of men and ships lost to the British blockade . By 1808 , the situation in the French Caribbean had become desperate and the French increased their supply convoys , losing five frigates and a ship of the line in failed reinforcement efforts during late 1808 and early 1809 . The weakened colonies were unable to resist British attack , and co @-@ ordinated invasions forced the surrender of first Martinique in January 1809 and Guadeloupe a year later , Cayenne and Santo Domingo also falling to British , Spanish and Portuguese forces .
= = Order of battle = =
= Our Father ( Dexter ) =
" Our Father " is the third season premiere and twenty @-@ fifth overall episode of the American television drama series Dexter , which first aired on September 28 , 2008 on Showtime in the United States . The episode was written by Clyde Phillips and directed by Keith Gordon . In the episode , which takes place several months after the second season finale , Dexter Morgan ( Michael C. Hall ) mistakenly kills an innocent man but forms a friendship with the man 's brother , well @-@ known assistant district attorney Miguel Prado ( Jimmy Smits ) . Dexter 's sister Debra ( Jennifer Carpenter ) , meanwhile , has turned over a new leaf in her life and is determined to become a detective .
To carry the remainder of the third season , Dexter 's writers introduced Miguel as a new character so that his relationship with Dexter could serve as a " central arc " . In order to allow them to explore Dexter 's psychological and emotional reactions , the writers revealed Dexter 's girlfriend Rita Bennett ( Julie Benz ) to be pregnant . They also had Dexter kill an innocent person to develop the ongoing theme of rebellion despite initially rejecting the idea of Dexter killing " somebody who doesn 't deserve it " . Filming of the episode began in early June in Los Angeles , California at Sunset Gower Studios , though a small crew flew to Miami , Florida , where the show is set , to film short pieces of Dexter , which were integrated into " Our Father " and other episodes . The episode brought in 1 @.@ 22 million viewers , an improvement from second season 's premiere and finale , and attracted mixed reviews from critics .
= = Plot = =
Several months after the deaths of his colleague Sgt. James Doakes and his Narcotics Anonymous sponsor Lila Tournay ( Jaime Murray ) , Dexter 's life has returned to normal . He looks up a drug dealer , Fred " Freebo " Bowman ( Mike Erwin ) , whom he believes to have killed two female college students . Pretending to want to buy heroin , Dexter visits Freebo 's house , where he sees Freebo 's girlfriend Teegan Campbell ( Jelly Howie ) . He returns to the house at night and finds Freebo fighting with another man ( Nick Hermz ) . When the man attacks Dexter , Dexter stabs and kills him in self @-@ defense . Dexter flees , shocked about breaking his father Harry 's " code " and killing an innocent person . He is called to the scene the following day and discovers that the man was Oscar Prado , the brother of well @-@ known assistant district attorney Miguel Prado . Miguel seeks an explanation and consolation from Dexter , and invites him to Oscar 's wake . Dexter attends , leaving Debra alone on their dead father 's birthday . He begins to question Harry 's code and whether his loyalty is necessary .
In the police department , Det . Angel Batista ( David Zayas ) is promoted to a sergeant . Debra has changed her hairstyle and given up men , alcohol and cigarettes . Det . Joey Quinn ( Desmond Harrington ) , recently transferred to the department , is being investigated by Internal Affairs . Sgt. Yuki Amado ( Liza Lapira ) asks Debra repeatedly to keep an eye on Quinn , but Debra declines even when she discovers that " snitching " may earn her a detective 's shield . She discovers from one of Quinn 's informants , Anton Briggs ( David Ramsey ) , that Oscar was a drug addict , but after she loudly divulges the information in Miguel 's presence , Lt. María LaGuerta ( Lauren Vélez ) asks that Batista remove her from the case . Batista does so and instead puts her on the case of a " Jane Doe " , who Dexter recognizes as Teegan .
Dexter 's personal life is going well ; his relationship with Rita has become more amorous and he is bonding with her children , Astor ( Christina Robinson ) and Cody ( Preston Bailey ) . Rita craves chocolate pudding and , recalling the last instance of this , realizes that she is pregnant .
= = Production = =
Dexter 's writing staff began meeting in March 2008 to brainstorm ideas for the third season 's storylines . Writer Clyde Phillips said that , when the writers decided to open season 3 with the revelation of Rita 's pregnancy , " we were thinking about how it would affect Dexter psychologically and emotionally to create a life when he has spent most of his adult life taking lives . " They chose to introduce Miguel as a new character with the intention for his and
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Kanellis confirmed she was dating Mike Bennett , and they later got engaged . On October 10 , 2014 , Bennett and Kanellis got married . Following her wedding she became a step mother to Bennett 's son Austin .
In 2013 , Kanellis began working toward an associate degree in art at university .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
Beautiful Bulldog ( Running bulldog ) — 2006 — 2007 ; 2009 – present
Diving clothesline — 2008
Diving crossbody — 2008 — 2009 ; used as a signature thereafter
Signature moves
Bronco buster , with theatrics
Cartwheel evasion
Headscissors takedown
Enzuigiri
Monkey flip
Multiple pin variations
Inside cradle
Roll @-@ up
Schoolgirl
Sunset flip
Roundhouse kick
Seeing Stars ( Handstand calf kick )
Split – legged fist drop
Thesz press
Nicknames
" First Lady of ROH "
" The First Lady of ( Professional ) Wrestling "
Wrestlers managed
Santino Marella
Dolph Ziggler
Michael / Mike Bennett
Matt Taven
Adam Cole
Matt Hardy
The Young Bucks
Managers
Santino Marella
Candice Michelle
Trish Stratus
John Cena
Entrance themes
" Pa @-@ Pa @-@ Pa @-@ Pa @-@ Party " by Jim Johnston ( WWE ; 2005 – 2006 )
" With Legs Like That " by Zebrahead ( WWE ; 2006 – 2010 / FWE ; 2012 – 2014 )
" Sevin Sins " by Maria Kanellis ( FWE ; 2012 – 2014 )
" S.U.M. " by Avenue F ( ROH ; 2010 – 2014 )
" Something for You " by David Rolfe ( ROH ; 2014 ; used while part of The Kingdom )
" Something for You / Suffer Unto Me " by Avenue F & David Rolfe ( ROH ; 2014 – 2016 ; used while part of The Kingdom )
" Fire Guitar " by Fabio Codega ( NJPW ; April 5 , 2015 – December 9 , 2015 ; used while part of The Kingdom )
" Forever in My Dreams " by Thomas Bergersen and Nick Phenoix ( TNA ; January 5 , 2016 – present )
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Women 's Championship ( 2 times )
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked her No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008
World Wrestling Entertainment
Slammy Award for Diva of the Year ( 2009 )
= Nepotism ( The Office ) =
" Nepotism " is the seventh season premiere of the American comedy television series The Office and the show 's 127th episode overall . Written by Daniel Chun and directed by Jeffrey Blitz , the episode aired on NBC in the United States on September 23 , 2010 . The episode guest stars Kathy Bates as Jo Bennett , Evan Peters as Luke Cooper , and Hugh Dane as Hank .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , the office turns against Michael Scott when he refuses to fire the new office assistant , Luke ( Peters ) , who has a terrible attitude and happens to be Michael 's nephew . Meanwhile , after accidentally ruining one of Jim Halpert 's ( John Krasinski ) pranks , Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) tries to prank Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) in return .
" Nepotism " received generally positive reviews from television critics ; many commented upon the episode 's opening lip dub , although some noted it did not advance any story arcs . According to Nielsen ratings , the episode was watched by 8 @.@ 40 million viewers , a slight increase from the sixth season premiere , " Gossip " , and it finished second in its timeslot .
= = Synopsis = =
The office returns from summer with a new office assistant , Luke ( Evan Peters ) . However , it soon becomes clear that he only goofs off , deliberately messes up food and coffee runs , and has a poor attitude that leads everyone to openly despise him . When Michael ( Steve Carell ) steps up to defend him , it is revealed that Luke is Michael 's nephew , whom Michael hired in hope that it will end the estrangement between him and his half sister , Luke 's mother . The office demands Michael get rid of Luke , but he refuses . Later on in the day , the office employees discover the trunk of Luke 's car is filled with packages from the office that he neglected to send ( along with Michael 's rejected pants from Talbot 's ) . Since Luke is now costing the office customers , Gabe ( Zach Woods ) sends a heads @-@ up on the situation to CEO Jo Bennett ( Kathy Bates ) , who sternly tells Michael to deal with the situation . During a meeting Luke
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continues to rebel and act out , so Michael spanks him in front of the entire office , leaving Luke to quit and run away crying and the rest of them satisfied . Gabe assigns Michael six hours of counseling with Toby ( Paul Lieberstein ) after his ' physical assault ' of a fellow employee ; Michael is aghast at having to sit down with his archenemy , but under company policies the only alternative is termination .
Meanwhile , the rest of the office tells the camera crew what they 've been doing over the summer . Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) started dating Gabe , and Andy ( Ed Helms ) tries to play it cool by using his anger management techniques . Kelly attended a corporate training class as part of the " Print in All Colors " initiative for Sabre , and is trying to impress everyone by dressing up and ' sounding smarter ' . Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) bought the industrial park building , and Jim ( John Krasinski ) begins a lengthy prank to overload Dwight 's key ring with fake keys . Seeing Jim adding on keys , Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) instinctively laughs , alerting Dwight to Jim 's prank . Though Jim tries to take it gracefully , Pam senses that he is mad at her for spoiling the prank , so she tries to make it up to him by devising a prank of her own . She enlists Kevin to rewire the elevator so the buttons all do different things . To her dismay , Kevin 's alterations to the elevator 's ' circus board ' result in Pam and Dwight getting trapped in the elevator together . In the end the backfired prank does impress Jim .
= = Production = =
" Nepotism " was written by Daniel Chun and directed by Jeffrey Blitz , both of whom had worked on several previous episodes of The Office as writer and director , respectively . It was the seventh season premiere , and the first new episode to be broadcast since Steve Carell publicly announced he would depart from The Office by the end of the seventh season . At the time that " Nepotism " was filmed , the writers and producers had not yet determined who would replace Michael Scott as the office 's manager , nor whether that character would be the primary protagonist of the show . " Nepotism " features Kathy Bates , Hugh Dane and Evan Peters in guest appearances as Jo Bennet , Hank Tate and Luke Cooper , respectively . It was also the first episode to feature Zach Woods as a regular cast member , although he had previously guest starred as Gabe Lewis in several sixth season episodes . " Nepotism " featured an updated opening credits sequence which more strongly highlighted the entire supporting cast , rather than just the main characters .
The official website for The Office included three cut scenes from " Nepotism " within a week of its original release . In the first clip , Toby reveals that he self @-@ published his murder mystery novel and sold four copies , but is now being sued for plagiarism , while Kevin interviews that he 's decided to deliberately lie all the time about everything . In the second clip , which is one minute and 17 seconds , Michael attempts to instruct Luke on how to use the photocopier . In the final clip , Dwight inquires about buying a robot .
= = Cultural references = =
During the cold open , the cast performs a lip dub to " Nobody but Me " , performed by The Human Beinz , with the intention of placing the video on the Internet . This refers to an Internet meme trend that started with a 2009 YouTube video released by students of the Université du Québec à Montréal , in which hundreds of students lip @-@ synched The Black Eyed Peas song " I Gotta Feeling " in one continuous take .
After pranking Dwight , Pam declares herself the " Bart Simpson of Scranton " , a reference to the mischievous protagonist from the animated comedy series The Simpsons . Creed indicates he follows Luke on the social @-@ networking website Twitter specifically because Luke does not write about the actress Betty White , who was particularly popular at the time the episode aired . The same day " Nepotism " was broadcast , White appeared in the second @-@ season premiere of Community , another comedy series on NBC .
Michael claims that during his summer he caught the West Nile virus , an illness commonly transported by mosquito bite . He also claims to have watched Inception , a Christopher Nolan @-@ directed science fiction film that was critically and commercial successful in the summer of 2010 . Michael alludes , however , that he may have only dreamed about watching the film , a reference to the ambiguity surrounding the movie 's plot about extracting information from dreams . In one scene , Darryl explains he blew out his knee playing softball over the summer and watched a great deal of the cable news network CNN , which led him to develop grave concerns about the ongoing War in Afghanistan . Luke declares himself a lover of cinema and says his favorite films are Citizen Kane , a classic 1941 film by Orson Welles , and The Boondock Saints , a 1999 crime thriller film . When Jim comments on the outrageous number of keys on Dwight 's keyring , Dwight responds by saying , " The bigger the keychain , the more powerful the man " , which Jim recognizes as a quote by the janitor from the show Scrubs . While trying to recall the last time he saw Luke , Michael remembers it was the release year of Ace Ventura : When Nature Calls ( 1995 ) , a comedy film starring Jim Carrey . Michael has Luke pick up pants for him from Talbots , a retail store that specializes in women 's clothing and accessories ; this also serves as a callback to the Season 3 episode " The Negotiation " , where Michael accidentally bought and then wore a women 's pantsuit produced by a clothing brand called MISSterious . While reflecting on how difficult it is to work with family , he wonders aloud how the Ringling brothers have managed the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus for so many years . He also claims that mixing family and business is a beautiful thing by illustrating what a bad idea it would have been to have open auditions for the band Hanson . Throughout the episode , Dwight wears a CamelBak , a hydration backpack from which the wearer drinks water through a hose .
= =
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surface , the Metroid and Samus board the gunship together , setting the plot for Super Metroid .
= = Development = =
Metroid II was developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1 ( Nintendo R & D1 ) , and produced by Gunpei Yokoi ; they both also worked on the previous Metroid game for the Nintendo Entertainment System . It was directed by Hiroji Kiyotake and Hiroyuki Kimura , and designed by Makoto Kano , while Takahiro Harada serving as the main programmer . Metroid II marked a " new high point " for handheld game consoles , with graphics that were almost as good as the 8 @-@ bit graphics in games for the NES . The game features enhancements from its predecessor that include easier controls which allow Samus to crouch while firing at the same time , and jump while shooting straight down to attack anything below her . The game also utilizes the cartridge 's battery @-@ backed memory for saving the player 's progress . In the 2004 interview for the Nintendo Dream magazine , Kiyotake revealed that the planet SR388 was named after the Yamaha SR400 motorcycle .
The Game Boy 's black @-@ and @-@ white graphics resulted in changes to Samus 's gear that eventually became permanent . In the original Metroid , color was used to differentiate between Samus 's Power Suit and her Varia Suit — an upgraded version . However , without color on the Game Boy , the two suits would have appeared similar , requiring the developers to develop a visual indicator for players to determine which suit Samus is wearing . They also updated her Varia Suit , adding round metal shoulders that have been a part of the suit in every game in the series since then .
Nintendo R & D1 was also involved in developing the Game Boy Color , a successor to the original Game Boy with a color screen . Nintendo of America 's Dan Owsen noted that Nintendo R & D1 included a special " Metroid palette " in the Game Boy Color 's hardware , which " makes Metroid II look really , really nice on Game Boy Color " , remarking that this made the game 's graphics comparable to the original Metroid on the Nintendo Entertainment System .
= = = Release = = =
Nintendo released Metroid II in North America in November 1991 . This was followed by the release in Japan on January 21 , 1992 , and in Europe on May 21 , 1992 . Nintendo included the game in its Player 's Choice marketing label in North America in 1993 . It was re @-@ released in Japan as a downloadable game for the Nintendo Power flash memory cartridge . On August 17 , 2011 , Nintendo announced that Metroid II , along with other Game Boy games such as Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins , Mega Man : Dr. Wily 's Revenge , and several others would be released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console at the end of the year . It was released in Japan on September 28 , 2011 , and in North America and Europe on November 24 .
= = Reception = =
Although considered by a few critics to be the weakest game in the franchise and not as well received as the Nintendo Entertainment System counterpart , Metroid II still received generally favorable reviews . Because Metroid II has a single large level instead of multiple small ones , Tim Jones of IGN found the game a " refreshing departure from the norm " , which made him feel claustrophobic the further into the game he ventured . He praised Metroid II 's replay value , considering its non @-@ linearity as the primary reason for this . In their retrospective video on the Metroid series , GameTrailers believed that the game still maintained the high standards set by its predecessor and noted that it also introduced new methods of exploration to the series that have become staples .
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military concerns had in training young officers and developing new innovations in cavalry tactics . In 1908 , he released a compilation of notes made on campaign entitled Lessons from 100 notes made in peace and war .
= = = Second Boer War = = =
In 1900 , shortly after the outbreak of the Second Boer War , Alderson returned to South Africa to command the Mounted Infantry against the Boer forces . His experience with mounted infantry made him ideal for this role as in the Boer guerillas , the British were fighting against masters of mounted infantry tactics and suffered heavy losses from their hit and run campaigns . Alderson was instrumental in forming British counter @-@ tactics and used his brigade to great effect against the Boers , his elite troops being two regiments of Canadian soldiers . The force was under the overall command of experienced British soldier Edward Hutton , previously GOC Canadian Militia , who became a lifelong friend . Among Canadians he was popular , being preferred to the tactless Hutton by the commander of the 2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles , and in 1901 the then Governor General of Canada , Lord Minto , unsuccessfully petitioned the British government to have Alderson brought to Canada as GOC Militia .
By 1901 , Alderson 's innovations had resulted in several successful operations , participating in the battles of Paardeberg and Driefontein as well as the relief of Kimberley and the capture of Bloemfontein and Pretoria . The result of Alderson 's contribution of these campaigns was to be rewarded with confirmation as a brigadier general , appointment as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and to receive the ceremonial post of Aide @-@ de @-@ Camp to Queen Victoria , who died the same year . He was mentioned in despatches several times ( including 31 March 1900 ) , and received the Queen 's South Africa Medal .
= = = Peacetime 1902 – 1914 = = =
In 1903 he was given command of the British 2nd Infantry Brigade at Aldershot and in 1906 was again promoted to major general . Two years later Alderson was posted to the Indian 6th Infantry Division based in Poona , Southern India . In 1912 he returned to England in semi @-@ retirement on half @-@ pay , becoming a hunt master in Shropshire and developing an enthusiasm for yachting .
= = First World War = =
At the outbreak of the First World War in the summer of 1914 ,
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American North Division title on the second @-@ to @-@ last day of the season with a 75 – 69 record . The team went on to win the American Conference championship against the Oklahoma RedHawks , three games to two , before sweeping the Tacoma Rainiers in three straight games in the finals to win the 2005 Pacific Coast League championship . This was Nashville 's first title since their previous league crown in 1982 and their first Triple @-@ A title .
On July 15 , 2006 , Nashville pitchers Carlos Villanueva , Mike Meyers , and Alec Zumwalt combined to pitch the fifth no @-@ hitter in team history , a 2 – 0 win over the Memphis Redbirds . On May 5 – 6 , the Sounds participated in a 24 @-@ inning game against the New Orleans Zephyrs . The contest , played over the course of two days , lasted a total of eight hours and seven minutes . This game matched the longest game , in terms of innings played , in PCL history . Additionally , several team and league records were broken by both clubs . The record was originally set on June 8 , 1909 in a game between the San Francisco Seals and Oakland Oaks . A few years later , on September 10 , 1911 , the record was tied by a contest between the Sacramento Solons and Portland Beavers . The Sounds finished the season with a 76 – 68 record , tied with the Iowa Cubs for first place in the American North Division . Nashville won the division title and advanced to the postseason by means of a tiebreaker ( winning the regular season series versus Iowa nine games to seven ) . In the conference championship series , Nashville lost to the Round Rock Express , three games to two .
The 2007 Sounds featured top Brewers prospects Yovani Gallardo and Ryan Braun . Braun , who made his major league debut on May 25 , was named National League Rookie of the Year following the season , making him the third former Sounds player to receive this honor . On June 25 , Manny Parra pitched the club 's second perfect game , only the third nine @-@ inning perfect game in PCL history , against the Round Rock Express . The team , led by PCL Manager of the Year Frank Kremblas , captured the American North Division title for the third straight year and finished the season with a league best .618 winning percentage ( 89 – 55 ) . In the conference championship series , they were defeated by the New Orleans Zephyrs , three games to one . Knuckleball pitcher R.A. Dickey won the Pacific Coast League Pitcher of the Year Award .
On June 14 , 2008 , following massive flooding in the Midwest , the Sounds and the Iowa Cubs played a game with an official attendance of zero . Though downtown Des Moines was under a mandatory evacuation , team officials received permission from the city to play the game as long as no fans were allowed into Principal Park . In order to keep fans away , the lights and scoreboard were not turned on , the game was not broadcast in the local market , and a message on the team 's website announced that the game was postponed . PCL Commissioner Branch Rickey III believed that this was the first time such actions were taken out of necessity . The Sounds were further affected by weather when Hurricane Gustav forced the cancellation of the last three games of their season against the New Orleans Zephyrs . The team 's 59 – 81 record ( .421 ) is the second @-@ lowest in the team 's history .
On October
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2010 she was the spokeswoman for the anti @-@ bullying organization , PACER . Lovato participated in the " A Day Made Better " school @-@ advocacy campaign and has supported DonateMyDress.org , Kids Wish Network , Love Our Children USA , St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital and City of Hope . In April 2012 she became a contributing editor of Seventeen magazine , describing her personal struggles to its female teenage audience . In October Lovato was named the ambassador of Mean Stinks , a campaign focused on eliminating bullying by girls . In May 2013 she was cited for her dedication as a mentor to teens and young adults with mental @-@ health problems at a National Children 's Mental Health Awareness Day hosted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in Washington . In late June 2013 Lovato announced the creation of the Lovato Treatment Scholarship Program , named for her late father , to pay treatment costs for mentally @-@ ill patients . In August 2013 , she traveled to Kenya for her 21st birthday to participate in a program of the international charity organization Free the Children .
In May 2014 , Lovato was named the LA Pride Parade Grand Marshal and the lead performer for NYC Pride Week for her contribution to the LGBT community . NYC Pride spokesperson Patti Diluigi said , " Demi Lovato is an amazing role model for today 's youth , both LGBT and non @-@ LGBT , for her activism in the area of equality , positive messaging on body image , and level of openness with her struggles . As a community , we 're fortunate to have an ally like Demi . " Lovato has also become the face of Human Rights Campaign 's America 's for Marriage Equality . For the announcement of the campaign , Lovato stated " Whether you 're LGBT or straight , your love is valid , beautiful and an incredible love . So let 's protect love and strengthen the institution of marriage by allowing loving , caring and committed same @-@ sex couples to legally marry . Please join me and the majority of American citizens who support marriage equality . "
= = Artistry = =
= = = Influences = = =
Lovato has listed Christina Aguilera and Kelly Clarkson as her biggest influences . Her other influences include Aretha Franklin , Gladys Knight , Mariah Carey , Whitney Houston , Billie Holiday , and Billy Gilman . About Gilman she said , " We had the same voice range when I was young . I would practice to his songs all the time . " Lovato listened to metal music in her teens , and has said that John Mayer 's songwriting has been a " huge influence " on her . She has said that after the release of Unbroken , her musical styles shifted towards hip hop and R & B. Lovato says , " I had a lot of respect for Whitney Houston , and Christina Aguilera , on some songs where she was really amazing and wasn 't trying to be sexy or anything like that . " About her admiration for Clarkson , Lovato says , " I just thought she was a great role model . She was never publicly seen drinking and driving or wearing really scandalous clothes or anything like that . I feel like she set a really great example and she was extremely talented . " Lovato 's Neon Lights Tour was " inspired by Beyoncé . "
= = = Voice = = =
Lovato is a Mezzo @-@ soprano . She has a vocal range of four octaves , 1 note and a semitone , including the whistle register . Nick Levine , of Digital Spy , commenting on her vocals for her album , Don 't Forget , stated , " she 's certainly a stronger singer than the Jonases . In fact , her full @-@ bodied vocal performances are consistently impressive . " Becky Brain of Idolator wrote that Lovato has a " killer voice and the A @-@ list material to put it to good use . " According to Sophie Schillaci of the The Hollywood Reporter , the entertainer " has a voice that can silence even the harshest of critics . Something not often found in her peers . " For Lovato 's second studio album , Here We Go Again , Jeff Miers from The Buffalo News wrote , " Unlike so many of her Disney @-@ fied peers , Lovato can really sing ... [ and it 's ] refreshing [ she doesn 't need Auto @-@ Tune ] to mask any lack of natural ability . "
Upon working with Lovato on her third studio album , Unbroken , Ryan Tedder stated , " Demi blew me out of the water vocally ! I had no idea how good her voice is . She 's one of the best singers I 've ever worked with . Literally , that good ... I mean , she 's a Kelly Clarkson @-@ level vocalist . And Kelly has a set of pipes . " He also commented on their work together on the song " Neon Lights " from Lovato 's fourth studio album , saying , " She , in pop music , has one of the biggest ranges , possibly the highest full voice singer I 've ever worked with . " Tamsyn Wilce from Alter The Press commented on her vocals on Demi , stating " it shows just how strong her vocal chords are and the variation of styles that she can completely work to make her own . " In a review for the ' Neon Lights Tour , ' Mike Wass from Idolator commented " you don 't need shiny distractions when you can belt out songs like Demi and connect with the crowd on such an emotional level . " In a review for the ' Demi World tour , ' Marielle Wakim from Los Angeles Magazine commented on Lovato 's vocals , stating " For those who haven ’ t bothered to follow Lovato ’ s career , let ’ s get something out of the way : the girl can sing . Get over your fear of being judged by your Facebook friends and Spotify her discography , because you ’ re going to have the last laugh five years down the road ( probably sooner ) when she wins a Grammy . At 22 years old , her vocal range is astounding . " She went on to further describe her vocals as " spectacular . "
Her vocal ability has been praised by Rihanna , Justin Timberlake , Lionel Richie , Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , and Patti LaBelle .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Residence = = =
On her 18th birthday , Lovato bought a Mediterranean @-@ style house in Los Angeles , California ; however , she decided to live in a " sober house " in Los Angeles after leaving rehab in January 2011 .
= = = Relationships = = =
From early to May 2010 , Lovato dated her Camp Rock co @-@ star and musician Joe Jonas . They remain good friends . In 2010 , Lovato began dating actor Wilmer Valderrama . They announced the end of their relationship on social media on June 3 , 2016 .
Lovato had no interest in forging a relationship with her late father , Patrick , after his divorce from her mother . Patrick died of cancer on June 22 , 2013 , at age 53 . After his death , Lovato said that he had been mentally ill , and in his honor she created the Lovato Treatment Scholarship Program .
= = = Personal struggles = = =
Lovato had suffered from depression , an eating disorder , self @-@ harm and being bullied before she went into rehab at the age of 18 in November 2010 . On October 30 , 2010 , Lov
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in La Spezia . Ruggiero di Lauria joined the ironclads Re Umberto , Sardegna , and Andrea Doria and the cruisers Stromboli , Etruria , and Partenope for a visit to Spithead in the United Kingdom in July 1895 . Later that year , the squadron stopped in Germany for the celebration held to mark the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal .
For the periodic fleet maneuvers of 1897 , Ruggiero di Lauria was assigned to the First Division of the Reserve Squadron , which also included the ironclads Caio Duilio and Lepanto and the protected cruiser Lombardia . The following year , the Reserve Squadron consisted of Ruggiero di Lauria , Francesco Morosini , Lepanto , and five cruisers . In 1899 , Ruggiero di Lauria , Andrea Doria , Sicilia , and Sardegna took part in a naval review in Cagliari for the Italian King Umberto I , which included a French and British squadron as well . That year , Ruggiero di Lauria and her two sisters served in the Active Squadron , which was kept in service for eight months of the year , with the remainder spent with reduced crews . The Squadron also included the ironclads Re Umberto , Sicilia , and Lepanto . In 1900 , Ruggiero di Lauria and her sisters were significantly modified and received a large number of small guns for defense against torpedo boats . These included a pair of 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) guns , ten 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) 40 @-@ caliber guns , twelve 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns , five 37 mm revolver cannon , and two machine guns .
In 1905 , Ruggiero di Lauria and her two sisters were joined in the Reserve Squadron by the three Re Umberto @-@ class ironclads and Enrico Dandolo , three cruisers , and sixteen torpedo boats . This squadron only entered active service for two months of the year for training maneuvers , and the rest of the year was spent with reduced crews . During the annual training maneuvers in October 1906 , a severe storm swept a man overboard , drowning him . During a gunnery competition held during the maneuvers , Ruggiero di Lauria 's gunners came in last place . In 1908 , the Italian Navy decided to discard Ruggiero di Lauria and her sister Francesco Morosini . The former was stricken from the naval register on 11 November 1909 . The ship was then converted into a floating oil depot . She was renamed GM45 and stationed at La Spezia until 1943 , when she was sunk in shallow water by an air raid during World War II . Her wreck was scrapped after the end of the war in 1945 .
= Jacob Josefson =
Jacob Peter Josefson ( born 2 March 1991 ) is a Swedish professional ice hockey centre , currently with the New Jersey Devils in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . After Josefson began playing hockey at the age of five , he was acquired by Djurgården 's youth organization at the age of ten , where he also began playing junior hockey in 2005 . Josefson made his Elitserien debut on 28 February 2008 , against Timrå IK , and became a regular member of Djurgården 's senior team . His achievements in the Swedish Elitserien drew attention from NHL and he was selected in the first round of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft by the New Jersey Devils , 20th overall . Josefson played with Djurgården for an additional season , before signing on for the Devils in May 2010 .
Josefson has represented Sweden at four International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) sanctioned junior events , winning the silver medal at the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships and the bronze medal at the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . He also participated in the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships , but only played three of Sweden 's six games , and the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships .
= = Early life = =
Josefson was born on 2 March 1991 , in Stockholm , Sweden , to Annika and Peter Josefson . He is the youngest of three brothers . At the age of two , Josefson began skating and joined IK Göta at the age of five . His older brothers had played for the same club . He played with Hammarby IF for a year before he was acquired by Djurgårdens IF at the age of ten , playing for the 1991 team . He also played football until the age of 13 , before deciding to focus entirely on hockey . Josefson attended high school at Vittra Gymnasium in Sweden while playing for Djurgården .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Djurgårdens IF = = =
Josefson started to play junior hockey in 2005 for Djurgården 's under @-@ 18 team . During the 2006 – 07 season , he helped Djurgården 's under @-@ 16 team to win the Swedish championship . The 2007 – 08 season began with the national junior hockey tournament TV @-@ pucken . Josefson 's team Stockholm / Vit reached the final which ended with a 2 – 1 defeat to Småland . He made his Elitserien debut on 28 February 2008 , against Timrå IK . This proved to be the only appearance Josefson would make in the Elitserien during the 2007 – 08 season . Josefson played for the J20 @-@ team during most of the season scoring 14 goals and 31 points . His team reached the playoffs , but were defeated by Brynäs IF in the semi @-@ finals . After the loss , he joined the under @-@ 18 team during the playoffs where he helped the team defeat Färjestads BK to capture the Swedish championship .
He signed a two @-@ year contract with Djurgården in May 2008 . The club 's initial plan for Josefson was to move him up to the senior team when regular players were out of the lineup with illness or injuries , while his usual team would be the J20 @-@ team . He scored his first goal in Elitserien on 23 September in his third game , a 4 – 1 win against Brynäs IF . Ultimately , Josefson played almost every game of the regular season , and usually played along with Carl Gustafsson and Henrik Eriksson on the 4th line . At the end of the season , Josefson had scored 5 goals and 16 points , a record for players 18 or younger playing with the senior team . Josefson was ranked third in the midterm rankings among European skaters by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau for the 2009 NHL Entry Draft . He was selected in the first round of the 2009 NHL draft by the New Jersey Devils , 20th overall . Josefson was also drafted in the third round , 6
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30 m and 2 jumps over 240 m .
Severin Freund – 2014 World Champion ; current German national record holder with 245 m ( 804 ft ) ; 9 jumps over 230 m .
Janne Ahonen – four @-@ time World Championship medallist ( silver in 1996 and 2004 ) ; first to unofficially land a jump of 240 m ; 2 jumps over 230 m .
Retired athletes who excelled at ski flying :
Matti Nykänen – only five @-@ time World Championship medallist ( gold in 1985 ) ; only male five @-@ time world record holder ; once described by American TV commentators as " perhaps the most talented ski flyer around " and " the best aviator out there today ; he knows how to fly . "
Matti Hautamäki – four @-@ time world record holder ; current hill record holder on the Harrachov flying hill , with 214 @.@ 5 m ( 704 ft ) ; two jumps over 230 m .
Martin Koch – ski flying expert with four jumps over 230 m and 2 jumps over 240 m ; scored 4 out of his 5 World Cup wins on flying hills .
Johan Remen Evensen – two @-@ time world record holder ; five jumps over 230 m and 3 jumps over 240 m .
Bjørn Einar Romøren – two @-@ time world record holder ; four jumps over 230 m .
Tommy Ingebrigtsen – two @-@ time world record holder ; three jumps over 230 m .
Walter Steiner – 1972 and 1977 World Champion ; former world record holder .
Andreas Goldberger – 1996 World Champion and runner @-@ up in 1992 ; former world record holder ; first to unofficially land a jump of more than 200 m .
Sven Hannawald – 2000 and 2002 World Champion , runner @-@ up in 1998 .
Roar Ljøkelsøy – 2004 and 2006 World Champion ; one jump over 230 m .
Mike Holland – last American ski jumper to hold a world record ; quoted as saying " Ski flying was my speciality . "
= = = Women in ski flying = = =
Women have also had a presence in ski flying . The women 's world record currently stands at 200 m , set in 2003 by Daniela Iraschko @-@ Stolz in Kulm . At the same location , in 1997 , Eva Ganster set an unprecedented six world records for women ( an amount since unmatched by any woman or man ) in a span of five days , bringing her tally to a final figure of 167 m ( 548 ft ) . Despite these successes , women have yet to participate in ski flying at World Cup level . The first ever Ski Jumping World Cup season for women was held in 2011 / 12 , but as of yet no ski flying events have been sanctioned . Sarah Hendrickson and Sara Takanashi , both women 's World Cup champions , have expressed a desire to try ski flying .
= = Slovenian presence = =
Ever since its inception in 1936 , ski
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147 appearances over a nine @-@ year career in the English Football League .
= Maryland Route 213 =
Maryland Route 213 ( MD 213 ) is a 68 @.@ 25 @-@ mile ( 109 @.@ 84 km ) state highway located on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the United States . The route runs from MD 662 in Wye Mills , Queen Anne 's County north to the Pennsylvania border in Cecil County , where it continues into that state as Pennsylvania Route 841 ( PA 841 ) . The route , which is a two @-@ lane undivided highway its entire length , passes through mostly rural areas as well as the communities of Centreville , Chestertown , Galena , Cecilton , Chesapeake City , and Elkton . MD 213 intersects many routes including U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) near Wye Mills , US 301 near Centreville , and US 40 in Elkton . It crosses over the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal in Chesapeake City on the Chesapeake City Bridge . MD 213 is designated by the state as the Chesapeake Country Scenic Byway between the southern terminus and Chesapeake City with the portion north of MD 18 in Centreville a National Scenic Byway . In addition , the route is also considered part of the Atlantic to Appalachians Scenic Byway between Chesapeake City and MD 273 in Fair Hill .
The route was initially designated as US 213 in 1926 when the U.S. Highway System was established , running from Ocean City west and north to US 40 in Elkton . The highway was rerouted to cross the Nanticoke River in Vienna by 1933 , with the former route between Mardela Springs and Eldorado becoming a part of MD 313 and the alignment between Eldorado and Rhodesdale becoming part of MD 14 . US 213 was rerouted to use the Emerson C. Harrington Bridge over the Choptank River in Cambridge in 1939 ; the former alignment between Vienna and Easton became MD 331 . Meanwhile , the road between Elkton and the Pennsylvania border became MD 280 . US 213 was moved to a bypass of Easton and straight alignment between Easton and Wye Mills in 1948 . A year later , the southern terminus was cut back to US 50 in Wye Mills , with an extended US 50 replacing US 213 between Wye Mills and Ocean City . In 1971 , US 213 and MD 280 were decommissioned and replaced with MD 213 .
= = Route description = =
MD 213 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial within the town of Elkton .
= = = Queen Anne 's County = = =
MD 213 begins at an intersection with MD 662 ( Wye Mills Road ) in Wye Mills , Queen Anne 's County , heading to the north on College Drive , a two @-@ lane undivided road . From the southern terminus , MD 213 is designated by the state as the Chesapeake Country Scenic Byway . The road heads into rural farmland , passing Chesapeake College on the left before intersecting US 50 ( Ocean Gateway ) . Past this intersection , MD 213 continues north on Centreville Road , passing more farms as well as some residences . The route continues into a mix of woods and farmland before intersecting the northern terminus of MD 309 ( Starr Road ) . A short distance later , the route interchanges with US 301 ( Blue Star Memorial Highway ) .
Past the US 301 interchange , MD 213 continues through more rural areas before entering Centreville , where it passes some residential and commercial areas . It intersects MD 18 ( 4H Park Road ) . At this intersection , MD 213 becomes a part of the National Scenic Byway portion of the Chesapeake Country Scenic Byway . Past MD 18 , the route continues into residential areas , eventually splitting into a one @-@ way pair with northbound MD 213 following Commerce Street and southbound MD 213 following Liberty Street . This pairing continues past residences before heading into the downtown area , where the road intersects MD 304 ( Water Street ) . Westbound MD 304 secretly joins northbound MD 213 for a concurrency that lasts until Broadway , where it continues to the west .
MD 213 leaves downtown Centreville past MD 304 . The one @-@ way pair ends and the route continues north on two @-@ lane undivided Liberty Street , passing by residences and some businesses . At the end of the one @-@ way pair , the route sees an average of 12 @,@ 912 vehicles daily . It intersects the western terminus of MD 305 ( Hope Road ) , and passes by more residences before becoming Church Hill Road , which heads north into a mix of woods and farms with some housing developments . It angles to the northeast and then north through more rural areas , consisting mostly of farm fields with some wooded areas and occasional residences . MD 213 continues in a northeast direction before reaching Church Hill .
Upon reaching Church Hill , the route intersects MD 19A ( South Main Street ) , which loops to the east of MD 213 to head into the town . Meanwhile , MD 213 bypasses Church Hill to the west , running through woodland , and intersects the western terminus of MD 300 ( Sudlersville Road ) . The route heads back into farmland and intersects MD 19 ( North Main Street ) , leaving the Church Hill area . MD 213 continues north through a mix of woods and farms . From here , the route turns northwest through more farmland before it passes some residences and businesses near the intersection with the western terminus of MD 544 ( Mcginnis Road ) . Past the MD 544 intersection , the road continues through rural areas , but residences and businesses start to increase . MD 213 passes through Kingstown before crossing the Chester River on a drawbridge .
= = = Kent County = = =
Upon crossing the Chester River , MD 213 enters Chestertown in Kent County , where the route heads northwest on Maple Avenue through residential areas . It intersects MD 289 ( Cross Street ) in the downtown area and turns north onto Washington Avenue at the intersection with Spring Avenue . Washington Avenue carries MD 213 north through residential neighborhoods and passes by Washington College . Past the college , the route continues past businesses and intersects MD 291 ( Morgnec Road ) . Past this intersection , MD 213 continues through residential and commercial areas .
The road leaves Chestertown and becomes Augustine Herman Highway , which is named for Czech surveyor Augustine Herman . The road heads into farmland with residences along the west side of
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the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 70 @,@ 000 copies of the album . You Can Dance reached a peak of number four in New Zealand . In the United Kingdom , You Can Dance was released on November 28 , 1987 and entered the UK Albums Chart and peaked at number five . It was Madonna 's fifth top @-@ ten album there present for a total of 16 weeks on the chart , and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipment of 300 @,@ 000 copies of the album . The album re @-@ entered the chart at number 69 , on March 4 , 1995 , after being released in mid @-@ price in United Kingdom . Across Europe , the album reached number six on the European Top 100 Albums chart , and the top five in Norway and Spain , while charting within the top twenty of Austria , Germany , Sweden and Switzerland . You Can Dance also reached number two in France and topped the charts in Italy . Worldwide , it went on to sell five million copies , becoming the second best @-@ selling remix album of all time .
= = Singles = =
" Spotlight " was released as the only single from the album in Japan on April 25 , 1988 . Dennis Hunt from Los Angeles Times commented that " Spotlight " was " lost in the dazzling collection of the extended remixes of her best dance tunes . " " Spotlight " was not officially released as a single in the United States , therefore it was not eligible at the time to appear on Billboard 's Hot 100 . Even so , radio stations started to play the song unofficially and it managed to garner enough airplay to appear on the Hot 100 Airplay chart of Billboard in early 1988 . It debuted on the Airplay chart at 37 on the issue dated January 16 , 1988 , and was the highest debut of the week . After three weeks , " Spotlight " reached a peak of 32 on the chart , but fell to 40 the next week , before being sent for recurrent rotation . It also charted on the Hot Crossover Singles chart , reaching a peak of 15 on January 9 , 1988 . The song was released commercially in Japan on April 25 , 1988 . " Spotlight " peaked at number 68 on the Oricon weekly singles chart , remaining on the chart for five weeks . It also charted on the Oricon international singles chart , reaching a peak of three on May 19 , 1988 , staying on the chart for ten weeks .
= = Track listings = =
Notes
^ a signifies an additional producer and remixer
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted as per the You Can Dance LP liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= Ashton Court Festival =
The Ashton Court Festival was an outdoor music festival held annually in mid @-@ July on the grounds of Ashton Court , just outside Bristol , England . The festival was a weekend event which featured a variety of local bands and national headliners . Mainly aimed at local residents , the festival did not have overnight camping facilities and was financed by donations and benefit gigs .
Starting as a small one @-@ day festival in 1974 , the festival grew during succeeding years and was said to be Britain 's largest free festival until changes brought on by government legislation resulted in compulsory fees and security fencing being introduced . After problems were caused by a temporary move to Hengrove Park in 2001 , due to the foot and mouth crisis , and a washout in 2007 , the organisers declared bankruptcy in 2007 .
= = History = =
= = = Origins = = =
The first festival was held in 1974 , organised by Royce Creasey and friends , as a small event , for the local musicians to entertain the local community . The first festival took place over four successive weekends with bands playing from a stage improvised from a flat bed truck . Bristol City Council donated £ 50 . The following year the festival took place over one weekend and was located near to Ashton Court mansion . After this , new organisers came on board and fund @-@ raising gigs were held enabling the event to grow steadily through the 1970s .
= = = 1980 = = =
In 1980 , large numbers of people from far afield attended , trees were damaged and burnt and there was illegal camping and lurid press reports of drugs and nudity . It was not until 1983 that the festival recommenced. when it was a one @-@ day event ; in 1984 a de facto two @-@ day event was created by staging it back @-@ to @-@ back with a one @-@ day WOMAD event . The festival took place in a large sloped clearing surrounded on three sides by New Barn Wood and Clarken Coombe . The main stage was placed at the bottom of the slope and the second stage in a natural amphitheatre near the entrance to the clearing . There were many other performance spaces , varying from year to year , including a dance tent , marquees for world music , acoustic acts and performing arts , and the " Blackout " tent for experimental music and video , as well as a children 's area and funfair rides . Camping on the festival site was not allowed .
= = = 21st century = = =
In 2001 the Bristol Community Festival temporarily relocated to Hengrove Park in the south of the city . Ashton Court Estate , which includes a deer park , was closed as a quarantine measure due to the outbreak of foot and mouth disease that affected the United Kingdom that year . The move caused a massive drop in attendance and a heavy financial loss , leading to debts which hung over the organisation . This , along with changes to licensing laws and tightening health and safety requirements , led to a more commercial style of organisation , with a compulsory entrance fee and a strict security presence around the perimeter fence . This attracted criticism from some locals who felt that the " community " nature of the festival had been lost . Even so , the festival continued to be run by volunteers on a not @-@ for @-@ profit basis .
In 2003 the weight and vibrations of crowds returning from the Ashton Court Festival and the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta put such a great strain on the Clifton Suspension Bridge that the Bridge Trustees decided to close the bridge to all traffic , including pedestrians , for the entirety of the festival and most of the Balloon Fiesta in 2004 and 2005 .
= = = Crisis = = =
In December 2006 it was announced that the festival was in financial crisis and there was uncertainty over whether the 2007 event would take place . The festival planning went ahead with support and donations from a number of Bristol businesses . In June 2007 it was announced that alcohol would not be allowed to be taken on
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site , but would be available to purchase from official bars within the arena . Also , that everyone attending the festival would be searched on the way in . This announcement caused much controversy .
