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A group of tidal pools formed along an area of the beach , draining out from a parking lot on 72nd Street onto Ocean Boulevard , resulting in flooding that closed a section of the boulevard between 68th Place and 72nd Place to traffic . Various flower gardens were also reported to have been swamped by the flooding , but no damage to housing was reported . The weakened properties in West Newport Beach also sustained no additional damage .
= The Boat Race 1929 =
The 81st Boat Race took place on 23 March 1929 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The event featured three Olympic medallists and included the first Danish rower ever to participate in the Boat Race . In a race umpired by former Oxford rower Charles Burnell , Cambridge won by seven lengths in a time of 19 minutes 24 seconds , the fastest winning time since the 1924 race . The victory , their sixth in a row and their tenth in the previous eleven years , levelled the overall record for the first time since 1863 , at 40 wins each .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1928 race by ten lengths , with Oxford leading overall with 40 victories to Cambridge 's 39 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Cambridge were coached by Francis Escombe and P. Haig @-@ Thomas ( four @-@ time Blue who had rowed between 1902 and 1905 ) . Oxford 's coaches were Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four @-@ time Blue ) , Guy Oliver Nickalls ( who had rowed three times between 1921 and 1923 ) and Arthur Wiggins ( who had rowed for Oxford in the 1912 , 1913 and 1914 races ) . For the third year the umpire was Charles Burnell who had rowed for Oxford in the 1895 , 1896 , 1897 and 1898 races . Charles Kent , who rowed for Oxford in the 1891 race , was the finishing judge for the second consecutive year .
Bad weather plagued the practice and build @-@ up to the race : Heavy fog caused the postponement of at least one outing . The Times rowing correspondent described Cambridge 's style as " so easy as to be almost sluggish " while Oxford were " lively to the point of punishing their boat " .
= = Crews = =
The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 10 lb ( 80 @.@ 5 kg ) , 5 @.@ 5 pounds ( 2 @.@ 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford saw two rowers return in George Godber and H. C. Morphett . Cambridge 's boat contained five participants with Boat
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Race experience , including Richard Beesly who was making his third consecutive appearance . He and Michael Warriner were gold medallists in the coxless four at the 1928 Summer Olympics . Their cox Arthur Sulley won a silver medal in the men 's eight . Three of the Oxford crew were registered as non @-@ British : H. C. Morphett and J. A. Ingles were from Australia , while C. F. Juel @-@ Brockdorff was the first Danish rower in the history of the event .
= = Race = =
Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . The umpire Burnell started the race at 12 : 12 p.m. in " gloriously fine weather " , and both boats got off to quick starts , with Oxford just ahead after the first strokes . Level past the boathouses , Cambridge edged ahead to hold a canvas @-@ length lead by Craven Steps . Taking advantage of the Dark Blues ' struggle in rough water by Craven Cottage , Cambridge slowly drew ahead and held a three @-@ quarter length lead by the time the crews passed the Mile Post . A push from the Dark Blues saw them keep in contention until Hammersmith Bridge where , according to L. Cecil Smith writing in The Observer , they " went ahead so fast and steadily as to suggest that even had they lost the toss they would have been able safely to take the Surrey water " while Oxford " had been taken out of their stride " . The Light Blues passed below the bridge with a two @-@ length lead .
A spurt from Cambridge around the Chiswick Reach bend effectively ended the race as a contest . A final surge from Oxford was held off by Cambridge who passed below Barnes Bridge five lengths ahead . Here , some of the Dark Blues started to show signs of distress , in particular their bow P. D. Barr who , it was later noted , had been suffering from influenza . Cambridge pulled away from the Dark Blues with every stroke and rated 36 strokes per minute towards the finish , passing the finishing post with a lead of seven lengths in a time of 19 minutes 24 seconds . It was their sixth consecutive victory , the tenth in the previous eleven years and was the fastest winning time since the 1924 race , and the ninth fastest time in the history of the event . The win took the overall record to 40 – 40 , the first time since the 1863 race that the scores had been levelled .
According to E. P. Evans , former Oxford rower in the 1904 , 1905 and 1906 races , writing in The Manchester Guardian , the Cambridge crew was " worthy to be classed with some of the best that Cambridge has turned out " , while Oxford " rowed distinctly below their practice form and were a most disappointing
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and brought the conflict in the Caribbean to an end . With the threat of attacks on British trade in the region significantly reduced , the Royal Navy correspondingly reduced their presence in the Caribbean and the remaining British ships were distributed to observe trouble spots in the region , which in 1812 included the independent nation of Haiti .
Haiti had won its independence from France in 1804 , the first Caribbean nation to do so . The Haitians had fought a lengthy and bloody war against the French known as the Haitian Revolution , in which armies of former slaves led by Toussaint Louverture and then Jean @-@ Jacques Dessalines succeeded in driving the French into their fortified ports and then systematically eliminating their enclaves . With the start of the Napoleonic Wars in 1803 , French reinforcements for the garrison on Haiti were delayed and intercepted by the British Royal Navy , who blockaded the island and took the surrenders of the last garrisons in 1804 , removing them and their dependents to prevent a massacre . Dessalines rapidly established himself as monarch of Haiti , but his reign was cut short in 1806 when his closest advisors , Henri Christophe and Alexandre Pétion organised his assassination . Assuming control of Haiti , Christophe laid claim to the northern part of the country and Pétion the south , the two sides waging a constant low @-@ level civil war during the next decade . Many minor rulers sprang up during this period , especially in the south , where Pétion gave parcels of land for his followers to establish their own private fiefdoms . One such warlord was Jérôme Maximilien Borgella , who took over command of a small state in the region of Léogane following the death of its ruler , André Rigaud .
In early 1809 , the French sent a number of reinforcement convoys to their blockaded colonies in the hope of strengthening the garrisons before the British invasions began . Many ships , including four frigates , were lost in these missions and few reached their destinations successfully . Among these failed attempts was Troude 's expedition to the Caribbean , which arrived in April 1809 at the Îles des Saintes . Finding that Guadeloupe was the only surviving colony , Amable Troude intended to anchor at Basse @-@ Terre and unload his supplies , but was blockaded in the Îles des Saintes by a British squadron under Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane . Attempting to break out on 14 April , Troude led his main squadron northwest towards Puerto Rico while two en flûte frigates slipped out northeast to Basse @-@ Terre , arriving safely . Troude 's squadron was defeated on 17 April , but the frigates Félicité and Furieuse remained at Basse @-@ Terre until 14 June , when they attempted to break out and return to France , laden with trade goods . The British blockade squadron were soon in pursuit and on 18 June the frigate HMS Latona captured Félicité without a fight . Furieuse was captured a month later in the North Atlantic . Félicité was 24 years old and was therefore considered too antiquated for commissioning in the Royal Navy ; instead she was sold to Henri Christophe to form the nucleus of the new Haitian Navy under the name Améthyste .
= = Battle = =
At some point in January 1812 the Haitian Navy defected , for reasons unknown , from Christophe to Borgella . Borgella placed a noted French privateer named Gaspard in command of the squadron , which included the frigate Améthyste ( renamed Heureuse Réunion ) , a corvette and a brig . Gaspard then armed Heureuse Réunion with 44 cannon , took on board a motley crew of over 600 men , a mixture of Haitian , French , American and other nationalities , and began cruising in the Gulf of Gonâve . The British observer off
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arise from its own self @-@ determination as to just how it will take account of the world within the limits that have been set for it .
In summary , Whitehead rejects the idea of separate and unchanging bits of matter as the most basic building blocks of reality , in favor of the idea of reality as interrelated events in process . He conceives of reality as composed of processes of dynamic " becoming " rather than static " being " , emphasizing that all physical things change and evolve , and that changeless " essences " such as matter are mere abstractions from the interrelated events that are the final real things that make up the world .
= = = Theory of perception = = =
Since Whitehead 's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience , he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living , self @-@ conscious beings . The term he coined was " prehension " , which comes from the Latin prehensio , meaning " to seize . " The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons . It is also intended to make clear Whitehead 's rejection of the theory of representative perception , in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities . For Whitehead , the term " prehension " indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself . In this way , entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them . Further , Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes , causal efficacy ( or " physical prehension " ) and presentational immediacy ( or " conceptual prehension " ) .
Whitehead describes causal efficacy as " the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . " It is , in other words , the sense of causal relations between entities , a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment , unmediated by the senses . Presentational immediacy , on the other hand , is what is usually referred to as " pure sense perception " , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation . In other words , it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive ( e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for " the real thing " ) .
In higher organisms ( like people ) , these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms " symbolic reference " , which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it . By way of illustration , Whitehead uses the example of a person 's encounter with a chair . An ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair . However , an artist , Whitehead supposes , " might not have jumped to the notion of a chair " , but instead " might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . " This is not the normal human reaction ; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct , without even thinking about it . Moreover , animals do the same thing . Using the same example , Whitehead points out that a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . " In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other , and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality ( as the dog illustrates ) , while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality ( as the artist illustrates ) .
= = = Evolution and value = = =
Whitehead believed that when asking questions about the basic facts of existence , questions about value and purpose can never be fully escaped . This is borne out in his thoughts on abiogenesis , or the hypothetical natural process by which life arises from simple organic compounds .
Whitehead makes the startling observation that " life is comparatively deficient in survival value . " If humans can only exist for about a hundred years , and rocks for eight hundred million , then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place ; as Whitehead humorously notes , " they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . " He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment , an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three @-@ fold goal of living , living well , and living better . In other words , Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction . Without such a goal , he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible .
For Whitehead , there is no such thing as wholly inert matter . Instead , all things have some measure of freedom or creativity , however small , which allows them to be at least partly self @-@ directed . Process philosopher David Ray Griffin coined the term " panexperientialism " ( the idea that all entities experience ) to describe Whitehead 's view , and to distinguish it from panpsychism ( the idea that all matter has consciousness ) .
= = = God = = =
Whitehead 's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions . Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that " the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar . " Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world , and whose most important attribute is power . As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity , Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called " the brief Galilean vision of humility " :
" It does not emphasize the ruling Caesar , or the ruthless moralist , or the unmoved mover . It dwells upon the tender elements in the world , which slowly and in quietness operates by love ; and it finds purpose in the present immediacy of a kingdom not of this world . Love neither rules , nor is it unmoved ; also it is a little oblivious as to morals . It does not look to the future ; for it finds its own reward in the immediate present . "
It should be emphasized , however , that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion . Rather than springing primarily from religious faith , Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system . His system required that an order exist among possibilities , an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities . Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God . However , Whitehead was also interested in religious experience . This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God , the consequent nature . Whitehead 's conception of God as a " dipolar " entity has called for fresh theological thinking .
The primordial nature he described as " the unlimited conceptual realization of the absolute wealth of potentiality , " i.e. , the unlimited possibility of the universe . This primordial nature is eternal and unchanging , providing entities in the universe with possibilities for realization . Whitehead also calls this primordial aspect " the lure for feeling , the eternal urge of desire , " pulling the entities in the universe toward as @-@ yet unrealized possibilities .
God 's consequent nature , on the other hand , is anything but unchanging – it is God 's reception of the world 's activity . As Whitehead puts it , " [ God ] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life . It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved . " In other words , God saves and cherishes all experiences forever , and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world . In this way , God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe , lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance .
Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another . He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God 's self , thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time . On the other hand , he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change : alone , God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities , and requires the world to actualize them . God gives creatures permanence , while the creatures give God actuality and change . Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length :
" In this way God is completed by the individual , fluent satisfactions of finite fact , and the temporal occasions are completed by their everlasting union with their transformed selves , purged into conformation with the eternal order which is the final absolute ' wisdom . ' The final summary can only be expressed in terms of a group of antitheses , whose apparent self @-@ contradictions depend on
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battle that I ever saw . " When Howard agreed , Hancock concluded the discussion : " Very well , sir , I select this as the battle @-@ field . " Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren , chief engineer of the Army of the Potomac , inspected the ground and concurred with Hancock .
= = Evening = =
Gen. Lee also understood the defensive potential to the Union army if they held the high ground of Cemetery Hill . He sent orders to Ewell to " carry the hill occupied by the enemy , if he found it practicable , but to avoid a general engagement until the arrival of the other divisions of the army . " In the face of this discretionary , and possibly contradictory , order , Ewell chose not to attempt the assault . One reason posited was the battle fatigue of his men in the late afternoon , although " Allegheny " Johnson 's division of Ewell 's Corps was within an hour of arriving on the battlefield . Another was the difficulty of assaulting the hill through the narrow corridors afforded by the streets of Gettysburg immediately to the north . Ewell requested assistance from A.P. Hill , but that general felt his corps was too depleted from the day 's battle and General Lee did not want to bring up Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's division from the reserve . Ewell did consider taking Culp 's Hill , which would have made the Union position on Cemetery Hill untenable . However , Jubal Early opposed the idea when it was reported that Union troops ( probably Slocum 's XII Corps ) were approaching on the York Pike , and he sent the brigades of John B. Gordon and Brig. Gen. William " Extra Billy " Smith to block that perceived threat ; Early urged waiting for Johnson 's division to take the hill . After Johnson 's division arrived via the Chambersburg Pike , it maneuvered toward the east of town in preparation to take the hill , but a small reconnaissance party sent in advance encountered a picket line of the 7th Indiana Infantry , which opened fire and captured a Confederate officer and soldier . The remainder of the Confederates fled and attempts to seize Culp 's Hill on July 1 came to an end .
Lee 's order has been criticized because it left too much discretion to Ewell . Numerous historians and proponents of the Lost Cause movement ( most prominently Jubal Early , despite his own reluctance to support an attack at the time ) have speculated how the more aggressive Stonewall Jackson would have acted on this order if he had lived to command this wing of Lee 's army , and how differently the second day of battle would have proceeded with Confederate artillery on Cemetery Hill , commanding the length of Cemetery Ridge and the Federal lines of communications on the Baltimore Pike . Stephen W. Sears has suggested that Gen. Meade would have invoked his original plan for a defensive line on Pipe Creek and withdrawn the Army of the Potomac , although that movement would have been a dangerous operation under pressure from Lee .
Most of the rest of both armies arrived that evening or early the next morning . Johnson 's division joined Ewell and Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's joined Hill . Two of the three divisions of the First Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet , arrived in the morning . Three cavalry brigades under Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart were still out of the area , on a wide @-@ ranging raid to the northeast . Gen. Lee sorely felt the loss of the " eyes and ears of the Army " ; Stuart 's absence had contributed to the accidental start of the battle that morning and left Lee unsure about enemy dispositions through most of July 2 . On the Union side , Meade arrived after midnight . The II Corps and III Corps took up positions on Cemetery Ridge , and the XII Corps and the V Corps were nearby to the east . Only the VI Corps was a significant distance from the battlefield , marching rapidly to join the Army of the Potomac .
The first day at Gettysburg — more significant than simply a prelude to the bloody second and third days — ranks as the 23rd biggest battle of the war by number of troops engaged . About one quarter of Meade 's army ( 22 @,@ 000 men ) and one third of Lee 's army ( 27 @,@ 000 ) were engaged . Union casualties were almost 9 @,@ 000 , Confederate slightly more than 6 @,@ 000 .
= Strange Tales ( pulp magazine ) =
Strange Tales ( cover @-@ titled Strange Tales of Mystery and Terror ) was a U.S. pulp magazine first published from 1931 to 1933 by Clayton Publications . It specialized in fantasy and weird fiction , and was a significant competitor to Weird Tales , the leading magazine in the field . Its published stories include " Wolves of Darkness " by Jack Williamson , as well as work by Robert E. Howard and Clark Ashton Smith . The magazine ceased publication when Clayton entered bankruptcy . It was temporarily revived by Wildside Press , which published three issues edited by Robert M. Price from 2003 to 2007 .
= = Publication history and contents = =
Fantasy and occult fiction had often appeared in popular magazines prior to the twentieth century , but the first magazine to specialize in the genre , Weird Tales , appeared in 1923 and by the 1930s was the genre 's industry leader . Strange Tales , launched in 1931 by Clayton Publications as a direct rival to Weird Tales , was one of a handful of magazines to seriously challenge for leadership of the field . It was edited by Harry Bates , who also edited Clayton 's Astounding Stories of Super Science , which had begun publication the previous year . Strange Tales was launched as a fantasy magazine , but like Weird Tales it often published science @-@ fiction stories , although unlike its rival its focus was on action stories rather than strange ideas . The title was originally planned to be Strange Stories , but Macfadden Publications , who had published True Strange Stories in 1929 , challenged the title and forced Clayton to change it .
Bates paid two cents per word , a higher rate than Weird Tales . As a result , Strange Tales attracted some of the better writers of the day . Well @-@ received stories included " Wolves of Darkness " by Jack Williamson , " Murgunstruum " by Hugh B. Cave , and " Cassius " by Henry Whitehead . Clark Ashton Smith contributed five stories , including " The Return of the Sorcerer " in the first issue , and Edmond Hamilton and August Derleth also appeared in the magazine . Robert E. Howard , later to become famous as the author of the Conan the Barbarian stories , sent several stories to Strange Tales ; some of the stories Bates rejected , such as " The Thing
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on the Roof " and " The Horror from the Mound " , later appeared in Weird Tales , but Bates accepted " The People of the Dark " after asking for revisions , and it was published in the June 1932 issue . Howard also sold " The Valley of the Lost " to Bates , but it had not yet appeared when Clayton went bankrupt , and did not finally see publication until the 1960s . H.P. Lovecraft submitted several stories to Bates in early 1931 , before the first issue had appeared , but the only work of his that appeared in Strange Tales was Henry Whitehead 's " The Trap " , part of which had been ghost @-@ written by Lovecraft , and which appeared in the March 1932 issue . In one of Lovecraft 's letters he comments that he would not contribute to Strange Tales because " Bates couldn 't guarantee me immunity from the copy @-@ slasher 's shears and blue pencil " , but unpublished letters of his make it clear that his stories were too atmospheric and lacking in action for Bates . Lovecraft 's response was dismissive , and he was subsequently contemptuous of both Bates and Clayton in his letters . The cover art for all seven covers was painted by Hans Wessolowski , under his professional name of " Wesso " . Science @-@ fiction historian Robert Weinberg asserts that Strange Tales published better material than Weird Tales during its short run , and fellow historian Mike Ashley regards it as a " close rival " to Weird Tales .
Between 2003 and 2007 , Wildside Press brought out three further issues , undated and numbered 8 through 10 , edited by Robert M. Price . The contents included stories by L. Sprague de Camp , Richard Lupoff , and John Betancourt , and a reprint of " The Devil 's Crypt " , a story by E. Hoffmann Price that had appeared in Strange Detective Stories .
= = Bibliographic details = =
The full title was Strange Tales of Mystery and Terror , and the magazine is sometimes indexed under this title . Each issue was 144 pages long and priced at US $ 0 @.@ 25 ( equivalent to about $ 4 in 2015 ) . The seven issues were divided into two volumes of three and a final volume of a single issue . A reprint anthology in facsimile format , also titled Strange Tales , appeared in 1976 from Odyssey Press , edited by Diane Howard , William H. Desmond , John Howard , and Robert K. Wiener . In addition , all stories from the first four issues , and most from the next two , were reprinted in four magazines edited by Robert A.W. Lowndes from the mid @-@ 1960s to the early 1970s : Magazine of Horror , Startling Mystery Stories , Weird Terror Tales , and Bizarre Fantasy Tales .
The three Wildside Press revival issues were 112 pages , 92 pages , and 58 pages long , respectively ; the size increased with each issue , from small pulp size , to a slightly larger format , to a full size pulp layout . They were not printed on pulp paper . Between 2004 and 2008 Wildside also reissued three of the original magazines in facsimile format ; the issues chosen were dated March and October 1932 , and January 1933 .
= Sonic Advance 3 =
Sonic Advance 3 ( ソニックアドバンス3 , Sonikku Adobansu Surī ) is a platform video game developed by Dimps and Sonic Team and published by Sega in Japan and THQ in North America and Europe for the Game Boy Advance . It was released worldwide in June 2004 . It is part of the Sonic the Hedgehog series ; and the chronological sequel to Sonic Battle . The game stars the characters Sonic , Tails , Amy , Knuckles , and Cream as they seek to keep Doctor Eggman and his robot assistant Gemerl from building empires on each of seven chunks Eggman has divided the Earth into .
The game is a fast @-@ paced 2D platformer that takes place across seven zones , each divided into three acts and a boss fight . It allows one or two players to control any two of the five characters ; each one has different abilities that allow players varying access to parts of levels . While the graphics are mainly 2D , the game features some 3D rotation effects . It sold quickly upon release and received positive reviews from critics , who praised its gameplay and aesthetics , though they were more divided on the team @-@ up dynamic .
= = Gameplay = =
Similarly to Sonic Advance 1 and 2 before it , Advance 3 is a fast @-@ paced 2D platformer . The player controls one of five characters simultaneously with a second one as a sidekick ; alternately , a second player joins and one controls each character . The two characters run and jump through a series of seven levels , destroying robots along the way . The player collects rings in levels and boss battles as a form of health : upon being hit by an enemy or harmful obstacle , the player 's rings will scatter and can be recollected . Being hit while carrying no rings , being crushed by an obstacle , or falling into a bottomless pit causes death ; running out of lives incurs a game over screen .
The levels contain features like vertical loops , springs , and rails that the player can grind on . Each level is divided into three acts , punctuated by a boss fight with Doctor Eggman at the end ; all three acts , the boss fight , and two minigames that grant the player extra lives are bound by a hub world . Within each act , the player collects Chao creatures ; finding 10 in all 3 acts in one zone grants the player access to a special stage , where a Chaos Emerald can be found . Collecting all seven Chaos Emeralds , which can be done after completion of the main campaign , allows the player to fight an extra final boss for the game 's true ending .
The player can select any two @-@ member permutation of its five playable characters : Sonic the Hedgehog , Tails , Amy Rose , Knuckles the Echidna , and Cream the Rabbit , provided the two desired characters have been unlocked ; only Sonic and Tails are available at the beginning , while the other three must be rescued from Eggman over the course of the game . Each character has a unique ability : Sonic can perform a spinning attack in mid @-@ air , Tails can fly using his two tails as a propeller , Amy can smash enemies with her hammer , Knuckles can glide long distances and climb walls , and Cream can fly using her ears as wings and attack enemies with her Chao friend , Cheese . The second player character can also give powers to the first by pressing the R button ; for example , pressing and holding R while Tails is the sidekick blasts both characters into the air . In addition , the second character will collect rings and destroy enemies the first has not . Outside the main game , there are two battle modes for two to four players , in which any of the characters can be selected : racing and Chao collecting .
= = Plot = =
Before the events
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of the game , Doctor Eggman builds a robotic assistant named Gemerl , who is based on Emerl , another robot that appeared in Sonic Battle . Eggman uses the Chaos Emeralds to perform a technique called Chaos Control and tear the Earth apart , with the intention of creating a segment of his impending empire on each chunk of the planet . This action separates Sonic and Tails from Amy , Knuckles , and Cream , all of whom Eggman finds and captures . The two friends travel through the game 's seven levels to recapture their friends and the Emeralds .
The final boss fight takes place at a temple . If the player defeats Eggman there without having all seven Emeralds , Eggman and Gemerl escape and fall off the edge of the temple . Peace is restored to the world , and Omochao snaps a picture of the five heroes . However , the game alerts the player that the Emeralds must still be collected for the true ending . If the player defeats Eggman at the temple with the Emeralds , Gemerl stops in his tracks while running away with Eggman and attacks Sonic , causing the Emeralds to scatter . Gemerl uses them to take on a giant , orb @-@ shaped form , but Sonic also uses their power to attain his Super Sonic form . With Eggman 's help , Super Sonic destroys Gemerl . Tails later finds Gemerl 's broken body on a beach and repairs it such that it is non @-@ aggressive , and the game ends with Cream playing with Gemerl at her mother Vanilla 's house .
= = Development and release = =
Sonic Advance 3 was published by Sega in Japan and by THQ in North America and Europe . Like Advance 1 and 2 , its development was shared by Dimps and Sega subsidiary Sonic Team since the latter was understaffed on employees familiar with the Game Boy Advance hardware . Yuji Naka , then President of Sonic Team , had limited involvement in the development of Sonic Advance 3 , and he conceived of the team @-@ up dynamic . While the game is fundamentally 2D , it features some Mode 7 3D rotation effects . THQ announced the game in a press release on September 11 , 2003 . The game was later exhibited at E3 2003 .
= = Reception = =
Sonic Advance 3 was reportedly " racing off store shelves " as soon as it was released . The game also received positive reviews from critics , with respective scores of 79 % and 80 % at review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings . It later won Handheld Game of the Year at the 2004 Golden Joystick Awards and sold over 100 @,@ 000 copies in the United Kingdom alone .
Critics gave mixed opinions to the team @-@ up dynamic . Nich Maragos from 1UP.com celebrated that Sonic Team had " finally [ come ] up with a way of introducing teamwork and variance between characters that doesn 't overwhelm Sonic 's bread @-@ and @-@ butter gameplay . " Maragos singled this out as the main divider between Advance 3 and Sonic Heroes , a game that he found surprisingly linear in level design considering that it , unlike Advance 3 , was in 3D . Maragos , GameSpot 's Frank Provo , IGN 's Craig Harris , and Game Informer 's Lisa Mason appreciated the increase in replayability Sonic 's friends brought . However , Mason , as well as reviewer Stardingo from GamePro , thought that they played too much like Sonic and did not add much to the experience . Darryl Vassar of GameSpy took a different point of criticism : he acknowledged the presence of genuinely different character abilities , but perceived that their only purpose was to find Chao , whom he called " pointless " . Maragos noted that the " mid @-@ air trick " system from Advance 2 was optional in Advance 3 , but spoke positively about its usefulness in locating " hidden areas " . Harris argued that such varying team abilities contributed to occasional " cheapness " in the level design , because " most of the characters have absolutely no defense when hopping off items like springboards " .
However , the gameplay was mostly well @-@ received otherwise . Vassar acclaimed the level design : he both called the levels " enormous and fast " and praised the slower , smaller sections for " keeping the levels distinct and adding short interludes to the constant running and loops . " Harris also praised the " clever " level design . However , Mason found it " simplistic " , while Stardingo saw " repetition " in the typical formula . Maragos criticized the bipolar difficulty of the bosses and some minor control issues . Vassar , however , appreciated the return from Advance 2 's running @-@ based boss battles to more traditional ones . Further praise from Harris , conversely , went to the multiplayer mode and — along with Stardingo — to the presence of a hub world , which Harris and Stardingo thought gave the game structure .
The game 's aesthetics were also well received . Provo stated that " in terms of graphics and sound , Sonic Advance 3 is on par with the
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but always of Catholicism ... in Chapel he now genuflected and crossed himself . A strange mystic element deep down in his being began to stir ... I often suspected that Fr Benson had posed to this clever mind – for Keable was clever – the arguments that had recently brought himself to Catholicism . " Benson was also a novelist and , under his influence , the sensory , aesthetic dimension of Keable 's own writing ( and of his faith ) began to develop . Benson sensed in Keable an " inclination to Rome " , but Keable elected for the Anglican priesthood , joining the theological college of Westcott House and serving as canon at Bradford after completing his studies .
= = Priesthood = =
In 1911 Keable was ordained a priest of the Church of England at Ripon . His friend Hugh Benson regretted that Keable had not turned to Catholicism , a decision Benson felt would lead Keable to ultimate disenchantment with the Church . In a letter he told Keable :
You are the first I ever met of whom I could say ' I know that he knows Christ , and that he is turning his back on him ; and I know he knows it too.'
= = = African missions = = =
From 1912 – 1914 Keable was sent overseas with the Universities ' Mission to Central Africa , a decision perhaps intended to " save him from Rome " . He served under Frank Weston , the Bishop of Zanzibar , a staunch Anglican with whom Keable clashed : Keable objected to Weston 's unorthodox methods for training black African priests ; Weston , a vehement supporter of these priests , saw prejudice in Keable 's views . Weston was to inspire the " Bishop of Moçambique " character in Keable 's 1921 novel Peradventure . In Africa , Keable wrote his first two books : 1912 's Darkness or Light , a history of the Universities ' Mission to Central Africa , and the manuscript for City of the Dawn ( published in 1915 ) , a portrait of Zanzibar that " showed genuine religious fervour , as well as a characteristic sentimentality . "
Keable returned to the UK in 1914 as a result of illness , precipitated perhaps by the rigour of service upon which Weston insisted in Zanzibar . He was offered a church posting in Sheffield but declined , fearing " the pull of Rome " if left within reach of Catholic influences in Britain . Instead , he made two attempts to enlist for armed service during the First World War ; ill health thwarted both , so he returned to Africa for mission work , becoming rector of three parishes ( including Leribe , Basutoland ) , under the diocese of the Bishop of Bloemfontein . He published some ten devotional works and works on missionary practice during this time , including The Loneliness of Christ , and a book of verse titled Songs of the narrow way . The damaging effects of the illness he had suffered were compounded by an assault while in the field : accounts vary , with some friends recalling that Keable received a blow to the head from a " powerful native " , and others describing a gunshot wound to the thigh , inflicted by a ( probably drunk or deranged ) Mosutu . Keable 's biographer Cecil has suggested that the whole incident may have been a fabrication of Keable 's .
In 1915 Keable married Sybil Armitage at Durban . The pair had met in Bradford ; Sybil was " passionately religious , with a strong social conscience and robust health ... a big , handsome ( some thought beautiful ) woman with auburn hair . " She was well suited to the demands of life as a missionary 's wife , and inspired the character Edith in Keable 's later novel Peradventure , but the pair were temperamentally ill @-@ matched ( and described by Keable 's biographer Cecil as " sexually incompatible " ) . They had no children ; Hugh Benson suspected that the marriage had been a gesture on Keable 's part to render impossible the lingering prospect that he might become a monk .
= = = First World War = = =
Keable eventually achieved his wish of going to war in 1917 , when a South African contingent was mustered for military service in France and Keable volunteered to go with them as chaplain . His experiences there were to form the basis for his first and most successful novel , Simon Called Peter . Appointed an army chaplain on 26 May 1917 , Keable travelled to the Rouen sector with a Native Labour Contingent of 21 @,@ 000 men . These men were paid £ 3 per month to unload supply ships and provide infrastructure support for military operations in Europe . As a chaplain , with the rank of captain , Keable was expected to be at the disposal of the army at large , and ministered to those seeing active infantry service as well as to labourers . Padres were formally required to remain behind the lines , but it is apparent that Keable nonetheless saw something of the realities of the frontline .
Like many padres during the First World War , Keable reassessed his approach to his congregation . The men to whom he ministered , he came to believe , cared nothing for the finer points of Anglican theological dispute : from the church they wanted only " entertainment and a barely spiritual form of practical Christianity . " Keable argued as much openly
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, developed by Duncan Hines , then a division of Omaha 's Nebraska Consolidated Mills , the forerunner to today 's ConAgra Foods ; center @-@ pivot irrigation by the Omaha company now known as Valmont Corporation ; Raisin Bran , developed by Omaha 's Skinner Macaroni Co . ; the ski lift , in 1936 , by Omaha 's Union Pacific Corp ; the " Top 40 " radio format , pioneered by Todd Storz , scion of Omaha 's Storz Brewing Co . , and head of Storz Broadcasting , which was the first in the U.S. to use the " Top 40 " format at Omaha 's KOWH Radio ; and the TV dinner , developed by Omaha 's Carl Swanson Co .
A character in a Rudyard Kipling essay claimed " dice were invented in Omaha , and the man who invented ' em , he made a colossal fortune . "
= = History = =
Various Native American tribes had lived in the land that became Omaha , including since the 17th century , the Omaha and Ponca , Dhegian @-@ Siouan @-@ language people who had originated in the lower Ohio River valley and migrated west by the early 17th century ; Pawnee , Otoe , Missouri , and Ioway . The word Omaha ( actually Umoⁿhoⁿ or Umaⁿhaⁿ ) means " Dwellers on the bluff " .
In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed by the riverbanks where the city of Omaha would be built . Between July 30 and August 3 , 1804 , members of the expedition , including Meriwether Lewis and William Clark , met with Oto and Missouria tribal leaders at the Council Bluff at a point about 20 miles ( 30 km ) north of present @-@ day Omaha . Immediately south of that area , Americans built several fur trading outposts in succeeding years , including Fort Lisa in 1812 ; Fort Atkinson in 1819 ; Cabanné 's Trading Post , built in 1822 , and Fontenelle 's Post in 1823 , in what became Bellevue . There was fierce competition among fur traders until John Jacob Astor created the monopoly of the American Fur Company . The Mormons built a town called Cutler 's Park in the area in 1846 . While it was temporary , the settlement provided the basis for further development in the future .
Through 26 separate treaties with the United States federal government , Native American tribes in Nebraska gradually ceded the lands currently comprising the state . The treaty and cession involving the Omaha area occurred in 1854 when the Omaha Tribe ceded most of east @-@ central Nebraska . Logan Fontenelle , an interpreter for the Omaha and signatory to the 1854 treaty , played an essential role in those proceedings .
= = = Pioneer Omaha = = =
Before it was legal to claim land in Indian Country , William D. Brown was operating the Lone Tree Ferry to bring settlers from Council Bluffs , Iowa to the area that became Omaha . Brown is generally credited as having the first vision for a city where Omaha now sits . The passage of the Kansas – Nebraska Act in 1854 was presaged by the staking out of claims around the area to become Omaha by residents from neighboring Council Bluffs . On July 4 , 1854 , the city was informally established at a picnic on Capital Hill , current site of Omaha Central High School . Soon after , the Omaha Claim Club was formed to provide vigilante justice for claim jumpers and others who infringed on the land of many of the city 's founding fathers . Some of this land , which now wraps around Downtown Omaha , was later used to entice Nebraska Territorial legislators to an area called Scriptown . The Territorial capitol was located in Omaha , but when Nebraska became a state in 1867 , the capital was relocated to Lincoln , 53 miles ( 85 km ) south @-@ west of Omaha . The U.S. Supreme Court later ruled against numerous landowners whose violent actions were condemned in Baker v. Morton .
Many of Omaha 's founding figures stayed at the Douglas House or the Cozzens House Hotel . Dodge Street was important early in the city 's early commercial history ; North 24th Street and South 24th Street developed independently as business districts , as well . Early pioneers were buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery and Cedar Hill Cemetery . Cedar Hill closed in the 1860s and its graves were moved to Prospect Hill , where pioneers were later joined by soldiers from Fort Omaha , African Americans and early European immigrants . There are several other historical cemeteries in Omaha , historical Jewish synagogues and historical Christian churches dating from the pioneer era , as well . The city 's pioneering history is celebrated at two sculpture parks , Pioneer Courage and Spirit of Nebraska 's Wilderness and The Transcontinental Railroad .
= = = 19th century = = =
The economy of Omaha boomed and busted through its early years . Omaha was a stopping point for settlers and prospectors heading west , either overland or via the Missouri River . The steamboat Bertrand sank north of Omaha on its way to the goldfields in 1865 . Its massive collection of artifacts is on display at the nearby Desoto National Wildlife Refuge . The jobbing and wholesaling district brought new jobs , followed by the railroads and the stockyards . Groundbreaking for the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1863 , provided an essential developmental boom for the city . The Union Pacific Railroad was authorized by the U.S. Congress to begin building westward railways in 1862 ; in January 1866 it commenced construction out of Omaha .
Equally as important , the Union Stockyards were founded in 1883 . Within twenty years of the founding of the Union Stockyards in South Omaha , four of the five major meatpacking companies in the United States were located in Omaha . By the 1950s , half the city 's workforce was employed in meatpacking and processing . Meatpacking , jobbing and railroads were responsible for most of the growth in the city from the late 19th century through the early decades of the 20th century .
Immigrants soon created ethnic enclaves throughout the city , including Irish in Sheelytown in South Omaha ; Germans in the Near North Side , joined by the European Jews and black migrants from the South ; Little Italy and Little Bohemia in South Omaha . Beginning in the late 19th century , Omaha 's upper class lived in posh enclaves throughout the city , including the south and north Gold
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007 campaign event , Biden said , " I know a lot of my opponents out there say I 'd be a great Secretary of State . Seriously , every one of them . Do you watch any of the debates ? ' Joe 's right , Joe 's right , Joe 's right . ' " Other candidates ' comments that " Joe is right " in the Democratic debates were converted into a Biden campaign theme and ad . In mid @-@ 2007 , Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama 's , saying of the latter , " I think he can be ready , but right now I don 't believe he is . The presidency is not something that lends itself to on @-@ the @-@ job training . " Biden also said that Obama was copying some of his foreign policy ideas . Biden was noted for his one @-@ liners on the campaign trail , saying of Republican then @-@ frontrunner Rudy Giuliani at the debate on October 30 , 2007 , in Philadelphia , " There 's only three things he mentions in a sentence : a noun , and a verb and 9 / 11 . " Overall , Biden 's debate performances were an effective mixture of humor and sharp and surprisingly disciplined comments .
Biden made remarks during the campaign that attracted controversy . On the day of his January 2007 announcement , he spoke of fellow Democratic candidate and Senator Barack Obama : " I mean , you got the first mainstream African @-@ American who is articulate and bright and clean and a nice @-@ looking guy , I mean , that 's a storybook , man . " This comment undermined his campaign as soon as it began and significantly damaged his fund @-@ raising capabilities ; it later took second place on Time magazine 's list of Top 10 Campaign Gaffes for 2007 . Biden had earlier been criticized in July 2006 for a remark he made about his support among Indian Americans : " I 've had a great relationship . In Delaware , the largest growth in population is Indian @-@ Americans moving from India . You cannot go to a 7 @-@ Eleven or a Dunkin ' Donuts unless you have a slight Indian accent . I 'm not joking . " Biden later said the remark was not intended to be derogatory .
Overall , Biden had difficulty raising funds , struggled to draw people to his rallies , and failed to gain traction against the high @-@ profile candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton ; he never rose above single digits in the national polls of the Democratic candidates . In the initial contest on January 3 , 2008 , Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses , garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates . Biden withdrew from the race that evening , saying " There is nothing sad about tonight .... I feel no regret . "
Despite the lack of success , Biden 's stature in the political world rose as the result of his campaign . In particular , it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama . Although the two had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , they had not been close , with Biden having resented Obama 's quick rise to political stardom , and Obama having viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing . Now , having gotten to know each other during 2007 , Obama appreciated Biden 's campaigning style and appeal to working class voters , and Biden was convinced that Obama was " the real deal " .
= = = Democratic nominee for vice president = = =
Since shortly following Biden 's withdrawal from the presidential race , Obama had been privately telling Biden that he was interested in finding an important place for him in a possible Obama administration . Biden declined Obama 's first request to vet him for the vice presidential slot , fearing the vice presidency would represent a loss in status and voice from his Senate position , but subsequently changed his mind . In a June 22 , 2008 , interview on NBC 's Meet the Press , Biden confirmed that , although he was not actively seeking a spot on the ticket , he would accept the vice presidential nomination if offered . In early August , Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss a possible vice @-@ presidential relationship , and the two hit it off well personally . On August 22 , 2008 , Barack Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate . The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone who has foreign policy and national security experience — and not to help the ticket win a swing state or to emphasize Obama 's " change " message . Other observers pointed out Biden 's appeal to middle class and blue @-@ collar voters , as well as his willingness to aggressively challenge Republican nominee John McCain in a way that Obama seemed uncomfortable doing at times . In accepting Obama 's offer , Biden ruled out to him the possibility of running for president again in 2016 ( although comments by Biden in subsequent years seemed to back off that stance , with Biden not wanting to diminish his political power by appearing uninterested in advancement ) . Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver , Colorado .
After his selection as a vice presidential candidate , Biden was criticized by his own Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington Bishop Michael Saltarelli over his stance on abortion , which goes against the church 's pro @-@ life beliefs and teachings . The diocese confirmed that even if elected vice president , Biden would not be allowed to speak at Catholic
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ride 's queue and station area are modelled as the laboratory and invention warehouse of Harris . Riders eventually board his Wildfire @-@ powered flying machine , the steel roller coaster . One year after the opening of the roller coaster Silver Dollar City began selling the Wildfire Burger , a hot and spicy hamburger , themed after the ride .
= = Ride experience = =
The train leaves the station , takes a 180 degree right turn and climbs up the chain lift hill to 120 feet ( 37 m ) . At the top , the train turns 90 degrees to the left before negotiating the first drop of 155 feet ( 47 m ) . This is followed by an Immelmann loop , a vertical loop and a cobra roll , the latter of which inverts riders twice . Then the train heads up a banked curve into a corkscrew and a 230 degree turn into the final brake run .
= = Reception = =
Rick Baker , Silver Dollar City 's vice president of corporate development and design , expected the addition of the ride would increase season pass sales by 9 % to 250 @,@ 000 . In 2001 , the park was visited by a total of 2 @.@ 1 million people .
In Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards , Wildfire ranked in the top 50 steel roller coasters three times . In 2003 it debuted at position 40 , before dropping to 46 in 2004 and 49 in 2005 . As of 2012 it has not returned to the listing .
In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , Wildfire entered at position 47 in 2001 , before peaking at 45 in 2005 . It hovered in positions around 60 before dropping to 96 in 2012 . The ride 's ranking in the poll is shown in the table below .
= William Phips =
Sir William Phips ( or Phipps ; February 2 , 1651 – February 18 , 1695 ) was a shepherd boy born in the Massachusetts Bay Colony , a shipwright , ship 's captain , treasure hunter , a major general , and the first royally appointed governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . He is perhaps best remembered for establishing , and later over @-@ ruling and disbanding , the court associated with the infamous Salem Witch Trials .
Of humble origin , uneducated , and fatherless from a young age , he watched over his family 's flock of sheep before apprenticing to a shipbuilder near his home in present @-@ day Maine . He moved to Boston to start a business building ships and soon began to embark on treasure @-@ hunting expeditions to the West Indies . He became famous in London and Boston for recovering a large treasure from a sunken Spanish galleon , a feat that earned him instant wealth and a knighthood .
In 1690 , during King William 's War , Phips was commissioned as a major general the same day he was first allowed to vote . He led a successful military expedition against Port Royal , the capital of Acadia , followed by an unsuccessful attempt to capture Quebec .
Two years later Phips was appointed as governor . He had successfully straddled a middle political position , cultivating a strong connection to the powerful New England minster , Increase Mather , as well as his royalist opposition on the Board of Trade . Phips and Mather returned to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from England at the height of the witchcraft delusion , after numerous executions in Salem . Phips suspended the court proceedings , pardoned several people sentenced to death , and released more than 100 being held in jail before trial . He became enmeshed in related controversies that resulted in his recall to England to answer a variety of charges . Phips died in London at the age of 44 before the charges against him could be heard .
= = Early life = =
Phips was born the son of James and Mary Phips , in a frontier settlement at Nequasset ( present @-@ day Woolwich , Maine ) , near the mouth of the Kennebec River . His father died when the boy was six years old , and his mother married a neighbor and business partner , John White . Although Cotton Mather in his biography of Phips claimed that he was one of 26 children , this number is likely an exaggeration or included many who did not survive infancy . His mother is known to have had six children by Phips , and eight by White . His father was poor but his ancestry was may have descended from country gentry in Nottinghamshire , at least technically . Constantine Phipps seems to have been a cousin of Phips , five years his junior .
According to Mather , Phips was a shepherd until the age of 18 , after which he began a four @-@ year apprenticeship as a ship 's carpenter . He received no formal schooling . Despite a keen intelligence , his literacy skills were likely rudimentary . Robert Calef wrote , " ... it will be generally acknowledged , that not withstanding the meanness of his parentage and education , he attained to be
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master of a Ship ... " Once Phips achieved wealth and fame , he relied on a personal secretary and scribes for assistance , as was common for many figures of the time .
After his apprenticeship ended in 1673 , Phips traveled to Boston , where he continued to employ his shipmaking and carpentry skills . About a year later he married Mary Spencer Hull , widow to John Hull ( unrelated to Massachusetts mintmaster John Hull ) . Mary 's father , Daniel Spencer , was a merchant and landowner with interests in Maine . Phips may have known Mary from an early age . By all accounts , the couple exhibited " genuine affection " for one another , and there is no evidence Phips was unfaithful during his long absences from home .
Phips established a shipyard on the Sheepscot River at Merrymeeting Bay in Maine in 1675 at the outbreak of King Philips War . The shipyard was successful , turning out a number of small boats and building its first large merchant ship in 1676 . As he was preparing for its maiden voyage in August 1676 , planning to deliver a load of lumber to Boston , a band of Indians descended on the area during the Northeast Coast Campaign ( 1676 ) . Rather than take on his cargo , he took on board as many of the local settlers as he could . Although he was financially ruined ( the Indians destroyed the shipyard and his intended cargo of masts and lumber ) , Phips was considered a hero among the colonists in Boston .
In the early 1680s , Phips began to engage in a favorite colonial pastime of treasure hunting in the Bahamas . As captain of the Resolution , he was seeking treasure from sunken Spanish ships near New Providence . The expedition is not well documented but seems to have been profitable , returning shares worth £ 54 to certain low @-@ level participants . New England mint master John Hull was one of Phips ' investors . Phips earned a widespread reputation for ' continually finding sunken ships.'
= = The Strange Voyage of HMS Rose of Algeree = =
= = = Narborough 's Treasure Hunt = = =
On May 2 , 1683 , the Captain of the frigate HMS Falcon was sailing from England to the West Indies and beckoned the other officers to be present as he broke open his secret instructions . He learned that his mission was to aid in the hunt for a large treasure near Hispaniola . A sloop in convoy , HMS Bonetta ( sometimes Bonito ) , was designated to do most of the searching , but the Falcon would act as aid and protection . These instructions were from Sir John Narborough , a rear admiral and commissioner of the Royal Navy , who also had the ear of King Charles II .
Around this same time , the thirty @-@ two year @-@ old Phips had made his way to England , where he gained an audience with Narborough and Charles II . By any measure , this was a remarkable achievement for a poor New Englander like Phips , but it also seems clear that he must have been at the right place at the right time . His reputation for finding sunken ships may have preceded him , and he seems to have had demonstrable gains to show , as one letter writer mentions his ' late successful returns . ' Perhaps he delivered the King 's portion of these returns to Whitehall in person ? In any case , a reckless plan was concocted , probably by Narborough , whereby this New England native , despite having no background in the English navy , would be assigned as the commander of a 20 @-@ gun frigate , HMS Rose of Algiers for a treasure hunt , but given no other financial backing . He and his crew would be required to pay for all other expenses of the voyage , including food and diving equipment , and give a deposit of £ 100 . Of the treasure they found , 35 % would go to the King , and the rest would be divided among the otherwise unpaid crew .
The plan seemed ill @-@ conceived and suggests that Narborough was obsessed by the possibility of treasure . It is also possible that Phips was being used in a complex way , with the sly intention that HMS Rose would act as a noisy decoy for his more important treasure hunt . Unlike the Falcon and Bonetta , Phips was not sent directly to search near Hispaniola where Narborough ( correctly ) believed a great treasure lay buried . Phips ' instructions were not kept secret but were signed by the entire crew , thereby broadcasting their designs through the harbor and shipyards . On July 13 , 1683 , the articles of agreement ( see image ) were signed by Phips and seven other crew members , in the presence of Narborough and Haddock .
= = = Delivering Randolph , " Evil Genius of New England " = = =
Before Phips could set sail , he had another mission added to the manifest . Edward Randolph " indefatigable foe of Puritans " was serving Boston with a writ of quo warranto against the precious charter of Massachusetts , and searching for a frigate to be the muscle backing him :
" It is essential that a frigate should be on the New England coast at such a time to second the quo warranto and hasten submission ; ... a war vessel be present to awe them . "
Randolph hoped such a display would induce New England to submit to revisions of their charter from the Crown , rather than having it fully revoked . On August 3 , 1683 , Randolph wrote to Sir Leonine Jenkins , " I am now informed that the H.M.S. Rose is already fitted out for the Bahamas with orders to call at Boston for 2 or 3 weeks on the way . " Randolph indicates that time is of the essence and he is willing to travel with Phips or forego the frigate idea and embark on a merchantman . Randolph , along with his brother Bernard , were given passage and cabins on HMS Rose .
= = = As Told by John Knepp = = =
Just before the Rose set sail , things were complicated again when the Crown decided to place a minder on board named John Knepp " to look after the King 's interest " . Knepp seems to have been a purser . In the English Navy , the purser acted as a sort of Company Store , tempting sailors far from shore with whiskey , tobacco and other desirables by offering them credit against their wages , ( collected through the captain ) . It was a lucrative post and required an investment to procure , hence it usually went to young Naval clerks and scions who could afford the capital outlay . It seems like a terrible idea to place a purser on a voyage like that of the Rose , on a shoestring budget , with the men receiving no wages and collectively buying and sharing food together . ( Knepp brought great quantities of fancy cheese and brandy , with predictable results ) . But either way , the purser was dependent on good relations with the captain , yet Knepp seems to have looked down on Phips and decided to be forward in introducing himself to the crew of HMS Rose while Phips was absent in London . The reception was rather less than friendly :
" ... then most of them began to curse the ship and wished she had been afire before they saw her and that they had better have hired a ship of merchants ... "
The crew were a salty bunch to say the least , a " rum lot " as Peter Earle calls them , and this final last @-@ minute bait @-@ and @-@ switch , after the previous addition of Randolph , seems to have nearly put them over the edge . Everything we know about the crew comes from a detailed journal of the trip to Boston was kept by Knepp and he has rightly been called a " hostile observer " but it is more important to note that he was often ignorant of the complex , dual nature of the voyage , as well as basic colonial politics , if not some important elements of human nature . Distant historians must grope for any available source to shed light on events of the past , and so history tends to be swayed heavily by the writers . Phips was never a writer and so much of his story comes from others , with Knepp 's Journal at the top of this pile . Like the rest of us , Knepp does not seem to have understood the role Phips was intended to play , either in support of Randolph , or as a possible decoy and cleanup for the Falcon & Bonetta . In K
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= =
Vietnam War : Coral – Balmoral , Hat Dich , Binh Ba , Vietnam 1965 – 72 .
= = Alliances = =
United Kingdom — Royal Tank Regiment
= 1905 Tour de France =
The 1905 Tour de France was the third Tour de France , held from 9 to 30 July 1905 , organized by the newspaper L 'Auto . Following the disqualifications after the 1904 Tour de France , there were changes in the rules , the most important one being the general classification not made by time but by points . The race saw the introduction of mountains in the Tour de France , and René Pottier excelled in the first mountain , although he could not finish the race . Due in part to some of the rule changes , the 1905 Tour de France had less cheating and sabotage than in previous years , though they were not completely eliminated . It was won by Louis Trousselier , who also won four of the eleven stages .
= = Changes from the 1904 Tour de France = =
After the 1904 Tour de France , some cyclists were disqualified , most notably the top four cyclists of the original overall classification , Maurice Garin , Lucien Pothier , César Garin and Hippolyte Aucouturier . Maurice Garin was originally banned for two years and Pothier for life , so they were ineligible to start the 1905 Tour de France . Of these four , only Aucouturier ( who had been " warned " and had a " reprimand inflicted " on him ) , started the 1905 Tour . They were disqualified by the Union Vélocipédique Française , based on accusations of cheating when there were no race officials around . In 1904 Tour , it was difficult to observe the cyclists continuously , as significant portions of the race were run overnight , and the long stages made it difficult to have officials everywhere .
Because these disqualifications had almost put an end to the Tour de France , the 1905 event had been changed in important ways , to make the race easier to supervise :
The stages were shortened so that no night riding occurred .
The number of stages increased to 11 stages , almost double from the previous year .
The winner was selected on points , not time .
The first cyclist to cross the finish line received 1 point . Other cyclists received one point more than the cyclist who passed the line directly before him , plus an additional point for every five minutes between them , with a maximum of ten points . In this way , a cyclist could not get more than 11 points more than the cyclist that crossed the finish line just before him .
As an example for this point system , the result for the first seven cyclists in the first stage is in this table :
The other important introduction were the mountains . One of Desgrange 's staffers , Alphonse Steinès , took Desgrange for a trip over the Col Bayard at 1 @,@ 246 metres ( 4 @,@ 088 ft ) and the Ballon d 'Alsace at 1 @,@ 178 metres ( 3 @,@ 865 ft ) , that had an average gradient of 5 @.@ 2 % with 10 % at some places , to convince Desgrange to use these climbs in the route . Desgrange accepted it , saying that Steinès would take the blame if the mountains would be too hard to climb . In the two previous editions , the highest point was the Col de la République at 1 @,@ 145 metres ( 3 @,@ 757 ft ) . In 1905 , Desgrange chose to overlook this , and focused instead on the introduction of the Ballon d 'Alsace , because he saw that he had missed the opportunity for publicity previously .
There were two categories of riders
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York City . The songs " Husband " and " Nothing " reached number 58 and number 52 respectively on the UK Singles Chart . Upon release , Black Eye received mixed to positive reviews from music critics . Most journalists praised the album 's unrelenting mood , but some criticised the vagueness of the lyrics .
= = Background and recording = =
Black Eye is the only full @-@ length album by the English punk rock band Fluffy . The band formed in London in late 1994 by singer and guitarist Amanda Rootes , guitarist Bridget Jones , bassist Helen Storer , and drummer Angie Adams . Unsatisfied with the Britpop invasion at the time , the band sought to recapture the punk rock phenomenon . According to Rootes , " We want to infiltrate and conquer the masses . It 's like , Americans think English music 's shit – ' cause it is . We want [ England ] to gain a little respect that we haven 't had for a while . " The band also felt more comfortable in North America than in the UK because the British press " can 't handle the concept of a sexually frank all @-@ girl band " ; the name of the band comes from a lesbian novel titled Fluffy Butch , which Rootes thought was funny .
After turning down a number of record labels , the band signed to The Enclave , a record label run by A & R executive Tom Zutaut , who had previously signed Guns N ' Roses to Geffen . Rootes felt that Zutaut was " great . Very American , very cool , very into his artists . " Black Eye was recorded at Metropolis Studios in London and produced by punk rock veteran Bill Price , who had recorded albums by Sex Pistols and The Clash . The album was recorded live in the studio and the music was not arranged by the producer in order to achieve a rough , live sound . According to Rootes , Price " just recorded us live while we were playing . We did things like putting different guitar tracks on top and stuff like that . I did vocals at different times . But we really wanted to get a live sound . " The drums were recorded in a stone room using a basic kit that was modeled after a Ringo Starr reissue model , which resulted in a slightly distorted sound . The album was mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound in New York City .
= = Music and lyrics = =
Musically , Black Eye was described by Carrie Borzillo of Billboard as " pure hardcore punk delivered with a raunchy , abrasive vocal assault from [ Rootes ] . " Aaron Axelsen , music director at modern rock KITS , opined that the band is " a real indie , edgy version of Elastica , but not Britpop . They fit into that Hole , L7 , Tuscadero , Veruca Salt , edgy thing . " The band , however , felt " insulted " when journalists compared them to Elastica because they think the sound of Elastica is too " clean " . As Rootes recalls , " I admit every time me and Bridged cleaned our house we put Elastica on " . Despite this , she considers Elastica , along
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trickster vampire queen . The name " Marceline " is based on the middle name of a childhood friend of Ward 's , Marie . The artistic design for Marceline was created by Ward , with small changes and additions added by Phil Rynda , former lead @-@ character designer and prop designer for Adventure Time . Unlike a traditional vampire , Marceline does not need to drink blood to survive ; rather , she eats the color red . Marceline is a musician who plays an electric bass that she made from her family 's heirloom battle @-@ axe .