Although locals have long referred to the festival as the " Ashton Court Festival " , before 2004 it was officially called the Bristol Community Festival . Since then it became increasingly popular , and for several years it was claimed to be Britain 's biggest free festival ; however , the " suggested minimum donation " for entry become a gradually increasing compulsory entry fee . From 2007 , children ( aged 10 – 16 ) also had to pay an entry fee , while under 10s remained free ( previously all children got in free ) , and a new discounted weekend ticket became available . The festival was typically attended by over 60 @,@ 000 people annually .
In the festival 's last year , 2007 , the site was moved to Smythe 's field in front of Ashton Court Mansion . On the second day , the event was cancelled due to torrential rain , which made the site inaccessible to emergency vehicles . " The health and safety of our audience is what is important , " said organiser Steve Hunt . Over 80 bands were due to perform that day , including Damon Albarn 's The Good , the Bad and the Queen . The cancellation increased the pressure on the already strained finances of the festival . On Friday 20 July 2007 Bristol Community Festival Ltd , the not @-@ for @-@ profit company which organised the event , announced that it had started the process of winding up the company due to unsustainable financial losses .
= = Notable performers = =
The festival 's music policy always focused on local acts , but since the late 1990s there was a move towards attracting national acts to headline the festival . Major acts at Ashton Court in recent years include :
Steve Hillage in 1978
Portishead in 1998 .
Feeder and Rae & Christian in 1999 .
Mad Professor , Kosheen and Stereo MC 's in 2001 .
Reef and Kosheen in 2002 .
Robert Plant , McKay and The Electric Soft Parade in 2003 .
The Stranglers , Goldie Lookin ' Chain and Glenn Tilbrook in 2004 .
Super Furry Animals , Lemon Jelly , Roni Size and Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel in 2005 .
Simple Minds , The Go ! Team , Plan B in 2006 .
The Good , the Bad and the Queen , The Fall , Gravenhurst in 2007 .
= = Legacy = =
Following the end of Bristol Community Festival , other groups emerged hoping to continue with some sort of summer festival in Bristol . Bristol Music Festival became the Bristol Festival ( now BrisFest ) and has so far successfully put on four summer festivals , albeit in the city centre . 2011 saw the most successful even yet , with over 25 @,@ 000 people attending over three days .
BrisFest returned to Ashton Court in 2012 and 2013 , however announced in December 2013 that they would not be continuing the festival into 2014 .
The event returned in 2015 and 2016 as part of the " Let 's Rock Bristol " retro festival .
= St Denys ' Church , Sleaford =
St Denys ' Church , Sleaford , is a medieval parish church in Sleaford , Lincolnshire , England . While a church and a priest are likely to have been present in the settlement since approximately 1086 , the oldest parts of the present building are the tower and spire . The tower and spire can be dated to the late 12th and early 13th centuries ; the stone broach spire is one of the earliest examples of its kind in England . The Decorated Gothic nave , aisles and north transept were built in the 14th century . The church was altered in the 19th century : the north aisle was rebuilt by the local builders Kirk and Parry in 1853 and the tower and spire were largely rebuilt in 1884 after being struck by lightning . St Denys ' remains in use for worship by the Church of England .
The church is a Grade I listed building , a national designation given to " buildings of exceptional interest " . The architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner stated it is " remembered for the flowing tracery of its windows " . Built out of Ancaster stone with a lead roof , St Denys ' is furnished with a medieval rood screen and a communion rail , possibly by Sir Christopher Wren , and has a peal of eight bells , dating to 1796 . The church also houses several memorials , including two altar tombs commemorating members of the Carre family , Sleaford 's Lords of the Manor in the 17th century .
= = Description = =
St Denys ' Church is the parish church of the benefice of Sleaford ( formerly called New Sleaford ) , which encompasses most of the market town of Sleaford in the English non @-@ metropolitan county of Lincolnshire . The benefice is a vicarage and falls within the deanery of Lafford and the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln ; as of 2015 , the vicar is Rev. Philip Anthony Johnson , who was appointed in 2013 . The church is located next to ( and faces onto ) the market place at the town centre . It is dedicated to St
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was pushing short @-@ work @-@ week legislation . Motivated to work on his own industrial relief bill by these efforts , Roosevelt ordered Moley to work with these Senators ( and anyone else in government who seemed interested ) to craft a bill .
By May 1933 , two draft bills had emerged , a cautious and legalistic one by John Dickinson ( Under Secretary of Commerce ) and an ambitious one focusing on trade associations by Hugh Johnson . Many leading businessmen — including Gerard Swope ( head of General Electric ) , Charles M. Schwab ( chairman of Bethlehem Steel Corporation ) , E. H. Harriman ( chairman of the Union Pacific Railroad ) , and Henry I. Harriman , president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce — helped draft the legislation . A two @-@ part bill , the first section promoting cooperative action among business to achieve fair competition and provide for national planning and a second section establishing a national public works program , was submitted to Congress on May 15 , 1933 .
The House of Representatives easily passed the bill in just seven days . The most contentious issue was the inclusion of Section 7 ( a ) , which protected collective bargaining rights for unions . Section 7 ( a ) was nearly passed into the bill , but Senator Wagner , Jerome Frank , and Leon Keyserling ( another Roosevelt aide ) worked to retain the section in order to win the support of the American labor movement .
The bill had a more difficult time in the Senate . The National Association of Manufacturers , Chamber of Commerce , and industrialist Henry Ford all opposed its passage . Senator Bennett Champ Clark introduced an amendment to emasculate Section 7 ( a ) , but Wagner and Senator George W. Norris led the successful opposition to the change . The bulk of the Senate debate , however , turned on the bill 's suspension of antitrust law . Senators William E. Borah , Burton K. Wheeler , and Hugo Black opposed any relaxation of the Sherman Antitrust Act , arguing that this would exacerbate existing severe economic inequality and concentrate wealth in the hands of the rich ( a severe problem which many economists at the time believed was one of the causes of the Great Depression ) . Wagner defended the bill , arguing that the bill 's promotion of codes of fair trade practices would help create progressive standards for wages , hours , and working conditions , and eliminate sweatshops and child labor . The Senate passed the amended legislation 57 @-@ to @-@ 24 on June 9 .
A House @-@ Senate conference committee met throughout the evening of June 9 and all day June 10 to reconcile the two versions of the bill , approving a final
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the only issue that has had courts come to varying conclusions on its legitimacy . The majority of courts with appeals rising to the Circuit Court level , have held that palpation is a legitimate method for identifying soreness , and that soreness found through palpation is grounds for penalties under the Horse Protection Act . However , in a decision promulgated by the Fifth Circuit Court , it was found that soreness found through digital palpation alone was not sufficient evidence upon which to base penalties .
The largest association in the United States for equine veterinarians , the American Association of Equine Practitioners ( AAEP ) , called the practice of soring " one of the most significant welfare issues affecting any equine breed or discipline " after releasing a white paper on the subject in 2008 . The organization pointed out that despite over three decades of work , the HPA law had failed to prevent sored horses from being trained , shown , and sold . The AAEP blamed this failure on what they called the " woefully inadequate " level of funding for enforcement , which the law caps at $ 500 @,@ 000 annually . The federal Office of Inspector General found in 2010 that the self @-@ enforcement system of HIOs and DQPs was inadequate for eliminating the practice of soring . This led to the June 2012 strengthening of penalty systems .
In 2010 , the Friends of Sound Horses launched a website containing the names of the over 8 @,@ 700 people who had received suspensions from the horse showing and training world under the Horse Protection Act between 1986 and 2010 . This list was developed as part of the USDA Horse Protection Operating Plan for 2007 – 2009 , and supported by most of the USDA @-@ certified HIOs . Despite the work being done to dissuade trainers from soring horses , APHIS inspectors found hundreds of violations in the course of their work during the 2012 year .
= = = Proposed amendments = = =
Since the 1976 amendment , there have been several other proposed changes to the act , all unsuccessful so far . In 2005 , HR 503 , titled the " Horse Slaughter Prohibition Bill " , was introduced by U.S. Representative John E. Sweeney ( R @-@ NY ) . The bill would have made major changes to the focus of the Horse Protection Act , by prohibiting the " shipping , transporting , moving , delivering , receiving , possessing , purchasing , selling , or donation of horses and other equines to be slaughtered for human consumption . " It passed the House of Representatives in 2006 , but died in the Senate .
In September 2012 , U.S. Representatives Ed Whitfield , a Republican from Kentucky , and Steve Cohen , a Democrat from Tennessee , proposed HR 6388 , titled the " Horse Protection Act Amendments of 2012 " . That bill died in committee . A similar bill , HR 1518 , titled the " Prevent All Soring Tactics Act " was introduced on April 11 , 2013 . If passed , the bill , nearly identical to HR 6388 , would amend the Horse Protection Act of 1970 to increase fines to $ 5 @,@ 000 , increase prison time to three years , and increase other penalties . It would also mandate the USDA to assign a licensed inspector if a show management indicates its intent to hire one , currently a voluntary practice . The bill would prohibit the use of " action devices " and " stacks " . Action devices are weights attached around the pasterns of horses , and if attached so that they move , they can rub or irritate sored areas and thus further enhance gaits . Stacks are layers of pads attached to the bottom of the front hooves between the horseshoe and the hoof , which increase the lift of the foot and the impact with the ground by adding height and weight to horses ' front feet . The final change would be to increase penalties for violations of the act . The bill was assigned to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce . Both bills have been opposed by some organizations within the Tennessee Walking Horse industry . The President and executive committee of the Tennessee Walking Horse Breeders ' and Exhibitors ' Association ( TWHBEA ) voted to support this legislation , but the full board of directors chose not to . The initial bill was supported by several outside organizations , including the AAEP , the American Veterinary Medical Association ( AVMA ) and the Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) .
= Kampung Boy ( TV series ) =
Kampung Boy is a Malaysian animated television series first broadcast in 1997 . It is about the adventures of a young boy , Mat , and his life in a kampung ( village ) . The series is adapted from the best @-@ selling graphical novel The Kampung Boy , an autobiography of local cartoonist Lat . Comprising 26 episodes — one of which won an Annecy Award — the series was first shown on Malaysian satellite television network Astro before being distributed to 60 other countries such as Canada and Germany .
A main theme of Kampung Boy is the contrast between the traditional rural way of life and the modern urban lifestyle . The series promotes the village lifestyle as an environment that is fun and conducive to the development of a healthy and intelligent child . It raises the issue of modernization , proposing that new values and technologies should be carefully examined by a society before being accepted .
Lat 's animation has won praises for its technical work and refreshing content , although questions have been raised by Southeast Asian audiences over its similarities with Western animation and its deviations from the local style of spoken English . Malaysian animation critics held up Kampung Boy as the standard to which their country 's animators should aspire , and academics in cultural studies regarded the series as a method of using modern technologies and cultural practices to preserve Malaysian history .
= = Origins = =
In 1979 , the autobiographical graphic novel The Kampung Boy was published . The story of a young Malay boy 's childhood in a kampung ( village ) proved to be a commercial and critical success , establishing its author — Lat — as the " most renowned cartoonist in Malaysia " . The Kampung Boy 's success prompted Lat to consider using other media to reach out to the masses .
The seeds for the animated adaptation of The Kampung Boy were sown in 1993 in a conversation between Lat and Ananda Krishman , founder of Measat Broadcast Network Systems . Western and Japanese cartoons flooded the local television channels during the 1990s , and Lat decried those productions for violence and jokes that he considered unsuitable for Malaysia and its youths . Recognising that the younger generation preferred colourful animations over static black and white drawings , Lat was keen for a local animated series to promote local values among Malaysian children . After Krishman 's company offered Lat financial support to start an animation project , the cartoonist began plans to adapt his trademark comic to the television screen .
= = Production = =
Lat imagined several stories that he wished to see in animated form , and then looked abroad for help producing them . Lacewood Studio in Ottawa , Canada , was in charge of animating the pilot episode . World Sports and Entertainment of Los Angeles was involved as well ; Norman Singer organised the production and Gerald Tripp helped Lat to write the script . Bobdog Production was responsible for animating another five episodes . However , Krishman and Lat were disappointed with the results , which had taken two years of work to produce . They thought the pilot was " slow @-@ moving " . Lat believed Lacewood had accommodated him too often during the production , accepting his input without question . They failed to inform him that although a slow pace worked for static cartoon drawings , a good animation was often " lively , fast @-@ moving , full of action and fantasy " .
In 1995 , Lat and Krishman engaged Matinee Entertainment to complete the project , and Lat started to fly back and forth between Kuala Lumpur and Los Angeles to work closely with Matinee 's employees . His experience with Matinee 's team of writers and animators was positive ; they were more proactive than Lacewood 's , brainstorming his ideas and turning them into viable scripts and storyboards . Director Frank Saperstein performed the final edit , polishing up the scripts . Lat , however , had the final say with regards to cultural depictions , overriding several suggestions such as characters kissing in front of others and the use of Western street slang , as these were unpalatable to the Malaysian public . He also enforced accuracy in the depictions of objects such as bullock carts , noting that the American artists thought Malaysian carts were identical to their Mexican counterparts .
The storyboards were translated into animations by Philippine Animation Studios Incorporated in Manila . Lat again took several trips , this time to the Philippines , to advise the animators and ensure that everything was depicted accurately . Once the animation had been completed , the prints were sent to Vietnam for processing . Finally , the films were delivered to Krishman 's studio in Kuala Lumpur for voice recording in English and Bahasa Malaysia . Like Lat
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his policy of militancy and had been unable to provide effective leadership . Mirza Yahya had married the widow of the Báb against the Báb 's clear instructions ; dispatched followers to the province of Nur for the second attempt on the life of the Shah ; and instigated violence against prominent Bábís who had challenged his leadership .
After his return to Baghdad , Bahá 'u'lláh tried to revive the Bábí community , mostly through correspondence , writing extensively to give the Bábís a new understanding of the Bábí religion , while keeping his perceived station as the one promised by the Báb and a Manifestation of God hidden . He was soon recognized by the Bábís , as well as government authorities , as the foremost Bábí leader , and there was a growing number of people joining the Bábí movement . He also gained sympathy from government officials and Sunni clerics . Bahá 'u'lláh 's rising influence in the city , and the revival of the Persian Bábí community , gained the attention of his enemies in Islamic clergy and the Persian government . The Persian government asked the Ottoman government to extradite Bahá 'u'lláh to Persia , but the Ottoman government refused and instead chose to move Bahá 'u'lláh from the sensitive border region to Constantinople .
= = = Declaration in the Garden of Ridvan = = =
On 21 April 1863 , Bahá 'u'lláh left Baghdad and entered the Najibiyyih gardens , now known to Bahá 'ís as the Garden of Ridván , near Baghdad . Bahá 'u'lláh and those accompanying him stayed in the garden for twelve days before departing for Constantinople . It was during this time that Bahá 'u'lláh declared to a small group of his companions his perceived mission and station as a Messenger of God . Bahá 'ís regard this period with great significance and celebrate the twelve days that Bahá 'u'lláh spent in this Garden as the festival of Ridván . He referred to the period of messianic secrecy between when he claimed to have seen the Maiden of Heaven in the Síyáh @-@ Chál and his declaration as the ayyam @-@ i butun ( " Days of Concealment " ) . Bahá 'u'lláh stated that this period was a " set time of concealment " . The declaration in the Garden of Ridván was the beginning of a new phase in the Bábí community which led to the emergence of the Bahá 'í Faith as a distinctive movement separate from Bábísm .
= = Imprisonment = =
Bahá 'u'lláh was given an order to relocate to the Ottoman capital of Constantinople . Although not a formal prisoner yet , the forced exile from Baghdad was the beginning of a long process which would gradually move him into further exiles and eventually to the penal colony of Akká , Palestine ( now Acre , Israel ) .
= = = Constantinople = = =
Bahá 'u'lláh travelled from Baghdad to Constantinople between 3 May and 17 August 1863 , accompanied by a large group including family members and followers . During the trip , he was treated with respect in the towns he visited , and when he reached Constantinople , he was treated as a government guest . Why the Ottoman authorities did not permit his extradition to Persia , but instead invited him to come to Constantinople , is unclear . The reason may have been political because Bahá 'u'lláh was viewed as a person of influence . However , Bahá 'u'lláh refused to work with the Ottoman authorities . After three and a half months in Constantinople , he was ordered to depart for Adrianople . The reason for this further move is also unclear . It may have been due to pressure from the Persian ambassador , combined with Bahá 'u'lláh 's refusal to work with the Ottoman authorities .
= = = Adrianople = = =
From 1 to 12 December 1863 , Bahá 'u'lláh and his family traveled to Adrianople . Unlike his travel to Constantinople , this journey was in the nature of an exile . Bahá 'u'lláh stayed in Adrianople for four and a half years , and was the clear leader of the newly established Bábí community there . Bahá 'u'lláh 's growing preeminence in the Bábí community and in the city at large led to a final breach between Bahá 'u'lláh and Mirza Yahya . In 1865 , Mirza Yahya was accused of plotting to kill Bahá 'u'lláh . In contemporary accounts , Mirza Yahya is reported to have tried to have Bahá 'u'lláh assassinated by a local barber . The barber , Muhammad `Alí of Isfahán , apparently refused and spread word of the danger around the community . Bahá 'u'lláh is reported to have counseled " on all patience , quietude and gentleness " . This pattern was repeated when , according to the personal account of Ustád Muhammad-`Alíy @-@ i Salmání , Mirza Yahya attempted to persuade him likewise to murder Bahá 'u'lláh in the bath . Eventually Mirza Yahya attempted to poison Bahá 'u'lláh , an act that left him gravely ill for a time , and left him with a shaking hand for the rest of his life .
After this event in 1866 , Bahá 'u'lláh made his claim to be Him whom God shall make manifest public , as well as making a formal written announcement to Mirza Yahya referring to his followers for the first time as the " people of Bahá " . After his public announcement , Bahá 'u'lláh secluded himself in his house and instructed the Bábís to choose between himself and Mirza Yahya . Bahá 'u'lláh 's claims threatened Mirza Yahya 's position as leader of the religion since it would mean little to be leader of the Bábís if Him whom God shall make manifest were to appear and start a new religion . Mirza Yahya responded by making his own claims , but his attempt to preserve the traditional Bábísm was largely unpopular , and his followers became the minority .
In 1867 , Mirza Yahya challenged Bahá 'u'lláh to a test of the divine will in a local mosque in Adrianople , such that " God would strike down the impostor . " Bahá 'u'lláh agreed , and went to the Sultan Selim mosque at the appointed time , but Mirza Yahya lost face and lost credibility when he refused to show up . Eventually Bahá 'u'lláh was recognized by the vast majority of Bábís as " He whom God shall make manifest " and his followers began calling themselves Bahá 'ís .
= = = Writings and letters to the leaders of the world = = =
During his time in Adrianople , Bahá 'u'lláh wrote a great deal . One of the main themes during this time was the proclamation of his claimed mission ; he instructed some of his followers to take his claims to Bábís in Iran and Iraq who had not heard of his statements , as well as asking the Bahá 'ís to be united and detached from the world . He also started to write about distinctive Bahá 'í beliefs and practices .
Also , while in Adrianople , Bahá 'u'lláh proclaimed the Bahá 'í Faith further by addressing tablets to the kings and rulers of the world asking them to accept his revelation , renounce their material possessions , work together to settle disputes , and endeavour toward the betterment of the world and its peoples . His first letter was sent to Sultan Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire and his ministers , which was followed by the Tablet of the Kings which was a general address to all rulers . In that latter letter the rulers of the earth were asked to listen to Bahá 'u'lláh 's call , and cast away their material possessions , and since they were given the reins of government that they should rule with justice and protect the rights of the downtrodden . He also told the rulers to reduce their armaments and reconcile their differences . The Christian monarchs were also asked to be faithful to Jesus ' call to follow the promised " Spirit of Truth . "
Later when Bahá 'u'lláh was in Akka , he continued writing letters to the leaders of the world including :
Pope Pius IX
Napoleon III , Emperor of France
Alexander II , Tsar of Russia
Wilhelm I , King in Prussia
Queen Victoria , Queen of Great Britain and Ireland
Franz Joseph , Emperor of Austria @-@ Hungary
Sultan ‘ Abdu ’ l- ‘ Azíz of the Ottoman Empire
Násiri ’ d @-@ Dín Sháh of the Persian Empire
Rulers of America and the Presidents of the republics therein
= = = `Akká = = =
With the Bábí community now
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and Arnold joined forces , and on May 10 a force of 83 men captured the fort without a fight . The next day , a detachment of men captured the nearby Fort Crown Point , again without combat .
Arnold began to inventory the two forts for usable military equipment . Hampered by a lack of resources and conflict over command of the forts , first with Allen , and later with a Connecticut militia company sent to hold the fort in June , Arnold eventually abandoned the idea of transporting the armaments to Boston and resigned his commission .
= = Expedition planning = =
In July 1775 , George Washington assumed command of the forces outside Boston . One of the significant problems he identified in the nascent Continental Army there was a lack of heavy weaponry , which made offensive operations virtually impossible . While it is uncertain exactly who proposed the operation to retrieve the Ticonderoga cannons ( biographers tend to credit either Knox or Arnold with giving Washington the idea ) , Washington eventually chose the young Henry Knox for the job .
Knox , a 25 @-@ year @-@ old bookseller with an interest in military matters , served in the Massachusetts militia , and become good friends with Washington on his arrival at Boston . When Washington gave Knox the assignment , he wrote that " no trouble or expense must be spared to obtain them . " On November 16 Washington , issued orders to Knox to retrieve the cannons ( and authorized £ 1000 for the purpose ) , and wrote to General Philip Schuyler asking him to assist Knox in the endeavor . Washington 's call for the weapons was echoed by the Second Continental Congress , which issued Knox a colonel 's commission in November , which did not reach him until he returned from the expedition .
Knox departed Washington 's camp on November 17 , and after traveling to New York City for supplies , reached Ticonderoga on December 5 . The night before , at Fort George at the southern end of Lake George , he shared a cabin with a young British prisoner named John André . André had been taken prisoner during the Siege of Fort St. Jean and was on his way south to a prison camp . The two were of a similar age and temperament , and found much common ground to talk about . It was not to be their last meeting ; the next time they met , Knox presided over the court martial that convicted and sentenced André to death for his role in Benedict Arnold 's treason .
= = Albany = =
Upon arrival at Ticonderoga , Knox immediately set about identifying the equipment to take and organizing its transport . He selected 59 pieces of equipment , including cannons ranging in size from four to twenty @-@ four pounders , mortars , and howitzers . He estimated the total weight to be transported at 119 @,@ 000 pounds ( about 60 tons or 54 metric tons ) . The largest pieces , the twenty @-@ four pounder " Big Berthas " , were 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) long and estimated to weigh over 5 @,@ 000 pounds ( 2 @,@ 300 kg ) .
The equipment was first carried overland from Ticonderoga to the northern end of Lake George , where most of the train was loaded onto a scow @-@ like ship called a gundalow . On December 6 , the gundalow set sail for the southern end of the lake , with Knox sailing ahead in a small boat . Ice was already beginning to cover the lake , but the gundalow , after grounding once on a submerged rock , reached Sabbath Day Point . The next day , they sailed on , again with Knox going ahead . While he reached Fort George in good time , the gundalow did not appear when expected . A boat sent to check on its progress reported that the gundalow had foundered and sunk not far from Sabbath Day Point . While this at first appeared to be a serious setback , Knox 's brother William , captain of the gundalow , reported that she had foundered , but that her gunnels were above the water line , and that she could be bailed out . This was done , the ship was refloated , and two days later , the gundalow arrived at the southern end of the lake .
On December 17 , Knox wrote to Washington that he had built " 42 exceeding strong sleds , and have provided 80 yoke of oxen to drag them as far as Springfield " , and that he hoped " in 16 or 17 days to be able to present your Excellency a noble train of artillery " .
Knox then set out for Albany ahead of the train . At Glens Falls , he crossed the frozen Hudson River and proceeded on through Saratoga , reaching New City ( present @-@ day Lansingburg ) , just north of Albany , on Christmas Day . Two feet ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) of snow fell that day , slowing his progress , as the snow @-@ covered route needed to be broken open . The next day , again slowed by significant snow on the ground , he finally reached Albany . There , he met with General Philip Schuyler , and the two of them worked over the next few days to locate and send north equipment and personnel to assist in moving the train south from Lake George . While the snowfall was sufficient for the use of sleds to move the train overland , the river ice was still too thin to move it over the Hudson . Knox and his men tried to accelerate the process of thickening the river ice by pouring additional water on top of existing ice . By January 4 , the first of the cannon had arrived at Albany . On the way to Albany , and again on crossing the Hudson heading east from there toward Massachusetts , cannons crashed through the ice into the river . In every instance , the cannon was recovered . On January 9 , the last of cannons had crossed the Hudson , and Knox rode ahead to oversee the next stage of the journey .
= = Crossing the Berkshires = =
Details of the remaining journey are sketchy , as Knox 's journal ends on January 12 . He reached the vicinity of Claverack , New York , on January 9 , and proceeded through the Berkshires , reaching Blandford , Massachusetts , two days later . There , the lead crew refused to continue owing to a lack of snow and the upcoming steep descent to the Connecticut River valley . Knox hired additional oxen and persuaded the crew to go on . As the train moved further east , news of it spread , and people came out to watch it pass . In Westfield , Knox loaded one of the big guns with powder and fired it , to the applause of the assembled crowd .
At Springfield , Knox had to hire new work crews , as his New York @-@ based crews wanted to return home . John Adams reported seeing the artillery train pass through Framingham on January 25 . Two days later , Knox arrived in Cambridge and personally reported to Washington that the artillery train had arrived . According to Knox 's accounting , he spent £ 521 on an operation he had hoped would take two weeks , that instead
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with different objects in I , the Supreme .
Although the novel is a dialogue between the Supreme and his secretary , Patiño , there are in fact at least six different types of narration in the text : notebook entries , transcriptions of dialogues , a logbook , the " voice " of the Supreme 's father , two documents , and the installments of the perpetual circular , which is ostensibly the main project Patiño and Dr. Francia are working on . In addition to these different layers of narrative , there are also three possible authors : Roa Bastos , the author @-@ compiler , and the " implied author " . The latter refers to the " behavior , attitudes , and backgrounds [ . . . ] necessary for a proper understanding of the text . " The multitude of possibilities regarding the author and the shift between types of narratives , combined with an absence of quotation marks , contribute to this book being described as " undoubtedly , [ the author 's ] most complicated work to date . "
Further complicating matters is the fact that the Supreme 's " voice echoes back and forth in time — recalling his birth and his youth , only to jump ahead to the future , speaking [ from ] beyond the grave about the flies that disturb his corpse , the bandits who dare to disturb his sleep . "
I , the Supreme is mostly composed of real texts by or about Francia . These range from personal memoirs by historical Paraguayan figures to passages from books written by Europeans in Paraguay at the time . They are arranged by a ' Compiler ' whose footnotes tell the story of how the book was put together . The body of the novel is composed of a polemical collection of versions of Paraguayan history . The first text is what the Supreme dictates to his assistant Patiño , about what is happening in the present . This includes the constant abuses Francia heaps upon Patiño and their attempts to discover the authors of a pasquinade , found nailed to the door of the Asunción Cathedral , that falsely announces Francia 's death and burial arrangements . It is mostly Francia 's vulgar rambling , including accusing meek Patiño of attempting to usurp him . The author of the pasquinade is never discovered in spite of their high scrutiny .
The second text is the " Circular Perpetual " that Francia also dictates to Patiño . It is his version of the origins of Paraguayan history , particularly of how he came to power . These texts are highly annotated by the editor , for in them Francia " corrects " versions given by other historical figures , not to mention those given by European travelers .
Finally , there is what Francia writes himself in his " Private Notebook , " which is mostly an account of his own life , attempts to write fiction , diatribes against Patiño and his kind , philosophical musings and ramblings , and other sundry exercises . All of these texts have been edited , for one finds in them , besides the footnotes , indications in italics and within brackets such as " on the margin it is written , " " there is a hole in the paper here , " etc .
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often visited Skagen in the royal yacht Kongeskibet Dannebrog . Occasionally they arrived by train and brought friends from other European monarchies and stayed at the Brøndums and Grenen hotels . They grew fond of the place , befriending many of the artists in Skagen . Christian X bought up land in the vicinity and built the summer residence Klitgården as a gift for his wife . Designed by Ulrik Plesner , with furniture provided by Marie Krøyer , the villa was inaugurated on 11 April 1914 , with the town celebrating the royal opening with many flags . Klitgården was further embellished inside by local artists . It passed to Prince Knud and Princess Caroline Mathilde , and after Caroline 's death in 1995 , it was converted into a villa retreat for scholars in 2000 . Composer Carl Nielsen also frequented Skagen in his youth , and he purchased a plot of land on Vestre Strandvej at Vesterby in 1918 with his sculptor wife Anne Marie Carl @-@ Nielsen , using one of the two small half @-@ timbered houses there as a residence and studio . They named it " Finis Terrae " , meaning " end of the world " . The Nielsen family owned the property until 1957 when they sold it to Frode Jensen , a machinery manufacturer .
In the 1930s , development of the town as a tourist attraction led to the opening of new hotels . In 1931 , the residents of Skagen and their famous friends campaigned for a monument to be established on the square in the town , commemorating the fishermen and lifeboatmen of Jutland . Anne Marie Carl @-@ Nielsen was commissioned to erect a 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) bronze statue of a lifeboatman in garb , holding a lifeline . The monument was showcased at the Free Exhibition Hall in Copenhagen in the spring of 1931 , before fundraising enabled it to be brought by sea to Skagen on 10 November 1932 . In October 1938 , lightning struck the Skagens Badehotel , affecting the wing with the salons and music rooms . During World War II , the hotel was taken over by the Germans , until it was demolished in 1943 . Further facilities were developed in the 1950s . From the 1960s , housing estates were constructed to the north , forming a built @-@ up area extending to Højen . Anna and Michael Ancher 's house was opened as a museum ( 1967 ) and the new town hall was completed in 1969 . The Skagen Festival was founded in 1971 , making it the oldest music festival in the country . The primary genre is folk music . In 1977 , Drachmanns House was broken into and four paintings were stolen , and then in 1980 , a painting by Christian Krohg was stolen from Skagens Museum .
Several fires and industrial incidents occurred in the 1980s . In 1981 , an oil slick affected the coastline of Skagen municipality , and in 1985 a pipe bomb exploded at Ankermedet School . Skagen ice factory was affected by a chemical incident in 1989 . A new shrimp factory opened in the industrial area in 1991 , while the local cinema was closed in 1993 . There was a major fire on the Hulsig Heath dunes in 1996 .
= = Skagen Painters = =
The Skagen Painters were a group of Scandinavian artists who visited the area every summer from the late 1870s until the turn of the century . They were attracted by the scenery , the fishermen and the quality of light which encouraged them to paint en plein air following the example of the French Impressionists while sometimes adopting the Realist approach of the Barbizon School . They broke away from the rigid traditions of the Danish and Swedish art academies , preferring the modern trends they had experienced in Paris .
The group was reputed to have adopted a bohemian lifestyle . It encompassed not only painters , but also writers , and other influential people . While only a few were full @-@ time residents of the area , they were often joined by family and friends , especially during the summer months . The group initially revolved around Michael Ancher and his wife to be Anna , the only member of the group who was a native of Skagen . P.S. Krøyer , who arrived in 1882 , was perhaps the most colourful member of the group . His painting Hip , Hip , Hurrah ! shows several of the artists celebrating around a table out in the garden . The painters included the Swedes Oscar Björck and Johan Krouthén , the Norwegians Christian Krohg and Eilif Peterssen , and the Danes Karl Madsen , Laurits Tuxen , Marie Triepcke Krøyer Alfvén , Carl Locher , Viggo Johansen and Thorvald Niss . The group also included the writers Holger Drachmann , Georg Brandes and Henrik Pontoppidan and the Swedish composer Hugo Alfvén . They often gathered in Brøndums Hotel whose dining room now forms part of Skagens Museum .
In 1890 , the railway to Skagen not only led to the expansion of the village but also brought in considerable numbers of tourists . It was largely responsible for breaking up the regular summer meetings of the artists ' colony as they could no longer find suitable accommodation and venues for their meetings . However , some of them purchased homes in Skagen : P.S. Krøyer in 1894 , Laurits Tuxen in 1901 , Holger Drachmann in 1903 . Anna and Michael Ancher , Krøyer and Tuxen continued to paint in Skagen until well into the 20th century and were occasionally joined by their earlier friends . Other painters , sometimes referred to as the younger group of Skagen painters , continued to visit the area . They included Jørgen Aabye , Tupsy and Gad Frederik Clement , Ella Heide , Frederik Lange and Johannes Wilhjelm , some of whom settled in the area until the 1930s or even later . Skagens Museum 's has a large collection of works from all the recognized artists who painted in Skagen .
= = Geography = =
Skagen is Denmark 's northernmost town , located 41 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Frederikshavn , 108 kilometres ( 67 mi ) northeast of Aalborg , and 226 kilometres ( 140 mi ) northeast of Aarhus by road . It takes its name from the peninsula which projects into the waters between the North Sea and the straits of Denmark . The oldest areas lie along the south coast . Gammel Skagen ( Old Skagen ) , also known as Højen , is located next to Nordstrand on the western side . Vesterby and Østerby are notable for their little fishermen 's cottages and narrow streets . Danish national road 40 to Frederikshavn passes through Skagen .
The Skagen Odde peninsula is bordered by Ålbæk Bay ( Ålbæk Bugt ) to the east on the Kattegat and Tannis Bay ( Tannis Bugt ) to the west on the Skagerrak . The area is picturesque , and distinguished by its low , yellow houses with red tile roofs nestled into the beach areas . The wild landscape was largely formed by a severe process of desertification in the 18th and 19th centuries . Problems with moving dunes and desertification were subsequently brought under control in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries by establishing large plantations of grasses , bushes and fir trees . Two significant migratory dunes remain in the area , one of which is the enormous Råbjerg Mile .
= = Climate = =
Being surrounded by the sea in three directions , Skagen has a cool oceanic climate with a lack of temperature extremes . Its maritime and moderated characteristics is shared with the rest of the country . Skagen is Denmark 's sunniest town with an average of 233 hours of sunshine in the holiday month of July , higher than the 222 hours recorded for Bornholm 's Østerlars .
= = Demographics = =
The population of Skagen has mostly grown steadily , reaching a peak of 14 @,@ 050 people in 1980 , but has shown a marked decline in the 21st century . In 1672 Skagen had a population of 1 @,@ 004 , but by 1781 this had declined to 650 . The 1801 population of 834 began to grow significantly in subsequent decades , reaching 1 @,@ 052 people in 1824 and jumping to 1 @,@ 632 by 1840 . By 1850 , however , it had dropped to 1 @,@ 400 , after which is again began to grow steadily . Major growth occurred in the 1870s and 1880s , with the population growing from 1 @,@ 615 in 1870 to
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Rowdy Kaise , the firm 's associate and chief talent scout ; He acts as a mentor to the new recruits . Kaiser has an arrogant personality and makes empty promises . Kaiser loves corn liquor and cashmere wool .
Ben Lawson as Liam Priory , a first @-@ year associate from Australia who is " too @-@ cool " and possesses an uncircumcised penis . Priory has a self @-@ described " impulse @-@ control problem " when it comes to dealing with women , as he has sex with almost every woman in the law firm , except Adelaide " Addy " Fisher . Priory made his appearance in the first episode with his pants down to his ankles .
Tina Majorino as Adelaide " Addy " Fisher , a meek and insecure first @-@ year associate . Fisher comes from a large family in the Midwest . She graduated top in her class at Case Western Reserve University and has " great legal instincts and a natural ' flair ' for the law " . She likes to bake . Hemingson created the character of Fisher as a CWRU alumna because one of the most intelligent people he knows attended that school .
Clancy Brown as Hart Sterling , the firm 's managing partner ; Sterling inherited the title through his family . Sterling believes that the law is a calling that can be used to enhance society and the world ; he also believes the firm should do good , including pro bono work .
Billy Zane as Clifford " Cliff " Huddle , the firm 's other managing partner . Known as the " Prince of Darkness " , Huddle is " cold " and " ruthless " , and is considered the villain of the show . Although he is married to Susan Oppenheim , the firm 's litigation partner , he has an affair with the firm 's paralegal . Brimming with contempt , he thinks law is a way to make money , and does not care about the broader consequences . Huddle asserts that the firm should be run " as a business , not as a soup kitchen " . He also frequently clashes with Sterling due to their diametrically opposed convictions about the law .
Mehcad Brooks as Malcolm Bennet , an outsider and first @-@ year associate . Regarding the show and the topics it covers , Brooks says , " It definitely plucks at your heartstrings . But its quick @-@ witted , glib , slightly arrogant , and very inspirational . It 's some of the funniest stuff I ever read in my whole life . "
Leah Pipes as Elizabeth " Beth " Branford , a wealthy , blond , first @-@ year associate . Although she seems self @-@ assured , she is secretly vulnerable and thinks money can buy a career .
Nicole Ari Parker as Susan Oppenheim , the firm 's head litigation partner and the wife of Clifford " Cliff " Huddle . Together , Oppenheim and Huddle are antagonists against Sterling . Oppenheim chooses to go to jail rather than miss a motion – filing dateline .
Recurring cast
Rachelle Lefevre as Katie Campbell
David Giuntoli as Jason Carpenter
= = Reception = =
The show premiered on January 21 , 2010 as a 2009 – 2010 midseason replacement for FlashForward , attracting 7 million viewers and receiving a low 1 @.@ 7 rating in the category of Adults 18 @-@ 49 . The series received a negative critical response , averaging 40 / 100 on Metacritic , based on 23 reviews with one positive , 14 mixed , and eight negatives . Critics said that the show lacked originality and appeared similar to shows like L.A. Law , The Practice , Boston Legal , Damages , Eli Stone and The Good Wife . The show premiered in the time slot before Grey 's Anatomy and Private Practice , leading the Washington Post to say that The Deep End resembled the two other shows " closely enough to warrant a paternity test " . Toni Fitzgerald of Media Life Magazine said that even though The Deep End received a great deal of publicity , the show " sank in its first outing " . Tom Maurstad of the Dallas Morning News observed that it was noticeable that the show was shot in Las Colinas , not in its setting of Los Angeles . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said the show consisted of a " bunch of attractive people in suits saying the same lines " . Glenn Garvin of The Miami Herald described the show as " a dreadful attempt to duplicate Grey 's Anatomy in a law office " . Mark Peikert of the New York Press said that the show was " sailing in shallow waters " .
Attorneys criticized the show as unrealistic due to numerous violations of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct by the fictional attorneys on the show . The show was also criticized for its depiction of young associates performing tedious legal research with hard copy books in a law library ; a firm the size and caliber of Sterling , Huddle , Oppenheim , & Craft would have a subscription to online databases like Westlaw or LexisNexis .
ABC canceled the show in May 2010 .
= = Episodes = =
= Lexus =
Lexus ( レクサス , Rekusasu ) is the luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota . The Lexus marque is marketed in over 70 countries and territories worldwide , has become Japan 's largest @-@ selling make of premium cars , and has ranked among the ten largest Japanese global brands in market value . Lexus is headquartered in Nagoya , Japan . Operational centers are located in Brussels , Belgium , and the U.S. in Torrance , California .
Lexus originated from a corporate project to develop a new premium sedan , code @-@ named F1 , which began in 1983 and culminated in the launch of the Lexus LS in 1989 . Subsequently , the division added sedan , coupé , convertible , and SUV models . Until 2005 Lexus did not exist as a brand in its home market and all vehicles marketed internationally as Lexus from 1989 @-@ 2005 were released in Japan under the Toyota marque and an equivalent model name . In 2005 , a hybrid version of the RX crossover debuted , and additional hybrid models later joined the division 's lineup . In 2007 , Lexus launched its own F marque performance division with the debut of the IS F sport sedan , followed by the LFA supercar in 2009 .
From the start of production , Lexus vehicles have been produced in Japan , with manufacturing centered in the Chūbu and Kyūshū regions , and in particular at Toyota 's Tahara , Aichi , Chūbu and Miyata , Fukuoka , Kyūshū plants . Assembly of the first Lexus built outside the country , the Ontario , Canada – produced RX 330 , began in 2003 . Following a corporate reorganization from 2001 to 2005 , Lexus operates its own design , engineering , and manufacturing centers .
Since the 2000s ( decade ) , Lexus has increased sales outside its largest market , the United States . The division inaugurated dealerships in Japan 's domestic market in 2005 , becoming the first Japanese premium car marque to launch in its country of origin . The brand was introduced in Southeast Asia , Latin America , Europe , and other regions . The division 's lineup also reflects regional differences for model and powertrain configurations .
= = History = =
= = = 1980s : The F1 project = = =
In 1983 , Toyota chairman Eiji Toyoda issued a challenge to build the world 's best car . The project , code @-@ named F1 ( “ Flagship One ” ) developed the Lexus LS 400 to expand Toyota ’ s product line in the premium segment . The F1 project followed the Toyota Supra sports car and the premium Toyota Mark II models . Both the Supra and Mark II were rear @-@ wheel drive cars with a powerful 7M @-@ GE or 7M @-@ GTE inline @-@ six engine . The largest sedan Toyota built at the time was the limited @-@ production , 1960s @-@ vintage Toyota Century , a domestic , hand @-@ built limousine , and V8 @-@ powered
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] was actually the size of two coarse , heavy men , one taller than the other . Since then , the cathedral has become a warehouse .
The original crosses were rescued by local Catholics and buried in the hills . The 2400 @-@ pipe organ destroyed by the Red Guards had been one of the two largest in Asia .
= = = Restoration = = =
The Chinese government subsequently repudiated the Cultural Revolution . A major document presented at the September 1979 Fourth Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee , gave a " preliminary assessment " of the entire 30 @-@ year period of Communist rule . At the plenum , party Vice Chairman Ye Jianying declared the Cultural Revolution " an appalling catastrophe " and " the most severe setback to [ the ] socialist cause since [ 1949 ] . " The Chinese government 's condemnation of the Cultural Revolution culminated in the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People 's Republic of China , adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China . This stated that " Comrade Mao Zedong was a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary , strategist and theorist . It is true that he made gross mistakes during the " cultural revolution " , but , if we judge his activities as a whole , his contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his mistakes . His merits are primary and his errors secondary . "
The change in prevailing political views was favorable to St. Michael 's Cathedral ; the Chinese government funded the cathedral 's restoration efforts . New crosses were manufactured for the cathedral 's restoration , and " after several years of repair , [ the cathedral ] was re @-@ opened in April 1981 " for religious services . In May 1999 the church was opened to the general public , allowing entry when Mass or other services are not being celebrated . In 2005 , city workers repairing water pipes accidentally found the original crosses buried on Longshan Road , not far from the cathedral . They are currently stored in the north transept . The cathedral has been listed on the register of Provincial Historic Buildings by the government of Shandong Province since 1992 .
The change in prevailing political views also allowed for rapprochement with Chinese clergy formerly imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution . In 1985 Li Mingshu was allowed an official post teaching at the seminary of Jinan . In 1994 he was transferred to the service of the Diocese of Qingdao , and was appointed the Bishop of Qingdao in 2000 . Upon his consecration as Bishop , he took the name " Joseph " .
= = Description = =
= = = Exterior and plan = = =
The cathedral stands atop a hill in the center of what was the original settlement of the city of Qingdao , at 15 Zhejiang Road ( formerly Bremen Strasse ) on the east side of Zhongshan Road in Shinan District . The church is built in the historic style of German Romanesque . It is cruciform in plan , having a nave flanked by a lower single aisle on either side , crossed by a transept , and with a semi @-@ circular apse projecting at the east end .
The cathedral is 65 @.@ 9 metres ( 216 ft ) long and the transept is 37 @.@ 6 metres ( 123 ft ) wide , with an exterior height of 18 metres ( 59 ft ) . The towers are 56 metres ( 184 ft ) in height , and have Rhenish helm spires , each topped by a 4 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 15 ft ) cross . One tower contains a single large bell , and the other three smaller bells .
The west front rises to a balustrade between the towers at 30 metres ( 98 ft ) . It has three portals , with a rose window above the central one . The building materials are reinforced concrete and granite , and the roofs are red tiles .
In his book , German Architecture in China , Warner Torsten writes of the cathedral :
According to residents ] the cathedral is far too large for the scale of Qingdao . Its position on top of a hill makes this even more evident . Perhaps the idea was to produce a powerful building to hold its own with the Protestant Church , which for 20 years had been the largest religious building in Qingdao , or perhaps the intention was to outstrip the 46 metre @-@ high towers of the Franciscan church in Jinan . The towers of the cathedral in Qingdao were higher than all the other churches in the major cities of Northern China – Tianjin , Beijing , Dalian , or Jinan . They dominate the silhouette of Qingdao ; they are particularly impressive from a ship entering the harbour .