The character makes her debut in the first season episode " Evicted ! " and functions as an antagonist , forcing Finn and Jake from their home . However , as the series progresses , Marceline becomes a close friend to Finn and Jake . Information regarding her early life remains sparse as of 2015 ; however , her demon @-@ father Hunson Abadeer ( voiced by Olivia 's real @-@ life father , Martin Olson ) has appeared in several episodes . In addition , Marceline was the focus of a miniseries entitled Stakes , which aired during the show 's seventh season .
Marceline has been critically acclaimed and is popular with fans of Adventure Time . Ward himself has stated that Marceline is his favorite character in the series because he does not know everything about her history and backstory , which he noted adds a mysterious element to her character . Despite the positivity , the episodes " What Was Missing " and " Sky Witch " became somewhat controversial because of an implied past relationship between Princess Bubblegum and Marceline .
= = Creation and design = =
Marceline is one of the major characters in Adventure Time . Although she did not appear in the series ' pilot , the groundwork for her design and character were present in the series pitch book , penned by series creator Pendleton Ward . Marceline 's name is based on the name of a childhood friend of Ward 's , Marie , whose middle name is Marceline . Ward described Marie as someone who likes the horror movie Psycho and wears dark clothing . Ward purposely set out to make Marceline 's character complex , as he explained that " with the female characters it ’ s easy to either write them as clichés or write them as the extreme opposite of those clichés [ … ] I just try to make them have faults and strengths just like Finn and Jake have . "
Marceline is voiced by Olivia Olson . Olivia 's father Martin Olson was an acquaintance of Ward , and Olivia was encouraged to audition for Adventure Time after Ward told her father that he wanted " her as a voice " on his show . She had originally auditioned for the role of Princess Bubblegum . After her initial audition , she was asked to read for the role of Marceline , and was " definitely impressed by the character " after seeing design drawings . Martin Olson later noted that Olivia 's audition was a " sham " to please the network executives because Ward had already wanted her to be a voice on the show . In order to get into character , Olson often dresses in a manner similar to Marceline when she records her lines ; she explained , " I always find ... that on the days that I go in to record Marceline , I ’ ll dress like her , in a weird way ... I ’ ll throw on some rock n ’ roll boots , maybe some red lipstick , and just go in there . " Olson also is the character 's singing voice . According to storyboard artist Cole Sanchez , composers Casey James Basichis and Tim Kiefer produce the bass music that the character performs in the series . Many of the songs written for Marceline were uploaded onto the internet by the writers as well as the production company . For instance , Rob Sugar — the father of former storyboard artist Rebecca Sugar — often uploaded demos of songs written for Marceline by Rebecca . Furthermore , Frederator also posted demos , as well as a full version of the popular " Fry Song " , sung by Marceline in the episode " It Came from the Nightosphere " , on its official blog . In flashback sequences , younger Marceline is voiced by Ava Acres . In the fifth season episodes " Finn the Human " and " Jake the Dog " , an older , alternate universe version of the character is voiced by Cloris Leachman . Martin Olson also provides the voice for Marceline 's demonic father Hunson Abadeer . Olivia Olson later noted that the opportunity to voice act with her father was " pretty cool ” .
The design for Marceline was created by Ward , with small changes and additions added by Phil Rynda , former lead character and prop designer for Adventure Time . Visually , Marceline has long , dark hair . She rarely walks on the ground , generally preferring to float when she travels , moves , and sleeps . Marceline , unlike many of the other characters , wears varying outfits in most of her appearances . According to Ward , her clothing changes from episode to episode because " girls own more than one outfit " . Olson was impressed by her character 's fashion design stating , " she has really cool style [ … ] I love what they come up with [ in ] every episode . " Olson explained that when she goes in to record the voices for each episode , she is " totally surprised " by the costuming for Marceline . While she says her lines , she is able to view the animatics for the episode and sometimes has to stop to admire the unique designs . Marceline 's physical size and shape slightly changes depending on who is drawing her . Rynda later called this " one of the coolest parts " about the character 's animation due to the fact that " every artist leaves a little bit of their own taste and sensibilities in what they draw . "
= = Appearances = =
Roughly a thousand years prior to the events of the series , Marceline was born to a demon lord named Hunson Abadeer ( voiced by Martin Olson ) and a human woman ( voiced by Rebecca Sugar ) . Abadeer is the ruler of the Nightosphere — a Hell @-@ like demon dimension — and subsists on the souls of sentient beings . For some reason , Marceline was left abandoned on Earth in events immediately following the Mushroom War , a mysterious war that ravaged the earth one thousand years prior to events of the series . During this time , Simon Petrikov — the name of the Ice King before he was overcome by the evil power of his crown — found Marceline in the ruins of a city and gave her a stuffed animal named Hambo to cheer her up . The two developed a caring relationship , although the crown took a toll on Simon 's mental health , forcing him to leave Marceline alone . During this period in her life , she was reunited with her father , only to be disgusted by his cold and heartless ways . Although she attempted to tolerate his evil and selfish antics , she eventually severed all ties with Abadeer after she discovered him eating fries that she had made for herself . In the following years , Marceline roamed the land of Ooo and eventually befriended a tribe of humans . She became their guardian and ally , and she helped them kill vampires , who
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had taken over much of the land . Marceline soon discovered that , upon killing a vampire , she was able to acquire their unique abilities . However , when she tried to fight the Vampire King himself , she was bitten . Although she eventually managed to slay him , she was turned in the process . At some point , she began a romantic relationship with a magician named Ash . The two would move into the Tree Fort , but their relationship would come to an end . Presumably , around this time , Marceline befriended Princess Bubblegum ; the two would often avoid official royal meetings and explore the Candy Kingdom 's elaborate rock candy mining complex . Eventually , however , Bubblegum pushed Marceline away , leaving an animosity between the two that lasted for a while .
In the series ' present , Marceline eventually comes into contact with Finn and Jake in the episode " Evicted ! " , when she forces them from their home . In the episode " Henchman " , Marceline tricks Finn into becoming her accomplice , but Finn soon discovers that she is not evil , but rather fond of mischief and pranks , and the two develop a friendship . In the second season premiere " It Came From the Nightosphere " , Abadeer is accidentally summoned to Ooo by Finn . While Abadeer ravages the land , Finn discovers that there is animosity between Marceline and her father . Finn manages to distract Abadeer by playing a recording of Marceline 's " Fry Song " , which leads to a brief moment of reconciliation between the two before Finn sends him back to the Nightosphere . In the third season episode " Memory of a Memory " , Ash attempts to rekindle his former relationship with Marceline via trickery . Disguised as Marceline 's " spirit animal " , he tricks Finn and Jake into believing that Marceline has fallen asleep due to a sleep spell that has been self @-@ inflicted . Following Ash 's advice , the two enter into Marceline 's mind to retrieve the " memory core " in an attempt to wake her up . Along the way , they encounter various memories of her as a child in the aftermath of the Mushroom War . However , the duo soon learn that it was an elaborate trick by Ash ; Finn and Jake actually removed Marceline 's memory of their break @-@ up . In the end , Finn is able to convince Marceline , and she promptly attacks her chauvinistic ex @-@ boyfriend . In " What Was Missing " , past animosity between Marceline and Princess Bubblegum is explored when Finn , Jake , Princess Bubblegum , BMO , and Marceline form a band in order to defeat the Door Lord and recover what was stolen from them .
In " Daddy 's Little Monster " , Marceline 's dad returns and gives her an amulet that causes her to become the demonic and evil overlord of the Nightosphere . After an ordeal , Finn saves Marceline from the amulet . Marceline admits that all she wants is for her father to understand her . When Finn wishes for an alternate reality in which the Lich never existed during the events of the fifth season premiere " Finn the Human " , a universe is created in which the Mushroom War was prevented by Simon Petrikov and Marceline never became a vampire . She appears in the episode as an extremely frail and aged half @-@ demon , who was killed when a " mutagenic bomb " that was frozen in ice by Simon Petrikov detonates . Jake manages to undo this reality with his wish and sets everything back to the way it was . In " Sky Witch " , Marceline enlists the help of Princess Bubblegum , and the two are able to track down Maja , the titular Sky Witch . It is revealed that Ash sold Hambo to Maja . Only when Bubblegum trades her beloved rock shirt — which was given to her by Marceline — is Hambo able to be reunited with Marceline . After the events of " Sky Witch " , Bubblegum and Marceline are on much friendlier ground , and their friendship is completely reaffirmed in the seventh season episode " Varmints " . In " Betty " , Marceline sacrifices Hambo so that Ice King — who lost his powers and became Simon Petrikov again — can open a portal into time so that Simon can reconcile with his estranged fiancee Betty .
The miniseries Stakes , which aired during the show ’ s seventh season , documents the reemergence of five of Marceline ’ s most powerful vampiric foes : the Fool ( voiced by Ron Funches ) , the Empress Eyes ( voiced by Rebecca Romijn ) , the Hierophant ( voiced by Paul Williams ) , the Moon ( voiced by Beau Billingslea ) , and the Vampire King himself ( voiced by Billy Brown ) . The quintet remerge after Bubblegum tries to extract Marceline ’ s vampiric essence , in an attempt to return Marceline to her normal half @-@ demon state . The reappearance of these vampires forces Marceline , Bubblegum , Finn , Jake , and Peppermint Butler ( voiced by Steve Little ) to stake them one @-@ by @-@ one , although the Vampire King is neutralized through a scientific process that removes the vampiric essence from his body .
= = = Other = = =
The gender @-@ swapped version of Marceline — named Marshall Lee — appeared in the third season episode " Fionna and Cake " . This version of the character only had a small cameo and no lines . It was later revealed that another Fionna and Cake episode was in the works for season five , and that the plot would largely revolve around Marshall Lee . The episode — titled " Bad Little Boy " — aired on February 18 , 2013 . In the episode , the princesses that are captured by the Ice King are tired of his poorly written Fionna and Cake fan fiction stories , so Marceline stops by the Ice Kingdom to show him how to properly do it ; she tells a tale involving her gender @-@ swapped character , Marshall Lee . The character was voiced by comedian and musician Donald Glover .
A six issue spin @-@ off comic miniseries titled Marceline and the Scream Queens , written by Meredith Gran of Octopus Pie , debuted in July 2012 . The series featured Marceline and Princess Bubblegum forming a band and touring around Ooo . The series is published by Boom ! Studios under its kid @-@ oriented imprint KaBoom , which also publishes the rest of the Adventure Time series . Other contributors to the series include Faith Erin Hicks , and Liz Prince . KaBoom has also published Seeing Red by Kate Leth , and Marceline Gone Adrift by Gran .
Marceline is also featured in the iOS game Adventure Time : Rock Bandits . In the context of the game , the Ice King kidnaps Marceline 's fans at a concert so that they will be his fans instead . Finn and Jake must then free the captured citizens . Marceline is set to appear as a playable character in the toys @-@ to @-@ life video game Lego Dimensions , distributed via a " fun pack " containing a Marceline Lego minifigure and a constructable " Lunatic Amp " accessory .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Personality and traits = = =
In the context of the series , Marceline is a half @-@ demon and half @-@ human vampire , and the eponymous Vampire Queen , after having killed the previous Vampire King . Although she is at least 1 @,@ 000 years old , she was designed to appear in the form of an 18- to 21 @-@ year @-@ old . In her first role , Marceline functions as the antagonist of the story , forcing Finn and Jake from their home . However , as the series progressed , she became a close friend to the two . Ward has stated that she is not a villain . Marceline 's wandering of the Land of Ooo has made her into a fearless daredevil . Her fondness for mischief and fun has turned her into a trickster . Although appearing hostile at first , Finn soon realizes that she is " a radical dame who likes to play games " .
Marceline does not need to drink blood to survive . Rather , she only needs to eat the color red out of objects . She can eat various shades of red , including " low @-@ grade " shades such as pink . Since she is only satiated by the color , blood is only appealing to her because it is red . However , Ward has noted that she " drinks blood sometimes " . When Marceline is deprived of red , she enters into a " feral " state , and will instinctively try to kill others and drink their blood . Like traditional Western vampires , she is vulnerable to sunlight and is capable of turning into a bat of varying size . Marceline also possesses several powers , such as levitation , invisibility , and the ability to shape @-@ shift into various paranormal creatures , and self @-@ healing ; she gained these powers after absorbing the essence of five powerful vampires , as documented in Stakes . Marceline is also a survivor of the Mushroom War . Hints of her past are sprinkled through the series ; in " Memory of a Memory " a trip into Marceline 's mind shows her as a child wandering around the outskirts of a destroyed city , and " I Remember You " features her meeting Simon Petrikov in a ruined city .
She was very emotionally attached to her teddy bear Hambo , which was given to her by a still @-@ human Simon Petrikov , as revealed in the episode
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688 , but if his reign was less than three years then he may have come to the throne in 685 . The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List gives his reign a length of three years , with one variant reading of two years .
According to Bede , before Cædwalla 's reign , Wessex was ruled by underkings , who were conquered and removed when Cædwalla became king . This has been taken to mean that Cædwalla himself ended the reign of the underkings , though Bede does not directly say this . Bede gives the death of Cenwalh as the start of the ten @-@ year period in which the West Saxons were ruled by these underkings ; Cenwalh is now thought to have died in about 673 , so this is slightly inconsistent with Cædwalla 's dates . It may be that Centwine , Cædwalla 's predecessor as king of the West Saxons , began as a co @-@ ruler but established himself as sole king by the time Cædwalla became king . It may also be that the underkings were another dynastic faction of the West Saxon royal line , vying for power with Centwine and Cædwalla ; the description of them as " underkings " may be due to a partisan description of the situation by Bishop Daniel of Winchester , who was Bede 's primary informant on West Saxon events . It is also possible that not all the underkings were deposed . There is a King Bealdred , who reigned in the area of Somerset and West Wiltshire , who is mentioned in two land @-@ grants , one dated 681 and the other 688 , though both documents have been treated as spurious by some historians . Further confusing the situation is another land @-@ grant , thought to be genuine , showing Ine 's father , Cenred , still reigning in Wessex after Ine 's accession .
Once on the throne , Cædwalla attacked the South Saxons again , this time killing Berthun , and " the province was reduced to a worse state of subjection " . He also conquered the Isle of Wight , which was still an independent pagan kingdom , and set himself to kill every native on the island , resettling it with his own people . Arwald , the king of the Isle of Wight , left his two young brothers as heirs . They fled the island , but were found at Stoneham , in Hampshire , and killed on Cædwalla 's orders , though he was persuaded by a priest to let them be baptised before they were executed . Bede also mentions that Cædwalla was wounded ; he was recovering from his wounds when the priest found him to ask permission to baptise the princes .
In a charter of 688 , Cædwalla grants land at Farnham for a minster , so it is evident that Cædwalla controlled Surrey . He also invaded Kent , in 686 , and may have founded a monastery at Hoo , northeast of Rochester , between the Medway and the Thames . He installed his brother , Mul , as king of Kent , in place of its king Eadric . In a subsequent Kentish revolt , Mul was " burned " along with twelve others , according to the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle . Cædwalla responded with a renewed campaign against Kent , laying waste to its land and leaving it in a state of chaos . He may have ruled Kent directly after this second invasion .
= = Christianity = =
Cædwalla was unbaptised when he came to the throne of Wessex , and remained so throughout his reign , but though he is often referred to as a pagan this is not necessarily the most apt description ; it may be that he was already Christian in his beliefs but delayed his baptism to a time of his choice . He was clearly respectful of the church , with charter evidence showing multiple grants to churches and for religious buildings . When Cædwalla first attacked the South Saxons , Wilfrid was at the court of King Æthelwealh , and on Æthelwealh 's death Wilfrid attached himself to Cædwalla ; the Life of Wilfrid records that Cædwalla sought Wilfrid out as a spiritual father . Bede states that Cædwalla vowed to give a quarter of the Isle of Wight to the church if he conquered the island , and that Wilfrid was the beneficiary when the vow was fulfilled ; Bede also says that Cædwalla agreed to let the heirs of Arwald , the king of the Isle of Wight , be baptised before they were executed . Two of Cædwalla 's charters were grants of land to Wilfrid , and there is also subsequent evidence that Cædwalla worked with Wilfrid and Eorcenwald , a bishop of the East Saxons , to establish an ecclesiastical infrastructure for Sussex . However , there is no evidence that Wilfrid exerted any influence over Cædwalla 's secular activities or his campaigns .
Wilfrid 's association with Cædwalla may have benefited him in other ways : the Life of Wilfrid asserts that the Archbishop of Canterbury , Theodore , expressed a wish that Wilfrid succeed him in that role , and if this is true it may be a reflection of Wilfrid 's association with Cædwalla 's southern overlordship .
The Church of St Martin , Ludgate , in the City of London , claimed on a plaque , that it was both founded by Cædwalla and that he was interred in its crypt . It would be strange for a king of the West Saxons to institute a church in the rival kingdom of Essex . However , as the intramural area of ' Londinium ' was not actually occupied until at least 200 years after Cædwalla died and this claim roundly contradicts Bede 's history of his baptism and monument tomb in Rome it is plain that there is no basis to the story .
= = Abdication , baptism and death = =
In 688 Cædwalla abdicated , and went on a pilgrimage to Rome , possibly because he was dying of the wounds he had suffered while fighting on the Isle of Wight . Cædwalla had not been baptised , and Bede states that he wished to " obtain the particular privilege of receiving the cleansing of baptism at the shrine of the blessed Apostles " . He is known to have stopped in Francia at Samer , near Calais , and to have given money there for the foundation of a church , and is also recorded at the court of Cunincpert , king of the Lombards , in what is now northern Italy . In Rome , he was baptised by Pope Sergius I on the Saturday before Easter ( according to Bede ) taking the baptismal name Peter , and died not long afterwards , " still in his white garments " . He was buried in St. Peter 's church . Bede 's Ecclesiastical History and the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle agree that Cædwalla died on 20 April , but the latter says that he died seven days after his baptism , although the Saturday before Easter was on 10 April that year . The epitaph on his tomb described him as " King of the Saxons " .
Cædwalla 's departure in 688 appears to have led
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in his junior year sidelined him from athletics , Paul picked up an acoustic guitar to pass the time . He taught himself to play guitar with the help of a Hits of the 70s songbook , and began to write songs . Boston radio included a classic hits station that played the music of Bob Dylan , Joni Mitchell , Neil Young and James Taylor ; artists who were mostly unfamiliar to Paul . Within a few years they became major influences . Having a career in music was the furthest thing from Paul 's mind at that point , but as his playing and writing improved it became a bigger focus in his life . In an interview with FolkWax journalist Arthur Wood , Paul stated :
" I started playing and learned a few songs by other writers to begin with . I started writing originals within a few months . My songs were pretty horrendous to begin with . They kept getting better and better . When I graduated , I started playing at open mics in bars in Boston . Eventually discovered that there were folk clubs where people were actually listening , and not drinking and carousing while you played . I got involved in that circuit . I think that 's why I 've become so lyric conscious — because of those listening rooms , where you really have to rely on words in those situations . "
The open mic circuit in the Boston area included The Nameless Coffeehouse in Cambridge , Westborough 's Old Vienna Kaffeehouse and The Naked City Coffeehouse in Allston . Paul became a regular face at those clubs along with other young folk musicians such as Shawn Colvin , Patty Griffin , Dar Williams and Vance Gilbert . In 1989 he won the Nameless Coffeehouse 's New Songwriter Award . Paul played Cambridge 's Club Passim , a venue that would become his " home " venue , for the first time when he opened for John Gorka in October 1989 . Less than four years later he performed his first shows at Passim as a headliner . The three consecutive nights of shows took place on February 19 – 21 , 1993 .
It was at the Old Vienna that Paul met Jon Svetkey , Brian Doser and Jim Infantino , all struggling young local musicians . In 1989 the four young men formed a collective called " End Construction " and in 1990 released a compilation of songs titled Resume Speed : New Artist Compilation on the End Construction Productions label . The four songwriters each performed four of his own original songs on the CD release . The Resume Speed liner notes stated that End Construction
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the technique , he decided to find a new sound .
A longtime fan of the English trip hop group Portishead , West had been significantly influenced by Roseland NYC Live , the band 's 1998 live album with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra . Early in his career , the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip hop production . Though West had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album . West juxtaposed the lush , intricate melodies of the string section with the hard , pounding drum rhythms of hip @-@ hop , and used the sound for the foundation of his rapping .
West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion , who served as the album 's co @-@ executive producer for several tracks . West had been exposed to Brion 's work while watching the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind , for which Brion had composed music . West was also listening to songs Brion had produced for When the Pawn ... , the second studio album of alternative singer @-@ songwriter Fiona Apple , another one of West 's favorite musicians and sources of musical inspiration for the album . Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip @-@ hop records , he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre . When questioned if his presence made Late Registration any less hip @-@ hop , Brion replied , " There are colors and ideas that make [ the album ] different from average hip @-@ hop , but Kanye is already different from the average hip @-@ hop guy . He 's got this sense of pop record @-@ making which is really solid , and he likes tracks with a lot of things going on in them — which is not necessarily common for hip @-@ hop . He was already barking up that tree . This is definitely not just a hip @-@ hop album . But it is also by no means overtly arty , or non @-@ hip @-@ hop . I don 't think it 's a weird record by any means . "
= = Recording = =
West took over a year and invested two million dollars towards the construction of Late Registration . The majority of the recording sessions for the album took place at Sony Music Studios in New York City and at The Record Plant in Hollywood , California ; other sessions took place at Chalice Recording Studios and Grandmaster Recording Studios in Hollywood . He began working in the studio after he finished touring with Usher on the R & B singer 's The Truth Tour . By November 2004 , West had completed nearly seventy @-@ five percent of the album . However he felt unsatisfied with its outcome and in March of the following year , he brought in Jon Brion , which drastically altered the project 's direction .
The album 's recording sessions between West and Brion were largely exploratory , with the two experimenting with a broad spectrum of sounds . West would construct a song 's basic structure , bringing in samples , drum beat programming and occasionally unfinished rap verses . After brainstorming over the musical direction the album could go , he would then select from a variety of unique instruments that Brion provided ( and played ) and attempt to incorporate their distinctive sound into the song 's texture . West envisioned the album as like the creation of a film : visualizing the songs as scenes , outlining each in such a way that they efficiently conveyed their respective social or introspective context , and ensuring that all synchronized within the fabric of the complete set . This sentiment was shared by Jon Brion who said , " He thinks in frequency ranges . I can recognize when someone sees music architecturally , which is how I work . I see it as a spatial thing : left to right , front to back , up and down . It 's animated and it 's moving in real time . Kanye has that . He tries things out until it fits , until it sits where it is supposed to sit and everything has the correct emotional function . He has real instincts like any great record @-@ maker . "
Late Registration has a diverse number of collaborations for its individual tracks . West chose his guest artists based on the effect each of their voices had on him when he heard them , citing the serene vocals of Adam Levine , the trademark sound of Brandy , and the lyricism of Lupe Fiasco and Paul Wall as primary examples . Adam Levine , lead vocalist of pop rock band Maroon 5 is featured on the album 's opening track , " Heard ' Em Say . " The two had previously collaborated when Maroon 5 commissioned West to produce a remix for " This Love " and later developed a friendship while sitting together on a flight to Rome for the 2004 MTV Europe Music Awards . While playing songs from his second album on his iPod for him during the flight , West came across the demo for " Heard ' Em Say " to which Levine added a R & B hook he had recently written and thought was perfect for it . The track was recorded quickly after the 2005 Grammy Awards ceremony , as Levine only had a couple of free hours available for time in the studio , and Brion was able to translate the two compositions in a matter of hours .
West originally produced and recorded " Gold Digger " in Ludacris 's home in Atlanta , Georgia for Shawnna 's 2004 debut album Worth Tha Weight and had written the chorus from a female first @-@ person viewpoint . However , Shawnna passed on the song . West rewrote the two verses from a male 's point @-@ of @-@ view for himself ; about a year later , just before " Gold Digger " was set to be released , adding a third verse , recording and mastering it at Sony Music Studios in New York in a week . After he went with friend John Mayer to see Foxx 's portrayal of Ray Charles in the 2004 film Ray , West decided to have Foxx sing an interpolation of Charles ' song " I Got a Woman " in place of the original sample . Once the track was in place , it was layered with additional instruments provided by Brion and individually selected by West .
Houston @-@ based rapper Paul Wall appears alongside West and his G.O.O.D. Music label @-@ mate GLC on " Drive Slow " , which was recorded in Los Angeles after the two had met while posing for a photo shoot in an August issue of King magazine in a spread titled " Coming Kings " . West had originally wanted Sri Lankan rapper M.I.A. to appear on the track , but she opted out of the appearance due to a busy schedule . " My Way Home " is performed by West 's close friend and G.O.O.D. Music associate Common , whose sixth studio album Be was being produced and recorded by West simultaneously with Late Registration . Certain tracks West originally crafted for Be that Common passed on subsequently ended up on his second album .
While the original version of " Diamonds from Sierra Leone " featured West as the sole performer , he decided to record a remix to the song which included guest verse provided by Jay @-@ Z — who had come out of retirement from rapping — after learning of the civil war in Sierra Leone financed by conflict diamonds . Both the original and remix versions of " Diamond from Sierra Leone " appear on the album , with the former included as a bonus track . The song contains live drums played by Michel Gondry , the director of Eternal Sunshine and later the first music video for " Heard ' Em Say " , who had visited the studio on a day Brion set up a drum kit . According to Jay @-@ Z , West mixed " Diamonds from Sierra Leone " about fourteen times before he felt comfortable to release it as the album 's lead single . The recording also experienced delay when West and Brion were required to wait two weeks to rent the harpsichord that they used for percussion on the song .
West recorded a verse by rap artist Nas — one of his idol rappers — for the track " We Major " without informing Jay @-@ Z , who at the time was engaged in a feud with Nas . G.O.O.D , music label @-@ mate Really Doe also appears on the track , delivering its elongated chorus . West later revealed that part of the reason he created the song was to dismantle the feud between
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actually have mitochondria that lack any DNA , presumably because all their genes have been lost or transferred . In Cryptosporidium , the mitochondria have an altered ATP generation system that renders the parasite resistant to many classical mitochondrial inhibitors such as cyanide , azide , and atovaquone .
= = = Replication and inheritance = = =
Mitochondria divide by binary fission , similar to bacterial cell division . The regulation of this division differs between eukaryotes . In many single @-@ celled eukaryotes , their growth and division is linked to the cell cycle . For example , a single mitochondrion may divide synchronously with the nucleus . This division and segregation process must be tightly controlled so that each daughter cell receives at least one mitochondrion . In other eukaryotes ( in mammals for example ) , mitochondria may replicate their DNA and divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell , rather than in phase with the cell cycle . When the energy needs of a cell are high , mitochondria grow and divide . When the energy use is low , mitochondria are destroyed or become inactive . In such examples , and in contrast to the situation in many single celled eukaryotes , mitochondria are apparently randomly distributed to the daughter cells during the division of the cytoplasm . Understanding of mitochondrial dynamics , which is described as the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission , has revealed that functional and structural alterations in mitochondrial morphology are important factors in pathologies associated with several disease conditions .
The hypothesis of mitochondrial binary fission has relied on the visualization by fluorescence microscopy and conventional transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) . The resolution of fluorescence microscopy ( ~ 200 nm ) is insufficient to distinguish structural details , such as double mitochondrial membrane in mitochondrial division or even to distinguish individual mitochondria when several are close together . Conventional TEM has also some technical limitations in verifying mitochondrial division . Cryo @-@ electron tomography was recently used to visualize mitochondrial division in frozen hydrated intact cells . It revealed that mitochondria divide by budding .
An individual 's mitochondrial genes are not inherited by the same mechanism as nuclear genes . Typically , the mitochondria are inherited from one parent only . In humans , when an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm , the egg nucleus and sperm nucleus each contribute equally to the genetic makeup of the zygote nucleus . In contrast , the mitochondria , and therefore the mitochondrial DNA , usually come from the egg only . The sperm 's mitochondria enter the egg , but do not contribute genetic information to the embryo . Instead , paternal mitochondria are marked with ubiquitin to select them for later destruction inside the embryo . The egg cell contains relatively few mitochondria , but it is these mitochondria that survive and divide to populate the cells of the adult organism . Mitochondria are , therefore , in most cases inherited only from mothers , a pattern known as maternal inheritance . This mode is seen in most organisms , including the majority of animals . However , mitochondria in some species can sometimes be inherited paternally . This is the norm among certain coniferous plants , although not in pine trees and yews . For Mytilids , paternal inheritance only occurs within males of the species . It has been suggested that it occurs at a very low level in humans . There is a recent suggestion that mitochondria that shorten male lifespan stay in the system because they are inherited only through the mother . By contrast , natural selection weeds out mitochondria that reduce female survival as such mitochondria are less likely to be passed on to the next generation . Therefore , it is suggested that human females and female animals tend to live longer than males . The authors claim that this is a partial explanation .
Uniparental inheritance leads to little opportunity for genetic recombination between different lineages of mitochondria , although a single mitochondrion can contain 2 – 10 copies of its DNA . For this reason , mitochondrial DNA is usually thought to reproduce by binary fission . What recombination does take place maintains genetic integrity rather than maintaining diversity . However , there are studies showing evidence of recombination in mitochondrial DNA . It is clear that the enzymes necessary for recombination are present in mammalian cells . Further , evidence suggests that animal mitochondria can undergo recombination . The data are a bit more controversial in humans , although indirect evidence of recombination exists . If recombination does not occur , the whole mitochondrial DNA sequence represents a single haplotype , which makes it useful for studying the evolutionary history of populations .
Entities undergoing uniparental inheritance and with little to no recombination may be expected to be subject to Muller 's ratchet , the inexorable accumulation of deleterious mutations until functionality is lost . Animal populations of mitochondria avoid this buildup through a developmental process known as the mtDNA bottleneck . The bottleneck exploits stochastic processes in the cell to increase in the cell @-@ to @-@ cell variability in mutant load as an organism develops : a single egg cell with some proportion of mutant mtDNA thus produces an embryo where different cells have different mutant loads . Cell @-@ level selection may then act to remove those cells with more mutant mtDNA , leading to a stabilisation or reduction in mutant load between generations . The mechanism underlying the bottleneck is debated , with a recent mathematical and experimental metastudy providing evidence for a combination of random partitioning of mtDNAs at cell divisions and random turnover of mtDNA molecules within the cell .
= = Population genetic studies = =
The near @-@ absence of genetic recombination in mitochondrial DNA makes it a useful source of information for scientists involved in population genetics and evolutionary biology . Because all the mitochondrial DNA is inherited as a single unit , or haplotype , the relationships between mitochondrial DNA from different individuals can be represented as a gene tree . Patterns in these gene trees can be used to infer the evolutionary history of populations . The classic example of this is in human evolutionary genetics , where the molecular clock can be used to provide a recent date for mitochondrial Eve . This is often interpreted as strong support for a recent modern human expansion out of Africa . Another human example is the sequencing of mitochondrial DNA from Neanderthal bones . The relatively large evolutionary distance between the mitochondrial DNA sequences of Neanderthals and living humans has been interpreted as evidence for the lack of interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans .
However , mitochondrial DNA reflects only the history of the females in a population and so may not represent the history of the population as a whole . This can be partially overcome by the use of paternal genetic sequences , such as the non @-@ recombining region of the Y @-@ chromosome . In a broader sense , only studies that also include nuclear DNA can provide a comprehensive evolutionary history of a population .
Recent measurements of the molecular clock for mitochondrial DNA reported a value of 1 mutation every 7884 years dating back to the most recent common ancestor of humans and apes , which is consistent with estimates of mutation rates of autosomal DNA ( 10 − 8 per base per generation ) .
= = Dysfunction and disease = =
= = = Mitochondrial diseases = = =
Damage and subsequent dysfunction in mitochondria is an important factor in a range of human diseases due to their influence in cell metabolism . Mitochondrial disorders often present themselves as neurological disorders , including autism . They can also manifest as myopathy , diabetes , multiple endocrinopathy , and a variety of other systemic disorders . Diseases caused by mutation in the mtDNA include Kearns @-@ Sayre syndrome , MELAS syndrome and Leber 's hereditary optic neuropathy . In the vast majority of cases , these diseases are transmitted by a female to her children , as the zygote derives its mitochondria and hence its mtDNA from the ovum . Diseases such as Kearns @-@ Sayre syndrome , Pearson syndrome , and progressive external ophthalmoplegia are thought to be due to large @-@ scale mtDNA rearrangements , whereas other diseases such as MELAS syndrome , Leber 's hereditary optic neuropathy , myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers ( MERRF ) , and others are due to point mutations in mtDNA .
In other diseases , defects in nuclear genes lead to dysfunction of mitochondrial proteins . This is the case in Friedreich 's ataxia , hereditary spastic paraplegia , and Wilson 's disease . These diseases are inherited in a dominance relationship , as applies to most other genetic diseases . A variety of disorders can be caused by
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65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 46 @.@ 6 % male and 53 @.@ 4 % female .
= = = 2000 census = = =
As of the census of 2000 , there were 13 @,@ 991 people , 5 @,@ 937 households , and 3 @,@ 775 families residing in the city . The population density was 2 @,@ 085 @.@ 3 people per square mile ( 805 @.@ 1 / km ² ) . There were 6 @,@ 407 housing units at an average density of 954 @.@ 9 per square mile ( 368 @.@ 7 / km ² ) . The racial makeup of the city was 90 @.@ 5 % White , 2 @.@ 2 % Asian , 0 @.@ 7 % African American , 0 @.@ 7 % Native American , 0 @.@ 2 % Pacific Islander , 3 @.@ 2 % from other races , and 2 @.@ 7 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 @.@ 9 % of the population .
There were 5 @,@ 937 households out of which 30 @.@ 4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 51 @.@ 5 % were married couples living together , 8 @.@ 3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 36 @.@ 4 % were non @-@ families . 28 @.@ 3 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9 @.@ 7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 34 and the average family size was 2 @.@ 89 . Median home cost was $ 200 @,@ 972 in 2000 and had grown to $ 316 @,@ 400 by 2006 .
In the city the population was spread out with 24 @.@ 6 % under the age of 18 , 9 @.@ 4 % from 18 to 24 , 31 @.@ 4 % from 25 to 44 , 20 @.@ 2 % from 45 to 64 , and 14 @.@ 4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 35 years . For every 100 females there were 94 @.@ 5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91 @.@ 7 males .
The median income for a household in the city was $ 52 @,@ 515 , and the median income for a family was $ 65 @,@ 172 . This income level is higher than the county , state , and national median income levels . Males had a median income of $ 43 @,@ 480 versus $ 28 @,@ 395 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 29 @,@ 786 . About 3 @.@ 0 % of families and 5 @.@ 6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 3 @.@ 7 % of those under age 18 and 8 @.@ 2 % of those age 65 or over .
= = Economy = =
Wilsonville has often had more jobs in the city than residents due to its location along Interstate 5 . This location has led to the city becoming headquarters for several major local and national companies , as well as home to facilities of several national companies . Companies with their headquarters in the city include design software maker Mentor Graphics ; imaging systems manufacturer FLIR Systems ; and shoe retailer Solestruck . G.I. Joe 's , a sporting goods and automotive parts retailer was based in Wilsonville until bankruptcy in 2009 , as was drugstore chain Thrifty PayLess until
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landings of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Division . The intention was to rapidly seal off the Cotentin Peninsula , prevent the Germans from reinforcing Cherbourg , and capture the port as quickly as possible . Utah , along with Sword Beach on the eastern flank , was added to the invasion plan in December 1943 . These changes doubled the frontage of the invasion and necessitated a month @-@ long delay so that additional landing craft and personnel could be assembled in England . Allied forces attacking Utah Beach faced two battalions of the 919th Grenadier Regiment , part of the 709th Static Infantry Division . While improvements to fortifications had been undertaken under the leadership of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel beginning in October 1943 , the troops assigned to defend the area were mostly poorly equipped non @-@ German conscripts .
D @-@ Day at Utah began at 01 : 30 , when the first of the airborne units arrived , tasked with securing the key crossroads at Sainte @-@ Mère @-@ Église and controlling the causeways through the flooded farmland behind Utah Beach so the infantry could advance inland . While some airborne objectives were quickly met , many paratroopers landed far from their drop zones and were unable to fulfill their objectives on the first day . On the beach itself , infantry and tanks landed in four waves beginning at 06 : 30 and quickly secured the immediate area with minimal casualties . Meanwhile , engineers set to work clearing the area of obstacles and mines , and additional waves of reinforcements continued to arrive . At the close of D @-@ Day , Allied forces had only captured about half of the planned area and contingents of German defenders remained , but the beachhead was secure .
The 4th Infantry Division landed 21 @,@ 000 troops on Utah at the cost of only 197 casualties . Airborne troops arriving by parachute and glider numbered an additional 14 @,@ 000 men , with 2 @,@ 500 casualties . Around 750 men were lost in engineering units , 70th Tank Battalion , and seaborne vessels sunk by the enemy . German losses are unknown . Cherbourg was captured on June 26 , but by this time the Germans had destroyed the port facilities , which were not brought back into full operation until September .
= = Allied planning = =
The decision to undertake a cross @-@ channel invasion of continental Europe within the next year was taken at the Trident Conference , held in Washington in May 1943 . The Allies initially planned to launch the invasion on May 1 , 1944 , and a draft of the plan was accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943 . General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) . General Bernard Montgomery was named as commander of the 21st Army Group , which comprised all of the land forces involved in the invasion .
On December 31 , 1943 , Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the plan , which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions and two @-@ thirds of an airborne division . The two generals immediately insisted that the scale of the initial invasion be expanded to five divisions , with airborne descents by three divisions , to allow operations on a wider front . The change doubled the frontage of the invasion from 25 miles ( 40 km ) to 50 miles ( 80 km ) . This would allow for quicker offloading of men and materiel , make it more difficult for the Germans to respond , and speed up the capture of the port at Cherbourg . Eisenhower and Lieutenant General Omar Bradley selected for Utah the VII Corps . Major General J. Lawton Collins , who had experience with amphibious operations in the Pacific Theater of Operations ( though not in the initial assaults ) , replaced Major General Roscoe Woodruff as commander of VII Corps .
Utah Beach , the westernmost of the five landing beaches , is on the Cotentin Peninsula , west of the mouths of the Douve and Vire rivers . The terrain between Utah and the neighboring Omaha Beach was swampy and difficult to cross , which meant that the troops landing at Utah would be isolated . The Germans had flooded the farmland behind Utah , restricting travel off the beach to a few narrow causeways . To help secure the terrain inland of the landing zone , rapidly seal off the Cotentin Peninsula , and prevent the Germans from reinforcing the port at Cherbourg , two airborne divisions were assigned to airdrop into German territory in the early hours of the invasion .
The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft and troop carrier aircraft for the expanded operation meant that the invasion had to be delayed to June . Production of landing craft was ramped up in late 1943 and continued into early 1944 , and existing craft were relocated from other theaters . More than 600 Douglas C @-@ 47 Skytrain transport aircraft and their crews took a circuitous route to England in early 1944 from Baer Field , Indiana , bringing the number of available troop carrier planes to over a thousand .
= = = Plan of attack = = =
Amphibious landings at Utah were to be preceded by airborne landings further inland on the Cotentin Peninsula commencing shortly after midnight . Forty minutes of naval bombardment was to begin at 05 : 50 , followed by air bombardment , scheduled for 06 :
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original Idol 's 2004 kiss @-@ off to a coldhearted ex . " The song was ranked by Pitchfork Media as the 21st best track of the 2000s ; they wrote that " ' Since U Been Gone ' gave us one of the most blunt rallying cries of the last ten years , a perfectly realized sing @-@ along chorus that will be a karaoke staple for years . " Bill Lamb of About.com ranked the song as the 13th best pop song of all time , expressing that " Kelly Clarkson has stated that she insisted on adding the rock feel to the recording . The result was a record that captured the prevailing sound of mainstream pop with near perfection . " NME placed it at number 135 on its list of the " 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years " , writing " What should have been a slice of American schlock power @-@ pop turned into a brilliant kiss @-@ off , in any genre . " The A.V. Club staff rated the song as one of their favorite gleeful breakup songs , writing " The minute that bass and drum machine start , this song is an anthem of the scorned , a call to self @-@ actualization , and an instant hands @-@ in @-@ the @-@ air dance party . " Rolling Stone ranked " Since U Been Gone " at number 482 of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2010 , whose readers listed it as the ninth @-@ ranked single of the last decade . The AOL Radio Staff put the song at number 10 on their list of 10 Best Break Up Songs . The song also appeared at number one in Sarah Muller of MTV 's Valentine 's Day Playlist : Top 10 Breakup Songs . On March 5 , 2013 , Billboard ranked the song at number one on its list of Top 100 American Idol Hits of All Time .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Recorded by Max Martin , Dr. Luke and Lasse Mårténat at Maratone Studios , Stockholm , Sweden .
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Breakaway .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= USS Georgia ( BB @-@ 15 ) =
USS Georgia ( BB @-@ 15 ) was a United States Navy Virginia @-@ class battleship , the third of five ships of the class . She was built by the Bath Iron Works in Maine , with her keel laid in August 1901 and her launching in October 1904 . The completed battleship was commissioned into the fleet in September 1906 . The ship was armed with an offensive battery of four 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) guns and eight 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) guns , and she was capable of a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) .
Georgia spent the majority of her career in the Atlantic Fleet . In 1907 , she took part in the Jamestown Exposition and suffered an explosion in her aft 8 @-@ inch gun turret that killed or wounded 21 men . At the end of the year , she joined the Great White Fleet on its circumnavigation of the globe , which ended in early 1909 . Peacetime training followed for the next five years , and in 1914 she cruised in Mexican waters to protect American interests during the Mexican Revolution . In early 1916 , the ship was temporarily decommissioned .
When the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , the ship was tasked with training naval recruits for the expanding wartime fleet . Starting in September 1918 , she was used as a convoy escort . Her only casualties during the war were due to disease , the result of poor conditions and severe overcrowding aboard the ship . Georgia was used to transport American soldiers back from France in 1918 – 19 , and
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the following year she was transferred to the Pacific Fleet , where she served as the flagship of the 2nd Division , 1st Squadron . The Washington Naval Treaty , signed in 1922 , cut short the ship 's career , as it mandated severe draw @-@ downs in naval strength . Georgia was accordingly sold for scrap in November 1923 .
= = Design = =
Georgia was 441 feet 3 inches ( 134 @.@ 49 m ) long overall and had a beam of 76 ft 3 in ( 23 @.@ 24 m ) and a draft of 23 ft 9 in ( 7 @.@ 24 m ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 948 long tons ( 15 @,@ 188 t ) as designed and up to 16 @,@ 094 long tons ( 16 @,@ 352 t ) at full load . The ship was powered by two @-@ shaft triple @-@ expansion steam engines rated at 19 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 14 @,@ 000 kW ) and twenty @-@ four coal @-@ fired Niclausse boilers , generating a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . As built , she was fitted with heavy military masts , but these were quickly replaced by cage masts in 1909 . She had a crew of 812 officers and enlisted men .
The ship was armed with a main battery of four 12 inch / 40 Mark 4 guns in two twin gun turrets on the centerline , one forward and aft . The secondary battery consisted of eight 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) / 45 guns and twelve 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) / 45 guns . The 8 @-@ inch guns were mounted in four twin turrets ; two of these were superposed atop the main battery turrets , with the other two turrets abreast the forward funnel . The 6 @-@ inch guns were placed in casemates in the hull . For close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats , she carried twelve 3 @-@ inch / 50 guns mounted in casemates along the side of the hull and twelve 3 @-@ pounder guns . As was standard for capital ships of the period , Georgia carried four 21 in ( 530 mm ) torpedo tubes , submerged in her hull on the broadside .
Georgia 's main armored belt was 11 in ( 279 mm ) thick over the magazines and the machinery spaces and 6 in ( 152 mm ) elsewhere . The main battery gun turrets ( and the secondary turrets on top of them ) had 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) thick faces , and the supporting barbettes had the 10 in ( 250 mm ) of armor plating . The conning tower had 9 in ( 230 mm ) thick sides .
= = Service history = =
Georgia was laid down on 31 August 1901 at the Bath Iron Works in Maine . Her completed hull was launched on 11 October 1904 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . The ship was commissioned into the fleet on 24 September 1906 . Georgia conducted a shakedown cruise after fitting @-@ out work was completed , before joining the 2nd Division , 1 Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet . She steamed out of Hampton Roads on 26 March 1907 to join the rest of the fleet in Guantanamo Bay , Cuba ; there , the ships conducted gunnery training . Georgia then steamed to the Boston Navy Yard for repairs before attending the Jamestown Exposition , which commemorated the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown colony . An international fleet that included British , French , German , Japanese , and Austro @-@ Hungarian warships joined the US Navy at the event . On 10 June , the
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ship took part in a naval review for President Theodore Roosevelt . Two days later , she departed for target practice in Cape Cod Bay , arriving on 15 June . A propellant charge exploded in her aft 8 @-@ inch turret on 15 July , killing ten officers and men and wounding another eleven . Later that year , the ship took part in fleet maneuvers in the Atlantic , and on 24 September she went into dry dock at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for an overhaul .
Georgia joined the Great White Fleet on 16 December 1907 , when they departed Hampton Roads to begin their circumnavigation of the globe . The purpose of the cruise was a show of naval strength . The fleet cruised south to the Caribbean and then to South America , making stops in Port of Spain , Rio de Janeiro , Punta Arenas , and Valparaíso , among other cities . After arriving in Mexico in March 1908 , the fleet spent three weeks conducting gunnery practice . The fleet then resumed its voyage up the Pacific coast of the Americas , stopping in San Francisco and Seattle before crossing the Pacific to Australia , stopping in Hawaii on the way . Stops in the South Pacific included Melbourne , Sydney , and Auckland .
After leaving Australia , the fleet turned north for the Philippines , stopping in Manila , before continuing on to Japan where a welcoming ceremony was held in Yokohama . Three weeks of exercises followed in Subic Bay in the Philippines in November . The ships passed Singapore on 6 December and entered the Indian Ocean ; they coaled in Colombo before proceeding to the Suez Canal and coaling again at Port Said , Egypt . The fleet called in several Mediterranean ports before stopping in Gibraltar , where an international fleet of British , Russian , French , and Dutch warships greeted the Americans . The ships then crossed the Atlantic to return to Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909 , having traveled 46 @,@ 729 nautical miles ( 86 @,@ 542 km ; 53 @,@ 775 mi ) . There , they conducted a naval review for President Theodore Roosevelt .
Over the course of the following year and a half , Georgia conducted a peacetime routine of training maneuvers and gunnery drills . On 2 November 1910 , she took part in a naval review for President William Howard Taft in preparation for a cruise to western Europe with the Atlantic Fleet . The ships stopped in France and Britain , and conducted extensive maneuvers while on the cruise . Georgia and the rest of the fleet arrived back in Guantanamo Bay on 13 March 1911 . She returned to her peacetime training routine for the next two years . On 5 June 1913 , she conducted a training cruise for midshipmen from the United States Naval Academy , followed by an overhaul in the Boston Navy Yard . In early January , she was deployed to Mexican waters to protect American interests in the country during the Mexican Revolution . She remained there from 14 January 1914 to March , when she returned to Norfolk briefly . The ship was back cruising off Mexico during the summer , and from August to October she operated in Haitian waters to protect Americans in the country , which was also experiencing internal unrest .
The ship then went into drydock for an overhaul , before returning to Cuban waters for maneuvers with the fleet . She arrived there on 25 February 1915 . The rest of the year was spent with training exercises with the Atlantic Fleet . Another overhaul , at the Boston Navy Yard , from 20 January to January 1916 . On 27 January , Georgia was decommissioned temporarily . The same day as the United States ' declaration of war against Germany on 6 April 1917 , the ship was reactivated for service during World War I. She was assigned to the 3rd Division , Battleship Force , based in the York River , Virginia . She spent most of the war training gunners for the rapidly expanding wartime Navy and conducting tactical training exercises . During this period , the ship frequently had more than a thousand men aboard the ship , despite the fact that she had sleeping accommodations for only 750 . The ship 's commander at the time , Captain Sumner Kittelle , raised concerns about the over @-@ crowded conditions aboard the ship .
From September 1918 to the end of the conflict , Georgia was assigned to the Cruiser Force Atlantic as a convoy escort . The ship 's first operation was with troop ship convoy 67 , which departed New York on 23 September ; the rest of the escort consisted of the armored cruisers North Carolina and Montana and the destroyer Rathburne . Georgia had to take on 525 long tons ( 533 t ) of coal in addition to her normal stocks , which significantly degraded her seakeeping characteristics . The ship accordingly had to be battened down to reduce flooding from heavy seas , which had the effect of hastening the spread of disease . During the cruise , the crew suffered from 120 cases of influenza and 14 cases of pneumonia ; 7 men died from disease . Even with the additional coal , the ship did not have sufficient fuel to reach the hand off point and she had to break off from the convoy to return to port . Germany signed an Armistice with the Allied powers , ending the war on 11 November . On 10 December , the ship was equipped to serve as a transport to carry American soldiers back from France . This duty saw the ship transferred to the Cruiser and Transport Force . She made five trips between December 1918 and June 1919 , carrying almost 6 @,@ 000 soldiers in total . The first trip , made in company with the battleship Kansas , arrived in Brest , France on 22 December 1918 .
Georgia was transferred to the Pacific Fleet shortly thereafter , departing from Boston on 16 July 1919 . She transited the Panama Canal and arrived in San Diego , where she became the flagship of the 2nd Division , 1st Squadron . The ship went to the Mare Island Navy Yard for periodic maintenance on 20 September . The ship remained there until 15 July 1920 when she was decommissioned . Under the terms of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty , the ship was sold for scrapping on 1 November 1923 and subsequently was broken up . The ship was formally stricken from the naval register on 10 November .
= Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall =
Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall ( Norwegian : Gjøvik Olympiske Fjellhall or Fjellhallen ) is an ice hockey rink located within a mountain hall in Gjøvik , Norway . With a capacity for 5 @,@ 500 spectators , the hall also features a 25 @-@ meter swimming pool and telecommunications installations . Opened in 1993 and costing 1
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of the 20th century , Williams recorded 35 singles ( five released posthumously ) that reached the Top 10 of the Billboard Country & Western Best Sellers chart , including 11 that ranked number one ( three posthumously ) .
Born in Mount Olive , Butler County , Alabama , Williams moved to Georgiana , where he met Rufus Payne , a black street performer who gave him guitar lessons in exchange for meals or money . Payne had a major influence on Williams ' later musical style , along with Roy Acuff and Ernest Tubb . During this time , Williams informally changed his name to Hank , as he had always fantasized about having that name . He moved to Montgomery , where he began his music career in 1937 , when producers at radio station WSFA hired him to perform and host a 15 @-@ minute program . He formed as backup the Drifting Cowboys band , which was managed by his mother , and dropped out of school to devote his time to his career .
When several of his band members were conscripted into military service during World War II , Williams had trouble with their replacements , and WSFA terminated his contract because of his alcohol abuse . Williams eventually married Audrey Sheppard , who was his manager for nearly a decade . After recording " Never Again " and " Honky Tonkin ' " with Sterling Records , he signed a contract with MGM Records . In 1948 he released " Move It on Over " , which became a hit , and also joined the Louisiana Hayride radio program . One year later , he released a cover of " Lovesick Blues " , which carried him into the mainstream of music . After an initial rejection , Williams joined the Grand Ole Opry . He was unable to read or notate music to any significant degree . Among the hits he wrote were " Your Cheatin ' Heart " , " Hey , Good Lookin ' " , and " I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry " .
Several years of back pain , alcoholism , and prescription drug abuse severely damaged Williams ' health . He divorced Sheppard and was dismissed by the Grand Ole Opry because of his unreliability and alcohol abuse . Williams died in 1953 at the age of 29 , from heart failure exacerbated by pills and alcohol . Despite his short life , Williams has had a major influence on 20th @-@ century popular music , especially country music . The songs he wrote and recorded have been covered by numerous artists and have been hits in various genres . He has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame , such as the Country Music Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) , the Songwriters Hall of Fame ( 1970 ) , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( 1987 ) .
= = Life and career = =
= = = Early life = = =
Williams was born in Butler County , Alabama , the son of Jessie Lillybelle " Lillie " ( née Skipper ; August 12 , 1898 – February 26 , 1955 ) and Elonzo Huble " Lon " Williams ( December 22 , 1891 – October 25 , 1970 ) . His parents married on November 12 , 1916 . Hank Williams was of English ancestry . Elonzo Williams worked as an engineer for the railroads of the W.T. Smith lumber company . He was drafted during World War I , serving from July 1918 until June 1919 . He was severely injured after falling from a truck , breaking his collarbone and suffering a severe blow to the head . After his return , the family 's first child , Irene , was born on August 8 , 1922 . Another son of theirs died shortly after birth . Their third child , Hiram , was born on September 17 , 1923 , in Mount Olive . Since Elonzo Williams was a Mason , and his wife was a member of Order of the Eastern Star the child was named after Hiram I of Tyre ( one of the three founders of the Masons , according to Masonic legend ) , but his name was misspelled as " Hiriam " on his birth certificate .
As a child , he was nicknamed " Harm " by his family and " Herky " or " Poots " by his friends . He was born with spina bifida occulta , a disorder of the spinal column , which gave him lifelong pain – a factor in his later abuse of alcohol and drugs . Williams ' father was frequently relocated by the lumber company railway for which he worked , and the family lived in many southern Alabama towns . In 1930 , when Williams was seven years old , his father began suffering from facial paralysis . At a Veterans Affairs ( VA ) clinic in Pensacola , Florida , doctors determined that the cause was a brain aneurysm , and Elonzo was sent to the VA Medical Center in Alexandria , Louisiana . He remained hospitalized for eight years , rendering him mostly absent throughout Hiram 's childhood . From that time on , Lillie Williams assumed responsibility for the family .
In the fall of 1934 the Williams family moved to Greenville , Alabama , where Lillie opened a boarding house next to the Butler County courthouse . In 1935 the Williams family settled in Garland , Alabama , where Lillie Williams opened a new boarding house . After a while they moved with his cousin Opal McNeil to Georgiana , Alabama where Lillie managed to find several side jobs to support her children , despite the bleak economic climate of the Great Depression . She worked in a cannery and served as a night @-@ shift nurse in the local hospital .
Their first house burned and the family lost its possessions . They moved to a new house on the other side of town on Rose Street , which Williams ' mother soon turned into a boarding house . The house had a small garden , on which they grew diverse crops that Williams and his sister Irene sold around Georgiana . At a chance meeting in Georgiana , Hank Williams met U.S. Representative J. Lister Hill while he was campaigning across Alabama . Williams told Hill that his mother was interested to talk with him about his problems and her need to collect Elonzo Williams ' disability pension . With Hill 's help , the family began collecting the money . Despite his medical condition , the family managed fairly well financially throughout the Great Depression .
There are several versions of how Williams got his first guitar . His mother stated that she bought it with money from selling peanuts , but many other prominent residents of the town claimed to have been the one who purchased the guitar for him . While living in Georgiana , Williams met Rufus " Tee @-@ Tot " Payne , a street performer . Payne gave Williams guitar lessons in exchange for meals prepared by Lillie Williams or money . Payne 's base musical style was blues . He taught Williams chords , chord progressions , bass turns , and the musical style of accompaniment that he would use in most of his future songwriting . Later on , Williams recorded one of the songs that Payne taught him , " My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It " . Williams musical style contained influences from Payne along with several other country influences
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S @-@ 68 at the South Pool . Years after the incident US singer Patti Austin revealed that she had been scheduled to be on onboard United Flight 93 on September 11 , 2001 , but because her mother suffered a stroke days before her flight she cancelled it for an earlier one .
= = Nationalities of the passengers = =
Note : This list does not include the nationalities of the four hijackers of the plane .