= = = Interior = = =
The total floor area of St. Michael 's Cathedral is 2 @,@ 740 square metres ( 29 @,@ 500 sq ft ) . While the exterior of the cathedral is neo @-@ Romanesque , the interior has piers and arches of a Classical revival style . Above the 12 @-@ metre ( 39 ft ) high nave and transept is an unvaulted coffered ceiling . Narrow vaults over the two aisles are so much lower than the nave that they function like ambulatories . The nave can hold 1 @,@ 000 people . The baptismal font and statues have captions in English and Chinese .
The nave extends into a high vaulted apse ( pictured right ) at the east end . The aisles on either side of the nave are continued around the apse , making an ambulatory . Seven chandeliers are suspended from the ceiling over the main aisle . Beneath the chancel arch stands the high altar , under an ornate baldachin . The ciborium over the high altar bears the Latin words Venite Adoremus Dominum , " Come adore the Lord . " Within the sanctuary stands a second , portable , altar , upon which most masses are celebrated .
According to Lonely Planet , " The interior is splendid , with white walls , gold piping … and a marvellously painted apse . "
The mural painted on the dome of the apse ( pictured right ) depicts Jesus seated on a cloud , red and golden rays radiating out of his golden halo . God the Father , pictured as a white @-@ bearded man with triangular halo , looks down from a cloud above Jesus . A dove with a white halo , representing the Holy Spirit , flies just below God , wings outstretched , completing the Trinity . Above Jesus fly four cherubim . Seated to Jesus ' right is Mary , his mother , and to his left Saint John the Baptist . On the same cloud as Jesus , three angels flank on each side . Slightly below Jesus , Mary , and John , two more flanking angels are depicted kneeling on their own clouds and swinging censers . Under the entire scene , a banner displays Gloria in Excelsis Deo .
In 2006 , the construction and installation of a massive 12 @-@ by @-@ 12 @-@ metre ( 39 ft × 39 ft ) Jäger & Brommer pipe organ ( pictured at left ) was commissioned for St. Michael 's Cathedral at a cost of 700 @,@ 000 euros
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and Fort Myers . A tornado rated F1 on the Fujita scale touched down near Sanibel . It caused extensive damage to two condominium complexes , and 24 nearby homes . Further along its path , the tornado damaged a few other homes and carports , while also toppling or spanning palm trees . Gordon also spawned two tornadoes that touched down as it made landfall . One tornado touched down near Cape Coral , Florida , damaging three homes , while an F0 tornado touched down near Ponce Inlet in Volusia County , Florida , causing minimal damage , mainly to trees and roofs .
In Citrus and Levy Counties , residents who were evacuated on the day when Gordon struck the coast were allowed early the next day to return to their homes after the storm passed .
= = = = Georgia , The Carolinas , and Virginia = = = =
Despite the rain , Gordon did little to relieve an ongoing drought in Georgia . The remnants of Tropical Storm Gordon brought heavy rainfall to South Carolina , with spotter reports and radar estimates indicating over 8 inches ( 200 mm ) in Georgetown . Numerous streets were reported flooded by emergency managers , while according to newspaper accounts , there was standing water of more than 2 – 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 – 0 @.@ 91 m ) in depth in many areas . Many motorists were forced to abandon their cars , several of which sustained water damage . Numerous homes were flooded in the town , especially on Hawkins Street . Additionally , many businesses were forced to close for the day along Front and Fraser Streets . One injury was reported when a policeman had a heart attack after the flood waters entered his home . In Charleston County , 6 to 10 inches ( 150 to 250 mm ) of rain fell . Flooding occurred in the northeastern portions of the county , in combination with more than 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of precipitation that had fallen less than two weeks earlier . Water entered homes and businesses in the McClellanville area and inundated a portion of U.S. Route 17 , causing that section to be closed for most of the day on September 18 . Sustained winds of 29 mph ( 47 km / h ) and gusts up to 37 mph ( 60 km / h ) in Charleston downed a few trees in coastal areas . Flooding in North Carolina occurred as the storm moved up the East Coast of the United States , indirectly killing two people when a car lost control and struck a tractor trailer during the storm . Two men in a fishing boat were also reported missing . Rainfall in North Carolina peaked at 5 @.@ 71 inches ( 145 mm ) in Hoffman Forest .
The remnants of Gordon moved across the Virginia on September 19 . Rainfall totals throughout the state peaked at 4 @.@ 38 inches ( 111 mm ) in Rocky Branch . The daily rainfall was broken at Washington Dulles International Airport after 1 @.@ 24 inches ( 31 mm ) of rain fell . Isaac Creek overflowed its banks near Cross Junction , flooding Route 689 . Happy Creek overflowed its banks in Front Royal and flooded Eighth Street . Across Warren County , Ritenour Hollow Road and Oregon Hollow Road were closed by high water . High water was reported on U.S. Route 11 south of Woodstock .
= = = = Mid @-@ Atlantic and West Virginia = = = =
By September 19 , the remnants of Gordon reached Maryland . In Carroll County , 4 hour rainfall amounts include 2 @.@ 78 inches ( 71 mm ) in Westminster , 2 @.@ 48 inches ( 63 mm ) at Piney Run Park , and 2 @.@ 38 inches ( 60 mm ) Manchester . As a result , a few roads in the county were closed due to water inundation . In other areas , similar precipitation totals were reported , including 2 @.@ 83 inches ( 72 mm ) near Columbia , 2 @.@ 16 inches ( 55 mm ) in Emmitsburg , 2 @.@ 11 inches ( 54 mm ) in Sharpsburg , 2 @.@ 08 inches ( 53 mm ) in Laurel , 2 @.@ 05 inches ( 52 mm ) at Brighton Dam , 1 @.@ 72 inches ( 44 mm ) in Ellicott City and Hagerstown , 1 @.@ 65 inches ( 42 mm ) in Frederick , and 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) in Lisbon . Doppler radar estimates indicate that around 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of rain fell in only 3 hours in portions of Cecil , Kent , Queen Anne 's County , resulting in minor flooding in poor drainage or low @-@ lying areas . In Delaware , precipitation totals at Newark and New Castle Airport both reached 1 @.@ 82 inches ( 46 mm ) . This resulted in minor flooding along the Christina River in New Castle County and nearby low @-@ lying areas . In West Virginia , the storm produced locally heavy rainfall in the Eastern Panhandle , peaking at 1 @.@ 82 inches ( 46 mm ) in Berkeley County .
The remnants of Gordon dropped heavy rain across southeast Pennsylvania on September 19 , resulting in flooding in low @-@ lying areas . The heaviest rain fell near Willow Grove NAS , located in Horsham Township , Montgomery County . In Bucks County , stream flooding was reported in the Little Neshaminy Creek Basin in Warrington and Warminster Townships . The Pennypack Creek overflowed in Montgomery County and damaged parked cars at an elementary school in Hatboro . Flood waters also entered several rooms of the Old Mill Inn . In Horsham Township , homes on County Line Road were flooded , including one that had 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) of water in its garage . Storm totals included 2 @.@ 64 inches ( 67 mm ) at the Willow Grove NAS , 2 @.@ 6 inches ( 66 mm ) in Southampton , 2 @.@ 46 inches ( 62 mm ) at King of Prussia , 2 @.@ 22 inches ( 56 mm ) in Reading , 2 @.@ 18 inches ( 55 mm ) at Northeast Philadelphia Airport , 1 @.@ 69 inches ( 43 mm ) at Neshaminy Falls , 1 @.@ 66 inches ( 42 mm ) in Exton , and 1 @.@ 57 inches ( 40 mm ) in Furlong . Heavy precipitation fell in west central and southwest New Jersey , causing poor drainage flooding in low @-@ lying areas . The heaviest rain fell in Mercer County and caused some minor flooding along the Assunpink Creek . Roadway flooding along U.S. Route 130 was reported in Collingswood . Rainfall totals included 2 @.@ 14 inches ( 54 mm ) in Trenton , 2 @.@ 1 inches ( 53 mm ) in Pennsauken , 2 inches ( 51 mm ) in Somerdale and Windsor , 1 @.@ 74 inches ( 44 mm ) in Mount Laurel , and 1 @.@ 66 inches ( 42 mm ) in Mount Holly . Rainfall in Orange County , New York of 2 to 3 inches ( 51 to 76 mm ) caused minor stream flooding , such as along New York State Route 132 in Woodbury .
= Keith Miller =
Keith Ross Miller , AM MBE ( 28 November 1919 – 11 October 2004 ) was an Australian test cricketer and a Royal Australian Air Force pilot during World War II . Miller is widely regarded as Australia 's greatest ever all @-@ rounder . Because of his ability , irreverent manner and good looks he was a crowd favourite . English journalist Ian Wooldridge called Miller " the golden boy " of cricket , leading to his being nicknamed " Nugget " . He " was more than a cricketer ... he embodied the idea that there was more to life than cricket " .
A member of the record @-@ breaking Invincibles , at the time of his retirement from Test cricket in 1956 , Miller had the best statistics of any all @-@ rounder in cricket history . He often batted high in the order , sometimes as high as number three . He was a powerful striker of the ball , and one straight six that he hit at the Sydney Cricket
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2012 , it offers flights to the Vancouver International Airport , which are provided by Air Canada Express and operated by Jazz Air . These flights are provided three times daily , with the exception of Sunday , when two flights are available . On May 1 , 2013 , due to feedback from the public , an additional flight to the Vancouver International Airport offered by Air Canada Express was launched . In 2010 , the airport garnered 34 @,@ 946 aircraft movements , while in 2011 , it served approximately 80 @,@ 000 passengers .
Over the years , there have been several attempts to increase destinations serviced from Penticton . And in 2012 , local residents attracted the attention of WestJet . Efforts to woo West Jet included the airport being renamed " WestJetville " for a day in June 2012 and local residents created a flashmob video . So on October 26 , 2014 , WestJet operated by WestJet Encore flew its inaugural flight from the Calgary Airport to the Penticton Regional Airport and continues to fly once daily to and from Penticton . Discussion to expand the flight services provided by WestJet Encore from Penticton continue .
= = Accidents and incidents = =
On December 22 , 1950 , a Douglas C @-@ 47 aircraft operated by Canadian Pacific Air Lines from Vancouver crashed into Okanagan Mountain , some 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) north of Penticton . Later investigation reported that the aircraft was below the minimum altitude permissible through an instrument approach procedure , causing the beyond damageable crash . Two crew members of the 18 total occupants were fatally injured , the remainder survived . On January 4 , 1973 , a Convair aircraft scheduled to land in Penticton was hijacked by a Vietnamese man , who demanded money while being taken to North Vietnam . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) stormed the flight in a successful attempt to arrest the man . There were no fatalities in the incident .
= Tax protester constitutional arguments =
Tax protesters in the United States advance a number of constitutional arguments asserting that the imposition , assessment and collection of the federal income tax violates the United States Constitution . These kinds of arguments , though related to , are distinguished from statutory and administrative arguments , which presuppose the constitutionality of the income tax , as well as from general conspiracy arguments , which are based upon the proposition that the three branches of the federal government are involved together in a deliberate , on @-@ going campaign of deception for the purpose of defrauding individuals or entities of their wealth or profits . Although constitutional challenges to U.S. tax laws are frequently directed towards the validity and effect of the Sixteenth Amendment , assertions that the income tax violates various other provisions of the Constitution have been made as well .
= = First Amendment = =
Some protesters argue that imposition of income taxes violates the First Amendment freedom of speech because it requires the subject of the tax to write information on a tax return ; or violates freedom of religion if the subject of the tax claims some religious objection to the payment of taxes , particularly if the subject styles himself or herself as a Reverend , Minister , or other religious office @-@ holder . While the Internal Revenue Code makes an exemption for churches and other religious institutions , it makes only special tax codes and deductions , not exceptions , for religious professionals . The United States Supreme Court held in 1878 Reynolds v. United States , that a religious belief , however strongly held , does not exempt the believer from adhering to general laws .
= = Fifth Amendment = =
= = = Self incrimination = = =
Other protesters argue that the Fifth Amendment right against self @-@ incrimination allows an individual to refuse to file an income tax return calling for information that could lead to a conviction for criminal acts from which the income was derived , or for the crime of not paying the tax itself . In response , the courts generally refer to the case of United States v. Sullivan , where Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote :
If the form of return provided called for answers that the defendant was privileged from making he could have raised the objection in the return , but could not on that account refuse to make any return at all .... It would be an extreme if not an extravagant application of the Fifth Amendment to say that it authorized a man to refuse to state the amount of his income because it had been made in crime . But if the defendant desired to test that or any other point he should have tested it in the return so that it could be passed upon . He could not draw a conjurer 's circle around the whole matter by his own declaration that to write any word upon the government blank would bring him into danger of the law .
= = = Takings Clause = = =
Some protesters have argued that the income tax is a prohibited " takings " under the Fifth Amendment 's Takings Clause , and can not be imposed unless the taxpayer receives just compensation . The United States Supreme Court rejected this argument in Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad . The takings argument and variations of this argument have been officially identified as legally frivolous federal tax return positions for purposes of the $ 5 @,@ 000 frivolous tax return penalty imposed under Internal Revenue Code section 6702 ( a ) .
= = = Due Process Clause = = =
Protesters argue that the income tax violates the Fifth Amendment right that no person shall be " deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law " . However , people can be deprived of life , liberty , or property with due process of law — this is what the courts do . Legal commentator Daniel B. Evans describes :
Every time a court finds a defendant guilty , the court has deprived the defendant of life or liberty , and every time a court rules in favor of a plaintiff or defendant , the court has deprived either the plaintiff or the defendant of some property . So saying that a court has deprived someone of life , liberty , or property is not particularly interesting unless you can explain exactly what the court did ( or did not do ) that deprived that particular someone of due process .
Similarly , the general proposition that every man has the right to his own labor does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that the government cannot tax the " common right " of labor . If the government could never impose a tax that took away someone ’ s rights to their property , then the government could never tax anyone for anything . So the claim that a tax deprives someone of " property " or a " right " is pretty much meaningless .
Fifth Amendment due process arguments by tax protesters were rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Kahn v. United States , by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Anderson v. United States , by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Cameron v. Internal Revenue Serv . , by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in Baskin v. United States , by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Jolly v. United States , and by the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Martinez v. Internal Revenue Serv .
= = Thirteenth Amendment = =
Tax protesters have argued that income taxes impose involuntary servitude in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment . That argument was ruled to be without merit in Porth v. Brodrick , United States Collector of Internal Revenue for the State of Kansas . The involuntary servitude argument , and variations of this argument , have been officially identified as legally frivolous federal tax return positions for purposes of the $ 5 @,@ 000 frivolous tax return penalty imposed under Internal Revenue Code section 6702 ( a ) .
= = Fourteenth Amendment = =
Some tax protesters argue that all Americans are citizens of individual states as opposed to citizens of the United States , and that the United States therefore has no power to tax citizens or impose other federal laws outside of Washington D.C. and other federal enclaves . They cite the first sentence of Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment which states , " All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . "
Courts have uniformly held that this argument that the Fourteenth Amendment divested state citizens of U.S. citizenship is plainly incorrect . In Kantor v. Wellesley Galleries , Ltd . , the court explained that " [ w ] hile the Fourteenth Amendment does not create a national citizenship , it has the effect of making that citizenship ' paramount and dominant ' instead of ' derivative and dependent ' upon state citizenship " . See also United States v. Ward , Fox v. Commissioner , and United States v. Baker .
Another argument raised is that because the federal income tax is progressive , the discriminations and inequalities created by the tax should render the tax unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment , which guarantees equal protection under
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labors . " See also :
United States v. Connor ( tax evasion conviction under 26 U.S.C. § 7201 affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ; taxpayer ’ s argument — that because of the Sixteenth Amendment , wages were not taxable — was rejected by the Court ; taxpayer ’ s argument that an income tax on wages is required to be apportioned by population also rejected ) ;
Parker v. Commissioner ( taxpayer 's argument — that wages are not taxable — was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ; taxpayer charged double costs for filing a frivolous appeal ) ;
Perkins v. Commissioner ( 26 U.S.C. § 61 ruled by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit to be “ in full accordance with Congressional authority under the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution to impose taxes on income without apportionment among the states ” ; taxpayer ’ s argument that wages paid for labor are non @-@ taxable was rejected by the Court , and ruled frivolous ) ;
Sisemore v. United States ( United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled that the federal district court properly dismissed taxpayer ’ s frivolous lawsuit based on taxpayer ’ s tax return position that wages do not represent a taxable gain because wages are a source of income and are received in equal exchange for labor ) ;
White v. United States ( taxpayer ’ s argument that wages are not taxable was ruled frivolous by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ; penalty — imposed under 26 U.S.C. § 6702 for filing tax return with frivolous position — was therefore proper ) ;
Granzow v. Commissioner ( taxpayer ’ s argument that wages are not taxable was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , and ruled frivolous ) ;
United States v. Russell ( taxpayer 's argument — that the federal income is unconstitutional on the theory that the law cannot tax a " common law right to work " — was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ) ;
Waters v. Commissioner ( taxpayer ’ s argument that income taxation of wages is unconstitutional was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ; taxpayer required to pay damages for filing frivolous suit ) .
Related tax protester arguments with respect to wages paid by " employers " to " employees " are ( 1 ) that only federal officers , federal employees , elected officials , or corporate officers are " employees " for purposes of federal income tax , ( 2 ) that the inclusion of the United States government within the definition of the term " employer " operates to exclude all other employers from the definition , and ( 3 ) that with respect to compensation , the tax is imposed only on compensation paid to federal government employees . These arguments have been rejected in court rulings .
Another tax protester argument is that income from labor should not be taxable because any amount the worker receives in exchange for his or her labor is received in an exchange of " equal value , " although an exchange in any true " arm 's length " fair market value transaction is , essentially by definition , an exchange of equal value . See , for example , the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in United States v. Buras , in which the taxpayer 's theory — that wages were not taxable because ( 1 ) " only profit or gain , such as that from the sale of a capital asset , constituted income subject to federal tax " and ( 2 ) " [ w ] ages could not constitute gain or profit because wages merely represent an equivalent exchange for one 's labor " — was rejected . See also the decision of the United States Tax Court in Link v. Commissioner , where the taxpayer 's argument — that pension income is " labor property " and that when taxpayer receives his pension income from his former employer for whom he once performed services ( or labor ) , any amount he receives in exchange for his labor is a nontaxable exchange of equal value — was rejected . In Boggs v. Commissioner , a penalty of $ 8 @,@ 000 was imposed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the taxpayers for filing a frivolous appeal using the argument that a portion of a wage amount was not taxable as a return on " human capital . "
Further , under the U.S. federal tax laws , even if labor were considered " property " the gain or income from " labor property " would be defined as the excess of the amount realized ( for example , the money received ) by the taxpayer over the amount of the taxpayer 's " adjusted basis " in the " property " ( see 26 U.S.C. § 1001 ) . Since the taxpayer can have only a zero " basis " amount in his or her own labor — the personal living expenses incurred to generate labor being both non @-@ capitalizable and , under 26 U.S.C. § 262 , non @-@ deductible — the " gain " would thus be equal to the amount of compensation received by the taxpayer . Compare Carter v. Commissioner , where the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated : " The assertion that proceeds received for personal services cannot be given a ' zero @-@ basis for the purpose of the assessment of taxation , ' is frivolous . This is a variation of the ' wages are not income ' theme , which has been rejected repeatedly by this court . " See also Reading v. Commissioner ( taxpayer 's argument — that gain from labor of self @-@ employed individual cannot be determined until the " cost of doing labor " has been subtracted from the amount received — was rejected ; validity of 26 U.S.C. § 262 , disallowing deductions for personal living expenses , was upheld ) . See also Burnett v. Commissioner ( taxpayer 's argument — that wages represent an equal exchange of property and , therefore , are not taxable income — was rejected ) . See also In re Myrland ( ruling that a taxpayer is not entitled to deduct the value of his labor from his income in calculating his taxes ) .
= = = Wages and salaries , the Sixteenth Amendment , and the Cheek case = = =
In dicta
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18 March 1555 ) . The long @-@ term future of the Valois dynasty , which had ruled France since the 14th century , seemed assured .
Catherine 's new @-@ found ability to bear children , however , failed to improve her marriage . In 1538 , at the age of nineteen , Henry had taken as his mistress the thirty @-@ eight @-@ year @-@ old Diane de Poitiers , whom he adored for the rest of his life . Even so , he respected Catherine 's status as his consort . When King Francis I died on 31 March 1547 , Catherine became queen consort of France . She was crowned in the basilica of Saint @-@ Denis on 10 June 1549 .
= = = Queen of France = = =
Henry allowed Catherine almost no political influence as queen . Although she sometimes acted as regent during his absences from France , her powers were strictly nominal . Henry gave the Château of Chenonceau , which Catherine had wanted for herself , to Diane de Poitiers , who took her place at the centre of power , dispensing patronage and accepting favours .
The imperial ambassador reported that in the presence of guests , Henry would sit on Diane 's lap and play the guitar , chat about politics , or fondle her breasts . Diane never regarded Catherine as a threat . She even encouraged the king to sleep with Catherine and sire more children . In 1556 , Catherine nearly died giving birth to twin daughters . Surgeons saved her life by breaking the legs of one of the two babies , who died in her womb . The surviving daughter died seven weeks later . Catherine had no more children .
Henry 's reign also saw the rise of the Guise brothers , Charles , who became a cardinal , and Henry 's boyhood friend Francis , who became Duke of Guise . Their sister Mary of Guise had married James V of Scotland in 1538 and was the mother of Mary , Queen of Scots . At the age of five and a half , Mary was brought to the French court , where she was promised to the Dauphin , Francis . Catherine brought her up with her own children at the French court , while Mary of Guise governed Scotland as her daughter 's regent .
On 3 – 4 April 1559 , Henry signed the Peace of Cateau @-@ Cambrésis with the Holy Roman Empire and England , ending a long period of Italian wars . The treaty was sealed by the betrothal of Catherine 's thirteen @-@ year @-@ old daughter Elisabeth to Philip II of Spain . Their proxy wedding in Paris on 22 June 1559 was celebrated with festivities , balls , masques , and five days of jousting .
King Henry took part in the jousting , sporting Diane 's black @-@ and @-@ white colours . He defeated the dukes of Guise and Nemours , but the young Gabriel , comte de Montgomery , knocked him half out of the saddle . Henry insisted on riding against Montgomery again , and this time , Montgomery 's lance shattered into the king 's face . Henry reeled out of the clash , his face pouring blood , with splinters " of a good bigness " sticking out of his eye and head . Catherine , Diane , and Prince Francis all fainted . Henry was carried to the Château de Tournelles , where five splinters of wood were extracted from his head , one of which had pierced his eye and brain . Catherine stayed by his bedside , but Diane kept away , " for fear " , in the words of a chronicler , " of being expelled by the Queen " . For the next ten days , Henry 's state fluctuated . At times he even felt well enough to dictate letters and listen to music . Slowly , however , he lost his sight , speech , and reason , and on 10 July 1559 he died . From that day , Catherine took a broken lance as her emblem , inscribed with the words " lacrymae hinc , hinc dolor " ( " from this come my tears and my pain " ) , and wore black mourning in memory of Henry .
= = Queen mother = =
= = = Reign of Francis II = = =
Francis II became king at the age of fifteen . In what has been called a coup d 'état , the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Guise — whose niece , Mary , Queen of Scots , had married Francis the year before — seized power the day after Henry II 's death and quickly moved themselves into the Louvre Palace with the young couple . The English ambassador reported a few days later that " the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French king " . For the moment , Catherine worked with the Guises out of necessity . She was not strictly entitled to a role in Francis 's government , because he was deemed old enough to rule for himself . Nevertheless , all his official acts began with the words : " This being the good pleasure of the Queen , my lady @-@ mother , and I also approving of every opinion that she holdeth , am content and command that ... " Catherine did not hesitate to exploit her new authority . One of her first acts was to force Diane de Poitiers to hand over the crown jewels and return the Château de Chenonceau to the crown . She later did her best to efface or outdo Diane 's building work there .
The Guise brothers set about persecuting the Protestants with zeal . Catherine adopted a moderate stance and spoke up against the Guise persecutions , though she had no particular sympathy for the Huguenots , whose beliefs she never shared . The Protestants looked for leadership first to Antoine de Bourbon , King of Navarre , the First Prince of the Blood , and then , with more success , to his brother , Louis de Bourbon , Prince of Condé , who backed a plot to overthrow the Guises by force . When the Guises heard of the plot , they moved the court to the fortified Château of Amboise . The Duke of Guise launched an attack into the woods around the château . His troops surprised the rebels and killed many of them on the spot , including the commander , La Renaudie . Others they drowned in the river or strung up around the battlements while Catherine and the court watched .
In June 1560 , Michel de l 'Hôpital was appointed Chancellor of France . He sought the support of France 's constitutional bodies and worked closely with Catherine to defend the law in the face of the growing anarchy . Neither saw the need to punish Protestants who worshipped in private and did not take up arms . On 20 August 1560 , Catherine and the chancellor advocated this policy to an assembly of notables at Fontainebleau . Historians regard the occasion as an early example of Catherine 's statesmanship . Meanwhile , Condé raised an army and in autumn 1560 began attacking towns in the south . Catherine ordered him to court and had him imprisoned as soon as he arrived . He was tried in November , found guilty of offences against the crown , and sentenced to death . His life was saved by the illness and death of the king , as a result of an infection or an abscess in his ear .
When Catherine had realized Francis was going to die , she made a pact with Antoine de Bourbon by which he would renounce his right to the reg
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into the Permian .
Tectonic movement by the Indian Plate caused it to pass over a geologic hotspot — the Réunion hotspot — now occupied by the volcanic island of Réunion . This resulted in a massive flood basalt event that laid down the Deccan Traps some 60 – 68 Ma , at the end of the Cretaceous period . This may have contributed to the global Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event , which caused India to experience significantly reduced insolation . Elevated atmospheric levels of sulphur gases formed aerosols such as sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid , similar to those found in the atmosphere of Venus ; these precipitated as acid rain . Elevated carbon dioxide emissions also contributed to the greenhouse effect , causing warmer weather that lasted long after the atmospheric shroud of dust and aerosols had cleared . Further climatic changes 20 million years ago , long after India had crashed into the Laurasian landmass , were severe enough to cause the extinction of many endemic Indian forms . The formation of the Himalayas resulted in blockage of frigid Central Asian air , preventing it from reaching India ; this made its climate significantly warmer and more tropical in character than it would otherwise have been .
= = Regions = =
India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions , ranging from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north , where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall . The nation 's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert . The Himalayas , along with the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan , prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in , keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes . Simultaneously , the Thar Desert plays a role in attracting moisture @-@ laden southwest summer monsoon winds that , between June and October , provide the majority of India 's rainfall . Four major climatic groupings predominate , into which fall seven climatic zones that , as designated by experts , are defined on the basis of such traits as temperature and precipitation . Groupings are assigned codes ( see chart ) according to the Köppen climate classification system .
= = = Tropical wet = = =
A tropical rainy climate governs regions experiencing persistent warm or high temperatures , which normally do not fall below 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . India hosts two climatic subtypes- tropical monsoon climate , tropical wet and dry climate that fall under this group .
1 ) The most humid is the tropical wet climate — also known as a tropical monsoon climate — that covers a strip of southwestern lowlands abutting the Malabar Coast , the Western Ghats , and southern Assam . India 's two island territories , Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , are also subject to this climate . Characterised by moderate to high year @-@ round temperatures , even in the foothills , its rainfall is seasonal but heavy — typically above 2 @,@ 000 mm ( 79 in ) per year . Most rainfall occurs between May and November ; this moisture is enough to sustain lush forests and other vegetation for the rest of the mainly dry year . December to March are the driest months , when days with precipitation are rare . The heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the exceptional biodiversity of tropical wet forests in parts of these regions .
2 ) In India a tropical wet and dry climate is more common . Noticeably drier than areas with a tropical monsoon climate , it prevails over most of inland peninsular India except for a semi arid rain shadow east of the Western Ghats . Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . Summer is exceedingly hot ; temperatures in low @-@ lying areas may exceed 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) during May , leading to heat waves that can each kill hundreds of Indians.The rainy season lasts from June to September ; annual rainfall averages between 750 – 1 @,@ 500 mm ( 30 – 59 in ) across the region . Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September , most precipitation in India falls on Tamil Nadu , leaving other states comparatively dry .
The Ganges Delta lies mostly in the tropical wet climate zone : it receives between 1 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 000 mm ( 59 to 79 in ) of rainfall each year in the western part , and 2 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 000 mm ( 79 to 118 in ) in the eastern part . The coolest month of the year , on average , is January ; April and May are the warmest months . Average temperatures in January range from 14
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killed , including several detainees who were in police custody ( allegedly due to torture ) , and at least three policemen .
During the uprising , al @-@ Jamri " rose to prominence " , becoming the lead figure among the opposition , who saw him as " their father figure and spiritual mentor . " To the Shia , he was their " spiritual leader " . He was a " chief architect " and a signatory of the 1992 and 1994 petitions . He was also the informal leader of the U.K.-based Bahrain Freedom Movement . Al @-@ Jamri , himself a Shia Islamist , had good relations with secular and liberal opposition forces and united them into " an effective opposition movement " . Due to his civil rights activity , the pro @-@ democracy cleric was arrested and placed under house arrest for years .
= = = First arrest = = =
In 1995 , following clashes between security forces and students , the government accused al @-@ Jamri of having links to Iran and seeking to establish an " Islamic republic " in Bahrain . Al @-@ Jamri denied the accusations . Nevertheless , on 1 April the government imposed a blockade on al @-@ Jamri 's home of Bani Jamra , placing him and 18 members of his family under house arrest . At least one man was killed and 16 others injured during clashes with police . That day became known locally as the Black Saturday . Two weeks later , al @-@ Jamri was transferred to a detention center . Along with other opposition figures he was released on 25 September 1995 , following a deal with the government to calm down the situation in return for opening up talks on the restoration of parliament . Tens of thousands of Bahrainis gathered to welcome al @-@ Jamri following his release . He gave a speech in which he promised to stay loyal to the hopes and sufferings of the Bahraini people .
= = = Second arrest , trial and conviction = = =
On 23 October , al @-@ Jamri and other released opposition activists began a 10 @-@ day hunger strike in his house to protest what they called the government 's failure to fulfill its pledges . Tens of thousands gathered in solidarity with the activists on the final day of the hunger strike ( 1 November ) . On 21 January 1996 al @-@ Jamri was detained again along with 7 other opposition leaders , including Abdulwahab Hussain and Hassan Mushaima , following the collapse of the talks . The arrests provoked further unrest . The activists denied the charges of forming a militia group called " Bahraini Hizbullah " or receiving support from Iran .
Al @-@ Jamri spent 3 and a half years in prison , during which he allegedly spent the first 9 months in solitary confinement and was closely observed during the remaining period . On 21 February 1999 , about three years after his arrest , al @-@ Jamri 's trial before the State Security Court began . On 7 July , the court convicted him on charges of " spying and inciting unrest against the royal family " . Al @-@ Jamri was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and fined BD5.7 million ( US $ 15 million ) . British politician George Galloway , Human Rights Watch , International Pen and Amnesty International led campaigns in solidarity with al @-@ Jamri . The latter also named him a prisoner of conscience .
= = = Release , reconciliation and disappointment = = =
Emir Isa bin Salman died suddenly on 6 March and was succeeded by his eldest son , Hamad bin Isa al Khalifa . The new emir pardoned al @-@ Jamri and released him a day after his conviction ( 8 July ) , but placed him under house arrest until 23 January 2001 . Before getting pardoned , al @-@ Jamri had to appear on nationaltelevision and read a " humiliating letter of apology " to the Emir . Repeated meetings between commissioners of the Emir and al @-@ Jamri were held during the house arrest period . Subsequent days saw the release of further political prisoners , and exiles were allowed to return . On 8 February , al @-@ Jamri and 3 other opposition leaders — Abdulla al @-@ Ghuraifi , Abdulwahab Hussain and Ali Rabea — met with the emir to discuss his reform plans , the National Action Charter of Bahrain .
The Charter called for the introduction of a constitutional monarchy , an independent judiciary , and a bicameral legislature composed of a lower house of elected representatives and an upper house of appointed legislators . The Charter also granted equal rights between men and women , and recognised all Bahraini citizens as having equal political rights , including the entitlement to elections and political candidacy . In the 8 February meeting , the government promised that " the new political arrangements will not invalidate the 1973 constitution and that the upper appointed house will be for consultation only . " The next day , after leading Friday prayer , al @-@ Jamri delivered a famous speech , starting with " Allah is my witness , I have missed you as much as Jacob missed Joseph " , before Abdulwahab announced that the opposition had decided to accept the reform plan . The National Action Charter was voted on in a referendum on 14 and 15 February , gaining massive popular support ( 98 @.@ 4 % ) . In November 2001 , the Al Wefaq Shia political society was founded , with al @-@ Jamri being seen as its mentor .
On 14 February 2002 , the Emir introduced the new constitution of 2002 , which gave him wide @-@ ranging powers and gave the upper appointed house more powers than the elected lower house , including the right to legislate . The " honeymoon " period between the opposition and government was over ; al @-@ Jamri stated his disappointment with the new constitution , stating that it fell short of the opposition 's demands . " [ T ] his is not the type of parliament we had demanded , " he said .
= = Ill
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marks in the case of diphthongs and triphthongs , particularly those which include 〈 oa 〉 and 〈 oe 〉 . Most modern writers follow six rules :
If the syllable has one vowel , that vowel should be tone @-@ marked ; viz . 〈 tī 〉 , 〈 láng 〉 , 〈 chhu ̍ t 〉
If a diphthong contains 〈 i 〉 or 〈 u 〉 , the tone mark goes above the other vowel ; viz . 〈 ia ̍ h 〉 , 〈 kiò 〉 , 〈 táu 〉
If a diphthong includes both 〈 i 〉 and 〈 u 〉 , mark the 〈 u 〉 ; viz . 〈 iû 〉 , 〈 ùi 〉
If the final is made up of three or more letters , mark the second vowel ( except when rules 2 and 3 apply ) ; viz . 〈 goán 〉 , 〈 oāi 〉 , 〈 khiáu 〉
If 〈 o 〉 occurs with 〈 a 〉 or 〈 e 〉 , mark the 〈 o 〉 ; viz . 〈 òa 〉 , 〈 thóe 〉
If the syllable has no vowel , mark the nasal consonant ; viz . 〈 m ̄ 〉 , 〈 ǹg 〉 , 〈 mn ̂ g 〉
= = = Hyphens = = =
A single hyphen is used to indicate a compound . What constitutes a compound is controversial , with some authors equating it to a " word " in English , and others not willing to limit it to the English concept of a word . Examples from POJ include 〈 sì @-@ cha ̍ p 〉 " forty " , 〈 bé @-@ hì @-@ thôan 〉 " circus " , and 〈 hôe @-@ ho ̍ k 〉 " recover ( from illness ) " . The rule @-@ based sandhi behaviour of tones in compounds has not yet been clearly defined by linguists . A double hyphen 〈 -- 〉 is used when POJ is deployed as an orthography ( rather than as a transcription system ) to indicate that the following syllable should be pronounced in the neutral tone . It also marks to the reader that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi , as it would were the following syllable non @-@ neutral . Morphemes following a double hyphen are often ( but not always ) grammatical function words .
= = = Audio examples = = =
= = = Regional differences = = =
In addition to the standard syllables detailed above , there are several regional variations of Hokkien speech which can be represented with non @-@ standard or semi @-@ standard spellings . In the Zhangzhou dialect , spoken in Zhangzhou and parts of Taiwan close to it , particularly the northeastern coast around Yilan City , the final 〈 ng 〉 is replaced with 〈 uiⁿ 〉 , for example in " egg " 〈 nuiⁿ 〉 and " cooked rice " 〈 puiⁿ 〉 .
= = Texts = =
Due to POJ 's origins in the church , much of the material in the script is religious in nature , including several Bible translations , books of hymns , and guides to morality . The Tainan Church Press , established in 1884 , has been printing POJ materials ever since , with periods of quiet when POJ was suppressed in the early 1940s and from around 1955 to 1987 . In the period to 1955 , over 2 @.@ 3 million volumes of POJ books were printed , and one study in 2002 catalogued 840 different POJ texts in existence . Besides a Southern Min version of Wikipedia in the orthography , there are teaching materials , religious texts , and books about linguistics , medicine and geography .
Lán ê Kiù @-@ chú Iâ @-@ so ͘ Ki @-@ tok ê Sin @-@ iok ( 1873 translation of the New Testament )
Lāi @-@ goā @-@ kho Khàn @-@ hō ͘ -ha ̍ k , by George Gushue @-@ Taylor , 1917
Chinese – English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy , by Carstairs Douglas , 1873
Lear Ông , translation of King Lear by Tē Hūi @-@ hun
= = Computing = =
POJ was initially not well supported by word @-@ processing applications due to the special diacritics needed to write it . Support has now improved and there are now sufficient resources to both enter and display POJ correctly . Several input methods exist to enter Unicode @-@ compliant POJ , including OpenVanilla ( OS X and Microsoft Windows ) , the cross @-@ platform Tai @-@ lo Input Method released by the Taiwanese Ministry of Education , and the Firefox add @-@ on Transliterator , which allows in @-@ browser POJ input . When POJ was first used in word @-@ processing applications it was not fully supported by the Unicode standard , thus necessitating work @-@ arounds . One employed was encoding the necessary characters in the " Private Use " section of Unicode , but this required both the writer and the reader to have the correct custom font installed . Another solution was to replace troublesome characters with near equivalents , for example substituting 〈 ä 〉 for 〈 ā 〉 or using a standard 〈 o 〉 followed by an interpunct to represent 〈 o ͘ 〉 . With the introduction into Unicode 4 @.@ 1 @.@ 0 of the combining character COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT ( U + 0358 ) in 2004 , all the necessary characters were present to write regular POJ without the need for workarounds . However , even after the addition of these characters , there are still relatively few fonts which are able to properly render the script , including the combining characters . Some of those which can are Charis SIL , DejaVu , Doulos SIL , Linux Libertine , and Taigi Unicode .
= = Han @-@ Romanization mixed script = =
One of the most popular modern ways of writing Taiwanese is by using a mixed orthography called Hàn @-@ lô ( simplified Chinese : 汉罗 ; traditional Chinese : 漢羅 ; pinyin : Hàn @-@ Luó ; literally Chinese @-@ Roman ) , and sometimes Han @-@ Romanization mixed script , a style not unlike written Japanese or ( historically ) Korean . In fact , the term Hàn @-@ lô does not describe one specific system , but covers any kind of writing in Southern Min which features both Chinese characters and romanization . That romanization is usually POJ , although recently some texts have begun appearing with Tâi @-@ lô spellings too . The problem with using only Chinese characters to write Southern Min is that there are many morphemes ( estimated to be around 15 percent of running text ) which are not definitively associated with a particular character . Various strategies have been developed to deal with the issue , including creating new characters , allocating Chinese characters used in written Mandarin with similar meanings ( but dissimilar etymology ) to represent the missing characters , or using romanization for the " missing 15 % " . There are two rationales for using mixed orthography writing , with two different aims . The first is to allow native speakers ( almost all of whom can already write Chinese characters ) to make use of their knowledge of characters , while replacing the missing 15 % with romanization . The second is to wean character literates off using them gradually , to be replaced eventually by fully romanized text . Examples of modern texts in Hàn @-@ lô include religious , pedagogical , scholarly , and literary works , such as :
Chang Yu @-@ hong . Principles of POJ .
Babuja A. Sidaia . A @-@ Chhûn .
= = Adaptations for other Chinese varieties = =
POJ has been adapted for several other varieties of Chinese , with varying degrees of success . For Hakka , missionaries and others have produced a Bible translation , hymn book , textbooks , and dictionaries . Materials produced in the orthography , called Pha ̍ k @-@ fa @-@ sṳ , include :
Hak @-@ ngi Sṳn @-@ kin , Sin @-@ yuk lau Sṳ @-@ phien : Hien @-@ thoi Thoi @-@ van Hak @-@ ngi Yit @-@ pun ( Hakka Bible , New Testament and Psalms : Today 's Taiwan Hakka Version ) . Bible Society . 1993 .
Phang Tet @-@ siu ( 1
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the most celebrated musicians of the 20th century . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as " arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music " .
Born in Seattle , Washington , Hendrix began playing guitar at the age of 15 . In 1961 , he enlisted in the US Army and trained as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division ; he was granted an honorable discharge the following year . Soon afterward , he moved to Clarksville , Tennessee , and began playing gigs on the chitlin ' circuit , earning a place in the Isley Brothers ' backing band and later with Little Richard , with whom he continued to work through mid @-@ 1965 . He then played with Curtis Knight and the Squires before moving to England in late 1966 after being discovered by Linda Keith , who in turn interested bassist Chas Chandler of the Animals in becoming his first manager . Within months , Hendrix had earned three UK top ten hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience : " Hey Joe " , " Purple Haze " , and " The Wind Cries Mary " . He achieved fame in the US after his performance at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 , and in 1968 his third and final studio album , Electric Ladyland , reached number one in the US ; it was Hendrix 's most commercially successful release and his first and only number one album . The world 's highest @-@ paid performer , he headlined the Woodstock Festival in 1969 and the Isle of Wight Festival in 1970 before his accidental death from barbiturate @-@ related asphyxia on September 18 , 1970 , at the age of 27 .
Hendrix was inspired musically by American rock and roll and electric blues . He favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain , and was instrumental in utilizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback . He helped to popularize the use of a wah @-@ wah pedal in mainstream rock , and was the first artist to use stereophonic phasing effects in music recordings . Holly George @-@ Warren of Rolling Stone commented : " Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as an electronic sound source . Players before him had experimented with feedback and distortion , but Hendrix turned those effects and others into a controlled , fluid vocabulary every bit as personal as the blues with which he began . "
Hendrix was the recipient of several music awards during his lifetime and posthumously . In 1967 , readers of Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year , and in 1968 , Rolling Stone declared him the Performer of the Year . Disc and Music Echo honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970 , Guitar Player named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year . The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005 . Rolling Stone ranked the band 's three studio albums , Are You Experienced , Axis : Bold as Love , and Electric Ladyland , among the 100 greatest albums of all time , and they ranked Hendrix as the greatest guitarist and the sixth greatest artist of all time .
= = Ancestry and childhood = =
Jimi Hendrix was of African @
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-@ American descent . Both his mother Lucille and father Al were African @-@ Americans . His paternal grandmother , Zenora " Nora " Rose Moore , was African @-@ American and one @-@ quarter Cherokee . Hendrix 's paternal grandfather , Bertran Philander Ross Hendrix ( born 1866 ) , was the result of an extramarital affair between a woman named Fanny , and a grain merchant from Urbana , Ohio or Illinois , one of the wealthiest men in the area at that time . On June 10 , 1919 , Hendrix and Moore had a son they named James Allen Ross Hendrix ; people called him Al .
In 1941 , Al met Lucille Jeter ( 1925 – 1958 ) at a dance in Seattle ; they married on March 31 , 1942 . Al , who had been drafted by the U.S. Army to serve in World War II , left to begin his basic training three days after the wedding . Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27 , 1942 , in Seattle , Washington ; he was the first of Lucille 's five children . In 1946 , Johnny 's parents changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix , in honor of Al and his late brother Leon Marshall .
Stationed in Alabama at the time of Hendrix 's birth , Al was denied the standard military furlough afforded servicemen for childbirth ; his commanding officer placed him in the stockade to prevent him from going AWOL to see his infant son in Seattle . He spent two months locked up without trial , and while in the stockade received a telegram announcing his son 's birth . During Al 's three @-@ year absence , Lucille struggled to raise their son . When Al was away , Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and friends , especially Lucille 's sister Delores Hall and her friend Dorothy Harding . Al received an honorable discharge from the US Army on September 1 , 1945 . Two months later , unable to find Lucille , Al went to the Berkeley , California home of a family friend named Mrs. Champ , who had taken care of and had attempted to adopt Hendrix ; this is where Al saw his son for the first time .
After returning from service , Al reunited with Lucille , but his inability to find steady work left the family impoverished . They both struggled with alcohol , and often fought when intoxicated . The violence sometimes drove Hendrix to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home . His relationship with his brother Leon ( born 1948 ) was close but precarious ; with Leon in and out of foster care , they lived with an almost constant threat of fraternal separation . In addition to Leon , Hendrix had three younger siblings : Joseph , born in 1949 , Kathy in 1950 , and Pamela , 1951 , all of whom Al and Lucille gave up to foster care and adoption . The family frequently moved , staying in cheap hotels and apartments around Seattle . On occasion , family members would take Hendrix to Vancouver to stay at his grandmother 's . A shy and sensitive boy , he was deeply affected by his life experiences . In later years , he confided to a girlfriend that he had been the victim of sexual abuse by a man in uniform . On December 17 , 1951 , when Hendrix was nine years old , his parents divorced ; the court granted Al custody of him and Leon .
= = First instruments = =
At Horace Mann Elementary School in Seattle during the mid @-@ 1950s , Hendrix 's habit of carrying a broom with him to emulate a guitar gained the attention of the school 's social worker . After more than a year of his clinging to a broom like a security blanket , she wrote a letter requesting school funding intended for underprivileged children , insisting that leaving him without a guitar might result in psychological damage . Her efforts failed , and Al refused to buy him a guitar .
In 1957 , while helping his father with a side @-@ job , Hendrix found a ukulele amongst the garbage that they were removing from an older woman 's home . She told him that he could keep the instrument , which had only one string . Learning by ear , he played single notes , following along to Elvis Presley songs , particularly Presley 's cover of Leiber and Stoller 's " Hound Dog " . By the age of thirty @-@ three , Hendrix 's mother Lucille had developed cirrhosis of the liver , and on February 2 , 1958 , she died when her spleen ruptured . Al refused to take James and Leon to attend their mother 's funeral ; he instead gave them shots of whiskey and instructed them that was how men were supposed to deal with loss . In mid @-@ 1958 , at age 15 , Hendrix acquired his first acoustic guitar , for $ 5 . He earnestly applied himself , playing the instrument for several hours daily , watching others and getting tips from more experienced guitarists , and listening to blues artists such as Muddy Waters , B.B. King , Howlin ' Wolf , and Robert Johnson . The first tune Hendrix learned how to play was the theme from Peter Gunn .
Soon after he acquired the acoustic guitar , Hendrix formed his first band , the Velvetones . Without an electric guitar , he could barely be heard over the sound of the group . After about three months , he realized that he needed an electric guitar in order to continue . In mid @-@ 1959 , his father relented and bought him a white Supro Ozark . Hendrix 's first gig was with an unnamed band in the basement of a synagogue , Seattle 's Temple De Hirsch , but after too much showing off , the band fired him between sets . He later joined the Rocking Kings , which played professionally at venues such as the Birdland club . When someone stole his guitar after he left it backstage overnight , Al bought him a red Silvertone Danelectro . In 1958 , Hendrix completed his studies at Washington Junior High School , though he did not graduate from Garfield High School .
= = Military service = =
Before Hendrix was 19 years old , law enforcement authorities had twice caught him riding in stolen cars . When given a choice between spending time in prison or joining the Army , he chose the latter and enlisted on May 31 , 1961 . After completing eight weeks of basic training at Fort Ord , California , he was assigned to the 101st Airborne Division and stationed at Fort Campbell , Kentucky . He arrived there on November 8 , and soon afterward he wrote to his father : " There 's nothing but physical training and harassment here for two weeks , then when you go to jump school ... you get hell . They work you to death , fussing and fighting . " In his next letter home , Hendrix , who had left his guitar at his girlfriend Betty Jean Morgan 's house in Seattle , asked his father to send it to him as soon as possible , stating : " I really need it now . " His father obliged and sent the red Silvertone Danelectro on which Hendrix had hand @-@ painted the words " Betty Jean " , to Fort Campbell . His apparent obsession with the instrument contributed to his neglect of his duties , which led to verbal taunting and physical abuse from his peers , who at least once hid the guitar from him until he had begged for its return .
In November 1961 , fellow serviceman Billy Cox walked past an army club and heard Hendrix playing guitar . Intrigued by the proficient playing , which he described as a combination of " John Lee Hooker and Beethoven " , Cox borrowed a bass guitar and the two jammed . Within a few weeks , they began performing at base clubs on the weekends with other musicians in a loosely organized band called the Casuals .
Hendrix completed his paratrooper training in just over eight months , and Major General C. W. G. Rich awarded him the prestigious Screaming Eagles patch on January 11 , 1962 . By February , his personal conduct had begun to draw
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died , he sold most of his holdings and returned to San Francisco . There he bought a steamer , the Alexander Duncan , and searching for new purpose in life , traveled north along the Oregon coast . While visiting Ellensburg ( later renamed Gold Beach ) , he decided to buy a salmon fishery near the mouth of the Rogue River in Curry County . There in late 1876 , " he took up his career once again in one of the most isolated and desolate sections of the Pacific Coast " .
= = Lower Rogue empire = =
After building a cannery , warehouse , bunkhouse , mess hall , and other buildings and hiring fishermen , Hume opened his salmon business in 1877 . He acquired ownership of all the tidelands along both sides of the lowermost 12 miles ( 19 km ) of the river ; this gave him virtual control of fish populations migrating between the ocean and spawning beds upstream . Over the next 32 years , Hume 's company caught , processed , and shipped hundreds of tons of salmon from the Rogue . Meanwhile , he remarried and expanded his business interests to include a store , hatchery , hotel , saloon , and sawmill , and other enterprises involving shipping , a newspaper ( the Gold Beach Gazette ) , real estate , and ranching .
After a fire destroyed the hatchery and several other Hume buildings in 1893 , he moved many of his holdings to the opposite side of the river , where he founded the city of Wedderburn in 1895 , naming it " in honor of the ancestral castle of the Humes of Scotland " . Floating some of his unburned buildings to Wedderburn from Ellensburg , he added a new hatchery , offices , a new home , many other buildings , and a horse @-@ racing track . He started another newspaper , the Wedderburn Radium , and applied successfully for a post office , which opened in 1898 and was run by a Hume employee in Hume 's general store .
As his businesses grew , he added to his fleet of ships , big ones to ship salmon to San Francisco and smaller ones for shallow waters and for towing larger ships in and out of the Rogue mouth . In 1879 he bought the steamer Varuna and the tug Mary Hume and started a shipyard at Ellensburg . In 1880 he added the steam schooner Mary D. Hume , the tug Pelican in 1883 , the schooner Berwick in 1887 , the steamer Thistle in 1888 , and replacement craft in subsequent years . Returning ships brought goods for Hume 's general store .
Throughout his career , the store was one of the central components of his business . It was a center of supplies and news for the people of the Rogue , who awaited the arrival of the fall provision ship with anticipation and anxiety , for this vessel was the only source of winter provisions . It provided Hume , the employer of the great majority of the citizens of Gold Beach and Wedderburn , with a means of repossessing the wages of his employees and of profiting on the exchange .
Hume became known as the Salmon King of Oregon and referred to himself as a " pygmy monopolist " in an autobiography published in the Radium between 1904 and 1906 .
= = Politician = =
According to Hume 's biographer , Gordon B. Dodds , Hume " entered politics both as officeholder and as lobbyist to protect his realm from the assaults of anti @-@ monopolists " . Between 1890 and 1910 in Oregon , Populist – Progressive coalitions led by W.S. U 'Ren and Governor Sylvester Pennoyer , a Democrat , battled business @-@ oriented Republican factions based in Portland . In 1892 , John H. Upton , the Populist candidate for the state legislature from Coos and Curry counties campaigned mainly in opposition to Hume 's monopoly on the Rogue . Political threats like the one posed by Upton as well as threats from the Alaska Packers ' Association ( APA ) , which had begun fishing the Rogue , led Hume to write political editorials , file lawsuits , endorse candidates , petition the legislature , and eventually to run for office himself .
In 1894 , Hume , hoping for a seat in the state legislature , campaigned in support of Populist demands such as unlimited coinage of silver , more regulation of large corporations ( like the APA ) , and large @-@ scale government spending for internal improvements . Dodds says that this approach " illustrates Hume 's view of the purpose of a political campaign : The program advocated should be one that would win , and not necessarily the program that the party or the candidate believed in . " After losing this election , Hume went to Salem , the state capital , in 1895 to lobby for bills that might favor his business interests . In 1896 Hume , switching to the Republican Party , used his newspaper , the Wedderburn Gazette , to support Republican William McKinley for the U.S. presidency .
In 1900 Hume , running as a Republican , narrowly won election to represent Coos and Curry counties in the state legislature . Shortly after taking office , Hume helped scuttle a bill to repeal a law passed in 1899 that gave the owner of tidelands the exclusive right to fish the waters in front of them . Since Hume owned all the tidelands on the Rogue , the law gave him a monopoly on fishing its lower reaches . On issues unrelated to his business interests , Hume generally voted conservative . He won re @-@ election in 1902 , garnering 934 votes — less than half of the total cast — to the Democrat 's 807 , the Socialist 's 219 , and the Prohibition Party 's 142 . During his second term , Hume fought to
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they were subsequently released in a prisoner exchange . Five KOS agents involved in Operation Labrador were tried in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on terrorism charges and acquitted . Croatian authorities captured two KOS agents who were part of the operation and tried them along with seven other agents who were tried in absentia . Those in custody were acquitted , while those tried in absentia were convicted .
The existence of Operation Labrador was further confirmed through the testimony of a former KOS agent , Major Mustafa Čandić , during the trial of Slobodan Milošević at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in 2002 .
= = Background = =
In August 1990 , an insurrection took place in Croatia centering in the predominantly Serb @-@ populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland near Knin , the Lika , Kordun , and Banovina regions , and eastern Croatia . The areas were subsequently named SAO Krajina ( Serb Autonomous Oblast ) and , after local leaders announced their intention to integrate SAO Krajina with Serbia , the Government of Croatia declared the SAO Krajina secession movement a rebellion . By March 1991 , the conflict had escalated into the Croatian War of Independence . In June 1991 , Croatia declared its independence as Yugoslavia disintegrated . A three @-@ month moratorium followed , after which the declaration came into effect on 8 October 1991 . The SAO Krajina , renamed Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) on 19 December 1991 , responded with a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Croatian civilians .
With the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) lending support to SAO Krajina leadership and the Croatian Police unable to cope with the situation , the Croatian National Guard ( ZNG ) was formed in May 1991 . The development of the military of Croatia was hampered by a UN arms embargo introduced in September , while the military conflict in Croatia continued to escalate . The JNA maintained substantial forces in the Croatian capital , Zagreb , throughout 1991 .
= = Bombings = =
In August 1991 , the Yugoslav Air Force 's Counterintelligence Service ( KOS ) executed a series of activities , codenamed Operation Labrador , aimed at discrediting the new Croatian government . Operation Labrador was planned to include several terrorist attacks that would go hand @-@ in @-@ hand with the activities of Operation Opera — a propaganda campaign devised to feed disinformation to the media . The two operations were intended to portray Croatia as a pro @-@ fascist state . An alternative name for Operation Opera was Operation Opera @-@ Orijentalis , or Operation Opera Orientalis .
Operation Labrador was headed by Colonel General Slobodan Rakočević , head of the Yugoslav Air Force branch of the KOS , based in Zemun . In Zagreb , operational control of Labrador was assigned to Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Sabolović , and Major Čedo Knežević . Lieutenant Colonel Radenko Radojčić was tasked with the storage of a substantial quantity of explosives in Zagreb and its surrounding areas and the subsequent planting of explosive devices in designated locations . The explosives and other munitions were stored across several sites .
On 19 August , the Jewish Community Centre in Palmotićeva Street in Zagreb , and Jewish graves at the Mirogoj Cemetery , were bombed as a part of Operation Labrador . The explosions caused property damage , but resulted in no casualties . There were no public claims of responsibility for the attack . Aside from the two explosions in Zagreb , agents assigned to Operation Labrador were thought to also be responsible for bombing the Zagreb – Belgrade railway near Vinkovci and a railway line between Glina and Vojnić . The railway attacks have also been ascribed to Operation Opera .
= = Aftermath = =
In the immediate aftermath of the bombings in Zagreb , Josip Manolić , who had just been appointed head of the Croatian intelligence service , claimed Croatian right @-@ wing extremists were responsible . Operation Labrador was abandoned after the ZNG and the Croatian police captured the Yugoslav Air Force headquarters in Zagreb on 15 September 1991 , during the Battle of the Barracks . The materials captured inside the facility included codes and computer disks related to Operation Labrador , as well as Sabolović 's notes . Sabolović turned the materials over to his immediate superior at headquarters , Mirko Martić , but Martić failed to destroy them . In response , Sabolović fled Zagreb . Croatian police took almost a month to analyze the captured materials properly and uncover Operation Labrador . Sabolović later claimed that only a part of the Operation Labrador network was dismantled , but he was contradicted by KOS Major Mustafa Čandić who was posted at the Zemun headquarters of KOS .
In autumn of 1991 , Croatian intelligence services launched Operation Janissary ( Operacija Janjičar ) aimed at dismantling the remaining KOS network in Croatia . The operation was a joint operation of all Croatian intelligence services . It was authorized by Ivan Vekić and Gojko Šušak , then interior and defence ministers , and initially headed by Josip Perković . Fifteen suspects were arrested by the end of 1991 ; they were subsequently exchanged for Anton Kikaš , who was captured by the JNA while smuggling a plane @-@ load of weapons to Croatia . The operation also produced a list of suspected KOS operatives in Croatia containing 1 @,@ 789 names and pseudonyms .
Rakočević , Sabolović , Radojčić and two other former KOS agents were tried in Belgrade in 1993 . The five were charged with instigation of terrorism and other crimes , but all were acquitted . Radojčić was arrested again in Zagreb in late 1993 . The second Trial of Radojčić and eight other suspects charged in connection with Operations Labrador and Opera , held in Zagreb , ended with the acquittal of Radojčić and Ratomir Mažibrada , who were in custody , and the convictions of the other defendants who were all tried in absentia .
Testifying at the Trial of Slobodan Milošević at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in 2002 , Čandić stated that all Operation Labrador agents left Zagreb and took the remaining documents with them . He also said that the KOS had an extensive network of informants within Croatian intelligence services and the ruling Croatian Democratic Union in 1991 . Čandić also testified that the railway bombing near Vinkovci was intended to implicate Croatian President Franjo Tuđman .
Bomb damage to the Jewish Community Centre was repaired between February and September 1992 , using government funds .
= Delaware Route 82 =
Delaware Route 82 ( DE 82 ) is a state highway in the northwest suburbs of Wilmington in New Castle County , Delaware . The route runs 5 @.@ 51 miles ( 8 @.@ 87 km ) from DE 52 near Greenville to the Pennsylvania border near Yorklyn , where it continues as Pennsylvania Route 82 ( PA 82 ) . The route runs through areas of woods and fields in northern New Castle County , with much of the route paralleling the Red Clay Creek . The entire route is a part of the Red Clay Scenic Byway , created in 2005 . DE 82 was first numbered by 1952 on its current alignment . In 2010 , DelDOT had proposed eliminating the route number , but the plan fell through due to public opposition .
= = Route description = =
DE 82 heads to the west of DE 52 near Greenville as two @-@ lane undivided Campbell Road . East of DE 52 , the road continues to DE 100 as Kirk Road . The road passes through wooded areas with some fields and homes before crossing over the Hoopes Reservoir . A short distance after the reservoir , DE 82 makes a left turn onto New London Road to head to the south . The route passes through woodland , curving to the west as it follows a winding alignment . The road reaches an intersection with Mt . Cuba Road in the community of Mount Cuba. where it heads northwest on Creek Road and parallels the Red Clay Creek and the Wilmington and Western Railroad . It continues on a winding alignment and passes over the creek twice before crossing the railroad two times . Along this stretch , the road passes through the community of Ashland and by the Ashland Nature Center .
The route
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strategic reserves to contain the British offensive , on 29 June Rommel requested permission from Hitler to allow the 7th Army to begin a fighting withdrawal towards the River Seine ; a move which would be mirrored by German forces in southern France to form a new front line along the Seine towards the Swiss border . This was partially endorsed by Hausser , who on 30 June proposed a retirement from Caen . Encouraged by the fighting in the valley of the Odon , Hitler stated that " we must not allow mobile warfare to develop " , committing his troops in Normandy to " a policy of aggressive and unyielding defence " . On 2 July , Scottish patrols produced the first evidence of this , reporting that south of the Odon the Germans were digging in . Aerial photographs taken two days later , showed large numbers of newly dug weapon positions and by 8 July , the German forces facing VIII Corps had entrenched themselves . Some local adjustments occurred as both sides sought to improve their tactical position and the 12th SS Panzer Division captured Fontaine @-@ Étoupefour on 2 July .
The VIII Corps , in battle for the first time , had broken through elaborate German defensive positions and advanced nearly 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) . By throwing in their last reserves , the Germans had been able to achieve a defensive success at the operational level , by containing the British offensive . More than 4 @,@ 000 casualties were inflicted upon the British but the effort cost the Germans more than 3 @,@ 000 men . The German commanders had been forced to commit their armoured reserves piecemeal to meet threats as they developed , counter @-@ attacking at a disadvantage . Over 120 German tanks were destroyed , the organisation of the remaining forces was disrupted and their offensive power much reduced . With few infantry divisions to relieve them , the panzer divisions were forced to remain in the front line rather than pulling back into reserve to recover .
Operation Epsom has been analysed by many military historians and commentators . S. A. Hart wrote in 2007 , that post @-@ war publication of memoirs by Allied generals had led to disputes along national lines during the 1950s and 1960s , with American historians generally critical of Montgomery and the actions of the Anglo @-@ Canadian forces , while " pro @-@ Montgomery " historians set out to refute these criticisms . Also published during this period were the national official campaign histories , which were thoroughly @-@ researched but avoided detailed critical analysis of the controversies . During the 1980s , revisionist writers concentrated on the perceived deficiencies of the Allies and since the late 1990s , two schools of thought have been revising the revisionists , some expanding on revisionist work , by providing a more detailed campaign analysis and those who have tried to show that the techniques employed by the Anglo @-@ Canadian forces were appropriate to conditions in Normandy .
In 1983 , Carlo D ’ Este wrote that the most logical place for a British attack would have been out of the Orne bridgehead , on the extreme eastern flank of the Allied lodgement . An attack there had been rejected by Montgomery , Dempsey and O ’ Connor as unrealistic . Some writers described the intent of Epsom as an attack to gain ground , while others have suggested that the operation had other objectives . In 2004 , Williams wrote that due to ULTRA intercepts , Montgomery was aware of Rommel 's plan to attack towards Bayeux and that Epsom was intended to forestall it . Wilmot in 1952 wrote that the operation was intended to draw the I SS Panzer Corps and the newly arrived II SS Panzer Corps into battle around Caen . Hart wrote that Montgomery wanted to keep the initiative and prevent German armoured forces from moving from to the west against the US First Army or being relieved and forming a reserve . The arrival of the II SS Panzer Corps was a catalyst for Operation Epsom , which retaining the initiative by forcing the German command to use the II SS Panzer Corps against VIII Corps . Hastings wrote in 1985 , that that " no sane commander " would mount an attack as big as Epsom without " every hope of breaking through the German defences , or at least of causing the enemy to make substantial withdrawals " . D ’ Este wrote that " No amount of pretence can conceal that the real object had been a short pincer movement to outflank Caen " .
Lloyd Clark wrote : " On the battlefield , Epsom ended , rather ignominiously , in a sort of draw " and that judging the effects of Operation Epsom is hampered by disagreement about Montgomery 's intent . In written orders Montgomery required an advance across the Orne River and the capture of high ground south of Caen , which was not achieved . Clark wrote that there were implicit objectives with strategic implications , more important than the capture of ground . In 1971 , Ambrose wrote of Epsom veering off @-@ course from the plan and D 'Este wrote that Epsom was " an operation of immense intentions which were not attained " , calling it a " dismal failure " . In 2004 , Trew and Badsey wrote of the British failure that it " ... took most of six Panzer Divisions to stop Epsom short of
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11 million in foreign countries , with a total of $ 122 @.@ 92 million worldwide .
= = = Critical response = = =
Big Fish received positive reviews from film critics . Based on 212 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , 77 % of the critics positively reviewed Big Fish , for an average score of 7 @.@ 2 / 10 . Metacritic calculated an average score of 58 / 100 , based on 43 reviews .
Observations modeled the film after Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) . " Big Fish turns into a wide @-@ eyed Southern Gothic picaresque in which each lunatic twist of a development is more enchanting than the last , " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote . " It 's like Forrest Gump without the bogus theme @-@ park politics . " Peter Travers from Rolling Stone magazine praised Burton 's direction , feeling it was a celebration of the art of storytelling and a touching father – son drama .
Mike Clark of USA Today commented that he was most fascinated by the casting choices . " Equally delightful is the Alison Lohman character 's evolution into an older woman ( Jessica Lange ) . It 's a metamorphosis to equal any in screen history . " Internet reviewer James Berardinelli found the fairy tale approach reminiscent of The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) and the films of Terry Gilliam . " Big Fish is a clever , smart fantasy that targets the child inside every adult , " Berardinelli said , " without insulting the intelligence of either . " Roger Ebert , in a mixed review , wrote " there is no denying that Will has a point : The old man is a blowhard . There is a point at which his stories stop working as entertainment and segue into sadism . " Richard Corliss of Time magazine was disappointed , finding the father @-@ son reconciliation storyline to be over @-@ dramatically cliché . " You recall The Boy Who Cried Wolf ? Edward Bloom is the man who cried fish . " Big Fish was # 85 on Slant Magazine 's best films of the 2000s .
= = = Home media = = =
The Region 1 DVD was released on April 27 , 2004 , and Region 2 was released on June 7 . The DVD features a Burton audio commentary track , seven featurettes and a trivia quiz . A special edition was released on November 1 , 2005 , with a 24 @-@ page hardback book entitled Fairy Tale for a Grown Up . The film was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc on March 20 , 2007 .
= = Accolades = =
Big Fish received four nominations at the 61st Golden Globe Awards ( but no winners ) for Best Motion Picture ( Musical or Comedy ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Finney ) , Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( Pearl Jam 's " Man of the Hour " ) .
At the 57th British Academy Film Awards , the film received seven nominations from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film , Best Direction ( Tim Burton ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( John August ) , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Albert Finney ) , Best Production Design ( Dennis Gassner ) , Best Visual Effects ( Kevin Scott Mack , Seth Maury , Lindsay MacGowan , Paddy Eason ) as well as Best Makeup and Hair ( Jean Ann Black and Paul LeBlanc ) .
Finney received another nomination for Best Actor at the 30th Saturn Awards , where the film was also nominated for Best Fantasy Film .
At the 76th Academy Awards , Danny Elfman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score . In 2005 , Elfman received a nomination at the 47th Grammy Awards for the Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture .
= Angkor Wat =
Angkor Wat ( Khmer : អង ្ គរវត ្ ត or " Capital Temple " ) is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world , with the site measuring 162 @.@ 6 hectares ( 1 @,@ 626 @,@ 000 m2 ; 402 acres ) . It was originally constructed as a Hindu temple for the Khmer Empire , gradually transforming into a Buddhist temple toward the end of the 12th century . It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura ( Khmer : យសោធរបុរៈ , present @-@ day Angkor ) , the capital of the Khmer Empire , as his state temple and eventual mausoleum . Breaking from the Shaiva tradition of previous kings , Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu . As the best @-@ preserved temple at the site , it is the only one to have remained a significant religious center since its foundation . The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture . It has become a symbol of Cambodia , appearing on its national flag , and it is the country 's prime attraction for visitors .
Angkor Wat combines two basic plans of Khmer temple architecture : the temple @-@ mountain and the later galleried temple . It is designed to represent Mount Meru , home of the devas in Hindu mythology : within a moat and an outer wall 3 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) long are three rectangular galleries , each raised above the next . At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers . Unlike most Angkorian temples , Angkor Wat is oriented to the west ; scholars are divided as to the significance of this . The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture , its extensive bas @-@ reliefs , and for the numerous devatas adorning its walls .
The modern name , Angkor Wat , means " Temple City " or " City of Temples " in Khmer ; Angkor , meaning " city " or " capital city " , is a vernacular form of the word nokor ( នគរ ) , which comes from the Sanskrit word nagara ( Devanāgarī : नगर ) . Wat is the Khmer word for " temple grounds " , also derived from Sanskrit vāṭa ( Devanāgarī : वाट ) , meaning " enclosure " .
= = History = =
Angkor Wat lies 5 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 4 mi ) north of the modern town of Siem Reap , and a short distance south and slightly east of the previous capital , which was centred at Baphuon . In an area of Cambodia where there is an important group of ancient structures , it is the southernmost of Angkor 's main sites .
According to legend , the construction of Angkor Wat was ordered by Indra to act as a palace for his son Precha Ket Mealea . According to the 13th century Chinese traveler Daguan Zhou , it was believed by some that the temple was constructed in a single night by a divine architect .
The initial design and construction of the temple took place in the first half of the 12th century , during the reign of Suryavarman II ( ruled 1113 – c . 1150 ) . Dedicated to Vishnu , it was built as the king 's state temple and capital city . As neither the foundation stela nor any contemporary inscriptions referring to the temple have been found , its original name is unknown , but it may have been known as " Varah Vishnu @-@ lok " after the presiding deity . Work seems to have ended shortly after the king 's death , leaving some of the bas @-@ relief decoration
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unfinished . In 1177 , approximately 27 years after the death of Suryavarman II , Angkor was sacked by the Chams , the traditional enemies of the Khmer . Thereafter the empire was restored by a new king , Jayavarman VII , who established a new capital and state temple ( Angkor Thom and the Bayon respectively ) a few kilometers to the north .
Toward the end of the 12th century , Angkor Wat gradually transformed from a Hindu center of worship to Buddhism , which continues to the present day . Angkor Wat is unusual among the Angkor temples in that although it was somewhat neglected after the 16th century it was never completely abandoned , its preservation being due in part to the fact that its moat also provided some protection from encroachment by the jungle .
One of the first Western visitors to the temple was António da Madalena , a Portuguese monk who visited in 1586 and said that it " is of such extraordinary construction that it is not possible to describe it with a pen , particularly since it is like no other building in the world . It has towers and decoration and all the refinements which the human genius can conceive of . "
By the 17th century , Angkor Wat was not completely abandoned and functioned as a Buddhist temple . Fourteen inscriptions dated from the 17th century discovered in Angkor area , testify to Japanese Buddhist pilgrims that might had established small settlements alongside Khmer locals . At that time , the temple was thought by the Japanese visitors as the famed Jetavana garden of the Buddha , which originally located in the kingdom of Magadha , India . The best @-@ known inscription tells of Ukondafu Kazufusa , who celebrated the Khmer New Year at Angkor Wat in 1632 .
In the mid @-@ 19th century , the temple was visited by the French naturalist and explorer , Henri Mouhot , who popularised the site in the West through the publication of travel notes , in which he wrote :
" One of these temples — a rival to that of Solomon , and erected by some ancient Michelangelo — might take an honorable place beside our most beautiful buildings . It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome , and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged . "
Mouhot , like other early Western visitors , found it difficult to believe that the Khmers could have built the temple , and mistakenly dated it to around the same era as Rome . The true history of Angkor Wat was pieced together only from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site . There were no ordinary dwellings or houses or other signs of settlement including cooking utensils , weapons , or items of clothing usually found at ancient sites . Instead there is the evidence of the monuments themselves .
Angkor Wat required considerable restoration in the 20th century , mainly the removal of accumulated earth and vegetation . Work was interrupted by the civil war and Khmer Rouge control of the country during the 1970s and 1980s , but relatively little damage was done during this period . Camping Khmer Rouge forces used whatever wood remained in the building structures for firewood , a pavilion was ruined by a stray American shell , and a shoot @-@ out between Khmer Rouge and Vietnamese forces put a few bullet holes in a bas relief . Far more damage was done after the wars , by art thieving working out of Thailand , which , in the late 1980s and early 1990s , claimed almost every head that could be lopped off the structures , including reconstructions .
The temple is a powerful symbol of Cambodia , and is a source of great national pride that has factored into Cambodia 's diplomatic relations with France , the United States and its neighbor Thailand . A depiction of Angkor Wat has been a part of Cambodian national flags since the introduction of the first version circa 1863 . From a larger historical and even transcultural perspective , however , the temple of Angkor Wat did not become a symbol of national pride sui generis but had been inscribed into a larger politico @-@ cultural process of French @-@ colonial heritage production in which the original temple site was presented in French colonial and universal exhibitions in Paris and Marseille between 1889 and 1937 . Angkor Wat 's aesthetics were also on display in the plaster cast museum of Louis Delaporte called musée Indo @-@ chinois which existed in the Parisian Trocadero Palace from c.1880 to the mid @-@ 1920s .
The splendid artistic legacy of Angkor Wat and other Khmer monuments in the Angkor region led directly to France adopting Cambodia as a protectorate on 11 August 1863 and invading Siam to take control of the ruins . This quickly led to Cambodia reclaiming lands in the northwestern corner of the country that had been under Siamese ( Thai ) control since 1351 AD ( Manich Jumsai 2001 ) , or by some accounts , 1431 AD . Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953 and has controlled Angkor Wat since that time . It is safe to say that from the colonial period onwards until the site 's nomination as UNESCO World Heritage in 1992 , this specific temple of Angkor Wat was instrumental in the formation of the modern and gradually globalized concept of built cultural heritage .
In December 2015 , it was announced that a research team from University of Sydney had found a previously unseen ensemble of buried towers built and demolished during the construction of Angkor Wat , as well as massive structure of unknown purpose on its south side and wooden fortifications . The findings also include evidence of low @-@ density residential occupation in the region , with a road grid , ponds and mounds . These indicate that the temple precinct , bounded by moat and wall , may not have been used exclusively by the priestly elite , as was previously thought . The team used LiDAR , ground @-@ penetrating radar and targeted excavation to map Angkor Wat .
= = Architecture = =
= = = Site and plan = = =
Angkor Wat , located at 13 ° 24 ′ 45 ″ N 103 ° 52 ′ 0 ″ E , is a unique combination of the temple mountain ( the standard design for the empire 's state temples ) and the later plan of concentric galleries . The temple is a representation of Mount Meru , the home of the gods : the central quincunx of towers symbolises the five peaks of the mountain , and the walls and moat symbolise the surrounding mountain ranges and ocean . Access to the upper areas of the temple was progressively more exclusive , with the laity being admitted only to the lowest level .
Unlike most Khmer temples , Angkor Wat is oriented to the west rather than the
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1875 ) at Rossett , Denbighshire , St Stephen 's , Moulton ( 1876 ) , the rebuilding of Christ Church , Chester ( also in 1876 ) , the Church of St Mary the Virgin ( 1877 – 78 ) at Halkyn , Flintshire , and the Welsh Church of St John the Evangelist ( 1878 ) in Mold , also in Flintshire . Later in this period he built St Mary 's Church , at Pulford in 1881 – 84 for the Duke of Westminster and in 1882 – 85 St Werburgh 's New Church at Warburton for Rowland Egerton @-@ Warburton .
= = = Partnerships = = =
= = = = Douglas & Fordham ( 1884 – 98 ) = = = =
In 1885 – 87 the partnership designed Abbeystead House for the 4th Earl of Sefton in North Lancashire . Hubbard describes this as " the finest of Douglas 's Elizabethan houses , and one of the largest which he ever designed " . During this time additions were made to Jodrell Hall in Cheshire and Halkyn Castle in Flintshire . In 1885 the Castle Hotel at Conwy , Caernarfonshire , was remodelled , and in 1887 – 88 a strongroom was added to Hawarden Castle , followed by a porch in 1890 . During this period more buildings were added to the Eaton Hall estate , and these included houses and cottages , such as Eccleston Hill , and Eccleston Ferry House , and farms such as Saighton Lane Farm . In 1890 – 91 an obelisk was built in the Belgrave Avenue approach to Eaton Hall . The last house designed by Douglas on a large scale was Brocksford Hall ( 1893 ) in Derbyshire . This was a country house in Elizabethan style using diapered brick and stone dressings with a clock tower . In Chester city centre , 38 Bridge Street ( 1897 ) is a timber @-@ framed shop that incorporates a section of Chester Rows and contains heavily decorated carving . From 1892 the partnership designed houses and cottages in Port Sunlight for Lever Brothers . Also in the village they designed the Dell Bridge ( 1894 ) , and the school ( 1894 – 96 ) , which is now called the Lyceum . In 1896 Douglas designed a house for himself , Walmoor Hill in Dee Banks , Chester , in Elizabethan style . Between 1895 and 1897 he designed a range of buildings on the east side of St Werburgh Street in the centre of Chester . At its south end , on the corner of Eastgate Street , is a bank whose ground storey is built in stone , and behind this leading up St Werburgh Street , the ground storey consists of shop fronts . Above this the range consists of two storeys plus an attic , which are covered in highly ornamented timber @-@ framing . On the first floor is a series of oriel windows , the second floor is jettied , and at the top are eleven gables . Pevsner considers that this range of buildings is " Douglas at his best ( though also at his showiest ) " . Hubbard expresses the opinion that " in this work , the city 's half @-@ timber revival reached its very apogee " .
During the partnership , work continued on designing new churches and restoring older ones . In 1884 – 85 a chapel was built at Carlett Park at Eastham in the Wirral and in 1884 – 87 St Deiniol 's Church was built in Criccieth , Caernarfonshire . Christ Church , Rossett ( 1886 – 92 ) , St Paul 's Church , Colwyn Bay ( 1887 – 88 with later additions ) , and St Andrew 's Church , West Kirby ( 1889 – 91 ) followed . St John 's Church in Barmouth , Merionethshire was built between 1889 and 1895 . It is one of the largest of Douglas 's churches , although in 1891 , during its construction , the tower collapsed and had to be rebuilt . Other churches built in North Wales were Christ Church in Bryn @-@ y @-@ Maen , Colwyn Bay , and All Saints , Deganwy ( both 1897 – 99 ) .
In about 1891 – 92 the Church of St James the Great , Haydock , was built . This was constructed in half @-@ timber to give protection against possible mining subsidence . Other new churches built during this partnership were St Wenefrede 's Church , Bickley ( 1892 ) , St David 's Welsh Church in Rhosllannerchrugog , Denbighshire , All Saints Church , Higher Kinnerton ( 1893 ) , the Congregational Church in Great Crosby ( 1897 – 98 ) , and St John the Evangelist 's Church , Weston , Runcorn ( 1897 – 1900 ) . A spire was added to St Peter 's Church , Chester in 1886 – 87 and a tower was added to Holy Trinity Church , Capenhurst in about 1889 – 90 . In 1886 – 87 Douglas added a bell tower to St John the Baptist 's Church , Chester and this was followed by the rebuilding of its north aisle . Other restorations , embellishments , and additions of monuments and furniture were carried out in churches during this partnership .
= = = = Douglas & Minshull ( 1898 – 1909 ) and Douglas alone ( 1909 – 11 ) = = = =
In 1898 the firm designed St Oswald 's Chambers in St Werburgh Street , Chester , and this was followed by further buildings in the city . In 1902 – 03 Douglas built St John the Evangelist 's Church , in the village of his birth , Sandiway . It was built on land owned by Douglas and he paid for the cost of the chancel and the lych gate . In 1899 the Diamond Jubilee Memorial Clock , constructed in open wrought iron , was erected on the Eastgate in Chester to commemorate Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee in 1897 . In 1898 – 1901 Chester 's public baths were built ; this was an unusual work for Douglas as it involved specialist engineering work . During this period one of Douglas 's most important secular buildings was designed , St Deiniol 's Library , at Hawarden , Flintshire , for W. E. Gladstone and his family . The first phase was constructed between 1899 and 1902 , and the library was completed in 1904 – 06 . Around this time the practice was commissioned to work on two churches in association with Gladstone ; St Ethelwold 's ( 1898 – 1902 ) was a new church at Shotton in Flintshire , and additions were made to St Matthew 's at Buckley , also in Flintshire , between 1897 and 1905 . The other new churches built during this period were Douglas 's only Scottish church , the Episcopal Church ( 1903 ) in Lockerbie , Dumfriesshire , and St Matthew 's Church ( 1910 – 11 ) in Saltney , Flintshire . Alterations were made and furniture was designed for other churches . Douglas 's last major project was the addition of a tower to his church of St Paul 's at Colwyn Bay , but he died before this could be completed .
= = = Publication = = =
Douglas published no writings of his own and left no records of his ideas and thoughts . The only publication with which he was associated was the Abbey Square Sketch Book , which he edited . The book appeared in three volumes , the first dated 1872 and the others undated ; it consisted of sketches and drawings ( with some photographs in the third volume ) by many contributors . The pictures depicted buildings and furniture , mainly dating from the late medieval period and the 16th and 17th centuries , and mostly from Cheshire and northwest England . Douglas 's only contribution was a jointly ascribed plate in the third volume . It is likely that he designed the title pages , or at least the drawing incorporated in it , of the Abbey Gateway in Chester .
= = Reputation , influences and legacy = =
Douglas practised for the whole of his career in a provincial county town , and most of his works were concentrated in Cheshire and North Wales , yet he " conducted a practice which achieved national renown " . He was never a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects , but his works featured frequently in national publications , including Building News , The Builder , The Architect , and The British Architect , the last of which particularly praised many of his works . A number of
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able then briefly entered a storyline where she was forced to play a subservient role to Vince and Shane McMahon , but the storyline was cut short .
In 1999 , as part of a new storyline , Sable was attacked by a masked woman named Spider Lady , who turned out to be Luna . Sable defeated Luna in a Strap match at the Royal Rumble after an assist from a planted female Sable fan , WWF newcomer Tori . Tori 's debut signified a change in Sable 's persona . After the Rumble , Rena ( under her Sable ring name ) was featured as the cover girl for the April 1999 issue of Playboy . The issue was one of the highest selling issues of Playboy ever . Surrounding the release of the issue , the Sable character turned heel by " going Hollywood " and having an inflated ego . Rarely defending her title , Sable continually berated her fan Tori , and she feuded with both Tori and Luna Vachon ( who had turned face ) . She debuted a new catchphrase : " This is for all the women who want to be me and all the men who come to see me " and a dance move called " the grind . " The feud with Tori led to a match at WrestleMania XV . During the contest , Nicole Bass debuted as Sable 's bodyguard and helped Sable win the match .
Sable went on with Bass making Bass do all of her dirty work . Sable continued to hold the championship for almost six months , but on May 10 , 1999 , Debra " won " the Women 's Championship from Sable in an Evening Gown match . Normally in an Evening Gown match , the winner is the woman who forcibly removes her opponent 's dress , which Sable did . As part of the storyline , WWF Commissioner Shawn Michaels , however , ruled that the woman who had lost her dress was the winner , making Debra the new Women 's Champion . Off @-@ screen , Sable was in a dispute with the WWF , which is why she was stripped of the title on @-@ screen . Sable at this time was also very unpopular backstage , to the extent that Sean Waltman has since admitted to playing a nasty practical joke on her last day with the WWF .
= = = Post – WWF ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = =
In June 1999 , Sable quit the WWF and filed a $ 110 million lawsuit against the company , citing allegations of sexual harassment and unsafe working conditions . She claims to have filed the lawsuit after refusing to go topless . During the course of the lawsuit , Vince McMahon counter @-@ sued her over control of the stagename " Sable " . Sable reduced the amount she was seeking in damages , and they eventually settled out of court in August 1999 . Sable used her real name for her appearance in the September 1999 issue of Playboy . She was the first woman in history to be given two Playboy covers in the same year . After her WWF exit , she made an on @-@ camera appearance as an audience member on World Championship Wrestling 's Nitro on June 14 , 1999 .
During this time , she made appearances on The Howard Stern Show and Late Night with Conan O 'Brien . She also made appearances on television shows such as Relic Hunter and First Wave and in the films Corky Romano as a female bouncer and Ariana 's Quest . She released her autobiography , entitled Undefeated in August 2000 . She also released a comic book entitled The 10th Muse starring herself as a superhero . In May 2001 , she was given an advice column on CompuServe . On November 13 and November 14 , 2001 , she appeared as the on @-@ camera " CEO " of the newly formed X Wrestling Federation ( XWF ) , but these were her only appearances with the company .
= = = Return to WWE = = =
= = = = Relationship with Vince McMahon ( 2003 ) = = = =
Rena Mero returned to the WWF , which is now known as World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) on the April 3 , 2003 episode of SmackDown ! , reprising her role as Sable . Sable continued portraying a villainess and spent several months in a storyline with new Playboy covergirl Torrie Wilson . During their angle , the evil Sable followed Wilson down to her matches , talked with her backstage , and on one occasion , she left Wilson in a tag match alone to fend for herself . Sable eventually challenged Wilson to a showdown bikini contest at Judgment Day . After Sable got the bigger applause , Wilson removed her bikini to reveal an even smaller bikini underneath , and Special Guest Referee Tazz declared Wilson the winner . After the match , Wilson went up to Sable and kissed her before exiting the ring . Sable then had an altercation with the guest judge Tazz , dumping water on him on the following edition of SmackDown ! , as a means of gaining revenge for declaring Wilson the winner .
Sable then feuded with Stephanie McMahon in a storyline in which she was Vince McMahon 's mistress . Vince appointed Sable as Stephanie 's personal assistant against Stephanie 's will , sparking the feud between the duo . During the feud , they competed in several catfights , a food fight , a parking lot brawl in which Sable 's bra was ripped off , revealing both her breasts on live television , and a match in which Sable smacked a clipboard over Stephanie 's head . At Vengeance , Sable defeated Stephanie after interference by her new ally , A @-@ Train . At SummerSlam , Sable accompanied A @-@ Train in his match against The Undertaker , which he lost . After the match , The Undertaker held Sable so that Stephanie could use a Spear attack on her . After SummerSlam , Vince and Sable focused on getting rid of Stephanie for good , so Vince made an " I Quit " match at No Mercy . During the match , Sable slapped Stephanie and was involved in a scuffle with Linda McMahon .
= = = = Various storylines and departure ( 2004 ) = = = =
Sable briefly became a face again when she appeared on the cover of Playboy magazine ( March 2004 issue ) for the third time in her career . On the cover , she appeared with fellow diva Torrie Wilson , making them the first WWE Divas to pose in Playboy together . Surrounding the release of the cover , the duo feuded with Raw divas Stacy Keibler and Miss Jackie , even though all four women were faces at the time . The two teams squared off at WrestleMania XX in an Interpromotional Tag Team Evening Gown match , but the divas started the match in their underwear , making it more of a lingerie match . Sable and Wilson were victorious . The change was rumored to have occurred because Sable had suffered damage to her breast .
Following WrestleMania XX , Sable quickly turned heel again and engaged in another short feud with Torrie Wilson . The feud culminated at The Great American Bash , where Sable defeated Wilson despite the referee not noticing that one of Wilson 's shoulders were not down . On the July 1 edition of SmackDown , Sable was defeated
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Claremont was used as it had an oval and buildings for accommodation and events . A major advantage of the venue was that all facilities were on one level . There was no suitable facility for basketball and after much debate a wooden court was laid on a sand foundation in front of the main grandstand . The City of Perth Aquatic Centre , Beatty Park was used for swimming events . Pamela McCarthy , one of India 's two athletes , made the following comment on the showground facilities " This communal living was ideal for getting to know one and another and for making friends ; every conceivable facility was provided at the Showgrounds – such as television lounge , a shop , post office , bank , laundry and even a ladies hairdresser . "
The organising committee decided at the outset that transport would be a major issue and ultimately reflect on the success of the Games . The decision to locate most of the events and accommodation at the showgrounds reduced many of the issues . Car companies in Perth made cars available and volunteer drivers assisted in taking athletes and officials around Perth , particularly to Beatty Park . The biggest issue was encountered by teams from the United Kingdom that had to travel 20 @,@ 000 miles ( 32 @,@ 000 km ) . A total of 57 athletes and 23 escorts travelled from the United Kingdom in a chartered Caledonian Airways plane at the cost of 18 @,@ 500 pounds . The long flight required refuelling in Bahrain and a stop over in Colombo , Ceylon . Health checks such as measuring legs and ankles for swelling were undertaken during the flight to Perth and back home . A major logistical effort was required to transport the 80 member team to the Showgrounds on arrival at Perth airport . Royal Perth Hospital 's special coach , a Red Cross bus , private cars and a truck to carry wheelchairs were used .
The flag was the games emblem of a javelin thrower in a wheelchair with a background outline of the Flag of Australia on a flagpole in a slight breeze . Medals had one side with the games emblem and the reverse side name of sport with room for engraving . Badges were given to each competitor and official with the aims of identification and access to the dining hall . The badge also became a memento of the games .
= = Participating teams = =
A total of 89 athletes from nine countries competed . The countries represented and their allocated colours were : England ( dark blue ) , India ( light green ) , New Zealand ( pink ) , Northern Ireland ( dark green ) , Rhodesia ( light blue ) , Scotland ( black ) , Singapore ( red ) , Wales ( white ) and Australia ( gold ) . The only major Commonwealth country not represented was Canada , which decided not to attend . Many of the athletes competed in several sports because each country selected their team based on versatility of sporting ability to reduce their team size and costs .