= Death toll of the Nanking Massacre =
The total death toll of the Nanking Massacre is a highly contentious subject in Chinese and Japanese historiography . Following the outbreak of the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War , the Japanese Imperial Army marched from Shanghai to the Chinese capital city of Nanking , and though a large number of Chinese POWs and civilians were slaughtered by the Japanese following their entrance into Nanking on December 13 , 1937 , the precise number remains unknown . Since the late @-@ 1960s when the first academic works on the Nanking Massacre were produced , estimating the approximate death toll of the massacre has been a major topic of scholarly debate .
A wide range of numbers have been proposed by historians but , in addition to differing interpretations of the evidence , there have been persistent difficulties in defining the scope of the massacre and determining who among the dead to include as " massacre victims " . Scholars who believe that the massacre took place over a larger geographic range and a longer period of time , and who define " massacre victim " more broadly , have generally produced larger estimates for the death toll . For example , the historian Ikuhiko Hata , who estimates the death toll at 40 @,@ 000 , has argued that the Nanking Massacre took place only with the city of Nanking between December 13 , 1937 , and early February 1938 and that only civilians and disarmed POWs should be included as " massacre victims " . By contrast , the historian Tokushi Kasahara , who estimates the death toll at nearly 200 @,@ 000 , has argued that the Nanking Massacre took place in both the city of Nanking and in surrounding rural areas between December 4 , 1937 , and late March 1938 and that some Chinese soldiers killed on the battlefield should be included alongside POWs and civilians as " massacre victims " .
Currently , the most reliable and widely agreed upon figures place the total between the broad range of 40 @,@ 000 to 200 @,@ 000 massacre victims in the entire Nanking Special Administrative District , though numbers even smaller or larger than this have been put forward by Japanese revisionists and the government of China respectively .
= = Background = =
In July 1937 war broke out in northern China between China and Japan , and by August the fighting had spread to the city of Shanghai . After capturing Shanghai the Japanese Army decided on December 1 to continue its military campaign to the capital city of the Nationalist government of China , Nanking , which is roughly 300 kilometers west of Shanghai . Although the Japanese succeeded in surrounding Nanking and defeating the Chinese garrison stationed there by December 13 , few of the Chinese soldiers within the city formally surrendered . Instead they threw away their uniforms and weapons and hid among the city 's civilian population . Over the course of its subsequent occupation of Nanking the Japanese Army hunted down the former Chinese soldiers within the city and in a large number of cases summarily executed them . At the same time soldiers of the Japanese Army also committed random acts of murder against civilians , and engaged in rape , arson , and looting . These events are collectively known as the Nanking Massacre .
= = Early estimates = =
The Nanking Massacre was reported internationally within a week of occurring and the first estimate of the full death toll was published on January 24 , 1938 , in the New China Daily . Here Australian journalist Harold Timperley was quoted as stating that 300 @,@ 000 civilians had been killed . However , Timperley 's source for this number was the French humanitarian Father Jacquinot , who was in Shanghai at the time of the massacre , and it might also have included civilian casualties of the Battle of Shanghai . Timperley included a second estimate in his book published later the same year , Japanese Terror In China , which quoted " a foreign member of the University faculty " as stating that " close to 40 @,@ 000 unarmed persons were killed within and near the walls of Nanking " . The source of this information was Miner Searle Bates , an American resident in Nanking who had used the burial records of the Red Swastika Society in his calculations .
Between then and the late 1940s these two estimates were commonly cited by reporters and the media . For example , Edgar Snow stated in his 1941 book , The Battle for Asia , that 42 @,@ 000 were massacred in Nanking and 300 @,@ 000 in total between Nanking and Shanghai , figures which were apparently based on these estimates . The 1944 film , The Battle of China , stated that 40 @,@ 000 were killed in the Nanking Massacre .
Another early estimate was that of China 's state @-@ run Central News Agency , which reported in February 1938 that the Japanese had slaughtered 60 @,@ 000 to 70 @,@ 000 POWs in Nanking . The same month a representative of the Nationalist Government of China claimed that the Japanese had killed 20 @,@ 000 civilians during the Nanking Massacre . However , in a 1942 speech Chiang Kai @-@ shek raised that figure to " over 200 @,@ 000 civilians " . In 1938 the Red Army of the Communist Party of China reported the total death toll at 42 @,@ 000 massacred . John Rabe , the German head of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone , estimated that between 50 @,@ 000 and 60 @,@ 000 Chinese were killed in Nanking , though this estimate included both military casualties and massacred civilians .
After the end of the war between China and Japan in 1945 , these estimates were in turn supplanted by the findings of two war crime trials , the International Military Tribunal of the Far East and the Nanking War Crimes Tribunal . In one estimate the Nanking War Crimes Tribunal put the death toll at more than 300 @,@ 000 , though the Tribunal also recorded other estimates including one of 430 @,@ 000 . The International Military Tribunal of the Far East tallied up 15
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11 . The station is designed to check for various pollutants as well as ozone levels and weather .
A 2005 study of the water of Jackson , Jenny and Taggart Lakes indicated that all three of these lakes had virtually pristine water quality . Of the three lakes , only on Taggart Lake are motorized boats prohibited , yet little difference in water quality was detected in the three lakes . In a study published in 2002 , the Snake River was found to have better overall water quality than other river systems in Wyoming , and low levels of pollution from anthropogenic sources .
= = Recreation = =
= = = Mountaineering = = =
Grand Teton National Park is a popular destination for mountain and rock climbers partly because the mountains are easily accessible by road . Trails are well marked and routes to the summits of most peaks are long established , and for the experienced and fit , most peaks can be climbed in one day . The highest maintained trails climb from the floor of Jackson Hole over 4 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) to mountain passes that are sometimes called saddles or divides . From these passes , the climbs follow routes that require varying skill levels . Climbers do not need a permit but are encouraged to voluntarily register their climbing plans with the National Park Service and inform associates of their itinerary . Any climb requiring an overnight stay in the backcountry does require a permit . Climbers are essentially on their own to determine their own skill levels and are encouraged to not take unnecessary risks . The Exum Mountain Guides , which is considered one of the finest mountaineering guide services in the U.S. , as well as the Jackson Hole Mountain Guides , offer instruction and climbing escorts for those who are less experienced or unfamiliar with various routes .
An average of 4 @,@ 000 climbers per year make an attempt to summit Grand Teton and most ascend up Garnet Canyon to a mountain pass called the Lower Saddle , which is between Grand Teton and Middle Teton . From the Lower Saddle , climbers often follow the Owen @-@ Spalding or Exum Ridge routes to the top of Grand Teton though there are 38 distinct routes to the summit . The north face route to the summit of Grand Teton is a world renowned climb involving a dozen distinct pitches and is rated at grade 5 @.@ 8 in difficulty for the 3 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 910 m ) vertical ascent . On a connecting ridge and just north of Grand Teton lies Mount Owen , and though lower in altitude , this peak is considered more difficult to ascend . Middle Teton is another popular climb that is most easily summited from a saddle between it and South Teton . Well north of Grand Teton lies Mount Moran , which is further from trailheads and more difficult to access and ascend . The Direct South Buttress of Mount Moran provides a vertical mile of climbing that was considered the most difficult climb in the U.S. when first accomplished in 1953 . Other popular climbing destinations include Buck Mountain , Symmetry Spire , Mount Saint John , Mount Wister , Teewinot Mountain and Nez Perce Peak and each mountain has at least six established routes to their summits .
= = = Camping and hiking = = =
Grand Teton National Park has five front @-@ country vehicular access campgrounds . The largest are the Colter Bay and Gros Ventre campgrounds , and each has 350 campsites which can accommodate large recreational vehicles . Lizard Creek and Signal Mountain campgrounds have 60 and 86 campsites respectively , while the smaller Jenny Lake campground has only 49 sites for tent use only . Additionally , full hookups for recreational vehicles are at the concessionaire managed 112 campsites at Colter Bay Village and another 100 at Flagg Ranch in the John D. Rockefeller Memorial Parkway . Though all front @-@ country campgrounds are only open from late spring to late fall , primitive winter camping is permitted at Colter Bay near the visitor center .
All campsites accessible only on foot or by horseback are considered backcountry campsites and they are available by permit only , but camping is allowed in most of these backcountry zones year @-@ round . The National Park Service has a combination of specific sites and zones for backcountry camping with a set carrying capacity of overnight stays per zone to protect the resources from overcrowding . Open fires are not permitted in the backcountry and all food must be stored in an Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee approved bear @-@ resistant container . As of 2012 , only four brands of bear @-@ resistant containers had been approved for use in the Grand Teton National Park backcountry . Additionally , hikers may use an approved bear spray to elude aggressive bears .
The park has 200 mi ( 320 km ) of hiking trails , ranging in difficulty from easy to strenuous . The easiest hiking trails are located in the valley , where the altitude changes are generally minimal . In the vicinity of Colter Bay Village , the Hermitage Point Trail is 9 @.@ 4 mi ( 15 @.@ 1 km ) long and considered easy . Several other trails link Hermitage Point with Emma Matilda Lake and Two Ocean Lake Trails , also considered to be relatively easy hikes in the Jackson Lake Lodge area . Other easy hikes include the Valley Trail which runs from Trapper Lake in the north to the south park boundary near Teton Village and the Jenny Lake Trail which circles the lake . Ranging from moderate to strenuous in difficulty , trails leading into the canyons are rated based on distance and more importantly on the amount of elevation change . The greatest elevation change is found on the Paintbrush Canyon , Alaska Basin and Garnet Canyon Trails , where elevation increases of over 4 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) are typical . Horses and pack animals are permitted on almost all trails in the park , however there are only five designated backcountry camping locations for pack animals and these campsites are far from the high mountain passes . Bicycles are limited to vehicle roadways only and the park has widened some roads to provide a safer biking experience . A paved multi @-@ use pathway opened in 2009 and provides non @-@ motorized biking access from the town of Jackson to South Jenny Lake .
= = = Boating and fishing = = =
Grand Teton National Park allows boating on all the lakes in Jackson Hole , but motorized boats can only be used on Jackson and Jenny Lakes . While there is no maximum horsepower limit on Jackson Lake ( though there is a noise restriction ) , Jenny Lake is restricted to 10 horsepower . Only non – motorized boats are permitted on Bearpaw , Bradley , Emma Matilda , Leigh , Phelps , String , Taggart and Two Ocean Lakes
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Asia Minor was also defeated by the Byzantines , forcing the Arabs to lift the siege . The Byzantine victory was of major importance for the survival of the Byzantine state , as the Arab threat receded for a time . A peace treaty was signed soon after , and following the outbreak of another Muslim civil war , the Byzantines even experienced a period of ascendancy over the Caliphate .
The siege left several traces in the legends of the nascent Muslim world , although it is conflated with accounts of another expedition against the city a few years previously , led by the future Caliph Yazid I. As a result , the veracity of Theophanes 's account has been questioned by recent scholarship , which places more emphasis on the Arabic and Syriac sources .
= = Background = =
Following the disastrous Battle of Yarmouk in 636 , the Byzantine Empire withdrew the bulk of its remaining forces from the Levant into Asia Minor , which was shielded by the Taurus Mountains from the Muslim expansion . This left the field open for the warriors of the nascent Rashidun Caliphate to complete their conquest of Syria , with Egypt too falling shortly after . Muslim raids against the Cilician frontier zone and deep into Asia Minor began as early as 640 , and continued under the leadership of the Rashidun governor of Syria , Mu 'awiya . The energetic Mu 'awiya also spearheaded the development of a Muslim navy , which within a few years grew sufficiently strong to occupy Cyprus and raid as far as Kos , Rhodes and Crete in the Aegean Sea . Finally , the young Muslim navy scored a crushing victory over its Byzantine counterpart in the Battle of Phoenix in 655 . Following the murder of Caliph Uthman and the outbreak of the First Muslim Civil War , however , Arab attacks against Byzantium stopped . In 659 , Mu 'awiya even concluded a truce with Byzantium , including payment of tribute to the Empire .
The peace lasted until the end of the Muslim civil war in 661 , from which Mu 'awiya and his clan emerged victorious , establishing the Umayyad Caliphate . From the next year , Muslim attacks recommenced , with pressure mounting as Muslim armies began wintering on Byzantine soil west of the Taurus range , maximizing the disruption caused to the Byzantine economy . These land expeditions were sometimes coupled with naval raids against the coasts of southern Asia Minor . In 668 , the Arabs sent aid to Saborios , strategos of the Armeniac Theme , who had rebelled and proclaimed himself emperor . The Arab troops under Fadhala ibn ' Ubayd arrived too late to assist Saborios , who had died after falling from his horse , and they spent the winter in the Hexapolis around Melitene awaiting reinforcements .
In spring 669 , after receiving additional troops , Fadhala entered Asia Minor and advanced as far as Chalcedon , on the Asian shore of the Bosporus across from the Byzantine capital , Constantinople . The Arab attacks on Chalcedon were repelled , and the Arab army was decimated by famine and disease . Mu 'awiya dispatched another army , led by his son ( and future Caliph ) Yazid , to Fadhala 's aid . Accounts of what followed differ . The Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor reports that the Arabs remained before Chalcedon for a while before returning to Syria , and that on their way they captured and garrisoned Amorium . This was the first time the Arabs tried to hold a captured fortress in the interior of Asia Minor beyond the campaigning season , and probably meant that the Arabs intended to return next year and use the town as their base , but Amorium was retaken by the Byzantines during the subsequent winter . The Arab sources on the other hand report that the Muslims crossed over into Europe and launched an unsuccessful attack on Constantinople itself , before returning to Syria . Given the lack of any mention of such an assault in Byzantine sources , it is most probable that the Arab chroniclers — taking account of Yazid 's presence and the fact that Chalcedon is a suburb of Constantinople — " upgraded " the attack on Chalcedon to an attack on the Byzantine capital itself .
= = Opening moves : the campaigns of 672 and 673 = =
The campaign of 669 clearly demonstrated to the Arabs the possibility of a direct strike at Constantinople , as well as the necessity of having a supply base in the region . This was found in the peninsula of Cyzicus on the southern shore of the Sea of Marmara , where a raiding fleet under Fadhala ibn ' Ubayd wintered in 670 or 671 . Mu 'awiya now began preparing his final assault on the Byzantine capital . In contrast to Yazid 's expedition , Mu 'awiya intended to take a coastal route to Constantinople . The undertaking was not haphazard , but followed a careful , phased approach : first the Muslims had to secure strongpoints and bases along the coast , and then , with Cyzicus as a base , Constantinople would be blockaded by land and sea and cut off from its agrarian hinterland , on which it depended for its food supply .
Accordingly , in 672 three great Muslim fleets were dispatched to secure the sea lanes and establish bases between Syria and the Aegean . Muhammad ibn Abdallah 's fleet wintered at Smyrna , a fleet under a certain Qays ( perhaps Abdallah ibn Qays ) wintered in Lycia and Cilicia , and a third fleet , under Khalid , joined them later . According to the report of Theophanes , the Emperor Constantine IV ( r . 661 – 685 ) , upon learning of the Arab fleets ' approach , began equipping his
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William Reginald Joseph Fitzherbert Herbert Huddleston of Clytha . His father was the younger son of the second Baron Bellew . Bellew 's elder brother , Edward Henry , inherited the barony ; because their father had died before inheriting the title , Bellew and his other siblings took the style of the son of a baron by a Royal Warrant of Precedence in 1935 . The same year , he married Ursula Kennard Cull ( died 1994 ) , eldest daughter of Anders Eric Knös Cull ( died 1968 ) , a merchant banker and founder of Cull & Co . , of Warfield House , Berkshire , and had one son , Richard George Bellew ( born 1936 ) .
Following schooling at Wellington College , Bellew went up to Christ Church , Oxford . He arrived at the College of Arms in 1922 , when he was appointed Portcullis Pursuivant . After four years in that capacity , he was promoted to the office of Somerset Herald and went on to serve as the College ’ s registrar from 1935 to 1946 . His heraldic career was interrupted by World War II , when Bellew rose to the rank of Squadron Leader in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve and was mentioned in despatches . Having spent 24 years as Somerset Herald , he succeeded Sir Algar Howard as Garter Principal King of Arms in 1950 , the highest position in the College of Arms and the leading herald in England and Wales .
= = = Gartership = = =
As Garter , Bellew was tasked with overseeing the State Funeral of George VI in 1952 , but many of the details had been prepared in advance . Along with officially proclaiming the King ’ s successor , Elizabeth II , he was also effectively the senior assistant to the Earl Marshal in organising the new Queen ’ s Coronation , a complex and demanding operation . He advocated ( in opposition to most of the Coronation Executive Committee ) the broadcast of the service on television and designed the heraldic statues which guarded Westminster Abbey ’ s doors during the ceremony — a " notable success " , according to The Independent . A Knight Bachelor since 1950 , he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1953 in recognition for his service during the Coronation .
Bellew 's Gartership also witnessed changes to the fabric of the College of Arms . Although it had survived the Blitz , structural problems with the roof and brickwork forced the heralds to decide between leaving the College 's buildings on Queen Victoria Street or attempting expensive repairs . In 1954 , they approached the Ministry of Works to ask for financial assistance in the building work ; the Ministry agreed to cover half the cost . A successful public appeal for the remaining funds followed and the restoration work carried out . The College of Arms Trust was established in 1956 to oversee funds for the building 's maintenance .
Garter is ex officio the officer of arms of the Order of the Garter , England 's senior Order of Chivalry . The post of Secretary of the Order had been created in the early 20th century and had been held by courtiers since then , not always in friendly relations with other officers . In 1952 , Bellew and most of the chapter came to an agreement that a herald be appointed to the post ; after appealing to Sir Alan Lascelles , the Sovereign 's Private Secretary , the Queen agreed and Anthony Wagner was given the position .
= = = Retirement = = =
Having served as Garter for 11 years , Bellew retired in 1961 and was succeeded by Anthony Wagner , then Richmond Herald . He then served as Secretary of the Order of the Garter until 1974 , which included responsibility for the Orders ' finances , and received a third knighthood when he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath . He was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and Knight of the Order of St John . Having been Knight Principal of the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor from 1957 to 1962 , he was its Deputy Knight Principal from then until 1971 . In the aftermath of World War II , he and his wife purchased Woodside Dower House in Old Windsor , Berkshire ; then a ruin , he took a keen interest in renovating it and hosting parties there . While Secretary of the Order of the Garter , he entertained friends and colleagues at the house after the order 's annual service in June . In later years , he lived at The Grange in Farnham and died on 6 February 1993 .
= = Legacy and appraisal = =
Bellew 's successor as Garter , Sir Anthony Wagner , referred to him in his 1988 memoirs ; he wrote that Bellew seemed " in early years a temperamental , combative Irishman not easy to live with though always possessed of great feeling for ceremonial and heraldic design and a skillful pen and pencil . In later years I have found him ever more charming " . According to The Independent , Bellew enjoyed creating colourful grants of arms , drew inspiration from medieval heraldry and allowed multi @-@ coloured wreaths to be used and adorned with badges for the first time in English heraldry . As Garter , he managed the financial affairs of the College well , maintaining " a firm hand on the tiller " , and , when faced with the task of organising the Coronation , his knowledge of tradition was complemented by his eye for design : " At heart he was a designer , an artist and a perfectionist in all things " , remarks his obituary in The Times .
= = Publications = =
Bellew , Sir George Rothe ( n.d. ) . St. George 's Chapel , Windsor and the History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter . London : Pitkin Pictorials . OCLC 200062583
— ( 1960 ) . The Story of Salisbury Hall . W. J. Goldsmith . OCLC 30242508
— ( 1971 ) . Britain 's Kings and Queens . London : Pitkin Pictorials . ISBN 9780853720553 . OCLC 1031506
= = Likenesses = =
Sir George Rothe Bellew by Cecil Beaton , bromide print on white card mount , 1953 73 / 8 in . × 71 / 2 in . ( 186 mm × 191 mm ) . Held in the Photographs Collection at the National Portrait Gallery ( given by Cecil Beaton , 1968 ) .
= St. Michael 's Golden @-@ Domed Monastery =
St. Michael 's Golden @-@ Domed Monastery ( Ukrainian : Михайлівський золотоверхий монастир , Mykhaylivs ’ kyi zolotoverkhyi monastyr ) is a functioning monastery in Kiev , the capital of Ukraine . The monastery is located on the right bank of the Dnieper River on the edge of a bluff northeast of the Saint Sophia Cathedral . The site is located in the historic administrative Uppertown and overlooks the city 's historical commercial and merchant quarter , the Podil neighbourhood .
Originally built in the Middle Ages by Sviatopolk II Iziaslavych , the monastery comprises the Cathedral itself , the Refectory of St. John the Divine , built in 1713 , the Economic Gates , constructed in 1760 and the monastery 's bell tower , which was added c . 1716 – 1719 . The exterior of the structure was rebuilt in the Ukrainian Baroque style in the 18th century while the interior remained in its original Byzantine style . The original cathedral was demolished by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s , but was reconstructed and opened in 1999 following Ukrainian independence in 1991 .
= = History = =
= = = 11th to 19th centuries = = =
Some scholars do not believe that Prince Iziaslav Yaroslavych , whose Christian name was Demetrius , first built the Saint Demetrius 's Monastery and Church in the Uppertown of Kiev near Saint Sophia Cathedral in the 1050s . Half a century later , his son , Sviatopolk II Iziaslavych , is recorded as commissioning a monastery church ( 1108 – 1113 ) dedicated to his own patron saint , Michael the Archangel . One reason for building the church may have been Svyatopolk 's recent victory over the nomadic Polovtsians , as Michael the Archangel was considered a patron of warriors and victories . In 1906 , a medieval hoard of silver and gold jewellery was discovered in a metal casket on Trekhsvyatytelska Street ( Street of the Three Saints ) , opposite the gates of St. Michael 's Golden @-@ Domed Monastery . Gold jewellery from the hoard is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York while the silver jewellery and two ingots are in the British Museum , London . The hoard is dated to the 11th @-@ 12th
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once voters become more focused on the presidential race , they will look to Dodd as " a candidate who has a track record of proven results . "
= = = Head to head = = =
= = Endorsements = =
= = = Kennedy family = = =
Dodd had received endorsements from members of the Kennedy family including Rhode Island Representative Patrick J. Kennedy and his brother Edward M. Kennedy , Jr . Eunice Kennedy Shriver had also campaigned for him . On November 1 , the campaign announced he had been endorsed by Bobby Shriver , co @-@ founder of Debt AIDS Trade in Africa . Dodd had asked Senator Ted Kennedy repeatedly for an endorsement . On November 20 , 2007 , Timothy Shriver , the Chairman of Special Olympics announced his endorsement for Dodd .
= = = Firefighters = = =
On August 28 , Chris Dodd received the endorsement of the International Association of Fire Fighters . On October 24 , in a speech before an International Association of Fire Fighters conference , he criticized the Bush Administration 's failure to fully fund first responders battling the massive wildfires in Southern California .
= = = Campaign advisors = = =
Dodd 's campaign advisors included :
Sheryl Cohen , campaign manager and Dodd 's Chief of Staff in the Senate
Jim Jordan , senior adviser who served as the campaign manager for John Kerry in his 2004 presidential run
Matt Butler , deputy campaign manager who served the same post during John Kerry 's 2004 run
Vince Frillici , finance director . Veteran fundraiser who served as the national finance director for the senator 's re @-@ election in 2004 .
Scott Arceneaux , political director and former director of the Louisiana State Democratic Party
Amos Hochstein , policy director
Stan Greenberg , pollster
Doug Sosnik , adviser and former NBA executive
= Eternal Pyre =
Eternal Pyre is an EP by the thrash metal band Slayer . Released June 6 , 2006 ( 06 / 06 / 06 ) through American Recordings , the EP was limited to a pressing of 1 @,@ 000 ( but later 5 @,@ 000 ) copies . The album is a pre @-@ release to the later album Christ Illusion , which , like the EP , features the song " Cult " . The album was released exclusively through Hot Topic chain stores in the United States and copies were also available in Germany , Finland and Sweden on June 23 , 2006 . There are three tracks featured on the album , one of which is an audio track and the others are videos . The album was not well received by critics , with few critics actually reviewing the album . The album charted on four different charts , peaking number two in Finland and three in Denmark .
= = Background = =
The album Christ Illusion was originally set for release on June 6 ,
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2006 . Slayer guitarist Kerry King stated this tentative release date was scrapped as a number of other bands had the same idea and thought it was " fucking lame " , although USA Today reported the release date was thwarted because the band had failed to secure sufficient studio recording time . Eternal Pyre was released instead , a preview of their album to be released in the coming months . The EP featured the track " Cult " , a live performance of " War Ensemble " in Germany and four minutes footage of the band in the recording studio . Originally , it was thought that the extended play would feature a live version of " Dead Skin Mask " instead of the live version of " War Ensemble " . Many news reporters were told that the album would feature the " Live Intrusion " video , described as a clip of one of the band 's fans who carved Slayer 's name into his forearm . " 5 @,@ 000 copies were released exclusively through Hot Topic chain stores in the United States and copies were also available in Germany , Finland and Sweden on June 23 . Nuclear Blast Records released a further 7 " vinyl picture disc version limited to one thousand copies on June 30 .
= = Composition = =
Eternal Pyre features three tracks in total . " Cult " was characterized by Thom Jurek as " scathing rejection of religion as the cause for world conflict . " The song revolves around guitarist Kerry King 's perception of flaws in American religion and was a comment on America , which he describes as " the biggest cult in the world " . Their performance was positively commented on , with Pitch.com saying that " King and Jeff Hanneman riff like they 're summoning a storm of thunder , lightning and human blood , " and was also noted to be a down @-@ tuned , two @-@ string vamp " that slithers into the foreground creates a tension as Lombardo 's cymbals call the band into the riff that opens the tune . It 's slow , meaty , unrelenting in its tautness . When Araya 's voice comes in , the whole track is off the rails and stays there . " " War Ensemble " was filmed live from Germany , and contains four minutes of studio footage . Lyrics were said to " please fans still harboring a grudge from Catholic school . "
= = Reception and release = =
Critics did not receive Eternal Pyre very well , with few professionals actually reviewing the album . The Pitch criticized the price of the extended play at US $ 5 @.@ 99 , stating in comparison it makes iTunes a bargain . The Pitch 's reviewer also said that " Slayer 's worst is never far from its best , and this cut 's in the middle . " The extended play was , however , generally well received by fans , despite having a limited number of copies available . Eternal Pyre debuted at number forty @-@ eight on the Swedish charts , and number two on the Finnish charts . With a limited pressing of 1 @,@ 000 copies , the EP was exclusively made available in Hot Topic stores starting on June 6 , and was later made available in Europe on June 23 .
= = Track listing = =
= = Chart positions = =
= = Personnel = =
The album 's credits can be verified by Eternal Pyre 's back cover .
= Leucopaxillus giganteus =
Leucopaxillus giganteus , commonly known as the giant leucopax ( formerly as the giant clitocybe ) or the giant funnel , is a saprobic species of fungus in the Tricholomataceae family . As its common names imply , the fruit body , or mushroom , can become quite large — the cap reaches diameters of up to 40 cm ( 16 in ) . It has a white or pale cream cap , and is funnel @-@ shaped when mature , with the gills running down the length of the stem . Considered by some to be a choice edible when young , this species has a cosmopolitan distribution , and is typically found growing in groups or rings in grassy pastures , roadside hedges , or woodland clearings . Leucopaxillus giganteus contains a number of bioactive compounds , one of which has displayed antibiotic and anti @-@ tumor properties in laboratory tests .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species was first described as Agaricus giganteus by English naturalist James Sowerby in 1809 , who illustrated it in his book Coloured Figures of English Fungi . Other historical synonyms include Clitocybe gigantea ( Quélet , 1872 ) , Paxillus giganteus ( Fries , 1874 ) , and Omphalia geotropa var. gigantea ( Quélet , 1886 ) . In 1934 , Robert Kühner and Réné Maire created the genus Astropaxillus to contain species of Leucopaxillus with smooth spores , and they set L. giganteus as its type species . American
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) in 1924 and was replaced by an engine weight limit of 170 lb ( 77 kg ) in 1926 . The rules for 1924 and 1926 required two @-@ seat , dual @-@ control aircraft . Aircraft that entered production after competing at the Light Aviation Trials include the Avro Avian , Blackburn Bluebird and Westland Widgeon , although these had larger engines . The 1924 competition was won by the Beardmore WB XXIV Wee Bee powered by a Bristol Cherub engine . The 1926 competition was won by a Hawker Cygnet .
= = Air racing = =
= = = Pre @-@ war air races = = =
Air racing at Lympne began in 1923 . On 25 June 1923 the Grosvenor Cup was held at Lympne . There were ten entrants , of which nine competed . The cup was competed for over a course that started and finished at Lympne , the route being Lympne – Croydon – Birmingham – Bristol – Croydon – Lympne , a total distance of 404 miles ( 650 km ) . The race was won by Walter Longton , with Fred Raynham second and Bert Hinkler third . Major Foot was killed when his aircraft crashed at Chertsey , Surrey , on the Bristol – Croydon leg caused by the structural failure of the port wing . Lympne was a checkpoint during the 1928 King 's Cup Race and two local newspapers , the Folkestone Herald and Kent Evening Echo offered a cup to the fastest private pilot on the leg from Southampton to Lympne . It was won by Sqn Ldr H. Probyn in a Westland Widgeon , who beat Norman Jones in a de Havilland DH.60 Moth by four seconds .
Competitors
The Light Aircraft Trials included a speed section over a triangular course of Lympne @-@ Postling @-@ Brabourne @-@ Lympne . The Folkestone Aero Trophy was held at Lympne in 1932 and the Wakefield Cup races in 1933 . The final air race before the Second World War was the Folkestone Aero Trophy on 5 August 1939 . This was won by Andrew Dalrymple in Chilton D.W
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alkidiki on the northern coast of the Aegean Sea . He was aided in this process by the distraction of Athens and Thebes , the two most powerful city @-@ states in Greece at that point , by events elsewhere . In particular , these events included the Social War between Athens and her erstwhile allies ( 357 – 355 BC ) , and the Third Sacred War which erupted in central Greece in 356 BC between the Phocians and the other members of the Delphic Amphictyonic League . Much of Philip 's expansion during this period was at the nominal expense of the Athenians , who considered the north Aegean coast as their sphere of influence , and Philip was at war with Athens from 356 – 346 BC .
Philip was not originally a belligerent in the Sacred War , but became involved at the request of the Thessalians . Seeing an opportunity to expand his influence into Greece proper , Philip obliged , and in 353 or 352 BC won a decisive victory over the Phocians at the Battle of Crocus Field in Thessaly . In the aftermath , Philip was made archon of Thessaly , which gave him control of the levies and revenues of the Thessalian Confederation , thereby greatly increasing his power . However , Philip did not intervene further in the Sacred War until 346 BC . Early in that year , the Thebans , who had borne the brunt of the Sacred War , together with the Thessalians , asked Philip to assume the " leadership of Greece " and join them in fighting the Phocians . Philip 's power was by now so great that ultimately the Phocians did not even attempt to resist , and instead surrendered to him ; Philip was thus able to end a particularly bloody war without any further fighting . Philip allowed the Amphictyonic council the formal responsibility of punishing the Phocians , but ensured that the terms were not overly harsh ; nevertheless , the Phocians were expelled from the Amphictyonic League , all their cities were destroyed , and they were resettled in villages of no more than fifty houses .
By 346 BC , the Athenians were war @-@ weary , unable to match Philip 's strength , and had begun to contemplate the necessity of making peace . Nevertheless , when it became apparent that Philip would march south that year , the Athenians originally planned to help the Phocians ( whom they were allied to ) keep Philip out of central Greece , by occupying the pass of Thermopylae , where Philip 's superior numbers would be of little benefit . The Athenians had successfully used this tactic to prevent Philip attacking Phocis itself after his victory at Crocus Field . The occupation of Thermopylae was not only for the benefit of Phocis ; excluding Philip from central Greece also prevented him from marching on Athens itself . However , by the end of February , the general Phalaikos was restored to power in Phocis , and he refused to allow the Athenians access to Thermopylae . Suddenly unable to guarantee their own security , the Athenians were forced instead into making peace with Philip ; the treaty that was agreed ( the Peace of Philocrates ) also made Athens reluctant allies of Macedon .
For the Athenians , the treaty had been expedient , but it was never popular . Philip 's actions in 346 BC had expanded his influence over all Greece , and although he had brought peace , he had come to be seen as the enemy of the traditional liberty of the city @-@ states . The orator and politician Demosthenes had been a principal architect of the Peace of Philocrates , but almost as soon as it was agreed , he wished to be rid of it . Over the next few years , Demosthenes became leader of the " war @-@ party " in Athens , and at every opportunity he sought to undermine the peace . From 343 BC onwards , in order to try to disrupt the peace , Demosthenes and his followers used every expedition and action of Philip to argue that he was breaking the peace . Conversely , there was at first a substantial body of feeling in Athens , led by Aeschines , that the peace , unpopular though it was , should be maintained and developed . Towards the end of the decade however , the " war party " gained the ascendancy , and began to openly goad Philip ; in 341 BC for instance , the Athenian general Diopithes ravaged the territory of Philip 's ally Cardia , even though Philip demanded that they desist . Philip 's patience finally ran out when the Athenians formed an alliance with Byzantium , which Philip was at that time besieging , and he wrote the Athenians declaring war . Shortly afterward Philip broke off the siege of Byzantium ; Cawkwell suggests that Philip had decided to deal with Athens once and for all . Philip went on campaign against the Scythians , and then began to prepare for war in Greece .
= = Prelude = =
Philip 's forthcoming campaign in Greece became linked with a new , fourth , Sacred War . The citizens of Amphissa in Ozolian Locris had begun cultivating land sacred to Apollo on the Crisaean Plain south of Delphi ; after some internal bickering the Amphictyonic council decided to declare a sacred war against Amphissa . A Thessalian delegate proposed that Philip should be made leader of the Amphictyonic effort , which therefore gave Philip a pretext to campaign in Greece ; it is , however , probable that Philip would have gone ahead with his campaign anyway .
At the start of 339 BC , the Thebans had seized the town of Nicaea near Thermopylae , which Philip had garrisoned in 346 BC . Philip does not appear to have treated this as a declaration of war , but it nevertheless presented him with a significant problem , blocking the main route into Greece . However , a second route into central Greece was available , leading over the shoulder of Mount Callidromos and descending into Phocis . However , the Athenians and Thebans had either forgotten the existence of this road , or believed that Philip would not use it ; the subsequent failure to guard this road allowed Philip to slip into central Greece unhindered . Philip 's relatively lenient treatment of the Phocians at the end of the Third Sacred War in 346 BC now bore fruit . Reaching Elatea , he ordered the city to be re @-@ populated , and during the next few months the whole Phocian Confederation was restored to its former state . This provided Philip with a base in Greece , and new , grateful allies in the Phocians . Philip probably arrived in Phocis in November 339 BC , but the Battle of Chaeronea did not occur until August 338 BC . During this period Philip discharged his responsibility to the Amphicytonic council by settling the situation in Amphissa . He tricked a force of 10 @,@ 000 mercenaries who were guarding the road from Phocis to Amphissa into abandoning their posts , then took Amphissa and expelled its citizens , turning it over to Delphi . He probably also engaged in diplomatic attempts to avoid further conflict in Greece , although if so , he was unsuccessful .
When news first arrived that Philip was in Elatea , just three days march away , there was panic in Athens . In what Cawkwell describes as his proudest moment , Demosthenes alone counseled against despair , and proposed that the Athenians should seek
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It is important to realize that price @-@ elasticity of demand is not necessarily constant over all price ranges . The linear demand curve in the accompanying diagram illustrates that changes in price also change the elasticity : the price elasticity is different at every point on the curve .
= = Effect on tax incidence = =
PEDs , in combination with price elasticity of supply ( PES ) , can be used to assess where the incidence ( or " burden " ) of a per @-@ unit tax is falling or to predict where it will fall if the tax is imposed . For example , when demand is perfectly inelastic , by definition consumers have no alternative to purchasing the good or service if the price increases , so the quantity demanded would remain constant . Hence , suppliers can increase the price by the full amount of the tax , and the consumer would end up paying the entirety . In the opposite case , when demand is perfectly elastic , by definition consumers have an infinite ability to switch to alternatives if the price increases , so they would stop buying the good or service in question completely — quantity demanded would fall to zero . As a result , firms cannot pass on any part of the tax by raising prices , so they would be forced to pay all of it themselves .
In practice , demand is likely to be only relatively elastic or relatively inelastic , that is , somewhere between the extreme cases of perfect elasticity or inelasticity . More generally , then , the higher the elasticity of demand compared to PES , the heavier the burden on producers ; conversely , the more inelastic the demand compared to PES , the heavier the burden on consumers . The general principle is that the party ( i.e. , consumers or producers ) that has fewer opportunities to avoid the tax by switching to alternatives will bear the greater proportion of the tax burden . In the end the whole tax burden is carried by individual households since they are the ultimate owners of the means of production that the firm utilises ( see Circular flow of income ) .
PED and PES can also have an effect on the deadweight loss associated with a tax regime . When PED , PES or both are inelastic , the deadweight loss is lower than a comparable scenario with higher elasticity .
= = Optimal pricing = =
Among the most common applications of price elasticity is to determine prices that maximize revenue or profit .
= = = Constant elasticity and optimal pricing = = =
If one point elasticity is used to model demand changes over a finite range of prices , elasticity is implicitly assumed constant with respect to price over the finite price range . The equation defining price elasticity for one product can be rewritten ( omitting secondary variables ) as a linear equation .
<formula>
where
<formula> is the elasticity , and <formula> is a constant .
Similarly , the equations for cross elasticity for <formula> products can be written as a set of <formula> simultaneous linear equations .
<formula>
where
<formula> and <formula> , and <formula> are constants ; and appearance of a letter index as both an upper index and a lower index in the same term implies summation over that index .
This form of the equations shows that point elasticities assumed constant over a price range cannot determine what prices generate maximum values of <formula> ; similarly they cannot predict prices that generate maximum <formula> or maximum revenue .
Constant elasticities can predict optimal pricing only by computing point elasticities at several points , to determine the price at which point elasticity equals -1 ( or , for multiple products , the set of prices at which the point elasticity matrix is the negative identity matrix ) .
= = = Non @-@ constant elasticity and optimal pricing = = =
If the definition of price elasticity is extended to yield a quadratic relationship between demand units ( <formula> ) and price , then it is possible to compute prices that maximize <formula> , <formula> , and revenue . The fundamental equation for one product becomes
<formula>
and the corresponding equation for several products becomes
<formula>
Excel models are available that compute constant elasticity , and use non @-@ constant elasticity to estimate prices that optimize revenue or profit for one product or several products .
= = = Limitations of revenue @-@ maximizing and profit @-@ maximizing pricing strategies = = =
In most situations , revenue @-@ maximizing prices are not profit @-@ maximizing prices . For example , if variable costs per unit are nonzero ( which they almost always are ) , then a more complex computation of a similar kind yields prices that generate optimal profits .
In some situations , profit @-@ maximizing prices are not an optimal strategy . For example , where scale economies are large ( as they often are ) , capturing market share may be the key to long @-@ term dominance of a market , so maximizing revenue or profit may not be the optimal strategy .
= = Selected price elasticities = =
Various research methods are used to calculate price elasticities in real life , including analysis of historic sales data , both public and private , and use of present @-@ day surveys of customers ' preferences to build up test markets capable of modelling such changes . Alternatively , conjoint analysis ( a ranking of users ' preferences which can then be statistically analysed ) may be used .
Though PEDs for most demand schedules vary depending on price , they can be modeled assuming constant elasticity . Using this method , the PEDs for various goods — intended to act as examples of the theory described above — are as follows . For suggestions on why these goods and services may have the PED shown , see the above section on determinants of price elasticity .
= Mamucium =
Mamucium , also known as Mancunium , was a fort in the Roman province of Britannia . The remains of the fort , protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument , are in the Castlefield area of Manchester in North West England ( grid reference SJ833977 ) . Founded c . AD 79 , Mamucium was garrisoned by a cohort of auxiliary soldiers and guarded the road running from Chester to York . A vicus , or civilian settlement made up of traders and the families of the soldiers , grew outside the fort and was an area of industrial activity .
The site lay in ruins until the Industrial Revolution when Manchester expanded and the fort was levelled to make way for new developments . It was damaged by the construction of the Rochdale Canal and the Great Northern Railway . The site is now part of the regenerated area of warehousing alongside the Rochdale Canal , part of the Castlefield Urban Heritage Park . Reconstructed remains of the fort 's gatehouse , granaries , and some buildings from the vicus are on display to the public .
= = Location = =
When the Roman fort in Castlefield was built , it was on a naturally defensible sandstone bluff , guarding a nearby crossing over the River Medlock . The fort was near a junction between at least two Roman roads . It guarded the road between the legionary fortresses of Deva Victrix ( Chester ) and Eboracum ( York ) running east to west , as well as the road between Manchester and Bremetennacum ( Ribchester ) to the north . In addition , Mamucium may also have overlooked a lesser road running north west to Coccium ( Wigan
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) . The fort was one of a chain of fortifications along the Eboracum to Deva Victrix road , with Castleshaw Roman fort lying 16 miles ( 26 km ) to the east , and Condate ( Northwich ) 18 miles ( 29 km ) to the west . Stamps on tegulae indicate that Mamucium had administrative links not only with Castleshaw , but also with Ardotalia , the nearest fort ( 12 miles ) , Slack and Ebchester ; all the forts probably got the tegulae from the same place in Grimescar Wood near Huddersfield .
The area around the fort changed greatly in the centuries that followed ; the remains are now surrounded by mills built during Industrial Revolution and were further damaged by the subsequent urbanisation of Manchester . Castlefield is at the south west corner of Manchester city centre and the Rochdale Canal cuts through the southern corner of the fort . Deansgate , which has developed into a busy thoroughfare , passes close to the east of the fort and follows the general line of Roman road to Ribchester and Castlefield .
= = Name = =
The name Mamucium is generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name , either from mamm- ( " breast " , in reference to a " breast @-@ like hill " ) or from mamma ( " mother " , in reference to a local river goddess ) . Both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic , mam meaning " breast " in Irish and " mother " in Welsh . The neuter suffix -ium is used in Latin placenames , particularly those representing Common Brittonic -ion ( a genitive suffix denoting " place or city of ~ " ) . The Welsh name for Manchester is Manceinion and presumably derives from the original Brittonic form .
= = History = =
= = = Prehistoric = = =
Although there is no evidence of prehistoric settlement , there is evidence of activity in the area . A Neolithic scraper , two Mesolithic flints and a flint flake have been discovered , as well as a shard of late Bronze Age pottery ; however these were mostly not found in situ . Although the area was in the territory of the Celtic tribe Brigantes until the Romans annexed the area , it may have been under the control of the Setantii , a sub @-@ tribe of the Brigantes .
= = = Roman = = =
The fort was built around AD 79 ; it was built as part of the fortifications erected under Gn . Julius Agricola during his campaigns against the Brigantes after the treaty with them failed . Excavations have demonstrated that the fort had three main phases of construction : one around AD 79 , the second around 160 AD , and the third around 200 . The first phase of the fort was built from turf and timber . Mamucium was designed to be garrisoned by a cohort , about 500 infantry . They would have been drawn from an auxiliary , the non @-@ citizen soldiers of the Roman army . A civilian settlement ( called a vicus ) grew around the fort in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries . Around the year 90 , the ramparts surrounding the fort were strengthened . Manchester and the Roman fort at Slack – which neighboured Castleshaw – superseded the fort at Castleshaw in the 120s . Mamucium was demolished some time around 140 . Although the vicus grew rapidly in the early 2nd century , it was abandoned some time between 120 and 160 – broadly coinciding with the demolition of the fort – before it was re @-@ inhabited when the fort was rebuilt .
There is a possible temple to Mithras associated with the civilian settlement in modern Hulme . An altar dedicated to " Fortune the Preserver " was found , probably dating to the early 3rd century . In 2008 an altar dating from the late 1st century was discovered near the Roman settlement . It was dedicated to two minor Germanic gods and described as being in " fantastic " condition . The County Archaeologist said
" It 's the first Roman stone inscription to be found in Manchester for 150 years and records only the second known Roman from Manchester ... The preservation of the stone is remarkable . On top of the stone is a shallow bowl which was used for offerings of wine or blood or perhaps to burn incense . "
As well as Pagan worship , there is also evidence of early Christian worship . In the 1970s , a fragment of 2nd @-@ century " word square " was discovered with an anagram of PATER NOSTER . There has been discussion by academics whether the " word square " , which is carved on a piece of amphora , is actually a Christian artefact , if so , it is one of the earliest examples of Christianity in Britain .
The second phase was built around the year 160 . Although it was again of turf and timber construction , it was larger than the previous fort , measuring 2 hectares ( 4 @.@ 9 acres ) to accommodate extra granaries ( horrea ) . Around 200 , the gatehouses of the fort were rebuilt in stone and the walls surrounding the fort were given a stone facing . The concentration of furnaces in sheds in part of the vicus associated with the fort has been described as an " industrial estate " , which would have been the first in Manchester . Mamucium was included in the Antonine Itinerary , a 3rd @-@ century register of roads throughout the Roman Empire . This and inscriptions on and repairs to buildings indicate that Mamucium was still in use in the first half of the 3rd century . The vicus may have been abandoned by the mid @-@ 3rd century ; this is supported by the excavated remains of some buildings that were demolished and the materials robbed for use elsewhere . Evidence from coins indicates that although the civilian settlement associated with the fort had declined by the mid @-@ 3rd century , a small garrison may have remained at Mamucium into the late 3rd century and early 4th century .
= = = Medieval = = =
After the Roman withdrawal from Britain around 410 , the area of Mamucium was used for agricultural purposes . It has sometimes been identified with the Cair Maunguid listed among the 28 cities of Britain by the History of the Britons traditionally attributed to Nennius . After lying derelict for centuries , the ruins were commented on by antiquarians John Leland in the 16th century , William Camden in the late 16th and early 17th centuries , and William Stukeley and the Manchester historian John Whitaker in the 18th century . In the early 18th century , John Horsley said :
It [ i.e. , the fort ] is about a quarter of a mile out of the town , being south or south @-@ west from it . The station now goes by the name of Giant 's Castle or Tarquin 's Castle , and the field in which it stands is called Castle Field ... the ramparts are still very conspicuous .
Whitaker described what remained of the fort in 1773 :
The eastern side , like the Western , is hundred and forty [ yards ] in length , and for eighty yards from the northern termination , the nearly perpendicular rampart carries a crest of more than two [ yards ] in height . It is then lowered to form the great entrance , the Porta Pretoria of the camp : the earth there running in a ridge , and mounting up to the top of the bank , about ten in breadth . Then , rising gradually as the wall falls away , it carries an height of more than three for as many as the south @-@ eastern angle . And the whole of this wall , bears a broken line of thorns above , shews the mortar peeping here and there under the coat of turf , and near the south @-@ eastern corner has a large buttress of earth continued several yards along it . The southern side , like the Northern , is hundred and seventy five [ yards ] in length ; and the rampart sinking immediately from its elevation at the eastern end , successively declines , till , about fifty yards off , it is reduced to the inconsiderable height of less than one [ yard ] . And about seventeen yards further , there
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appears to have been a second gateway , the ground rising up to the crest of the bank of a four or five at the point ...
On the south side was particularly requisite ... in order to afford a passage to the river ; but about fifty three yards beyond the gates , the ground betwixt both falling away briskly to the west , the rampart , which continues in a right line along the ridge , necessarily rises till it has a sharp slope of twenty yards in length at the southwestern angle . And all this side of the wall , which was from the beginning probably not much higher than it is at present , as it was sufficiently secured by the river and its banks , before it appears crested at first with a hedge of thorns , a young oak rising from the ridge and rearing its head considerably over the rest , and runs afterwards in a smooth line near the level for several yards with the ground about it , and just perceptible to the eye , in a rounded eminence of turf
As to the south @-@ western point of the camp , the ground slopes away on the west towards the south , as well as on the south towards the West . On the third side still runs from it nearly as at first , having an even crest about seven feet in height , an even slope of turf for its whole extent , and the wall in all its original condition below . About a hundred yards beyond the angle was the Porta Decumana of the station , the ground visibly rising up the ascent of the bank in a large shelve of gravel , and running in a slight but perceivable ridge from it . And beyond a level of forty five yards , that still stretches on for the whole length of the side , it was bounded by the western boundary of the British city , the sharp slope of fifty to the morass below it . On the northern and remaining side are several chasms in the original course of the ramparts . And in one of them about a hundred and seventy five yards from its commencement , was another gateway , opening into the station directly from the road to Ribchester . The rest of the wall still rises above five and four feet in height , planted all the way with thorns above , and exhibiting a curious view of the rampart below . Various parts of it have been fleeced of their facing a turf and stone , and now show the inner structure of the whole , presenting to the eye the undressed stone of the quarry , the angular pieces of rock , and the round boulders of the river , all bedded in the mortar , and compacted into one . And the white and brown patches of mortar and stone on a general view of the wall stands strikingly contrasted with the green turf that entirely conceals the level line , and with the green moss that half reveals the projecting points of the rampart . The great foss of the British city , the Romans preserved along their northern side for more than thirty yards along the eastern end of it , and for the whole beyond the Western . And as the present appearances of the ground intimate , they closed the eastern point of it with a high bank , which was raised upon one part of the ditch and sloped away into the other .
Mamucium was levelled as Manchester expanded in the Industrial Revolution . The construction of the Rochdale Canal through the south western corner of the fort in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , and the building of viaducts for the Great Northern Railway over the site in the late 19th century , damaged the remains and even destroyed some of the southern half of the fort . When the railway viaducts were built , Charles Roeder documented the remains that were uncovered in the process , including parts of the vicus .
The first archaeological investigation of Mamucium was in 1906 . Francis Bruton , who would later work on the Roman fort at Castleshaw , excavated the fort 's western defences . A series of small @-@ scale excavations were undertaken intermittently between 1912 and 1967 , generally exploring the northern defences of the fort . In the mid @-@ 20th century , historian A. J. P. Taylor called the surviving stretch of Roman wall " the least interesting Roman remains in Britain " . The first excavation of the vicus was carried out in the 1970s under Professor Barri Jones . In 1982 the fort , along with the rest of the Castlefield area , became the United Kingdom 's first Urban Heritage Park , and partial reconstructions of the forts walls , including the ramparts and gateways , were opened in 1984 . In 2001 – 05 the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit carried out excavations in the vicus to further investigate the site before the area underwent any more regeneration or reconstruction . The archaeological investigation of Mamucium Roman fort and its associated civilian settlement has , so far , provided approximately 10 @,@ 000 artefacts .
= = Layout = =
The fort measured 160 metres ( 175 yd ) by 130 metres ( 140 yd ) and was surrounded by a double ditch and wooden rampart . Around AD 200 the wooden rampart was replaced by stone ramparts , measuring between 2 @.@ 1 metres ( 7 ft ) and 2 @.@ 7 metres ( 9 ft ) thick . The vicus associated with Mamucium surrounded the site on the west , north , and east sides , with the majority lying to the north . The vicus covered about 26 hectares ( 64 acres ) and the fort about 2 hectares ( 4 @.@ 9 acres ) . Buildings within the vicus would have generally been one storey , timber framed , and of wattle and daub construction . There may have been a cemetery to the south east of the fort .
= Whiskery shark =
The whiskery shark ( Furgaleus macki ) is a species of houndshark , belonging to the family Triakidae , and the only member of its genus . This common shark inhabits the Australian continental shelf from Western Australia to the Bass Strait , to a depth of 220 m ( 720 ft ) . It is demersal in habits and prefers rocky and vegetated habitats . Stout @-@ bodied and almost " humpbacked " in form , the whiskery shark can be distinguished from all other members of its family by the presence of long nasal barbels . Its two moderately large dorsal fins are roughly equal in size . It is brownish gray above and lighter below , with a pattern of darker saddles and blotches in younger sharks . This species reaches 1 @.@ 6 m ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) in length .
The diet of the whiskery shark consists almost entirely of octopuses . It is viviparous ; females bear litters of 4 – 28 pups every other year from August to October , after a gestation period of 7 – 9 months . This harmless shark is utilized for its meat , being one of the species marketed as " flake " in Australia . It is mainly caught by a Western Australian commercial gillnet fishery . Its numbers declined significantly from overfishing in the 1970s and early 1980s , leading to the introduction of new management measures in the mid @-@ 1980s . Since then , strict fishery management has kept the whiskery shark population stable or increasing , resulting in its listing under Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley described the whiskery shark as a new genus and species , Fur macki , in a 1943 issue of the scientific journal Australian Zoologist . As the name Fur was already in use for the genus Fur of true flies , in 1951 Whitley replaced it with Furgaleus . The type specimen is a 50 cm ( 20 in ) long immature male caught off Mordialloc in Victoria , Australia . Other common names for the whiskery shark include Mack 's whiskery shark , reef shark , shakey shark , and sundowner .
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group was amicable , and Banton , Jackson , and Evans , among others , all contributed to his solo work at various times . By 1975 , the members of the band were ready to work with each other again , and they decided to reform the band . All the members were keen on carrying on with new music , with no nostalgia for their previous era , and did not want to play earlier stage favourites such as " Killer " ( the opening track on H to He , Who Am the Only One ) and " Theme One " . " We didn 't want to continue as if nothing had happened , " said Hammill .
The reformed band worked at a prolific pace , rehearsing , and touring France before recording three new albums in just 12 months , beginning with Godbluff . Unlike the earlier work with John Anthony at Trident , the sessions were produced by the band themselves , and both the Melody Maker and Sounds thought they were a tighter and more cohesive unit than previously . The album in particular saw Hammill making significant use of the Hohner clavinet keyboard . Still Life followed early the next year . Banton considers this album one of his favourites by the group .
In the summer of 1975 , the band returned to play Italy without incident , but when they returned to tour there in November , the intense political situation the country was going through caught up with them . The opening concert in Padova was marked with clashes with communists delivering political speeches , and the audience started throwing missiles towards the stage . After a gig without incident in Genoa , the third day of the tour at the PalaSport in Rome , in front of 40 @,@ 000 people , saw similar confrontations to the Padova gig . A fire broke out at the venue , but was brought under control . The next day , the band learned that most of their gear had been stolen from the tour van , including Hammill 's blue Fender Stratocaster , christened " Meurglys " . Despite threats from promoters that the band would continue the tour using hired equipment ( which Jackson considered impossible given the electronic modifications he had made to his saxophones ) , they abandoned the tour . Miraculously , all of Jackson 's saxophones had survived the theft .
In December 1976 , following World Record , Banton quit , quickly followed by Jackson in February 1977 . Nic Potter returned to replace Banton , and in a typically eccentric move Jackson was replaced by a violinist , Graham Smith ( formerly of Charisma folk @-@ rock band String Driven Thing ) . This line @-@ up produced the album The Quiet Zone / The Pleasure Dome . The band also shortened its name to Van der Graaf . Charles Dickie then joined the band on cello , documented on the live double @-@ album Vital , which saw a brief reunion with Jackson . By the time Vital was released , in the summer of 1978 , the band had already split , because of lack of record company support in the United States and financial difficulties .
In 1982 a collection of out @-@ takes and rehearsal recordings from the 1972 – 1975 hiatus was released ( initially on cassette only ) , called Time Vaults . These are not studio @-@ quality recordings .
= = = Second reunion ( 2005 to date ) = = =
Despite the 1978 split , Banton recalled that the group " never descended very far into our sub @-@ conscience " . Banton , Jackson and Evans appeared on Hammill 's solo albums , and all four occasionally played together . In 1996 , the quartet appeared on stage during a concert by Hammill and Evans at the Union Chapel in London to perform " Lemmings " , which was later released as The Union Chapel Concert . In 2003 , Banton , Jackson , and Evans joined with Hammill to perform " Still Life " at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London .