Source – Official Programme Approximately 40 attendants assisted the teams .
= = Medals = =
There were fourteen events – archery , dartchery , javelin throw , precision javelin , club throw , shot putt , swimming , weightlifting , pentathlon , fencing , snooker , basketball and table tennis .
Medal Table
Not all events awarded silver and bronze medals due to insufficient competitors .
= = Awards = =
Seven awards were presented during the games that reflected sporting excellence and personal endeavour .
Lorraine Dodd from Australia was presented the Ben Richter Award for the physically handicapped person to have made the best effort to rehabilitate himself or herself .
Australia won the Royal Perth Hospital Paraplegic Unit Trophy for the winning country .
Singapore and Northern Ireland were awarded the Special Merit Award ; both countries failed to win a medal .
Rhodesia won the Best Team Performance , with 15 gold , 3 silver and 5 bronze medals with four team members .
Dick Thompson from England and Kevin Cunningham won the Australian Paraplegic Council Trophy for winning pentathlon events .
George Mann from Rhodesia won the trophy for the performance based on degree of physical disability . This trophy was donated by World Rehabilitation Fund in New York .
The Australian Basketball team won the Gordon Gooch Trophy . Gooch was the Games Patron .
= = Participant reflections and legacy = =
Reflections from athletes and officials provide an insight into the value of this inaugural event . Bill Mather @-@ Brown , an Australian athlete , said " The 1962 Games was the first time I had been asked for an autograph . We regarded it as a compliment . We were mobbed , especially at the swimming pool . Sometimes we were not sure people really wanted our signature or were just being polite and wanted us to feel good " .
John Buck , an English athlete , said this about his reason for attending the games : " I had been in Perth during the war years serving as an engine room artificer on H.M. submarine Thule and had the misfortune to pick up one of those endearing Australian bugs which left me in a rather poor state of health ( e.g. a paraplegic ) " . He wanted to go back to Perth to see the Stitt family who looked after him in Perth .
Bill Elson , an English support official , commented on the large swimming crowds " For many , this must have been a first introduction to swimming by the paralysed , and I felt that many
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Casey returned to Washington , D.C. in October 1940 to become chief of the Design and Engineering Section in the Construction Division of the Office of the Quartermaster General , under Brigadier General Brehon B. Somervell . An enormous construction program was underway to meet the needs of World War II . Working with a staff that included George Bergstrom , a former president of the American Institute of Architects , Casey set about revising the standard designs for barracks . A number of new features were added to improve comfort , safety , and durability . Substitutions were made for scarce materials . It was discovered that the standard 63 @-@ man barracks was now too small . Of the 81 companies in the new triangular division , 51 fitted more easily into 74 @-@ man barracks . By slightly increasing the barracks size , substantial savings were made by reducing the overall number of buildings that needed to be constructed , the size of the cantonment areas required , and the length of required roads and utility lines . Casey was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 8 April 1941 .
On the afternoon of Thursday , 17 July 1941 , Somervell summoned Casey and Bergstrom and gave them a new special project : the design of an enormous office complex to house the War Department 's 40 @,@ 000 @-@ person staff together in one building . Somervell gave them until 09 : 00 on Monday morning to design the building , which he envisaged as a modern , four @-@ story structure with no elevators , on the site of the old Washington Hoover Airport . This would ultimately become The Pentagon , the largest office building in the world . Over that " very busy weekend " , Casey , Bergstrom and their staff roughed out the design for a four @-@ story , five @-@ sided structure with a floor area of 5 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 square feet ( 470 @,@ 000 m2 ) — twice that of the Empire State Building . The estimated cost was $ 35 million . President Roosevelt subsequently moved the site of the building , over Somervell 's objections , away from Arlington National Cemetery .
= = = Southwest Pacific = = =
In September 1941 , General Douglas MacArthur requested Casey 's services as his chief engineer . Casey arrived in Manila in October , shortly before the outbreak of war between the United States and Japan . He acquired construction equipment from the National Power Corporation that was being used on the Caliraya project . Casey supervised demolitions as MacArthur 's troops retreated to Bataan , for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . Unlike the rest of MacArthur 's headquarters , Casey , who was promoted to colonel on 19 December 1941 and brigadier general on 25 January 1942 , did not relocate to Corregidor but remained on Bataan with a small staff of five officers . However , he joined MacArthur and sixteen other members of his staff in their escape from Corregidor by PT boat in March 1942 . For his service in the 1942 campaign in the Philippines , he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal .
In Australia , Casey became Chief Engineer at MacArthur 's General Headquarters ( GHQ ) , Southwest Pacific Area ( SWPA ) . He faced enormous engineering challenges . Most of New Guinea consisted of mountains and jungle , with very few airstrips , ports or roads . All of these had to be developed to support operations . To provide additional expertise in construction , Casey had Leif Sverdrup assigned to his staff as chief of the Construction Section , with the rank of colonel . As U.S. Army engineers were few , Casey worked closely with his Australian Army counterpart at General Sir Thomas Blamey 's Allied Land Forces headquarters , Major General Clive Steele . Construction activities in Australia were also undertaken by civilians of the Allied Works Council . Casey attempted to coordinate the activities of the various agencies . He had to fend off attempts by the U.S. Army Air Forces to gain control of his aviation engineer battalions . The Royal Australian Air Force organized its own airbase construction squadrons and only with difficulty was Casey able to control their activities .
Casey 's initial need was for engineer units to accomplish the daunting construction program , but soon stocks of engineer supplies and equipment began to run low . This was exacerbated by incoming units arriving without their equipment , or with it stowed on numerous ships , which often arrived at various ports in a theater where ports were hundred or thousands of miles apart . Critical shortages developed of tractors , graders , concrete mixers and welding equipment . In the absence of a proper stock control system , an overall coordinating agency
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insulting to viewers who had been predicting it . What resulted was Miles and Hurley discussing Chang with Miles plainly saying , " That douche is my dad " before a cut to a commercial break .
= = Reception = =
After four appearances , Leung was nominated for the J. C. Penney Asian Excellence Award in the Supporting Television Actor category , but he lost to Rex Lee , who plays Lloyd on HBO 's Entourage . According to Jon Lachonis of UGO , Miles and the other new characters have been well received by fans . Maureen Ryan of The Chicago Tribune said that Leung is " terrifically intense " in his portrayal . Paige Albiniak of the New York Post praised the cast addition . Diane Werts of Newsday thought that " Ken Leung and Michael Emerson may be the two current most interesting actors in this mix " . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger commented that " Miles the dustbusting ghostbuster is easily my favorite [ of the characters introduced in ' Confirmed Dead ' ] … why not throw in a medium [ among the show 's science fiction phemonena ] … I love the sarcastic energy he brings . Sawyer and Ben can 't be the only ones getting the good one @-@ liners " . After Miles ' introduction in the second episode of the fourth season , Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Leung made " a strong impression " and was well cast . Chris Carabott of IGN stated that " Leung does an adequate job of getting Miles ' arrogant brand of confidence across . "
= Brodie Croyle =
John Brodie Croyle ( / ˈkrɔɪl / ; born February 6 , 1983 ) is a former American football quarterback . He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League ( NFL ) in the third round of the 2006 NFL Draft . He played college football for the University of Alabama from 2002 to 2005 .
Despite being hindered by knee injuries in his senior season in high school , Croyle was a highly recruited prospect by Louisiana State University , Florida State University and the University of Alabama . On the night Croyle was ready to announce his decision to attend Florida State , he changed his mind and chose Alabama , his father 's alma mater , instead . In Croyle 's four years playing for the Alabama Crimson Tide football team , he set numerous school records , and was a finalist for the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award . Croyle led the Crimson Tide to the 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic and was named the game 's offensive MVP .
Though he saw little playing time in his rookie season in the NFL , Croyle shared the starting position with Damon Huard in 2007 . On November 18 , Croyle started his first game as the Chiefs ' starting quarterback against the Indianapolis Colts .
Croyle remained the Chiefs ' starting quarterback for the remainder of the season despite losing all six games that he started . He was the incumbent starter heading into the 2008 regular season , but suffered a shoulder injury in the Chiefs ' first game . Croyle returned in Week 7 but suffered a torn MCL and was ruled out for the remainder of the season . Croyle began the 2009 season once again as the Chiefs ' starting quarterback , filling in for an injured Matt Cassel . Croyle was released by the Chiefs in 2011 and later signed with the Arizona Cardinals . On May 21 , 2012 , he announced his immediate retirement from professional football .
= = Early years = =
The son of John Croyle , a former defensive end for the University of Alabama , Croyle was born on February 6 , 1983 . He attended high school at Westbrook Christian School in Rainbow City , Alabama and became a Super @-@ Prep All @-@ American selection in football . In his sophomore season , Croyle passed for 3 @,@ 787 yards and 44 touchdowns . That same season he passed for 528 yards and 7 touchdowns in one game . Croyle had an equally successful junior year passing for 2 @,@ 838 yards and 38 touchdowns . Croyle led his team to the state championship that year , but the team lost by a field goal .
Entering his senior year , many scouts had Croyle ranked as high as the # 2 quarterback in the country behind Joe Mauer . However , Croyle 's high school career ended abruptly in the first game of his senior season against Glencoe High School after a hit by an opposing player tore Croyle 's anterior cruciate ligament , causing him to miss the remainder of his final year . When he graduated , he held the Alabama state records for career passing yards with 9 @,@ 323 , and career touchdowns with 105 . He set marks for most passing yards in a single season , passing yards in a single game , touchdown passes in a season , and touchdown passes in a game .
= = College career = =
Despite the knee injury , Croyle received interest from members the Southeastern Conference and the Atlantic Coast Conference , including Louisiana State and Florida State . Croyle showed interest in playing for Florida State due in part because of the team 's offensive coordinator , Mark Richt . Croyle initially showed little interest in playing for Alabama after their head coach , Mike DuBose had recently been fired , but once Richt took the head coaching job with the Georgia Bulldogs , Croyle followed in his father 's footsteps . On the night before he was to announce his college decision to play for Florida State , Croyle announced that he would instead play for the Alabama Crimson Tide . Interestingly enough , the Crimson Tide were not fazed by Croyle ’ s rather serious ligament tear , for they felt he would heal well enough that his talent still warranted a spot on the roster . Croyle graduated early from high school and enrolled at the University of Alabama in January 2001 . After red @-@ shirting his freshman year at Alabama , Croyle earned a spot as the top backup in his second season behind senior starter Tyler Watts . Croyle 's coaches voted for him as the Ozzie Newsome Most Improved Freshman after starting two games in 2002 . After the 2002 season , Alabama head coach Dennis Franchione resigned to take the same position at Texas A & M. Washington State head coach Mike Price was hired to replace Franchione in January 2003 .
Coach Price mentored Croyle throughout the 2003 spring drills and practice but was dismissed from the head coach position in May 2003 for his conduct off the field . Soon after , Mike Shula , quarterback coach for the Miami Dolphins and former quarterback of the Crimson Tide , was named head coach at Alabama . Croyle , now with his third head coach in as many years , had only a few weeks to prepare and practice under coach Shula 's system . Despite starting all 11 games in 2003 as a sophomore , Croyle suffered a separated shoulder before half time of the fifth game . Croyle would start the next game against Georgia only to re @-@ aggravate the injury , but still only sat out one game that season , and did not reveal to the public he had suffered from two cracked ribs . The Crimson Tide 's 2003 season ended with a record of 4 – 9 . He was subsequently named the Dixie Memorial Award winner as the club ’ s MVP and won the Derrick Thomas Community Award . His 341 pass attempts on the season were the highest seasonal total in Crimson Tide history while his 16 touchdown passes tied the single @-@ season mark .
Croyle started the 2004 season hoping to help his team improve on their last record of 4
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ola , learning to fly on N3Ns , OS2Us and finally SNJs . On graduation in May 1942 , he was posted to VS @-@ 3 , a scouting squadron . He was promoted to lieutenant ( junior grade ) on 1 June 1942 , and lieutenant on 1 August 1942 . He returned to Hawaii , where he was assigned to the cruiser USS Salt Lake City in November . After some effort , he managed to get himself reassigned to the Enterprise .
Ramage reported to the Enterprise in Noumea in February 1943 . After qualifying to land on a carrier in Noumea in April 1943 , he was assigned to Bombing Squadron Ten ( VB @-@ 10 ) , one of the carrier 's two dive bomber squadrons flying the Douglas SBD Dauntless as its executive officer . Shortly afterwards , the Enterprise returned to Pearl Harbor for overhaul , and Ramage returned to the United States with his wife . The squadrons of Carrier Air Group 10 , of which VB @-@ 10 was a part , were reequipped with new aircraft , with VB @-@ 10 receiving new SBD @-@ 5s to replace its older SBD @-@ 3 models . Air Group 10 returned to Hawaii in November 1943 , and the whole group qualified for night operation , making two night landings on the Enterprise in January 1944 . Ramage saw his first combat in the Battle of Kwajalein in January 1944 , and participated in the attack on Truk in February and landings at Hollandia in April . He became commander of VB @-@ 10 in March .
On the evening of June 20 , 1944 , during the Battle of the Philippine Sea , Ramage led 12 Dauntlesses , 12 Grumman F6F Hellcats and 5 Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers from Enterprise in the maximum @-@ range attack against the Japanese fleet . He later recalled :
Shortly , our strike group was picked up by the Japanese combat air patrol . Cawley informed me that there were several Zeros on our port quarter , high . Each time they would commence a run on the base element , our Air Group Commander , " Killer " Kane , would nose into them with his F6Fs . The Japanese would break off the attack . They had decided to wait until our most vulnerable time , the point of roll into the attack . At that time the bomber and torpedo formation integrity would be broken as each pilot made his dive . Bombing Squadron Ten did not dive from an echelon . Rather , during the high speed run @-@ in , the wingman gradually drifted back until the division leader rolled in . This preserved the " V " formation for as long as possible , permitting the gunners to concentrate on an attack from the rear from either side . It was standard procedure for the low fighter cover to strafe ahead of the base element , and the high cover to strafe behind . The fighters would proceed to the rendezvous point to provide cover for the aircraft of the base element as they rejoined and formed a defensive formation .
The Japanese fleet was easy to locate ; there were black AA puffs over a wide area – also some colored detonations . Soon , I could make out two carriers below and to port . It was just as we had been briefed . I took the closest carrier and Bangs ' division took the second carrier in the middle task group . Eason 's torpedo planes split between the two . The TBFs carried four 500 @-@ lb general purpose bombs , while the SBDs each carried one 1000 @-@ lb bomb : half general purpose and half semi armor piercing .
As I rolled in , I had a fine view of the carrier . I split my dive brakes at about 10 @,@ 000 feet . Shortly thereafter I could hear Cawley 's twin thirties chattering ; then I looked over to the right and within five feet of me , passing below , was a Zero . The dive brakes had thrown him off aim . My dive was a good , standard 70 ° attack . At about 5000 feet I opened up with my two 50 @-@ caliber machine guns . The tracers were going directly into the forward elevator . The carrier was steaming into the wind . Allowing for the wind and target motion , I moved the pipper to just ahead of the bow of the carrier , and released at 1800 feet .
My First Division plus Van Eason 's five TBMs dove on Ryuho . Bang 's six plane division , upon sighting a third carrier , split into two sections with Bang 's diving on Hiyo and Grubiss ' section attacking Junyo . There is still doubt about which section hit which carrier . All three carriers in CarDiv Two were covered . None returned to battle during the war . Hiyo was sunk , and the damaged Junyo and Ryuho were broken up two years after the war in a Japanese shipyard . You will note that other U.S. squadrons registered hits on Carrier Division 2 as well .
I pulled out , easing down to about 300 feet and was immediately taken under fire by all sorts of ships – battleships , cruisers , and destroyers . Cawley yelled into his mike , " Skipper , look back . She 's burning from asshole to appetite ! " About that time there was so much stuff being thrown up at us that I just couldn 't look back . Cawley then began telling me to climb or descend , depending on where the AA was aimed . We pulled out to the eastward . As soon as I was clear of the Japanese outer screen , I started a gentle turn to the left . It was about 1930 and beginning to get dark . I shortly had six of my birds , then three more . Several Zeros were about to make a run on us , but Kane 's fighters shot down four or five . After three orbits , I knew that we 'd have to start back to the task force . As I gave the hand signal indicating that we were squared away on our return course , we began to pick up all sorts of stragglers . As soon as they picked up our heading they added throttle and left us . They weren 't going to get stuck with the SBD 's 150 @-@ knot cruise speed .
He was personally credited with crippling a Japanese aircraft carrier , which naval historian Barrett Tillman believes was the Ryūhō . Ramage made a slow and deliberate return to the Enterprise in order to conserve fuel , but on reaching it found that its deck was obstructed by a crashed aircraft , and he had to land on the USS Yorktown instead . Only one Enterprise plane was lost in combat , although five more were lost operationally through accidents , crash landings or dirching at sea . Only one of these was an SBD . For his part in the battle , Ramage was awarded the Navy 's second highest honor , the Navy Cross . His citation read :
for extraordinary heroism in operations against the enemy while serving as Pilot of a carrier @-@ based Navy Dive Bomber and Flight Leader in Bombing Squadron Ten ( VB @-@ 10 ) , attached to the USS Enterprise ( CV @-@ 6 ) , in action against enemy Japanese forces in the vicinity of the Marianas Islands from June 12 to 20 June 1944 . An aggressive combat pilot , Lieutenant Commander Ramage led his squadron with consistent skill and daring on numerous bombing missions in the Marianas and , striking repeatedly against strongly defended military objectives , inflicted costly and excessive damage upon the enemy 's defenses and ground installations . Acting as air coordinator on June 15 and 16 , he directed brilliant attacks of all squadrons in support of the landings of our ground forces in their initial advance against the enemy . Taking off with three divisions of his squadron on 20 June he led a fierce attack against enemy carriers , personally diving upon a medium @-@ sized carrier and scoring a hit on the stern of the enemy vessel . By his expert airmanship , exceptional daring and courageous initiative , Lieutenant Commander Ramage contributed essentially to the success of our operations in this strategic area , and his great personal valor in the face of grave peril was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service .
The superior performance of the Lexington and Enterprise squadrons that were still equipped with the old SBD compared with those equipped with the new Curtiss SB2C Helldiver caused great concern , and serious consideration was given to going back to the old aircraft . For this tour of duty , in addition to the Navy Cross , Ramage was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross twice and the Air Medal six times . In September 1944 , Ramage received his last wartime assignment , as commanding officer of Bombing Squadron Ninety Eight VB @-@ 98 , a California @-@ based training unit . He remained with VB @-@ 98 until July 1946 .
= = Post @-@ war = =
After the war , Ramage applied for the first postwar class at the Naval War College . He wrote two theses , one on the possibility of future conflict with the Soviet Union , and the other on nuclear weapons and carrier aviation . This would eventually
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lead to new prospects , but on graduation Ramage could not obtain another flying assignment , and instead was posted to the escort carrier USS Bairoko as its navigator . In this capacity , he participated in Operation Sandstone at Enewetak Atoll in April and May 1948 . In July , he was assigned to COMNAVAIRPAC as a personnel officer .
In March 1950 , Ramage went to Sandia Base , where he attended an indoctrination course on nuclear weapons . In June was assigned to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project ( AFSWP ) , and was promoted to commander in July . While waiting for his Q clearance , he was put in charge of a board investigating a crash of an AJ Savage , then the Navy 's frontline nuclear bomber , an aircraft that did not impress Ramage . After his clearance came through , he worked in the AFSWP 's Operations Division , writing and reviewing war plans .
After becoming jet qualified in F9F Panthers at the Fleet Air Gunnery Unit ( FAGU ) , Ramage assumed command of Carrier Air Group 19 in December 1952 . His squadrons carrier qualified on the USS Yorktown in June 1953 before embarking on the USS Oriskany . The ship sailed for Korea , where a ceasefire had been in effect since July 1953 . Alan Shepard flew as his wing man . At the end of this cruise in June 1954 , he assumed command of VC @-@ 3 , a large composite squadron that acted as a transitional training unit at Naval Air Station Miramar in California . He became chief of the Sea Base Striking Forces Planning Unit ( OP @-@ 05W ) in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in Washington , DC in June 1955 , and then entered the National War College in July 1957 , where he was promoted to captain on 1 August . Once again he produced a dissertation on nuclear weapons .
On graduating a year later , Ramage once again expressed a preference for a flying job , so he received command of Heavy Attack Wing One , which was based at the Naval Air Station Sanford . This wing consisted of the nuclear attack squadrons flying the A3D Skywarrior , detachments from which were posted to the aircraft carriers . The post was a senior one for a captain ; Robert Goldthwaite had held the post while he was a rear admiral . Ramage had never flown the A3D before , so he started by becoming carrier qualified on it , which required eight carrier landings . To his surprise , he found that the aircraft was easy to fly , and he was successful at lifting the training level of the entire wing .
Still too junior to be considered for command of an aircraft carrier , he received command of a seaplane tender , USS Salisbury Sound . He then returned to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations as head of Special Weapons Plans ( OP @-@ 604 ) in July 1961 . He was awarded a Master of Arts degree from George Washington University in 1963 . In July 1963 , he received command of an aircraft carrier , the USS Independence . Despite having limited experience with ships , Ramage had no trouble adjusting to commanding one . He never felt though , that commanding a ship was an enjoyable as flying an aircraft . The ship won the Arleigh Burke award for most improved crew . Around this time , his marriage
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broke up , and he became divorced . He was remarried in Rome on 14 August 1964 , to Virginia ( Ginger ) Keesling Cordes . She had two children , Randy and Karen Cordes .
Returning to shore duty in Washington , he was assigned to Joint Task Force 2 , which was charged by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara with investigating whether it was necessary to have aircraft that could fly at low altitude at supersonic speeds . This was the subject of considerable debate between the Navy and the Air Force at the time . Tests were carried out at Sandia Base with the OV @-@ 1 Mohawk , A @-@ 1 Skyraider , A @-@ 4 Skyhawk , A @-@ 6 Intruder , F @-@ 4 Phantom , F @-@ 105 Thunderchief , B @-@ 52 and B @-@ 58 Hustler aircraft .
In January 1966 , he became chief of staff of Carrier Division Seven , which was commanded by Rear Admiral James R. Reedy , flying his flag from the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk . This formed part of Task Force 77 , which was cruising off the North Vietnamese coast at Yankee Station during the Vietnam War . North Vietnam was divided into Route Packages , which allotted certain areas to the Navy , and Ramage 's role was to coordinate the Navy 's part in Operation Rolling Thunder . For this he was awarded the Legion of Merit . He also spent a brief time as commander of the aircraft carrier USS Franklin D. Roosevelt after its skipper had a heart attack .
Ramage was promoted to rear admiral on 1 July 1967 . As a flag officer , became Commander Fleet Air NAS Whidbey Island , another training command , this time specializing on the A @-@ 6 Intruder . His tenure was short , for in April he was assigned to the staff of the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , U.S. Pacific Command ( CINCPAC ) , Admiral U. S. Grant Sharp , Jr . , which was responsible for the overall direction of the war in Vietnam . For his service at CINCPAC , Ramage was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal . In 1970 , he assumed command of Carrier Division Seven , which was still off the coast of Vietnam . For this , he was awarded a second and third Legion of Merit .
In April 1972 , Ramage became Commander Naval Air Reserve , based at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois , for which he received a fourth Legion of Merit . His final assignment was as Commander Tenth Naval District , Caribbean Sea Frontier and Commander Fleet Air Caribbean from 12 June 1973 to 23 August 1975 . He retired from active duty in January 1976 .
= = Later life = =
Ramage was a member of the Carrier Aviation Hall of Fame , and in 2006 , was inducted into the American Combat Airman Hall of Fame in Midland , Texas . In May 2008 he was inducted into the Hall of Honor at the National Naval Museum in Pensacola , Florida . He was involved in the ultimately successful campaign to rename Waterloo 's ConWay Civic Center as the Five Sullivan Brothers Convention Center , in honor of the Sullivan brothers , five brothers from Waterloo who died when the USS Juneau was lost during World War II . In 2008 , Ramage appeared in The History Channel series Battle 360 and recounted many of his experiences as a member of VB @-@ 10 .
On 21 July 2012 , he died at his Coronado , California , home of congenital heart failure , and was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego . He was survived by his daughters Jamie and Jaleen , and his step daughter Karen . He had four grandchildren and four great grandchildren . A scholarship was established by the Tailhook Educational Foundation in his honor .
= = Jig Dog Ramage Award = =
In 2001 , the Tailhook Association established the annual " Jig Dog " Ramage Award to recognize the air wing @-@ aircraft carrier team with the best performance as an integrated unit and excellence in Navy carrier operations .
= Selenium =
Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34 . It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table , sulfur and tellurium . It rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earth 's crust . Selenium ( Greek σελήνη selene meaning " Moon " ) was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius , who noted the similarity of the new element to the previously discovered tellurium ( named for the Earth ) .
Selenium is found in metal sulfide ores , where it partially replaces the sulfur . Commercially , selenium is produced as a byproduct in the refining of these ores , most often during production . Minerals that are pure selenide or selenate compounds are known but rare . The chief commercial uses for selenium today are glassmaking and pigments . Selenium is a semiconductor and is used in photocells . Applications in electronics , once important , have been mostly supplanted by silicon semiconductor devices . Selenium is still used in a few types of DC power surge protectors and one type of fluorescent quantum dot .
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for Carmencita : " Valse Santiago " , " La Paloma " , and " Alma @-@ Danza Spagnola " .
Even as Edison followed his dream of securing the Kinetoscope 's popularity by adding sound to its allure , many in the field were beginning to suspect that film projection was the next step that should be pursued . When Norman Raff communicated his customers ' interest in such a system to Edison , the great inventor summarily rejected the notion :
No , if we make this screen machine that you are asking for , it will spoil everything . We are making these peep show machines and selling a lot of them at a good profit . If we put out a screen machine there will be a use for maybe about ten of them in the whole United States . With that many screen machines you could show the pictures to everybody in the country — and then it would be done . Let 's not kill the goose that lays the golden egg .
Under continuing pressure from Raff , Edison eventually conceded to investigate the possibility of developing a projection system . He seconded one of his lab 's technicians to the Kinetoscope Company to initiate the work , without informing Dickson . Dickson 's ultimate discovery of this move appears to have been one of the central factors leading to his break with Edison that occurred in spring 1895 .
= = Projecting Kinetoscopes = =
Over the course of 1895 , it became clear that the Kinetoscope was going to lose out on one end to projected motion pictures and , on the other , to a new " peep show " device , the cheap , flip @-@ book @-@ based Mutoscope . In its second year of commercialization , the Kinetoscope operation 's profits plummeted by more than 95 percent , to just over $ 4 @,@ 000 . The Latham brothers and their father , Woodville , had retained the services of former Edison employee Eugene Lauste and then , in April 1895 , Dickson himself to develop a film projection system . On May 20 , in New York City , the new Eidoloscope was used for the first commercial screening of a motion picture : a boxing match between Young Griffo and Charles Barnett , four or eight minutes long . European inventors , most prominently the Lumières and Germany 's Skladanowsky brothers , were moving forward with similar systems .
By the beginning of 1896 , Edison had turned his attention to promoting a projector technology , the Phantoscope , developed by young inventors Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat . The rights to the system had been acquired by Raff and Gammon , who redubbed it the Vitascope and arranged with Edison to present himself as its creator . With Dickson having left his employ , the Kinetophone was soon mothballed and Edison suspended work on sound cinema for an extended period . Departing the Vitascope operation after little more than a year , Edison commissioned the development of his own projection systems , the Projectoscope and then multiple iterations of the Projecting Kinetoscope . In 1912 , he introduced the ambitious and expensive Home Projecting Kinetoscope , which employed a unique format of three parallel columns of sequential frames on one strip of film — the middle column ran through the machine in the reverse direction from its neighbors . It was a commercial failure . Four years later , the Edison operation came out with its last substantial new film exhibition technology , a short @-@ lived theatrical system called the Super Kinetoscope . Much of the Edison company 's most creative work in the motion picture field from 1897 on involved the use of Kinetoscope @-@ related patents in threatened or actual lawsuits for the purpose of financially pressuring or blocking commercial rivals .
As far back as the Vitascope days , some exhibitors had screened films accompanied by phonographs playing appropriate , though very roughly timed , sound effects ; in the style of the Kinetophone described above , rhythmically matching recordings were also made available for march and dance subjects . While Edison oversaw cursory sound @-@ cinema experiments after the success of The Great Train Robbery ( 1903 ) and other Edison Manufacturing Company productions , it was not until 1908 that he returned in earnest to the combined audiovisual concept that had first led him to enter the motion picture field . Edison patented a synchronization system connecting a projector and a phonograph , located behind the screen , via an assembly of three rigid shafts — a vertical one descending from each device , joined by a third running horizontally the entire length of the theater , beneath the floor . Two years later , he supervised a press demonstration at the laboratory of a sound @-@ film system of either this or a later design . In 1913 , Edison finally introduced the new Kinetophone — like all of his sound @-@ film exhibition systems since the first in the mid @-@ 1890s , it used a cylinder phonograph , now connected to a Projecting Kinetoscope via a fishing line – type belt and a series of metal pulleys . While it met with great acclaim in the short term , poorly trained operators had trouble keeping picture in synchronization with sound and , like other sound @-@ film systems of the era , the Kinetophone had not solved the issues of insufficient amplification and unpleasant audio quality . Its drawing power as a novelty soon faded and when a fire at Edison 's West Orange complex in December 1914 destroyed all of the company 's Kinetophone image and sound masters , the system was abandoned .
= = = Kinetoscope films = = =
Edison National Historic Site : Blacksmith Scene ( 1893 ) , Sandow ( 1894 ) , Serpentine Dance ( ca . 1894 – 95 ) , Edison at Work in His Chemistry Lab ( n.d. ) . Note that The Kiss ( 1896 ) was shot not for the Kinetoscope but for Vitascope projection .
Library of Congress : twenty @-@ five films from 1891 through 1895
= Maurice Richard =
Joseph Henri Maurice " Rocket " Richard , PC CC OQ ( / rᵻˈʃɑːrd / ; French : [ ʁiʃaʁ ] ; August 4 , 1921 – May 27 , 2000 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Montreal Canadiens . He was the first player in NHL history to score 50 goals in one season , accomplishing the feat in 50 games in 1944 – 45 , and the first to reach 500 career goals . Richard retired in 1960 as the league 's all @-@ time leader in goals with 544 . He won the Hart Trophy as the NHL 's most valuable player in 1947 , played in 13 All @-@ Star Games and was named to 14 post @-@ season NHL All @-@ Star Teams .
Richard , Elmer Lach and Toe Blake formed the " Punch line " , a high @-@ scoring forward line of the 1940s . Richard was a member of eight Stanley Cup championship teams , including five straight between 1955 and 1960 ; he was the team 's captain for the last four . The Hockey Hall of Fame waived its five @-@ year waiting period for eligibility and inducted Richard into the hall in 1961 . In 1975 he was inducted into Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame . The Canadiens retired his number , 9 , in 1960 , and in 1998 donated the Maurice " Rocket " Richard Trophy to the NHL , awarded annually to the league 's regular season leading goal @-@ scorer .
The eldest of eight children , Richard emerged from a poverty @-@ stricken family during the Great Depression . He was initially viewed as a fragile player . A string of injuries prevented him from joining the Canadian military during the Second World War . Outspoken and intense , he was renowned for his physical and occasionally violent style of play . Richard was involved in a vicious on @-@ ice incident late in the 1954 – 55 season during which he struck a linesman . NHL President Clarence Campbell suspended him for the remainder of the season and playoffs , which precipitated the Richard Riot in Montreal . The riot has taken on a mythical quality in the decades since and is often viewed as a precursor to Quebec 's Quiet Revolution . Richard was a cultural icon among Quebec 's francophone population ; his legend is a primary motif in Roch Carrier 's The Hockey Sweater . Richard died in 2000 and became the first non @-@ politician honoured by the province of Quebec with a state funeral .
= = Early life = =
Joseph Henri Maurice Richard was born August 4 , 1921 , in Montreal . His parents , Onésime Richard and Alice Laramée , were originally from the Gaspé region of Quebec before moving to Montreal , where they settled in the neighbourhood of Bordeaux . Maurice was the eldest of eight children ; he had three sisters : Georgette , Rollande and Marguerite ; and four brothers : René , Jacques , Henri , and Claude . Onésime was a carpenter by trade , and took a job with the Canadian Pacific Railway shortly after Maurice was born . The Richards struggled during the Great Depression ; Onésime
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= =
Agneepath broke the record of the highest opening day collections , with a nett of ₹ 217 @.@ 6 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 2 million ) on its opening day , surpassing the previous record held by Bodyguard . Subsequently , the film netted ₹ 621 @.@ 1 million ( US $ 9 @.@ 2 million ) over its extended four @-@ day weekend . The film 's collections sustained well on its first Monday and it netted around ₹ 75 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 1 million ) , taking its five @-@ day total to ₹ 695 million ( US $ 10 million ) nett . It netted ₹ 65 million ( US $ 970 @,@ 000 ) on Tuesday and another ₹ 50 million ( US $ 740 @,@ 000 ) nett on Wednesday . The movie brought its first @-@ week total to ₹ 858 @.@ 8 million ( US $ 13 million ) nett , thereby emerging as a major commercial success .
The film collected ₹ 231 @.@ 2 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 4 million ) in its second week , thus taking its two @-@ week total to ₹ 1 @.@ 09 billion ( US $ 16 million ) nett . The film collected ₹ 75 @.@ 9 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 1 million ) nett in its third week , taking its three @-@ week nett collections to ₹ 1 @.@ 17 billion ( US $ 17 million ) . It collected ₹ 26 @.@ 1 million ( US $ 390 @,@ 000 ) in its fourth week , taking its four @-@ week nett collections to ₹ 1 @.@ 19 billion ( US $ 18 million ) . Agneepath was thus declared a " superhit " . Agneepath has collected ₹ 1 @.@ 20 billion ( US $ 18 million ) in its lifetime run in India . Its final distributor share was ₹ 655 million ( US $ 9 @.@ 7 million ) .
After a successful opening in the domestic market , Agneepath made ₹ 165 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 5 million ) in its four @-@ day weekend , overseas . At the time of release , the film holds the record for the twelfth largest opening ever internationally . The film has grossed around $ 6 million in overseas markets .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
= Raid on Genoa =
The Raid on Genoa was a minor naval engagement fought in the harbour of the Italian city of Genoa during the first year of the French Revolutionary Wars . French Republican forces in the Mediterranean , under pressure from Austrian and Spanish armies , Royalist uprisings and British blockade had suffered the loss of their principal naval base and the fleet stationed there when British forces under Lord Hood seized Toulon at the invitation of the city 's Royalist faction . The survivors of the French fleet were scattered across the Mediterranean , several sheltering in neutral Italian harbours , including the frigates Modeste at Genoa and Impérieuse at Leghorn .
To eliminate the threat these isolated frigates posed , Hood ordered a squadron under Rear @-@ Admiral John Gell to investigate the harbour at Genoa . The squadron arrived on 5 October and discovered Modeste and two smaller warships at anchor . Later in the day , three ships of the squadron launched their ship 's boats and instigated a boarding action against the anchored ships , in defiance of Genoese neutrality . The French crews resisted , but the British boarding parties successfully captured all three vessels without suffering any casualties . Six days later the detached HMS Captain also seized the abandoned Impérieuse , which had fled to La Spezia . The action had strategic consequences : the Republican faction in Genoa was strong and they successfully barred Austrian reinforcements from sailing to join the Allied garrison at the developing Siege of Toulon . The outnumbered defenders of the port were overwhelmed and driven into the sea by a Republican assault on 17 December .
= = Mediterranean in 1793 = =
The French Revolutionary Wars , which began in 1792 as a conflict between the new French Republic and the Austrian Empire following the French Revolution , spread in 1793 to involve a number of other European nations , including Spain and Great Britain . In addition to these external threats , political tensions within France led to a series of uprisings against the Republic in the summer of 1793 , particularly in the south of the country . One of the centres of Royalist activity was the city of Toulon , the major naval base and home port for the powerful French Mediterranean Fleet . On 28 August , after fighting between Republican forces and British troops for control of the heights overlooking the city , Toulon surrendered to Lord Hood , commander of the British Royal Navy 's Mediterranean Fleet . Hood 's forces occupied the city , seized the French fleet in harbour and called for reinforcements to defend Toulon against the inevitable Republican counterattack , receiving Spanish , Neapolitan and Sardinian contingents over the following weeks as the Siege of Toulon developed .
Austrian troops were also promised , to be dispatched from the Austrian Army fighting the French in Northern Italy . These troops could only reach Toulon by sea , scheduled to embark from the city port of Genoa , capital of the Italian state of the Republic of Genoa , which at this stage of the war was officially neutral . Genoa was however , in common with other Northern Italian cities , in a state of political upheaval . The French Revolution had inspired similarly @-@ minded revolutionaries in Italy to support Republican ideas , and there was a substantial Republican faction in the Genoese government which supported France 's cause . Food supplies were regularly shipped from Genoa to the Republican armies in Southern France , and the demands of Francis Drake , Ambassador to Genoa , that this trade cease went unheeded .
The situation at Genoa was compounded by the presence of French warships in Genoese waters . Those parts of the French fleet which had not been seized at Toulon were now deprived of a home port and so had taken refuge in neutral Italian ports , relying on Italian neutrality to protect them from attack by the more numerous enemy fleets operating in the Ligurian Sea . Two of the largest such ships were the 36 @-@ gun frigate Modeste and 40 @-@ gun Impérieuse , which had taken shelter at Genoa and Leghorn , in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , respectively . They presented both a threat to Allied shipping and an impediment to the movement of reinforcements through the Italian ports , but despite strong protests from Drake and Lord Hervey , Ambassador to Tuscany , the Republican sympathisers in Genoa and Leghorn refused to compel the French ships to leave . In consequence , Hood resolved that the frigates be eliminated so that the Republicans in Genoa would be coerced into withdrawing their support .
= = Raid = =
To confront the French frigates , Hood diverted a powerful squadron from his fleet at Toulon . This force was led by Rear @-@ Admiral John Gell in the 98 @-@ gun ship of the line HMS St George and included the 74 @-@ gun HMS Bedford under Captain Robert Mann , and HMS Captain under Captain Samuel Reeve , as well as the French Royalist Scipion . Smaller warships accompanied the larger warships : HMS Mermaid , HMS Tartar , HMS Alerte , HMS Eclair , HMS Vulcan , HMS Conflagration , and HMS Speedy under Commander Charles Cunningham . This force was ordered to sail to Genoa and eliminate Modeste . The squadron arrived off the port on 5 October .
Modeste was clearly visible in the harbour , anchored at the mole near two tartanes ( small Mediterranean sailing craft here armed with four guns and carrying crews of around 70 men ) . The senior officers of the squadron held a council to determine the best course of action , and decided that since diplomatic options had failed and the Genoese appeared to support the French , the British would resort to a military solution . On the afternoon of 5 October Bedford was slowly warped into the harbour and alongside Modeste , as Reeve launched the ship 's boats from Captain and brought them close to the other side of the French frigate .
The British arrival was reportedly greeted with derision by the French sailors , until a boarding party clambered onto the frigate from Bedford 's deck , to be met by resistance from the French crew . Mann then ordered his ship 's Royal Marines to fire into the French sailors , killing one and wounding several more . This attack broke their resolve and the French surrendered , several leaping into the sea to escape capture , only to be collected by the boats of Captain . As Modeste was subdued , the boats of Speedy approached the tartanes . As the boat parties boarded the small French warships , the crew of one surrendered while the other resisted the British boarders . A short melee broke out on the deck of the tartane , resulting in the captain and one other French sailor wounded and the tartane firmly in British hands . The raid completed , the British squadron withdrew from Genoa with their prizes . One French sailor had been killed in the operation and ten wounded , while the British boarding parties had survived unscathed .
= = = La Spezia = = =
Alarmed by the raid on Genoa , the authorities in Leghorn ordered Impérieuse to leave immediately .
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three novelty songs from his album Everybody Loves A Nut , " Dirty Old Egg @-@ Sucking Dog " , " Flushed from the Bathroom of Your Heart " , and " Joe Bean " . June Carter joined Cash on stage to perform a pair of duets . After a seven @-@ minute version of a song from his " Blood , Sweat and Tears " album , " The Legend of John Henry 's Hammer " , Cash took a break and Carter recited a poem . Cash ended both concerts with Sherley 's " Greystone Chapel " . The second concert was not as fruitful as the first ; the musicians were fatigued from the earlier show . Only two songs from the second concert , " Give My Love to Rose " and " I Got Stripes , " made it onto the LP release .
= = Reception and impact = =
The album release of At Folsom Prison was prepared in four months . Despite the recent success of " Rosanna 's Going Wild " , a Cash single released just before the Folsom concerts that reached number two on the country charts , Columbia initially invested little in the album or its single " Folsom Prison Blues " . This was due partially to Columbia 's efforts to promote pop stars instead of country artists . Nevertheless , the single charted on the Billboard Hot 100 on May 25 , 1968 ; it also hit the country charts a week later . The single suffered a setback , however , when Sirhan Sirhan assassinated Senator Robert F. Kennedy on June 5 , 1968 . Radio stations ceased playing the single due to the macabre line : " I shot a man in Reno / Just to watch him die " . Reeling in the success prior to the assassination , Columbia demanded that Johnston remix the single with the line removed . Despite protests from Cash , the single was edited and re @-@ released . The new version became a success , hitting number one on the country charts and the top forty on the national charts . The successful single prompted the album to climb the album charts , eventually reaching number one on the Top Country Albums chart and number thirteen on the Pop Albums chart — the forerunner to the Billboard 200 . By August 1968 , Folsom had shipped over 300 @,@ 000 copies ; two months later it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipping over 500 @,@ 000 .
At Folsom Prison received rave reviews upon its release . Al Aronowitz of Life stated that Cash sang the songs like " someone who has grown up believing he is one of the people that these songs are about . " For The Village Voice , Ann Fisher wrote that " every cut is special in its own way " and Richard Goldstein noted that the album was " filled with the kind of emotionalism you seldom find in rock . " Fredrick E. Danker of Sing Out ! praised At Folsom Prison as " an album structured an aural experience for us . "
The success of At Folsom Prison revitalized Cash 's career ; according to Cash , " that 's where things really got started for me again " . Sun Records re @-@ dubbed Cash 's previous B @-@ side " Get Rhythm " with applause similar to Folsom 's , and it became successful enough to enter the Hot 100 . Cash returned to the prison scene in 1969 when he recorded At San Quentin at San Quentin State Prison . At San Quentin became Cash 's first album to hit number one on the Pop chart and produced the number two hit " A Boy Named Sue " . The ensuing popularity from the Folsom concert also prompted ABC to give Cash his own television show .
The album was re @-@ released on October 19 , 1999 with three extra tracks excluded from the original LP : " Busted " , " Joe Bean " , and " The Legend of John Henry 's Hammer " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic praised the new version , calling it " the ideal blend of mythmaking and gritty reality . " On May 27 , 2003 , At Folsom Prison was certified triple platinum by the RIAA for shipping over three million units . Since its release , it has been acknowledged as one of the greatest albums of all time by several sources . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 88 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . Also that year , it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry . Country Music Television named it the third greatest album in country music in 2006 . Blender listed the album as the 63rd greatest American album of all time and as one of the " 500 CDs You Must Own " . In 2006 , Time listed it among the 100 greatest albums of all time .
In 2008 , Columbia and Legacy Records re @-@ issued At Folsom Prison as a two CD , one DVD set . This so @-@ called " Legacy Edition " contained both concerts uncut and remastered . The included DVD , produced by Bestor Cram and Michael Streissguth of Northern Light Productions , featured pictures and interviews relevant to the concert . Pitchfork Media lauded the collection , claiming that it had " the force of empathic endeavors , as if he were doing penance for his notorious bad habits . " Christian Hoard wrote for Rolling Stone that the Legacy edition " makes for an excellent historical document , highlighting Cash 's rapport with prison folk . "
= = Track listing = =
= = = Re @-@ release ( 1999 ) = = =
= = = Legacy Edition ( 2008 ) = = =
= = Personnel = =
Johnny Cash – vocal , guitar , harmonica
June Carter – vocal
Marshall Grant – bass guitar
W.S. Holland – drums
Carl Perkins – electric guitar
Luther Perkins – electric guitar
The Statler Brothers ( Lew DeWitt , Don Reid , Harold Reid , Phil Balsley ) – vocals
Bob Johnston – producer
Bob Breault , Bill Britain – engineers
Jim Marshall – photography
Credited on 1999 re @-@ issue
Bob Irwin – producer
Steven Berkowitz – producer , A & R
Vic Aneseni – mixing
Howard Fritzson – art direction
Darcy Proper – mastering
John Henry Jackson – product manager
Randall Martin – packaging manager
Darren Salmieri , Tim Smith – A & R
Nick Shaffran – consultant
= = Charts = =
= Only a Northern Song =
" Only a Northern Song " is a song by the English rock group the Beatles from their 1969 album Yellow Submarine . Written by George Harrison , it was recorded mainly in February 1967 during the sessions for Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band but the Beatles chose not to include it on that album . Instead , it was one of the four new songs that the band provided for the 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine , to meet their contractual obligations to United Artists .
Harrison wrote " Only a Northern Song " out of dissatisfaction with his status as a junior songwriter with the Beatles ' publishing company , Northern Songs . The lyrics and music convey his disenchantment at how the company retained the copyright for the songs it published , and at how , following its public listing in 1965 , the major shareholders profited more from his compositions than he did . The recording features Hammond organ , played by Harrison , and an overdubbed montage of assorted sounds including trumpet blasts and spoken voices , anticipating John Lennon 's 1968 sound collage " Revolution 9 " . Due to the difficulty in assembling the completed track from two tape sources , " Only a Northern Song " remained a rare song from the Beatles ' post @-@ 1963 catalogue that was unavailable in true stereo until 1999 . That year , it was remixed for inclusion on the album Yellow Submarine Songtrack .
The song has received a varied response from reviewers ; while Ian MacDonald dismisses the track as a " self @-@ indulgent dirge " , the website Ultimate Classic Rock identifies it as one of the Beatles ' best works in the psychedelic rock genre . A version of the song with a different vocal part , and omitting the sound collage overdubs , was issued on the Beatles ' 1996 outtakes compilation Anthology 2 . Gravenhurst and Yonder Mountain String Band are among the artists who have covered " Only a Northern Song " .
= = Background and inspiration = =
George Harrison said that the subject matter for " Only a Northern Song " related to both his city of birth , Liverpool , in Merseyside , and the fact that the copyright for the composition belonged to the Beatles ' publishing company , Northern Songs . The company was floated on the London Stock Exchange in February 1965 , as a means of saving John Lennon and Paul McCartney , the Beatles ' principal
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songwriters , the tax liability generated through the international success of their catalogue . Harrison had formed his own publishing company , Harrisongs , in late 1964 ; despite the financial advantages offered by his 80 per cent stake in that company , he agreed to remain with Northern Songs , to aid the flotation scheme . Among the four Beatles , Lennon and McCartney were major shareholders in Northern Songs , each owning 15 per cent of the public company 's shares , and the pair earned considerable wealth over the first year of the flotation . Harrison and Ringo Starr , as contracted songwriters , owned 0 @.@ 8 per cent each . This arrangement ensured that , in addition to the company retaining the copyright of all its published songs , Lennon and McCartney profited more from Harrison 's compositions than he did .
Author Brian Southall describes " Only a Northern Song " as Harrison 's " personal denunciation of the Beatles ' music publishing business " . When discussing the song in two late 1990s interviews with Billboard editor @-@ in @-@ chief Timothy White , Harrison commented that the main target of his complaints was Dick James , the managing director of Northern Songs . Having been signed by James in 1963 , at the age of twenty , Harrison said that the publisher had failed to explain that by signing the contract , he was also signing away the ownership of his compositions . Harrison added that he only understood the consequences after the 1965 flotation , when the major shareholders were " making all this money out of this catalog " . With reference to the Rutles ' 1978 parody of the Beatles ' history , All You Need Is Cash , he also told White : " I think [ the message behind ' Only a Northern Song ' ] was put better in the make @-@ believe TV documentary … where it said , ' Dick Jaws , an out @-@ of @-@ work music publisher of no fixed ability ' signed them up for the rest of their lives . "
In author Ian MacDonald 's estimation , " Only a Northern Song " suggests that Harrison " had yet to recover his enthusiasm for being a Beatle " after he had threatened to leave the group following their final concert tour , in August 1966 . Before the band regrouped in November that year to begin recording their album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , Harrison spent six weeks in India with his sitar teacher , Ravi Shankar , a visit that heightened his disinterest in the Beatles ' project . MacDonald considers that Harrison 's link with northern England in " Only a Northern Song " was influenced by the Beatles working on songs about growing up in Liverpool , which was the concept under consideration at the start of the Sgt. Pepper sessions .
= = Composition and musical structure = =
Harrison wrote " Only a Northern Song " on a Hammond organ , which became his preferred instrument for songwriting during 1967 , replacing the
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from the Loud Tour entitled First Look : Loud Tour Live at the O2 Arena . Rihanna posted the official trailer for the video album on her official YouTube channel , on December 6 , 2012 . Loud Tour Live at the O2 was released in DVD and Blu @-@ ray disc formats in Germany on December 14 , 2012 , and in Portugal and Spain on December 17 , 2012 and the following day in Canada , Italy and the United States . The video album was directed by Nick Wickham and produced by Ciarra Pardo and Emer Patten . The editor of the video was Guy Harding .
= = Concert synopsis = =
Loud Tour Live at the O2 begins with Rihanna and her team arriving with a ferryboat on a dock . Rihanna continues to walk through and explains how it 's a very sad day because the Loud Tour just finished and she is so emotional about that right now . The singer starts crying and further explains that she and her team have done very good things this year and she believes those things wouldn 't happen without the support of her fans . However , now she has to go back to Los Angeles where she doesn 't have any friends , her " very best " friends travel with her around the world . Before getting into a van , Rihanna says that the tour was one of her best experiences of her life and talks how she will miss her fans the next upcoming year . Scenes are intercut with the start of the show at The O2 Arena . After the interlude Rihanna starts the show with the opening song " Only Girl ( In the World ) " . Emerging from a purple ball , the singer performs the song while wearing a blue electric dress and is surrounded by four backup dancers . As " Disturbia " starts she removes the dress and reveals a colorful daisy duke . For the performance of " Shut Up and Drive " a car is present during the scene , to which Rihanna climbs to its top while performing . The set finishes with a rendition of " Man Down " .
Scenes are intercut with Rihanna heading to her show within a metro , together with her audience . As she gets into the arena , scenes are intercut and show the singer and her crew how they are preparing for the start of the show and shouting the name of the cities in which they performed . The scenes are intercut with Rihanna talking about her love towards Miami , and how she moved first in the city when she got signed to the label . Scenes of her and friends taking shots and having fun are further shown . Then , Rihanna explains how the second section of the Loud Tour is called " Le Sex Shoppe " ; the director of the tour Jamie King was inspired for creating the section , after he saw online the pictures of the singer visiting a sex shop in Australia . A scene of an early rehearsal for the tour is also shown , before seeing Rihanna performing " S & M " live on the concert . After the song , she performs " Skin " ; during the performance the singer takes two girls from the audience and performs lap dance as the set finishes with Nuno Bettencourt having a guitar solo . The scenes are intercut with Rihanna getting ready for the shoot of her We Found Love music video . Several scenes of the singer several scenes of Rihanna including getting off plane , choosing clothes , getting ready for a shoot and greeting her fans are shown . The next parts of the video show her at the studio , while recording her sixth studio album Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . Scenes are intercut with her doing the photo session for the album . Rihanna is shown at an Armani design meeting in London . She is talking about the commercial which they are preparing to shoot for the design company . Black @-@ and @-@ white scenes of Rihanna getting ready to go on stage again are shown before she starts performing " Raining Men " . The performance of the song features her performing the song on a top of a pink tank . Then , she gets off the tank and performs " Hard " and " Breakin ' Dishes " .
After
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Luzley , Millbrook , Mossley , Mottram in Longdendale , Newton , Park Bridge , Roe Cross , Stalybridge , Warhill , and Woolley Bridge .
= = Governance = =
= = = Parliamentary constituencies = = =
The residents of the Tameside are represented in the United Kingdom Parliament by members of Parliament ( MPs ) for three constituencies . Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , which also includes parts of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham , is represented by Angela Rayner ( Labour ) . Denton and Reddish , which also covers parts of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , is represented by Andrew Gwynne ( Labour ) . Stalybridge and Hyde , which is entirely within Tameside , is represented by Jonathan Reynolds ( Labour ) . Tameside is part of the North West England constituency in the European Parliament . North West England elects eight MEPs , as at 2014 made up of three Labour members , three members of the United Kingdom Independence Party , and two Conservatives .
= = = Council = = =
Labour retained control of Tameside Council at the 2015 local elections . It holds 52 seats and the Conservatives hold the other five . The Executive Leader of the Council is Cllr Kieran Quinn .
Tameside Borough Council was assessed by the Audit Commission and judged to be " improving strongly " in providing services for local people . Overall the council was awarded " four star " status meaning it was " performing strongly " and " well above minimum requirements " , putting it in the top 38 % of all local authorities .
Civil parishes form the bottom tier of local government ; the parish councils are involved in planning , management of town and parish centres , and promoting tourism . Mossley is the only civil parish in Tameside . In 2001 9 @,@ 856 people lived there , 4 @.@ 6 % of the borough 's population .
Before becoming a civil parish , Mossley was a municipal borough . The unparished areas are : Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ( municipal borough ) , Audenshaw ( urban district ) , Denton ( urban district ) , Droylsden ( urban district ) , Dukinfield ( municipal borough ) , Hyde ( municipal borough ) , Longdendale ( urban district ) , and Stalybridge ( municipal borough ) . The status of each area before 1974 is shown in brackets . An urban district was a type of local government district which covered an urbanised area . Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , Audenshaw , Denton , Droylsden , and Mossley were previously in Lancashire . Dukinfield , Hyde , Longdendale , and Stalybridge were in Cheshire .
= = Demography = =
At the 2001 UK census , the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside had a total population of 213 @,@ 043 . Of the 89 @,@ 981 households in Tameside , 35 @.@ 7 % were married couples living together , 31 @.@ 0 % were one @-@ person households , 7 @.@ 8 % were co @-@ habiting couples and 9 @.@ 3 % were lone parents , following a similar trend to the rest of England .
The population density was 2 @,@ 065 / km2 ( 5 @,@ 350 / sq mi ) and for every 100 females , there were 94 @.@ 2 males . Of those aged 16 – 74 in Tameside , 35 @.@ 2 % had no academic qualifications , significantly higher than 28 @.@ 9 % in all of England . 4 @.@ 8 % of Tameside 's residents were born outside the United Kingdom , significantly lower than the national average of 9 @.@ 2 % . The largest minority group was Asian , at 4 @.@ 0 % of the population .
In 1841 , 8 @.@ 5 % of Tameside 's population was middle class compared to 14 % in England and Wales ; this increased to 13 @.@ 1 % in 1931 ( 15 % nationally ) and 37 @.@ 0 % in 2001 ( 48 % nationally ) . From 1841 to 1991 , the working class population of Tameside and across the country was in decline , falling steadily from 58 @.@ 0 % ( 36 % nationally ) to 22 @.@ 8 % in 1991 ( 21 % nationally ) . It has since increased slightly , up to 32 @.@ 9 % ( 26 % nationwide ) . The rest of the population was made up of clerical workers and skilled manual workers .
= = = Population change = = =
Although Tameside has only existed as a Metropolitan Borough since 1974 , the table below details the population change – including the percentage change since the last census 10 years earlier – in the area since 1801 using figures from the towns , villages , and civil parishes that would later become constituent parts of Tameside .
= = = Religion = = =
At the 2001 UK census , 75 @.@ 5 % of Tameside 's residents reported themselves as being Christian , 2 @.@ 5 % Muslim , 1 @.@ 4 % Hindu , and 0 @.@ 1 % Buddhist . 12 @.@ 1 % had no religion , 0 @.@ 2 % had an alternative religion and 8 @.@ 1 % did not state their religion .
Tameside is covered by the Roman Catholic dioceses of Shrewsbury and Salford , and the Church of England dioceses of Manchester and Chester .
There are two Grade I listed churches in Tameside , St Anne 's Church , in Haughton , was built in 1881 in the Gothic Revival style by J Medland Taylor . St Michael and All Angels ' Church in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne is a 15th @-@ century parish church which was virtually rebuilt in the 19th century . A church on the site dates back to at least 1262 . St Lawrence 's Church , in Denton , is a Grade II * listed building and a timber framed church . It was remodelled by J Medland Taylor in 1872 .
= = Economy = =
TAMESIDE is currently undergoing a huge transformation through the Vision Tameside project
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which should be completed by 2018 .
Vision Tameside – a partnership between Tameside council and Tameside College – is an ambitious redevelopment strategy to bring greater economic prosperity and transform learning and skills in the borough .
It will deliver an exciting future for Tameside by attracting new businesses and creating jobs and opportunities for residents . Central to the project is a transformational three @-@ phase development of the Tameside College campus .
Three advanced learning centres are being built in central Ashton town and at the college ’ s Beaufort Road home . The new learning and skills centres will offer state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art facilities to equip them for the challenges of a changing economy requiring a highly skilled workforce .
Phase one comprises two sites . The new Clarendon Sixth Form College , which began taking students in the autumn of 2015 , was officially opened by Coronation Street actress Brooke Vincent on 9 March 2016 . The college theatre was named in Brooke ’ s honour .
An advanced technologies centre is being built on Stamford Street , Ashton . When it opens in 2017 it will provide a cutting @-@ edge learning facility to support the growth of advanced engineering and technology in Tameside .
Employers and students have been involved in the design of the workshop and laboratory spaces and the new equipment required to ensure Tameside retains its credentials as the manufacturing hub of Greater Manchester .
Phase two of VisionTameside will create an advanced skills centre for Tameside College alongside a new joint service centre for Tameside Council and partners . The skills centre will provide first @-@ class facilities for students studying a wide range of vocational subjects including hair and beauty , hospitality and catering , bakery and confectionery , travel and tourism and business skills .
Tameside Council ’ s joint public @-@ service centre will be a more cost @-@ effective , energy @-@ efficient and customer @-@ friendly building than the rambling Tameside Administrative Centre it is replacing . It will generate considerable cost savings and provide better access to services .
Ashton ’ s Victorian town hall and the old water board offices , which are both listed buildings , are being retained . Work should be completed in early 2018 .
Phase three will ensure the Beaufort Road campus offers learners modern , inspirational learning spaces . Alongside the new advanced technologies centre , they will have access to facilities for engineering , construction and the built environment , motor @-@ vehicle , sport and public services and health and social care provision
Provision for students with severe learning difficulties and / or disabilities will continue to be based at the Beaufort Road where a new sports academy was opened in February , 2015 , by former Manchester United and England footballer Paul Scholes .
In addition , Ashton ’ s old public baths , which lay derelict for many years , has been reborn as a high @-@ tech business incubator with help from the European Regional Development Fund and the Heritage Lottery Fund .
Work at the mid @-@ Victorian building , which closed as a swimming baths in 1975 , has involved cleaning , repairs and the replacement of external stonework . The new office space is housed inside a free @-@ standing timber @-@ clad pod within the former main pool .
The incubator has been established to support innovative set @-@ ups , predominantly in the creative , media and digital sectors . Such businesses have high growth potential and will bolster the competitiveness of the borough ’ s economy .
At the same time , Ashton ’ s award @-@ winning market has been refurbished with the installation of kiosks alongside traditional stalls .
The Ashton Arcades shopping centre opened in 1995 . The centre covers 13 @,@ 000 square metres ( 140 @,@ 000 sq ft ) on two floors with over 40 shops . In 2006 , after failing twice to gain permission to develop a site in the neighbouring borough of Stockport , IKEA announced plans to build its first town centre @-@ store in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne . The store is expected to create 500 new jobs as well as attract other businesses to the area . The store opened on 19 October 2006 and covers 27 @,@ 500 square metres ( 296 @,@ 000 sq ft ) At the time of its creation , the store was the tallest in Britain .
Life science industries have been identified as growth industries in Greater Manchester and are concentrated in Oldham and Tameside .
Average house prices in Tameside are the 7th highest out of the ten metropolitan boroughs in Greater Manchester , 11 @.@ 9 % below the average for the county .
At the 2001 UK census , Tameside had 152 @,@ 313 residents aged 16 to 74 . 2 @.@ 0 % of these people were students with jobs , 5 @.@ 7 % looking after home or family , 7 @.@ 9 % permanently sick or disabled and 3 @.@ 2 % economically inactive for other reasons .
In 2001 , of 96 @,@ 255 residents of Tameside in employment , the industry of employment was 21 @.@ 7 % manufacturing , 10 @.@ 4 % health and social work , 18 @.@ 2 % retail and wholesale , 10 @.@ 2 % property and business services , 7 @.@ 2 % construction , 6 @.@ 8 % transport and communications , 6 @.@ 4 % education , 5 @.@ 3 % public administration and defence , 4 @.@ 2 % finance , 4 @.@ 0 % hotels and restaurants , 0 @.@ 9 % energy and water supply , 0 @.@ 5 % agriculture , and 4 @.@ 0 % other . This was roughly in line with national figures , except for the proportion of jobs in agriculture which is less than half the national average , and property which was also below the national average . Manufacturing was 50 % more than the national average .
= = Landmarks = =
In February 2001 , Tameside had one Grade I listed buildings , 19 Grade II * , and 289 Grade II . The number of Grade I listed buildings in Tameside has increased to three , these are St Anne 's Church in Haughton ; St Michael and All Angels ' Church in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ; and Fairbottom Farm Barn , a 17th @-@ century farm building . In Tameside are three of Greater Manchester 's Sites of Special Scientific Interest , Boar Flat , part of Dark Peak , the Hollinwood Branch Canal and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal . The Huddersfield Narrow Canal runs for 20 miles ( 32 km ) from Huddersfield to Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ; it is protected for its biological interest , and is " the best example of a flowing eutrophic water system in Greater Manchester " .
There are three Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the borough , a Bronze Age cairn in Stalybridge , Buckton Castle , and Nico Ditch . Buckton Castle is a 12th @-@ century ringwork near Carrbrook . It was probably built for William de Neville and was the centre of lordship of Longdendale . The castle lay ruinous by 1360 , and has been described as " one of England 's most important castles " . Nico Ditch is an earthwork running from Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne in the east to Stretford in the west , in the borough of Trafford . It survives to a depth of 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) in some places and is up to 4 metres ( 13 ft ) wide .
Tameside has nine conservation areas : Ashton and Stalybridge town centres ; Carrbrook , Copley St.Paul 's , and Millbrook in Stalybridge ; Fairfield in Droylsden ; Mottram @-@ in @-@ Longdendale ; Portland Basin ; and St.Anne 's in Haughton .
The Museum of the Manchester Regiment is housed in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne 's town hall . The museum displays relics related to the Manchester Regiment including five Victoria Crosses awarded to members of the regiment . Park Bridge Heritage Centre in the Medlock Valley is a museum dedicated to the history of the settlement of Park Bridge and its industry . Broad Mills Heritage Site , in Broadbottom , preserves the remains of an early 19th @-@ century textile works . Art galleries in the borough include Astley Cheetham Art Gallery in Stalybridge and Central Art Gallery in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne .
Tameside has eight designated Local Nature Reserves which are Knott Hill , Hollinwood Branch Canal , Great Wood , Haughton Dale , Hulmes and Hardy Woods , Castle Clough and Cowbury Dale , Hurst Clough and Rocher Vale . Four more are to be designated .
= = Education = =
Since 200
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mammals , but not with haplorrhine primates . Although it is claimed to enhance the sense of smell , it is actually a touch @-@ based sense organ that connects with a well @-@ developed vomeronasal organ ( VNO ) . Since pheromones are usually large , non @-@ volatile molecules , the rhinarium is used to touch a scent @-@ marked object and transfer the pheromone molecules down the philtrum ( the nasal mid @-@ line cleft ) to the VNO via the nasopalatine ducts that travel through the incisive foramen of the hard palate .
To communicate with smell , which is useful at night , lemurs will scent mark with urine as well as scent glands located on the wrists , inside elbow , genital regions , or the neck . The scrotal skin of most male lemurs has scent glands . Ruffed lemurs ( genus Varecia ) and male sifakas have a gland at the base of their neck , while the greater bamboo lemur ( Prolemur simus ) and the ring @-@ tailed lemur have glands inside the upper arms near the axilla . Male ring @-@ tailed lemurs also have scent glands on the inside of their forearms , adjacent to a thorn @-@ like spur , which they use to gouge , and simultaneously , scent @-@ mark tree branches . They will also wipe their tails between their forearms and then engage in " stink fights " by waving their tail at their opponents .
Lemurs ( and strepsirrhines in general ) are considered to be less visually oriented than the higher primates , since they rely so heavily on their sense of smell and pheromone detection . The fovea on the retina ; which yields higher visual acuity , is not well @-@ developed . The postorbital septum ( or bony closure behind the eye ) in haplorrhine primates is thought to stabilize the eye slightly , allowing for the evolution of the fovea . With only a postorbital bar , lemurs have been unable to develop a fovea . Therefore , regardless of their activity pattern ( nocturnal , cathemeral , or diurnal ) , lemurs exhibit low visual acuity and high retinal summation . Lemurs can see a wider visual field , however , than anthropoid primates due to a slight difference in the angle between the eyes , as shown in the following table :
Although they lack a fovea , some diurnal lemurs have a cone @-@ rich , although less clustered , area centralis . This area centralis has a high rod @-@ to @-@ cone cell ratio in many diurnal species studied thus far , whereas diurnal anthropoids have no rod cells in their fovea . Once again , this suggests lower visual acuity in lemurs than in anthropoids . Furthermore , the rod @-@ to @-@ cone cell ratio can be variable even among diurnal species . For instance , Verreaux 's sifaka ( Propithecus verreauxi ) and the indri ( Indri indri ) have only a few large cones scattered along their predominantly rod @-@ dominated retina . The eyes of the ring @-@ tailed lemur contain one cone to five rods . Nocturnal lemurs such as mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs , on the other hand , have retinas made up entirely of rod cells .
Since cone cells make color vision possible , the high prevalence of rod cells in lemur eyes suggest they have not evolved color vision . The most studied lemur , the ring @-@ tailed lemur , has been shown to have blue @-@ yellow vision , but lacks the ability to distinguish red and green hues . Due to polymorphism in opsin genes , which code for color receptivity , trichromatic vision may rarely occur in females of a few lemur species , such as Coquerel 's sifaka ( Propithecus coquereli ) and the red ruffed lemur ( Varecia rubra ) . Most lemurs , therefore , are either monochromats or dichromats .
Most lemurs have retained the tapetum lucidum , a reflective layer of tissue in the eye , which is found in many vertebrates . This trait is absent in haplorrhine primates , and its presence further limits the visual acuity in lemurs . The strepsirrhine choroidal tapetum is unique among mammals because it is made up of crystalline riboflavin , and the resulting optical scattering is what limits visual acuity . Although the tapetum is considered to be ubiquitous in lemurs , there appear to be exceptions among true lemurs , such as the black lemur and the common brown lemur , as well as the ruffed lemurs . Since the riboflavins in the tapetum have a tendency to dissolve and vanish when processed for histological investigation , however , the exceptions are still debatable .
Lemurs also have a third eyelid known as a nictitating membrane , whereas most other primates have a lesser developed plica semilunaris . The nictitating membrane keeps the cornea moist and clean by sweeping across the eye .
= = = Metabolism = = =
Lemurs have low basal metabolic rates ( BMR ) , which helps them to conserve energy during the dry season , when water and food are scarce . They can optimize their energy use by lowering their metabolic rate to 20 % below the values predicted for mammals of similar body mass . The red @-@ tailed sportive lemur ( Lepilemur ruficaudatus ) , for instance , reportedly has one of the lowest metabolic rates among mammals . Its low metabolic rate may be linked to its generally folivorous diet and relatively small body mass . Lemurs exhibit behavioral adaptations to complement this trait , including sunning behaviors , hunched sitting , group huddling , and nest sharing , in order to reduce heat loss and conserve energy . Dwarf lemurs and mouse lemurs exhibit seasonal cycles of dormancy to conserve energy . Before dry season , they will accumulate fat in white adipose tissue located at the base of the tail and hind legs , doubling their weight . At the end of the dry season , their body mass may fall to half of what it was prior to the dry season . Lemurs that do not experience states of dormancy are also able to shut down aspects of their metabolism for energy conservation .
= = Behavior = =
Lemur behavior is as variable as lemur morphology . Differences in diet , social systems , activity patterns , locomotion , communication , predator avoidance tactics , breeding systems , and intelligence levels help define lemur taxa and set individual species apart from the rest . Although trends frequently distinguish the smaller , nocturnal lemurs from the larger , diurnal lemurs , there are often exceptions that help exemplify the unique and diverse nature of these Malagasy primates .
= = = Diet = = =
Lemur diets are highly variable and demonstrate a high degree of plasticity , although general trends suggest that the smallest species primarily consume fruit and insects ( omnivory ) , while the larger species are more herbivorous , consuming mostly plant material . As with all primates , hungry lemurs might eat anything that is edible , whether or not the item is one of their preferred foods . For instance , the ring @-@ tailed lemur eats insects and small vertebrates when necessary and as a result it is commonly viewed as an opportunistic omnivore . Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur ( Mirza coquereli ) is mostly frugivorous , but will consume insect secretions during the dry season .
A common assumption in mammalogy is that small mammals cannot subsist entirely on plant material and must have a high @-@ calorie diet in order to survive . As a result , it was thought that the diet of tiny primates must be high in protein @-@ containing insects ( insectivory ) . Research has shown , however , that mouse lemurs , the smallest living primates , consume more fruit than insects , contradicting the popular hypothesis .
Plant material makes up the majority of most lemur diets . Members of at least 109 of all known plant families in Madagascar ( 55 % ) are exploited by lemurs . Since lemurs are primarily arboreal , most of these exploited species are woody plants , including trees , shrubs , or lianas . Only the ring @-@ tailed lemur , the bamboo lemurs ( genus Hapalemur ) , and the black @-@ and @-@ white ruffed lemur ( Varecia variegata ) are known to consume herbs . While Madagascar is rich in fern diversity , these plants are rarely eaten by lemurs . One possible reason for this is that ferns lack flowers , fruits , and seeds — common food items in lemur diets . They also occur close to the ground , while lemurs spend most of their time in the trees . Lastly , ferns have an unpleasant taste due to the high content of tannins in their fronds . Likewise , mangroves appear to be rarely exploited by lemurs due to their high tannin content . Some lemurs appear to have evolved responses against common plant defenses , however , such as tannins and alkaloids . The golden bamboo lemur ( Hapalemur aureus ) , for instance , eats giant bamboo ( Cathariostachys mad
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agascariensis ) , which contains high levels of cyanide . This lemur can consume twelve times the typically lethal dose for most mammals on a daily basis ; the physiological mechanisms that protect it from cyanide poisoning are unknown . At the Duke Lemur Center ( DLC ) in the United States , lemurs that roam the outdoor enclosures have been observed eating poison ivy ( Taxicodendron radicans ) , yet have shown no ill effects .
Many of the larger lemur species consume leaves ( folivory ) , particularly the indriids . However , some smaller lemurs such as sportive lemurs ( genus Lepilemur ) and woolly lemurs ( genus Avahi ) also primarily eat leaves , making them the smallest primates that do so . The smallest of the lemurs generally do not eat much leaf matter . Collectively , lemurs have been documented consuming leaves from at least 82 native plant families and 15 alien plant families . Lemurs tend to be selective in their consumption of the part of the leaf or shoot as well as its age . Often , young leaves are preferred over mature leaves .
Many lemurs that eat leaves tend to do so during times of fruit scarcity , sometimes suffering weight loss as a result . Most lemur species , including most of the smallest lemurs and excluding some of the indriids , predominantly eat fruit ( frugivory ) when available . Collectively , lemurs have been documented consuming fruit from at least 86 native plant families and 15 alien plant families . As with most tropical fruit eaters , the lemur diet is dominated by fruit from Ficus ( fig ) species . In many anthropoid primates , fruit is a primary source of vitamin C , but unlike anthropoid primates , lemurs ( and all strepsirrhines ) can synthesize their own vitamin C. Historically , captive lemur diets high in vitamin C @-@ rich fruits have been thought to cause hemosiderosis , a type of iron overload disorder , since vitamin C increases iron absorption . Although lemurs in captivity have been shown to be prone to hemosiderosis , the frequency of the disease varies across institutions and may depend on the diet , husbandry protocols , and genetic stock . Assumptions about the problem need to be tested separately for each species . The ring @-@ tailed lemur , for instance , seems to be less prone to the disorder than other lemur species .
Only eight species of lemur are known to be seed predators ( granivores ) , but this may be under @-@ reported since most observations only report fruit consumption and do not investigate whether the seeds are consumed as well . These lemurs include some indriids , such as the diademed sifaka ( Propithecus diadema ) , the golden @-@ crowned sifaka ( Propithecus tattersalli ) , the indri , and the aye @-@ aye . The aye @-@ aye , which specializes in structurally defended resources , can chew through Canarium seeds , which are harder than the seeds that New World monkeys are known to break open . At least 36 genera from 23 families of plants are targeted by lemur seed predators .
Inflorescences ( clusters of flowers ) of at least 60 plant families are eaten by lemurs ranging in size from the tiny mouse lemurs to the relatively large ruffed lemurs . If the flowers are not exploited , sometimes the nectar is consumed ( nectarivory ) along with the pollen ( palynivory ) . At least 24 native species from 17 plant families are targeted for nectar or pollen consumption .
Bark and plant exudates such as tree sap are consumed by a few lemur species . The exploitation of exudates has been reported in 18 plant species and only in the dry regions in the south and west of Madagascar . Only the Masoala fork @-@ marked lemur ( Phaner furcifer ) and Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur regularly consume tree sap . Bark has never been reported as an important food item in lemur diets , but at least four species eat it : the aye @-@ aye , the red @-@ tailed sportive lemur ( Lepilemur ruficaudatus ) , the common brown lemur ( Eulemur fulvus ) , and Verreaux 's sifaka ( Propithecus verreauxi ) . Most bark feeding is directly linked to exudate feeding , except for the aye @-@ aye 's bark feeding on Afzelia bijuga ( genus Afzelia ) at Nosy Mangabe in the northeast .
Soil consumption ( geophagy ) has also been reported and likely helps with digestion , provides minerals and salts , and helps absorb toxins . Sifakas have been observed eating soil from termite mounds , possibly adding beneficial intestinal flora to aid the digestion of cellulose from their folivorous diet .
= = = Social systems = = =
Lemurs are social and live in groups that usually include fewer than 15 individuals . Observed social organization patterns include " solitary but social " , " fission @-@ fusion " , " pair bonds " , and " multi @-@ male group " . Nocturnal lemurs are mostly solitary but social , foraging alone at night but often nesting in groups during the day . The degree of socialization varies by species , gender , location , and season . In many nocturnal species , for instance , the females , along with their young , will share nests with other females and possibly one male , whose larger home range happens to overlap one or more female nesting groups . In sportive lemurs and fork @-@ marked lemurs , one or two females may share a home range , possibly with a male . In addition to sharing nests , they will also interact vocally or physically with their range @-@ mate while they forage at night . Diurnal lemurs exhibit many of the social systems seen in monkeys and apes , living in relatively permanent and cohesive social groups . Multi @-@ male groups are the most common , just as they are in most anthropoid primates . True lemurs utilize this social system , often living in groups of ten or less . Ruffed lemurs have been shown to live in fission @-@ fusion societies , and Indri forms pair bonds .
Some lemurs exhibit female philopatry , where females stay within their natal range and the males migrate upon reaching maturity , and in other species both sexes will migrate . In some cases , female philopatry may help explain the evolution of female @-@ bonded multi @-@ male groups , such as those of the ring @-@ tailed lemur , Milne @-@ Edwards ' sifaka ( Propithecus edwardsi ) , and the Verreaux 's sifaka . Their ancestors may have been more solitary , with females that lived in mother @-@ daughter pairs ( or dyads ) . Over time , these dyads may have allied themselves with other neighboring mother @-@ daughter dyads in order to defend more distributed resources in a wide home range . If this is true , then multi @-@ male groups in lemurs may differ fundamentally in their internal structure from those in catarrhine primates ( Old World monkeys and apes ) .
The presence of female social dominance sets lemurs apart from most other primates and mammals ; in most primate societies , males are dominant unless females band together to form coalitions that displace them . However , many Eulemur species are exceptions and the greater bamboo lemur ( Prolemur simus ) does not exhibit female dominance . When females are dominant within a group , the way they maintain dominance varies . Ring @-@ tailed lemur males act submissively with or without signs of female aggression . Male crowned lemurs ( Eulemur coronatus ) , on the other hand , will only act submissively when females act aggressively towards them . Female aggression is often associated with , but not limited to , feeding .
There have been many hypotheses that have attempted to explain why lemurs exhibit female social dominance while other primates with similar social structures do not , but no consensus has been reached after decades of research . The dominant view in the literature states that female dominance is an advantageous trait given the high costs of reproduction and the scarcity of resources available . Indeed , female dominance has been shown to be linked to increased maternal investment . However , when reproductive costs and extreme seasonality of resources were compared across primates , other primates demonstrated male dominance under conditions that were similar to or more challenging than those faced by lemurs . In 20
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08 , a new hypothesis revised this model using simple game theory . It was argued that when two individuals were equally matched in fighting capacity , the one with the most need would win the conflict since it would have the most to lose . Consequently , the female , with higher resource needs for pregnancy , lactation , and maternal care , was more likely to win in resource conflicts with equally sized males . This , however , assumed monomorphism between sexes . The following year , a new hypothesis was proposed to explain monomorphism , stating that because most female lemurs are only sexually receptive for a day or two each year , males can utilize a more passive form of mate guarding : copulatory plugs , which block the female reproductive tract , preventing other males from successfully mating with her , and thus reducing the need for aggression and the evolutionary drive for sexual dimorphism .
In general , levels of agonism ( or aggression ) tend to correlate with relative canine height . The ring @-@ tailed lemur has long , sharp upper canine teeth in both sexes , and it also exhibits high levels of agonism . The Indri , on the other hand , has smaller canines and exhibits lower levels of aggression . When neighboring groups of the same species defend their territories , the conflict can take the form of ritualized defense . In sifakas , these ritualized combats involve staring , growling , scent @-@ marking , and leaping to occupy certain sections of the tree . The indri defends its home range with ritualized " singing " battles .
Like other primates , lemurs groom socially ( allogroom ) to ease tensions and solidify relationships . They groom in greeting , when waking up , when settling in for sleep , between mother and infant , in juvenile relations , and for sexual advances . Unlike anthropoid primates , who part the fur with the hands and pick out particles with the fingers or mouth , lemurs groom with their tongue and scraping with their toothcomb . Despite the differences in technique , lemurs groom with the same frequency and for the same reasons as anthropoids .
= = = Activity patterns = = =
The biological rhythm can vary from nocturnal in smaller lemurs to diurnal in most larger lemurs . Diurnality is not seen in any other living strepsirrhine . Cathemerality , where an animal is active sporadically both day and night , occurs among some of the larger lemurs . Few if any other primates exhibit this sort of activity cycle , either regularly or irregularly under changing environmental conditions . The most heavily studied cathemeral lemurs are the true lemurs . Although the mongoose lemur ( E. mongoz ) is the best @-@ documented example , every species in the genus studied has shown some degree of cathemeral behavior , although night activity is often restricted by light availability and moon periodicity . This type of behavior was first documented in the 1960s in true lemur species as well as other Lemuridae species , such as ruffed lemurs and bamboo lemurs . Initially described as " crepuscular " ( active at dawn and dusk ) , anthropologist Ian Tattersall stimulated additional research and coined the new term " cathemeral " , although many non @-@ anthropologists prefer the terms " circadian " or " diel " .
In order to conserve energy and water in their highly seasonal environment , mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs exhibit seasonal behavioral cycles of dormancy where the metabolic rate and body temperature are lowered . They are the only primates known to do so . They accumulate fat reserves in their hind legs and the base of their tail before the dry winter season , when food and water are scarce , and can exhibit daily and prolonged torpor during the dry season . Daily torpor constitutes less than 24 hours of dormancy , whereas prolonged torpor averages two weeks in duration and signals hibernation . Mouse lemurs have been observed experiencing torpor that lasts for several consecutive days , but dwarf lemurs are known to hibernate for six to eight months every year , particularly on the west coast of Madagascar .
Dwarf lemurs are the only primates known to hibernate for extended periods . Unlike other hibernating mammals from temperate regions , which have to awaken regularly for a few days , dwarf lemurs experience five months of continuous deep hibernation ( May through September ) . Before and after this deep hibernation , there are two months ( April and October ) of transition , where they will forage on a limited basis to reduce demands on their fat reserves . Unlike any other hibernating mammal , the body temperature of hibernating dwarf lemurs will fluctuate with the ambient temperature rather than remaining low and stable .
Other lemurs that do not exhibit dormancy conserve energy by selecting thermoregulated microhabitats ( such as tree holes ) , sharing nests , and reducing exposed body surfaces , such as by hunched sitting and group huddling . Also , the ring @-@ tailed lemur , ruffed lemurs , and sifakas are commonly seen sunning , thus using solar radiation to warm their bodies instead of metabolic heat .
= = = Locomotion = = =
Locomotor behavior in lemurs , both living and extinct , is highly varied and its diversity exceeds that of anthropoids . Locomotor postures and behaviors have included vertical clinging and leaping ( including saltatory behavior ) , seen in indriids and bamboo lemurs ; slow ( loris @-@ like ) arboreal quadrupedal locomotion , once exhibited by Mesopropithecus ; fast arboreal quadrupedal locomotion , seen in true lemurs and ruffed lemurs ; partially terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion , seen in the ring @-@ tailed lemur ; highly terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion , once exhibited by monkey lemurs such as Hadropithecus ; and sloth @-@ like suspensory locomotion , once exhibited by many of the sloth lemurs , such as Palaeopropithecus . The Lac Alaotra gentle lemur ( Hapalemur alaotrensis ) has even been reported to be a good swimmer . Sometimes these locomotor types are lumped together into two main groups of lemurs , the vertical clingers and leapers and the arboreal ( and occasionally terrestrial ) quadrupeds .
The jumping prowess of the indriids have been well documented and are popular among ecotourists visiting Madagascar . Using their long , powerful back legs , they catapult themselves into the air and land in an upright posture on a nearby tree , with both hands and feet tightly gripping the trunk . Indriids can leap up to 10 m ( 33 ft ) rapidly from tree trunk to tree trunk , an ability referred to as " ricochetal leaping " . Verreaux 's sifaka ( Propithecus verreauxi ) manages to do this in the spiny forests of southern Madagascar . It is unknown how it avoids impaling its palms on the thorn @-@ covered trunks of large plants such as Alluaudia . When
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distances between trees are too great , sifakas will descend to the ground and cross distances more than 100 m ( 330 ft ) by standing upright and hopping sideways with the arms held to the side and waving up and down from chest to head height , presumably for balance . This is sometimes described as a " dance @-@ hop " .
= = = Communication = = =
Lemur communication can be transmitted through sound , sight , and smell ( olfaction ) . The ring @-@ tailed lemur , for instance , uses complex though highly stereotyped behaviors such as scent @-@ marking and vocalizations . Visual signals are probably the least used by lemurs , since they lack many of the muscles used in common primate facial expressions . Given their poor vision , whole @-@ body postures are probably more noticeable . However , the ring @-@ tailed lemur has demonstrated distinct facial expressions including a threat stare , pulled back lips for submission , and pulled back ears along with flared nostrils during scent @-@ marking . This species has also been observed using yawns as threats . Their ringed tails also communicate distance , warn off neighboring troops , and help locate troop members . Sifakas are known to exhibit an open @-@ mouth play face as well as a submissive teeth @-@ baring grimace used in agonistic interactions .
Olfaction is particularly important to lemurs , except for the indri , which lacks most common lemur scent glands and has a greatly reduced olfactory region in the brain . Olfaction can communicate information about age , sex , reproductive status , as well as demarcate the boundaries of a territory . It is most useful for communication between animals that rarely encounter each other . Small , nocturnal lemurs mark their territories with urine , while the larger , diurnal species use scent glands located on various parts of their anatomy . The ring @-@ tailed lemur engages in " stink fights " by rubbing its tail across scent glands on its wrists , and then flicking its tail at other male opponents . Some lemurs defecate in specific areas , otherwise known as latrine behavior . Although many animals exhibit this behavior , it is a rare trait among primates . Latrine behavior can represent territorial marking and aid in interspecies signaling .
Compared to other mammals , primates in general are very vocal , and lemurs are no exception . Some lemur species have extensive vocal repertoires , including the ring @-@ tailed lemur and ruffed lemurs . Some of the most common calls among lemurs are predator alarm calls . Lemurs not only respond to alarm calls of their own species , but also alarm calls of other species and those of non @-@ predatory birds . The ring @-@ tailed lemur and a few other species have different calls and reactions to specific types of predators . With mating calls , it has been shown that mouse lemurs that cannot be discerned visually respond more strongly to the calls of their own species , particularly when exposed to the calls of other mouse lemurs that they would encounter normally within their home range . Lemur calls can also be very loud and carry long distances . Ruffed lemurs use several loud calls that can be heard up to 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) away on a clear , calm day . The loudest lemur is the indri , whose calls can be heard up to 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) or more and thus communicate more effectively the territorial boundaries over its 34 to 40 hectares ( 0 @.@ 13 to 0 @.@ 15 sq mi ) home range . Both ruffed lemurs and the indri exhibit contagious calling , where one individual or group starts a loud call and others within the area join in . The song of the indri can last 45 seconds to more than 3 minutes and tends to coordinate to form a stable duet comparable to that of gibbons .
Tactile communication ( touch ) is mostly used by lemurs in the form of grooming , although the ring @-@ tailed lemur also clumps together to sleep ( in an order determined by rank ) , reaches out and touches adjacent members , and cuffs other members . Reaching out and touching another individual in this species has been shown to be a submissive behavior , done by younger or submissive animals towards older and more dominant members of the troop . Allogrooming , however , appears to occur more frequently between higher ranking individuals , a shared trait with other primate species . Unlike anthropoid primates , lemur grooming seems to be more intimate and mutual , often directly reciprocated . Anthropoids , on the other hand , use allogrooming to manage agonistic interactions . The ring @-@ tailed lemur is known to be very tactile , spending between 5 and 11 % of its time grooming .
= = = Predator avoidance = = =
All lemurs experience some predation pressure . Common defenses against predation include the use of alarm calls and predator mobbing , mostly among diurnal lemurs . The leaping abilities of lemurs may have evolved for predator avoidance rather than for travel , according to a study in kinematics . Nocturnal lemurs are difficult to see and track at night and decrease their visibility by foraging alone . They also try to avoid predators by using concealing sleeping locations , such as nests , tree holes , or dense vegetation , Some may also avoid areas frequented by predators by detecting the smell of their feces. and alternating between multiple sleeping locations . Even torpor and hibernation states among cheirogaleids may be partly due to high levels of predation . Infants are protected while foraging by either leaving them in the nest or by stashing them in a hidden location , where the infant remains immobile in the absence of the parent .
Diurnal lemurs are visible during the day , so many live in groups , where the increased number of eyes and ears helps aid in predator detection . Diurnal lemurs use and respond to alarm calls , even those of other lemur species and non @-@ predatory birds . The ring @-@ tailed lemur has different calls and reactions to different classes of predators , such as predatory birds , mammals , or snakes . Some lemurs , such as the indri , use crypsis to camouflage themselves . They are often heard but difficult to see in the trees due to the dappled light , earning them the reputation of being " ghosts of the forest " .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Except for the aye @-@ aye and the Lac Alaotra gentle
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I immediately saw he had a secure future " .
However , despite the positive opinions , Hazard has endured criticism from some . In 2010 , former Belgium national team manager Georges Leekens questioned Hazard 's work @-@ rate . Lille youth academy director Jean @-@ Michel Vandamme countered both managers ' criticism by arguing that Hazard simply possesses an intellectual honesty that is out of the ordinary and unexpected of today 's footballer declaring " He is a real competitor , not a cheat , nor a moaner , because you don ’ t hear him complaining when he gets fouled " .
= = Outside football = =
= = = Personal life = = =
Hazard is married to Natacha Van Honacker . On 19 December 2010 , Belgian and French media announced that she had given birth to a baby boy , Yannis . She gave birth to their second son , Leo , in February 2013 , and a third son , Samy , in September 2015 .
= = = Sponsorship = = =
In 2012 , Hazard signed a sponsorship deal with American sportswear and equipment supplier , Nike . He appeared in an advert for the Nike Green Speed II alongside Mario Götze , Theo Walcott , Raheem Sterling , Christian Eriksen and Stephan El Shaarawy in November 2012 . Hazard features on the cover of EA Sports ' FIFA 15 video game in Belgium , the UK , the Netherlands and France , along with Lionel Messi .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club = = =
As of match played 15 May 2016 .