Following the Queen Elizabeth Hall performance , the band members discussed working together . In mid @-@ 2004 , they began to write and rehearse new material . The result was a double CD , Present , released in April 2005 . Critical response was favourable ; BBC Music 's Peter Marsh said the group was " willing to push the envelope a little , and bless them for that " , while AllMusic ' Dave Thompson said the group " never made a less than fabulous album in their lives . And they 're not about to start now . " A reunion concert took place at the Royal Festival Hall , London , on 6 May , which was released as Real Time in 2007 . The Festival Hall concert was followed by several European dates in the summer and autumn . The concert in Leverkusen , Germany on 5 November was filmed for the Westdeutscher Rundfunk TV show Rockpalast , which was broadcast on 16 January 2006 .
Hammill stated in a December 2005 newsletter that there were no plans for further recordings or performances by the " classic " Van der Graaf Generator line @-@ up of himself , Banton , Evans and Jackson . Hammill subsequently announced that the band would be continuing as a trio , for live and studio work , without Jackson . He later stated that the reason for Jackson 's departure was that he " seemed to have difficulty in understanding what we had mutually agreed " and that he clashed with the other band members . Relationships between Jackson and the others become strained , and Hammill , Banton and Evans realised that the only way the group could continue was without him .
The group began touring as a trio in April and July 2007 over Europe . A concert on 14 April 2007 in the Paradiso in Amsterdam was recorded and streamed on the FabChannel website until March 2009 , and was released on DVD and CD in June 2009 .
The first trio recording , Trisector , was released on 17 March 2008 . Live concerts were played in Europe in March and April , and in Japan in June , among them , one at the Gouveia Art Rock Festival . There were further concerts in January 2009 in Europe , and the band played several concerts in Canada and the United States in the summer of 2009 , among them performances at NEARfest , in New York City . It was the first time Van der Graaf Generator had visited the United States since 1976 , and their second gig there .
In spring 2010 , the group recorded a new album in Devon . A Grounding in Numbers was released on 14 March 2011 . Live at Metropolis Studios 2010 was released as a 2CD / 1DVD set by Salvo / Union Square Music on 4 June 2012 . The band then toured the eastern part of the United States and Canada during June and July 2012 , including an appearance at NEARfest Apocalypse in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania on 22 June .
An album of out @-@ takes and in @-@ studio jams , similar to the second disc of Present , called ALT was released in June 2012 . Hammill has stated that he has enjoyed the current reunion , as " the activity has reinvigorated me . Going from one thing to another is an energizing thing . "
Hammill revealed via his website that the band 's former bassist Nic Potter died on the night of 16 January 2013 , aged 61 . The group continued to tour in 2013 , including the first live performance of " A Plague of Lighthouse Keepers " . In 2014 , the group collaborated with artist Vladislav Shabalin for an art venture titled the Earlybird Project . The title comes from the track of the same name on ALT . In 2015 , the group released the live album , Merlin Atmos featuring tracks recorded during the 2013 tour , and After the Flood , an album of BBC recordings from 1968 – 1977 . A new album , Do Not Disturb is scheduled for release in September 2016 .
= = Musical style = =
No one is likely to confuse the savage energy of King Crimson and Van der Graaf Generator in their mid @-@ 1970s incarnations with the disinterested density of Gentle Giant or the more pastoral , at times delicate , stylizations of Genesis or Renaissance ( or even Yes in their quieter moments )
Due to the time @-@ frame of the original band 's career , Van der Graaf Generator have been frequently referred to as a progressive rock band . Writing in Record Collector , Toby Manning said the music was " philosophical , even intellectual , complex .. at times , terrifying " . While the music on The Aerosol Grey Machine has a more pastoral , hippie feel , with prominent use of Hammill 's acoustic guitar , later work featured more complex instrumentation and arrangements . Hammill thinks the style of the band evolved due to the culture of music in the late 1960s , stating " the whole of music was laid out in front of you ... it was the blues in wonky time signatures . " Both Hammill and Banton have stated that Jimi Hendrix was an influence on the band 's sound , with Hammill remarking that " there 'd been distortion before , but there hadn 't been that real out @-@ there attitude to sound in itself " . The group 's experimental style has also been compared to Krautrock bands
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a result of the Faulkner family who lived on the island in the 1700s . When the island was transferred to the U.S. government in 1801 , the deed states the name as " Faulkners " . The U.S. Board on Geographic Names changed and established " Falkner Island " as its name in 1891 . However , the name change is not universally recognized and " popular usage " and the Faulkner 's Light Brigade that conserves the island 's lighthouse use " Faulkner " ; including publications .
= = History = =
Falkner Island has been the site of human activity for thousands of years . An archaeological survey performed on the island from 1997 @-@ 1998 found a quartz projectile point of the Squibnocket triangle variety which dates to 1000 @-@ 3000 B.C. The study was conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the erosion control project ; it was required by law under the National Historic Preservation Act because the island is on the National Register of Historic Places . The findings were published in the Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut in 2001 . In 1994 , John P. Menta 's The History of the Quinnipiac Indians identifies Falker Island as the site of ceremonial and religious practices , but that these practices are still unknown . According to Bruchac 's Thirteen Moons on Turtle 's Back the island was not a permanent settlement , but was likely used for fishing and hunting trips in the summer .
European contact occurred in the first half of the 1600s . A map in the possession of Reverend Henry Whitfield from a 1639 deed shows the island and the Quinnipiac name of " Massancummock " . In 1641 , Whitfield and the founders of Guilford purchased the island from the Mohegan tribe 's sachem , Uncas , as part of a transaction for the land east of East River . Uncas acquired the land when he married the daughter of the Hammonassett sachem , Sebequanash . At some point in the 1600s , Andrew Leete was an owner of the island . In 1715 , Caleb and Ebenezer Stone purchased the island and it remained in the Stone family until 1801 . In 1800 , Noah Stone sold it to a distant relative named Medad Stone for $ 158 @.@ 34 ( equivalent to $ 2 @,@ 208 in 2015 ) . On May 12 , 1801 , Medad Stone sold the island to the government for $ 325 ( equivalent to $ 4 @,@ 622 in 2015 ) . Joel Henderson , a historian , notes that Medad Stone and the government were likely openly communicating about the island . The United States Congress appropriated $ 6000 in March 1801 for the lighthouse , prior to the government 's acquisition of the property .
It was inhabited throughout the 1700s through 1976 , with the Faulkner family and various lightkeepers of the Falkner Island Light . During the War of 1812 , the British forces landed on the island and told the keeper 's wife , Thankful Stone , that they had nothing to fear as long as they kept the light burning . Later , the keeper , Solomon Stone , had to put the light out per order of the New London customs inspector . The British threatened to blow up the lighthouse and Stone got an order to relight the lighthouse . In 2008 , the generator house for the light was renovated to be a summer house for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service interns who study the endangered roseate terns . The erosion control project was completed , but Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy greatly reduced the breeding habitat of the terns to just 50 square metres ( 540 sq ft ) .
Erosion threatens the island 's very existence , it is believed that it was around eight acres in 1639 before being reduced to 5 @.@ 70 acres by 1818 . By 1987 , the total area has fallen to 2 @.@ 87 acres and it was projected that it could lose another 12 inches each year until it disappears into the sea around 2026 .
= = Falkner Island Light = =
The Falkner Island Lighthouse was constructed in 1802 and commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson . The lighthouse has had three keeper 's houses throughout its service life , the first erected in 1802 and rebuilt in 1851 and again in 1871 . In 1976 , the keeper 's house burned in 1976 and the lighthouse was repaired and automated in 1978 . The Faulkner 's Light Brigade has undertaken the restoration and preservation of the lighthouse since 1991 , with the last major restoration work being completed in March 2011 . Access to Falkner Island and the light is restricted during the nesting season of the roseate terns , from May to August . The Falkner Island Lighthouse is the second oldest extant lighthouse in Connecticut and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
= = Wildlife = =
In 1985 , the island became part of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge after it was acquired from the U.S. Coast Guard . According to the Connecticut Audubon Society , " it currently supports over 95 % of the nesting Common Terns in Connecticut . It is the site of one of the ten largest Roseate Tern ( ~ 45 pairs ) colonies in Northeastern North America , and is the only regular nesting location for this federally endangered species in the state . " Also living on the island is the American oystercatcher , with one to two breeding pairs noted each year . Although the erosion control project was completed , Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy greatly reduced the breeding habitat of the terns to just 50 square metres ( 540 sq ft ) . In spring 2014 , the dock damaged by Hurricane Sandy is scheduled to be rebuilt .
= Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey =
The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is an elected constitutional officer in the executive branch of the state government of New Jersey in the United States . The lieutenant governor is the second highest @-@ ranking official in the state government and is elected concurrently on a ticket with the governor for a four @-@ year term . Because the position itself does not carry any powers or duties other than to be next in the order of succession , the state constitution requires that the lieutenant governor be appointed to serve as the head of a cabinet @-@ level department or administrative agency within the governor 's administration .
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2000 horses . In September 1552 , the English adventurer Thomas Stukley , who had been for some time in the French service , betrayed to the authorities in London some French plans for the capture of Calais , to be followed by a descent upon England . Stukley himself might have been the author of these plans .
On 7 January 1558 , king Henry II of France sent forces led by Francis , Duke of Guise , who laid siege to Calais . When the French attacked , they were able to surprise the English at the critical strongpoint of Fort Nieulay and the sluice gates , which could have flooded the attackers , remained unopened . The loss was regarded by Queen Mary I of England as a dreadful misfortune . When she heard the news , she reportedly said , " When I am dead and opened , you shall find ' Philip ' [ her husband ] and ' Calais ' lying in my heart . " The region around Calais , then @-@ known as the Calaisis , was renamed the Pays Reconquis ( " Reconquered Country " ) in commemoration of its recovery by the French . Use of the term is reminiscent of the Spanish Reconquista , with which the French were certainly familiar — and , since it occurred in the context of a war with Spain ( Philip II of Spain was at the time Queen Mary 's consort ) , might have been intended as a deliberate snub .
The town was captured by the Spanish on 24 April 1596 in an invasion mounted from the nearby Spanish Netherlands by Archduke Albert of Austria , but it was returned to France under the Treaty of Vervins in May 1598 .
= = = 17th century to World War I = = =
Calais remained an important maritime city and smuggling center throughout the 17th century . However , during the next century the port of Calais began to stagnate gradually , as the nearby ports of Boulogne and Dunkirk began to rise and compete .
The French revolution at the end of the 18th century did not disturb Calais and no executions took place .
In 1805 , Calais hosted part of Napoleon 's army and invasion fleet for several months before his aborted invasion of Britain . From October to December 1818 , the British army used Calais as their departing port to return home after occupying post @-@ Waterloo France . General Murray appointed Sir Manley Power to oversee the evacuation of British troops from France . Cordial relations had been restored by that time and on 3 December the mayor of Calais wrote a letter to Power to express thanks for his " considerate treatment of the French and of the town of Calais during the embarkation . "
The British Expeditionary Force or BEF arrived in Calais on its way to the nearby frontline cutting through Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais and Flanders . Calais was a key port for the supply of arms and reinforcements to the Western Front . In the 1930s , the town was known for being a politically socialist stronghold .
= = = World War II = = =
Calais was virtually razed to the ground during World War II . In May 1940 , it was a key objective of the invading German forces and became the scene of a last @-@ ditch defence — the Siege of Calais — which diverted a sizable amount of German forces for several days immediately prior to the Battle of Dunkirk . 3 @,@ 000 British and 800 French troops , assisted by Royal Navy warships , held out from 22 to 27 May 1940 against the 10th Panzer Division . The town was flattened by artillery and precision dive bombing and only 30 of the 3800 @-@ strong defending force were evacuated before the town fell . This may have helped Operation Dynamo , the evacuation of Allied forces at Dunkirk , as 10th Panzer would have been involved on the Dunk
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Vaughan Williams was wary of conventional labels ; his best known ballet is described on the title page as " a masque for dancing " and only one of his operatic works is categorised by the composer simply as an opera . For some of his theatre pieces that could be classed as operas or ballets , he preferred the terms " masque " , " romantic extravaganza " , " play set to music " , or " morality " .
In a 2013 survey of Vaughan Williams 's stage works , Eric Saylor writes , " With the possible exception of Tchaikovsky , no composer 's operatic career was less emblematic of his success elsewhere . " Although Vaughan Williams was a regular opera @-@ goer , enthusiastic and knowledgeable about works by operatic masters from Mozart to Wagner and Verdi , his success in the operatic field was at best patchy . There is widespread agreement among commentators that this was partly due to the composer 's poor choice of librettists for some , though not all , of his operas . Another problem was his keenness to encourage amateurs and student groups , which sometimes led to the staging of his operas with less than professional standards . A further factor was the composer 's expressed preference for " slow , long tableaux " , which tended to reduce dramatic impact , although he believed them essential , as " music takes a long time to speak — much longer than words by themselves . "
Hugh the Drover , or Love in the Stocks ( completed 1919 , premiere 1924 ) has a libretto , by the writer and theatre critic Harold Child , which was described by The Stage as " replete with folksy , Cotswold village archetypes " . In the view of the critic Richard Traubner the piece is a cross between traditional ballad opera and the works of Puccini and Ravel , " with rhapsodic results . " The score uses genuine and pastiche folk songs but ends with a passionate love duet that Traubner considers has few equals in English opera . Its first performance was by students at the Royal College of Music , and the work is rarely staged by major professional companies .
Old King Cole ( 1923 ) is a humorous ballet . The score , which makes liberal use of folk @-@ song melodies , was thought by critics to be strikingly modern when first heard . Kennedy comments that the music " is not a major work but it is fun . " The piece has not been seen frequently since its premiere , but was revived in a student production at the RCM in 1937 .
On Christmas Night ( 1926 ) , a masque by Adolph Bolm and Vaughan Williams , combines singing , dancing and mime . The story is loosely based on Dickens 's A Christmas Carol . The piece was first given in Chicago by Bolm 's company ; the London premiere was in 1935 . Saylor describes the work as a " dramatic hodgepodge " which has not attracted the interest of later performers .
The only work that the composer designated as an opera is the comedy Sir John in Love ( 1924 – 28 ) . It is based on Shakespeare 's The Merry Wives of Windsor . Folk song is used , though more discreetly than in Hugh the Drover and the score is described by Saylor as " ravishingly tuneful " . Although versions of the play had already been set by Nicolai , Verdi , and Holst , Vaughan Williams 's is distinctive for its greater emphasis on the love music rather than on the robust comedy . In 1931 , with the Leith Hill Festival in mind , the composer recast some of the music as a five @-@ section cantata , In Windsor Forest , giving the public " the plums and no cake " , as he put it .
The Poisoned Kiss ( 1927 – 29 , premiered in 1936 ) is a light comedy . Vaughan Williams knew the Savoy operas well , and his music for this piece was and is widely regarded as in the Sullivan vein . The words , by an inexperienced librettist , were judged to fall far short of Gilbert 's standards . Saylor sums up the critical consensus that the work is something between " a frothy romantic comedy [ and ] a satirical fairy @-@ tale " , and not quite successful in either category .
Job : A Masque for Dancing ( 1930 ) was the first @-@ large scale ballet by a modern British composer . Vaughan Williams 's liking for long tableaux , however disadvantageous in his operas , worked to successful effect in this ballet . The work is inspired by William Blake 's Illustrations of the Book of Job ( 1826 ) . The score is divided into nine sections and an epilogue , presenting dance interpretations of some of Blake 's engravings . The work , choreographed by Ninette de Valois , made a powerful impression at its early stagings , and has been revived by the Royal Ballet several times . Kennedy ranks the score as " one of Vaughan Williams 's mightiest achievements " , and notes that it is familiar in concert programmes , having " the stature and cohesion of a symphony . "
In Kennedy 's view the one @-@ act Riders to the Sea ( 1925 – 31 , premiered 1937 ) is artistically Vaughan Williams 's most successful opera ; Saylor names Sir John in Love for that distinction , but rates Riders to the Sea as one of the composer 's finest works in any genre . It is an almost verbatim setting of J. M. Synge 's 1902 play of the same name , depicting family tragedy in an Irish fishing village . Kennedy describes the score as " organized almost symphonically " with much of the thematic material developed from the brief prelude . The orchestration is subtle , and foreshadows the ghostly finale of the Sixth Symphony ; there are also pre @-@
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school of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . Along with No. 1 Initial Flying Training School ( No. 1 IFTS ) , it was formed in response to increased demand for aircrew during the Korean War and Malayan Emergency . No. 1 BFTS was established in December 1951 at RAAF Base Uranquinty , New South Wales , where it operated de Havilland Tiger Moths and CAC Wirraways . The school absorbed the activities of No. 1 IFTS in January 1955 , as aircrew training requirements had ased following the end of the Korean War . No. 1 BFTS moved to RAAF Base Point Cook , Victoria , in May 1958 , by which time it was exclusively flying CAC Winjeels . Its training program expanded in the mid @-@ 1960s owing to Australia 's commitments in the Vietnam War . No. 1 BFTS was re @-@ formed as No. 1 Flying Training School at Point Cook in January 1969 .
= = History = =
Prior to World War II , all pilot training in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) was conducted under the auspices of one unit , No. 1 Flying Training School ( No. 1 FTS ) , at RAAF Point Cook , Victoria . With the dramatic expansion of aircrew training under the wartime Empire Air Training Scheme , No. 1 FTS was supplanted in 1940 – 41 by twelve elementary flying training schools ( EFTS ) and eight service flying training schools ( SFTS ) . Post @-@ war rationalisation saw all the EFTSs and SFTSs disbanded . No. 1 FTS , re @-@ formed using the personnel and equipment of No. 5 Service Flying Training School in Uranquinty , New South Wales , returned to Point Cook and again became the RAAF 's sole facility for training new pilots .
= = = Formation at Uranquinty = = =
In response to demands for more aircrew to meet Australia 's commitments to the Korean War and Malayan Emergency , flying training in the RAAF was again expanded in 1951 – 52 , resulting in the functions of No. 1 FTS being split among three separately located units . No. 1 FTS itself was renamed No. 1 Applied Flying Training School ( No. 1 AFTS ) in March 1952 , and assumed responsibility for advanced weapons and combat training on CAC Wirraways . Meanwhile , in November 1951 , No. 1 Initial Flying Training School ( No.
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1 IFTS ) was raised at RAAF Station Archerfield , Queensland , to impart students with general aeronautical and military knowledge , after which they received their flight grading during twelve hours on de Havilland Tiger Moths . Graduate pilots of No. 1 IFTS went on to another new unit , No. 1 Basic Flying Training School ( No. 1 BFTS ) at RAAF Base Uranquinty , New South Wales , where they underwent further aerial instruction that included instrument , formation and night flying , as well as aerobatics and navigation . The first part of their training at No. 1 BFTS included 40 hours on Tiger Moths , after which they would fly 50 hours on Wirraways . Successful students finally transferred to No. 1 AFTS , before graduating as sergeant pilots .
When No. 1 BFTS formed at Uranquinty on 1 December 1951 , it had 377 staff , 37 Tiger Moths and 37 Wirraways , and came under the control of Headquarters Southern Area ( Training Command from 1 October 1953 ) . The first pilots ' course commenced on 1 April 1952 , and graduated on 1 August . The first course of graduates from No. 1 IFTS transferred in the same month . As well as RAAF pilots , No. 1 BFTS trained students from the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Navy 's Fleet Air Arm . In February 1953 , a prototype CAC Winjeel , designed and manufactured in Australia , arrived at the school to undergo trials . From January 1956 to February 1957 , the Winjeel gradually replaced both the Tiger Moth and the Wirraway as No. 1 BFTS 's training aircraft . As well as these aircraft , Link Trainer instrument flying simulators were employed at the school . By November 1954 , following the end of the Korean War , the RAAF 's need for further aircrew to fulfill its international obligations had eased and the decision was made to combine the syllabus of No. 1 IFTS with No. 1 BFTS starting in January 1955 , after which No. 1 IFTS was disbanded .
= = = Relocation to Point Cook = = =
In May 1958 , No. 1 AFTS relocated to RAAF Base Pearce , Western Australia , to re @-@ equip with de Havilland Vampire jet trainers . Its place at RAAF Base Point Cook was taken by No. 1 BFTS , which transferred from Uran
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000 copies of Slayer 's Divine Intervention and sold every last album in a matter of weeks " . Although it is less accessible than its predecessor Seasons in the Abyss , Rolling Stone considered it to be their most successful album as of 2001 .
= = Track listing = =
= = Chart positions and certifications = =
= = Credits = =
Personnel information can be verified at AllMusic .
= Leonardo da Vinci =
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci , more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo ( Italian : [ leoˈnardo di ser piˈero da ( v ) ˈvintʃi ] ; 15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519 ) , was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention , painting , sculpting , architecture , science , music , mathematics , engineering , literature , anatomy , geology , astronomy , botany , writing , history , and cartography . He has been variously called the father of paleontology , ichnology , and architecture , and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time . Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute , helicopter and tank , he epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal .
Many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the " Universal Genius " or " Renaissance Man " , an individual of " unquenchable curiosity " and " feverishly inventive imagination " . According to art historian Helen Gardner , the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history , and " his mind and personality seem to us superhuman , while the man himself mysterious and remote " . Marco Rosci notes that while there is much speculation regarding his life and personality , his view of the world was logical rather than mysterious , and that the empirical methods he employed were unorthodox for his time .
Born out of wedlock to a notary , Piero da Vinci , and a peasant woman , Caterina , in Vinci in the region of Florence , Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio . Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan . He later worked in Rome , Bologna and Venice , and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded to him by Francis I of France .
Leonardo was , and is , renowned primarily as a painter . Among his works , the Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time , their fame approached only by Michelangelo 's The Creation of Adam . Leonardo 's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon , being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin , textbooks , and T @-@ shirts . Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived . Nevertheless , these few works , together with his notebooks , which contain drawings , scientific diagrams , and his thoughts on the nature of painting , compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary , Michelangelo .
Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity . He conceptualised flying machines , a type of armoured fighting vehicle , concentrated solar power , an adding machine , and the double hull , also outlining a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics
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, a series of storms proceeded to damage the cathedral further , bringing down sections of the roof as well as other destruction . The collapse of 1723 forced worship services to be confined to the Lady Chapel and closed the western entrance of the cathedral entirely .
Thirty years after the cathedral roof collapsed , the chapter asked an architect , John Wood , the Elder , to prepare estimates and plans to restore the cathedral . In 1734 , work began on a new cathedral , designed by Wood . Wood produced an Italian temple style edifice , working only on the eastern portion of the building , while leaving the remaining western half in ruins . What Wood was trying to build at Llandaff was not Italian , but a recreation of Solomon 's Temple . Another sixteen years passed before the chapter solicited funds to repair the western half of the building . Wood 's plans were to replace the western entrance of the cathedral with a tower and rustic porch . No changes were made to the western entrance until Wyatt and Prichard began their work in 1841 , when the damage to the western portion of the structure was repaired and all traces of the Italian temple work by Wood had been removed from the cathedral .
During the 19th century , the Bishop began to reside in Llandaff for the first time in centuries ; no bishops of the see resided in Llandaff for almost 300 years . In 1836 , there was another unsuccessful attempt to transfer the see — this time to Bristol . After the attempt at transferring the see , the office of Dean was restored to Llandaff ; the position had not been filled in 700 years . The office of Dean was separated from that of the Archdeacon of Llandaff in November 1843 . The restoration of the Dean 's office was the beginning of better times for the cathedral . The new Dean , William Bruce Knight , was instrumental in bringing about the much @-@ needed restorations .
Enough restoration had been completed to allow the cathedral to be reopened for worship on 16 April 1857 . The see of Gloucester lent their cathedral choir for this service , making it possible to hear choral music in Llandaff Cathedral for the first time since 1691 . The restoration done up to this point was to remove all traces of the Italian temple and to repair damages caused by the attempt to transform the cathedral by Wood . Arches with beautiful moulding were hidden by walls , Sedilia were removed from their original positions and reredos had been covered with plaster or hidden with walls .
A meeting was held after the service and a detailed restoration plan was announced at the meeting along with a list for those wishing to donate to the work . Edward VII , ( then Prince of Wales ) and the Marquess of Bute were among those who pledged donations , which were large enough to allow the restoration work to continue immediately . The cathedral was extensively restored , the tower rebuilt and a spire added . Much of the restoration work was completed by local architect John Prichard between 1843 and 1869 . A triptych by Dante Gabriel Rossetti was designed for use as a reredos , and a new stained glass window , Shipwreck of St Paul , was designed by Ford Madox Brown . Sir Edward Burne @-@ Jones designed the porcelain panels Six Days of Creation in St Dyfrig 's Chapel .
From 1691 until circa 1860 , there was no choir at the cathedral . There was also no organ for some time . Browne Willis
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' 1719 account describes the ruins of an organ given to the cathedral by Lady Kemysh of Cefn Mably found in the organ loft at that time . In 1860 , Alfred Ollivant , who was then Bishop of Landaff , published a book , Some Account of the Condition of the Fabric of Llandaff Cathedral , from 1575 to the present time , intended to raise funds to restore the cathedral 's choir and to purchase a new organ . A cathedral school of some type has existed since the 9th century . Dean Vaughan reorganised the school in 1888 . Since 1978 , the cathedral school has accepted female pupils .
= = = 20th and 21st centuries = = =
On the evening of 2 January 1941 during the Second World War , the cathedral was severely damaged when a parachute mine was dropped near it during the Cardiff Blitz , blowing the roof off the nave , south aisle and chapter house . The top of the spire also had to be reconstructed and there was also damage to the organ . The Sunday after the bombing , worship took place in the Deanery . Work soon began to clear the Lady Chapel and the Sanctuary and to repair the roof in these areas . This was not completed until April 1942 . Further work was not possible until the end of the war and the repaired areas served as a place of worship until 1957 . Of British cathedrals , only Coventry Cathedral was damaged more , during the infamous Coventry Blitz . Due to its importance , it received Grade I building status on 2 December 1952 .
Major restorations and reconfigurations were carried out under architect George Pace of York , and the building was back in use in June 1958 . The Queen attended a service celebrating the completion of the restoration on 6 August 1960 . The Welch Regiment memorial chapel was constructed , and Sir Jacob Epstein created the figure of Christ in Majesty which is suspended above the nave on a concrete arch designed by George Pace .
Pace presented two options to replace the pulpitum which was not part of the cathedral restoration done earlier by Pritchard . One was for a baldacchino having four columns with a suitable painting beneath it . The other was for a double wishbone arch topped by a hollow drum to house the division of the organ . The figure of " Christ in Glory " would be installed on the west face of the drum . This proposal was accepted by the Dean and the cathedral chapter . They approached the War Damage Commission about whether funds initially meant for replacement of stained glass damaged in the bombing could be used for art in other media . This permission helped to finance the Majestas figure .
In February 2007 the cathedral suffered a severe lightning strike . Particular damage was caused to the electrics of the organ , which was already in poor condition . The instrument was not able to be used after the lightning damage . This prompted the 2007 launch of an appeal to raise £ 1 @.@ 5 million for the construction of an entirely new organ .
= = Architecture = =
The original pre @-@ Norman church was recorded in the 12th century Book of Llandaff to have been no more than 28 feet ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) long , 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) wide and 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high . It contained low , narrow aisles with an apsidal porticus measuring 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) long . Construction began of a grander building under the orders of the second Norman bishop of Llandaff , Urban , in the 1120s , to administer power over the newly formed diocese . It doesn 't appear to have lasted long as an extensive construction was ordered between 1193 and 1218 during the episcopate of Henry of Abergavenny . The western parts replaced those that Urban had built , and the nave and front of this side remain today . The fine craftsmanship and subtlety of the architecture show a clear similarity to those of Glastonbury Abbey and Wells Cathedral , so it is probable that several of the leading craftsman of Somerset were hired for the building .
Though some remodelling work was done in the 13th and 14th centuries , with a northwest tower funded by Jasper Tudor , lord of Glamorgan from 1484 – 95 , by the late 16th century the church had fallen into a state of disrepair . In 1594 the bishop complained that the cathedral was " more like a desolate and profane place than like a house of prayer and holy exercises " . The church continued to exist in a poor state , so that by 1692 choral services had to be suspended in fear that the roof would collapse . The battlements of the northwestern tower blew away during a storm in 1703 , and the southwest tower fell down in 1722 . In 1734 , John Wood of Bath was hired to restore the cathedral , but his work on the temple was still not complete by 1752 and remained that way . It was not until 1840 that in the wake of industrial development in Cardiff that the cathedral could raise the funds to commence a full restoration .
T. H. Wyatt was hired to restore the Lady Chapel in 1841 , but due to other commitments later left much of the work to John Prichard , who worked the most extensively on the church in the 1840s and 1850s . Prichard had restored the sanctuary by 1850 , and by 1852 he had begun to work on the nave , largely demolishing much of the temple Wood had built . Together with London @-@ based John Pollard Seddon , who was able to hire pre @-@ Raphaelite artists Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Thomas Woolner , extensive developments were made . Morris & Co. provided the stained glass in the 1860s . Prichard was responsible for a dramatic redevelopment of the southwest tower in 1867 @-@ 9 , aided by a number of talented artists and craftsmen .
In 1941 , a landmine exploded near the south aisle of the cathedral , resulting in the roof of the nave collapsing and the shattering of the windows . Sir Charles Nicholson was hired to rebuild the roof , and made the decision to remove the altarpiece that Rossetti had added to the north aisle . In 1949 , Nicholson was replaced with George Pace of York , who in coordination with the dean at the time , Glyn Simon , saw a number of improvements in the modern style , though many fittings were clearly still influenced by the Gothic .
The material of the church which remains from the medieval period is primarily Somerset Dundry stone , though Sutton stone and local blue lias also make up the stonework , with the latter constituting most of the stonework done in the post @-@ Reformation period . The work done on the church since
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000 miles ) driven .
= = = Australia = = =
In July 2011 , Nissan Australia provided 16 Leafs for an electric vehicle trial in Victoria to be used by both personal and commercial users . The trial also includes 14 Mitsubishi i MiEVs and 3 Toyota Prius PHEVs .
Leaf retail sales in Australia began in June 2012 via 14 initial qualified dealerships in Brisbane , the Gold Coast , Sydney , Canberra , Melbourne and Perth . The electric car initially sold for A $ 51 @,@ 500 ( excluding delivery fees , stamp duty and registration ) without public subsidies as the Australian government does not provide any . In December 2012 the Leaf price was reduced to A $ 46 @,@ 990 , and again in May 2013 to A $ 39 @,@ 990 . A total of 19 Leafs were registered in 2011 , and 77 during 2012 . Sales during the first nine months of 2013 totaled 118 units . Sales for the first six months of 2014 totaled 68 units , reaching approximately 320 Leafs registered in the country since 2011 .
= = = Canada = = =
The 2011 Leaf price was set at CA $ 38 @,@ 395 , and the initial roll @-@ out was limited to selected markets and in limited quantities . The 2011 Canadian Leaf came with additional equipment useful for colder weather , such as heated front and rear seats , steering wheel , and outside mirrors . Other modifications included a battery heater system and an HVAC duct to the rear seating area .
Fleet deliveries in Canada began on July 29 , 2011 , and deliveries to individuals began in late September 2011 . The order process for individuals began on August 27 , 2011 , and the only 40 model year 2011 Leafs were allocated in two hours . For the 2012 model , Nissan expects to release initially only around 600 Leafs in the country . The Leaf is sold only through 27 Leaf @-@ certified dealers for the entire country , and sales are limited to customers who live within a 65 km ( 40 miles ) radius of one of those dealers . Cumulative sales through April 2016 reached 3 @,@ 571 units .
Ontario residents are eligible for a rebate of CA $ 8 @,@ 500 . The rebate is available for purchasing or leasing a plug @-@ in electric vehicles to the first 10 @,@ 000 applicants who qualify . Residents of the Province of Quebec were eligible for a CA $ 8 @,@ 000 refundable tax credit that was replaced with a purchase or lease rebate program on January 1 , 2012 . Since January 2012 , Communauto , the oldest carsharing service in North America , has 25 Leaf in operation , with 25 more to be added later . The Vancouver @-@ based car co @-@ op Modo has two Nissan Leaf on its fleet , a first for Western Canada .
= = = China = = =
In September 2011 , Nissan announced it has received government 's approval to begin selling the Leaf in China by October 2011 . The Leaf was expected to be sold at around CN ¥ 200 @,@ 000 ( US $ 32 @,@ 600 ) . Initially Nissan planned to release the Leaf in limited quantities to government customers . In November 2011 Nissan delivered the first 15 Leafs out of 25 allocated to the municipal government of Wuhan as part of a pilot outreach program . Another objective of the program was to provide feedback for planning the full @-@ fledged rollout of electric cars in the Chinese market .
As part of a pilot program , a total of 300 rebadged Leafs were deployed in Guangzhou , Xiangyang and Dalian between December 2013 and June 2014 . These units were marketed as Venucia Morning Wind since local production of the Venucia e30 had not begun at the time . Together , the pilot fleet run 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km ( 3 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 miles ) without any failure . Retail sales of the Chinese manufactured version of the Leaf , the Venucia e30 , began in September 2014 . Initially the e30 is available in nine cities : Beijing , Dalian , Guangzhou , Hangzhou , Shanghai , Shenzhen , Tianjin , Wuhan and Zhengzhou . Nationwide availability is expected for 2015 . The Venucia e30 starts at CN ¥ 267 @,@ 800 ( ~ US $ 43 @,@ 705 ) . The e30 is eligible for a purchase tax exemption and other government incentives available for new energy vehicles manufactured in China . Cumulative sales of the rebadged Leaf manufactured by Venucia totaled 1 @,@ 776 units through November 2015 .
= = = Europe = = =
The Leaf was launched in Europe in early 2011 . European prices , which include the cost of the battery , are almost € 10 @,@ 000 more than the U.S. price . Most countries , except the Netherlands , have government incentives at the point of sale . Nissan also said that " the Leaf would allow owners to save € 600 a year in fuel costs compared with an equivalent internal combustion model . " Nissan explained that its decision to launch initially only in four countries was due to the existing government incentives for electric cars and the ongoing efforts to deploy charging infrastructure . According to Nissan , 12 @,@ 000 European customers signed up to receive regular updates , and the company began taking orders in Portugal and Ireland on July 30 , 2010 . The process started in the U.K. in September 2010 . By April 2012 , deliveries of the Leaf had taken place in Denmark , Estonia , France , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , Spain , Switzerland , Sweden , and the U.K ..
Leaf sales climbed from 1 @,@ 728 units in 2011 to 5 @,@ 211 in 2012 , and to 11 @,@ 097 in 2013 . Sales totaled 14 @,@ 658 units in 2014 , capturing 26 % of the segment sales that year , and allowing the Leaf to rank as the best selling all @-@ electric car in Europe for a fourth year @-@ in @-@ a @-@ row
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Friends Are Enemies - Rarities Tour , " Bemis added drummer Reed Murray , and bassist Garron DuPree . In summer of 2014 on the Hebrews tour , Bemis recruited ex @-@ Taking Back Sunday member Fred Mascherino , Moneen guitarist Kenny Bridges , and Moving Mountains vocalist Greg Dunn to replace the Jake and Jeff Turner and Parker Case , who were at the time performing with their band XO . The status of long time guitarists Jake and Jeff Turner is , as of yet , unclear due to their commitments to XO .
= = = Remixes = = =
Albany , New York emcee Dezmatic remixed " Wow , I Can Get Sexual Too " on his mixtape , Bigfoots Dick .
Georgia emcee Kyle Lucas remixed " Wow , I Can Get Sexual Too " on his mixtape , Kyle Lucas Is Still My Favorite .
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Baseball : An Album by Say Anything ( 2001 )
... Is a Real Boy ( 2004 )
In Defense of the Genre ( 2007 )
Say Anything ( 2009 )
Anarchy , My Dear ( 2012 )
Hebrews ( 2014 )
I Don 't Think It Is ( 2016 )
= = Members = =
= = = Current members = = =
Max Bemis – vocals ( 2000 – present )
Parker Case – keyboards , guitar , backing vocals ( 2005 – present )
Reed Murray – drums ( 2013 – present )
Garron DuPree – bass ( 2013 – present )
Current touring members
Kenny Bridges ( Moneen ) - guitar , backing vocals ( 2014 – present )
= = = Former members = = =
Evan Span – guitar ( 2000 – 2001 )
Michael Levin – bass ( 2000 – 2002 )
Josh Eichenstein ( 2000 )
Dan DeLauro – bass ( 2003 – 2004 )
Alex Hedrick — guitar ( 2004 )
Kevin Seaton – bass , guitar ( 2004 – 2005 )
Casper Adams – guitar ( 2004 – 2005 )
Alex Kent – bass guitar , backing vocals ( 2004 – 2010 , 2016 )
Coby Linder – drums , backing vocals ( 2000 – 2012 )
Adam Siska – bass guitar ( 2011 @-@ 2013 )
Jake Turner – guitar , backing vocals ( 2005 – 2014 )
Jeff Turner – guitar , backing vocals ( 2006 – 2014 )
= = = Notable Touring Members = = =
Andy Jackson ( Hot Rod Circuit ) – guitar ( 2005 )
Kenny Vasoli ( The Starting Line , Person L ) - bass guitar , backing vocals ( 2010 @-@ 2011 )
Fred Mascherino ( Taking Back Sunday , The Color Fred , Terrible Things ) - guitar , backing vocals ( 2014 )
Chris Conley ( Saves the Day , Two Tongues ) - guitar , backing vocals ( 2014 )
Greg Dunn ( Moving Mountains ) - guitar , keyboards , backing vocals ( 2014 – 2016 )
= = = Timeline = = =
= Resident Evil ( 2002 video
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game ) =
Resident Evil , known in Japan as biohazard , is a survival horror video game developed and published by Capcom and originally released for the GameCube video game console in 2002 . It is a remake of the 1996 game Resident Evil , the first installment in the Resident Evil video game series . The story takes place in 1998 near the fictional Midwestern town of Raccoon City where a series of bizarre murders have taken place . The player takes on the role of either Chris Redfield or Jill Valentine , S.T.A.R.S. agents sent in by the city to investigate the murders .
Resident Evil was developed over the course of one year and two months as part of an exclusivity deal between Capcom and Nintendo . It was directed by Shinji Mikami , who also designed and directed the original Resident Evil . Mikami decided to produce a remake because he felt that the original had not aged well and that the GameCube 's capabilities could bring the game closer to his original vision . The game retains the same graphical presentation , with 3D models superimposed over pre @-@ rendered backgrounds . However , the quality of the graphics were vastly improved . The remake also features new gameplay mechanics , revised puzzles , additional explorable areas , a revised script , and new story details including an entire subplot cut from the original game .
Upon release , Resident Evil received critical acclaim from video game journalists , who praised its graphics and improved gameplay over the original game . It is often described as one of the best , scariest , and most visually impressive entries in the Resident Evil series . Despite this , the game sold worse than expected and led Capcom to change the direction of the series to a more action @-@ oriented approach . In 2008 , the game was ported to the Wii , featuring a new control system . A high @-@ definition version of the game was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One in 2015 to positive critical reception and commercial success .
= = Gameplay = =
Resident Evil is a survival horror game where the player controls the on @-@ screen character from a third @-@ person perspective to interact with the environment . To advance through the game , the player must explore a mansion and its surrounding areas while avoiding , outsmarting and defeating various types of monsters like zombies , undead dogs , and giant spiders . The player can open doors , push certain objects , climb obstacles , and pick up items . When an item is collected , it is stored in an inventory that the player can access at any time . Items in the inventory can be used , examined , and combined to solve puzzles and gain access to areas that were previously inaccessible . The inventory is limited to a certain number of slots , and the player must often move items from the inventory to storage boxes located in certain areas to manage space .
Although the player can use firearms to kill monsters , Resident Evil emphasizes evasion over fast @-@ paced combat by providing the player with limited ammunition . The player also has a limited amount of health which decreases when attacked by monsters . Nevertheless , players can regain their health by collecting and using herbs , which can be mixed with other herbs to increase their healing effect . Some monsters can also infect the player with a poisoning effect , which gradually depletes the player 's health over time until the poison is cured with serum or special herbs . The zombies that are defeated but not decapitated or burned eventually revive mutated into a much faster and deadlier opponents .
Like in the original Resident Evil , the player can play as either Chris Redfield or Jill Valentine and each character has advantages and disadvantages . For example , Chris can take and deal more damage than Jill but Jill can carry more items and unlock certain doors with a lock pick . Both characters can also equip defensive weapons that can save them from taking damage when seized by an enemy . These defensive weapons include a dagger and a special weapon that is exclusive to each of them : Jill can use a taser , while Chris is able to shove stun grenades into the zombies ' mouths and detonate them with a pistol shot . Defensive weapons are limited and can only be used when the player is grabbed by a monster .
The game features an automap to help players navigate the different areas of the game . Additionally , the player can pick up maps of certain sections to reveal unexplored areas . To save their progress , players need to find ink ribbons and use them with a typewriter ; the game features a limited supply of ink ribbons , so players cannot save their progress as many times as they want . The story of the game is slightly altered by the character the player chooses to play as , and certain choices the player makes in the game can impact the direction of the game and its ending . Upon completing the game under a certain difficulty setting and time limit , the player may unlock secret costumes for the main characters , bonus weapons , and special difficulty modes .
= = Plot = =
Resident Evil takes place on July 24 , 1998 , when a series of bizarre murders have occurred on the outskirts of the Midwestern town of Raccoon City . The Raccoon City Police Department 's Special Tactics And Rescue Service ( STARS ) , which is divided into Alpha Team and Bravo Team , is assigned to investigate these murders . Bravo Team is sent first , but after contact with them is lost , Alpha Team is sent to investigate their disappearance . Alpha Team locates Bravo Team 's crashed helicopter and land at the site , where they are suddenly attacked by a pack of monstrous dogs , one of which kills one of the team 's members . After Alpha Team 's helicopter pilot , Brad Vickers , panics and takes off alone , the remaining members of the team ( Chris Redfield , Jill Valentine , Albert Wesker and Barry Burton ) are forced to seek refuge in a nearby abandoned mansion .
Depending on which character the player chooses to control , one of the members of Alpha Team is separated from the others during the chase and does not make it to the mansion ( Barry if Chris , Chris if Jill ) . In the mansion , the team decides to split up and search for clues . Over the course of the game , the player character finds several members of Bravo Team , including Kenneth J. Sullivan being eaten by a zombie , Richard Aiken , who dies after being bitten by a venomous snake , Forest Speyer , who is found dead on the balcony and then revived as a zombie , and Bravo Team leader Enrico Marini , who reveals that one of the Alpha Team members is a traitor before being shot and killed by an unseen assailant . Bravo Team survivor Rebecca Chambers joins Chris . The player character also learns from scattered documents found in the mansion that a series of illegal experiments were being undertaken by a clandestine research team under the authority and supervision of biomedical company Umbrella Corporation . The creatures roaming the mansion and its surrounding areas are the results of these experiments , which have exposed the mansion 's personnel and various animals and insects to a highly contagious and mutagenic biological agent known as the T @-@ virus .
Eventually , the player character discovers a secret underground laboratory containing Umbrella 's experiments . In the laboratory , the player finds Jill or Chris in a cell and encounters Wesker programming a Tyrant supersoldier . Wesker reveals that he is a double agent working for Umbrella and plans to use the Tyrant to kill the remaining STARS members . However , in the ensuing confrontation , Wesker is supposedly killed and the player character defeats the Tyrant . After activating a self @-@ destruct system , the player gets up to the heliport and manages to contact Brad for extraction . The game features multiple endings depending on how well the player performed at key points within the game . In the best ending , the mansion is destroyed and most of the team escapes in the helicopter after defeating the Tyrant one last time . In contrast , in the worst possible ending , the mansion remains intact and the player character is the sole survivor .
= = Development = =
Resident Evil was developed by Capcom and directed by Shinji Mikami , who has designed and directed the original Resident Evil for the PlayStation video game console . The game was part of an exclusivity agreement between Capcom and Nintendo that spanned three Resident Evil titles for the GameCube , the others being Resident Evil Zero and Resident Evil 4 . Mikami decided to produce a remake of the original Resident Evil because he felt that it had not aged very well , making it hard for new players to appreciate its charm . He also remarked that the GameCube 's capabilities would allow the developers to bring the Resident Evil series closer to the original vision he had for the series . According to Capcom 's marketing director Todd Thorson , the main goal in developing the remake
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on the tour sold over one thousand tickets . The success of the tour encouraged the label ; according to Sire executive Bill Bentley , " people here thought we were going to have platinum records from Uncle Tupelo . "
Despite the label 's aspirations , Jay Farrar announced his intention to leave Uncle Tupelo in January 1994 . Farrar kept his reasoning secret until fall 1995 , when he claimed in an interview that " it reached a point where Jeff and I really weren 't compatible . " As a sign of loyalty to band manager Tony Margherita , who had acquired a three thousand dollar debt on behalf of the band , Farrar agreed to do another promotional tour . Physical altercations between Tweedy and Farrar began two weeks into the tour and continued throughout — many were due to Farrar 's refusal to play on Tweedy 's songs . Despite Farrar 's reservations , Uncle Tupelo performed Tweedy 's " The Long Cut " on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien , the band 's only network television appearance . The band played their final concert on May 1 , 1994 at Mississippi Nights in St. Louis , Missouri . The remaining members of the Anodyne sessions formed Wilco a few weeks later .
The band re @-@ mastered and re @-@ released the album on March 11 , 2003 through Rhino Records . The new version included two previously unreleased songs : Farrar 's " Stay True " , Tweedy 's " Wherever " . It also included a cover of Waylon Jennings ' " Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way ? " , with vocals by Joe Ely , a song previously released on the 1993 compilation Trademark of Quality . Live cover versions of " Truck Drivin ' Man " and " Suzy Q " were also included on the re @-@ issue .
Anodyne was well received by critics domestically and internationally . Allmusic writer Jason Ankeny wrote , " Uncle Tupelo never struck a finer balance between rock and country than on Anodyne " . Mark Kemp wrote for Rolling Stone that the band " [ has ] an intuitive sense of the simplicity and dynamics of a country song . " German music periodical Spex compared the album to Neil Young and to Little Feat 's debut album . At the end of the year , Anodyne placed at number twenty @-@ eight on The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop critics ' poll and at number nineteen on the Spex critics ' poll . Nathan Brackett praised Max Johnston 's contributions in the 2004 book The New Rolling Stone Album Guide and called the album " Tupelo 's finest effort . " Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet listed Anodyne in 1999 as one of " The Best Albums of the Century " . In 2008 , Rolling Stone critic Tom Moon listed Anodyne among the 1 @,@ 000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die .
Although the majority of the album 's reviews were positive , some critics disagreed . Q 's reviewer gave the album three stars out of five and noted that the band needed to " shed some of the Neil Young obsession . " Tom Moon of Rolling Stone gave the 2003 re @-@ release all five stars , but commented that the bonus tracks there were " pleasant but inconsequential . " Robert Christgau perceived the album as neither a " dud " nor worthy of " honorable mention " .
= = Track listing = =
Songwriting credits from the 2003 reissue .
" Slate " ( Farrar ) – 3 : 24
" Acuff @-@ Rose " ( Tweedy ) – 2 : 35
" The Long Cut " ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 20
" Give Back the Key to My Heart " ( Sahm ) – 3 : 26
" Chickamauga " ( Farrar ) – 3 : 42
" New Madrid " ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 31
" Anodyne " ( Farrar ) – 4 : 50
" We 've Been Had " ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 26
" Fifteen Keys " ( Farrar ) – 3 : 25
" High Water " ( Farrar ) – 4 : 14
" No Sense in Lovin ' " ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 46
" Steal the Crumbs " ( Farrar ) – 3 : 38
= = = 2003 CD reissue bonus tracks = = =
" Stay True " * ( Farrar ) – 3 : 29
" Wherever " * ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 38
" Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way " * ( Jennings ) – 3 : 01
" Truck Drivin ' Man ( Live ) " ( Fell ) – 2 : 13
" Suzy Q ( Live ) " ( Hawkins / Lewis / Broadwater ) – 7 : 13
* Tracks 13 – 15 previously unreleased studio outtakes .
= = Personnel = =
Uncle Tupelo
Ken Coomer – drums
Jay Farrar – vocals and guitar , mandolin on " Acuff @-@ Rose "
Max Johnston – fiddle and lap steel guitar ; banjo on " New Madrid " , dobro on " Fifteen Keys "
John Stirratt – guitar , bass guitar
Jeff Tweedy – vocals , bass guitar , guitar
Additional musicians
Joe Ely – vocals on " Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way ? "
Brian Henneman – vocals on " Truck Drivin ' Man "
Lloyd Maines – pedal steel guitar
Doug Sahm – guitar and vocals on " Give Back the Key to My Heart "
Technical personnel
Dave C. Birke – graphic design , art direction
Dan Corrigan – photography
Scott Hull – mastering
Brian Paulson – production , engineering , mixing
= Battle of Assaye =
The Battle of Assaye was a major battle of the Second Anglo @-@ Maratha War fought between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company . It occurred on 23 September 1803 near Assaye in western India where an outnumbered Indian and British force under the command of Major General Arthur Wellesley ( who later became the Duke of Wellington ) defeated a combined Maratha army of Daulat Scindia and the Raja of Berar . The battle was the Duke of Wellington 's first major victory and one he later described as his finest accomplishment on the battlefield .
From August 1803 , Wellesley 's army and a separate force under the command of his subordinate Colonel James Stevenson had been pursuing the Maratha cavalry @-@ based army which threatened to raid south into Hyderabad . After several weeks of pursuit and countermarching , Scindia reinforced the combined Maratha army with his modernized infantry and artillery as the British forces closed in on his position .
Wellesley received intelligence indicating the location of
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the Maratha encampment on 21 September and devised a plan whereby his two armies would converge on the Maratha position three days later . Wellesley 's force , however , encountered the Maratha army – which was under the command of Colonel Anthony Pohlmann , a German formerly in British service – 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) farther south than he anticipated . Although outnumbered , Wellesley resolved to attack at once , believing that the Maratha army would soon move off . Both sides suffered heavily in the ensuing battle ; Maratha artillery caused large numbers of casualties among Wellesley 's troops but the vast numbers of Maratha cavalry proved largely ineffective . A combination of bayonet and cavalry charges eventually forced the Maratha army to retreat with the loss of most of their guns , but Wellesley 's army was too battered and exhausted to pursue .
Wellesley 's victory at Assaye , preceded by the capture of Ahmednagar and followed by victories at Argaon and Gawilghur , resulted in the defeat of Scindia and Berar 's armies in the Deccan . Wellesley 's progress in the Deccan was matched by Lieutenant General Gerard Lake 's successful campaigns in Northern India and led to the British becoming the dominant power in the heartlands of India .
= = Background = =
Feuding between the two dominant powers within the Maratha Empire , Yashwant Rao Holkar and Daulat Rao Scindia , led to civil war at the turn of the 19th century . The hostilities culminated in the Battle of Poona in October 1802 where Holkar defeated a combined army of Scindia and Baji Rao II – the Peshwa and nominal overlord of the Maratha Empire . Scindia retreated into his dominions to the north , but Baji Rao was driven from his territory and sought refuge with the East India Company at Bassein . He appealed to the Company for assistance , offering to accept its authority if he were restored to his principality at Poona . Lord Mornington , the ambitious Governor @-@ General of British India , seized on the opportunity to extend Company influence into the Maratha Empire which he perceived as the final obstacle to British paramountcy over the Indian subcontinent . The Treaty of Bassein was signed in December 1802 whereby the Company agreed to restore Baji Rao in return for control over his foreign affairs and a garrison of 6 @,@ 000 Company troops permanently stationed in Poona . The restoration was commanded by Lord Mornington ’ s younger brother , Major General Arthur Wellesley , who in March 1803 marched on Poona from Mysore with 15 @,@ 000 Company troops and 9 @,@ 000 Hyderabad allies . Wellesley entered Poona without opposition on 20 April , and Baji Rao was formally restored to his throne on 13 May .
The treaty gave offence to the other Maratha leaders , who deemed that the system of subsidiary alliances with the British was an unwarranted interference into their affairs and fatal to the independent Maratha states . The Maratha leaders refused to submit to the Peshwa 's authority and tensions were raised further when Holkar raided into Hyderabad in May , claiming that the Nizam of Hyderabad ( a British ally ) owed him money . Mornington consequently engaged the various Maratha chieftains in negotiations . Lieutenant Colonel John Collins was sent to Scindia 's camp to discuss his objections and propose a defensive alliance . However , Scindia had formed a military alliance with the Rajah of Berar with a view to bringing the Maratha leaders into a coalition against the British , and had begun to mass his forces on the Nizam 's border . Wellesley , who had been given control over the Company 's military and political affairs in central India in June , demanded Scindia declare his intentions and withdraw his forces or face the prospect of war . After a protracted period of negotiations , Collins reported to Wellesley on 3 August that Scindia refused to give an answer and would not withdraw his troops . Wellesley 's response was to declare war on Scindia and Berar " in order to secure the interests of the British government and its allies " .
= = Prelude = =
The East India Company attacked the two principal Maratha forces of Scindia and the Raja of Berar from the north and the south . Of the other Maratha leaders , Holkar was hesitant to enter the war in cooperation with his rival , Scindia , and remained aloof from the hostilities , and the Gaekwad of Baroda placed himself under British protection . Operations in the north were directed by Lieutenant General Gerard Lake who entered Maratha territory from Cawnpore to face Scindia 's main army which was commanded by the French mercenary , Pierre Perron . A second British force under the command of Major General Wellesley confronted a combined army of Scindia and Berar in the Deccan . Wellesley was determined to gain the initiative through offensive action and told his senior subordinate , Colonel James Stevenson , that " a long defensive war would ruin us and will answer no purpose whatever " .
The Maratha army in the Deccan was largely composed of fast @-@ moving cavalry able to live off the land . Consequently , Wellesley planned to work in conjunction with a separate force under Colonel Stevenson to enable his slower troops to outmanoeuvre the Maratha army and force it into a position where it could not avoid a pitched battle . Stevenson was despatched from Hyderabad with an army of some 10 @,@ 000 men to Jafarabad to deny Scindia and Berar the chance to raid east into the Nizam 's territory . In the meantime , Wellesley moved north from his camp near the Godavari River on 8 August with some 13 @,@ 500 troops and headed towards Scindia 's nearest stronghold – the walled town and fort at Ahmednuggur . The bulk of his forces were Company troops from Mysore : five sepoy infantry battalions of the Madras Native Infantry and three squadrons of Madras Native Cavalry . A contingent of European troops were supplied by the British Army and included cavalry from the 19th Light Dragoons and two battalions of Scottish infantry from the 74th and 78th Regiment of Foot . Irregular light cavalry were also provided by the Company 's Mysore and Maratha allies .
Wellesley reached Ahmednuggur later the same day after a 7 @-@ mile ( 11 km ) march and immediately ordered an escalade assault on the town rather than enter into a time @-@ consuming siege . The walled town , which was garrisoned by 1 @,@ 000 Arab mercenaries , upwards of 60 cannon and one of Scindia ’ s infantry battalions under the command of French officers , was captured with minimal losses after a brief action . The adjacent fort 's defenders capitulated four days later once the walls were breached by British artillery . With the fortification providing a logistics base and point of support for future operations into Maratha territory , Wellesley installed a garrison and headed north towards the Nizam 's city of Aurungabad . Along the way he captured Scindia ’ s other possessions south of the Godavari and established a series of guarded bridges and ferries along the river to maintain his communication and supply lines .
= = = Maratha reinforcements = = =
The Marathas slipped past Stevenson and advanced on Hyderabad . After receiving reports of their movement on 30 August , Wellesley hurried east down to the Godavari to intercept . Stevenson , meanwhile , marched westwards to the Maratha city of Jalna which he took by storm . Scindia learned of Wellesley 's intentions and returned to a position north of Jalna . Unable to make a clean break from the pursuing British he abandoned plans to raid into Hyderabad and instead assembled his infantry and artillery . The combined
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Maratha army was around 50 @,@ 000 strong , the core of which was 10 @,@ 800 well equipped regular infantry organised into three brigades , trained and commanded by European adventurer and mercenary officers . Colonel Anthony Pohlmann , a Hanoverian and former East India Company sergeant , commanded the largest brigade with eight battalions . A further brigade with five battalions was provided by Begum Samru , and was commanded on her behalf by a Frenchman , Colonel Jean Saleur . The third brigade had four battalions and was commanded by Dutchman , Major John James Dupont . In addition , the Maratha force included 10 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 of Berar 's irregular infantry , some 30 @,@ 000 – 40 @,@ 000 irregular light cavalry and over 100 guns ranging in size from one to 18 @-@ pounders .
After several weeks of chasing down the Maratha army , Wellesley and Stevenson met at Budnapoor on 21 September and received intelligence that the Maratha army was at Borkardan , around 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the north . They agreed a plan by which their two armies – moving separately along either side of a range of hills with Wellesley to the east and Stevenson to the west – would converge on Borkardan on 24 September . Wellesley 's force reached Paugy on the afternoon of 22 September and departed camp before dawn . By noon , the army had marched 14 miles ( 23 km ) to Naulniah , a small town 12 miles ( 19 km ) south of Borkardan , where they intended to rest before joining Stevenson to attack the Maratha army the next day . At this point , Wellesley received further intelligence that rather than being at Borkardan , the Maratha army was camped just 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north , but their cavalry had moved off and the infantry were about to follow .
At about 13 : 00 , Wellesley went forward with a cavalry escort to reconnoitre the Maratha position . The rest of his army followed closely behind apart from a battalion of sepoys left at Naulniah to guard the baggage . In all , Wellesley had 4 @,@ 500 troops at his disposal plus 5 @,@ 000 Mysore and Maratha horse and 17 cannon . Aware that the British were nearby , the Maratha chiefs had positioned their army in a strong defensive position along a tongue of land stretching east from Borkardan between the Kailna River and its tributary the Juah . However , Scindia and Berar did not believe Wellesley would attack with his small force and had moved off from the area in the morning . Command of their army was given to Pohlmann , who had positioned his infantry to the east of the Maratha camp in the plains around the village of Assaye on the southern bank of the Juah .
To his surprise , Wellesley found the entire combined army before him . Nevertheless , he resolved to attack at once , believing that if he waited for Stevenson , the Marathas would have the chance to slip away and force the pursuit to drag on . Wellesley was also eager to forge a reputation for himself , and despite his numerical disadvantage , he was confident that the Maratha ’ s irregular forces would be swept aside by his disciplined troops , and only Scindia ’ s regular infantry could be expected to stand and fight .
= = Battle = =
= = = Initial manoeuvres = = =
Pohlmann struck camp and deployed his infantry battalions in a line facing southwards behind the steep banks of the Kailna with his cannon arrayed directly in front . The great mass of Maratha cavalry was kept on the right flank and Berar 's irregular infantry garrisoned Assaye to the rear . The only observable crossing point over the river was a small ford directly ahead of the Maratha position . Pohlmann 's strategy was to funnel the British and Madras troops across the ford into the mouth of his cannon , and then on to the massed infantry and cavalry behind . Wellesley 's local guides assured him that no other ford existed nearby , but he quickly discarded the option of a frontal assault as suicide . While reconnoitring he had noticed two unguarded villages , Peepulgaon and Waroor , one on each bank of the Kaitna beyond the Maratha left . On the assumption that a ford must exist between the two villages , Wellesley ordered the area to be further reconnoitred by his Chief Engineer , Captain John Johnson , who reported that there was indeed a ford at that spot . Thus Wellesley led his army east to the crossing in an attempt to launch an attack on Pohlmann 's left flank .
At around 15 : 00 , the British crossed to the northern bank of the Kaitna unopposed apart from a distant harassing fire from the Maratha cannon which was largely inaccurate but succeeded in decapitating Wellesley 's dragoon orderly . Once across , Wellesley ordered his six infantry battalions to form into two lines , with his cavalry as a reserve in a third . His allied Maratha and Mysore cavalry were ordered to remain south of the Kaitna to keep in check a large body of Maratha cavalry which hovered around the British rear . Pohlmann soon recognised Wellesley ’ s intentions and swung his infantry and guns through 90 degrees to establish a new line spread approximately 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) across the isthmus with their right flank on the Kaitna and the left on Assaye . Although the new position secured the Maratha flanks , it restricted Pohlmann from bringing his superior numbers into action .
The Maratha redeployment was swifter and more efficient than Wellesley had anticipated and he immediately reacted by extending his front to deny Pohlmann the opportunity to outflank him . A battalion of pickets and the 74th Highlanders , which formed the right of the first and second lines , were ordered to move obliquely to the right . This allowed the 78th to anchor the left flank and Madras infantry battalions ( the 1 / 10th , 1 / 8th , 1 / 4th and 2 / 12th ) to form the centre of the British line . Wellesley 's intention was to force back the Marathas from their guns and then – operating by his left to avoid the heavily defended Assaye – throw them back on the Juah and complete their destruction with his cavalry .
= = = British infantry attack = = =
The Maratha cannonade intensified as the British redeployed . Although British artillery was brought forward to counter , it was ineffective against the mass firepower of the Maratha guns and quickly disabled through the weight of shot directed against it . British casualties mounted as the Maratha guns turned their attention to the infantry and subjected them to a barrage of canister , grape and round shot . Wellesley decided that his only option to neutralise the artillery and get his men out of the killing field was to advance directly into the mouth of the Maratha artillery . He ordered his cannon to be abandoned and gave the command for his infantry to march forward with bayonets fixed .
The Maratha cannonade punched holes in the British line , but the infantry maintained a steady pace , closing up the gaps in their ranks as they advanced . The 78th Highlanders were the first to reach the enemy in the southern sector next to the River Kailna . They paused 50 yards ( 46 m ) from the Maratha gunners and unleashed a volley of musket fire before launching into a bayonet charge . The four battalions of Madras infantry to the right of the 78th , accompanied by the Madras Pioneers , reached Pohlmann 's line shortly afterwards and attacked in the same fashion . The gunners stood by their cannon but were no match for the bayonets of the British and Madras troops who swiftly pressed on towards the Maratha infantry . However , instead of meeting the charge , the Maratha right broke and fled northwards towards the Juah , causing the rest of the southern half of the line to follow . The officers of the Madras battalions temporarily lost control as the sepoys , encouraged by their success , pushed too far in pursuit . Maratha cavalry momentarily threatened to charge but were checked by the 78th who remained in order and re @-@ formed to face the danger .
In the northern sector of the battlefield however , Wellesley 's right flank was in turmoil . The commander of the pickets , Lieutenant Colonel William Orrock , had mistaken his orders and continued his oblique path directly towards Assaye . Major Samuel Swinton of the 74th regiment was ordered to support the pickets and followed close behind . This created a large gap in the centre of the British line , and brought the two battalions under a barrage of cannonade from the artillery around the village and the Maratha left . The two battalions began to fall back in disarray and Pohlmann ordered his remaining infantry and cavalry forward to attack . The Marathas gave no quarter ; the pickets were virtually annihilated but the remnants of the 74th were able to form a rough square behind hastily piled bodies of dead . Realising that the destruction of
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000 . By comparison , in 1927 – 28 the average cost at Fox was $ 190 @,@ 000 ; at Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer , $ 275 @,@ 000 . One major expense was taken on directly by Kennedy : with several studios competing for Fred Thomson , Kennedy signed him to a personal contract for $ 15 @,@ 000 a week . This was the highest straight salary for any actor in the industry , matched only by Tom Mix 's new arrangement with Fox . Under the contract , Kennedy struck a deal in early 1927 with Paramount Pictures for the major studio to produce and distribute a series of four Thomson " super westerns . " Kennedy participated in the films ' financing ( and profits ) and the actor 's company stayed on the FBO lot . Of the four Thomson features that reached theaters in 1927 , three were FBO releases .
= = = Sound enters the picture = = =
The advent of sound film would drastically alter the studio 's course : Negotiations that began in late 1927 with the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) on a deal for sound conversion led to RCA purchasing a major interest in FBO in January 1928 . Four months later , as part of a strategy conceived with RCA head David Sarnoff , Kennedy acquired control of Keith @-@ Albee @-@ Orpheum ( KAO ) , a vaudeville exhibition chain with approximately one hundred theaters across the United States , and with the Pathé Exchange and Cecil B. De Mille 's Producers Distributing Corporation under its control .
On June 17 , 1928 , FBO 's The Perfect Crime , directed by Bert Glennon and starring Clive Brook and Irene Rich , debuted . It was the first feature @-@ length " talkie " to appear from a studio other than Warner Bros. since the epochal premiere of Warners ' The Jazz Singer eight months before . The Perfect Crime , which went into general release on August 4 , had been shot silently . Using the RCA Photophone sound @-@ on @-@ film system , the dialogue was dubbed in afterward — a process then known as " synthetic sound . " On August 22 , Kennedy signed a contract with RCA for live Photophone recording ; more importantly , he also tendered the company an option to buy his governing share of FBO . Two months later , RCA had acquired controlling stock interests in both the studio and KAO .
On October 23 , 1928 , RCA announced it was merging Film Booking Offices and Keith @-@ Albee @-@ Orpheum to form the new motion picture business Radio @-@ Keith @-@ Orpheum ( RKO ) , with Sarnoff as chairman . Kennedy , who retained Pathé , was paid $ 150 @,@ 000 for arranging the merger on top of the millions of dollars in profit he made from selling off his stock . Joseph I. Schnitzer , ranking FBO vice @-@ president , was elevated to president of the new company 's production arm , replacing Kennedy . William LeBaron , the last FBO production chief , retained his position after the merger , but the new studio , dedicated to full sound production , cut ties with most of FBO 's roster of silent @-@ screen performers . Movies that Film Booking Offices had either produced or arranged to distribute were released under the FBO banner through the end of 1929 . The last official FBO production to reach American theaters was Pals of the Prairie , directed by Louis King and starring Buzz Barton and Frank Rice , released July 1 , 1929 .
= = Cinematic legacy = =
= = = Headliners and celebrity casting = = =
The vast majority of FBO / Robertson @-@ Cole pictures , produced during either the silent era or the transitional period of the conversion to sound cinema , are considered to be lost films , with no copies now known to exist . Partly in consequence , many of FBO 's star actors are barely remembered today .
Pauline Frederick was the major headliner of the early R @-@ C days , and Evelyn Brent was FBO 's most prized non @-@ Western star . Warner Baxter , Joe E. Brown , and young Frankie Darro were among the other prominent FBO players . Anna Q. Nilsson starred in two of the studio 's larger productions , as did Olive Borden and Douglas Fairbanks Jr . FBO 's leading star of action and mystery pictures was Richard Talmadge . He appeared in eighteen FBO releases , more than half of them produced by his own company . Maurice " Lefty " Flynn starred in over a dozen FBO action films , all directed by Harry Garson , who also ran his own production business . From the studio 's pre @-@ Hollywood days in 1920 through 1928 , Ralph Lewis starred in more than ten R @-@ C and FBO pictures of various genres . Former model Reed Howes , renowned as an " Arrow Collar Man " , made his acting debut with FBO after an extensive publicity campaign .
In its earlier years , the studio did not hesitate to take advantage of scandal sheet – worthy events . After the death of celebrated Paramount actor Wallace Reid , brought on by morphine addiction , his widow , Dorothy Davenport , signed on as producer and star of a cinematic examination of the sins of substance abuse : Human Wreckage , released by FBO in June 1923 , five months after Reid 's death , featured Davenport ( billed as Mrs. Wallace Reid ) as the wife of a noble attorney turned dope fiend .
When the biggest movie star in the world , Rudolph Valentino , split from his wife , Natacha Rambova , she was swiftly enlisted by the studio to costar with Clive Brook in the sensitively titled When Love Grows Cold ( 1925 ) . Under Kennedy 's control , studio production shifted away from provocative fare in an attempt to brand the studio 's films as suitable for the " average American " and the entire family : " We can 't make pictures and label them ' For Children , ' or ' For Women ' or ' For Stout People ' or ' For Thin Ones . ' We must make pictures that have appeal to all . " Though Kennedy ended the scandal @-@ sheet specials , FBO still found occasion for celebrity casting : One Minute to Play ( 1926 ) , directed by Sam Wood , marks the film debut of football great " Red " Grange .
= = = Western stars = = =
Central to the FBO identity were Westerns and the studio 's major cowboy star , Fred Thomson . In both 1926 and 1927 , he ranked number two in the Exhibitors ' Herald survey of the " Top Stars of the Year , " right behind Tom Mix . With Thomson 's personal contract with Kennedy due to expired in mid @-@ 1927 , Kennedy — sending
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manner in which Macbeth , Thane of Glamis , and Banquo , Thane of Lochaber , bravely led his army against invaders , fighting side by side . In the next scene , Banquo and Macbeth , returning from the battle together , encounter the Three Witches , who predict that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor , and then king . Banquo , skeptical of the witches , challenges them to predict his own future , and they foretell that Banquo will never himself take the throne , but will beget a line of kings . Banquo remains skeptical after the encounter , wondering aloud if evil can ever speak the truth . He warns Macbeth that evil will offer men a small , hopeful truth only in order to catch them in a deadly trap .
When Macbeth kills the king and takes the throne , Banquo — the only one aware of this encounter with the witches — reserves judgment for God . He is unsure whether Macbeth committed regicide to gain the throne , but muses in a soliloquy that " I fear / Thou play 'dst most foully for ' t " . He offers his respects to the new King Macbeth and pledges loyalty . Later , worried that Banquo 's descendants and not his own will rule Scotland , Macbeth sends men to kill Banquo and his son Fleance . During the melee , Banquo holds off the assailants so that Fleance can escape , but is himself killed . The ghost of Banquo later returns to haunt Macbeth at the banquet in act three , scene four . A terrified Macbeth sees him , while the apparition is invisible to his guests . He appears again to Macbeth in a vision granted by the Three Witches , wherein Macbeth sees a long line of kings descended from Banquo .
= = Analysis = =
= = = Foil to Macbeth = = =
Many scholars see Banquo as a foil and a contrast to Macbeth . Macbeth , for example , eagerly accepts the Three Witches ' prophecy as true and seeks to help it along . Banquo , on the other hand , doubts the prophecies and the intentions of these seemingly evil creatures . Whereas Macbeth places his hope in the prediction that he will be king , Banquo argues that evil only offers gifts that lead to destruction . Banquo steadily resists the temptations of evil within the play , praying to heaven for help , while Macbeth seeks darkness , and prays that evil powers will aid him . This is visible in act two ; after Banquo sees Duncan to bed , he says : " There 's husbandry in heaven , / Their candles are all out " . This premonition of the coming darkness in association with Macbeth 's murders is repeated just before Banquo is killed : " it will be rain to @-@ night " , Banquo tells his son Fleance .
Banquo 's status as a contrast to Macbeth makes for some tense moments in the play . In act two , scene one , Banquo meets his son Fleance and asks him to take both his sword and his dagger ( " Hold , take my sword ... Take thee that too " ) . He also explains that he has been having trouble sleeping due to " cursed thoughts that nature / gives way to in repose ! " On Macbeth 's approach , he demands the sword returned to him quickly . Scholars have interpreted this to mean that Banquo has been dreaming of murdering the king as Macbeth 's accomplice in order to take the throne for his own family , as the Three Witches prophesied to him . In this reading , his good nature is so revolted by these thoughts that he gives his sword and dagger to Fleance to be sure they do not come true , but is so nervous at Macbeth 's approach that he demands them back . Other scholars have responded that Banquo 's dreams have less to do with killing the king and more to do with Macbeth . They argue that Banquo is merely setting aside his sword for the night . Then , when Macbeth approaches , Banquo , having had dreams about Macbeth 's deeds , takes back his sword as a precaution in this case .
Macbeth eventually sees that Banquo can no longer be trusted to aid him in his evil , and considers his friend a threat to his newly acquired throne . Thus he has him murdered . Banquo 's ability to live on in different ways is another oppositional force , in this case to Macbeth 's impending death . His spirit lives on in Fleance , his son , and in his ghostly presence at the banquet .
= = = Ghost scenes = = =
When Macbeth returns to the witches later in the play , they show him an apparition of the murdered Banquo , along with eight of his descendants . The scene carries deep significance : King James , on the throne when Macbeth was written , was believed to be separated from Banquo by nine generations . What Shakespeare writes here thus amounts to a strong support of James ' right to the throne by lineage , and for audiences of Shakespeare 's day , a very real fulfillment of the witches ' prophecy to Banquo that his sons would take the throne . This apparition is also deeply unsettling to Macbeth , who not only wants the throne for himself , but also desires to father a line of kings .
Banquo 's other appearance as a ghost during the banquet scene serves as an indicator of Macbeth 's conscience returning to plague his thoughts . Banquo 's triumph over death appears symbolically , insofar as he literally takes Macbeth 's seat during the feast . Shocked , Macbeth uses words appropriate to the metaphor of usurpation , describing Banquo as " crowned " with wounds . The spirit drains Macbeth 's manhood along with the blood from his cheeks ; as soon as Banquo 's form vanishes , Macbeth announces : " Why , so ; being gone , / I am a man again . "
Like the vision of Banquo 's lineage , the banquet scene has also been the subject of criticism . Critics have questioned whether not one , but perhaps two ghosts appear in this scene : Banquo and Duncan . Scholars arguing that Duncan attends the banquet state that Macbeth 's lines to the Ghost could apply equally well to the slain king . " Thou canst not say I did it " , for example , can mean that Macbeth is not the man who actually killed Banquo , or it can mean that Duncan , who was asleep when Macbeth killed him , cannot claim to have seen his killer . To add to the confusion , some lines Macbeth directs to the ghost , such as " Thy bones are marrowless " , cannot rightly be said of Banquo , who has only recently died .
Scholars debate whether Macbeth 's vision of Banquo is real or a hallucination . Macbeth had already seen a hallucination before murdering Duncan : a knife hovering in the air . Several performances of the play have even ignored the stage direction to have the Ghost of Banquo enter at all , heightening the sense that Macbeth is growing mad , since the audience cannot see what he claims to see . Scholars opposing this view claim that while the dagger is unusual , ghosts of murdered victims are more believable , having a basis in the audience 's superstitions . Spirits in other Shakespeare plays — notably Hamlet and Midsummer Night 's Dream — exist in ambiguous forms , occasionally even calling into question their own presence .
The concept of a character being confronted at a triumphant feast with a reminder of their downfall is not unique to Shakespeare and may originate from the Belshazzar 's feast episode of the Bible . The term ' ghost at the feast ' has entered popular culture , and is often used as a metaphor for a subject a person would rather avoid considering , or ( considering the general plot of Macbeth ) a reminder of a person 's unpleasant past or likely future .
= = Performances and interpretations = =
Banquo 's role , especially in the banquet ghost scene , has been subject to a variety of interpretations and mediums . Shakespeare 's text states : " Enter Ghost of Banquo , and sits in Macbeth 's place . " Several television versions have altered this slightly , having Banquo appear suddenly in the chair , rather than walking onstage and into it . Special effects and camera tricks also allow producers to make the ghost disappear and reappear , highlighting the fact that only Macbeth can see it .
Stage directors , unaided by post @-@ production effects and camera tricks , have used other methods to depict the ghost . In the late 19th century , elaborate productions of the play staged by Henry Irving employed a wide variety of approaches for this task . In 1877 a green silhouette was used to create a ghostlike image ; ten years later a trick chair was used to allow an actor to appear in the middle of the scene , and then again from the midst of the audience . In 1895 a shaft of blue light served to indicate the presence of Banquo 's spirit . In 1933 a Russian director named Theodore Komisarjevsky staged a modern retelling of the play ( Banquo and Macbeth were told of their future through palmistry ) ; he used Macbeth 's shadow as the ghost . In 1936 Orson Welles directed the Federal Theatre Project production of the play , with an African @-@ American cast that included Canada Lee in the role of Banquo .
Film adaptations have approached Banquo 's character in a variety of ways . Akira Kurosawa 's 1957 adaptation Throne of Blood makes the character into Capitan Miki (
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intermediates as the safety car came in , began setting times at the same pace as the leaders , and gained 15th position as the drivers in front changed tyres . On lap 19 , a rain storm arrived at the circuit , forcing the drivers on intermediate tyres to switch back to full wets . Alonso and Button , who were in fifth and eighth respectively , fell to ninth and eleventh , while the drivers on the full wet tyres began pitting for fresh wet tyres . The safety car was brought out on lap 20 due to the intensity of the rain , and Vettel , Webber , Massa and Buemi , who had not changed tyres , went to the pitlane for fresh full wets . After six laps under the safety car , the conditions were getting worse , and the race was suspended .
Torrential rain prevented the resumption of the Grand Prix for over two hours , until the rain eased at 15 : 50 local time . The race was restarted behind the safety car with the drivers in the positions held before the suspension . Vettel was first , followed by Kobayashi , Massa , Heidfeld , Petrov and di Resta . Webber was in seventh place with Alonso , de la Rosa and Button behind . The safety car remained out for seven laps , during which the circuit began drying enough to be suitable for intermediate tyres , and D 'Ambrosio pitted on lap 33 to change from the full wets . Vettel began to extend the lead over Kobayashi once the safety car came in on lap 35 , as Massa and Heidfeld fought for Kobayashi 's second place . Schumacher led several cars into the pitlane to change to intermediate tyres , while Button , Heidfeld and di Resta were among those who pitted the next lap . Vettel and Karthikeyan were the only drivers not to change tyres by lap 37 , when Button came upon tenth placed Alonso as he exited the pitlane . As Button attempted to pass at turn 3 the two cars touched , and Alonso 's Ferrari spun and beached upon a curb , bringing out the safety car . When the race resumed three laps later , Vettel , Kobayashi and Massa retained their positions , as Heidfeld , di Resta , Webber and Schumacher fought for fourth place . Button had a punctured tyre after the collision and was in twenty @-@ first and last place , but immediately began to make up positions and was 14th by lap 44 . Di Resta damaged his front wing attempting to overtake Heidfeld ; the subsequent pit @-@ stop and drive @-@ through penalty dropped him down to last . Schumacher , having overtaken Webber , passed Heidfeld in fourth place , and set the fastest lap of the race .
DRS was enabled on lap 46 , as Barrichello and Rosberg were contesting eighth position . Button had caught Maldonado and Alguersuari , and passed both cars for tenth place . Mark Webber was the first driver to switch to slick tyres , and was followed by Barrichello and Buemi . Kobayashi and Massa , fighting for second place , were both passed by Schumacher on lap 51 ; Massa then passed Kobayashi for third place . As the drivers pitted for slick tyres over the next three laps , Massa damaged his wing forcing him into another pitstop , while damage to Adrian Sutil 's car led to his retirement . Button had risen from ninth after his pit @-@ stop to fourth , and was catching the leading trio of Vettel , Schumacher and Webber . On lap 56 Heidfeld , while battling Kobayashi for fifth place , collided with the rear of the Sauber which damaged his front wing . The wing then detached and folded under the car , and Heidfeld after losing control of his car ran down an escape road on turn 3 . The debris on @-@ track from the accident called the sixth safety car period of the race .
Following the pitstops and safety car deployment , Petrov had gained sixth place while Barrichello , Alguersuari , Rosberg and Maldonado were in the remaining point scoring positions . Schumacher and Webber , who had contested second place before the safety car , resumed their fight as the race resumed on lap 61 . Barrichello was passed by Rosberg and Alguersuari before Massa , who had been in eleventh place , overtook both Williams cars for ninth . Kobayashi lost fifth place to Petrov , and Maldonado retired by spinning off on the wet track at turn two . Webber , passing Schumacher using DRS , cut the chicane on lap 64 and ceded the position back to avoid a penalty . Button passed Webber , after he again cut the chicane , and Schumacher on the same lap , and gained second place . As Button began catching race leader Vettel , Webber overtook Schumacher for third place on lap 67 . On the same lap di Resta retired because of a puncture , and Massa gained eighth position from Alguersuari . The fastest lap of the race was set by Button on lap 69 , setting a time of 1 : 16 @.@ 956 as he was closing to Vettel for the race lead .
Vettel led by 0 @.@ 9 seconds on the final lap , before he ran wide at turn six . Button passed him to take the lead , and held it to win the race . Vettel recovered from going off @-@ track and finished second , ahead of Webber in third and Schumacher in fourth . Petrov took fifth place , while Massa passed Kobayashi on the finish line for sixth place . Alguersuari , Barrichello and Buemi filled the final point scoring positions , and Rosberg 's car had lost the front wing , dropping him to eleventh . De la Rosa was twelfth , and Liuzzi , d 'Ambrosio , Glock , Trulli and Karthikeyan were the final classified drivers .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
The top three finishers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies , and in the subsequent press conference . Button felt the win was the best of his career so far , and stated that he had to fight hard to win the race : " It was really a fight . I got a drive @-@ through for speeding behind the safety car and I had to fight my
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Macintosh was never sent .
After a month @-@ long halt in the Grytviken whaling station , Endurance departed for the Antarctic on 5 December . Two days later Shackleton was disconcerted to encounter pack ice as far north as 57 ° 26 ′ S , forcing the ship to manoeuvre . During the following days there were more tussles with the pack , which on 14 December was thick enough to halt the ship for 24 hours . Three days later the ship was stopped again . Shackleton commented : " I had been prepared for evil conditions in the Weddell Sea , but had hoped that the pack would be loose . What we were encountering was fairly dense pack of a very obstinate character " .
Endurance 's progress was frustratingly slow , until on 22 December leads opened up and the ship was able to continue steadily southward . This continued for the next two weeks , taking the party deep into the Weddell Sea . Further delays then slowed progress after the turn of the year , before a lengthy run south during 7 – 10 January 1915 brought them close to the 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) ice walls which guarded the Antarctic coastal region of Coats Land . This territory had been discovered and named by William Speirs Bruce in 1904 , during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition . On 15 January Endurance came abreast of a great glacier , the edge of which formed a bay which appeared a good landing place . However , Shackleton considered it too far north of Vahsel Bay for a landing , " except under pressure of necessity " — a decision he would later regret . On 17 January the ship reached a latitude of 76 ° 27 ′ S , where land was faintly discernible . Shackleton named it Caird Coast , after his principal backer . Bad weather forced the ship to shelter in the lee of a stranded iceberg .
They were now close to Luitpold Land , discovered by Filchner in 1912 , at the southern end of which lay their destination , Vahsel Bay . Next day , the ship was forced north @-@ westward for 14 miles ( 23 km ) , resuming in a generally southerly direction before being stopped altogether . The position was 76 ° 34 ′ S , 31 ° 30 ′ W. After ten days of inactivity the ship ’ s fires were banked , to save fuel . Strenuous efforts were made to release her
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Murdo Sound on 15 January 1915 was later in the season than planned , but the party ’ s commander Aeneas Mackintosh made immediate plans for a depot @-@ laying journey on the Ross Ice Shelf , since he understood that Shackleton hoped to attempt the crossing during that first season . Neither the men nor the dogs were acclimatised , and the party was , as a whole , very inexperienced in ice conditions . The first journey on the ice resulted in the loss of ten of the party ’ s 18 dogs and a frostbitten and generally demoralised shore party ; a single , incomplete depot was their only achievement .
On 7 May Aurora , anchored at the party 's Cape Evans headquarters , was wrenched from her moorings during a gale and carried with drifting ice far out to sea . Unabled to return to McMurdo Sound , she remained captive in the ice for nine months until on 12 February 1916 , having travelled a distance of around 1 @,@ 600 miles ( 2 @,@ 600 km ) , she reached open water and limped to New Zealand . She carried with her the greater part of the shore party ’ s fuel , food rations , clothing and equipment , although the sledging rations for the depots had been landed ashore . To continue with its mission the stranded shore party had to re @-@ supply and re @-@ equip itself from the leftovers from earlier expeditions , notably Captain Scott ’ s Terra Nova Expedition which had been based at Cape Evans a few years earlier . They were thus able to begin the second season ’ s depot @-@ laying on schedule , in September 1915 .
In the following months the required depots were laid , at one @-@ degree intervals across the Ross Ice Shelf to the foot of the Beardmore Glacier . On the return journey from the glacier the party was attacked by scurvy ; Arnold Spencer @-@ Smith , the expedition ’ s chaplain and photographer , collapsed and died on the ice . The remainder of the party reached the temporary shelter of Hut Point , a relic of the Discovery Expedition at the southern end of McMurdo Sound , where they slowly recovered . On 8 May 1916 Mackintosh and Victor Hayward decided to walk across the unstable sea ice to Cape Evans , were caught in a blizzard , and were not seen again . The survivors eventually reached Cape Evans , but then had to wait for eight further months . Finally , on 10 January 1917 the repaired and refitted Aurora , whose departure from New Zealand had been delayed by lack of money , arrived to transport them back to civilization ; . Shackleton accompanied the ship as a supernumerary officer , having been denied command by the governments of New Zealand , Australia and Great Britain who had jointly organised and financed the Ross Sea party 's relief .
= = Return to civilization , and aftermath = =
The rescued party , having had its last contact with civilization in 1914 , was unaware of the course of the World War . News of Shackleton 's safe arrival in the Falklands briefly eclipsed war news in the British newspapers on 2 June 1916 . The expedition returned home in piecemeal fashion , at a critical stage in the war , without the normal honours and civic receptions . When Shackleton himself finally arrived in England on 29 May 1917 , after a short American lecture tour , his return was barely noticed .
Despite McNish 's efforts on the in preparing and sailing on James Caird voyage , his prior insubordination meant that , on Shackleton ’ s recommendation , he was one of four men denied the Polar Medal ; the others whose contributions fell short of Shackleton 's expected standards were John Vincent , William Stephenson and Ernest Holness . Most of the members of the expedition returned to take up immediate active military or naval service . Before the war ended two — Tim McCarthy of the open boat journey and the veteran Antarctic sailor Alfred Cheetham — had been killed in action , and Ernest Wild of the Ross Sea party had died of typhoid while serving in the Mediterranean . Several others were severely wounded , and many received decorations for gallantry . Following a propaganda mission in Buenos Aires , Shackleton was employed during the last weeks of the war on special service in Murmansk , with the Army rank of Major . This occupied him until March 1919 . He thereafter organised one final Antarctic expedition , the Shackleton – Rowett Expedition on Quest , which left London on 17 September 1921 . From the Endurance crew , Wild , Worsley , Macklin , McIlroy , Hussey , Alexander Kerr , Thomas McLeod and cook Charles Green , all sailed with Quest .
Shackleton died of a heart attack on 5 January 1922 , while Quest was anchored at South Georgia . After his death the original programme , which had included an exploration of Enderby Land , was abandoned . Wild led a brief cruise which brought them into sight of Elephant Island . They anchored off Cape Wild , and were able to see the old landmarks , but sea conditions made it impossible for them to land .
It would be more than 40 years before the first crossing of Antarctica was achieved , by the Commonwealth Trans @-@ Antarctic Expedition , 1955 – 58 . This expedition set out from Vahsel Bay , following a route which avoided the Beardmore Glacier altogether , and bypassed much of the Ross Ice Shelf , reaching McMurdo Sound via a descent of the Skelton Glacier . The entire journey took 98 days .
Films and documentaries about the Imperial Trans @-@ Antarctic Expedition include the 2002 two @-@ part television drama Shackleton , written and directed by Charles Sturridge , with Kenneth Branagh as Shackleton . In preparation for his role , Branagh spent six weeks in the Antarctic . In 2013 PBS screened a three @-@ part documentary that recreates the James Caird voyage using a replica lifeboat and original materials
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09 the 57th Foot was sent to Portugal as reinforcements for the Anglo @-@ Portuguese Army under the Duke of Wellington , during his second attempt to drive the French out of Spain during the Peninsular War . MacGregor 's regiment disembarked at Lisbon about three months into the campaign , on 15 July . By September it was garrisoning Elvas , near the frontier with Spain . Soon thereafter MacGregor was seconded to the 8th Line Battalion of the Portuguese Army , where he served with the rank of major from October 1809 to April 1810 . According to Michael Rafter , author of a highly critical 1820 biography of MacGregor , this secondment came after a disagreement between MacGregor and a superior officer , " originally of a trivial nature " , that intensified to such an extent that the young captain was forced to request discharge . This was promptly granted . MacGregor formally retired from the British service on 24 May 1810 , receiving back the £ 1 @,@ 350 he had paid for the ranks of ensign and captain , and returned to Britain . The 57th Foot 's actions at the Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811 would earn it considerable prestige and the nickname " the Die @-@ Hards " — MacGregor would thereafter make much of his association .
= = = Edinburgh to Caracas = = =
On his return to Britain the 23 @-@ year @-@ old MacGregor and his wife moved into a house rented by his mother in Edinburgh . There he assumed the title of " Colonel " , wore the badge of a Portuguese knightly order and toured the city in an extravagant and brightly @-@ coloured coach . After failing to attain high social status in Edinburgh , MacGregor moved back to London in 1811 and began styling himself " Sir Gregor MacGregor , Bart. " , falsely claiming to have succeeded to the MacGregor clan chieftainship ; he also alluded to family ties with a selection of dukes , earls and barons . This had little bearing on reality but MacGregor nevertheless created an air of credible respectability for himself in London society .
In December 1811 , Maria MacGregor died . At a stroke MacGregor lost his main source of income and the support of the influential Bowater family . His choices were , Sinclair suggests , limited : announcing his engagement to another heiress so soon after Maria 's death might draw embarrassing public protests from the Bowaters , and returning home to farm the MacGregor lands in Scotland would be in his mind unacceptably dull . His only real experience was military , but the manner of his exit from the British Army would make a return there awkward at best .
MacGregor 's interest was aroused by the colonial revolts against Spanish rule in Latin America , particularly Venezuela , where seven of the ten provinces had declared themselves an independent republic in July 1811 , starting the Venezuelan War of Independence . The Venezuelan revolutionary General Francisco de Miranda had been feted in London society during his recent visit , and may have met MacGregor . Noting the treatment London 's highest circles gave to Miranda , MacGregor formed the idea that exotic adventures in the New World might earn him similar celebrity on his homecoming . He sold the small Scottish estate he had inherited from his father and grandfather and sailed for South America in early 1812 . On the way he stopped in Jamaica , where according to Rafter he was tempted to settle among the planters and traders , but " having no introductory letters to that place , he was not received into society " . After a comfortable sojourn in Kingston , he sailed for Venezuela and disembarked there in April 1812 .
= = South America = =
= = = Venezuela , under Miranda = = =
MacGregor arrived in the Venezuelan capital Caracas a fortnight after much of the city had been destroyed by an earthquake . With swathes of the country under the control of advancing royalist armies , the revolutionary government was losing support and starting to fracture . MacGregor dropped his pretended Scottish baronetcy , reasoning that it might undermine the republican credentials he hoped to establish , but continued to style himself " Sir Gregor " on the basis that he was , he claimed , a Knight of the Portuguese Order of Christ . He offered his services directly to Miranda in Caracas . As a former British Army officer — from the famous " Die @-@ Hards " , no less — he was received with alacrity and given command of a cavalry battalion with the rank of colonel . In his first action , MacGregor and his cavalry routed a royalist force west of Maracay , between Valencia and Caracas . Subsequent engagements were less successful , but the republican leaders were still pleased with the glamour they perceived this dashing Scottish officer to give their cause .
MacGregor married Doña Josefa Antonia Andrea Aristeguieta y Lovera , daughter of a prominent Caracas family and a cousin of the revolutionary Simón Bolívar , in Maracay on 10 June 1812 . By the end of that month Miranda had promoted MacGregor to brigadier @-@ general , but the revolutionary cause was failing ; in July , after the royalists took the key port of Puerto Cabello from Bolívar , the republic capitulated . In the chaos that ensued Miranda was captured by the Spanish while the remnants of the republican leadership , including MacGregor with Josefa in tow , were evacuated to the Dutch island of Curaçao aboard a British brig , the Sapphire . Bolívar joined them there later in the year .
= = = New Granada ; defence of Cartagena = = =
With Miranda imprisoned in Spain , Bolívar emerged as the new leader of the Venezuelan independence movement . He resolved that they would have to take some time to prepare before returning to the mainland . Growing bored in Curaçao , MacGregor decided to offer his services to General Antonio Nariño 's republican armies in Venezuela 's western neighbour , New Granada . He escorted Josefa to lodgings in Jamaica , then travelled to Nariño 's base at Tunja in the eastern Andes . Miranda 's name won the Scotsman a fresh commission in the service of New Granada , with command of 1 @,@ 200 men in the Socorro district near the border with
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from Rio de la Hacha harbour by cannon on 4 October , MacGregor ordered a night landing west of the town and said that he would take personal command once the troops were ashore . Lieutenant @-@ Colonel William Norcott led the men onto the beach and waited there two hours for MacGregor to arrive , but the general failed to appear . Attacked by a larger Spanish force , Norcott countered and captured the town . MacGregor still refused to leave the ships , convinced that the flag flying over the fort must be a trick ; even when Norcott rowed out to tell him to come into port , MacGregor would not step ashore for over a day . When he did appear , many of his soldiers swore and spat at him . He issued another lofty proclamation , recalled by Rafter as an " aberration of human intellect " , at the foot of which MacGregor identified himself as " His Majesty the Inca of New Granada " .
Events went largely as they had done earlier in the year at Porto Bello . MacGregor abstained from command in all but name , and the troops descended into a state of confused drunkenness . " General MacGregor displayed so palpable a want of the requisite qualities which should distinguish the commander of such an expedition , " Rafter wrote , " that universal astonishment prevailed amongst his followers at the reputation he had for some time maintained . " As Spanish forces gathered around the town , Norcott and Rafter decided the situation was hopeless and left on a captured Spanish schooner on 10 October 1819 , taking with them five officers and 27 soldiers and sailors . MacGregor convened his remaining officers the next day and , giving them promotions and Green Cross decorations , exhorted them to help him lead the defence . Immediately afterwards he went to the port , ostensibly to escort Eyre 's wife and two children to safety on a ship . After putting the Eyres on the Lovely Ann , he boarded the Amelia and ordered the ships out to sea just as the Spanish attacked . General Eyre and the troops left behind were all killed .
MacGregor reached Aux Cayes to find news of this latest debacle had preceded him , and he was shunned . A friend in Jamaica , Thomas Higson , informed him through letters that Josefa and Gregorio had been evicted , and until Higson 's intervention had sought sanctuary in a slave 's hut . MacGregor was wanted in Jamaica for piracy and so could not join his family there . He similarly could not go back to Bolívar , who was so outraged by MacGregor 's recent conduct that he accused the Scotsman of treason and ordered his death by hanging if he ever set foot on the South American mainland again . MacGregor 's whereabouts for the half year following October 1819 are unknown . Back in London in June 1820 , Michael Rafter published his highly censorious account of MacGregor 's adventures , Memoirs of Gregor M 'Gregor , dedicating the book to his brother Colonel William Rafter and the troops abandoned at Porto Bello and Rio de la Hacha . In his summary Rafter speculated that following the latter episode MacGregor was " politically , though not naturally dead " — " to suppose " , he wrote , " that any person could be induced again to join him in his desperate projects , would be to conceive a degree of madness and folly of which human nature , however fallen , is incapable " .
= = Poyais scheme = =
= = = Cazique of Poyais = = =
MacGregor 's next known location is at the court of King George Frederic Augustus of the Mosquito Coast , at Cape Gracias a Dios on the Gulf of Honduras in April 1820 . The Mosquito people , descendants of shipwrecked African slaves and indigenous people , shared the historic British antipathy towards Spain , and the British authorities in the region had crowned their most powerful chieftains as " kings " since the 17th century . These were kings in little more than name , with no effective control over the country they ostensibly led ; Britain crowned and protected them simply so they could declare the area to be under Mosquito sovereignty and thereby obstruct Spanish claims . There had been a modest British settlement on the coast around the Black River ( now the Río Sico ) , but this had been evacuated following the Anglo @-@ Spanish Convention of 1786 . By the 1820s the most visible sign of prior colonisation was a small graveyard overgrown by the jungle .
On 29 April 1820 , George Frederic Augustus signed a document granting MacGregor and his heirs a substantial swathe of Mosquito territory — 8 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 12 @,@ 500 square miles ; 32 @,@ 375 square kilometres ) , an area larger than Wales — in exchange for rum and jewellery . The land was pleasing to the eye but unfit for cultivation and could sustain little in the way of livestock . Its area was roughly a triangle with corners at Cape Gracias a Dios , Cape Camarón and the Black River 's headwaters . MacGregor dubbed this area " Poyais " after the natives of the highlands around the Black River 's source , the Paya or " Poyer " people ( today called the Pech ) , and in mid @-@ 1821 appeared back in London calling himself the Cazique of Poyais — " Cazique " , a Spanish @-@ American word for a native chief , being equivalent in MacGregor 's usage to " Prince " . He claimed to have been created such by the Mosquito king , but in fact both the title and Poyais were of his own invention .
Despite Rafter 's book , London society remained largely unaware of MacGregor 's failures over the past few years , but remembered successes such as his march to Barcelona ; similarly his association with the " Die @-@ Hards " of the 57th Foot was recalled , but his dubious early discharge was not . In this climate of a constantly shifting Latin America , where governments rose , fell and adopted new names
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( p < 10 − 39 ) in samples taken from a broad area of Europe and the US .
The prevalence of coeliac disease genotypes in the modern population is not completely understood . Given the characteristics of the disease and its apparent strong heritability , it would normally be expected that the genotypes would undergo negative selection and to be absent in societies where agriculture has been practised the longest ( compare with a similar condition , Lactose intolerance , which has been negatively selected so strongly that its prevalence went from ~ 100 % in ancestral populations to less than 5 % in some European countries ) . This expectation was first proposed by Simoons ( 1981 ) . By now , however , it is apparent that this is not the case ; on the contrary , there is evidence of positive selection in coeliac disease genotypes . It is suspected that some of them may have been beneficial by providing protection against bacterial infections .
= = = Prolamins = = =
The majority of the proteins in food responsible for the immune reaction in coeliac disease are the prolamins . These are storage proteins rich in proline ( prol- ) and glutamine ( -amin ) that dissolve in alcohols and are resistant to proteases and peptidases of the gut . Prolamins are found in cereal grains with different grains having different but related prolamins : wheat ( gliadin ) , barley ( hordein ) , rye ( secalin ) , corn ( zein ) and as a minor protein , avenin in oats . One region of α @-@ gliadin stimulates membrane cells , enterocytes , of the intestine to allow larger molecules around the sealant between cells . Disruption of tight junctions allow peptides larger than three amino acids to enter circulation .
Membrane leaking permits peptides of gliadin that stimulate two levels of immune response , the innate response and the adaptive ( T @-@ helper cell mediated ) response . One protease @-@ resistant peptide from α @-@ gliadin contains a region that stimulates lymphocytes and results in the release of interleukin @-@ 15 . This innate response to gliadin results in immune @-@ system signalling that attracts inflammatory cells and increases the release of inflammatory chemicals . The strongest and most common adaptive response to gliadin is directed toward an α2 @-@ gliadin fragment of 33 amino acids in length .
The response to the 33mer occurs in most coeliacs who have a DQ2 isoform . This peptide , when altered by intestinal transglutaminase , has a high density of overlapping T @-@ cell epitopes . This increases the likelihood that the DQ2 isoform will bind and stay bound to peptide when recognised by T @-@ cells . Gliadin in wheat is the best @-@ understood member of this family , but other prolamins exist , and hordein ( from barley ) and secalin ( from rye ) may contribute to coeliac disease . However , not all prolamins will cause this immune reaction , and there is ongoing controversy on the ability of avenin ( the prolamin found in oats ) to induce this response in coeliac disease .
= = = Tissue transglutaminase = = =
Anti @-@ transglutaminase antibodies to the enzyme tissue transglutamin
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racks also and the empty bomb bay space was filled with an 835 L ( 221 US gal ) tank for aviation fuel and a further 115 L ( 30 US gal ) oil tank . This increased the loaded weight but increased range to 1 @,@ 800 km ( 1 @,@ 130 mi ) . The modifications allowed the He 111 to perform both long- and short @-@ range missions . The E @-@ 4s eight internal vertically aligned bomb racks could each carry a 250 kg ( 550 lb ) . The last E Variant , the He 111 E @-@ 5 , was powered by the Jumo 211 A @-@ 3 , and retained the 835 L ( 221 US gal ) fuel tank on the port side of the bomb bay . Only a few of the E @-@ 4 and E @-@ 5 were built .
The RLM had acquired an interest in rocket boosters fitted for the sake of simplicity below the wings of a heavily loaded bomber to cut down the length of runway needed for takeoff . Once in the air the booster canisters would be jettisoned by parachute for reuse . The firm of Hellmuth Walter , at Kiel , handled this development . The first standing trials and tests flights of the Walter HWK 109 @-@ 500 Starthilfe liquid @-@ fueled boosters were held in 1937 at Neuhardenberg with test pilot Erich Warsitz at the controls of Heinkel He 111E bearing civil registration D @-@ AMUE .
= = = He 111 F = = =
The He 111 design quickly ran through a series of minor design revisions . One of the more obvious changes started with the He 111F models , which moved from the elliptical wing to one with straight leading and trailing edges , which could be manufactured more efficiently . The dimensions of the new design had a wing span of 22.6m ( 74 ft 1 ¾ in ) and an area of 87.60m ² ( 942 @.@ 90 ft ) .
Heinkel 's industrial capacity was limited and production was delayed . Nevertheless , 24 machines of the F @-@ 1 series were exported to Turkey . Another 20 of the F @-@ 2 variant were built . The Turkish interest , prompted by the fact the tests of the next prototype , He 111 V8 , was some way off , prompted the Ministry of Aviation to order 40 F @-@ 4s with Jumo 211 A @-@ 3 engines . These machines were built and entered service in early 1938 . This fleet was used as a transport group during the Demyansk Pocket and Battle of Stalingrad . At this time , development began on the He 111J . It was powered by the DB 600 and was intended as a torpedo bomber . As a result , it lacked an internal bomb bay and carried two external torpedo racks . The Ministry of Aviation gave an order for the bomb bay to be retrofitted ; this variant became known as the J @-@ 1 . In all but the powerplant , it was identical to the F @-@ 4 .
The final variant of the F series was the F @-@ 5 , with bombsight and powerplants identical to the E @-@ 5 . The F @-@ 5 was rejected as a production variant owing to the superior performance of the He 111 P @-@ 1 .
= = = He 111 J = = =
The He 111 's low @-@ level performance attracted the interest of the Kriegsmarine . The result was the He 111J , was capable of carrying torpedoes and mines . However , the navy eventually dropped the program as they deemed the four @-@ man crew too expensive in terms of manpower . The RLM nevertheless continued production of the He 111 J @-@ 0 . Some 90 ( other sources claim 60 ) were built in 1938 and were then sent to Küstenfliegergruppe 806 ( Coastal Flying Group ) . Powered by the DB 600G engines , it could carry a 2 @,@ 000 kg ( 4 @,@ 410 lb ) payload . But few of the pre @-@ production J @-@ 0s were fitted with the powerplant . Instead , the DB 600 was used , performance deteriorated and the torpedo bomber was not pursued . The J variants were used in training schools until 1944 . Some J @-@ 1s were utilised used as test beds for Blohm & Voss L 10 radio @-@ guided air @-@ to @-@ ground torpedo missiles .
= = = He 111 P = = =
The He 111P incorporated the updated Daimler @-@ Benz DB 601A @-@ 1 liquid @-@ cooled engine and featured a newly designed nose section , including an asymmetric mounting for an MG 15 machine gun that replaced the ' stepped ' cockpit with a roomier and more aerodynamic glazed stepless cockpit over the entire front of the aircraft . This smooth glazed nose was first tested on the He 111 V8 in January 1938 . These improvements allowed the aircraft to reach 47
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Scandinavian rulers during the 9th , 10th and 11th centuries . The flag , as depicted in Norse artwork , was roughly triangular , with a rounded outside edge on which there hung a series of tabs or tassels . It bore a resemblance to ornately carved " weather @-@ vanes " used aboard Viking longships .
Scholars conjecture that the raven flag was a symbol of Odin , who was often depicted accompanied by two ravens named Huginn and Muninn . Its intent may have been to strike fear in one 's enemies by invoking the power of Odin . As one scholar notes regarding encounters between the Christian Anglo @-@ Saxons and the invading pagan Scandinavians :
The Anglo @-@ Saxons probably thought that the banners were imbued with the evil powers of pagan idols , since the Anglo @-@ Saxons were aware of the significance of Óðinn and his ravens in Norse mythology .
= = Raven symbolism in Norse culture = =
The raven is a common iconic figure in Norse mythology . The highest god Odin had two ravens named Huginn and Muninn ( " thought " and " memory " respectively ) who flew around the world bringing back tidings to their master . Therefore , one of Odin 's many names was the " raven god " ( Hrafnaguð ) . In Gylfaginning ( c . 1220 ) , the medieval Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson explains :
Odin was also closely linked to ravens because in Norse myths he received the fallen warriors at Valhalla , and ravens were linked with death and war due to their predilection for carrion . It is consequently likely that they were regarded as manifestations of the Valkyries , goddesses who chose the valiant dead for military service in Valhalla . A further connection between ravens and Valkyries was indicated in the shapeshifting abilities of goddesses and Valkyries , who could appear in the form of birds .
The raven appears in almost every skaldic poem describing warfare . To make war was to feed and please the raven ( hrafna seðja , hrafna gleðja ) . An example of this is found in Norna @-@ Gests þáttr , where Regin recites the following poem after Sigurd kills the sons of Hunding :
Above all , kennings used in Norse poetry identify the raven as the bird of blood , corpses and battle ; he is the gull of the wave of the heap of corpses , who screams dashed with hail and craves morning steak as he arrives at the sea of corpses ( Hlakkar hagli stokkin már valkastar báru , krefr morginbráðar er kemr at hræs sævi ) .
In black flocks , the ravens hover over the corpses and the skald asks where they are heading ( Hvert stefni þér hrafnar hart með flokk hinn svarta ) . The raven goes forth in the blood of those fallen in battle ( Ód hrafn í valblóði ) . He flies from the field of battle with blood on his beak , human flesh in his talons and the reek of corpses from his mouth ( Með dreyrgu nefi , hold loðir í klóum en hræs þefr ór munni ) . The ravens who were the messengers of the highest god , Huginn and Muninn , increasingly had hellish connotations , and as early as in the Christian Sólarljóð , stanza 67 , the ravens of Hel ( l ) ( heljar hrafnar ) who tear the eyes off backtalkers are mentioned . Two curses in the Poetic Edda say " may ravens tear your heart asunder " ( Þit skyli hjarta rafnar slíta ) . and " the ravens shall tear out your eyes in the high gallows " ( Hrafnar skulu þér á hám galga slíta sjónir ór ) . Ravens are thus seen as instruments of divine ( if harsh and unpleasant ) justice .
Despite the violent imagery associated with them , early Scandinavians regarded the raven as a largely positive figure ; battle and harsh justice were viewed favorably in Norse culture . Many Old Norse personal names referred to the raven , such as Hrafn , Hrafnkel and Hrafnhild .
= = Usage = =
= = = Late 9th century = = =
The raven banner was used by a number of Viking warlords regarded in Norse tradition as the sons of the Danish Ragnar Lodbrok . The first mention of a Viking force carrying a raven banner is in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle . For the year 878 , the Chronicle relates :
And in the winter of this same year the brother of Ivar and Halfdan landed in Wessex , in Devonshire , with 23 ships , and there was he slain , and 800 men with him , and 40 of his army . There also was taken the war @-@ flag ( guðfani ) , which they called " Raven " .
The 12th @-@ century Annals of St Neots claims that a raven banner was present with the Great Heathen Army and adds insight into its seiðr- ( witchcraft- ) influenced creation and totemic and oracular nature :
Geffrei Gaimar 's
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laches in an action at law would be novel indeed . " The same footnote cited Ewert v. Bluejacket , 259 U.S. 129 ( 1922 ) for the proposition that laches " cannot properly have application to give vitality to a void deed and to bar the rights of Indian wards in lands subject to statutory restrictions . " The majority called the application of laches " questionable " and noted that such " would appear to be inconsistent with established federal policy . "
In its final footnote , the majority noted that , on " [ t ] he question whether equitable considerations should limit the relief available to the present day Oneida Indians . . . , we express no opinion as to . . . the final disposition of this case should Congress not exercise its authority to resolve these far @-@ reaching Indian claims . "
Abatement
The counties advanced the theory that the causes of action under Nonintercourse Acts of 1790 , 1793 , 1796 , 1799 , and 1802 ( unlike the final 1833 version ) abated upon the expiration of the statutes . However , the Court held that because the different versions of the Act contained " substantially the same restraint on the alienation of Indian lands . . . , the precedents of this Court compel the conclusion that the Oneidas ' cause of action has not abated . "
Ratification
The counties advanced the theory that later treaties between the Oneidas and the United States , which ceded different lands to New York , constituted a ratification of the earlier conveyances ( and thus those conveyances were in compliance with the Nonintercourse Act ) . The Court found this interpretation untenable under the canons of construction of federal Indian law , which provide that , inter alia , " treaties should be construed liberally in favor of the Indians . "
Nonjusticiability
The counties final argument was that the Oneida 's land claim was a nonjusticiable political question . The Court found this argument to be non @-@ meritorious in light of similar Indian law precedents .
Ancillary jurisdiction
The final question before the Court was whether the District Court rightly exercised ancillary jurisdiction over the counties ' cross @-@ claim against the state for indemnification . The Court rejected , as having " no basis in law , " the Second Circuit 's theory that " by violating a federal statute , the State consented to suit in federal court by any party on any claim , state or federal , growing out of the same nucleus of operative facts as the statutory violation . " Although the counties ' cross @-@ claim would meet the traditional criteria for ancillary jurisdiction , the Court found those criteria foreclosed by the Eleventh Amendment .
Conclusion
The Court concluded by remarking upon the " potential consequences of affirmance , " arguing that " this litigation makes abundantly clear the necessity for congressional action " to extinguish Indian title by statute . In the words of the Court :
One would have thought that claims dating back for more than a century and a half would have been barred long ago . As our opinion indicates , however , neither petitioners nor we have found any applicable statute of limitations or other relevant legal basis for holding that the Oneidas ' claims are barred or otherwise have been satisfied .
= = = Brennan and Marshall = = =
Justices William J. Brennan , Jr. and Thurgood Marshall joined the entirety of the majority 's opinion , except the ancillary jurisdiction portion . In a brief opinion , Brennan reiterated his view from Yeomans v. Kentucky ( 1975 ) that the Eleventh Amendment " bars federal court suits against States only by citizens of other States . "
= = = Stevens , Burger , White , and Rehnquist = = =
Justice John Paul Stevens , joined by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and Justices Byron White and William Rehnquist joined the majority 's opinion as to No. 83 @-@ 1240 ( the cross @-@ claims against the state ) but dissented as to No. 83 @-@ 1065 ( the Oneida 's claims against the counties ) . The dissenters would have barred the Oneida 's claim under the equitable doctrine of laches , noting :
[ In 1795 , the Oneidas ] made no attempt to assert the claim , and their successors in interest waited 175 years before bringing suit to avoid a 1795 conveyance that the Tribe freely made , for a valuable consideration . The absence of any evidence of deception , concealment , or interference with the Tribe 's right to assert a claim , together with the societal interests that always underlie statutes of repose @-@ particularly when title to real property is at stake @-@ convince me that this claim is barred by the extraordinary passage of time . It is worthy of emphasis that this claim arose when George Washington was the President of the United States .