= = = International = = =
As of match played 1 July 2016 .
Note that the friendly against Luxembourg on 26 May 2014 is not a FIFA A @-@ match due to an excessive number of substitutions according to the Laws of the Game .
= = = International goals = = =
As of match played 1 July 2016 . Belgium score listed first , score column indicates score after each Hazard goal .
= = Honours = =
= = = Club = = =
Lille
Ligue 1 : 2010 – 11
Coupe de France : 2010 – 11
Chelsea
Premier League : 2014 – 15
Football League Cup : 2014 – 15
UEFA Europa League : 2012 – 13
= = = Individual = = =
UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12
UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 2008 – 09 , 2009 – 10
UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year ( 3 ) : 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12
UNFP Player of the Month ( 3 ) : March 2010 , March 2011 , March 2012
Premier League Player of the Season ( 1 ) : 2014 – 15
FWA Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2014 – 15
PFA Players ' Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2014 – 15
PFA Young Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013 – 14
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halls when they are not in use has also been enacted to prevent homeless people from camping there . Some stray dogs have adopted Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm as their home and traipse about during rituals ; they are fed vegetarian food . Although begging is not allowed inside the monastery grounds , it is allowed on the footpath outside the camp , and several handicapped people have made themselves a regular presence there .
= = Social outreach = =
The monastery runs a fundraising program for cataract operations in the city , and receives wide support due to public suspicion of charities affiliated with the ruling Communist Party government , due to the communists ' strong reputation for rampant corruption . Following the fall of Saigon and the communist takeover , religious bodies were required to be registered with and loyal to the party . The khat si complied and became one of the nine schools within the state @-@ sanctioned Vietnamese Buddhist Congregation . However , the temple does not fly the national flag , and the only government material or symbols on display within Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm are letters of congratulations for charity initiatives .
= = Demographics and activities = =
The lay attendees at Tinh Xa Trung Tam are predominantly female by a ratio of around 5 to 1 , and most of the temple @-@ goers are over 40 . Most of the younger lay disciples are relatives of regular , older attendees . In addition to local residents , who make up the bulk of the disciples , some are from other parts of Vietnam , as well as overseas Vietnamese who are temporarily in the country . According to the American professor of Vietnamese history and religion Mark W. McLeod , who did fieldwork at Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm , he did not survey the laypeople about their income , for fear of embarrassing them , but conjectured that most had an above average income as they were able to devote a considerable amount of time to organized religious activity instead of working longer hours . A regular occurrence at the temple is the weekly Bát Quan Trai Giới ( Eight Precepts Ritual ) . As part of this , the participants take on three additional vows apart from the Five Precepts and stay at the temple for a 24 @-@ hour period . These vows prohibit adornments such as makeup and jewellery , the use of comfortable beds and chairs , and eating impurely . During the retreat day , meals are taken in silence and talking is avoided , apart from during dharma talks , sutra chanting and religious debate . Meditation is also a part of the routine . Tinh Xa Trung Tam holds the Eight Precepts Ritual more often than any other institution in the city ; the next most frequent temple holds the retreat once every two weeks . Dharma talks are held weekly by the resident monks and nuns , which is generally more frequent than at other places in the city . The disciples and monks at the temple told McLeod that they chose Tinh Xa Trung Tam because of what they regarded as a higher level of discipline , rigor and scholarship at the institution . The monks are transported by their disciples as they are forbidden to drive .
The founder of khất sĩ had been a supporter of freeing birds as an act of compassion , and this has been continued by some monks and lay people as it is believed to be meritorious , but others have spoken out against on the grounds that the demand for birds used for such ceremonies merely prompt more people to capture them in the first place .
According to the scholar Mark McLeod , the temple incorporated aspects of both Mahayana and Theravada traditions in its style of practice and architecture . He felt that the modest and uncomplicated wooden statue of the Buddha is more reminiscent of Theravada architecture , while the Ksitigarbha and Avalokiteshvara statues are distinctly Mahayana , as these figures are absent from Theravada teachings . One monk interviewed by McLeod said that his temple '
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( Boloria selene ) .
A wide variety of wild birds may be seen in Cheddar Gorge including peregrine falcons , buzzards , kestrels , ravens and the grasshopper warbler ( Locustella naevia ) .
The flora include chalk grassland @-@ loving species such as marjoram and wild thyme . The Cheddar pink , Dianthus gratianopolitanus , also known as firewitch , only grows in the wild in the gorge . It was once common in the gorge but declined after being picked by collectors . It is also home to unique species of whitebeam . The nationally rare little robin geranium ( Geranium purpureum ) , and Cheddar bedstraw ( Galium fleurotii ) and the nationally scarce species include slender tare ( Vicia tenuissima ) , dwarf mouse @-@ ear ( Cerastium pumilum ) and rock stonecrop ( Sedum forsteranum ) also occur in the gorge . It is one of the very few areas in southern Britain where the lichens Solorina saccata , Squamaria cartilaginea and Caloplaca cirrochroa can be found .
The gorge is also an important site for whitebeams and in 2009 a survey was carried out by botanists from the Welsh National Herbarium as part of a nationwide survey of whitebeams . Among the eight species identified were three new species previously unknown to science . Nineteen specimens with oval @-@ shaped leaves , were named the " Cheddar whitebeam " , Sorbus cheddarensis , fifteen specimens with roundish leaves and greyish brown bark were named the " Twin Cliffs whitebeam " , Sorbus eminentoides , and thirteen with long , narrow leaves were named " Gough ’ s Rock whitebeam " , Sorbus rupicoloides . The Cheddar whitebeam , which has evolved as a cross between the common whitebeam and the grey @-@ leaved whitebeam , is unique to the gorge , but its survival is threatened by the goats that were introduced specifically to keep down the growth of new trees and encourage the proliferation of rare plant species such as the Cheddar pink . Cuttings have been taken from the trees to be grafted and grown on at the Welsh National Herbarium .
Longleat Estate has fenced off a large part of its land and has introduced goats , as part of a programme to encourage the biodiversity of the area ; the goats were intended to replace the sheep that grazed in the gorge until the 1970s . The National Trust announced in March 2007 that it plans to release a flock of sheep on its side of the gorge for the same purpose , but will first consult local residents and interested parties on whether to fence off the gorge or introduce cattle grids to prevent the sheep from straying . There is already a small flock of feral Soay sheep in the gorge .
= = Caves = =
The two main caves open to the public are on the southside of the Gorge , owned by Longleat Estate . The extensive Gough 's Cave and the smaller Cox 's Cave are both named after their respective discoverers . Both are known for their geology , and it has been suggested that the caves were the site of prehistoric cheese @-@ making . Gough 's cave , which was discovered in 1903 , leads around 400 m ( 437 yd ) into the rock @-@ face , and contains a variety of large rock chambers and formations . Cox 's Cave , discovered in 1837 , is smaller but contains many intricate formations . In 2016 Cox 's cave was turned into " Dreamhunters " , a multimedia walk @-@ through experience with theatrical lighting and video projection .
The Gorge 's many caves are home to colonies of Greater and Lesser horsesh
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ie Grey starts singing along , Christina looks venomously at her until she quiets down . Katy Perry , Travis Barker and DJ AM covered the song at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards . In 2009 , the song was namechecked in the Train hit single " Hey , Soul Sister " with the lyric " I believe in you / Like a virgin you 're Madonna / And I 'm always gonna wanna blow your mind " . The song was covered in the 2010 Glee episode " The Power of Madonna " by the cast , including Jonathan Groff , Jayma Mays , Lea Michele , Cory Monteith , Matthew Morrison , and Naya Rivera , during a dream sequence by their characters . The same year , Elton John performed a cover version of " Like a Virgin " at the Rainforest Fund Benefit Concert .
On September 9 , 2011 , Vanessa Carlton posted a link to a snippet of her stripped @-@ down cover of the song in her Twitter account . In 2012 Korean girl group 2NE1 released a cover of the song for their debut Japanese album Collection . In 2012 , JoJo performed a cover version of " Like a Virgin " at the LACMA for the Harvard Westlake Charity . The same year , Peruvian singer Wendy Sulca recorded a spanglish version . In 2014 , Cristina Scuccia , a singing nun who won that year 's The Voice of Italy season , released a ballad version of the song as her debut single , a cover that Madonna herself praised .
= = Legacy = =
" Like a Virgin " is listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's list of " 500 Songs That Shaped Rock And Roll " . After the song and its video were released , " Like a Virgin " attracted the attention of family organizations who complained that the video and the song , promoted sex without marriage and undermined family values , offering an unsavoury image of Madonna as a whore . Outraged moralists condemned her as a sex kitten and sought to ban the song and the video . Conservatives were angered that Madonna dared to portray religious symbolism and the virginal wedding attire in a sexual context . Clerk noted the song attracted an unprecedented level of attention from social groups compared to any female singer 's song . " The main problem was that most of them listened superficially to the lyric of the song , imagining that it detailed or called on an innocent 's sexual initiation . " While one section of the population were outraged at the scandal , others were taking joy at the very notion of a virginal Madonna , who retorted by saying ,
I was surprised by how people reacted to " Like a Virgin " because when I did that song , to me , I was singing about how something made me feel a certain way – brand @-@ new and fresh – and everyone interpreted it as I don 't want to be a virgin anymore . Fuck my brains out ! That 's not what I sang at all . " Like a Virgin " was always absolutely ambiguous .
Biographer Andrew Morton noted that most of Madonna 's admirers were females , who were born @-@ and @-@ brought @-@ up with an image of old @-@ fashioned stereotypes of women as virginal brides , or as whores , or with feminist values that rejected the use of a woman 's looks for her self @-@ advancement . Author William McKeen of Rock and roll is here to stay : an anthology commented that with the song , Madonna became the last word in attitude and fashion for young girls of that time . He compared that image of Madonna with that of Barbie . McKeen explained that Madonna intermixed middle @-@ class ideas of femininity with examples of what femininity meant to her , which was having equal opportunity . She offered an aggressive sexuality that implied it was acceptable for women not only to initiate relationships , but also enjoy them .
In addition , according to Morton , at a time when eighties fashions were promoting flat @-@ chested , stick @-@ thin women as ideals of beauty , the more curvaceous Madonna made average girls feel that it was fine to be in the shape they were . A new word called ' Madonna wannabe ' was introduced to describe the thousands of girls who tried to emulate Madonna 's style . University professors , gender @-@ studies experts and feminists earnestly started discussing her role as a post @-@ modernist style and cultural icon . According to author Debbi Voller , " Like a Virgin " gave rise to the icon Madonna .
In the opening scene of the 1992 film Reservoir Dogs , written and directed by Quentin Tarantino , Mr. Brown ( played by Tarantino himself ) insists that " Like a Virgin " is a " metaphor for big dicks " . When Madonna met Tarantino at a party after the film was released , she gave him an autographed copy of her Erotica album , signing " Quentin : it 's about love , not dick " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – vocals
Billy Steinberg – songwriter
Tom Kelly – songwriter
Nile Rodgers – producer , drum programming , guitar
Bernard Edwards – bass
Tony Thompson – drums
Rob Sabino – bass synthesizer , assorted synthesizers
Jellybean Benitez – 12 " remixer
Credits adapted from the album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b =
PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 12 @,@ 400 light @-@ years away from Earth in the constellation of Scorpius . It bears the unofficial nicknames " Methuselah " and " the Genesis planet " due to its extreme age and a few popular sources refer to this object as " PSR B1620 @-@ 26 c " ( see below for discussion ) . The planet is in a circumbinary orbit around the two stars of PSR B1620 @-@ 26 ( which are a pulsar ( PSR B1620 @-@ 26 A
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) and a white dwarf ( WD B1620 @-@ 26 ) ) and is the first circumbinary planet ever confirmed . It is also the first planet found in a globular cluster . The planet is one of the oldest known extrasolar planets , believed to be about 12 @.@ 7 billion years old .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Mass , orbit , and age = = =
PSR has a mass of 2 @.@ 5 times that of Jupiter , and orbits at a distance of 23 AU ( 3 @.@ 4 billion km ) , a little larger than the distance between Uranus and the Sun . Each orbit of the planet takes about 100 years .
The triple system is just outside the core of the globular cluster Messier 4 . The age of the cluster has been estimated to be about 12 @.@ 7 billion years , and because all stars in a cluster form at about the same time , and planets form together with their host stars , it is likely that PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b is also about 12 @.@ 7 billion years old . This is much older than any other known planet , and nearly three times as old as Earth . It has been undergoing many stages through its lifetime .
= = = Host stars = = =
PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b orbits a pair of stars . The primary star , PSR B1620 @-@ 26 , is a pulsar , a neutron star spinning at 100 revolutions per second . The second is a white dwarf with a mass of 0 @.@ 34 M ☉ . These stars orbit each other at a distance of 1 AU about once every six months . The age of the system is 12 @.@ 7 to 13 billion years old , making this one of the oldest binary stars known . In comparison , the Sun has an age of 4 @.@ 6 billion years .
The binary system 's apparent magnitude , or how bright it appears from Earth 's perspective , is 24 . It is far too dim to be seen with the naked eye .
= = = Evolutionary history = = =
The origin of this pulsar planet is still uncertain , but it probably did not form where it is found today . Because of the decreased gravitational force when the core of star collapses to a neutron star and ejects most of its mass in a supernova explosion , it is unlikely that a planet could remain in orbit after such an event . It is more likely that the planet formed in orbit around the star that has now evolved into the white dwarf , and that the star and planet were only later captured into orbit around the neutron star .
Stellar encounters are not very common in the disk of the Milky Way , where the Sun is , but in the dense core of globular clusters they occur frequently . At some point during the 10 billion years , the neutron star is thought to have encountered and captured the host star of the planet into a tight orbit , probably losing a previous companion star in the process . About half a billion years ago , the newly captured star began to expand into a red giant ( see stellar evolution ) .
Typical pulsar periods for young pulsars are of the order of one second , and they increase with time ; the very short periods exhibited by so @-@ called millisecond pulsars are due to the transfer of material from a binary companion . The pulse period of PSR B1620 @-@ 26 is a few milliseconds , providing strong evidence for matter transfer . It is believed that as the pulsar 's red giant companion expanded , it filled and then exceeded its Roche lobe , so that its surface layers started being transferred onto the neutron star .
The infalling matter produced complex and spectacular effects . The infalling matter ' spun up ' the neutron star , due to the transfer of angular momentum , and for a few hundred million years , the stars formed a low @-@ mass X @-@ ray binary , as the infalling matter was heated to temperatures high enough to glow in X @-@ rays .
Mass transfer came to an end when the surface layers of the mass @-@ losing star were depleted , and the core slowly shrunk to a white dwarf . Now the stars peacefully orbit around each other . The long @-@ term prospects for PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b are poor , though . The triple system , which is much more massive than a typical isolated star in M4 , is slowly drifting down into the core of the cluster , where the density of stars is very high . In a billion years or so , the triple will probably have another close encounter with a nearby star . The most common outcome of such encounters is that the lightest companion is ejected from the multiple star system . If this happens , PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b will most likely be ejected completely from M4 , and will spend the rest of its existence wandering alone in interstellar space as an interstellar planet .
= = Detection and discovery = =
Like nearly all extrasolar planets discovered prior to 2008 , PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b was originally detected through the Doppler shifts its orbit induces on radiation from the star it orbits ( in this case , changes in the apparent pulsation period of the pulsar ) . In the early 1990s , a group of astronomers led by Donald Backer were studying what they thought was a binary pulsar , determined that a third object
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107 @,@ 708 active CPU cores and 63 @,@ 977 active GPUs for a total of 40 @.@ 190 x86 petaFLOPS ( 19 @.@ 282 native petaFLOPS ) . At the same time , the combined efforts of all distributed computing projects under BOINC totals 7 @.@ 924 petaFLOPS . In November 2012 Folding @ home updated its accounting of FLOPS , especially for GPUs , and now reports the number of active processor cores as well as physical processors . Using the Markov state model approach , Folding @ home achieves strong scaling across its user base and gains a linear speedup for every additional processor . This network allows Folding @ home to do work that was formerly computationally impractical .
In March 2002 Google co @-@ founder Sergey Brin launched Google Compute as an add @-@ on for the Google Toolbar . Although limited in functionality and scope , it increased participation in Folding @ home from 10 @,@ 000 , up to about 30 @,@ 000 active CPUs . The program ended in October 2005 in favor of the official Folding @ home clients , and is no longer available for the Toolbar . Folding @ home also gained participants from Genome @ home , another distributed computing project from the Pande lab and a sister project to Folding @ home . The goal of Genome @ home was protein design and associated applications . Following its official conclusion in March 2004 , users were asked to donate computing power to Folding @ home instead .
= = = Performance = = =
On September 16 , 2007 , due in large part to the participation of PS3s , the Folding @ home project officially attained a sustained performance level higher than one native petaFLOPS , becoming the first computing system of any kind to do so . Top500 's fastest supercomputer at the time was BlueGene / L , at 0 @.@ 280 petaFLOPS . The following year , on May 7 , 2008 , the project attained a sustained performance level higher than two native petaFLOPS , followed by the three and four native petaFLOPS milestones on August 20 and September 28 , 2008 respectively . On February 18 , 2009 , Folding @ home achieved five native petaFLOPS , and was the first computing project to meet these five levels . In comparison , November 2008 's fastest supercomputer was IBM 's Roadrunner at 1 @.@ 105 petaFLOPS . On November 10 , 2011 , Folding @ home 's performance exceeded six native petaFLOPS with the equivalent of nearly eight x86 petaFLOPS . In mid @-@ May 2013 , Folding @ home attained over seven native petaFLOPS , with the equivalent of 14 @.@ 87 x86 petaFLOPS . It then reached eight native petaFLOPS on June 21 , followed by nine on September 9 of that year , with 17 @.@ 9 x86 petaFLOPS . Folding @ home reached 100 x86 petaFLOPS in May 2016 .
= = Points = =
Similarly to other distributed computing projects , Folding @ home quantitatively assesses user computing contributions to the project through a credit system . All units from a given protein project have uniform base credit , which is determined by benchmarking one or more work units from that project on an official reference machine before the project is released . Each user receives these base points for completing every work unit , though through the use of a passkey they can receive additional bonus points for reliably and rapidly completing units which are more computationally demanding or have a greater scientific priority . Users may also receive credit for their work by clients on multiple machines . This point system attempts to align awarded credit with the value of the scientific results .
Users can register their contributions under a team , which combine the points of all their members . A user can start their own team , or they can join an existing team . In some cases , a team may have their own community @-@ driven sources of help or recruitment such as an Internet forum . The points can foster friendly competition between individuals and teams to compute the most for the project , which can benefit the folding community and accelerate scientific research . Individual and team statistics are posted on the Folding @ home website .
= = Software = =
Folding @ home software at the user 's end involves three primary components : work units , cores , and a client .
= = = Work units = = =
A work unit is the protein data that the client is asked to process . Work units are a fraction of the simulation between the states in a Markov state model . After the work unit has been downloaded and completely processed by a volunteer 's computer , it is returned to Folding @ home servers , which then award the volunteer the credit points . This cycle repeats automatically . All work units have associated deadlines , and if this deadline is exceeded , the user may not get credit and the unit will be automatically reissued to another participant . As protein folding is serial in nature and many work units are generated from their predecessors , this allows the overall simulation process to proceed normally if a work unit is not returned after a reasonable period of time . Due to these deadlines , the minimum system requirement for Folding @ home is a Pentium 3 450 MHz CPU with Streaming SIMD Extensions ( SSE ) . However , work units for high @-@ performance clients have a much shorter deadline than those for the uniprocessor client , as a major part of the scientific benefit is dependent on rapidly completing simulations .
Before public release , work units go through several quality assurance steps to keep problematic ones from becoming fully available . These testing stages include internal , beta , and advanced , before a final full release across Folding @ home . Folding @ home 's work units are normally processed only once , except in the rare event that errors occur during processing . If this occurs for three different users , the unit is automatically pulled from distribution . The Folding @ home support forum can be used to differentiate between issues arising from problematic hardware and bad work units .
= = = Cores = = =
Specialized molecular dynamics programs , referred to as " FahCores " and often abbreviated " cores " , perform the calculations on the work unit as a background process . A large majority of Folding @ home 's cores are based on GROMACS , one of the fastest and most popular molecular dynamics software packages , which largely consists of manually optimized assembly language code and hardware optimizations . Although GROMACS is open @-@ source software and there is a cooperative effort between the Pande lab and GROMACS developers , Folding @ home uses a closed @-@ source license to help ensure data validity . Less active cores include ProtoMol and SHARPEN . Folding @ home has used AMBER , CPMD , Desmond , and TINKER , but these have since been retired and are no longer in active service . Some of these cores perform explicit solvation calculations in which the surrounding solvent ( usually water ) is modeled atom @-@ by @-@ atom ; while others perform implicit solvation methods , where the solvent is treated as a mathematical continuum . The core is separate from the client to enable the scientific methods to be updated automatically without requiring a client update . The cores periodically create calculation checkpoints so that if they are interrupted they can resume work from that point upon startup .
= = = Client = = =
A Folding @ home participant installs a client program on their personal computer . The user interacts with the client , which manages the other software components in the background . Through the client , the
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user may pause the folding process , open an event log , check the work progress , or view personal statistics . The computer clients run continuously in the background at an extremely low priority , using idle processing power so that normal computer usage is unaffected . The maximum CPU usage can be adjusted through client settings . The client connects to a Folding @ home server and retrieves a work unit and may also download the appropriate core for the client 's settings , operating system , and the underlying hardware architecture . After processing , the work unit is returned to the Folding @ home servers . Computer clients are tailored to uniprocessor and multi @-@ core processors systems , as well as graphics processing units . The diversity and power of each hardware architecture provides Folding @ home with the ability to efficiently complete many types of simulations in a timely manner ( in a few weeks or months rather than years ) , which is of significant scientific value . Together , these clients allow researchers to study biomedical questions formerly considered impractical to tackle computationally .
Professional software developers are responsible for most of Folding @ home 's code , both for the client and server @-@ side . The development team includes programmers from Nvidia , ATI , Sony , and Cauldron Development . Clients can be downloaded only from the official Folding @ home website or its commercial partners , and will only interact with Folding @ home computer files . They will upload and download data with Stanford 's Folding @ home data servers ( over port 8080 , with 80 as an alternative ) , and the communication is verified using 2048 @-@ bit digital signatures . While the client 's GUI is open @-@ source , the client is proprietary software citing security and scientific integrity as the reasons .
Folding @ home uses the Cosm software libraries for networking . Folding @ home was launched on October 1 , 2000 , and was the first distributed computing project aimed at bio @-@ molecular systems . Its first client was a screensaver , which would run while the computer was not otherwise in use . In 2004 , the Pande lab collaborated with David Anderson to test a supplemental client on the open @-@ source BOINC framework . This client was released to closed beta in April 2005 ; however , the approach became unworkable and was shelved in June 2006 .
= = = = Graphics processing units = = = =
The specialized hardware of GPUs is designed to accelerate rendering of 3 @-@ D graphics applications such as video games and can significantly outperform CPUs for certain types of calculations . GPUs are one of the most powerful and rapidly growing computational platforms and many scientists and researchers are pursuing general purpose GPU ( GPGPU ) computing . However , GPU hardware is difficult to use for non @-@ graphics tasks and usually requires significant algorithm restructuring and an advanced understanding of the underlying architecture . Such customization is challenging , especially to researchers with limited software development resources . Folding @ home uses the open source OpenMM library , which uses a bridge design pattern with two application programming interface ( API ) levels to interface molecular simulation software to an underlying hardware architecture . With the addition of hardware optimizations , OpenMM @-@ based GPU simulations do not require significant modification but achieve performance nearly equal to hand @-@ tuned GPU code , and greatly outperform CPU implementations .
Before 2010 the computational reliability of GPGPU consumer @-@ grade hardware was largely unknown , and circumstantial evidence related to the lack of built @-@ in error detection and correction in GPU memory raised reliability concerns . In the first large @-@ scale test of GPU scientific accuracy , a 2010 study of over 20 @,@ 000 hosts on the Folding @ home network detected soft errors in the memory subsystems of two @-@ thirds of the tested GPUs . These errors strongly correlated to board architecture , though the study concluded that reliable GPU computing was very feasible as long as attention is paid to the hardware characteristics , such as software @-@ side error detection .
The first generation of Folding @ home 's GPU client ( GPU1 ) was released to the public on October 2 , 2006 , delivering a 20 @-@ 30X speedup for certain calculations over its CPU @-@ based GROMACS counterparts . It was the first time GPUs had been used for either distributed computing or major molecular dynamics calculations . GPU1 gave researchers significant knowledge and experience with the development of GPGPU software , but in response to scientific inaccuracies with DirectX , on April 10 , 2008 it was succeeded by GPU2 , the second generation of the client . Following the introduction of GPU2 , GPU1 was officially retired on June 6 . Compared to GPU1 , GPU2 was more scientifically reliable and productive , ran on ATI and CUDA @-@ enabled Nvidia GPUs , and supported more advanced algorithms , larger proteins , and real @-@ time visualization of the protein simulation . Following this , the third generation of Folding @ home 's GPU client ( GPU3 ) was released on May 25 , 2010 . While backwards compatible with GPU2 , GPU3 was more stable , efficient and had greater flexibility in its scientific capabilities , and used OpenMM on top of an OpenCL framework . Although these GPU3 clients did not natively support the Linux and OS @-@ X operating systems , Linux users with Nvidia graphics cards were able to run them through the Wine software application . GPUs remain Folding @ home 's most powerful platform in terms of FLOPS ; as of November 2012 GPU clients account for 87 % of the entire project 's x86 FLOPS throughput .
Native support for Nvidia and AMD graphics cards under Linux was introduced with FahCore 17 , which uses OpenCL rather than CUDA .
= = = = PlayStation 3 = = = =
From March 2007 until November 2012 , Folding @ home took advantage of the computing power of PlayStation 3s . At the time of its inception , its main streaming Cell processor delivered a 20x speed increase over PCs for certain calculations , processing power which could not be found on other systems such as the Xbox 360 . The PS3 's high speed and efficiency introduced other opportunities for worthwhile optimizations according to Amdahl 's law , and significantly changed the tradeoff between computational efficiency and overall accuracy , allowing for the use of more complex molecular models at little additional computational cost . This allowed Folding @ home to run biomedical calculations that would have been otherwise computationally infeasible .
The PS3 client was developed in a collaborative effort between Sony and the Pande lab and was first released as a standalone client on March 23 , 2007 . Its release made Folding @ home the first distributed computing project to use PS3s . On September 18 of the following year , the PS3 client became a channel of Life with PlayStation on its launch . In terms of the types of calculations it can perform , at the time of its introduction the client took the middle ground between a CPU 's flexibility and a GPU 's speed . However , unlike CPUs and GPUs , users were unable to perform other activities on their PS3 while running Folding @ home . The PS3 's uniform console environment made support easier and made Folding @ home more user friendly . The PS3 also has the ability to stream data quickly to its GPU , which was used for real @-@ time atomic @-@ level visualizations of the current protein dynamics .
On November
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a temperature of approximately 76 degrees . The wind was from the south @-@ southwest at 11 miles per hour ( 18 km / h ) . Approximately 4 @.@ 14 million American households watched the game on television , earning the game a Nielsen rating of 3 @.@ 93 . The pre @-@ game show featured the Marching Virginians , the Cardinal Marching Band , and the Wachovia Dance Team , a collection of Jacksonville @-@ area entertainers . Also before kickoff , the stadium was overflown by a flight of U.S. Navy F / A @-@ 18 Super Hornets from VFA @-@ 103 , based in Virginia . The national anthem was sung by Monty Lane Allen , member of a Gospel singing group .
= = = First quarter = = =
Virginia Tech won the ceremonial pre @-@ game coin toss to select first possession and deferred its option to the second half ; Louisville elected to receive the opening kick . The Cardinals began the game 's opening drive at their own 18 @-@ yard line after the opening kickoff . Running back Michael Bush rushed for 12 yards on the game 's opening play , netting the game 's first first down . Subsequent plays , however , saw Louisville struggle to gain another . Facing fourth down and six yards at their own 34 @-@ yard line , the Cardinals seemingly prepared to punt . Instead , the Cardinals executed a trick play by running back Kolby Smith , who ran with the ball . Smith surprised the Tech defense and broke free for a 30 @-@ yard run , converting the first down and continuing the Louisville drive . Eight plays later , Louisville quarterback Hunter Cantwell connected on an 11 @-@ yard pass to Mario Urrutia for a touchdown and the game 's first points . The extra point kick was good , and with 10 : 42 remaining in the first quarter , Louisville took a 7 – 0 lead .
Virginia Tech 's first possession of the game began at its own 32 @-@ yard line after Louisville 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff . Tech running back Cedric Humes gained 12 yards and a first down on the Hokies ' first play of the game , and quarterback Marcus Vick completed a 24 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Josh Hyman three plays later to get another first down and drive the Hokies into Louisville territory . After Vick was stopped for losses on two consecutive rushing plays , he completed another long pass to Hyman for a first down . Subsequent plays saw Tech advance into the Louisville red zone but fail to gain another first down . Kicker Brandon Pace entered the game to attempt a 36 @-@ yard field goal kick , which was successful . With six minutes remaining in the first quarter , Tech cut Louisville 's lead to 7 – 3 .
Louisville 's second drive of the game was much quicker than the Cardinals ' first . After beginning at their own 20 @-@ yard line , it took the Cardinals just seven plays to travel 80 yards and earn a touchdown . Louisville was helped throughout the drive by repeated Virginia Tech personal foul penalties . Tech players committed three separate 15 @-@ yard personal fouls during the drive , one of which came after Louisville 's successful extra point kick when cornerback Jimmy Williams bumped a game official . Williams was ejected from the game for the contact and was removed from the field after watching the next series from the sidelines . The touchdown and extra point extended Louisville 's first @-@ quarter lead to 14 – 3 .
Tech received the ball at its 20 @-@ yard line with 2 : 44 remaining in the first quarter . Three quick rushes picked up 22 yards and two first downs , pushing the ball to the Tech 42 @-@ yard line . On the next play , however , wide receiver Justin Harper committed a 15 @-@ yard pass interference penalty , which negated much of the previous plays ' gains . Marcus Vick rushed for five yards , threw two incomplete passes , and was unable to get another first down after the penalty . With time winding down in the quarter , Tech was forced to punt the ball away . The game 's first punt traveled 53 yards , and Louisville took over on offense at its 40 @-@ yard line following a 25 @-@ yard punt return as time expired in the quarter . At the end of the first quarter , Louisville led Virginia Tech , 14 – 3 .
= = = Second quarter = = =
Louisville began the second quarter in possession of the ball at its 40 @-@ yard line . Despite having good field position , the Cardinals were unable to gain more than four yards on three plays and were forced into their first punt of the game . Throughout much of the second quarter , both teams traded punts as each went three and out on several occasions . By the quarter 's halfway point , Virginia Tech punted the ball twice in the period . Louisville punted the ball three times after kicking no punts at all in the first quarter .
After the third Louisville punt , Virginia Tech took over at its 46 @-@ yard line . Unlike the previous second @-@ quarter possessions , which saw the Tech offense struggle to move the ball effectively , Tech began its drive with a five @-@ yard rush . After losing seven yards on the next play , Marcus Vick completed a 19 @-@ yard pass to tight end Jeff King , driving the Hokies into Louisville territory for the first time in the quarter . Two plays later , Vick connected with wide receiver Justin Harper on a 33 @-@ yard pass that resulted in the Hokies ' first touchdown of the game . With 4 : 56 remaining in the first half of the game , Tech trimmed Louisville 's lead to 14 – 10 .
Following the Tech touchdown , Louisville attempted to answer with points of its own before halftime . After starting on his own 20 @-@ yard line , Hunter Cantwell completed two quick passes that resulted in 26 yards . Two plays later , Michael Bush broke free for a 34 @-@ yard run , driving Louisville deep into the Virginia Tech side of the field . Despite having a first down at the Virginia Tech 18 @-@ yard line , Louisville was unable to gain any yards on three consecutive plays . Bush was stopped for no gain on a rushing attempt , and two Cantwell passes fell incomplete . Kicker Arthur Carmody came in to complete a 35 @-@ yard field goal , and with 2 : 16 remaining in the first half , Louisville led by a score of 17 – 10 .
After receiving Louisville 's kickoff , Virginia Tech elected to run out the clock and bring the first half to an end . During the process , Marcus Vick ran the ball on a designed play and was tackled by Cardinals defensive end Elvis Dumervil after Vick gained nine yards . Following the play , Vick paused , then stomped on Dumervil 's leg . Though referees failed to observe the stomp , television commentators replayed the action , and Tech coaches considered pulling Vick from the game as punishment . At the end of the first half of play , Louisville held a 17 – 10 lead .
= = = Third quarter = = =
The second half of play began with Virginia Tech receiving the ball , going three and out , and punting the ball back to Louisville . The Cardinals reciprocated by also going three and out and punting the ball back to Virginia Tech . The Hokies began their second drive of the quarter at their one @-@ yard line . Despite beginning deep in their own end of the field , Virginia Tech mounted a successful drive . Tailback Branden Ore and quarterback Marcus Vick alternated rushes , picking up 18 yards and a first down . After Vick was sacked by the Louisville defense , he recovered by throwing a 29 @-@ yard pass for another first down . Following the pass , Vick and Ore rushed for six consecutive plays , alternating carries at various intervals . Inside the Louisville red zone , however , the Cardinals ' defense stiffened and the Tech offense began to falter . After Tech successfully gained a first down on fourth and one , the Hokies were unable to gain another . Tech kicker Brandon Pace was forced to make his second field goal of the game , this one a 28 @-@ yarder , to make the game 17 – 13 with 2 : 52 remaining in the quarter . The Tech drive began with 11 : 17 remaining in the quarter and took eight minutes and 25 seconds off the clock .
Louisville received the post @-@ field goal kickoff , but again went three and out , punting the ball back to Virginia Tech . Louisville did not pick up a first down in the third quarter , and Tech began yet another drive as time ran out in the quarter . With one quarter remaining in the game , Tech narrowed the Louisville
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" Otis " by hip @-@ hop artists Jay @-@ Z and Kanye West .
Side two is mainly composed of Redding songs , the exception being Chuck Willis ' " You 're Still My Baby " and " Love Have Mercy " , co @-@ written by David Porter and Hayes . The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul was released on October 15 , 1966 on the Stax label and peaked at number 73 and at number 5 on the Billboard 200 and the R & B LP charts respectively .
= = Reception = =
The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul received positive critical reception . Mark Deming of Allmusic gave the album 5 out of 5 stars , stating that it " found the rugged @-@ voiced deep soul singer continuing to expand the boundaries of his style while staying true to his rough and passionate signature sound . " He liked " My Lover 's Prayer " and " Fa @-@ Fa @-@ Fa @-@ Fa @-@ Fa ( Sad Song ) " , asserting that they were worthy of an Academy Award . The backing bands were for him " thoroughly distinctive and remarkably adaptable , fitting to the nooks and crannies of Redding 's voice with their supple but muscular performances . " Magazine Rolling Stone rated the album 4 out of 5 stars , stating that Redding " delivers one of his most mature performances , smoky and at times almost langorous " in " Try a Little Tenderness " , and the second single is " hard and precise but swinging . " In 2009 , Daryl Easlea of BBC music gave the album a positive review and stated that Redding was at the " peak of his powers " when he recorded it . One song from the album , " Try a Little Tenderness " , was said by Easlea to be Redding 's most remembered song after only " ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay " , which was released posthumously shortly after his death . The album was ranked at number 251 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Critic Jon Landau called it " The finest record ever to come out of Memphis and certainly the best example of modern soul ever recorded . "
= = Track listing = =
Track listing adapted from Allmusic .
= = Personnel = =
Credits adapted from Allmusic .
Otis Redding – vocals
Steve Cropper – guitar
Donald Dunn – bass
Booker T. Jones - keyboards , piano
Isaac Hayes – keyboards , piano
Al Jackson , Jr . – drums
Wayne Jackson – trumpet
Gilbert Cable – tenor saxophone ( on " Try a Little Tenderness " )
Andrew Love – tenor saxophone
Joe Arnold – tenor saxophone
Floyd Newman – baritone saxophone
Ronnie Stoots – cover design
= = Charts = =
= National Weather Service Lincoln , Illinois =
National Weather Service Lincoln , Illinois also known as National Weather Service Central Illinois is a weather forecast office responsible for monitoring weather conditions for 35 counties in Central and Southeastern Illinois . The Central Illinois office initially consisted of two forecast offices in Peoria and Springfield until the current location in Lincoln became the sole local forecast office in 1995 . Federal meteorology offices and stations in the region date back to the 19th century when the Army Signal Service began taking weather observations using weather equipment at the Springer Building in Springfield . Since that time the presence of the National Weather Service greatly increased with the instillation of new weather radars , stations and forecast offices . The current office in Lincoln maintains a WSR @-@ 88D ( NEXRAD ) radar system , and Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System ( AWIPS ) that greatly improve forecasting in the region . Lincoln is in charge of weather forecasts , warnings and local statements as well as aviation weather .
= = History = =
= = = Early History ( 1879 – 1930 ) = = =
On July 1 , 1879 the Army Signal Service began taking weather observations using weather equipment at the Springer Building in Springfield becoming the first federal weather station in the region . Eleven years later the U.S. Weather Bureau was founded and the equipment in Springfield was transferred from the Signal Service to the Weather Bureau . In 1898 Springfield became the site of a new weather station that used kites to measure data in the atmosphere using tethered instruments . In 1905 Peoria became the site of a new U.S. Weather Bureau , constructed at the cost of $ 7 @,@ 969 the station measured temperatures , wind speeds , precipitation , snowfall , and barometric pressure . A year later at the Peoria Station a telegraph was installed to help better transmit weather data and observations . In Springfield the Weather Bureau was officially moved from its original location to a new building at 7th and Monroe . In 1928 the Springfield Weather
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final operation against the British Grand Fleet in the last weeks of the war , and was involved in the mutinies that forced the cancellation of the operation .
The ship served briefly in the new Reichsmarine in 1919 before being transferred to Italy as a war prize . She was formally transferred in July 1920 and renamed Taranto for service in the Italian Navy . In 1936 – 1937 , she was rebuilt for colonial duties and additional anti @-@ aircraft guns were installed . She saw no significant action during World War II until the Armistice that ended Italy 's participation in the war . She was scuttled by the Italian Navy , captured and raised by the Germans , and sunk by Allied bombers in October 1943 . The Germans raised the ship again , which was sunk a second time by bombers in September 1944 . Taranto was finally broken up for scrap in 1946 – 1947 .
= = = Stralsund = = =
Stralsund was assigned to the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet for the majority of her career . She saw significant action in the early years of World War I , including several operations off the British coast and the Battles of Heligoland Bight and Dogger Bank , in August 1914 and November 1915 , respectively . She was not damaged in either action . The ship was in dockyard hands during the Battle of Jutland , and so she missed the engagement . After the end of the war , she served briefly in the Reichsmarine before being surrendered to the Allies . She was ceded to the French Navy , where she served as Mulhouse until 1925 . She was formally stricken in 1933 and broken up for scrap two years later .
= Port Charlotte High School =
Port Charlotte High School ( PCHS ) is a four @-@ year , comprehensive , public high school located in Port Charlotte , Florida , US . The school opened in 1981 , graduated its first class in 1984 , its mascot is the pirate , and the school motto is " Yes , I am a Pirate . " It is operated by Charlotte County Public Schools . With 2 @,@ 082 students enrolled in grades Grades 9 through 12 , Port Charlotte High School has more students than any other public school in Charlotte County . Enrollment was traditionally based on students ' geographic locations , but is now by choice under the more recently created open enrollment program . The school has grown much , and it survived Hurricane Charley . The school 's main feeders are Murdock Middle School , Port Charlotte Middle School , and Punta Gorda Middle School . The school 's top athletic rivals are Charlotte High School and Lemon Bay High School . The property value of the school is $ 15 @,@ 797 @,@ 719 US . PCHS has educated two NFL players and one MLB player who also performed in the 2008 Beijing Olympics .
= = History = =
PCHS has experienced growth through its twenty @-@ five years of existence . The campus structure has grown with the population . The school was originally built in 1981 , and opened its doors that year for 9th and 10th graders . For each of the next two years , a class was added , and PCHS graduated its first class in 1984 . The original " G " and " B " buildings were completed in 1983 . The auditorium was built in 1984 . The science building , also known as A building , was built in 1987 . The BB building was built in 1990 . A swimming pool was added in 1991 . The " C building " , which houses the library and some classrooms , was built in 2001 . In 2003 , the new " B building " , the two story academic classroom building , was finished . In 2007 , the new gym was finished . The new gym did not replace the older one , but rather , was an addition .
In 2004 , Hurricane Charley brought devastation to the Port Charlotte region . Although Port Charlotte High School suffered only minor damage from the hurricane , other regional high schools suffered significant damage . In the aftermath , Port Charlotte High School shared its facility with the students of Charlotte High School , with Port Charlotte High School students attending morning class and Charlotte High School students attending in the evening .
In 2009 , Port Charlotte High School was recognized by US News and World Report as one of America 's best high schools and a " Bronze Medal School " for academic excellence . PCHS was one of 1 @,@ 189 schools nationwide to receive a bronze medal .
= = Academics = =
Port Charlotte High School currently has 15 English teachers , 17 math teachers , 8 intensive reading teachers , 14 science teachers , 15 social studies teachers , 8 foreign language teachers , 14 vocational teachers , 5 exceptional student education ( for students with disabilities ) teachers , and 1 ESOL teacher . There are seven periods in a school day . The school has a student / teacher ratio of 21 @.@ 2 . The curriculum is based on the Sunshine State Standards .
These grades are based on FCAT testing .
= = Athletics = =
The PCHS athletic department operates programs in football , basketball , baseball , softball , track , cheerleading , golf , wrestling , soccer , volleyball , bowling , swimming , lacrosse ,
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field , Granderson played the most consistent and solid defense of any Mets fielder .
= = = = = 2016 = = = = =
On May 27 , 2016 , Granderson hit a walk off home run against the Los Angeles Dodgers . He was the first batter up in the bottom of the 9th inning . As of June 16 , 2016 , Granderson had hit 17 lead @-@ off homers since joining the Mets in 2014 , a franchise record .
= = Personal life = =
Granderson is an avid fan of WWE , and attended WrestleMania 23 in Detroit . He considers The Ultimate Warrior , The Undertaker , Junkyard Dog , " Macho Man " Randy Savage , and Hulk Hogan to be his favorite wrestlers . He is also an avid fan of college basketball and of the Kansas Jayhawks .
Off the field , Granderson has served as an ambassador for Major League Baseball International . He has traveled to England , Italy , the Netherlands , France , South Africa , China , New Zealand , South Korea and Japan to promote baseball . In appreciation for his efforts , Commissioner Bud Selig penned a thank @-@ you letter to Granderson which read in part , " There are so many fine young men playing Major League baseball today , but I can think of no one who is better suited to represent our national pastime than you . " He has also served as something of an unofficial baseball ambassador to the African @-@ American community , often participating in and initiating dialogue about the lack of black players at all levels of the sport . When he endorsed Nike , Inc . , Louisville Slugger and Rawlings , he asked them to donate money to his foundation or equipment to inner @-@ city baseball programs rather than pay him .
His foundation , Grand Kids Foundation , has raised money to benefit the educations of inner @-@ city children around the country . Granderson wrote a children 's book , All You Can Be : Dream It , Draw It , Become It ! , which was published in August 2009 . The book is illustrated by students of the New York City public school system . In February 2010 , Granderson represented MLB at a White House function announcing Let 's Move ! , a childhood anti @-@ obesity effort sponsored by First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama . Granderson paid $ 5 million to help UIC build a new baseball stadium in 2013 .
Granderson has been involved in the Major League Baseball Players Association ( MLBPA ) since 2006 . He has taken part in negotiations of the labor contract . Granderson was chosen as the 2009 Marvin Miller Man of the Year by the MLBPA for his off @-@ field work .
In 2011 , Granderson was also voted one of the friendliest players in the Major Leagues , according to a poll conducted by Sports Illustrated to 290 players . Granderson wears his socks high to honor players from the Negro leagues .
= = Publications = =
Granderson , Curtis ( 2009 ) . All You Can Be : Dream It , Draw It , Become It ! . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 @-@ 60078 @-@ 247 @-@ 7 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 .