The dissenters noted various historical examples of the Court applying laches to Indian equitable claims , and argued that the doctrine should also be applied to the action of ejectment ( which they admitted was an action at law , not equity ) . Specifically , they cited " [ t ] hree decisions of this Court illustrate the application of the doctrine of laches to actions seeking to set aside conveyances made in violation of federal law . " Moreover , the dissenters quoted Lewis v. Marshall , 30 U.S. 470 ( 1831 ) , for the proposition that :
The best interests of society require that causes of action should not be deferred an unreasonable time . This remark is peculiarly applicable to land titles . Nothing so much retards the growth and prosperity of a country as insecurity of titles to real estate . Labor is paralysed where the enjoyment of its fruits is uncertain ; and litigation without limit produces ruinous consequences to individuals .
The dissent concluded :
The Court , no doubt , believes that it is undoing a grave historical injustice , but in doing so it has caused another , which only Congress may now rectify .
The dissent did not address the other defenses raised by the counties .
= = Subsequent developments = =
= = = Remand = = =
On remand , after decades of settlement efforts , Judge McCurn entered judgments of $ 15 @,@ 994 against Oneida County and $ 18 @,@ 970 against Madison County , representing the full fair market rental value , minus set @-@ offs for improvements , plus pre @-@ judgment interest . The following year , McCurn denied cross @-@ motions for relief from the judgment – seeking to correct various mathematical errors previously made by Judge Port — due to a pending appeal before the Second Circuit . After a stipulated remand , McCurn granted both motions .
= = = Companion cases = = =
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. New York ( 2d Cir . 1988 )
Another Oneida claim , challenging the pre @-@ constitutional conveyance of another 6 @-@ million @-@ acre ( 24 @,@ 000 km2 ) tract , was rejected by the Second Circuit in 1988 , on the grounds that the Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 had neither the authority nor the intent to limit the acquisition of Indian lands within the borders of the states .
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York ( U.S. 2005 )
After decades , the Oneida became frustrated by the failure of the case to settle . Instead , they began to purchase land within the claim area in fee simple , asserting sovereignty over the re @-@ acquired parcels and refusing to pay property tax . In City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York ( 2005 ) , the Supreme Court held that laches barred the re @-@ assertion of sovereignty over ancestral land re @-@ acquired in fee simple ; the Court did not consider whether the original aboriginal title over the disputed parcels was
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created 7 @,@ 350 jobs , trained 20 @,@ 050 individuals , and had an additional positive impact on the conditions of more than 311 @,@ 000 Haitians .
= Awake ( TV series ) =
Awake is an American television police procedural fantasy drama that originally aired on NBC for one season from March 1 to May 24 , 2012 . The pilot episode had an early release on Hulu on February 16 , 2012 , two weeks before the series ' premiere on television . The show 's central character is Michael Britten ( Jason Isaacs ) , a detective who works for the Los Angeles Police Department . Kyle Killen , the series ' creator , was primarily responsible for the program 's concept ; although he served as a writer , he avowed that writing episode scripts was difficult . Killen also served as an executive producer ( with David Slade ) of the pilot episode . Jeffrey Reiner and Howard Gordon then continued producing ( with Killen ) for Gordon 's Teakwood Lane Productions .
Michael lives in two separate realities after a car accident . In one reality ( where he wears a red wristband ) , his wife Hannah ( Laura Allen ) survives the accident ; in the other reality ( where he wears a green wristband ) , his son Rex ( Dylan Minnette ) survives . Michael does not know which reality is " real " and uses the wristbands to differentiate between the two . He sees two therapists : Dr. Jonathan Lee ( BD Wong ) in the " red reality " and Dr. Judith Evans ( Cherry Jones ) in the " green reality " . At work , Michael 's erratic behavior triggers clashes with his team ; they do not know about Michael 's uncanny ability to solve crimes using details from both realities .
Awake averaged 4 @.@ 8 million viewers per episode , ranking 125th in viewership for the 2011 – 12 season . A critical success , Awake 's cast was praised ( particularly Isaacs ' performance as Michael ) . On May 11 , after 11 of the 13 produced episodes had aired , the show was canceled due to low ratings , although NBC aired the remaining episodes in the series ' original time slot . Fans of the show created a " Save Awake " campaign to convince networks to revive the show , which was unsuccessful . Awake has been nominated for one award .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception = = =
Killen ( the series ' creator ) devised the concept of the program , described as a " police procedural about the life of a detective experiencing a parallel universe after a car accident involving his family . " NBC picked up the pilot episode of Awake in February 2011 , and green @-@ lit production of the show ( originally entitled REM ) in May .
Killen previously created the American television drama Lone Star ( 2010 ) for the Fox network ; it was canceled by the network ( due to low ratings ) after two episodes had aired . Jennifer Salke , president of the NBC entertainment division , encouraged Killen to develop a concept for a future television series after the cancellation of Lone Star . Killen said that the duality concept of Lone Star provided him with a good platform to explore new ideas for a potential television show . He felt that Awake had a concept similar to that of Lone Star , and wanted to continue the idea of living in " two spaces " .
Killen drew inspiration from the dreaming process : " The concept of the way your dreams feel real , the way you seem to experience them as something that you don 't blink at until something crazy happens that sort of bursts that balloon . I think I became interested in the question of what if nothing ever popped that balloon ? What if you couldn 't tell the difference between when you were awake and when you were asleep ? And then I started looking for a way to marry those two ideas up , and a few months later we had Awake . "
Within a few weeks Killen sent a rough draft of the script to his agent , Marc Korman . Korman phoned Salke , calling the script " remarkable " and praising Killen : " ... for a guy who has never written a procedural show in his life " , he was " making two cases work . " Initially , Salke and Korman
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hoped to sell acquisition rights to other networks ( including Fox ) . Although it successfully made its way into the lower executive branches of the company , the script was ultimately declined by Fox entertainment president Kevin Reilly . Gary Newman , chairman of 20th Century Fox Television , opted not to develop a deal with cable @-@ television networks . Believing it should be a broadcast @-@ network show , he did not accept the idea that the difference between cable and network dramas was their degree of intelligence .
Killen described Awake as neither supernatural drama nor science fiction . He contrasted it with the Fox television series Fringe , claiming that Fringe " asks you to delve into sci @-@ fi " ; Awake was described as a " human story " , with the crimes on the show emphasizing that level . In addition , Killen made the version of Michael 's reality the viewer is watching obvious with a subtle visual device ; in the reality where his son is alive ( the " green reality " ) , the background is layered with a watery blue filter ( Michael often wears blue in the series ) . In the reality where his wife is alive ( the " red reality " ) , the background is infused with a brighter , golden hue .
= = = Production team = = =
Awake is a co @-@ production of Letter Eleven and Howard Gordon 's Teakwood Lane Productions , in association with 20th Century Fox Television . Gordon was chosen as showrunner for the series by Killen , and commended the pilot script at first glance on a flight to New York . " I read the pilot , and once I got past my envy , I was struck by the voice , " he stated . " So few writers have real voices . Kyle is disarmingly self @-@ effacing ; and at the same time , he 's disarmingly confident . It 's that duality thing : On the one hand , he 's open ; on the other , he 's closed . " Gordon later compared the television series to The Good Wife : " The Good Wife has so many procedural aspects that they have to decide which format to use each week ... Why is this an Awake episode ? " He and Killen served as executive producers ( with David Slade and Jeffrey Reiner ) for the pilot episode .
The series ' episodes were written by Killen , Gordon , Evan Katz , Lisa Zwerling , Noelle Valdivia , Leonard Chang , Davey Holmes and David Graziano . Episodes were directed by Slade , Reiner , Sarah Pia Anderson , Aaron Lipstadt , Scott Winant , Adam Davidson , Michael Waxman , Nick Gomez , Laura Innes , Milan Cheylov and Miguel Sapochnik . Jason Isaacs , Keith Redmon , Ed Milkovich and Michael Klick produced the show . Feliks Parnell was the show 's primary cinematographer . Editors of the show were Paul Trejo and Nikc Berrisford ; principal photography for the pilot was completed at Fox Studios in Los Angeles , California .
= = = Casting = = =
In February 2011 , Isaacs was cast in the role of Michael Britten , the central character of the series . Gordon summarized the character : " He 's a guy who goes to sleep , wakes up , he 's with his wife , goes to sleep , wakes up , and he 's with his son . And so — and he 's a cop who sees clues and details that crossover [ sic ] from one world to the next , and he uses that insight to solve crimes . " " [ The main character ] was somebody that you couldn 't decide if you liked or hated , and I think that [ Michael ] ' s dilemma is something that we 're not only sympathetic for , but somehow we want him to win . " Producers of the show initially approached Michaela McManus to play Hannah Britten . However , Laura Allen was cast instead ; McManus obtained the role of Tara ( for which Allen originally auditioned ) .
In March 2011 , six roles were cast ( including Dylan Minnette as Rex Britten , Michael 's son ) . Minnette commended the series ' script , and noted that auditioning was quick . He stated , " The process of getting the job actually went by really fast because the first audition Kyle Killen [ ... ] was in the room , Jason [ Isaacs ] was in the room , the cast director was in the room and the director was in the room . David Slade . And they were all there , for the first audition and I was like ' Wow ! Okay . ' " Minnette received the role two weeks after his audition . Other cast members included Wilmer Valderrama and Steve Harris as Michael 's partner in each reality , while Cherry Jones and BD Wong 's characters were cast as Michael 's therapists in separate realities . Wong chose the role in lieu of his part on the police @-@ procedural television drama Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . In September
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2011 , Innes garnered a recurring role in the series as Tricia Harper , Michael 's commanding officer . In January 2012 , Kevin Weisman was cast in a recurring role as Ed Hawkins , a detective in a separate division of the LAPD .
= = = Writing = = =
Killen said that writing the pilot episode 's script was one of the more @-@ difficult components of creating the show . He and his writing team would often get confused with exchanging and executing ideas for the script ; as a result they created outlines , distinguishing the separate realities with green or red ink . Slade edited the language to better separate the ideas . Stating that things are " initially confusing to us when we are just trying to break story , " he hoped that when viewers watched the pilot episode , they would be immediately oriented in the reality on screen at the time .
The complexity of the pilot 's script ( and the show 's concept ) was cited as a potential issue for the series . Salke considered that viewers enjoyed the series ' mythology as it affected the characters , despite the show 's Sliding Doors – like script . Upon reading the script , Isaacs felt that the show was complicated ; knowing which reality you are in was a " gift . " He stated that work for Awake was hard , but enjoyable . Isaacs later suggested that it might be too brooding for mainstream American television , and that it could potentially be the " U @-@ bend of scripts . " Despite such concerns , Gordon asserted that the concept of Awake was understandable if the viewer was attentive .
= = Series overview = =
Michael Britten , a detective with the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) , and his family are involved in a car accident . After the crash , Michael is confronted with two separate realities . His wife Hannah has ( apparently ) survived the accident ; however , in a second " reality " , his son Rex survives instead . To distinguish the two realities for the viewer , Michael wears a red wristband in the first reality and a green one in the second . Michael does not know which " reality " is real ; he has therapy sessions with Dr. Jonathan Lee in the " red reality " and Dr. Judith Evans in the " green " , both of whom attempt to diagnose what is happening to Michael . Each therapist sees it as a coping mechanism , insisting that the other reality is a dream . Dr. Lee is confrontational about the accident , while Dr. Evans is more nurturing . In the " red reality " Hannah plans to move to Portland , Oregon , but later decides against it ( partly due to Michael 's objections ) .
Before the crash Michael worked with his long @-@ time partner , Detective Isaiah Freeman ( known to his LAPD team as " Bird ) " . After the accident , Michael is assigned to Detective Efrem Vega in the " red reality . " Vega was previously an officer , when Bird was transferred to the western division to work with Detective Ed Hawkins . In the " green reality , " Michael stays with Bird and Efrem remains an officer . While working on cases in both realities , Michael begins to realize that the details of one case can help him with another case in the other reality . Due to this , he often clashes with his partners ( who are unaware of this ) . Rex and Hannah grieve each other 's death after the accident , coping in different ways : In the " red reality " Hannah begins to redecorate the house , while in the " green reality " Rex begins to play tennis with Hannah 's former partner Tara . In " Turtles All the Way Down " , in a dream Michael sees Hannah at a restaurant . He was " dreaming while he was dreaming " , and Hannah told Michael to give her " one last kiss goodbye " . This causes Dr. Evans to note that Michael realizes the " green reality " is life . However , soon afterwards Michael sees Rex and Hannah together and is happy .
Details surrounding the accident are slowly revealed as the series progresses . Shortly after the crash , Michael 's commanding officers ( Tricia Harper and Carl Kessel ) meet to talk about the accident and how they set up a " short " guy . Later a microphone at Ricky 's Tacos speaks to Michael , claiming that if he moved to Portland he would " never know the truth " . Michael slowly begins to remember what happened in the accident ; after realizing that Ed caused it , he speaks with Dr. Evans and Dr. Lee . His therapists insist that he is imagining it all to help cope with the pain . However , when Michael later breaks into Ed 's house Ed admits that he and an accomplice were hiding heroin at the Westfield Distribution Center ; " they decided he had to go " , after Michael began to uncover it . Michael does not know who " they " are , demanding that Ed tell him . Ed asks for protection before telling him , and attacks Michael when he is distracted . During the struggle Michael kills Ed , and Bird comes into the house after speaking to Dr. Evans . Michael later discovers that Carl and Tricia are involved in the setup . Tricia shoots Carl in the " green reality " ( in an attempt to hide her involvement in the accident ) , but is later imprisoned . At the end of the series finale ( " Turtles All the Way Down " ) , Michael sees Hannah and Rex together . Concerned about his odd behavior , they ask if he is all right . Michael replies , " I 'm perfect , " and closes his eyes .
Killen has said that he has seen interesting theories about the finale 's meaning . He says no theory is " wrong " except those which compared Awake 's finale to Dallas ( an American television soap opera ) or Newhart ( an American television sitcom ) . He supposed that there was the " überpossibility " that Michael was in a coma , or had a new third reality created , but it was not interpreted as " He woke up and his family was fine . He 'd just been having two nightmares . " Killen said " we actively fought against " the idea that the series was Michael 's dream ; what
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's worldwide gross have conflicted , with sources citing ₹ 889 @.@ 7 million ( US $ 13 million ) , ₹ 1 @.@ 07 billion ( US $ 16 million ) , ₹ 1 @.@ 31 billion ( US $ 19 million ) , and ₹ 1 @.@ 35 billion ( US $ 20 million ) .
= = = Protests in Gujarat = = =
In response to Khan 's support for the Narmada Bachao Andolan and his criticism of Chief Minister Narendra Modi , approximately 50 activists of the Sardar Patel Group conducted protests outside of PVR and INOX theatres in Vadodara , Gujarat . The group also issued statements to all the multiplexes of Gujarat , suggesting that the film not be screened unless Khan apologised for his comments . The INOX cinema eventually boycotted the film ; INOX Operations Manager Pushpendra Singh Rathod stated that " INOX is with Gujarat , and not isolated from it " .
= = = International Dyslexia Association = = =
The International Dyslexia Association screened Taare Zameen Par on 29 October 2008 in Seattle , Washington . Khan noted in his official blog that there were about 200 people in the audience and that he was " curious to see the response of a non @-@ Indian audience to what we had made . " He felt some concern that Taare Zameen Par was shown in a conference room rather than a cinema hall and was projected as a DVD rather than as a film . He said that the showing concluded to an " absolutely thunderous standing ovation " which " overwhelmed " him and that he " saw the tears streaming down the cheeks of the audience . " Khan also noted that the reaction to the film " was exactly as it had been with audiences back home in India " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Taare Zameen Par received several positive reviews . Subhash K. Jha suggests that the film is " a work of art , a water painting where the colors drip into our hearts , which could easily have fallen into the motions of over @-@ sentimentality . Aamir Khan holds back where he could easily resort to an extravagant display of drama and emotions . " Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ IBN argued that the true power of the film lies in its " remarkable , rooted , rock @-@ solid script which provides the landscape for such an emotionally engaging , heart @-@ warming experience . " Manish Gajjar from the BBC stated that the film " touches your heart and moves you deeply with its sterling performances . [ It is ] a film full of substance ! " Jaspreet Pandohar , also of BBC , posited that Taare Zameen Par is a " far cry from the formulaic masala flicks churned out by the Bollywood machine , " and is " an inspirational story that is as emotive as it is entertaining ; this is a little twinkling star of a movie . " Furthermore , Aprajita Anil of Screen gave the film four stars and stated , " Taare Zameen Par cannot be missed . Because it is different . Because it is delightful . Because it would make everyone think . Because it would help everyone grow . Because very rarely do performances get so gripping . And of course because the ' perfectionist ' actor has shaped into a ' perfectionist ' director . " In addition , filmmaker Anurag Kashyap stated that , " Taare Zameen Par took me back to my hostel days . If you take away the dyslexia , it seems like my story . The film affected me so deeply that I was almost left speechless . After watching the film , I was asked how I liked Taare Zameen Par . I could not talk as I was deeply overwhelmed . "
However , there were some criticisms . Jha 's only objection to the film was Nikumbh 's " sanctimonious lecture " to Ishaan 's " rather theatrically @-@ played " father . Jha found this a jarring " deviation from the delectable delicacy " of the film 's tone . Although she applauded the film overall and recommended " a mandatory viewing for all schools and all parents " , Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India believed the second half was " a bit repetitive , " the script needed " taut editing , " and Ishaan 's trauma " [ seemed ] a shade too prolonged and the treatment simplistic . " Despite commending the " great performances " and excellent directing , Gautaman Bhaskaran of The Hollywood Reporter , too , suggested that the movie " suffers from a weak script . " Likewise , Derek Kelly of Variety criticised it for what he described as its " touchy @-@ feely @-@ ness " attention to " a special needs kid 's plight . " Kelly also disliked the film for being " so resolutely caring ... and devoid of real drama and interesting characters " that " it should have ' approved by the Dyslexia Assn . ' stamped on the posters . "
= = = Scholarly response = = =
In his article " Taare Zameen Par and dyslexic savants " featured in the Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology , Ambar Chakravarty noted the general accuracy of Ishaan 's dyslexia . Though Chakravarty was puzzled by Ishaan 's trouble in simple arithmetic — a trait of dyscalculia rather than dyslexia — he reasoned it was meant to " enhance the image of [ Ishaan 's ] helplessness and disability " .
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emerge only to dissolve once more into the mass . This signifies : no film stars but a film of real @-@ life types .
Similarly , theatre critic Alexei Gvozdev wrote in the journal Artistic Life ( Zhizn ikusstva ) : " In Potemkin there is no individual hero as there was in the old theatre . It is the mass that acts : the battleship and its sailors and the city and its population in revolutionary mood . "
= IQ classification =
IQ classification is the practice by IQ test publishers of labeling IQ score ranges with category names such as " superior " or " average " . There are several publishers of tests of cognitive abilities . No two publishers use exactly the same classification labels , which have changed from time to time since the beginning of intelligence testing in the early twentieth century .
IQ scores have been derived by two different methods since the advent of cognitive ability tests . The first method historically was the " ratio IQ " , based on estimating a " mental age " of the test @-@ taker ( rounded to a specified number of years and months ) , which was then divided by the test @-@ taker 's " chronological age " ( rounded to a specified number of years and months ) . For example , a mental age score of thirteen years and zero months for a test @-@ taker with the chronological age ten years and zero months results in a quotient of 1 @.@ 3 after doing the division . The division result was then multiplied by 100 so that scores could be reported without decimal points . Thus the score in the example would be reported as IQ 130 .
The current scoring method for all IQ tests is the " deviation IQ " . In this method , an IQ score of 100 means that the test @-@ taker 's performance on the test is at the median level of performance in the sample of test @-@ takers of about the same age used to norm the test . An IQ score of 115 means performance one standard deviation above the median , a score of 85 performance one standard deviation below the median , and so on . Lewis Terman and other early developers of IQ tests noticed that most child IQ scores come out to approximately the same number by either procedure . Deviation IQs are now used for standard scoring of all IQ tests in large part because they allow a consistent definition of IQ for both children and adults . By the current " deviation IQ " definition of IQ test standard scores , about two @-@ thirds of all test @-@ takers obtain scores from 85 to 115 , and about 5 percent of the population scores above 125 .
Historically , even before IQ tests were invented , there were attempts to classify people into intelligence categories by observing their behavior in daily life . Those other forms of behavioral observation are still important for validating classifications based primarily on IQ test scores . Both intelligence classification by observation of behavior outside the testing room and classification by IQ testing depend on the definition of " intelligence " used in a particular case and on the reliability and error of estimation in the classification procedure .
All IQ tests show variation in scores even when the same person takes the same test over and over again . IQ scores also differ for a test @-@ taker taking tests from more than one publisher at the same age . The various test publishers do not use uniform names or definitions for IQ score classifications . All these issues must be kept in mind when interpreting an individual 's IQ scores , because they all can result in different IQ classifications for the same person at different times .
= = Variance in individual IQ classification = =
IQ tests generally are reliable enough that most people ages ten and older have similar IQ scores throughout life . Still , some individuals score very differently when taking the same test at different times or when taking more than one kind of IQ test at the same age . For example , many children in the famous longitudinal Genetic Studies of Genius begun in 1921 by Lewis Terman showed declines in IQ as they grew up . Terman recruited school pupils based on referrals from teachers , and gave them his Stanford – Binet IQ test . Children with an IQ above 140 by that test were included in the study . There were 643 children in the main study group . When the students who could be contacted again ( 503 students ) were retested at high school age , they were found to have dropped 9 IQ points on average in Stanford – Binet IQ . More than two dozen children dropped by 15 IQ points and six by 25 points or more . Yet parents of those children thought that the children were still as bright as ever , or even brighter .
Because all IQ tests have error of measurement in the test @-@ taker 's IQ score , a test @-@ giver should always inform the test @-@ taker of the confidence interval around the score obtained on a given occasion of taking each test . IQ scores are ordinal scores and are not expressed in an interval measurement unit . Besides the inherent error band around any IQ test score because tests are a " sample of learned behavior " , IQ scores can also be misleading because test @-@ givers fail to follow standardized administration and scoring procedures . In cases of test @-@ giver mistakes , the usual result is that tests are scored too leniently , giving the test @-@ taker a higher IQ score than the test @-@ taker 's performance justifies . Some test @-@ givers err by showing a " halo effect " , with low @-@ IQ individuals receiving IQ scores even lower than if standardized procedures were followed , while high @-@ IQ individuals receive inflated IQ scores .
IQ classifications for individuals also vary because category labels for IQ score ranges are specific to each brand of test . The test publishers do not have a uniform practice of labeling IQ score ranges , nor do they have a consistent practice of dividing up IQ score ranges into categories of the same size or with the same boundary scores . Thus psychologists should specify which test was given when reporting a test @-@ taker 's IQ . Psychologists and IQ test authors recommend that psychologists adopt the terminology of each test publisher when reporting IQ score ranges .
IQ classifications from IQ testing are not the last word on how a test @-@ taker will do in life , nor are they the only information to be considered for placement in school or job @-@ training programs . There is still a dearth of information about how behavior differs between persons with differing IQ scores . For placement in school programs , for medical diagnosis , and for career advising , factors other than IQ must also be part of an individual assessment .
The lesson here is that classification systems are necessarily arbitrary and change at the whim of test authors , government bodies , or professional organizations . They are statistical concepts and do not correspond in any real sense to the specific capabilities of any particular person with a given IQ . The classification systems provide descriptive labels that may be useful for
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release , author Tom Moon describes it as an album to play " whenever your faith in the power of music begins to wane " . Sales of The Concert for Bangladesh continue to benefit the George Harrison Fund for UNICEF , which raised $ 1 @.@ 2 million for children in the Horn of Africa , in a 2011 campaign marking the album 's 40th anniversary .
= = The concerts = =
While in Los Angeles in June 1971 , and after being made aware of the gravity of the situation in what was then known as East Pakistan by friend and musician Ravi Shankar , George Harrison set about organising two fundraising concerts at Madison Square Garden , New York , to aid the war @-@ ravaged and disaster @-@ stricken country . In the middle of these hurried preparations , he composed the song " Bangla Desh " in order to call further attention to the Bengalis ' cause , and rush @-@ released it as a charity single four days before the shows . Riding high with the recent success of his All Things Must Pass triple album , Harrison then headlined the all @-@ star UNICEF benefit concerts , backed by a 24 @-@ piece band of musicians and singers , on Sunday , 1 August 1971 . Equally notable were appearances by fellow ex @-@ Beatle Ringo Starr and Bob Dylan , both of whom , like Harrison , had been mostly unavailable to concert audiences for several years . In Dylan 's case , it was his first appearance on a major US concert stage in five years , and his participation in the event had been uncertain until he walked on for his segment midway through the afternoon show .
The concerts were highly successful in raising international awareness of the plight of the refugees – thought to number up to 10 million – and a cheque for over US $ 243 @,@ 000 was soon sent to UNICEF for relief . The media lavished praise on Harrison as an ambassador for rock altruism and hailed the event as proof that " the Utopian spirit of the Sixties was still flickering " , as Rolling Stone magazine put it . With concert recording having been carried out at Madison Square Garden by Gary Kellgren , using the Record Plant 's 16 @-@ track mobile unit , Harrison intended to raise significantly more money via a live album of the event , to be issued on the Beatles ' Apple Records label , followed by Apple Films ' concert documentary , also to be titled The Concert for Bangladesh .
= = Album preparation = =
During his and Shankar 's press conference in New York on 27 July , Harrison had stated that a live album might be ready for release within ten days of the shows . Although this estimate would turn out to be highly optimistic , the following year , in an effort to foil concert bootleggers , Elvis Presley succeeded in delivering a live album just eight days after his own , much @-@ publicised Madison Square Garden shows .
Harrison and co @-@ producer Phil Spector began working on the Bangladesh recordings on 2 August , and work continued there at the Record Plant for around a week . Spector later talked of them spending " six months " mixing what amounted to a total of four hours of music ; in fact , the process took just over a month , as Harrison told talk @-@ show host Dick Cavett that November . In their book Eight Arms to Hold You , Chip Madinger and Mark Easter question the extent of Spector 's involvement , citing Harrison 's subsequent lauding of Kellgren 's role in " capturing the performances " on 1 August , as well as the fact that Spector was " in and out of hospital " during this time , similar to his erratic attendance at the All Things Must Pass sessions in 1970 .
= = = Concert recordings = = =
Speaking in 2011 , Spector identified two issues that prolonged the live album 's preparation , both of them reflective of the haste with which the concerts came together : " It was chaos [ setting up at Madison Square Garden ] – we had three hours to mic the band , then the audience came in , and we didn 't know how to mic the audience . " And rather than a standard " band " , this was a full Wall of Sound orchestra : two drummers ( Ringo Starr and Jim Keltner ) , two keyboard players ( Billy Preston and Leon Russell ) , six horn players ( led by Jim Horn ) , three electric guitarists ( Harrison , Eric Clapton and Jesse Ed Davis ) , a trio of acoustic guitars to be " felt but not heard " ( Badfinger 's Pete Ham , Tom Evans and Joey Molland ) , the seven members of Don Nix 's " Soul Choir " , together with bassist Klaus Voormann and a dedicated percussion player , Mike Gibbins of Badfinger . In his review of the Concert for Bangladesh film for NME , John Pidgeon described the scene as " a roadie 's nightmare of instruments , mikes , amps and speakers " .
Before the Western portion of the concerts , there were the traditionally hard @-@ to @-@ record Indian string instruments of Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan to amplify , together with Alla Rakha 's tabla and the drone @-@ enhancing tambura , played by Kamala Chakravarty – each offering natural musical tones so easily lost in the " cavernous Garden " . An additional challenge for Kellgren had been the need to capture the dynamics of a well @-@ paced show designed around professionally presented hit songs , rather than a loose superstar jam .
= = = Post @-@ production = = =
With ongoing friendships a priority , Harrison had promised the main participants that , should things turn out badly on 1 August , they could be excluded from any album or film release . According to Madinger and Easter , he took early mixes of the concert tapes to Dylan for the latter 's approval . Of all the featured performers , only Leon Russell chose to intervene , necessitating a reworking of his " Jumpin ' Jack Flash / Youngblood " medley , which he apparently remixed himself . Post @-@ production on the Madison Square Garden recordings was minimal , the known examples being Harrison 's double @-@ tracked lead vocal on the bridges of " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " , and a composite edit of his opening song , " Wah @-@ Wah " , which was assembled from both the shows . In addition , it is possible that Shankar and Khan 's " Bangla Dhun " was severely edited down : Harrison later described their set as having lasted 45 minutes , yet the running time on the album is under seventeen minutes and in the film just fifteen .
The final mix down of the recordings , for album and film use , was carried out in Los Angeles in September , by A & M Studios engineers Norman Kinney and Steve Mitchell . In their joint interview for the 2005 Concert for Bangladesh Revisited documentary , Kinney and Mitchell confirm that music from both the afternoon ( matinee ) and evening performances was used for the concert film and live album ; they also state that Spector repeatedly instructed them to increase the volume of the audience in the mixes , in a search for more " feel of the room " in the end result . The second show was preferred when it came to selecting the best concert audio . The exceptions are as follows : " Wah @-@ Wah " , which starts off with the evening version but cuts to the matinee at 2 : 53 ; Harrison 's band introduction and " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " , both sourced from the first show ; and Russell 's medley , which is also from the matinee on the album , but in the concert film , the audio cuts to the evening show during " Youngblood " .
Harrison 's geniality as a host was well represented on the recordings . As with Shankar 's pre- " Bangla Dhun " address , Harrison 's band introductions , complete with Russell and Voormann breaking into " Yellow Submarine " when Starr 's name is mentioned , and his other on @-@ stage dialogue – particularly the concert @-@ sealing " Like to bring on a friend of us all ... Mr Bob Dylan " – would become as integral to the legacy of the event as the music itself .
= = Record company obstruction = =
On 23 August , press reports appeared citing " legal problems " as the reason behind the delaying of the much @-@ anticipated live album – problems that would turn out to be a disagreement between EMI @-@ owned Capitol Records ( Apple 's US distributor ) and Columbia Records ( Dylan 's label ) over who had a rightful claim to release the album . Columbia / CBS were eventually mollified with the granting of tape distribution rights in North America , and record and tape distribution in the rest of the world . Another stumbling block was Capitol 's
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insistence that they receive monetary compensation , thought to be around $ 400 @,@ 000 , for what the company perceived to be vast production and distribution costs for the boxed three @-@ record set . It was a position from which EMI chairman Bhaskar Menon refused to budge , while Harrison was equally adamant that , since all the artists were providing their services for free and Apple was supplying the album packaging at no charge , the record company " must give up something " also .
With the sound mix being completed in LA , Harrison spent most of September 1971 in New York working on the problematic film footage of the concert , before heading to London . There he attended the re @-@ opening of Apple Studio on 30 September and produced new signing Lon & Derrek Van Eaton 's debut single , as well as enduring a fruitless meeting with the British Treasury 's financial secretary – the latter activity in an attempt to have the government waive its standard purchase tax , and so keep the album affordable to record @-@ buyers . Harrison returned to New York on 5 October and announced that the Bangladesh live album would be issued during the following month . At this time , with concert bootlegs now on the market , posters were placed in record shops bearing the slogan : " Save a starving child . Don 't buy a bootleg ! "
In the fourth week of November – well into the lucrative Christmas sales period and close to four months after the concerts – Harrison voiced his frustration at the stalemate with Capitol on ABC 's late @-@ night chat show , The Dick Cavett Show . Harrison was on the program to promote the Raga documentary with Shankar , but after making a surprise guest performance with Gary Wright 's new band Wonderwheel , he launched into a complaint about his US record company 's interference and threatened to take the whole album package to Columbia . With the outburst attracting unfavourable attention in the press , where Capitol were viewed as " profiteering on the backs of famine victims " , the company eventually backed down and agreed to release the album on Harrison 's terms . Of all the labels involved , only Columbia would make any money from The Concert for Bangladesh – 25 cents on every copy sold . Although none of these royalties went to the artist , Dylan and his record company were already benefiting from the exposure provided by the Bangladesh concerts , through the timely release of Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol . II . Of the other featured artists at the Concert for Bangladesh , the careers of both Preston ( A & M Records ) and Russell ( Shelter ) likewise prospered as a result of their participation , but their record companies imposed no such conditions on Apple and Capitol . In January 1972 , Melody Maker 's Richard Williams remarked in his Concert for Bangladesh album review : " Between them , Capitol and CBS have proved that , when it comes to awareness and enlightenment , the business is still several years behind the musicians . "
Once the album had been granted a release date , Apple 's financial terms ensured that as much money as possible would be raised from each copy sold , but that it would be difficult for retailers to profit financially . Some retailers responded with " shameless price gouging " on the three @-@ record set , apparently at Capitol 's recommendation . Following the protracted negotiations surrounding the live album 's distribution , Harrison 's disaffection with EMI / Capitol was a key factor behind his signing with A & M Records in January 1976 .
= = Album artwork = =
The album 's packaging was designed by Camouflage Productions partners Tom Wilkes and Barry Feinstein , the same team responsible for All Things Must Pass , rock music
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's first boxed triple album . Along with Alan Pariser , both Wilkes and Feinstein had taken stills photographs at Madison Square Garden , at the soundcheck on 31 July and during the concerts the next day , the results filling the 64 @-@ page full @-@ colour booklet accompanying the original album . Also used as the Concert for Bangladesh movie poster , the album @-@ cover photograph – the " haunting " image of a malnourished young child sitting naked behind a wide , empty food bowl , author Bruce Spizer writes – was a still taken from news agency film footage and airbrushed extensively by Wilkes . Having created the provocative , headline @-@ filled picture sleeve for Harrison 's " Bangla Desh " single earlier in the year , Wilkes was keen to capture " real human compassion " in this cover and poster image .
The booklet 's back @-@ cover picture showed an open guitar case filled with food and medical supplies , below a copy of the cheque for the Madison Square Garden box @-@ office takings . Wilkes intended this image to convey a sense of hope , signifying the completion of the task that the participants had set out to achieve for the refugees from East Pakistan .
The three vinyl LPs and booklet were housed inside a deep orange @-@ coloured box . The 1991 CD release placed the cover photo on a white background , however , replicating the front of the original album booklet . As commentators noted in 1991 , the necessary downsizing to CD dimensions meant that much of the effectiveness of the booklet photography was lost , not least because the contents had also been trimmed down to just 36 pages .
Further changes to Camouflage 's design concept occurred for the 2005 CD remaster and DVD release . In 1971 , Capitol executives had been concerned that the cover image was too " depressing " and uncommercial , according to Jon Taplin , who served as production manager at the Madison Square concerts ; Harrison had been resolute , however , and so Wilkes 's design was used . In October 2005 , four years after Harrison 's death , the remastered Concert for Bangladesh releases appeared with a photo of him on the cover , although the special @-@ edition DVD retained the original image .
= = Release = =
The Concert for Bangladesh was released in the United States on 20 December 1971 , and in Britain on 10 January 1972 , with the same Apple Records catalogue number ( STCX 3385 ) in both territories . The retail price for the lavishly packaged triple album was set at $ 12 @.@ 98 in America and an extraordinarily high £ 5 @.@ 50 in the UK , due to the purchase tax surcharge there . The prices drew some criticism , from Harrison for one , even if it was accepted that the proceeds were going to those in desperate need – or , as Beatles Forever author Nicholas Schaffner wrote in 1977 , to " a nation still viewed as the worst pocket of misery on earth " . Similarly , the relief project 's funds controversy and tax problems , which came to light shortly after the release of the live album , were a source of frustration and embarrassment to Harrison , but commentators have noted that these problems took nothing away from the " resounding success " of Harrison and Shankar 's Bangladesh relief project .
Despite the cost , the album was an immediate commercial success . In America , it spent six weeks at number 2 on the Billboard Top LPs chart , kept from the top by Don McLean 's American Pie , which was one of the top @-@ selling albums there for 1972 . On the other US charts , compiled by Cash Box and Record World , the live album peaked at number 2 and number 1 , respectively . In the UK , The Concert for Bangladesh became Harrison 's second number 1 album , after All Things Must Pass in early 1971 . The album was certified gold by the RIAA on 4 January 1972 for sales of over 500 @,@ 000 units .
In March 1973 , The Concert for Bangladesh 's significance was further underlined when it won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . In Harrison 's absence , Ringo Starr attended the awards ceremony in Nashville and carried off a tray of Grammys , one for each of the featured performers . Author Peter Lavezzoli writes that , with the success of the live album and Saul Swimmer 's concert documentary , which opened in US cinemas in March 1972 , Indian classical music reached its largest Western audience to date through the Concert for Bangladesh .
= = = Reissue = = =
The Concert for Bangladesh was first issued on CD on 30 July 1991 in America and 19 August in Britain . It was presented as a two @-@ disc set , with significant editing of
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her class . She was ordered as battleship D , and was laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft ( Imperial Shipyard ) in Wilhelmshaven in 1890 . She was the first ship of the class to be launched , on 30 June 1891 . The ceremony was attended by Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife , Augusta Victoria . She was commissioned into the German fleet on 29 April 1894 , the same day as her sister Brandenburg . While on sea trials , the ship suffered from several problems with her propulsion system . She was therefore decommissioned for repairs to the machinery , before being re @-@ commissioned on 1 November 1894 . Construction of Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm cost the German navy 11 @.@ 23 million marks . Upon her commissioning , Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was assigned to the I Division of the I Battle Squadron alongside her three sisters . She replaced the ironclad Bayern as the Squadron flagship on 16 November , under the command of Vizeadmiral ( Vice Admiral ) Hans von Koester . Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm would remain the flagship for the next six years . The I Division was accompanied by the four older Sachsen @-@ class ironclads in the II Division , though by 1901 – 2 , the Sachsens were replaced by the new Kaiser Friedrich III @-@ class battleships . The ship was a training ground for later commanders in chief of the High Seas Fleet , including Admirals Reinhard Scheer and Franz von Hipper , who both served aboard the ship as navigation officers during 1897 and October 1898 to September 1899 , respectively .
After entering active service , Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and the rest of the squadron attended ceremonies for the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal at Kiel on 3 December 1894 . The squadron thereafter began a winter training cruise in the Baltic Sea ; this was the first such cruise by the German fleet . In previous years , the bulk of the fleet was deactivated for the winter months . During this voyage , the I Division anchored in Stockholm from 7 to 11 December , during the 300th anniversary of the birth of Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus . King Oscar II held a reception for the visiting German delegation , which included Prince Heinrich , the younger brother of Wilhelm II and the commander of the battleship Wörth . Thereafter , further exercises were conducted in the Baltic before the ships had to put into their home ports for repairs . During this dockyard period , Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm had her funnels extended in height .
1895 began with what became the normal trips to Heligoland and then to Bremerhaven , with Wilhelm II on board . This was followed by individual ship and divisional training , which was interrupted by a voyage to the northern North Sea . On this trip , Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was accompanied by her sister ship Brandenburg ; the two battleships stopped in Lerwick in Shetland from 16 to 23 March . This was the first time units of the main German fleet had left home waters . The purpose of the exercise was to test the ships in heavy weather ; both vessels performed admirably . In May , more fleet maneuvers were carried out in the western Baltic , and they were concluded by a visit of the fleet to Kirkwall in Orkney . The squadron returned to Kiel in early June , where preparations were under way for the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal . Tactical exercises were carried out in Kiel Bay in the presence of foreign delegations to the opening ceremony .
On 28 June , an explosion
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from scrotal swelling .
Males reach sexual maturity at 3 – 5 weeks ; females can be fertile as early as four weeks and can carry litters before they are adults . Females that have never given birth may develop irreversible fusing of the pubic symphysis , a joint in the pelvis , due to calcification which may occur between six and 10 months of age . If they become pregnant after this has happened , the birth canal will not widen sufficiently ; this may lead to dystocia and death as they attempt to give birth . Calcification of the female 's pubic symphysis ( if not bred ) is a common myth . The reason for potential calcification is a metabolic disease , like ochronosis . A healthy , normal female guinea pig 's pubic symphysis does not calcify . Females can become pregnant 6 – 48 hours after giving birth , but it is not healthy for a female to be thus constantly pregnant .
Toxemia of pregnancy is common and kills many pregnant females . Signs of toxemia include anorexia , lack of energy , excessive salivation , a sweet or fruity breath odor due to ketones , and seizures in advanced cases . Pregnancy toxemia appears to be most common in hot climates . Other serious complications of pregnancy can include a prolapsed uterus , hypocalcaemia , and mastitis .
= = Diet = =
Grass is the guinea pig 's natural diet . Their molars are particularly suited for grinding plant matter , and grow continuously throughout the animal 's life . Most grass @-@ eating mammals are quite large and have a long digestive tract ; while guinea pigs have much longer colons than most rodents , they must also supplement their diet by coprophagy , the eating of their own feces . However , they do not consume all their feces indiscriminately , but produce special soft pellets , called cecotropes , which recycle B vitamins , fiber , and bacteria required for proper digestion . The cecotropes ( or caecal pellets ) are eaten directly from the anus , unless the guinea pig is pregnant or obese . They share this behaviour with rabbits . In geriatric boars or sows ( the condition is rarer in young ones ) , the muscles which allow the softer pellets to be expelled from the anus for consumption can become weak . This creates a condition known as anal impaction , which prevents the boar from redigesting cecotropes , though harder pellets may pass through the impacted mass . The condition may be temporarily alleviated by carefully expelling the impacted feces .
Guinea pigs benefit from feeding on fresh grass hay , such as timothy hay , in addition to food pellets which are often based from timothy . Alfalfa is also a popular food choice ; most guinea pigs will eat large amounts of alfalfa when offered it , though some controversy exists over the feeding of alfalfa to adult guinea pigs . Some pet owners and veterinary organizations have advised that , as a legume rather than a grass hay , alfalfa consumed in large amounts may lead to obesity , as well as bladder stones due to excess calcium , in any but pregnant and very young guinea pigs . However , published scientific sources mention alfalfa as a source for replenishment of protein , amino acids , and fiber .
Like humans , but unlike most other mammals , guinea pigs cannot synthesize their own vitamin C and must obtain this vital nutrient from food . If guinea pigs do not ingest enough vitamin C , they can suffer from potentially fatal scurvy . Guinea pigs require about 10 mg of vitamin C daily ( 20 mg if pregnant ) , which can be obtained through fresh , raw fruits and vegetables ( such as broccoli , apple , cabbage , carrot , celery , and spinach ) or through dietary supplements . Healthy diets for guinea pigs require a complex balance of calcium , magnesium , phosphorus , potassium , and hydrogen ions ; adequate amounts of vitamins E , A , and D are also necessary . Imbalanced diets have been associated with muscular dystrophy , metastatic calcification , difficulties with pregnancy , vitamin deficiencies , and teeth problems . Guinea pigs tend to be fickle eaters when it comes to fresh fruits and vegetables , having learned early in life what is and is not appropriate to consume , and their habits are difficult to change after maturity . They do not respond well to sudden changes in diet ; they may stop eating and starve rather than accept new food types . A constant supply of hay or other food is generally recommended , as guinea pigs feed continuously and may develop habits such as chewing on their own hair if food is not present . Because guinea pigs ' teeth grow constantly , they routinely gnaw , lest their teeth become too large for their mouths , a common problem in rodents . Guinea pigs also chew on cloth , paper , plastic , and rubber .
A number of plants are poisonous to guinea pigs , including bracken , bryony , buttercup , charlock , deadly nightshade , foxglove , hellebore , hemlock , lily of the valley , mayweed , monkshood , privet , ragwort , rhubarb , speedwell , toadflax ( both Linaria vulgaris and Linaria dalmatica ) , and wild celery . Additionally , any plant which grows from a bulb ( e.g. , tulip or onion ) is normally considered poisonous , as well as ivy and oak tree leaves .
= = Health = =
Common ailments in domestic guinea pigs include respiratory tract infections , diarrhea , scurvy ( vitamin C deficiency , typically characterized by sluggishness ) , abscesses due to infection ( often in the neck , due to hay embedded in the throat , or from external scratches ) , and infections by lice , mites , or fungus .
Mange mites ( Trixacarus caviae ) are a common cause of hair loss , and other symptoms may also include excessive scratching , unusually aggressive behavior when touched ( due to pain ) , and , in some instances , seizures . Guinea pigs may also suffer from " running lice " ( Gliricola porcelli ) , a small , white insect which can be seen moving through the hair ; their eggs , which appear as black or white specks attached to the hair , are sometimes referred to as " static lice " . Other causes of hair loss can be due to hormonal upsets caused by underlying medical conditions such as ovarian cysts .
Foreign bodies , especially small pieces of hay or straw , can become lodged in the eyes of guinea pigs , resulting in excessive blinking , tearing , and in some cases an opaque film over the eye due to corneal ulcer . Hay or straw dust can also cause sneezing . While it is normal for guinea pigs to sneeze periodically , frequent sneezing may be a symptom of pneumonia , especially in response to atmospheric changes . Pneumonia may also be accompanied by torticollis and can be fatal .
Because the guinea pig has a stout , compact body , it more easily tolerates excessive cold than excessive heat . Its normal body temperature is 101 – 104 ° F ( 38 – 40 ° C ) , so its ideal ambient air temperature range is similar to a human 's , about 65 – 75 ° F ( 18 – 24 ° C ) . Consistent ambient temperatures in excess of 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) have been linked to hyperthermia and death , especially among pregnant sows . Guinea pigs are not well suited to environments that feature wind or frequent drafts , and respond poorly to extremes of humidity outside of the range of 30 – 70 % .
Guinea pigs are prey animals whose survival instinct is to mask pain and signs of illness , and many times health problems may not be apparent until a condition is severe or in its advanced stages . Treatment of disease is made more difficult by the extreme sensitivity guinea pigs have to most antibiotics , including penicillin , which kill off the intestinal flora and quickly bring on episodes of diarrhea and in some cases , death .
Similar to the inherited genetic diseases of other breeds of animal ( such as hip dysplasia in canines ) , a number of genetic abnormalities of guinea pigs have been reported . Most commonly , the roan coloration of Abyssinian guinea pigs is associated with congenital eye disorders and problems with the digestive system . Other genetic disorders include " waltzing disease " ( deafness coupled with a tendency to run in circles ) , palsy , and tremor conditions .
= = Pets =
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now live in Kent .
Bradford City fan Mark Lawn bought Speirs ' FA Cup winning medal . Lawn later became chairman of the football club and allowed the medal to be shown , alongside that of Frank Thompson , in the club 's museum . Speirs ' medals formed part of an exhibition to celebrate Bradford City 's centenary in 2003 at Bradford Industrial Museum and have also been on show at Imperial War Museum North , in Greater Manchester , as part of an exhibition linking sport and war .
= = Playing honours = =
Annandale
Glasgow Junior Cup : 1905
Rangers
Glasgow Merchants ' Charity Cup : 1906
Bradford City
FA Cup : 1911
Leeds City
West Riding Cup : 1914
= = Playing statistics = =
Senior competitions only .
League refers to either Scottish Football League or The Football League appearances . Cup refers to either Scottish Cup or FA Cup appearances .
= Super Metroid =
Super Metroid is an action @-@ adventure video game published by Nintendo , developed by its Research & Development 1 ( R & D1 ) division , and programmed by Intelligent Systems for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . It was released in Japan on March 19 , 1994 , in North America on April 18 , and in Europe and Australia on July 28 . The game was directed and written by Yoshio Sakamoto , and produced by Makoto Kano , with Gunpei Yokoi serving as general manager . It is the third game in the Metroid series .
Super Metroid is a direct sequel to Metroid II : Return of Samus ( 1991 ) . The player controls bounty hunter Samus Aran as she attempts to retrieve a Metroid larva stolen by the Space Pirate leader Ridley . The gameplay focuses on exploration , with the player searching for power @-@ ups that are used to reach previously inaccessible areas . It introduces new concepts to the series , such as the inventory screen , an automapping facility , and the ability to fire in all directions .
Super Metroid received critical acclaim , and is widely considered by many critics and gamers to be one of the greatest video games of all time , owing to its use of atmosphere , gameplay , audio , cinematic elements and graphics . While the game sold poorly in Japan , it fared better in North America and Europe . Super Metroid became popular among players for speedrunning , and its gameplay and design influenced other games , including Shadow Complex and Axiom Verge . The game was followed by the 2002 release of Metroid Fusion and Metroid Prime , ending the series ' eight @-@ year hiatus . Since 2007 , Super Metroid has been released for the Virtual Console service on the Wii , the Wii U , and the New Nintendo 3DS .
= = Gameplay = =
Super Metroid is an 2D , side @-@ scrolling action @-@ adventure game , which primarily takes place on the fictional planet Zebes — a large , open @-@ ended world with areas connected by doors and elevators . The player controls Samus Aran as she searches the planet for a Metroid that was stolen by Ridley , the leader of the Space Pirates . Samus can run , jump , crouch , and fire a weapon in eight directions ; she can also perform other actions , such as wall jumping — jumping from one wall to another in rapid succession to reach higher areas . The " Moon Walk " ability , named after the popular dance move of the same name , allows Samus to walk backwards while firing or charging her weapon . The heads @-@ up display shows Samus ' health , the supply mode for reserve tanks , icons that represent weapons , and an automap that shows her location and its surroundings .
Throughout the course of the game , the player collects power @-@ ups that enhance Samus ' armor and weaponry , as well as grant her special abilities , allowing Samus to access areas that were previously inaccessible . The Morph Ball allows Samus to curl into a ball , roll into tight places and plant bombs ; the Spring Ball adds an ability to jump while in Morph Ball form . The Speed Booster can be used to run at high speeds , and can crash onto barriers and enemies . The Space Jump allows Samus to jump infinite times to cover great distances , and the Hi @-@ Jump Boots allow for a higher jump . The Grapple Beam can be used to swing across open areas . The X @-@ ray Scope is used to see items and passages through walls and other surfaces .
Super Metroid features an inventory screen , in which the player can enable and disable weapons and abilities , combine Samus ' weapon beams , or replenish her health by using acquired reserve tanks ; when the supply mode is set to " auto " , the reserve tanks are automatically used if Samus ' health is depleted . The save system from Metroid II : Return of Samus returns in Super Metroid , which allows the player to save and resume the game at any of the save points scattered around the planet . The player can also save the game at Samus ' gunship , which fully recharges her health and ammunition as well . Super Metroid has three endings based on the time taken to complete the game , which determine whether Samus poses with or without her suit . The best ending is achieved when the game is completed under three hours .
= = Plot = =
Super Metroid opens with a narrative by bounty hunter Samus Aran . Samus describes how a Metroid larva hatched from an egg and immediately imprinted upon her , believing her to be its mother . She brought the larva to Ceres Space Colony , where scientists believed that they could harness its power . Just after she left the colony , she received a distress call and returned to find the scientists dead and the larva stolen by Ridley — the leader of the Space Pirates . Samus escapes from the space colony when its self @-@ destruct sequence is activated , and follows Ridley to the planet Zebes . There , she searches for the stolen larva in a network of caves , and finds that the Space Pirates rebuilt and expanded their base on Zebes .
Along the way , Samus defeats four of the Space Pirate bosses , including Kraid and Ridley , and arrives in Tourian — the heart of the Space Pirate base . There , she encounters the Metroid larva , which has now grown to an enormous size . It attacks Samus and nearly drains all of her energy before it realizes who she is , and then departs . Samus recharges her energy and confronts Mother Brain , the biomechanical creature that controls the base 's systems and all the enemy forces on Zebes . Mother Brain nearly kills Samus , but is then attacked by the Metroid larva , which drains it of its energy and transfers it back to Samus . Mother Brain recovers and destroys the Metroid in retaliation , but is in turn defeated by Samus with the Hyper Beam — an extremely powerful weapon created from the energy given to her by the Metroid . Afterward , a planetary self @-@
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no major action . The division spent its time engaging in the vital effort of rebuilding and consolidating washed out trenches and raiding German positions . For the former , the division was commended by their Corps commander Rudolph Lambart ( XIV Corps ) . The most notable raid conducted during this period occurred in November by the 14th Welsh . Elements of the battalion launched a large raid on a German position known as High Command Redoubt , a fortified position on a slight rise that overlooked the British lines . From this redoubt , the Germans had been able to direct artillery fire and snipe the British positions . The 14th Welsh raided the position , killing 50 defenders in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat and taking 20 more as prisoners .
In June , the division was withdrawn into reserve to conduct training exercises for the Ypres offensive . Replicas of the German positions on Pilckem Ridge were built and attacks rehearsed . On 20 July , the division returned to the front taking over from the 29th Division . Until the end of the month , the division was subjected to German artillery fire . These shells , a mixture of high explosive and mustard gas , inflicted serious losses . At the same time , aerial reconnaissance and infantry patrols by the division confirmed that the preliminary barrage had forced the Germans back to their second line positions .
At 03 : 50 on 31 July , the Battle of Pilckem Ridge began . The division was ordered to capture the German front line , the second line positions based on Pilckem Ridge , a low ridge that also contained the heavily shelled village of Pilckem , followed by Iron Cross Ridge which lay to the east , before storming down the other side and across a small stream known as the Steenbeck . The division would be opposed primarily by the German 3rd Guards Infantry Division , along with elements of the 3rd Reserve Division and 111th Division , dug @-@ in among trench lines and 280 concrete pillboxes and bunkers . To secure these various objectives , the division planned to attack in waves , with fresh troops constantly moving forward to tackle the next objective .
Due to the Royal Artillery gas bombardments , the German artillery had been largely silenced and played little part in the initial fighting . The 10th and 13th Welsh ( advancing on the right ) and half the 13th and 16th RWF ( on the left ) , were able to take the German forward positions rapidly , capturing several Germans who had remained behind . The 13th and 14th Welsh then pushed beyond their sister battalions up the ridge , along with the remaining half of the 13th and 16th RWF . Based in the village and Marsouin and Stray Farms , the German resistance was more determined , resulting in increasing British losses . Arthur Conan Doyle , in his history of the war , described the scene :
[ The German 's ] ( sic ) poured bullets upon the advancing infantry , who slipped from shell @-@ hole to shell @-@ hole , taking such cover as they could but resolutely pushing onwards .
Where concrete bunkers were encountered , the troops worked their way around them , cutting the German troops off and forcing them to surrender . Despite their resistance , the German second line was captured without delay . Half of the 13th and 14th Welsh , along with the 15th RWF , then pushed towards Iron Cross Ridge . German troops holding Rudolphe Farm , in the area allocated to the 51st ( Highland ) Division which had not yet advanced as far , were able to fire into the flanks of the advancing troops . A platoon from 15th Welsh was diverted and assaulted the farm , capturing 15 men and either killing or scattering the rest , securing the flank of the advance . The 14th Welsh then rushed Iron Cross Ridge and engaged in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat to seize the position , before pushing on to capture a dressing station . Their charge had resulted in heavy losses but yielded 78 prisoners and three machine guns . The 15th RWF had fallen behind the protective creeping barrage to their front and came under fire from a German position known as Battery Copse . Despite many losses , they pushed forward and were able to secure their portion of Iron Cross Ridge .
With Iron Cross Ridge in British hands , the 11th SWB and 17th RWF pushed forward for the Steenbeck . Despite German resistance , based in more concrete defences , these positions were cleared and the river reached , and the two battalions dug @-@ in on the opposite side . Due to the casualties taken in doing so , elements of the 16th Welsh and 10th SWB were moved forward to reinforce the newly gained position . At 15 : 10 , the German infantry launched a counter @-@ attack . Fighting continued throughout the day , with the forward British battalions forced to pull back beyond the Steenbeck , although German attempts to retake further territory were thwarted . During the course of the afternoon , heavy rain began to fall and did so for the following three days hindering future operations . The fighting broke the 3rd Guards Division , which the Welsh divisional history notes " had to be withdrawn immediately after the battle " . During the day , the division took close to 700 prisoners . Conan Doyle places the division 's losses at 1 @,@ 300 men . Other than an exchange of artillery fire , no further fighting took place and the division was pulled off the line on 6 August .
Toby Thacker wrote in 2014 that " the attack on the Pilckem Ridge was considered a great success by Haig and has been similarly viewed by historians " . He continues : " in Haig 's eyes the Welsh Division had redeemed its reputation after what he had perceived as its poor showing at Mametz Wood " . Haig went on to write that the division had " achieved the highest level of soldierly achievement " . John wrote that the division " regained the honour which it had unjustly lost after their supposed tardiness in the capture of Mametz " . The division returned to the front line on 20 August . On 27 August , elements of the division attacked . Throughout the day , heavy rain had fallen saturating the ground and " the men who had been lying in shell @-@ holes which were gradually filling with water found great difficulty in getting out and advancing and keeping up with the barrage " . As the infantry waded through mud , they lost the creeping barrage . Elements of the division reached the German line ; " it had been a gallant but hopeless endeavour " . The division remained on the line , subjected to German artillery bombardments , until it was withdrawn on 13 September , to take up new positions at Armentières .
= = = Raiding and reorganisation = = =
Until spring 1918 , the division manned various sections of the front line , at times occupying as much as ten miles of the front . During this period , the division worked to improve the trenches they inherited and conducted raids on the German lines . On the night of 7 / 8 November , the 10th SWB conducted a 300 @-@ strong raid on the German lines . Having penetrated 200 yd ( 180 m ) into German territory , the battalion destroyed three concrete dugouts , inflicted at least 50 casualties and took 15 prisoners , for a loss of 50 casualties . In addition to raiding , the division helped train the newly arrived 1st Portuguese Division , assigning a battalion at a time for tutoring . During the winter , the British realised that the Germans intended to begin an offensive in 1918 ( the Spring Offensive ) and the division spent the following months improving the front line positions , as well as constructing rear @-@ line defences from the Armentières region to the northern bank of River Lys , laying what the divisional history described as an : " inconceivable amount of concrete and barbed wire " .
By 1918 , the number of
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2 – 1 win against the Czech Republic . The United States were then eliminated in the semifinal by Russia before losing the bronze medal game to Finland . He appeared in six games total with a 2 @.@ 67 GAA and .912 save percentage , fifth among tournament goaltenders .
Schneider 's first experience with the men 's senior team came in 2007 when he was among the first eighteen players named to the United States ' team for the 2007 IIHF World Championship in Russia . Despite being named to the team , Schneider did not play in any games , instead serving as the team 's third goaltender behind John Grahame and Jason Bacashihua .
= = Playing style = =
Schneider plays in the butterfly style of goaltending , dropping to his knees with his skates pointing outwards and his pads meeting in the middle in order to cover the bottom portion of the net . He honed the style with goaltending consultant Brian Daccord , beginning at the age of 15 . After joining the Canucks as a backup in 2010 – 11 , Schneider began working with the team goaltending coach Roland Melanson , who encouraged him to play shallower in his crease . Schneider adopted the style which required him to be more athletic on first shots , but better prepared him for rebounds and cross @-@ crease plays . Schneider 's strengths are his size and athleticism . His coach with the Moose , Scott Arniel , has also heralded his ability to get into position ahead of time , anticipating plays .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season = = =
= = = Playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Awards and achievements = =
= = = High school = = =
= = = Collegiate = = =
= = = AHL = = =
= = = International = = =
= = = NHL = = =
= = Records = =
= = = Boston College = = =
Single @-@ season shutouts : 8 ( 2005 – 06 )
Single @-@ season saves : 1 @,@ 088 ( 2005 – 06 )
All @-@ time shutouts : 15 ( 2004 – 07 )
= = = Manitoba Moose = = =
Consecutive wins : 13 ( 2008 – 09 )
Single @-@ season GAA : 2 @.@ 04 ( 2008 – 09 )
Single @-@ season save percentage : .928 ( 2008 – 09 )
Single @-@ season wins : 35 ( 2009 – 10 )
Career wins : 84 ( 2007 – 10 )
Career games played : 136 ( 2007 – 10 )
= British people =
British people , or Britons , are the citizens of the United Kingdom , British Overseas Territories , and Crown dependencies , and their descendants . British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality , which can be acquired , for instance , by descent from British nationals . When used in a historical context , " British " or " Britons " can refer to the ancient Britons , the indigenous Celtic inhabitants of Great Britain , south of the River Forth .
Although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages , the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity . The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire , and developed further during the Victorian era . The complex history of the formation of the United Kingdom created a " particular sense of nationhood and belonging " in Great Britain and Ireland ; Britishness became " superimposed on much older identities " , of English , Scots , Welsh and Irish cultures , whose distinctiveness still resists notions of a homogenised British identity . Because of longstanding ethno @-@ sectarian divisions , British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial , but it is held with strong conviction by unionists .
Modern Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic groups that settled in the British Isles in and before the 11th century : Prehistoric , Celtic , Roman , Anglo @-@ Saxon , Norse and Normans . Union facilitated migration , cultural and linguistic exchange , and intermarriage between the peoples of England , Scotland and Wales during the late Middle Ages , Early Modern period and beyond . Since 1922 and earlier , there has been immigration to the United Kingdom by people from what is now the Republic of Ireland , the Commonwealth , mainland Europe and elsewhere ; they and their descendants are mostly British citizens , with some assuming a British , dual or hyphenated identity .
The British are a diverse , multi @-@ national and multicultural society , with " strong regional accents , expressions and identities " . The social structure of the United Kingdom has changed radically since the 19th century , with a decline in religious observance , enlargement of the middle class , and increased ethnic diversity . The population of the UK stands at around 62 @.@ 5 million , with a British diaspora of around 140 million concentrated in Australia , Canada , South Africa , Hong Kong , New Zealand , and the United States .
= = History of the term = =
Greek and Roman writers , in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD , name the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as the Priteni , the origin of the Latin word Britannic . Parthenius , a 1st @-@ century Ancient Greek grammarian , and the Etymologicum Genuinum , a 9th @-@ century lexical encyclopaedia , describe Bretannus ( the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek Βρεττανός ) as the Celtic national forefather of the Britons . It has been suggested that this name derives from a Gaulish description translated as " people of the forms " , referring to the custom of tattooing or painting their bodies with blue woad .
By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a collective name for the British Isles . However , with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain , and later Roman @-@ occupied Britain south of Caledonia . Following the Roman departure from Britain , the island of Great Britain was left open to invasion by pagan , seafaring warriors such as Saxons and Jutes , who gained control in areas around the south east .
In this post @-@ Roman period , as the Anglo @-@ Saxons advanced , the Britons became confined to what would later be called Wales , Cornwall , North West England and Strathclyde . However , the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island . The Historia Brittonum claimed legendary origins as a prestigious genealogy for Brittonic kings , followed by the Historia Regum Britanniae which popularised this pseudo @-@ history to support the claims of the Kings of England .
During the Middle Ages , and particularly in the Tudor period , the term " British " was used to refer to the Welsh people . At that time , it was " the long held belief that the Welsh were descendants of the ancient Britons and that they spoke ' the British tongue ' " . This notion was supported by texts such as the Historia Regum Britanniae , a pseudohistorical account of ancient British history , written in the mid @-@ 12th century by Geoffrey of Monmouth . The Historia Regum Britanniae chronicled the lives of legendary kings of the Britons in a narrative spanning 2000 years , beginning with the Trojans founding the ancient British nation and continuing until the Anglo @-@ Saxon invasion of Britain in the 7th century forced the Celtic Britons to the west , i.e. Wales and Cornwall . This legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the Matter of Britain . The Matter of Britain , a national myth , was retold or reinterpreted in works by Gerald of Wales , a Cambro @-@ Norman chronicler who in the 12th and 13th centuries used the term British to refer to the people later known as the Welsh .
= = History = =
= = = Ancestral roots = = =
The indigenous people of the British Isles have a combination of Celtic , Norse , Anglo @-@ Saxon and Norman ancestry
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a popularisation of British pop and rock music in the United States . Into the 1970s heavy metal , new wave , and 2 tone . Britpop is a subgenre of alternative rock that emerged from the British independent music scene of the early 1990s and was characterised by bands reviving British guitar pop music of the 1960s and 1970s . Leading exponents of Britpop were Blur , Oasis and Pulp . Also popularised in the United Kingdom during the 1990s were several domestically produced varieties of electronic dance music ; acid house , UK hard house , jungle , UK garage which in turn have influenced grime and British hip hop in the 2000s . The BRIT Awards are the British Phonographic Industry 's annual awards for both international and British popular music .
= = = Religion = = =
Historically , Christianity " has been the most influential and important religion in Britain " , and it remains the declared faith of the majority of the British people . The influence of Christianity on British culture has been " widespread , extending beyond the spheres of prayer and worship . Churches and cathedrals make a significant contribution to the architectural landscape of the nation 's cities and towns " whilst " many schools and hospitals were founded by men and women who were strongly influenced by Christian motives " . Throughout the United Kingdom , Easter and Christmas , the " two most important events in the Christian calendar " , are recognised as public holidays .
Christianity remains the major religion of the population of the United Kingdom in the 21st century , followed by Islam , Hinduism , Sikhism and then Judaism in terms of numbers of adherents . The 2007 Tearfund Survey revealed 53 % identified themselves as Christian , which was similar to the 2004 British Social Attitudes Survey , and to the United Kingdom Census 2001 in which 71 @.@ 6 % said that Christianity was their religion , However , the Tearfund Survey showed only one in ten Britons attend church weekly . Secularism was advanced in Britain during the Age of Enlightenment , and modern British organisations such as the British Humanist Association and the National Secular Society offer the opportunity for their members to " debate and explore the moral and philosophical issues in a non @-@ religious setting " .
The Treaty of Union that led to the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain ensured that there would be a Protestant succession as well as a link between church and state that still remains . The Church of England ( Anglican ) is legally recognised as the established church , and so retains representation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom through the Lords Spiritual , whilst the British monarch is a member of the church as well as its Supreme Governor . The Church of England also retains the right to draft legislative measures ( related to religious administration ) through the General Synod that can then be passed into law by Parliament . The Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales is the second largest Christian church with around five million members , mainly in England . There are also growing Orthodox , Evangelical and Pentecostal churches , with Pentecostal churches in England now third after the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church in terms of church attendance . Other large Christian groups include Methodists and Baptists .
The Presbyterian Church of Scotland ( known informally as The Kirk ) , is recognised as the national church of Scotland and not subject to state control . The British monarch is an ordinary member and is required to swear an oath to " defend the security " of the church upon his or her accession . The Roman Catholic Church in Scotland is Scotland 's second largest Christian church , with followers representing a sixth of the population of Scotland . The Scottish Episcopal Church , which is part of the Anglican Communion , dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690 , when it split from the Church of Scotland over matters of theology and ritual . Further splits in the Church of Scotland , especially in the 19th century , led to the creation of other Presbyterian churches in Scotland , including the Free Church of Scotland . In the 1920s , the Church in Wales became independent from the Church of England and became ' disestablished ' but remains in the Anglican Communion . Methodism and other Protestant churches have had a major presence in Wales . The main religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all @-@ Ireland basis . Though collectively Protestants constitute the overall majority , the Roman Catholic Church of Ireland is the largest single church . The Presbyterian Church in Ireland , closely linked to the Church of Scotland in terms of theology and history , is the second largest church followed by the Church of Ireland ( Anglican ) which was disestablished in the 19th century .
= = = Sport = = =
Sport is an important element of British culture , and is one of the most popular leisure activities of Britons . Within the United Kingdom , nearly half of all adults partake in one or more sporting activity each week . Some of the major sports in the United Kingdom " were invented by the British " , including football , rugby union , rugby league and cricket , and " exported various other games " including tennis , badminton , boxing , golf , snooker and squash .
In most sports , separate organisations , teams and clubs represent the individual countries of the United Kingdom at international level , though in some sports , like rugby union , an all @-@ Ireland team represents both Northern Ireland and the Republic , and the British and Irish Lions represent the isles as a whole . The UK is represented by a single team at the Olympic Games and at the 2012 Summer Olympics , the Great Britain team won 65 medals : 29 gold ( the most since the 1908 Summer Olympics ) , 17 silver and 19 bronze , ranking them 3rd . In total , sportsmen and women from the UK " hold over 50 world titles in a variety of sports , such as professional boxing , rowing , snooker , squash and motorcycle sports " .
A 2006 poll found that association football was the most popular sport in the UK . In England 320 football clubs are affiliated to The Football Association ( FA ) and more than 42 @,@ 0
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family members use language to teach children how to act in society . In their interactions with peers , children have the opportunity to learn about unique conversational roles . Through pragmatic directions , adults often offer children cues for understanding the meaning of words .
Throughout their school years , children continue to build their vocabulary . In particular , children begin to learn abstract words . Beginning around age 3 – 5 , word learning takes place both in conversation and through reading . Word learning often involves physical context , builds on prior knowledge , takes place in social context , and includes semantic support . The phonological loop and serial order short @-@ term memory may both play an important role in vocabulary development .
= = Early word learning = =
Children begin to produce their first words when they are approximately one year old . Infants ' first words are normally used in reference to things that are of importance to them , such as objects , people , and relevant actions . Also , the first words that infants produce are mostly single @-@ syllabic or repeated single syllables , such as " no " and " dada " . By 12 to 18 months of age , children 's vocabularies often contain words such as " kitty " , " bottle " , " doll " , " car " and " eye " . Children 's understanding of names for objects and people usually precedes their understanding of words that describe actions and relationships . " One " and " two " are the first number words that children learn between the ages of one and two . Infants must be able to hear and play with sounds in their environment , and to break up various phonetic units to discover words and their related meanings .
= = = Phonological development = = =
Studies related to vocabulary development show that children 's language competence depends upon their ability to hear sounds during infancy . Infants ' perception of speech is distinct . Between six and ten months of age , infants can discriminate sounds used in the languages of the world . By 10 to 12 months , infants can no longer discriminate between speech sounds that are not used in the language ( s ) to which they are exposed . Among six @-@ month @-@ old infants , seen articulations ( i.e. the mouth movements they observe others make while talking ) actually enhance their ability to discriminate sounds , and may also contribute to infants ' ability to learn phonemic boundaries . Infants ' phonological register is completed between the ages of 18 months and 7 years .
Children 's phonological development normally proceeds as follows :
6 – 8 weeks : Cooing appears
16 weeks : Laughter and vocal play appear
6 – 9 months : Reduplicated
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2008 , Higgins supported the Indigo Girls and then Ben Folds on their respective US tours . February and March 2009 saw her co @-@ headlining a US tour with Canadian Justin Nozuka . On 31 March she released an EP , More Than This in Australia that features cover versions of " More Than This " by Roxy Music , " ( I 'm ) In Love Again " by Peggy Lee , " Breakdown " by Tom Petty and " Moses " by Patty Griffin . " Moses " had been included on Triple J 's 2005 compilation album Like a Version : Volume One and " More Than This " was recorded as part of Covered , A Revolution in Sound , a Warner Bros. tribute album also released in March 2009 .
= = = 2010 – 2013 : The Ol ' Razzle Dazzle = = =
Higgins started writing music for her third album in 2009 . After about seven years of touring and recording she took a break from the music industry to pursue other interests . In 2010 she enrolled in a course in indigenous studies at the University of Melbourne . Her acting debut was as Annie in 2010 film Bran Nue Dae directed by Rachel Perkins . The film is an adaptation of the 1990 musical , Bran Nue Dae , " Australia 's first Aboriginal musical " . Although Higgins would consider future acting projects she has no plans to actively pursue it as a career .
In July and August 2010 , Higgins played several dates of Sarah McLachlan 's Lilith Fair tour in the US . At Lilith Fair , she met Australian musician Butterfly Boucher and they decided to work together . In 2011 , Higgins travelled to where Boucher was living in Nashville to record her third album , which is co @-@ produced by Boucher and Brad Jones . Titled The Ol ' Razzle Dazzle , the album was released on 1 June 2012 . Its first single , " Unashamed Desire " , co @-@ written with Boucher , was released on 23 April . In November 2011 , at the ARIA Music Awards , Higgins performed a duet of " Warwu " with Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu , from his Rrakala album .
" The Ol ' Razzle Dazzle " album debuted at # 1 on the ARIA Albums Chart the week of 12 June 2012 . It is now Higgins ' 3rd straight number one album . Higgins now ties Delta Goodrem , Olivia Newton @-@ John and Kylie Minogue for the 2nd most Australian number one albums by an Australian female artist . Only Kasey Chambers has done better at 4 number one ARIA albums .
= = = 2014 onward : Oz = = =
In September 2014 , Higgins released her fourth studio album , Oz , which features cover versions of Australian composers , including The Angels , Slim Dusty , Something For Kate , Warumpi Band , Paul Kelly and The Drones . The album is also accompanied by a book of related essays , in which Higgins uses each of the recordings to reflect upon subjects such as music and love . Higgins collaborated with Dan Sultan for the recording of the Slim Dusty song " The Biggest Disappointment " .
Higgins explained in an October 2014 interview that she experienced a significant bout of writer 's block following the completion of her second album and someone suggested an album of cover versions at the time , but she only revisited the idea during the conception of Oz . Higgins further explained :
I responded to all these songs on an emotional level , when I first heard them . I wanted songs I felt I could tell with my own voice , and interpret them authentically ... But it was important to maintain the emotional integrity and the heart of the song . It was a high priority to keep true to the songs .
The album was co @-@ produced by Jherek Bischoff , who previously worked with David Byrne , formerly of Talking Heads , and Amanda Palmer .
Oz debuted at number 3 on the ARIA Albums chart and remained in the top five positions until 18 October 2014 .
The national Australian tour in support of Oz commenced on 20 September 2014 in Cairns , Queensland , and is scheduled to end in Melbourne in October 2014 . Higgins will be accompanied by Bischoff , and Australian artist Dustin Tebbutt will appear as a special guest .
On 19 February 2016 , Higgins released a new single titled , " Oh Canada " .
= = Musical influences and technique = =
Higgins grew up in the 1980s and 1990s listening to artists that her older siblings liked — Nicola played Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston , while David favoured Queen and Kiss . Departing for boarding school at age 13 , she was exposed to alternative artists like Nirvana and Courtney Love and started teaching herself guitar and writing her own music . She also began singing with David 's jazz group on weekends . As an adult she prefers Nina Simone and Ray Charles to " poppy dance music " . She has cited Patty Griffin , Ron Sexsmith , Rufus Wainwright , Paul Kelly and Sarah McLachlan as influences . Material from her third album is influenced by ambient music from Low , Jon Hopkins , Icelandic band Sigur Rós and Estonian classical composer Arvo Pärt .
Higgins ' song writing grew out of a desire to express her emotions when she was at school and her lyrics describe her feelings about her own life and relationships . The piano was the first instrument she learned to play , and she continues to use it as well as digital pianos including a Roland RD @-@ 300SX , RD @-@ 700 and KR @-@ 15 . She also uses guitars extensively in her music particularly when touring , due to their portable nature and favours the Australian brand , Maton . On occasion she plays keytar , xylophone and melodica during performances .
On 7 September 2012 , Higgins recorded a cover version of Gotye 's " Heart 's A Mess " for the " Like a Version " segment , explaining on @-@ air that the song is her favourite Gotye composition . Higgins had travelled with Gotye previously and referred to him as " an incredible singer " in the interview prior to the rendition .
= = Causes = =
As a vegetarian , Higgins promoted the health benefits of not eating meat in a 2005 advertising campaign by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) ; and has supported their anti @-@ fur stance . She is interested in environmental issues and is involved with the Sierra Club , a grassroots organisation based in California . She has protested against the proposed industrialisation of the Kimberley region of Western Australia and donated the royalties from her 2009 EP More Than This . Since early 2007 , Higgins has tried to make her tours carbon neutral , she purchases green energy to power venues , uses hybrid cars where possible and purchases carbon offsets .
On 5 October 2012 , Higgins performed alongside The John Butler Trio and Clare Bowditch at the " Save the Kimberley " concert held at Federation Square in Melbourne , Australia . In relation to the Kimberley region and campaign , Higgins stated :
Apparently scientists are still discovering hundreds of new plant and animal species there every year , which goes to show that there is still so much we don 't know about the region . I just fell in love with it ; it gets under your skin . Woodside Petroleum are planning to build one of the world 's biggest LNG ( liquified natural gas ) processing plants on the Kimberley coast , just north of Broome . They would be drilling for the gas out at sea and bringing it onshore at this plant , which would just be devastating for the region . The question everyone is asking is , why not process it offshore or pipe it to one of the mining towns down south that already have the infrastructure in place ? Why ruin the Kimberley if there 's an alternative ?
Higgins performed at another concert in support of the Kimberley cause on 24 February 2013 , with John Butler also appearing again , with the event held at The Esplanade in Fremantle , Western Australia . Jarrah Records , the record label that John Butler co @-@ founded with The Waifs and Phil Stevens , worked in partnership with The Wilderness Society to stage the free event that also featured the band Ball Park Music and Dr Bob Brown , former leader of the Australian Greens Party . A march to protest the proposed gas refinery construction at James Price Point accompanied the free concert and campaign supporters were photographed with banners and placards .
As of 2012 , Higgins is one of numerous publicly known advocates for the ' Oscar 's Law ' campaign . The campaign , launched in 2010 , protests the existence of " puppy factories " in Australia , whereby animals are factory farmed . One of the campaign 's slogans is " Break the Puppy Trade — Don 't buy puppies from pet shops
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" and the list of notable advocates includes Paul Dempsey ( musician ) , Kate Ceberano ( singer ) and Mick Molloy ( comedian ) .
In response to the proposed dumping of around 3 million cubic metres of dredged seabed onto the Great Barrier Reef , a legal fighting team was formed by World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) -Australia and the Australian Marine Conservation Society ( AMCS ) in late 2013 / early 2014 . The legal team received further support in April 2014 , following the release of the " Sounds For The Reef " musical fundraising project . Produced by Straightup , the digital album features Higgins , in addition to artists such as The Herd , Sietta , John Butler , The Cat Empire , Fat Freddys Drop , The Bamboos ( featuring Kylie Auldist ) and Resin Dogs . Released on 7 April , the album 's 21 songs were sold on the Bandcamp website .
= = Personal life = =
Higgins has been a patron of multiple mental health charities since 2003 . She described her younger self as " a bit of a depressed child " and " introverted " , and that she had " experienced various degrees of depression " . Prescribed antidepressant medication while in high school , she learned to channel low moods into song writing , calling music her " emotional outlet " . In a 2006 interview she said that her songs were " coming from more of a happier place " . While recording her second album she discovered a passion for rock climbing , as a " meditative pursuit " and that , " It 's the first thing I 've had — other than music — that I 'm passionate about . "
From 2004 to 2007 , Higgins ' sexual orientation was the subject of media speculation based partly on interpretations of her lyrics and her interviews . In an October 2007 interview with Australian lesbian magazine Cherrie , she was asked if she fell under the moniker of " not @-@ so @-@ straight " girls . She replied " Um , yeah , definitely . ... I think sexuality is a fluid thing and it 's becoming increasingly more acceptable to admit that you 're that way . " In November her Myspace page reported , " I 've been in relationships with both men and women so I guess I fall most easily under the category ' Bisexual ' " . She went on to say that she wanted future interviews to focus on her music rather than her sexuality . In a March 2008 interview with AfterEllen.com , Higgins said that her song " Secret " was written about an ex @-@ girlfriend who was not comfortable , at first , about going public with their relationship ; " I was so head over heels in love with her I kind of wanted to shout it out to the world , so it was just a song about keeping something under the covers ... keeping it away locked in a little room
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feelings about the fourth volume 's emphasis on conventional shōjo romance and plot twists at the cost of its cooking aspect . He found the artwork conventional , though able to convey emotion . He wrote that the fifth volume finally balanced the romance and cooking elements , although he disliked the inclusion of a side story , preferring another chapter instead . In his review of the seventh volume , he concluded : " this series takes the hoariest elements of the romance / drama / cooking genres and still manages to come up with something greater than the sum of its parts . "
Reviews of the light novel varied . Draper Carlsen wrote that the characters and premise lacked the strength to make the novel compelling , though she felt that the response of others may differ . Grading the novel a B , Eries wrote that the novel would appeal to fans of the manga , although she found the story arcs varying in quality and content , from junior @-@ high school romance to philosophy on death .
= River martin =
The river martins form a distinctive subfamily Pseudochelidoninae within the swallow and martin bird family Hirundinidae . The two species are the African river martin Pseudochelidon eurystomina , found in the Congo and Gabon , and the white @-@ eyed river martin Pseudochelidon sirintarae , known only from one site in Thailand . These are medium @-@ sized , largely black swallows that have a light buoyant flight and feed on insects caught in the air . They appear to be more terrestrial than other swallows , frequently walking rather than perching , and the white @-@ eyed may be crepuscular . The African species excavates nest holes in sandy ridges in rivers , while the breeding locations and habits of the Asian bird are unknown .
When the African river martin was first discovered in the 19th century , Gustav Hartlaub thought it was a roller , and later authors either placed it in its own family , or with the woodswallows . Study of the anatomy revealed that the species was closest to the swallows and martins , but that it possessed a number of distinctive features , such as its robust legs and feet and stout bill . These indicated that it should be placed in a separate subfamily . The two river martin species are usually considered to belong to a single genus , Pseudochelidon , due to their having a number of structural similarities . However , Brooke proposed that the white @-@ eyed river martin be placed in a separate monotypic genus Eurochelidon .
The African river martin has a restricted distribution ; it appears to be locally numerous , although its true status has not been fully investigated . The white @-@ eyed river martin was discovered as recently as 1969 and is only known from specimens and anecdotal evidence – no modern ornithologists have seen the species in the wild , and its breeding grounds are unknown . It may be extinct , although a possible
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men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race .
= = Crews = =
The two crews were the heaviest in Boat Race history , Oxford averaging 14 stone 8 lbs ( 92 @.@ 3 kg ) per rower , nearly 7 pounds ( 3 @.@ 2 kg ) a man heavier than the Cambridge crew , and were pre @-@ race favourites to win an eighth consecutive race . Cambridge 's crew featured six unsuccessful Blues , while Oxford 's boat contained four Blues with ten Boat Race victories between them . While seven of the Oxford rowers were international post @-@ graduates , Cambridge 's crew included seven undergraduates . The average age of the Oxford crew was 25 , four years more than Cambridge .
= = Race = =
Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Oxford , rowing at a higher rate , took an early lead and were clear of Cambridge by the Mile Post . Extending their lead to six seconds by Hammersmith Bridge , Oxford pushed on to lead by nine seconds at Chiswick Steps . Despite trying to keep in touch , Cambridge were four lengths behind at Barnes Bridge and trailed by 13 seconds as Oxford passed the finishing post . Oxford won by four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 7 seconds .
This was Oxford 's eighth consecutive victory , and their ninth in ten years , and took the overall record to 68 – 60 in favour of Cambridge . The race was watched by 14 million television viewers .
In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , while Cambridge won the 38th Women 's Boat Race .
= Air mass =
In meteorology , an air mass is a volume of air defined by its temperature and water vapor content . Air masses cover many hundreds or thousands of square miles , and adapt to the characteristics of the surface below them . They are classified according to latitude and their continental or maritime source regions . Colder air masses are termed polar or arctic , while warmer air masses are deemed tropical . Continental and superior air masses are dry while maritime and monsoon air masses are moist . Weather fronts separate air masses with different density ( temperature and / or moisture ) characteristics . Once an air mass moves away from its source region , underlying vegetation and water bodies can quickly modify its character . Classification schemes tackle an air mass ' characteristics , and well as modification .
= = Classification and notation = =
The Bergeron classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass classification , though others have produced more refined versions of this scheme over different regions of the globe . Air mass classification involves three letters . The first letter describes its moisture properties , with c used for continental air masses ( dry ) and m for maritime air masses ( moist ) . The second letter describes the thermal characteristic of its source region : T for Tropical , P for Polar , A for arctic or Antarctic , M for monsoon , E for Equatorial , and S for superior air ( an adiabatically drying and warming air formed by significant downward motion in the atmosphere ) . For instance , an air mass originating over the desert southwest of the United States in summer may be designated " cT " . An air mass originating over northern Siberia in winter may be indicated as " cA " .
The stability of an air mass may be shown using a third letter , either " k " ( air mass colder than the surface below it ) or " w " ( air mass warmer than the surface below it ) . An example of this might be a polar air mass blowing over the Gulf Stream , denoted as " cPk " . Occasionally , one may also encounter the use of an apostrophe or " degree tick " denoting that a given air mass having the same notation as another it is replacing is colder than the replaced air mass ( usually for polar air masses ) . For example , a series of fronts over the Pacific might show an air mass denoted mPk followed by another denoted mPk ' .
Another convention utilizing these symbols is the indication of modification or transformation of one type to another . For instance , an Arctic air mass blowing out over the Gulf of Alaska may be shown as " cA @-@ mPk " . Yet another convention indicates the layering of air masses in certain situations . For instance , the overrunning of a polar air mass by an air mass from the Gulf of Mexico over the Central United States might be shown with the notation " mT / cP " ( sometimes using a horizontal line as in fraction notation ) .
= = Characteristics = =
Arctic , Antarctic , and polar air masses are cold . The qualities of arctic air are developed over ice and snow @-@ covered ground . Arctic air is deeply cold , colder than polar air masses . Arctic air can be shallow in the summer , and rapidly modify as it moves equatorward . Polar air masses develop over higher latitudes over the land or ocean , are very stable , and generally shallower than arctic air . Polar air over the ocean ( maritime ) loses its stability as it gains moisture over warmer ocean waters .
Tropical and equatorial air masses are hot as they develop over lower latitudes . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans , and travel poleward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . Monsoon air masses are moist and unstable . Superior air masses are dry , and rarely reach the ground . They normally reside over maritime tropical air masses , forming a warmer and drier layer over the more moderate moist air mass below , forming what is known as a trade wind inversion over the maritime tropical air mass . Continental Polar air masses ( cP ) are air masses that are cold and dry due to their continental source region . Continental polar air masses that affect North America form over interior Canada . Continental Tropical air masses ( cT ) are a type of tropical air produced by the subtropical ridge over large areas of land and typically originate from low @-@ latitude deserts such as the Sahara Desert in northern Africa , which is the major source of these air masses . Other less important sources producing cT air masses are the Arabian Peninsula , the central arid / semi @-@ arid part of Australia and deserts lying in the Southwestern United States . Continental tropical air masses are extremely hot and dry .
= = Movement and fronts = =
A weather front is a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities , and is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena . In surface weather analyses , fronts are depicted using various colored lines and symbols , depending on the type of front . The air masses separated by a front usually differ in temperature and humidity . Cold fronts may feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather , and may on occasion be preceded by squall lines or dry lines . Warm fronts are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog . The weather usually clears quickly after a front 's passage . Some fronts produce no precipitation and little cloudiness , although there is invariably a wind shift .
Cold fronts and occluded fronts generally move from west to east , while warm fronts move poleward . Because of the greater density of air in their wake , cold fronts and cold occlusions move faster than warm fronts and warm occlusions . Mountains and warm bodies of water can slow the movement of fronts . When a front becomes stationary , and the density contrast across the frontal boundary vanishes , the front can degenerate into a line which separates regions of differing wind velocity , known as a shearline . This is most common over the open ocean .
= = Modification = =
Air masses can be modified in a variety of ways . Surface flux from underlying vegetation , such as forest , acts to moisten the overlying air mass . Heat from underlying warmer waters can significantly modify an air mass over distances as short as 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) . For example , southwest of extratropical cyclones , curved cyclonic flow bringing cold air across the relatively warm water bodies can lead to narrow lake @-@ effect snow bands . Those bands bring strong localized precipitation since large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences ( larger than 13 ° C or 23 ° F ) between the water surface and the air above . Because of this temperature difference , warmth and moisture are transported upward , condensing into vertically oriented clouds ( see satellite picture ) which produce snow showers . The temperature decrease with height and cloud depth are directly affected by both the
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water temperature and the large @-@ scale environment . The stronger the temperature decrease with height , the deeper the clouds get , and the greater the precipitation rate becomes .
= The Mad Hermit =
The Mad Hermit is a 1910 American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The story focuses on Harry Willard , who becomes a hermit after his wife and daughter leave him . He spends a quarter of a century in isolation , but he stumbles across a runaway carriage and the woman tosses her baby to him . He runs into the wilderness and prepares to kill it , but he stays his hand when he sees the baby 's locket . The parents survive the carriage crash and seek out the hermit , and it is revealed that the baby 's mother is the daughter of Harry Willard . Created by a staff of twenty , it was the first film to be produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film was released in August 9 , 1910 , after the success of the company was ensured , and met with positive reception by critics . The film is presumed lost .
= = Plot = =
Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from August 13 , 1910 . It states : " The story centers on Harry Willard , a plodding farmer . A city gentleman promises Harry 's frivolous wife a life of ease and luxury - and it is the old , old story . She takes her tiny daughter , Agnes , with her , and leaves a note announcing the fact for Harry . The young farmer , who loves his wife and child with an all @-@ consuming love , loses his reason as he reads the announcement of his betrayal . Although without the bare means for his subsistence , he searches for days for his loved ones . Eventually the strain , mental and physical , tells on him - he comes out of it all a maniac . His wrath takes the form of an aversion to all mankind . He wants to forget the world that has treated him so ill - he decides to become a hermit and betakes himself to a desolate cave , where he spends the years execrating humanity . A quarter century goes by . Rarely in that time does he venture on beaten paths for fear that he may meet a hated human , but one day he forgets his resolve long enough to cross a carriage drive . He hears the clatter of hooves and sights a horse tearing toward him with a swaying carriage and screaming occupants - runaway ! As the carriage passes by him , a woman flings a bundle to him ; he catches it and finds it a pink and white bit of humanity . Dazed he runs into the wilderness with a baby and makes for his cave . Arrived at the cave the maniac resolves to even his score with society by taking the babe 's life . But his eyes light on the baby 's locket and his hand is stayed . For the locket bears a picture of the child of the wife who betrayed him ! "
" The parents of the baby have miraculously escaped death in the crash of their carriage and trace the strange creature who rescued the child to his lair . They arrive as he ponders upon the picture in the locket and tries to recall the original of it . The babe is the daughter of the original and its mother the hermit 's daughter , Agnes - the one @-@ time tot whom the deserting wife took with her . A wife and mother , she is quite a mature woman now - but her features are unchanged . The face appears familiar to the hermit and he tries to place it . Eventually he succeeds . The shock of recognition dazes him - and changes him . The light of sanity returns to his eyes . His reason is restored . He takes to his breast the daughter whom he had lost and found again . She takes him from his forest home and back to the civilization that had tricked him . But the kindly care and love his daughter bestows on him to act in a measure as a recompense for the wrong done him in the long ago , and with the passing years the bitterness passes from his being . The picture touches the heartstrings ; it will please to a certainty . "
= = Production = =
The Mad Hermit was the first film to be produced by the Thanhouser Company , but the first release was The Actor 's Children . The writer of the scenario is unknown . The film was shot in the autumn of 1909 . Edwin Thanhouser would later describe the production as , " ... a rather lamentable affair . It included everything from murder through robbery and a love story . It boasted enough material for 15 plots . " According to Q. David Bowers , Edwin Thanhouser felt that the production had many amateurish aspects and held off on releasing the film until the reputation of the company was secured . The film was directed by Barry O 'Neil , the stage name of Thomas J. McCarthy . O 'Neil would direct many important Thanhouser pictures , including its first two @-@ reeler , Romeo and Juliet . There are no known credits for the cast , but Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane are two possible actors that were prominent players in 1910 . Involved with the company since its beginnings , Anna Rosemond was one of two leading ladies of the Thanhouser company in this era . Frank H. Crane was a leading male actor of the company and also involved since the very beginnings of the Thanhouser Company . Bowers states that most of the credits are fragmentary for 1910 Thanhouser productions . A later statement by Edwin Thanhouser would state that 20 persons , including the director and cameraman , were involved in the production . A surviving film still leaves open the possibility of identifying two characters .
= = Release and reception = =
The single reel drama , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on August 9 , 1910 . The film had a wide national release , with advertisements including those in Kansas , California , Arizona , Nebraska , Washington , South Dakota , Pennsylvania , and Texas . An advertisement for the Province Theatre suggests that the film arrived in British Columbia , Canada within days of its release .
The film received praise from critics with The Moving Picture World stating , " [ It is a ] picture which touches the heart and arouses the strongest emotions . It can be readily understood how a man might become a maniac under such circumstances . The loss of a wife and daughter is sufficient to overthrow reason . That a man should be a hermit afterward seems not unusual . Then comes the excitement of the runaway , the rescue of the baby and the discovery of his daughter , with returning reason and love to follow during his declining years . The emotions will be strongly aroused by this picture , and that will make it popular . Whatever touches the heart is always popular , and this seems to appeal with unusual power . " The New York Dramatic Mirror offered minor praise for the film for the production and its acting .
= Scotland in the Middle Ages =
Scotland in the Middle Ages concerns the history of the region that is now Scotland , from the departure of the Romans ( from Britannia ) in the early fifth century , to the adoption of major aspects of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century . From the fifth century North Britain was divided into a series of petty kingdoms . Of these the four most important to emerge were the Picts
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van as King of Dublin and the Isles . The ancestor of many of the succeeding rulers of Mann and the Isles , he was eventually ousted by Muirchertach Ua Briain and fled to Islay , where he died in the plague of 1095 . It is not clear the extent to which Ui Briain dominance was now asserted in the islands north of Man , but growing Irish influence in these seas brought a rapid and decisive response from Norway .
Magnus Barelegs had re @-@ established direct Norwegian overlordship by 1098 . A second expedition in 1102 saw incursions into Ireland but in August 1103 he was killed fighting in Ulster . The next king of the isles was Lagmann Godredsson and there followed a succession of Godred Crovan 's descendants who , ( as vassals of the kings of Norway ) ruled the Hebrides north of Ardnamurchan for the next 160 years . However , their control of the southern Inner Hebrides was lost with the emergence of Somerled , the self @-@ styled Lord of Argyle .
For a while Somerled took control of Mann and the Hebrides in toto , but he met his death in 1164 during an invasion of the Scottish mainland . At this point Godred the Black , grandson of Godred Crovan re @-@ took possession of the northern Hebrides and the southern isles were distributed amongst Somerled 's sons , his descendant 's eventually becoming known as the Lords of the Isles , and giving rise to Clan MacDougall , Clan Donald and Clan Macruari . However , both during and after Somerled 's life the Scottish monarchs sought to take a control of the islands he and his descendants held . This strategy eventually led to an invasion by Haakon Haakonarson , King of Norway . After the stalemate of the Battle of Largs , Haakon retreated to Orkney , where he died in 1263 . Following this expedition , the Hebrides and Mann and all rights that the Norwegian crown " had of old therein " were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth .
= = = Clans and Scottish rule = = =
The Lords of the Isles , a phrase first recorded in 1336 , would continue to rule the Inner Hebrides as well as part of the Western Highlands as subjects of the King of Scots until John MacDonald , fourth Lord of the Isles , squandered the family 's powerful position . Through a secret treaty with Edward IV of England , negotiated at Ardtornish Castle and signed in 1462 , he made himself a servant of the English crown . When James III of Scotland found out about the treaty in 1476 , he issued a sentence of forfeiture for MacDonald 's lands . Some were restored for a promise of good behaviour , but MacDonald was unable to control his son Aonghas Óg , who defeated him at the Battle of Bloody Bay fought of the coast of Mull near Tobermory in 1481 . A further rebellion by his nephew , Alexander of Lochalsh provoked an exasperated James IV to forfeit the lands for the last time in 1493 .
The most powerful clans on Skye in the post – Norse period were Clan MacLeod , originally based in Trotternish , and Clan MacDonald of Sleat . Following the disintegration of the Lordship of the Isles , the Mackinnons also emerged as an independent clan , whose substantial landholdings in Skye were centred on Strathaird . The MacDonalds of South Uist were bitter rivals of the MacLeods , and an attempt by the former to murder church @-@ goers at Trumpan in retaliation for a previous massacre on Eigg , resulted in the Battle of the Spoiling Dyke of 1578 .
After the failure of the Jacobite rebellion of 1745 , Flora MacDonald became famous for rescuing Prince Charles Edward Stuart from the Hanoverian troops . Her story is strongly associated with their escape via Skye and she is buried at Kilmuir . She was visited by Samuel Johnson and James Boswell during their 1773 Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland and written on her gravestone are Johnson 's words that hers was " A name that will be mentioned in history , and if courage and fidelity be virtues , mentioned with honour " . In the wake of the rebellion the clan system was broken up and islands of the Hebrides became a series of landed estates .
= = = British era = = =
With the implementation of the Treaty of Union in 1707 the Hebrides became part of the new Kingdom of Great Britain , but the clans ' loyalties to a distant monarch were not strong . A considerable number of islesmen " came out " in support of the Jacobite Earl of Mar in the " 15 " and again in the 1745 rising including Macleod of Dunvegan and MacLea of Lismore . The aftermath of the decisive Battle of Culloden , which effectively ended Jacobite hopes of a Stuart restoration , was widely felt . The British government 's strategy was to estrange the clan chiefs from their kinsmen and turn their descendants into English @-@ speaking landlords whose main concern was the revenues their estates brought rather than the welfare of those who lived on them . This may have brought peace to the islands , but in the following century it came at a terrible price .
The early 19th century was a time of improvement and population growth . Roads and quays were built , the slate industry became a significant employer on Easdale and surrounding islands , and the construction of the Crinan and Caledonian canals and other engineering works such as Telford 's " Bridge across the Atlantic " improved transport and access . However , in the mid @-@ 19th century , the inhabitants of many parts of the Hebrides were devastated by the clearances , which destroyed communities throughout the Highlands and Islands as the human populations were evicted and replaced with sheep farms . The position was exacerbated by the failure of the islands ' kelp industry that thrived from the 18th century until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and large scale emigration became endemic . The " Battle of the Braes " involved a demonstration against lack of access to land and the serving of eviction notices . This event was instrumental in the creation of the Napier Commission , which reported in 1884 on the situation in the Highlands . Disturbances continued until the passing of the 1886 Crofters ' Act and on one occasion 400 marines were deployed on Skye to maintain order .
For those who remained new economic opportunities emerged through the export of cattle , commercial fishing and tourism . Nonetheless emigration and military service became the choice of many and the archipelago 's populations continued to dwindle throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries . Jura 's population fell from 1300 in 1831 to less than 250 by 1961 and Mull 's from 10 @,@ 600 in 1821 to less than 3 @,@ 000 in 1931 . Lengthy periods of continuous occupation notwithstanding , some of the smaller islands were abandoned - the Treshnish Isles in 1
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934 , Handa in 1948 , and Eilean Macaskin in the 1880s among them .
Nonetheless , there were continuing gradual economic improvements , among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched blackhouse with accommodation of a more modern design and in recent years , with the assistance of Highlands and Islands Enterprise many of the island 's populations have begun to increase after decades of decline .
= = Transport = =
Scheduled ferry services between the Inner Hebrides and the Scottish mainland operate on various routes including : Tayinloan , Kintyre to Gigha ; Kennacraig , Kintyre to Islay ; Oban to Mull , Coll and Tiree and Colonsay ; Mallaig to Armadale , Skye and Eigg , Muck , Rùm & Canna ; and Glenelg to Kyle Rhea on the Sleat peninsula , Skye .
Some ferries reach the Inner Hebrides from other islands such as the Seil to Luing route , Fionnphort on the Ross of Mull to Iona , Sconser to Raasay and Port Askaig to Feolin , Jura . There is also a service to and form the Outer Hebrides from Tarbert , Harris and Lochmaddy on North Uist to Uig , Skye and from Castlebay , Barra to Tiree .
National Rail services are available for onward journeys , from stations at Oban , which has direct services to Glasgow and from Kyle of Lochalsh to Inverness . There are scheduled flights from Broadford Airfield Skye , Colonsay Airport , Islay Airport near Port Ellen and Tiree Airport .
The archipelago is exposed to wind and tide , and there are numerous sites of wrecked ships . Lighthouses are sited as an aid to navigation at various locations . Dubh Artach lighthouse is located on a remote rock and warns seafarers away from the area itself and the nearby Torran Rocks . Originally it was considered to be an impossible site for a light , but the loss of the steamer Bussorah with all thirty @-@ three hands on her maiden voyage in 1863 and of an astonishing 24 vessels in the area in a storm on 30 – 31 December 1865 encouraged positive action . Skerryvore is another remote lighthouse in the vicinity and at a height of 48 metres ( 157 ft ) it is the tallest in Scotland .
= = Gaelic language = =
There are about 4 @,@ 000 Gaelic speakers in the Inner Hebrides equal to 20 % of the population of the archipelago .
There have been speakers of Goidelic languages in the Inner Hebrides since the time of Columba or before and the modern variant of Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig ) remains strong in some parts . However , the Education ( Scotland ) Act 1872 led to generations of Gaels being forbidden to speak their native language in the classroom , and is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language . Children were being beaten for speaking Gaelic in school as late as the 1930s . More recently the Gaelic Language ( Scotland ) Act was enacted by the Scottish Parliament in 2005 in order to provide continuing support for the language .
By the time of the 2001 census Kilmuir parish in Skye had 47 % Gaelic Speakers , with Skye overall having an unevenly distributed 31 % . At that time Tiree had 48 % of the population Gaelic @-@ speaking , Lismore 29 % , Islay 24 % , Coll 12 % , Jura 11 % , Mull 13 % and Iona 5 % . Students of Scottish Gaelic travel from all over the world to attend Sabhal Mòr Ostaig , a Scottish Gaelic college based on Skye .
= = The arts = =
Hebridean landscapes have inspired a variety of musicians , writers and artists . The Hebrides , also known as Fingal 's Cave , is a famous overture written by Felix Mendelssohn inspired by his visit to Staffa . Contemporary musicians associated with the islands include Ian Anderson , Donovan and Runrig . Enya 's song " Ebudæ " from Shepherd Moons is based on a traditional waulking song .
The poet Sorley MacLean was born on Raasay , the setting for his best known poem , Hallaig . George Orwell wrote much of the novel 1984 whilst living at Barnhill on Jura and J.M. Barrie wrote a screenplay for the 1924 film adaptation of Peter Pan whilst on Eilean Shona . Cressida Cowell , the author of How to Train Your Dragon , spent childhood summers in the Inner Hebrides and has stated that they are " one of the most beautiful places on Earth " and " the kind of place where you expect to see dragons overhead " .
= = Wildlife = =
In some respects the Hebrides generally lack biodiversity in comparison to mainland Britain , with for example only half the number of mammalian species the latter has . However , these islands have much to offer the naturalist . Observing the local abundance found on Skye in the 18th century Samuel Johnson noted that :
At the tables where a stranger is received , neither plenty nor delicacy is wanting . A tract of land so thinly inhabited , must have much wild @-@ fowl ; and I scarcely remember to have seen a dinner without them . The moor @-@ game is every where to be had . That the sea abounds with fish , needs not be told , for it supplies a great part of Europe . The Isle of Sky has stags and roebucks , but no hares . They sell very numerous droves of oxen yearly to England , and therefore cannot be supposed to want beef at home . Sheep and goats are in great numbers , and they have the common domestic fowls . "
In the modern era avian life includes the corncrake , red @-@ throated diver , rock dove , kittiwake , tystie , Atlantic puffin , goldeneye , golden eagle and white @-@ tailed sea eagle . The last named was re @-@ introduced to Rùm in 1975 and has successfully spread to various neighbouring islands , including Mull . There is a small population of red @-@ billed chough concentrated on the islands of Islay and Colonsay .
Mountain hare ( apparently absent from Skye in the 18th century ) and rabbit are now abundant and predated on by wild cat and pine marten . Red deer are common on the hills and the grey seal and common seal are present around the coasts of Scotland in internationally important numbers , with colonies of the former found on Oronsay and the Treshnish Isles and the latter most abundant in the Firth of Lorn . The rich fresh water streams contain brown trout , Atlantic salmon and water shrew . Offshore minke whales , killer whales , basking sharks , porpoises and dolphins are among the sea life that can be seen and edible crab and oyster are also found , in for example , the Sound of Scalpay . There are nationally important horse mussel and brittlestar beds in the sea lochs .
Heather moor containing ling , bell heather , cross @-@ leaved heath , bog myrtle and fescues is abundant and there is a diversity of arctic and alpine plants including alpine pearlwort and mossy cyphal .
= Loca ( Shakira song ) =
" Loca " ( English : " Crazy " ) is a song by Colombian singer @-@ songwriter Shakira , taken from her seventh studio album , Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) . It was released by Epic Records as the lead single from the album . The Spanish @-@ language version features Dominican rapper El Cata , and was released on 10 September 2010 , while the English @-@ language version features British rapper Dizzee Rascal , and was released on 13 September 2010 . It was written and produced by Shakira , with additional songwriting from Edward Bello , Armando Pérez , and Dylan Mills . The song is a Latin pop and merengue track that lyrically describes Shakira 's eccentric infatuation with a man . In August 2014 , a senior US district judge found " Loca " to have been indirectly plagiarised from " Loca con su Tiguere " , a mid @-@ 1990s song composed by Dominican songwriter Ramon " Arias " Vasquez . The case was dismissed in August 2015 after it was found that Vasquez had fabricated the evidence he had presented in court .
Upon its release , " Loca " received generally favourable reviews from music critics , who complimented the inclusion of merengue music on the recording . The English version of the song became a worldwide commercial success and peaked inside the top
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marked the ending of the Islanders ' dynasty and the beginning of the Oilers ' dynasty . Anderson scored 17 points in the playoffs .
At the beginning of the 1984 – 85 season , Anderson signed an eight @-@ year contract with the Oilers which would pay him $ 400 @,@ 000 per season . He had suggested he might have played in Europe if the Oilers had not provided a satisfactory deal . Anderson recorded 42 goals and 81 points and once more his team were the division champions . Anderson was also selected to play in the All @-@ Star Game . For the third straight season , the Oilers reached the Finals . The Oilers defeated their opponent , the Philadelphia Flyers , in five games . Anderson set a career high in assists with 16 during the playoff run . The 1985 – 86 season saw Anderson score 54 goals , 48 assists , adding up to 102 points . This was the second time Anderson had reached the 50 goal plateau in his career and the third time he had reached the 100 point plateau . It would be the last time in his career he would reach either plateau . He was also selected to play in his third consecutive All @-@ Star Game . For the fifth consecutive season , the Oilers sat atop the Smythe Division . However , the Oilers were eliminated in the division finals by the Calgary Flames on an own goal by defenceman Steve Smith . The loss did not seem to faze Anderson and his team , as they won their third Cup the next season by beating the Flyers once again , but this time in seven games . Anderson set career highs in goals ( 14 ) , points ( 27 ) and PIM ( 59 ) during the playoff run .
The Oilers failed to win the division title in 1987 – 88 for the first time since the 1981 – 82 season , as they finished runner @-@ up to the Calgary Flames . Anderson scored 88 points during the season , and he was selected to play in the All @-@ Star Game . This would be Anderson 's last appearance at the All @-@ Star Game . In the midst of the 1988 playoffs , Anderson 's friend , Dr. George Varvis , died after falling into Anderson 's pool . Glen Sather , the head coach and general manager of the Oilers , was worried that Anderson 's play would be affected by this tragedy . However , his friend 's death did not seem to affect his on @-@ ice production . He scored 9 goals , and 16 assists for a total of 25 points to help the Oilers win their fourth Cup . His
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and gifts .
= = = Art = = =
The Cultural and Social Center El Hatillo , El Hatillo Art Center , and El Hatillo Atheneum are the local centers of artistic activity . In 2006 , Dave Samuels inaugurated the annual International Music Festival of El Hatillo at the El Hatillo Art Center ; Samuels was followed by Simón Díaz , Steve Smith , Serenata Guayanesa , Mike Stern and other notable musicians . Since 1999 , the El Hatillo Jazz Festival has attracted visitors to the municipality to hear national and foreign jazz artists .
El Hatillo 's art culture is rich with handcrafted products . Pottery is a common souvenir for tourists , and there are many artisans devoted to ceramics and pottery in the municipality . The Turgua Group is an artist collective of almost twenty potters and blacksmiths , founded in 1992 by Guillermo Cuellar , an internationally known potter . The group has two exhibitions a year , which have expanded from pottery exposition to jewelry , photography , woodwork , drawing and weaving .
In May 2005 , the local government collaborated with the Japanese Embassy to organise Japan Cultural Week , an exposition held in the Art Center featuring bonsai , origami , kimonos , martial arts , anime and other manifestations of the Japanese culture . The event offered free workshops for learning these Japanese arts . Continuing cultural promotion in the municipality , the III Salón de Fotografía El Hatillo – a photography contest for children , amateur and professional photographers – was organised in October 2005 .
= = = Cuisine = = =
The cuisine industry in El Hatillo has grown along with the commercial development of the municipality . A September 2006 article in Estampas – a weekly Venezuelan magazine – described the culinary arts of El Hatillo , noting that El Hatillo offers the usual Venezuelan table , as well as new gastronomic developments . The TV chef Yuraima Blanco opened the Culinary Art Gallery in El Hatillo , where diners can enjoy a variety of food . There are also typical cachapa restaurants and cafés , as well as other restaurants with a fusion of foreign and national food . According to Estampas , a well @-@ known local restaurant called " Mauricio 's " mixes Swiss and French food with Caribbean gastronomy . El Hatillo also offers many varieties of confectionery , such as churros , pastry and ice cream . There are a variety of other restaurants in El Hatillo , offering such diverse cuisine as German and Thai food .
= = = Sports = = =
Lagunita Country Club is one of the most important sports facilities in the municipality . The club offers tennis and swimming , but it is best known for its golf course , the home of the 1974 WGC @-@ World Cup . Designed by Dick Wilson , the club began with temporary headquarters in 1959 , opening officially in 1964 . Lagunita Country Club played an important role in the development of La Lagunita neighborhood – an ambitious urban project , which has become one of the wealthiest areas of Caracas .
Hiparión is another club located in El Hatillo ; according to the Venezuelan Census of Cultural Heritage , this equestrian facility from the 1930s was originally used for horse trips , but it later became a place for the training and caring of horses . The Club Hiparión is internationally known for its equestrian training .
Located at the highest point of the Municipality lies El Volcan , a small mountain of about 1500 meters from sea level . This mountain has a Downhill course that has about 500 meters of vertical drop , it is used by hundreds of riders a day during dry and wet weather , mostly on weekends . The course is open to the public and riding is neither specifically allowed nor prohibited by law . The trails are also used by hikers all week long . Shuttles are about 10 Venezuelan bolivars per trip , they run from the parking lot of a Farmatodo drug store in La Boyera , up to the summit using public avenues and paved roads , taking from 15 minutes to 30 minutes depending on traffic on the area . The course apart from being used mostly for recreational purpose , also has been used for irregularly scheduled downhill races due to the lack of organisation in the riders community .
= = = Tourism and recreation = = =
The hub of activity in El Hatillo Town is Bolívar Plaza ( Spanish : Plaza Bolívar ) , a garden square encompassing the central block in the town of El Hatillo . Constructed in 1785 , the Plaza was originally called Plaza Mayor or Plaza del Mercado . In 1911 , a bust honoring Manuel Escalona was placed in the square , which was renamed in his honor . In 1952 , the bust was replaced with a statue of Simón Bolívar , and the plaza was again renamed after the Venezuelan hero . Across from the Bolívar Square is the 18th century Santa Rosalía de Palermo Church , which was declared a National Historic Monument in 1960 .