= Pendle witches =
The trials of the Pendle witches in 1612 are among the most famous witch trials in
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mole @-@ rats extensively , and became " a font of useless trivia " . She was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program in 2004 for her work on the show . In 2001 , Cartwright took over the Rugrats role of Chuckie Finster when Christine Cavanaugh retired . Cartwright describes Rufus and Chuckie as her two most difficult voices : " Rufus because my diaphragm gets a workout while trying to utilize the 18 vocal sounds a mole makes . Chuckie because ... he 's an asthmatic with five personalities rolled into one — plus I have to do the voice the way [ Cavanaugh ] did it for 10 years . " Other television shows that have used her voice work include Galaxy High ; God , the Devil and Bob ; Goof Troop ; Mike , Lu & Og ; The Replacements ; Pinky and the Brain and Timberwolf . Cartwright has appeared on camera in numerous television shows and films , including Fame , Empty Nest , The Fresh Prince of Bel @-@ Air , Flesh and Blood , Godzilla and 24 .
In 2000 , Cartwright published her autobiography , My Life as a 10 @-@ Year @-@ Old Boy . The book details her career ( particularly her experiences as the voice of Bart ) and contains stories about life behind the scenes of The Simpsons . Laura A. Bischoff of the Dayton Daily News commented that the book was the " ultimate insider 's guide to The Simpsons " . Critics complained that the book lacked interesting stories and was aimed mostly at fans of The Simpsons rather than a general audience .
Cartwright adapted My Life as a 10 @-@ Year @-@ Old Boy into a one @-@ woman play in 2004 . Cartwright has performed it at a variety of venues , including the August 2004 Edinburgh Festival Fringe in Scotland . The play received modest reviews , including criticism for a lack of inside stories about The Simpsons , and its " overweeningly upbeat " tone . David Chatterton of The British Theatre Guide described the show as " interesting and entertaining , but not really a ' must see ' even for Simpsons fans " .
Cartwright has shown an interest in stock car racing and as of 2007 was seeking a NASCAR license . In 2001 , she founded a production company called SportsBlast and created an online animated series called The Kellys . The series is focused on racing ; Cartwright voices a seven @-@ year @-@ old named Chip Kelly .
= = Personal life = =
Cartwright met writer Warren Murphy on her birthday in 1988 and married him two months later . In her book , she describes Murphy as her " personal laugh track " . The couple had two children , Lucy and Jack , before divorcing in 2002 .
Cartwright was raised a Roman Catholic but joined the Church of Scientology in 1991 . She has said that before becoming involved with the church she was depressed that she did not have a " committed relationship " , and wanted to get married and have children . She " thought that maybe [ she ] could find a relationship by going to a church " . Cartwright attended a barbecue at a friend 's house and noticed that all of the attendees were Scientologists with " thriving careers " . Cartwright began reading the works of L. Ron Hubbard and found solace in a chapter about shedding the pain of loss . She said later , " I felt he was talking directly to me , I said to myself , ' I want to stop that feeling . ' " Cartwright was awarded Scientology 's Patron Laureate Award after she donated $ 10 million , almost twice her annual salary , to the Church in 2007 .
Cartwright actively supports many nonprofit organizations , including Famous Fone Friends , the Make @-@ A @-@ Wish Foundation , and Scientology @-@ related The Way to Happiness Foundation . She is co @-@ founder of " Happy House " , a non @-@ profit organization dedicated to building ' better ' families and distributing Scientology @-@ based literature , based on The Way to Happiness Foundation and is a contributor to ASIFA @-@ Hollywood 's Animation Archive Project . In September 2007 , Cartwright received the Make @-@ a @-@ Wish Foundation 's Wish Icon Award " for her tremendous dedication to the Foundation 's fundraising and wish @-@ fulfillment efforts " . In 2005 , Cartwright created a scholarship at Fairmont High School " designed to aid Fairmont [ graduates ] who dream of following in her footsteps and studying speech , debate , drama or music " at Ohio University . In 2005 , Cartwright was given the title of Honorary Mayor of Northridge , California ( a neighborhood of Los Angeles ) by the Northridge Chamber of Commerce .
In 2007 , Cartwright was in a relationship with contractor Stephen Brackett . They planned to get married in spring 2008 . Brackett was the President and Treasurer of Brackett Construction in Hollywood , California ; the construction company was founded in 1987 and had $ 8 @.@ 5 million in sales in 2009 . He was a fellow member of Scientology , reaching the Operating Thetan level of OT V in Scientology , in 1989 . He died in May 2009 . According to The Monterey County Herald , Brackett leaped off the Bixby Creek Bridge in Big Sur , California . Law enforcement stated , " friends and relatives of Brackett said he was despondent because of financial troubles with his business " . In September 2010 , it was announced Cartwright was being sued by the executives of American Safety Casualty Insurance Company over a policy covering refurbishment work Stephen Brackett failed to finish before his death . The lawsuit sought $ 260 @,@ 000 from Cartwright , who the company claims was guarantor for the policy but has refused to cover the expenses . The lawsuit also alleges Brackett diverted contract funds to the Church of Scientology .
In January 2009 , Cartwright used Bart 's voice in an automated telephone message to Scientologists , inviting them to an event in Hollywood , California . She opened the message in Bart 's voice , saying " Yo , what 's happenin ' man , this is Bart Simpson [ laugh ] " , then used her normal voice in most of the remaining message . In a 2000 interview , Cartwright explained that a character 's voice is copyrighted and she can use Bart 's voice in public but cannot record original dialogue without approval . Al Jean , executive producer of The Simpsons , said that the calls had not been " authorized by us " , while The Simpsons creator Matt Groening commented that the issue had been " blown up beyond what was intended " .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = = Video games
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= = =
= = = Music videos = = =
= = = Theme park = = =
= = Awards = =
= Jeopardy ! =
Jeopardy ! is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin . The show features a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers , and must phrase their responses in the form of questions . The original daytime version debuted on NBC on March 30 , 1964 , and aired until January 3 , 1975 . A weekly nighttime syndicated edition aired from September 1974 to September 1975 , and a revival , The All @-@ New Jeopardy ! , ran on NBC from October 1978 to March 1979 . The current version , a daily syndicated show produced by Sony Pictures Television , premiered on September 10 , 1984 and is still airing , making it by far the program 's most successful incarnation .
Both NBC versions and the weekly syndicated version were hosted by Art Fleming . Don Pardo served as announcer until 1975 , and John Harlan announced for the 1978 – 79 show . Since its inception , the daily syndicated version has featured Alex Trebek as host and Johnny Gilbert as announcer .
With 7 @,@ 000 episodes aired , the daily syndicated version of Jeopardy ! has won a record 31 Daytime Emmy Awards and is the only post @-@ 1960 game show to be honored with the Peabody Award . In 2013 , the program was ranked No. 45 on TV Guide 's list of the 60 greatest shows in American television history . Jeopardy ! has also gained a worldwide following with regional adaptations in many other countries . The daily syndicated series ' 32nd season premiered on September 14 , 2015 .
= = Gameplay = =
Three contestants each take their place behind a lectern , with the returning champion occupying the leftmost lectern ( from the viewer 's perspective ) . The contestants compete in a quiz game comprising three rounds : Jeopardy ! , Double Jeopardy ! , and Final Jeopardy ! . The material for the questions covers a wide variety of topics , including history and current events , the sciences , the arts , popular culture , literature , and languages . Category titles often feature puns , wordplay , or shared themes , and the host will regularly remind contestants of topics or place emphasis on category themes before the start of the round .
= = = First two rounds = = =
The Jeopardy ! and Double Jeopardy ! rounds each feature six categories , each of which contains five clues , which are ostensibly valued by difficulty . The dollar values of the clues increased over time . On the original Jeopardy ! series , clue values in the first round ranged from $ 10 to $ 50 . On The All @-@ New Jeopardy ! , they ranged from $ 25 to $ 125 . The current series ' first round originally ranged from $ 100 to $ 500 , and were doubled to $ 200 to $ 1 @,@ 000 on November 26 , 2001 . On the Super Jeopardy ! specials , clues were valued in points rather than in dollars , and ranged in the first round from 200 to 1 @,@ 000 points .
The Jeopardy ! round begins when the returning champion selects a clue , which may be from any position on the game board . The clue is revealed and read aloud by the host , after which any contestant may ring @-@ in using a hand @-@ held signaling device . The first contestant to ring @-@ in successfully is prompted to provide a response to the clue , phrased in the form of a question . For example , if a contestant were to select " Presidents for $ 200 " , the resulting clue could be " This ' Father of Our Country ' didn 't really chop down a cherry tree " , to which the correct response would be " Who is / was George Washington ? " ( Contestants are free to phrase the response in the form of any question ; the traditional phrasing of " who is / are " for people or " what is / are " for things or words is almost always used . ) If the contestant responds correctly , the clue 's dollar value is added to the contestant 's score , and they may select a new clue from the board . An incorrect response , or a failure to respond within five seconds , deducts the clue 's value from the contestant 's score and allows the other contestants the opportunity to ring @-@ in and respond . If no contestant responds correctly , the host gives the correct response ; the " last correct questioner " chooses the next clue .
From the premiere of the original Jeopardy ! until the end of the first season of the current syndicated series , contestants were allowed to ring @-@ in as soon as the clue was revealed . Since September 1985 , contestants are required to wait until the clue is read before ringing @-@ in . To accommodate the rule change , lights were added to the game board ( unseen by home viewers ) to signify when it is permissible for contestants to signal ; attempting to signal before the light goes on locks the contestant out for half of a second . The change was made to allow the home audience to play along with the show more easily and to keep an extremely fast contestant from potentially dominating the game . In pre @-@ 1985 episodes , a buzzer would sound when a contestant signaled ; according to Trebek , the buzzer was eliminated because it was " distracting to the viewers " and sometimes presented a problem when contestants rang in while Trebek was still reading the clue . Contestants who are visually impaired or blind are given a card with the category names printed in Braille before each round begins , and an audible tone is played after the clue has been read aloud .
The second round , Double Jeopardy ! , features six new categories of clues . Clue values are doubled from the Jeopardy ! round ( except in Super Jeopardy ! , where Double Jeopardy ! values ranged from 500 to 2 @,@ 500 points ) . The contestant with the least money at the end of the Jeopardy ! round makes the first selection in Double Jeopardy ! ; if there is a tie , the tied contestant standing at the leftmost lectern selects first .
A " Daily Double " is hidden behind one clue in the Jeopardy ! round , and behind two in Double Jeopardy ! The name and inspiration were taken from a horse racing term . Only the contestant who uncovers a Daily Double may respond to that clue and need not use his / her signaling device to do so . Before the clue is revealed , the contestant must declare a wager , from a minimum of $ 5 to a maximum of his / her entire score ( known as a " true Daily Double " ) or the highest clue value available in the round , whichever is greater . A correct response adds the value of the wager to the contestant 's score , while an incorrect response deducts it . Whether or not the contestant responds correctly , he or she maintains control of the board .
During the Jeopardy ! round , except in response to the Daily Double clue , contestants are not penalized for forgetting to phrase their response in the form of a question , although the host will remind contestants to watch their phrasing in future responses . In the Double Jeopardy ! round and in the Daily Double in the Jeopardy ! round , the phrasing rule is followed more strictly , with a response not phrased in the form of a question counting as wrong if it is not re @-@ phrased immediately . If it is determined that a previous response was wrongly ruled to be correct or incorrect , the scores are adjusted at the first available opportunity . If , after a game is over , a ruling change is made that would have significantly altered the outcome of the game , the affected contestant ( s ) are invited back to compete on a future show .
Contestants who finish Double Jeopardy ! with $ 0 or a negative score are automatically eliminated from the game at that point and awarded the third place prize . On at least one episode hosted by Art Fleming , all three contestants finished Double Jeopardy ! with $ 0 or less , and as a result , no Final Jeopardy ! round was played . During Celebrity Jeopardy ! games , contestants with a $ 0 or negative score are given $ 1 @,@ 000 for the Final Jeopardy ! round .
= = = Final Jeopardy ! = = =
The Final Jeopardy ! round features a single clue . At the end of the Double Jeopardy ! round , the host announces the Final Jeopardy ! category , and a commercial break follows . During the break , barriers are placed between the contestant lecterns , and each contestant makes a final wager between $ 0 and his / her entire score . Contestants enter their wagers using a light pen to write on an electronic display on their lectern . After the break , the Final Jeopardy ! clue is revealed and read by the host . The contestants have 30 seconds to write their responses on
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the electronic display , while the show 's iconic " Think ! " music plays in the background . In the event that either the display or the pen malfunctions , contestants can use an index card and a marker to manually write their response and wager . Visually impaired or blind contestants use a Braille keyboard to type in a wager and response .
Contestants ' responses are revealed in order of their pre @-@ Final Jeopardy ! scores , from lowest to highest . A correct response adds the amount of the contestant 's wager to his / her score , while a miss , failure to respond , or failure to phrase the response as a question ( even if correct ) deducts it . The contestant with the highest score at the end of the round is that day 's winner . If there is a tie for second place , consolation prizes are awarded based on the scores going into the Final Jeopardy ! round . If all three contestants finish with $ 0 , no one returns as champion for the next show , and based on scores going into the Final Jeopardy ! round , the two contestants who were first and second will receive the second @-@ place prize , and the contestant in third will receive the third @-@ place prize .
= = = Winnings = = =
The top scorer ( s ) in each game retain the value of their winnings in cash , and return to play in the next match . Non @-@ winners receive consolation prizes . Since May 16 , 2002 , consolation prizes have been $ 2 @,@ 000 for the second @-@ place contestant ( s ) and $ 1 @,@ 000 for the third @-@ place contestant . Since the show does not generally provide airfare or lodging for contestants , cash consolation prizes alleviate contestants ' financial burden . An exception is provided for returning champions who must make several flights to Los Angeles .
Before 1984 , all three contestants received their winnings in cash ( contestants who finished with $ 0 or a negative score received consolation prizes ) . This was changed in order to make the game more competitive , and avoid the problem of contestants who would stop participating in the game , or avoid wagering in Final Jeopardy ! , rather than risk losing the money they had already won . From 1984 to 2002 , non @-@ winning contestants on the Trebek version received vacation packages and merchandise , which were donated by manufacturers as promotional consideration . The current cash consolation prize is provided by Aleve .
= = = Returning champions = = =
The winner of each episode returns to compete against two new contestants on the next episode . Originally , a contestant who won five consecutive days retired undefeated and was guaranteed a spot in the Tournament of Champions ; the five @-@ day limit was eliminated at the beginning of season 20 on September 8 , 2003 .
Ties for first place following Final Jeopardy ! are broken with a tie @-@ breaker clue , resulting in only a single champion being named , keeping their winnings , and returning to compete in the next show . Previously , if two or all three contestants
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Academy Video Games Awards , the DICE Awards , the Game Developers Choice Awards , the Golden Joystick Awards , and the Writers Guild of America Awards , and from GameTrailers , Giant Bomb , Hardcore Gamer , and IGN . The sound design and music received awards at the DICE Awards , the Inside Gaming Awards , and from IGN . The game 's graphical and artistic design also won awards from Destructoid , the DICE Awards , the Golden Joystick Awards , and IGN .
The Last of Us was awarded Outstanding Innovation in Gaming at the DICE Awards , and Best Third Person Shooter from GameTrailers . The game received Best New IP from Hardcore Gamer , Best Newcomer at the Golden Joystick Awards , and Best Debut from Giant Bomb . It received Best Overall Sound , Best PlayStation 3 Multiplayer , and Best Action @-@ Adventure Game on PlayStation 3 , and overall at IGN 's Best of 2013 Awards . It also won Best Action @-@ Adventure Game at the British Academy Video Games Awards , and The Escapist , as well as Best Action Game from Hardcore Gamer and Adventure Game of the Year at the DICE Awards .
= = Adaptations and possible sequel = =
A four @-@ issue comic book miniseries , titled The Last of Us : American Dreams , was published by Dark Horse Comics from April to July 2013 . Written by Druckmann and illustrated by Faith Erin Hicks , the comics serve as a prequel to the game , chronicling the journey of a younger Ellie and Riley . On March 6 , 2014 , Sony announced that Screen Gems will distribute a film adaptation of The Last of Us , written by Druckmann and produced by Sam Raimi . By January 2015 , Druckmann had written the script 's second draft , and performed a read @-@ through with some actors . Very little work occurred following this , as Druckmann stated in April 2016 that the film had entered development hell . On July 28 , 2014 , the cast of the game performed a live reading of selected scenes in Santa Monica , California , with live music by Santaolalla . The performance was hosted and directed by Druckmann , with graphics by Alex Hobbs .
In February 2014 , Druckmann said the possibility of a sequel was " about 50 / 50 " , and the team needed to find a story " really worth telling , and that 's not repeating itself " . In July 2014 , community strategist Arne Meyer said that not considering a sequel " would be a disservice " to the studio and the fans . In June 2015 , discussing his future with Naughty Dog on a Q & A panel , actor Nolan North mentioned : " I know they 're doing a Last of Us 2 " ; Druckmann later responded to these comments , stating that a small team at Naughty Dog had explored ideas and begun building prototypes relating to a sequel , but were interrupted when the team shifted development to Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End , which was eventually released on May 10 , 2016 .
= Andorra national football team =
The Andorra national football team ( Catalan : Selecció de futbol d 'Andorra , Spanish : Selección de futbol de Andorra , French : Équipe d 'Andorre de football ) represents Andorra in association football and is controlled by the Andorran Football Federation , the governing body for football in Andorra . The team has enjoyed very little success due to the Principality 's tiny population , the fifth smallest of any UEFA country ( only Liechtenstein , San Marino , Gibraltar and the Faroe Islands are smaller ) .
Andorra 's first official game was a 6 – 1 defeat in a friendly match to Estonia in 1996 . Since the qualifying rounds for the UEFA Euro 2000 tournament , Andorra have competed in qualifying for every European Championship and World Cup but have had very little success . They have only ever won three matches , all at home . They have one win in competitive matches , a 1 – 0 win against Macedonia in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying competition .
= = History = =
Though the Andorran Football Federation formed in 1994 , and the Andorra domestic league started in 1995 , the national team could not participate in major championships until it gained affiliation with governing bodies FIFA and UEFA in 1996 . The national team played its first match against Estonia in Andorra La Vella and lost 6 – 1 .
Andorra 's first match in a FIFA @-@ sanctioned competition was a 3 – 1 loss to Armenia on 5 September 1998 in a qualifier for UEFA Euro 2000 . Andorra lost all ten qualifiers for the tournament . The team particularly struggled in away matches ; each loss was by at least three goals . Andorra scored only three goals , two of which were penalties , and two of which were in the away matches . Andorra conceded 28 goals , and their biggest defeat of the qualifiers was a 6 – 1 away loss to Russia .
For their first World Cup qualifying campaign , Andorra were drawn in a group with Cyprus , Estonia , Ireland , the Netherlands and Portugal . They lost their opening match 1 – 0 loss to Estonia . In the next game , they lost 3 – 2 to Cyprus but scored their first World Cup qualifying goals . They were again defeated by Estonia , this time 2 – 1 . They lost all their matches and their only away goal was in a 3 – 1 loss against Ireland . Their worst defeat was 7 – 1 to Portugal on a neutral ground in Lleida , Spain . Andorra finished the campaign with no points and conceded 36 goals in ten matches .
In the team 's qualification campaign for Euro 2004 they again lost every game . They scored their only goal in a 2 – 1 away loss to Bulgaria . In this competition the scores were closer than before as they lost 3 – 0 to Bulgaria , Croatia and Belgium , 2 – 0 twice to Estonia , 2 – 0 to Croatia and 1 – 0 to Belgium .
By Andorran standards , qualification for the 2006 World Cup was successful . They won their first competitive game 1 – 0 at home against Macedonia . Andorra midfielder Marc Bernaus , who played in the Spanish second division , received a long throw in off his chest and volleyed in a goal early in the second half . After the game , Macedonia coach Dragan Kanatlarovski resigned and called the game " a shameful outcome , a humiliation . " Andorra also drew two matches , 0 – 0 in Macedonia and 0 – 0 at home against Finland . This tournament has been the only one in which Andorra has scored points . In Euro 2008 qualifying , Andorra again lost every game . The closest game was against Russia , a 1 – 0 defeat on 21 November 2007 , which helped Russia qualify at the expense of England . Their biggest defeat was a 7 – 0 loss to Croatia in Andorra La Vella , which is their worst defeat in UEFA competitions and matched their loss to the Czech Republic as their largest losing deficit . Andorra scored only two goals and conceded 42 in a total of 12 games .
In 2010 World Cup qualifying they lost all ten matches . For the tournament , they scored three goals , in defeats to Belarus and Kazakhstan , and conceded 39 goals , including six in a defeat to England , the largest margin in the group . Qualifying
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relationship with Eric by revealing to him that his cancer has returned ; the following night however , Eric is missing , but Cameron is unconcerned and succeeds in wooing the new attendant with the doughnuts she had brought for Eric .
Simultaneously with Cameron 's escapades , John ( Thomas Dekker ) also sneaks out of the house , responding to a phone call from Riley Dawson ( Leven Rambin ) . Meeting her at a house party in Van Nuys , they leave after John beats up the host ( Oren Dayan ) for accosting Riley — who stole his lighter . Driving to a vista overlooking Los Angeles , John and Riley discuss their relationship and supposed foster family backgrounds . The official T : TSCC blog revealed that John Connor 's fight was written knowing that he 's still dealing with posttraumatic stress disorder and having killed Margos Sarkissian earlier in the season .
= = Production = =
" Self Made Man " is the third T : TSCC episode written by Toni Graphia , whereas it was director Holly Dale 's first foray into the Terminator franchise . Graphia vetted the episode 's historical information alongside T : TSCC department heads , and History for Hire , a prop house specializing in period pieces . All of the 1920s scenes were shot on the Warner Bros. backlot , which itself was inaugurated during the same era . " Myron Stark 's " meeting Rudolph Valentino ( Branden R. Morgan ) at the premiere of The Sheik is the first occasion of the series referencing a real @-@ life person . The fictional Pico Tower was written at the intersection of Pico Boulevard and 3rd Street , despite the two roadways running parallel in real life . Costume designer Amanda Friedland created the flapper @-@ themed wardrobe for " Self Made Man " . Production wrapped on " Self Made Man " on October 15 , 2008 .
= = Reception = =
Reviewing the episode for IGN , Travis Fickett extolled Summer Glau 's performance , and held it up as an example of her acting ability keeping the whole series from failing . Fickett also explained that " Self Made Man " received better ratings than the preceding episodes of the series ' second season . At the website Television Without Pity ( TWoP ) , the staff review rated the episode a " C " , and specifically took issue with the suspension of disbelief required for Cameron 's ability to find anything and everything about the Myron Stark storyline in a closed public library ; as of January 2010 , 757 of their readers awarded it an average grade of " B + " .
Though the series never specifically explains the three dots written on the Connors ' basement wall in " Automatic for the People " , reviewers ( including IGN , TWoP , and Total Sci @-@ Fi 's Owen Van Spall ) attributed them to this episode 's revelation of the Terminators ' temporal triangulation ability . Van Spall and TWoP also noted the plot point of the T @-@ 888 's mission to kill the Governor of California . Stark 's assassination mission was to take place on New Year 's Eve 2010 , at which time Arnold Schwarzenegger would still be the Californian
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Governor ( leaving office in January 2011 ) ; Schwarzenegger is the star of the first three Terminator films in the franchise , having premiered the role in 1984 .
= The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone =
The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone is a branch campus of the private culinary college the Culinary Institute of America . The Greystone campus , located on State Route 29 / 128 in St. Helena , California , offers associate degrees and two certificate programs in culinary arts and baking and pastry arts .
The campus ' primary facility is a 117 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 10 @,@ 900 m2 ) stone building , known as Greystone Cellars and built for William Bowers Bourn II as a cooperative wine cellar in 1889 . The building changed ownership several times , and was notably owned by the Christian Brothers as a winery from 1945 to 1989 . It was used as a winery until its sale to the school in 1993 , and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .
= = History = =
= = = Establishment of Greystone Cellars = = =
The Greystone campus is situated in and around the Greystone Cellars building , which William Bowers Bourn II conceived as a business concept . His father , William Bowers Bourn Sr. , was wealthy from ownership of the gold mine the Empire Mine , as well as co @-@ ownership of a shipping company . Bourn II was a businessman with business interests and residences around California , although he had spent his summers during his youth at White Sulphur Springs Resort in St. Helena , before his parents bought Madroño , an estate in the town .
Around the 1880s , San Francisco wine dealers were purchasing wine from Napa Valley vintners at low prices ( sometimes around 15 to 18 cents per gallon ) . The dealers had facilities to store and age wines that most Napa Valley vintners lacked , and thus were able to purchase wine from the vintners at low prices . Because of this , Bourn began a campaign to build the cooperative winery ; he was in his early 30s at the time . He created a business partnership with another businessman , E. Everett Wise , who was of a similar age . Bourn then asked for support within the Napa County wine industry . Bourn met with Henry Pellet , president of the St. Helena Vinicultural Club , who endorsed the idea and encouraged his associates to do the same . Bourn and Wise ended up gathering enough support from the local wine industry , and they hired George Percy and F. F. Hamilton of the San Francisco architectural firm Percy & Hamilton to design the Greystone Cellars , along with Italian stonemasons to build the façades , and the Ernest L. Ransome firm to handle concrete work . The plans involved the use of new materials and technology of the time , including the relatively new Portland cement . The cement was used as mortar and also poured over the iron reinforcing rods built within the first and second floor elevations . The heavy timber construction of the third floor provided structural support for not only that floor 's cask , barrel and bottle aging space but also for the gravity @-@ flow crushing area located on the floor above . The architects planned for the cellars to hold two million gallons of wine at a time , with thirteen tunnels in the hillside behind the building to hold another million gallons . Those tunnels collapsed due to effects of water seepage and of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake .
A large number of men were hired for the building 's construction , and local workers were chosen over non @-@ locals . During the construction , many of the workers lived in tents beside their worksite , and cooked meals and stayed there when not working . The cornerstone was laid on June 15 , 1888 ; beneath it was laid several bottles of wine , a copy of a St. Helena Star and San Francisco newspapers , and foreign and rare coins . The building , called the Bourn & Wise Wine Cellar , was completed around June 1889 , along with a distillery north of the building
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it " heartstopping " , and Futterman summed up with , " she nails the Funny Girl closer , making it one of Rachel 's top performances on the show " . Berk called it " good singing " and gave it three stars out of five , and Gonzalez gave it an " A − " . Benigno was more generous with an " A " grade , and said , " even by Lea Michele 's standards , the vocals here are fan @-@ fucking @-@ tastic " . Hankinson agreed : " Rachel truly nailed the most difficult song she 's ever sung . "
The one group number , " Pure Imagination " , received reviews that touched on the song itself as much as the performance . Fallon called it " unsettling yet touching " and Poniewozik described it as " odd but perfect " . Berk , on the other hand , characterized it as " pure dreck " . Benigno felt that while the song was " really quite good " , the " stupidity of the scene " it was in detracted from it , resulting in a grade of " B + " , while Gonzalez , when she gave it an " A − " , said she hadn 't been a " huge fan of the cover " when she heard it before the show aired , but it grew on her in context . Futterman wrote , " The New Directions break into a restrained , tender take on " Pure Imagination " with lush harmonies on the chorus that 's exactly right for the moment . "
= = = Chart history = = =
Only three of the five cover versions debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 : " Pure Imagination " debuted at number fifty @-@ nine , " Back to Black " at number eighty @-@ two , and " My Man " at number ninety @-@ four . " Pure Imagination " was the only song to make the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 at number eighty @-@ seven .
Of the five songs that were featured in the episode , three were featured on the eighth soundtrack album of the series , Glee : The Music , Volume 6 : " Pure Imagination " , " My Man " , and " Try a Little Tenderness " . The album was released on May 23 , 2011 , and debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 , selling 80 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , which was the second @-@ lowest opening sales figure for a Glee release next to the extended play Glee : The Music , The Rocky Horror Glee Show , and lower than the 86 @,@ 000 sold by Glee : The Music Presents the Warblers in its first week the previous month . The album was also at number four on the Canadian Album charts .
= New York State Route 383 =
New York State Route 383 ( NY 383 ) is an 18 @.@ 70 @-@ mile ( 30 @.@ 09 km ) north – south state highway in Monroe County , New York , in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 36 in the hamlet of Mumford within the town of Wheatland . Its northern terminus is at a junction with NY 31 in the city of Rochester . The route follows the Genesee River and its tributaries for its entire length and passes through the village of Scottsville .
In the early 20th century , the entirety of modern NY 383 south of Scottsville was part of Route 16 , an unsigned legislative route . In 1921 , Route 16 was truncated to end in Caledonia while the entirety of its former routing north of the village became part of Route 15 . The segment of Route 15 between Mumford and Scottsville became part of NY 253 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . This section of NY 253 was replaced c . 1938 by a rerouted NY 35 , a route that extended northeast of Scottsville to Ontario by way of Rochester . NY 35 was split into two routes in the early 1940s , at which time NY 383 was assigned to the portion between Mumford and Walworth . NY 383 was truncated to Rochester in 1949 , and only minor realignments within the city have occurred since .
= = Route description = =
NY 383 begins at an intersection with NY 36 in the hamlet of Mumford , located just north of the border between Monroe and Livingston Counties in the town of Wheatland . Taking on the name Scottsville – Mumford Road , NY 383 follows Oatka Creek east through open fields and passes through the small hamlet of Garbutt on its way to the village of Scottsville , where it becomes Caledonia Avenue . At an intersection with the southern terminus of NY 386 , NY 383 turns east onto Main Street and follows it through the residential southern portion of the village and past the Scottsville Free Library . Main Street
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its steel cab roof was removed in preparation for the ride on a flat car . The roof was later mistaken for scrap metal as a worker at Steamtown cut out a piece for use as a stack cover for the locomotive . In 1970 the train underwent what the Steamtown Historical Study refers to as a " misguided " restoration , and given a diamond @-@ shaped smoke stack and a kerosene " box " headlamp , both of which bearing very little resemblance to the stack and headlamp originally worn by the engine . The restoration thus gave the engine an appearance unlike any form it had assumed during its service life .
In 2004 , the Portola Railroad Museum traded the 737 to the Double T Ranch in Stevinson , California . The Double T has cosmetically restored the engine to its 1914 ( SP # 216 ) appearance , and placed it on display along with some antique passenger cars . This exhibit was dubbed as the " History Train " , and offers " excursion rides " . During these excursions , the train does not actually move , but sounds and motions that simulate a train ride are produced to create an illusion that the train is in motion .
= Economy of the Song dynasty =
For over three centuries during the Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) China experienced sustained growth in per capita income and population , structural change in the economy , and increased pace of technological innovation . Movable print , improved seeds for rice and other commercial crops , gunpowder , water @-@ powered mechanical clocks , the use of coal as a source of fuel for a variety of industries , improved techniques for iron and steel production , pound locks and many other technological innovations transformed the economy . In north China , the main fuel source for ceramic kilns and iron furnaces shifted from wood to coal .
During the Song dynasty , there was also a notable increase in commercial contacts with global markets . Merchants engaged in overseas trade through investments in trading vessels and trade which reached ports as far away as East Africa . This period also witnessed the development of the world 's first banknote , or printed paper money ( see Jiaozi , Huizi ) , which circulated on a massive scale . Combined with a unified tax system and efficient trade routes by road and canal , this meant the development of a truly nationwide market . Regional specialization promoted economic efficiency and increased productivity . Although much of the central government 's treasury went to the military , taxes imposed on the rising commercial base refilled the coffers and further encouraged the monetary economy . Reformers and conservatives debated the role of government in the economy . The emperor and his government still took responsibility for the economy , but generally made fewer claims than in earlier dynasties . The government did , however , continue to enforce monopolies on certain manufactured items and market goods to boost revenues and secure resources that were vital to the empire 's security , such as tea , salt , and chemical components for gunpowder .
These changes made China a global leader , leading some historians to call this an " early modern " economy many centuries before Western Europe made its breakthrough . Many of these economic gains were lost , however , in the succeeding Yuan dynasty .
= = Agriculture = =
There was a massive expansion of ploughland during the Song dynasty . The government encouraged people to reclaim barren lands and put them under cultivation . Anyone who opened up new lands and paid taxes were granted permanent possession of the new land . Under this policy , the cultivated land in the Song dynasty is estimated to have reached a peak number of 720 million mu , and was not surpassed by later Ming and Qing Dynasties .
Irrigation of arable land was also greatly fostered during this period . Prominent statesman and economist Wang Anshi issued the Law and Decree on Irrigation in 1069 that encouraged expansion of the irrigation system in China . By 1076 , about 10 @,@ 800 irrigation projects were completed , which irrigated more than 36 million mu of public and private land . Major irrigation projects included dredging the Yellow River at northern China and artificial silt land in the Lake Tai valley . As a result of this policy , crop production in China tripled . Agricultural yields were about 2 tan ( a unit of about 110 pounds or 50 kilograms ) of grain per mu during the Song dynasty , compared with 1 tan during the early Han and 1 @.@ 5 tan during the late Tang .
The economic development of China under the Song dynasty was marked by improvements in farm tools , seeds , and fertilizers . The Song inherited the plow innovations described in the Tang dynasty text The Classic of the Plow , which documents their utilization in Jiangnan . The Song improved on the Tang curved iron plough and invented a special steel plough design specifically for reclaiming wasteland . The wasteland plough was not made of iron , but of stronger steel , the blade was shorter but thicker , and particularly effective in cutting through reeds and roots in wetlands in the Huai River valley . A tool designed to facilitate seedling called " seedling horse " was invented under the Song ; it was made of jujube wood and paulownia wood . Song farms used bamboo water wheels to harness the flow energy of rivers
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-@ figure endorsement deal . He was ranked fourth on Forbes ' China Celebrity 100 in income and popularity in 2008 . In 2008 , Yi donated 100 @,@ 000 yuan to support the 2008 Sichuan earthquake victims and also participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics ' torch relay by carrying the torch during the Hainan leg of the relay .
= = = Age controversy = = =
In 2004 , Yi was listed as being born in 1984 during the Four Nation Tournament , but Chinese officials said that it was probably a typographical error . Two years later , Fran Blinebury of The Houston Chronicle reported that Yi told Shane Battier he was 24 years old in an exhibition game before the 2006 FIBA World Championship , but the story was refuted by both Yi and Battier . Yi is not the first Chinese basketball player to come under scrutiny for age discrepancy , as former NBA player Wang Zhizhi had been listed as being born in both 1977 and 1979 .
In 2006 , a senior Chinese official admitted that past youth squads had included players above the permitted age and Yi 's longtime American teammate in the Guangdong Southern Tigers , Jason Dixon , said to Chad Ford that Yi was " 21 or 22 .... It 's pretty common over to change ages " . In 2007 , a Chinese government registration website made public by hackers showed Yi 's date of birth as 27 October 1984 , and in December 2008 , a Chinese reporter discovered a high school enrollment form from 1997 that listed Yi as being born on 27 October 1984 .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = CBA statistics = = =
= = = NBA statistics = = =
= = = = Regular season = = = =
= = = = Playoffs = = = =
= = = = D @-@ League = = = =
= Ontario Highway 21 =
King 's Highway 21 , commonly referred to as Highway 21 , is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that begins at Highway 402 midway between Sarnia and London and ends at Highway 6 , Highway 10 and Highway 26 in Owen Sound . The roadway is referred to as the Bluewater Highway because it remains very close to the eastern shoreline of Lake Huron .
Highway 21 was first designated by the Department of Highways ( DHO ) between Highway 3 and Highway 7 in mid @-@ 1927 and extended to Goderich in 1934 . A year later , a final extension completed the route to Owen Sound . In 1997 and 1998 , the portion of the route south of Highway 402 was transferred to the counties in which it laid .
Highway 21 is often subject to winter closures due to lake effect caused by snowsquall , which can create sudden whiteout conditions along the Lake Huron shoreline . Several Emergency Detour Routes have been established further inland to guide drivers around such closures . Care should be taken during the winter months , as these storms can progress rapidly and unexpectedly .
= = Route description = =
Highway 21 is a long lakeside route through southwestern Ontario which serves numerous communities along the eastern shoreline of Lake Huron . Once over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) longer than it is today , the highway now begins at Highway 402 near the community of Warwick , where it progresses north through the towns of Forest , Grand Bend , Goderich , Point Clark , Kincardine , Tiverton , Port Elgin , and Southampton . At Southampton , the highway veers away from the Lake Huron shoreline and travels east to Owen Sound .
The route is generally smoothly @-@ flowing , but can be somewhat congested through towns during the summer from tourists and cottagers . Highway 21 is often subject to closures at various points as it lies on the lee shore of Lake Huron . Lake effect snow squalls frequently subject motorists to poor visibility and slippery conditions , leading to whiteout conditions . Because of this , the Ontario Provincial Police claim that the road is the most often closed in the province . Highway 23 provides an alternative inland route .
The highway begins at Exit 34 and progresses north towards Lake Huron . This mostly straight section of the route lies within Lambton County and passes through the town of Forest . Near Kettle Point , the route abruptly curves north west and begins to parallel the shore of the lake , providing access to the village of Port Franks and The Pinery Provincial Park prior to entering Grand Bend . North of that village , the highway crosses into Huron County and intersects former Highway 83 . Between this point and Goderich , the west side of the highway is dominated by roads providing access to shoreline cottages .
At Goderich , the route encounters Highway 8 , then crosses the Maitland River along a bypass constructed during the early 1960s ; the original routing followed portions of Saltford Street and River Ridge Crescent . The highway proceeds straight north as the baseline at the shore of Lake Huron until it reaches Sheppardton . There the surveying grid changes orientation , and Highway 21 follows a forced road allowance that meanders approximately 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) inland from lake north to Amberley , where it encounters former Highway 86 , which travels to Waterloo , and enters . The route curves northeast as it enters Bruce County to align with the surveying grid and proceeds out of Amberley towards Kincardine .
Between Atherley and Tiverton , Highway 21 travels straight @-@ as @-@ an @-@ arrow along what was originally a rural concession road through the hamlets of Reid 's Corners , Pine River , Huron Ridge and Slade . It bypasses inland of Kincardine , intersecting the western terminus of Highway 9 . Within Tiverton , which acts as the primary town serving Bruce Nuclear Generating Station , traffic must turn to remain on Highway 21 . As it exits southeast from the town , the highway makes a broad curve to the northeast and continues through the hamlets of Underwood and North Bruce .
As it approaches the southern end of the Bruce Peninsula , the route bisects Port Elgin , then curves abruptly towards Lake Huron and passes through Southampton before curving to the east towards Owen Sound . Between those two places , the highway is generally straight , except at the boundary between Bruce and Grey Counties as well as the descent of the Niagara Escarpment at Springmount . Several communities line this inland stretch of highway , including Chippewa Hill , Kelly 's Corners , Elsinore , Allenford , Alvanley and Jackson
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, and a daughter , Vivian , in 1938 .
In 1932 and 1933 , the scientists at the Cavendish Laboratory made a series of ground @-@ breaking discoveries . Cockroft and Walton bombarded lithium with high energy protons and succeeded in transmuting it into energetic nuclei of helium . This was one of the earliest experiments to change the atomic nucleus of one element to another by artificial means . Then Chadwick devised an experiment that discovered a new , uncharged particle with roughly the same mass as the proton : the neutron . In 1933 , Blackett discovered tracks in his cloud chamber that confirmed the existence of the positron and revealed the opposing spiral traces of positron – electron pair production .
Oliphant followed up the work by constructing a particle accelerator that could fire protons with up to 600 @,@ 000 electronvolts of energy . He soon confirmed the results of Cockroft and Walton on the artificial disintegration of the nucleus and positive ions . He produced a series of six papers over the following two years . In 1933 , the Cavendish Laboratory received a gift from the American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis of a few drops of heavy water . The accelerator was used to fire heavy hydrogen nuclei ( deuterons , which Rutherford called diplons ) at various targets . Working with Rutherford and others , Oliphant thereby discovered the nuclei of Helium @-@ 3 ( helions ) and tritium ( tritons ) .
Oliphant used electromagnetic separation to separate the isotopes of lithium . He was the first to experimentally demonstrate nuclear fusion . He found that when deuterons reacted with nuclei of Helium @-@ 3 , tritium or with other deuterons , the particles that were released had far more energy than they started with . Binding energy had been liberated from inside the nucleus . Following Arthur Eddington 's 1920 prediction that energy released by fusing small nuclei together could provide the energy source that powers the stars , Oliphant speculated that nuclear fusion reactions might be what powered the sun . With its higher cross section , the deuterium – tritium nuclear fusion reaction became the basis of a hydrogen bomb . Oliphant had not foreseen this development :
... we had no idea whatever that this would one day be applied to make hydrogen bombs . Our curiosity was just curiosity about the structure of the nucleus of the atom , and the discovery of these reactions was purely , as the Americans would put it , coincidental .
In 1934 , Cockcroft arranged for Oliphant become a fellow of St John 's College , Cambridge , which paid about £ 600 . When Chadwick left the Cavendish Laboratory for the University of Liverpool in 1935 , Oliphant and Ellis both replaced him as Rutherford 's Assistant Director for Research . The job came with a salary of £ 600 ( equivalent to AUD $ 49 @,@ 900 in 2010 ) . With the money from St John 's , this gave him a comfortable income . Oliphant soon fitted out a new accelerator laboratory with a 1 @.@ 23 MeV generator at a cost of £ 6 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to AUD $ 499 @,@ 000 in 2010 ) while he designed an even larger 2 MeV generator . He was the first to conceive of the proton synchrotron , a new type of cyclic particle accelerator . In 1937 , he was elected to the Royal Society . When he died he was its longest @-@ serving fellow .
= = University of Birmingham = =
Samuel Walter Johnson Smith 's imminent mandatory retirement at age 65 prompted a search for a new Poynting Professor of Physics at the University of Birmingham . The University wanted not just a replacement , but a well @-@ known name , and was willing to spend lavishly in order to build up nuclear physics expertise at Birmingham . Neville Moss , its Professor of Mining Engineering and the Dean of its Faculty of Science approached Oliphant , who presented his terms . In addition to his salary of £ 1 @,@ 300 ( equivalent to AUD $ 103 @,@ 000 in 2010 ) , he wanted the University to spend £ 2 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to A $ 158 @,@ 000 in 2010 ) to upgrade the laboratory , and another £ 1 @,@ 000 per annum ( equivalent to A $ 79 @,@ 000 in 2010 ) on it . And he did not wish to start until October 1937 , to enable him to wrap up his work at the Cavendish Laboratory . Moss agreed to Oliphant 's terms .
To obtain funding for the 60 @-@ inch ( 150 cm ) cyclotron that he wanted , Oliphant wrote to the prime minister , Neville Chamberlain , who was from Birmingham . Chamberlain took up the matter with his friend Lord Nuffield , who provided £ 60 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to AUD $ 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in 2010 ) for the project , enough for the cyclotron , a brand new building to house it , and a trip to Berkeley , California , so Oliphant could confer with Ernest Lawrence , the inventor of the cyclotron . Lawrence was supportive of the project , sending Oliphant the plans of the 60 @-@ inch cyclotron that he had under construction at Berkeley , and inviting Oliphant to visit him at the Radiation Laboratory . Oliphant sailed for New York on 10 December 1938 , and met Lawrence in Berkeley . The two men got along very well , dining at Trader Vic 's in Oakland . Oliphant was aware of the problems in building cyclotrons encountered by Chadwick at the University of Liverpool and Cockcroft at the Cavendish Laboratory , and intended to avoid these and get his cyclotron built on time and on budget by following Lawrence 's specifications as closely as possible . He hoped that it would be running by Christmas 1939 , but the outbreak of the Second World War quashed his hopes . The Nuffield Cyclotron would not be completed until after the war .
= = = Radar = = =
In 1938 , Oliphant became involved with the development of radar , then still a secret . While visiting prototype radar stations , he realised that shorter @-@ wavelength radio waves were needed urgently , especially if there was to be any chance of building a radar set small enough to fit into an aircraft . In August 1939 , he took a small group to Ventnor , on the Isle of Wight , to examine the Chain Home system first hand . He obtained a grant from the Admiralty to develop radar systems with wavelengths less than 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) ; the best available at the time was 150 centimetres ( 59 in ) .
Oliphant 's group at Birmingham worked on developing two promising devices , the klystron and the magnetron . Working with James Sayers , Oliphant managed to produce an improved version of the klystron capable of generating 400W . Meanwhile , two more members of his Birmingham team , John Randall and Harry Boot , worked on a radical new design , a cavity magnetron . By February 1940 , they had an output of 400W with a wavelength of 9 @.@ 8 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) , just the kind of short wavelengths needed for good airborne radars . The magnetron 's power was soon increased a hundred @-@
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