Between El Hatillo and La Lagunita is the smaller Manuel Escalona Plaza ( Spanish : Plazoleta Manuel Escalona ) , another urban monument displaying the bust of Escalona that formerly occupied Bolívar Square . Sucre Plaza ( Spanish : Plaza Sucre ) – graced since 1915 with a ceiba tree at its center – is in the southern part of town ; this was historically where people tied their mules while frequenting The Four Corners , and it is also known as Plaza La Ceiba . The Four Corners ( Spanish : Las Cuatro Esquinas ) was a convenient social gathering spot in El Hatillo , comprising a general store , hardware shop , gambling place and bar .
La Lagunita is the site of the San Constantino and Santa Elena Romanian Orthodox Church . The building is an architectural work from the 16th century , brought from Romania , made completely from oak and fir woods , and detailed with more than 40 @,@ 000 individually placed and carved tiles . It is one of only 15 churches of its type remaining in the world , and one of only two outside of Romania , the other being in Switzerland .
For children , the Caicaguana hacienda in La Lagunita houses the Expanzoo , where visitors can see and touch exotic animals . The zoo is recognised for offering unique employment opportunities ; the workers are from families with few resources , and the staff include the mentally ill . The Baby Zoo is another place for children to interact with animals ; visitors can feed and touch the animals , ride horses and rent the location for special events . More interaction with nature can be experienced by visiting the Morro la Guairita park in El Cafetal – commonly known as the Indian Caves ( Spanish : Cuevas del Indio ) – a system of 22 natural openings in the mountain , and the only place in Caracas where rock climbing is permitted . Guided tours are available , and views of El Ávila can be enjoyed while ascending the park .
= = Transportation = =
The mountainous terrain and geographic features of El Hatillo have made it difficult to extend the Caracas Metro to southeast Caracas , so the main transportation methods in the municipality are private vehicles and road public transportation . An extension of the Metro – Line 5 – has been proposed , but construction has not been initiated as of 2007 ; phase 2 of Line 4 is still under construction . Urban planning in the municipality has been unorganised ; news archives show that at least since 1998 , neighbors have been complaining about the dense traffic caused by new residential and commercial construction , yet new or enhanced alternative roads to resolve the traffic problems have not been completed . A south beltway suggested 25 years ago has not been constructed due to its high cost . However , as of January 2006 , a new route that will connect La Lagunita with Macaracuay – a neighborhood in northeast Caracas – is under construction and is planned to be completed in 2010 ; according to Mayor Catalán , 23 % of El Hatillo 's inhabitants will eventually use this transit way . Its cost was estimated in early 2006 as US $ 19 @,@ 572 @,@ 000 .
Local solutions – such as the proposed Metro extension line and the road connecting La Lagunita and Macaracuay – may improve the traffic congestion around El Hatillo , but the traffic issue affects all of Caracas . It is estimated that one million vehicles transit Caracas daily , causing a collapse of the transportation network . Automobiles travel at an average speed of 15 km / h ( 9 mph ) on the streets and highways of Caracas . There are numerous factors contributing to the traffic problem in Caracas . According to the Venezuelan Society of Transportation Engineers , a city should allocate 20 % of its public area to transportation ; in Caracas , less than 12 % is allocated . In 2004 , fifty thousand new vehicles were sold in Caracas . In 2005 , sixty thousand more were sold , and as of November , 2006 , seventy thousand more had been sold . In five years , 250 thousand more cars are circulating in Caracas on roadways that have not increased proportionally to the increase in the number of cars . Further , public transportation is not fully reliable ; an average trip in the city using mass transit takes
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began on January 9 , as it was in a 1 : 15 A.M. time slot . The series was licensed by Bandai Entertainment The English version was produced by ZRO Limit Productions and was aired on the evening Toonami block beginning on January 15 , 2001 . This broadcast of the show was heavily edited due to its adult content . Profanity was removed , scenes with violence and lewd behavior were cut or toned down , and many scenes containing nudity were altered by digitally inserting clothing onto characters . Episode 23 , in which the Outlaw Star crew visits a hot spring planet , was not aired due to nudity and suggestive themes . However , some instances of adult language were not removed for the anime 's initial run . Sean Akins , Toonami 's creative director , claimed that Cartoon Network made all of their own edits to their licensed properties during this time period , which they did " in a way that preserves the story " . The role of Fred Luo , a recurring homosexual character , was considerably toned down . Cartoon Network had no specific editing policy with regard to gay characters , but that " overt sexuality or implied sexuality of any kind are not allowed " . Outlaw Star was also aired on the late night Adult Swim block throughout 2002 . However , the broadcast was cancelled late in the year and , according to Akins , the network allowed its rights to the anime to expire by 2003 . Outlaw Star was aired in the United Kingdom on CNX in October 2002 .
Bandai released the first 13 episodes of Outlaw Star on DVD in Japan on August 25 , 1999 , and the remaining 13 episodes on November 25 , 1999 . A Japanese " remastered " DVD boxset containing the entire series was published by Bandai on September 22 , 2006 . Yet another DVD boxset , Emotion the Best : Seihō Bukyō Outlaw Star , was released in Japan on September 24 , 2010 . Bandai released the series in North America in three DVD collections on September 1 , 2000 , February 14 , 2001 , and March 6 , 2001 . The Outlaw Star Perfect Collection Box Set , a DVD compilation of the entire series , was released on September 10 , 2002 . The series was again re @-@ released on March 28 , 2006 as the Outlaw Star Complete Collection . Outlaw Star additionally received DVD releases in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment on June 23 , 2004 , and in the United Kingdom by Beez Entertainment on April 25 , 2011 . Following the closure of Beez , the show was re @-@ licensed by Anime Limited who will re @-@ release the series in 2013 . At Otakon 2013 , Funimation and Sunrise had announced that they have rescued Outlaw Star , along with a handful of other former BEI titles . In October 2014 , the entire series was released in Japan for the first time on Blu @-@ Ray DVD , with the set including such features as staff commentary , an art gallery board , book breaks of Gene and Melfina , and various songs .
= = = CDs = = =
The opening theme and the two closing themes of Outlaw Star were published in Japan in 1998 as CD singles by Victor Entertainment and JVC respectively . Victor Entertainment published a two @-@ volume original soundtrack for the series on March 31 , 1998 , and June 24 , 1998 . The CDs consist of a total of 61 background and vocal music tracks . Another two @-@ disc album containing several drama tracks , Seihō Bukyō Outlaw Star Sound & Scenario Tracks ( 星方武侠アウトロースター サウンド & シナリオトラック ) , was released on August 21 , 1998 .
= = = Light novels = = =
A series of light novels based on Outlaw Star has been released in Japan by Shueisha under its Super Dash Bunko label . Outlaw Star Ginga no Ryū Myaku Hen ( OUTLAW STAR 銀河の龍脈編 , lit . " Outlaw Star : Chapter of the Galactic Dragon Vein " ) , was written by Katsuhiko Tiba ( 千葉 克彦 Chiba Katsuhiko ) , illustrated by Takuya Saitou ( 斎藤 卓也 Saitō Takuya ) , and released in two volumes on October 1998 and February 1999 . The two books are an adaptation of the anime series , retelling the early events that trigger Gene and company 's search for the Galactic Leyline . Another light novel , Unkai no El Dorado Seihō Bukyō Outlaw Star ( 雲海のエルドラド 星方武侠アウトロースター , lit . " El Dorado Covered With Clouds : Starward Warrior Knight Outlaw Star " ) , was written by Miho Sakai , illustrated by Takuya Saitou , and released as a single volume on July 14 , 2000 . The novel features an original plot involving the Outlaw Star crew pursuing a serial killer named Billy McAglen in a mining town called El Dorado .
= = = Other merchandise = = =
A hardcover guidebook titled Muhōmono no Kioku – Seihō Bukyō Outlaw Star ( 無法者の記録 ― 星方武侠アウトロースター , lit . " Outlaw Record – Starward Warrior Knight Outlaw Star " ) was published by Fujimi Shobo as part of its Dragon Magazine imprint in November 1998 . The guide contains summaries of the manga and anime , character profiles , sketches , animation cels , and interviews with the production staff . In 2001 , Bandai released an Outlaw Star action figure set as part of a line based on its licensed anime franchises . The set contains the Outlaw Star ship and the characters Gene and Melfina . Asako Nishida , one of the show 's animation directors , compiled her contributions to the Toward Stars Era franchise in a 2009 art book .
= = Reception = =
Critical reception for Outlaw Star has been favorable . Eric Luce , Ivevei Upatkoon , and Michael Poirier of EX.org all gave similarly positive reviews for the Japanese manga , Japanese anime , and English anime versions of Outlaw Star respectively . Luce was complimentary of the manga 's " raw " yet " good and distinctive " artwork , detailed backgrounds , and good placement of characters among one another . However , he
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a game against No. 1 Florida State to decide the national championship . Unfortunately for Nebraska , the underdog Longhorns upset heavily favored Nebraska , 37 – 27 . Eight days after losing to Texas , Nebraska was awarded a bid to the Orange Bowl .
= = = Virginia Tech = = =
The Virginia Tech Hokies entered the 1996 season having ended 1995 with a victory over No. 9 Texas in the 1995 Sugar Bowl ( December ) , considered to be the most important game in Virginia Tech history to that point . Following the victory , hopes were high that the Hokies would repeat the performance in the 1996 season .
Virginia Tech kicked off the 1996 season in Akron , Ohio , against the Akron Zips . The Hokies were nearly upset by the Zips , but eventually won the game , 21 – 18 . Tech dropped in rank due to the close finish , and traveled next to Boston , Massachusetts to play the Boston College Eagles . In a nationally televised game , Tech defeated the Eagles , 45 – 7 . The Hokies followed that win with a home @-@ opening victory against Rutgers , then traveled to Syracuse , New York , to play the Syracuse Orangemen . Though the Hokies lost , 21 – 52 , they recovered to win their final seven games of the regular season , securing a Big East championship and a trip to the Orange Bowl .
= = Pregame buildup = =
Nebraska was heavily favored to win the contest , as the point spread favored Nebraska by 16 points to 17 points . Heading into the Orange Bowl , the two teams presented a study in contrasts . The Cornhuskers boasted a string of 28 seasons with nine or more victories , received 28 straight bowl bids , spent 256 consecutive weeks ranked in the AP poll , and had recorded 214 straight sellouts in their 75 @,@ 000 @-@ capacity home stadium . Virginia Tech , meanwhile , had a bowl streak dating back just three years , to the 1993 Independence Bowl , and while the game was Nebraska 's 16th Orange Bowl , it was Virginia Tech 's first . Nebraska and Virginia Tech were among the winningest seven teams in Division I @-@ A college football during the two seasons prior to the Orange Bowl . Virginia Tech had 20 wins in those two seasons , while Nebraska had 22 victories .
In the first weeks after the matchup was announced , Virginia Tech sold its allotment of 15 @,@ 000 tickets , while Nebraska sales lagged , only reaching the 5 @,@ 000 mark in the time it took Tech to sell its allotment . The slow Nebraska sales were largely due to fans who had booked trips to the Sugar Bowl in anticipation of a victory by the Cornhuskers in the Big 12 championship game . Disappointed by the loss , many people elected not to make the trip to Miami . By December 27 , four days prior to the game , Tech had increased its total to 15 @,@ 500 , while Nebraska improved to 8 @,@ 000 sold . The game was the first Orange Bowl to be played at Miami 's professional football arena , Pro Player Stadium , instead of Orange Bowl stadium . The move was made in order to secure the Orange Bowl 's place in the Bowl Alliance , as Pro Player Stadium was a more modern facility with a larger seating capacity .
= = = Off @-@ field problems = = =
In the months , weeks and days prior to the Orange Bowl , the Virginia Tech and Nebraska football teams were affected by multiple criminal incidents . In the 15 months immediately prior to the Orange Bowl , Virginia Tech players accumulated 22 arrests , six convictions , and four charges dropped . The most notable of these arrests came on December 16 , slightly more than two weeks prior to the Orange Bowl , when Brian Edmonds , the Hokies ' starting fullback , and James Crawford , a backup wide receiver , were arrested on charges of rape and attempted sodomy . The two players were immediately suspended from the football team . The day before the Orange Bowl , Virginia Tech coach Frank Beamer announced further suspensions , indicating that backup defensive tackle Nat Williams , backup linebacker Tyron Edmond , and backup receiver Angelo Harrison would not participate in the Orange Bowl .
= = = Offensive matchups = = =
= = = = Nebraska offense = = = =
At the conclusion of the 1996 regular season , the Nebraska Cornhuskers boasted the No. 4 rushing offense in Division I @-@ A college football , averaging 292 rushing yards per game and 422 overall yards per game . Despite those figures , the Cornhuskers ' two leading rushers were hampered by injury and their participation was in doubt . Ahman Green , who led the Nebraska offense with 155 carries , 917 rushing yards , and seven touchdowns , suffered a stress fracture in his foot during the second @-@ to @-@ last Nebraska regular @-@ season game . The No. 2 rusher , DeAngelo Evans , had 776 rushing yards and a team @-@ high 14 rushing touchdowns , but was limited by a groin injury . Because of the injuries , Damon Benning , who earned 465 yards and seven
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an important place in Dylan 's development . Michael Gray writes , " The core Dylan songs from these sessions actually do form a clear link between ... two utterly different albums . They evince the same highly serious , precarious quest for a personal and universal salvation which marked out the John Wesley Harding collection — yet they are soaked in the same blocked confusion and turmoil as Blonde on Blonde . ' Tears of Rage ' , for example , is an exact halfway house between , say , ' One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) ' and ' I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine ' " .
Singer @-@ songwriter David Gray commented that the great achievement of The Basement Tapes is that Dylan found a way out of the anguish and verbal complexity that had characterized his mid @-@ sixties albums such as Blonde on Blonde : " It 's the sound of Dylan letting his guard down . ' Clothes Line Saga ' and all those ridiculous songs , he 's obviously just making it all up , they were having such a great time . The sound of the Band is so antiquated like something out of the Gold Rush and Dylan fits in because he 's this storyteller with an ancient heart . At the time everything he did was so scrutinised , yet somehow he liberated himself from all that and enjoyed making music again . You hear an unselfconscious quality on this record which you don 't ever hear again . " " He mocks his own inertia and impotence " , writes critic Mike Marqusee , " but with a much gentler touch than in Blonde on Blonde . In place of that album 's strangled urgency , Dylan adopts a laconic humor , a deadpan tone that speaks of resignation and self @-@ preservation in the face of absurdity and betrayal . "
Robert Shelton has argued that The Basement Tapes revolves around two sets of themes . One group of songs is " tinctured with the search for salvation " : " I Shall Be Released " ( on the demo , but not on the album ) , " Too Much of Nothing " , " Nothing Was Delivered " , " This Wheel 's On Fire " , " Tears of Rage " and " Goin ' To Acapulco " . " ' Nothing ' and ' nowhere ' perplex and nag " in these songs , he writes . " The ' nothing ' echoes the artist 's dilemma : death versus life , vacuum versus harvest , isolation versus people , silence versus sound , the void versus the life @-@ impulse . " A second group , comprising " songs of joy , signaling some form of deliverance " , includes most of the remaining songs in the collection .
In his sleeve notes for the 1975 release of The Basement Tapes , Greil Marcus wrote , " What was taking place as Dylan and the Band fiddled with the tunes , was less a style than a spirit — a spirit that had to do with a delight in friendship and invention . " He compared the songs to fabled works of American music : " The Basement tapes are a testing and a discovery of roots and memory ... they are no more likely to fade than Elvis Presley 's ' Mystery Train ' or Robert Johnson 's ' Love In Vain . ' "
In 1997 , after listening to more than 100 basement recordings issued on various bootlegs , Marcus extended these insights into a book @-@ length study , Invisible Republic ( reissued in 2001 under the title The Old , Weird America ) . In it , he quotes Robertson 's memory of the recording : " [ Dylan ] would pull these songs out of nowhere . We didn 't know if he wrote them or if he remembered them . When he sang them , you couldn 't tell . " Marcus calls the songs " palavers with a community of ghosts . ... These ghosts were not abstractions . As native sons and daughters they were a community . And they were once gathered in a single place : on the Anthology of American Folk Music " . A collection of blues and country music recorded in the 1920s and 1930s , the Anthology — compiled by Harry Smith and originally released by Folkways Records in 1952 — was a major influence on the folk music revival of the 1950s and the 1960s . Marcus suggests that Dylan 's Basement Tapes shared with Smith 's Anthology a sense of alchemy , " and in the alchemy is an undiscovered country " .
= = Legacy = =
While removed from the public 's gaze , Dylan and the Band made music very different from the recordings of other major artists . Andy Gill writes , " Musically , the songs were completely at odds with what was going on
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gray stallion from the Kladrub stud with a Spanish dam , foaled 1773 , descendants today all trace via Maestoso X , foaled in Hungary in 1819 .
Favory : a dun stallion from the Kladrub stud , foaled in 1779
Neapolitano : a bay Neapolitan stallion from the Polesine , foaled in 1790
Siglavy : a gray Arabian stallion , originally from Syria , foaled in 1810
There are two additional stallion lines found in Croatia , Hungary , and other eastern European countries as well as in North America . They are accepted as equal to the 6 classical lines by the Lipizzan International Federation ( LIF ) . These are :
Tulipan : A black stallion of Baroque type and Spanish pedigree foaled about 1800 from the Croatian stud farm of Terezovac , owned by Count Janković @-@ Bésán .
Incitato : A stallion of Spanish lines foaled 1802 , bred in Transylvania by Count Bethlen , and sold to the Hungarian stud farm Mezőhegyes .
There are several other stallion lines that have died out over the years , but were used in the early breeding of the horses . In addition to the foundation stallion lines , there were 20 " classic " mare lines , 14 of which exist today . However , there are up to 35 mare lines recognized by various Lipizzan organizations .
There are traditional naming patterns for both stallions and mares , required by Lipizzan breed registries . Stallions traditionally are given two names , with the first being the line of the sire and the second being the name of the dam . For example , " Maestoso Austria " is a horse sired by Maestoso Trompeta out of a mare named Austria . The horse 's sire line tracing to the foundation sire Maestoso . The names of mares are chosen to be " complementary to the traditional Lipizzan line names " and are required to end in the letter " a " .
= = = Spanish Riding School = = =
The world @-@ famous Spanish Riding School uses highly trained Lipizzan stallions in public performances that demonstrate classical dressage movements and training . In 1572 the first Spanish Riding Hall was built , during the Austrian Empire , and is the oldest of its kind in the world . The Spanish Riding School , though located in Vienna , Austria , takes its name from the original Spanish heritage of its horses . In 1729 Charles VI commissioned the building of the Winter Riding School in Vienna and in 1735 , the building was completed that remains the home of the Spanish Riding School today .
= = = Wartime preservation = = =
The Lipizzans endured several wartime relocations throughout their history , each of which saved the breed from extinction . The first was in March 1797 during the War of the First Coalition , when the horses were evacuated from Lipica . During the journey , 16 mares gave birth to foals . In November 1797 , the horses returned to Lipica , but the stables were in ruins . They were rebuilt , but in 1805 , the horses were evacuated again when Napoleon invaded Austria . They remained away from the stud for two years , returning April 1 , 1807 . But then , following the Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809 , the horses were evacuated three more times during the unsettled period that followed , resulting in the loss of many horses and the destruction of the written studbooks that documented bloodlines of horses prior to 1700 . The horses finally returned to Lipica for good in 1815 , where they remained for the rest of the 19th century .
The first evacuation of the 20th century occurred in 1915 when the horses were evacuated from Lipica due to World War I and placed at Laxenburg and Kladrub . Following the war , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire was broken up , with Lipica becoming part of Italy . Thus , the animals were divided between several different studs in the new postwar nations of Austria , Italy , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , Romania and Yugoslavia . The nation of Austria kept the stallions of the Spanish Riding School and some breeding stock . By 1920 , the Austrian breeding stock was consolidated at Piber .
During World War II , the high command of Nazi Germany transferred most of Europe 's Lipizzan breeding stock to Hostau , Czechoslovakia . The breeding stock was taken from Piber in 1942 , and additional mares and foals from other European nations arrived in 1943 . The stallions of the Spanish Riding School were evacuated to St. Martins , Austria from Vienna in January 1945 , when bombing raids neared the city and the head of the Spanish Riding School , Colonel Alois Podhajsky , feared the horses were in danger . By spring of 1945 , the horses at Hostau were threatened by the advancing Soviet army , which might have slaughtered the animals for horse meat had it captured the facility .
The rescue of the Lipizzans by the United States Army , made famous by the Disney movie Miracle of the White Stallions , occurred in two parts : The United States Third Army under the command of General George S. Patton , was near St. Martins in the spring of 1945 and learned that the Lipizzan stallions were in the area . Patton himself was a horseman , and like Podhajsky , had competed in the Olympic Games . On May 7 , 1945 , Podhajsky put on an exhibition of the Spanish Riding School stallions for Patton and Undersecretary of War Robert P. Patterson , and at its conclusion requested that Patton take the horses under his protection .
Meanwhile , the Third Army 's United States Second Cavalry , a tank unit under the command of Colonel Charles Reed , had discovered the horses at Hostau , where there were also 400 Allied prisoners of war , and had occupied it on April 28 , 1945 . " Operation Cowboy " , as the rescue was known , resulted in the recovery of 1 @,@ 200 horses , including 375 Lipizzans . Patton learned of the raid , and arranged for Podhajsky to fly to Hostau . On May 12 , American soldiers began riding , trucking and herding the horses 35 miles across the border into Kotztinz , Germany . The Lipizzans were eventually settled in temporary quarters in Wimsbach , until the breeding stock returned to Piber in 1952 , and the stallions returned to the Spanish Riding School in 1955 . In 2005 , the Spanish Riding School celebrated the 60th anniversary of Patton 's rescue by touring the United States .
During the Croatian War of Independence , from 1991 to 1995 , the horses at the Lipik stable in Croatia were taken by the Serbs to Novi Sad , Serbia . The horses remained there until 2007 , when calls began to be made for them to be returned to their country of origin . In October 2007 , 60 horses were returned to Croatia .
= = = Modern breed = = =
The Lipizzan breed suffered a setback to its population when a viral epidemic hit the Piber Stud in 1983 . Forty horses and eight percent of the expected foal crop were lost . Since then , the population at the stud increased . By 1994 there were 100 mares at the stud with and a foal crop of 56 born in 1993 . In 1994 , the rate of successful pregnancy and birth of foals increased from 27 % to 82 % as the result of a new veterinary center . In 1996 , a study funded by the European Union Indo @-@ Copernicus Project assessed 586 Lipizzan horses from eight stud farms in Europe , with the goal of developing a " scientifically @-@ based description of the Lipizzan horse " . A study of the mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) was performed on 212 of the animals , and those studied were found to contain 37 of the 39 known mtDNA haplotypes known in modern horses , meaning that they show a high degree of genetic diversity . This was what had been expected , as it was known that the mare families of the Lipizzan included a large number of different breeds , including Arabians , Thoroughbreds , and other European breeds .
The Lipizzan International Federation ( LIF ) is the international governing organization for the breed , composed of many national and private organizations representing the Lipizzan . The organizations work together under the banner of the LIF to promote the breed and maintain standards . As of 2012 , there were almost 11 @,@ 000 Lipizzans registered with the LIF residing with private breeders in 19 countries and at 9 state studs in Europe . The largest number are in Europe , with almost 9 @,@ 000 registered horses , followed by the Americas , with just over 1 @,@ 7
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Mark Halperin is one of twenty or so members of the Public Advisory Board set up by the President of the college , Father Jonathan DeFelice Washington Post columnist , and Senior Research Fellow E. J. Dionne lectured in 2007 at the Institute and spoke during an American Government politics class. and Senior editor of The Weekly Standard William Kristol .
The college has been honored with the visit of two Secretaries of State , the former Madeleine Albright , and the current Hillary Clinton .
In August 2012 , Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan held a town hall event for 3 @,@ 000 plus people on the college quad . The event was covered by all of the national media outlets not only because it was Mitt Romney 's 100th town hall event , but it was the first time since announcing that Paul Ryan would be his running mate , that the two appeared in New England . As is often with television " live shots " from the Alumni Hall , the Abbey bells tolled at 11 : 00 , interrupting Paul Ryan during his remarks . This caused Romney to quip , " Only a Catholic guy ( Paul Ryan ) would be able to get the bells to toll just at the right time at Saint Anselm " .
= = Meelia Center for Community Service = =
The Meelia Center is one of the many outlets available for students to volunteer in the Greater Manchester community . Since 1989 , the Meelia Center has allowed Saint Anselm College students to mobilize their talents and energies to assist 14 community partnerships and more than 30 other community service agencies throughout New Hampshire . Annually , some 850 students , faculty , and staff volunteer more than 16 @,@ 000 community service hours . The Princeton Review has described the Meelia Center as " the nerve center of Saint Anselm 's bustling service community " , adding that " the center , according to the school , ' employs nearly sixty student service leaders , who in turn recruit , place , and support over 200 volunteers and 210 service learners each semester who perform weekly service in over thirty community agencies . An additional 350 volunteers serve in occasional one @-@ day service events . In 2010 , the Meelia Center alone accounted for the coordination of 20 @,@ 000 service hours by Saint Anselm students . ' " New students are introduced to the service commitment through the New Student Day of Service . As part of freshman orientation , students are sent in teams of thirty to partnership sites and other community non @-@ profit agencies . Upperclassmen work throughout the summer to organize these orientation events that involve anywhere from fifteen to twenty sites around New Hampshire .
= = = Service learning = = =
Service learning is one of the fastest growing community service outlets at the college ; students enjoy being able to accomplish community service while receiving credits in the classroom . Thus , students can learn in class while also learning and experiencing things in real @-@ life situations . Eleven academic departments and more than twenty courses at Saint Anselm offer service @-@ learning opportunities .
= = Athletics = =
Saint Anselm College competes at the NCAA Division II level in 20 men 's and women 's varsity sports . The college offers baseball , basketball , cross country , football , golf , ice hockey , lacrosse , skiing , soccer , tennis , field hockey and softball programs open to all students . Saint Anselm 's sports teams are known as the Hawks ; their colors are blue and white . The Hawks participate as a member of the Northeast 10 and ECAC conferences in most sports . Football returned to the Hilltop in 1999 after a 58 @-@ year hiatus brought about by the onset of World War II . The college 's most recent standout was Michael Geary ' 05 , a 2003 2nd Team All NE @-@ 10 offensive lineman . One of the college 's greatest athletes was Ray " Scooter " McLean ; he was coach of the Green Bay Packers in 1953 and 1958 and an NFL player for the Chicago Bears , winning NFL Championship Games in 1940 , 1941 , 1943 and 1946 . The college 's athletic teams are known as " The Hawks " .
= = = Ice hockey = = =
Saint Anselm is known by locals as a " hockey school " as both the men 's and women 's teams have earned championships in their respective conferences . The men 's team has won 8 Northeast @-@ 10 Conference championships , ( four in a row ) most recently by defeating Franklin Pierce University in 2013 . The Hawks performance in the 2012 Championship game set NE @-@ 10 records for most goals scored and largest margin of victory in a championship game . The women 's team has earned the title of ECAC champions for two consecutive years , by defeating Holy Cross College . In the 2012 @-@ 13 season , the women held a record of 19 @-@ 4 @-@ 4 including a victory over Norwich University ending their 40 @-@ game win streak and earning them 3rd place over all in the D @-@ III ECAC East standings . The campus has a multimillion @-@ dollar , 65 @,@ 000 square feet ( 6 @,@ 000 m2 ) ice arena , named after Thomas F. Sullivan . It is located next to Davison Dining Hall , and has a capacity of 2 @,@ 700 fans .
= = Student organizations = =
Saint Anselm offers over 100 student organizations on campus , including arts & culture organizations , performance groups , sports groups , political organizations , religious organizations , and social action groups . The Student Activities Office encourages and is available for students wishing to develop an organization not yet established at Saint Anselm . Clubs on campus include The Knights of Columbus , Alpha Phi Omega , Abbey Players , Campus Activities Board , Classics Society , The History Society , Democrats , Republicans , Green Team , Italian Club , Dance Club , Muslim Student Association , Jazz Band , Organization for Life , Mock Trial , Psychology Club , and Yearbook Club . An example of the college students being active in the local community is that the Saint Anselm College Knights of Columbus , Council 4785 in Manchester , New Hampshire won the 2009 – 2010 National Community Activity Award for creating a comprehensive recycling program at the New Hampshire State Prison for Women . The Campus Activities Board ( CAB ) , a student @-@ run organization , runs several committees that oversee campus @-@ wide activities and student services . In 2008 , CAB organized singer Howie Day , in 2009 , the band Third Eye Blind performed at the college . Jason Derulo and Matt Nathanson performed there in 2010 .
= = Student publications = =
The Saint Anselm Crier , founded in the early 1960s as " The Anselmian Crier " is the student newspaper of Saint Anselm College . It is published twice monthly when school is in session . The Crier won the 2008 – 2009 First Place Scholastic Newspaper Award from the American Scholastic Press Association . In 2009 , The Saint Anselm Crier adopted new terminology designating the publication as the " independent " student newspaper instead of the " official "
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she take the part herself . Her Penelope voice was intended to emulate Fielding and Joan Greenwood . On Penelope and Parker 's secondary role as comic relief , Gerry explained , " We British can laugh at ourselves , so therefore we had Penelope and Parker as this comedy team . And in America they love the British aristocracy too . ' "
As well as Jeff Tracy , English @-@ Canadian actor Peter Dyneley voiced the recurring character of Commander Norman , chief of air traffic control at London International Airport . His supporting character voices were typically those of upper @-@ class Englishmen . Shane Rimmer , the voice of Scott , was cast on the strength of his performance on the BBC soap opera Compact . Meanwhile , fellow Canadian Matt Zimmerman was selected at a late stage in the process . The expatriate West End actor was given the role of Alan on the recommendation of his friend , Holliday : " They were having great difficulty casting the part of Alan as they wanted a certain sound for him , being the youngest brother . David , who [ was ] a bit older than I am , told them that he had this friend , me , who would be great . "
Christine Finn , known for her role in the TV serial Quatermass and the Pit , provided the voices of Tin @-@ Tin Kyrano and Grandma Tracy . With Sylvia Anderson , she was also responsible for voicing most of the female and child supporting characters . Other minor parts were voiced by Charles Tingwell , Paul Maxwell and John Tate ( the father of Nick Tate ) , who were not credited for their contributions .
= = = Design and effects = = =
The puppet stages used for the filming of Thunderbirds were only one @-@ fifth the size of those used for a standard live @-@ action production , typically measuring 12 by 14 by 3 metres ( 39 @.@ 4 by 45 @.@ 9 by 9 @.@ 8 ft ) in length , width and height . Bob Bell , assisted by Keith Wilson and Grenville Nott , headed the art department for Series One . During the simultaneous filming of Series Two and Thunderbirds Are Go in 1966 , Bell attended mainly to the film , entrusting set design for the TV series to Wilson .
Since it was necessary for the art department 's interior sets to conform to the effects department 's exterior plans , each team closely monitored the other 's work . According to Sylvia Anderson , Bell 's challenge was to produce complex interiors on a limited budget while resisting the effects department 's push for " more extravagant " design . This task was complicated by the unnatural proportions of the puppets : Bell struggled to decide whether the sets should be built to a scale proportionate to their bodies or their oversized heads and hands . He used the example of FAB 1 to illustrate the problem : " As soon as we positioned [ the puppets ] standing alongside [ the model ] , they looked ridiculous , as the car towered over them . " He ultimately adopted a " mix @-@ and @-@ match " approach , in which smaller items , such as tableware , were scaled to their hands and furniture to their bodies .
While designing the Creighton @-@ Ward Mansion sets , Bell and his staff strove for authenticity , ordering miniature Tudor paintings , 1 ⁄ 3 @-@ scale Georgian- and Regency @-@ style furniture and carpeting in the shape of a polar bear skin . This realism was enhanced by adding scrap items acquired from household waste and electronics shops . For example , a vacuum cleaner pipe serves as Virgil Tracy 's launch chute .
= = = = Puppets = = = =
The head puppet sculptor was Christine Glanville , who also served as the lead puppeteer . Glanville 's four @-@ person team built the 13 members of the main cast in six months at a cost of between £ 250 and £ 300 per puppet ( approximately £ 4 @,@ 569 and £ 5 @,@ 483 today ) . Since pairs of episodes were being filmed simultaneously on separate stages , the characters needed to be sculpted in duplicate . Facial expressions were diversified by means of replaceable heads : as well as a head with a neutral expression , each main character was given a " smiler " , a " frowner " and a " blinker " . The finished puppets were approximately 22 inches ( 56 cm ) tall , or 1 ⁄ 3 adult human height .
The puppets were made up of more than 30 individual components , the most important of which was the solenoid that synchronised lip movements with the characters ' pre @-@ recorded dialogue . This device was positioned inside the head unit ; consequently , torsos and limbs appeared relatively small . The puppets ' likenesses and mechanics are remembered favourably by puppeteer Wanda Brown , who preferred the Thunderbirds marionettes over the accurately @-@ proportioned ones that first appeared in Captain Scarlet : " The puppets were easier to operate and more enjoyable because they had more character to them ... Even some of the more normal @-@ looking faces , such as Scott and Jeff , for me had more character than the puppets in the series that came afterwards . " Rimmer speaks positively of the puppets ' still being " very much caricatures " , since it made them " more lovable and appealing ... There was a naive quality about them and nothing too complex . "
The appearances of the main characters were inspired by those of actors and other entertainers , who were typically selected from the show business directory Spotlight . According to Glanville , as part of a trend away from the strong caricature of previous series , APF was seeking " more natural faces " for the puppets . The face of Jeff Tracy was based on that of Lorne Greene , Scott on Sean Connery , Alan on Robert Reed , John on Adam Faith and Charlton Heston , Brains on Anthony Perkins and Parker on Ben Warriss . Sylvia Anderson brought the character of Penelope to life in likeness as well as voice : after her test moulds were rejected , sculptor Mary Turner decided to use Anderson herself as a template . Terry Curtis was also an original sculpture of Supermarionation puppets .
Main character heads were initially sculpted in either Plasticine or clay . Once the general aspect had been finalised , this served as the template for a silicone rubber mould . This was coated with Bondaglass ( fibreglass mixed with resin ) and enhanced with Bondapaste , a putty @-@ like substance , to accentuate contours . The Bondaglass shell was then fitted with a solenoid , leather mouth parts and plastic eyes , as well as incisor teeth – a first for a Supermarionation production . Puppets known as " revamps " , which had plastic heads , portrayed the supporting characters . These marionettes started their working lives with only a mouth and eyes ; their faces were remoulded from one episode to the next . Particularly striking revamp moulds were retained and , as their numbers increased , photographed to compile an internal casting directory .
Wigs were made of mohair or , in the case of the Penelope puppet , human hair . Puppet bodies were built in three sizes : " large male " ( specifically for the Tracys and the Hood ) , " small male " and " small female " . Sylvia Anderson , the head costume designer , devised the main characters ' attire . To give the puppets increased mobility , the costume department generally avoided stiff synthetic materials , instead working with cotton , silk and wool . Between 1964 and 1966 , the department 's stock numbered more than 700 costumes .
Each puppet 's head was fitted with about 10 thin tungsten steel wires . During the filming , dialogue was played into the studio using modified tape recorders that converted the feed into electronic pulses . Two of the wires relayed these pulses to the internal solenoid , completing the
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Supermarionation process . The wires , which were sprayed black to reduce their visibility , were made even less noticeable through the application of powder paint that matched the background colours of the set . Glanville explained the time @-@ consuming nature of this process : " [ The puppeteers ] used to spend over half an hour on each shot getting rid of these wires , looking through the camera , puffing a bit more [ paint ] here , anti @-@ flare there ; and , I mean , it 's very depressing when somebody will say to us , ' Of course the wires showed . ' " Positioned on an overhead gantry with a hand @-@ held cruciform , the puppeteers co @-@ ordinated movements with the help of a viewfinder @-@ powered CCTV feedback system . As filming progressed , the crew started to dispense with wires and instead manipulate the puppets from the studio floor using rods .
Due to their low weight and the fact that they had only one control wire per leg , the puppets were unable to walk convincingly . Therefore , scenes involving movement were filmed from the waist up , with a puppeteer holding the legs below the level of the camera and using a " bobbing " action to simulate motion . Alternatively , dynamic shots were eliminated altogether : in an interview with New Scientist , director of photography John Read spoke of the advantages of circumventing the lack of agility so that the puppets " appear , for example , to walk through doors ( although the control wires make this impossible ) or pick up a coffee cup ( although their fingers are not in fact jointed ) . " Live @-@ action shots of human hands were inserted whenever scripts called for more dexterous actions to be performed .
= = = = Special effects = = = =
The effects for all the APF series from Supercar to UFO were directed by Derek Meddings , who later worked on the James Bond and Superman films . Knowing that Thunderbirds would be the " biggest project [ APF ] had worked on " , Meddings found himself struggling to manage his workload with the single filming unit that had produced all the effects for Stingray . He therefore established a second unit under technician Brian Johncock , and a third exclusively for filming airborne sequences . This expansion increased the number of APF crews and stages to five each . A typical episode contained around 100 effects shots ; Meddings ' team completed up to 18 per day .
An addition to the effects department was Mike Trim , who served as Meddings ' assistant in designing vehicles and buildings . Meddings and Trim jointly pioneered an " organic " design technique in which the exteriors of models and sets were customised with parts from model kits and children 's toys . Models and sets were also " dirtied down " with powder paint or pencil lead to create a used look . Toy cars and vans were used in long shot , while scale vehicles were equipped with basic steering and suspension for added realism . Miniature fans and Jetex pellets , which are capable of issuing air jets or chemical exhaust , were attached to the undersides to simulate dust trails . Another of Meddings ' inventions was a closed , cyclical effects stage nicknamed the " rolling road " : consisting of two or more loops of canvas running at different speeds , this device allowed shots of moving vehicles to be filmed on a static set to make more efficient use of the limited studio space . Airborne aircraft sequences were mounted against a " rolling sky " , with smoke fanned across to simulate passing clouds .
One of Meddings ' first tasks was to shoot stock footage of the Thunderbird machines and the series ' main locations , Tracy Island and Creighton @-@ Ward Mansion . The finished island model was a composite of more than a dozen smaller sets that could be detached from the whole and filmed separately . The architecture of the mansion was based on that of Stourhead House , located on the Stourhead Estate in Wiltshire . In the absence of head designer Reg Hill , who was serving as associate producer , Meddings was further tasked with designing the Thunderbird fleet and FAB 1 . Scale models for the six main vehicles were built by a contractor , Master Models of Middlesex . Models and puppet sets combined , more than 200 versions of the Thunderbird machines were created for the series .
During the designing and filming process , Meddings ' first priorities were realism and credibility . With the exception of Thunderbird 5 , each vehicle was built in three or four scales . Meddings ' swing @-@ wing concept for Thunderbird 1 was inspired by his wish to create something " more dynamic " than a fixed @-@ wing aircraft . He remained unsatisfied with the prototype of Thunderbird 2 until he inverted the wings , later commenting , " ... at the time , all aircraft had swept @-@ back wings . I only did it to be different . " This decision was made out of personal preference and was not informed by any expert knowledge on Meddings ' part . He described the Thunderbird 2 launch as " probably the most memorable " sequence that his team devised for an APF production .
The largest model of Thunderbird 3 , whose design was based on the Soviet Soyuz rocket , was six feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall . Thunderbird 4 was particularly difficult to film : as the scale of the model did not correspond to the water inside the shooting tank , creative camera angles and rapid editing were used to produce a sense of realistic perspective . Thunderbird 5 , the most difficult vehicle for Meddings to visualise , was based on the Tracy Island Round House . Since most of the space station 's appearances were provided by stock footage , the model was rarely filmed . Pod Vehicles were designed on an episode @-@ by @-@ episode basis and built from balsa wood , Jelutong wood or fibreglass . To save time and costs , other minor vehicles were built in @-@ house from radio @-@ controlled model kits .
As the puppets of Lady Penelope and Parker needed to fit inside , the largest of all the models was the seven @-@ foot FAB 1 , which cost £ 2 @,@ 500 ( approximately £ 46 @,@ 000 today ) to build . The Rolls @-@ Royce 's name and colour were both chosen by Sylvia Anderson . Rolls @-@ Royce Ltd. supervised the construction of the plywood model and supplied APF with an authentic radiator grille for close @-@ up shots of the front of the car . In exchange for its cooperation , the company requested that a Spirit of Ecstasy be fixed to the chassis and that the characters avoid referring to the brand with abbreviations such as " Rolls " .
Scale explosions were created using substances such as fuller 's earth , petrol gel , magnesium strips and Cordtex explosive . Originally filmed at up to 120 frames per second ( f.p.s. ) , they were slowed down to 24 f.p.s. during post @-@ production to increase their apparent magnitude and length . Gunpowder canisters were ignited to create rocket jets . The wires that electronically fired the rockets also allowed a member of the crew , holding a cruciform and positioned on an overhead gantry , to " fly " the model over the set . By far the most unwieldy model was Thunderbird 2 , which Meddings remembered as being " awful " to fly . A combination of unreliable rockets and weak wiring frequently caused problems : should the former be slow to ignite , the current quickly caused the latter to overheat and snap , potentially damaging the model and even setting fire to the set . Conditions above the studio floor were often dangerous due to the heat and smoke . Although many of the exhaust sound effects used in the series were drawn from an audio library , some were specially recorded during a Red Arrows display at RAF Little Rissington in Gloucestershire .
By 1966 , Meddings ' commitments were split between Series Two and Thunderbirds Are Go . While Meddings worked on the film , camera operator Jimmy Elliott assumed the responsibility of directing the TV effects . By this stage , the basic frame of Thunderbird 2 had been damaged so many times that the model had needed to be rebuilt from scratch . Meddings was displeased with the result , reflecting that the replacement was " not only the wrong colour , it was a completely different shape ... I never felt our model @-@ makers managed to recapture the look of the original . "
Critic David Garland suggests that the challenge facing the Thunderbirds effects department was to strike a balance between the " conventional science @-@ fiction imperative of the
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, 3 and 5 , but lines 4 and 6 are treated differently . In accordance to the text , " sanft und stille " ( calm and quiet ) and " der Tod ist mein Schlaf worden " ( death has become my sleep ) , they are performed softly ( piano ) , in homophony , chromatic , and modulating to distant keys . The musicologist Julian Mincham relates the opening movement to that of Bach 's later St Matthew Passion . It is similar in its motifs in triplets , density of counterpoint , and is in the same key of E minor , shared by the Crucifixus of his Mass in B minor which he derived from the 1714 Weinen , Klagen , Sorgen , Zagen , BWV 12 ( Weeping , lamenting , worrying , fearing ) . Mincham concludes : " death , sleep , a journey of departure , peace and consolation are some of the intertwined themes and images . Bach is always at his most creative and imaginative when dealing with such complexities " .
= = = 2 = = =
The alto aria , " Ich will auch mit gebrochnen Augen " ( Even with broken eyes , ) , is richly ornamented and accompanied by the flute and oboe d 'amore , on a calm foundation of repeated notes in the continuo , marked " legato " . The phrase " gebrochene Augen " ( broken eyes ) is pictured by a broken vocal line , flute and oboe d 'amore play dotted rhythm to the " almost trembling declamation " of the voice .
= = = 3 = = =
In the bass recitative " Das macht Christus , wahr ’ Gottes Sohn " ( Christ , God ’ s true son , does this ) with chorale , " Herr , du siehst statt guter Werke " ( Lord , you see , instead of good works ) , the chorale tune is unadorned but for the last line , " im Tod und auch im Sterben " ( in death and also in dying ) , where the music is extended by two measures and coloured in chromatic and rich ornamentation . The elements recitative and chorale are distinguished , the free text rendered as recitative , the chorale as arioso , but unified by a motif in the strings , called " Freudenmotiv " by Alfred Dürr , which " always indicates an underlying mood of happiness " .
= = = 4 = = =
The duet of tenor and bass , " Ein unbegreiflich Licht erfüllt den ganzen Kreis der Erden " ( An unfathomable light fills the entire orb of the earth ) , is focused on the light mentioned by Simeon , expressed in a joyful mood . . The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann notes : " The playful character is shown by the extended , circling coloratura on the word " Kreis " ( " circle " or " orb " ) , and the baroque sound effect of statement and response unfolds to the words " Es schallet kräftig fort und fort " ( Powerfully there rings out time after time . ) "
= = = 5 = = =
The alto expresses in recitative " O unerschöpfter Schatz der Güte " ( O uncreated hoard of goodness ) . Mincham notes that an " unexpected chord " illuminates the phrase " ein Stuhl der Gnaden " ( a throne of clemency ) .
= = = 6 = = =
The closing chorale , " Er ist das Heil und selig Licht " ( He is the salvation and the blessed light ) , is a four @-@ part setting of the hymn tune . The horn , the flute ( an octave higher ) , the oboe and the first violin all reinforce the soprano part , the second violin the alto , and the viola the tenor .
= = Selected recordings = =
The selection is taken from the listing on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs and orchestras are roughly marked as large by red background ; instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green under the header Instr ..
= Carménère =
The Carménère grape is a wine grape variety originally planted in the Médoc region of Bordeaux , France , where it was used to produce deep red wines and occasionally used for blending purposes in the same manner as Petit Verdot .
A member of the Cabernet family of grapes , the name " Carménère " originates from the French word for crimson ( carmin ) which refers to the brilliant crimson colour of the autumn foliage prior to leaf @-@ fall . The grape is also known as Grande Vidure , a historic Bordeaux synonym , although current European Union regulations prohibit Chilean imports under this name into the European Union . Along with Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet Franc , Merlot , Malbec and Petit Verdot , Carménère is considered part of the original six red grapes of Bordeaux , France .
Now rarely found in France , the world 's largest area planted with this variety is in Chile in South America , with more than 8 @,@ 800 hectares ( 2009 ) cultivated in the Central Valley . As such , Chile produces the vast majority of Carménère wines available today and as the Chilean wine industry grows , more experimentation is being carried out on Carménère 's potential as a blending grape , especially with Cabernet Sauvignon .
Carménère is also grown in Italy 's Eastern Veneto and Friuli @-@ Venezia Giulia regions and in smaller quantities in California , USA and Walla Walla region of Washington United States .
= = History = =
One of the most ancient European varieties , Carménère is thought to be the antecedent of other better @-@ known varieties ; some consider the grape to be " a long @-@ established clone of Cabernet Sauvignon . " It is possible that the variety name is an alias for what is actually the Vidure , a local Bordeaux name for a Cabernet Sauvignon clone once thought to be the grape from which all red Bordeaux varieties originated .
There have also been suggestions that Carménère may be Biturica , a vine praised in ancient Rome and also the name by which the city of Bordeaux was known during that era . This ancient variety originated in Iberia ( modern @-@ day Spain and Portugal ) , according to Pliny the Elder ; indeed , it is currently a popular blending variety with Sangiovese in Tuscany called " Predicato di Biturica "
The Carménère grape has known origins in the Médoc region of Bordeaux , France and was also widely planted in the Graves until the vines were struck with oidium . It is almost impossible to find Carménère wines in France today , as a Phylloxera plague in 1867 nearly destroyed all the vineyards of Europe , afflicting the Carménère grapevines in particular such that for many years the grape was presumed extinct . When the vineyards were replanted , growers could not replant Carménère as it was extremely hard to find and more difficult to grow than other grape varieties common to Bordeaux . The region 's damp , chilly spring weather gave rise to coulure , " a condition endemic to certain vines in climates which have marginal , sometimes cool , wet springs " , which prevented the vine 's buds from flowering . Yields were lower than other varieties and the crops were rarely healthy ; consequently wine growers chose more versatile and less coulure @-@ susceptible grapes when replanting the vines and Carménère planting was progressively abandoned .
= = = Rediscovery = = =
= = = = Chile = = = =
Far from being extinct , in recent years the Carménère grape has been discovered to be thriving in several areas outside France . In Chile
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, growers almost inadvertently preserved the grape variety during the last 150 years , due largely to its similarity to Merlot .
Cuttings of Carménère were imported by Chilean growers from Bordeaux during the 19th century , where they were frequently confused with Merlot vines . They modeled their wineries after those in France and in the 1850s cuttings from Bordeaux , which included Carménère grape , were planted in the valleys around Santiago . Thanks to central Chile 's minimal rainfall during the growing season and the protection of the country 's natural boundaries , growers produced healthier crops of Carménère and there was no spread of phylloxera . During most of the 20th century Carménère was inadvertently collected and processed together with Merlot grapes ( probably reaching up to 50 % of the total volume ) giving Chilean Merlot markedly different properties to those of Merlot produced elsewhere . Chilean growers believed that this grape was a clone of Merlot and was known as Merlot selection or Merlot Peumal ( after the Peumo Valley in Chile ) . In 1994 , a researcher at Montpellier 's school of Oenology found that " an earlier @-@ ripening vine was Bordeaux Carménère , not Merlot " . The Chilean Department of Agriculture officially recognized Carménère as a distinct variety in 1998 . Today , Carménère grows chiefly in the Colchagua Valley , Rapel Valley , and Maipo Province .
= = = = Italy = = = =
A similar situation occurred in Italy when , in 1990 , the Ca ' del Bosco Winery acquired what they thought was Cabernet Franc vines from a French nursery . The growers noticed that the grapes were different from the traditional Cabernet Franc both in color and taste . They also noticed that the vines ripened earlier than Cabernet Franc would have . Other Italian wine regions also started to doubt the origin of these vines and it was finally established to be Carménère . Although , in Italy , the variety is grown mainly in the northeast part of the country from Brescia to Friuli , it has only recently been entered into Italy 's national catalog of vine varieties and thus " no district has yet requested the authorization to use it " . Therefore , the wine " cannot be cultivated with its original name or specific vintage and the name cannot be used to identify the wine on the label with an IGT , DOC or a DOCG status assignment . " Ca ' del Bosco Winery names the wine it produces Carmenero . In 2007 the grape was authorised to be used in Italian DOC wines from Veneto ( Arcole , Bagnoli di Sopra , Cori Benedettine del Padovano , Garda , Merlara , Monti Lessini , Riviera del Brento and Vicenza ) , Friuli @-@ Venezia Giulia ( Collio , or Collio Goriziano ) and Sardinia ( Alghero ) . Since a ministerial decree of 2009 , producers of Piave DOC wines in 50 communes of the Province of Treviso , and 12 in the Province of Venice have been permitted where appropriate to specify the variety Carmenère on the wine label .
= = = = Other regions = = = =
In modern @-@ day France only a few hundred acres of Carménère officially exist , although there are rumors of renewed interest among growers in Bordeaux .
Carménère has also been established in Eastern Washington 's Walla Walla Valley and in California , United States . In the 1980s , Karen Mulander @-@ Magoon , the co @-@ proprietor of Guenoc and Langtry Estates Winery , in California 's Lake County , brought the grape to the vineyard . This was a joint effort with Louis Pierre Pradier , " a French research scientist and viticulturalist whose work involved preserving Carménère from extinction in France . " Once the vines were quarantined and checked for diseases they were legalized for admission into California in the 1990s , where they were cloned and planted .
In Australia , three cuttings of Carménère were imported from Chile by renowned viticultural expert Dr Richard Smart in the late 1990s . After two years in quarantine , only one cutting survived the heat treatment to eliminate viruses and was micro @-@ propagated ( segments of individual buds grown on nutrient gel ) and field grown by Narromine Vine Nursery . The first vines from the nursery were planted in 2002 by Amietta Vineyard and Winery in the Moorabool Valley ( Geelong , Victoria ) who use Carménère in their Angels ' Share blend .
Carménère has also been established in small amounts in New Zealand . DNA testing confirmed in 2006 that plantings of Cabernet Franc in the Matakana region were in fact Carménère .
= = Viticulture = =
Carménère favors a long growing season in moderate to warm climates . During harvest time and the winter period the vine fares poorly if it is introduced to high levels of rain or irrigation water . This is particularly true in poor @-@ soil plantings where the vine would need more water . Over @-@ watering during this period accentuates the herbaceous and green pepper characteristics of the grape . The grape naturally develops high levels of sugar before the tannins achieve ripeness . If grown in too hot a climate the resulting wine will have a high alcohol level and low balance . Carménère buds and flowers three to seven days later than Merlot and the yield is lower than that of the latter grape . The Carménère leaves turn to crimson before dropping .
Carménère is produced in wineries either as a single @-@ variety wine ( sometimes called a varietal wine ) , or as a blend usually with Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet franc and / or Merlot .
= = Distinction from Merlot = =
Genetic research has shown that Carménère may be distantly related to Merlot and the similarities in appearance have linked the two vines for centuries . Despite the similarities , there are some noticeable differences that aid the ampelographer in identifying the two vines . When young , Carménère leaves have a reddish hue underneath , while the leaves of Merlot are white . There are also slight differences in leaf shape with the central lobe of Merlot leaves being longer . Merlot ripens two to three weeks earlier than Carménère . In cases where the vineyards are interspersed with both varieties , the time of harvest is paramount in determining the character of the resulting blends . If Merlot grapes are picked when Carménère is fully ripe , they will be overripe and impart a " jammy " character . If the grapes are picked earlier when only the Merlot grapes have reached ripeness , the Carménère will have an aggressive green pepper flavor .
Thus , although different , Merlot and Carménère were often confused but never thought to be identical . Its distinctive differences meant the grape was called a " Merlot selection " or " Merlot Peumal , " which was " a geographic reference to a valley south of Santiago where lots of Carménère was grown " before its true identity was established .
= = Characteristics = =
Carménère wine has a deep red color and aromas found in red fruits , spices and berries . The tannins are gentler and softer than those in Cabernet Sauvignon and it is a medium body wine . Although mostly used as a blending grape , wineries do bottle a pure varietal Carménère which , when produced from grapes at optimal ripeness , imparts a cherry @-@ like , fruity flavor with smoky , spicy and earthy notes and a deep crimson color . Its taste might also be reminiscent of dark chocolate , tobacco , and
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4 during Jump Festa super stage event , it was announced that a new Gintama TV series was in the works for an April 2015 premiere . Cast of Yorozuya ; Tomokazu Sugita ( Gintoki ) , Daisuke Sakaguchi ( Shinpachi ) , and Rie Kugimiya ( Kagura ) attended the event . A key visual was also revealed .
The new series aired on TV Tokyo and its affiliates for 51 episodes from April 8 , 2015 to March 30 , 2016 , which also aired the previous seasons .
= = = Films = = =
There have been two films based on the franchise . The first one is Gintama : Shinyaku Benizakura @-@ Hen ( 銀魂 新訳紅桜篇 , lit . " Gintama : A New Retelling Benizakura Arc " ) , a retelling of the story arc from Gin Tama in which Kotaro Katsura is attacked by a member of the army Kiheitai , and Odd Jobs Gin start searching for him . One of the TV commercials of the film teases that the " true last scene " of the anime is in the film . It premiered on April 24 , 2010 , picking up US $ 2 @.@ 118 @.@ 342 on 90 screens during its first days , and earned US $ 12 @.@ 86 million in total . Sentai Filmworks released the film in both DVD and Blu @-@ ray format in North America on May 29 , 2012 as Gintama : The Motion Picture . Manga Entertainment distributed the film in the United Kingdom while Madman Entertainment published it in Australia .
A second film was announced in August 2012 by the Weekly Shonen Jump with the script being written this time by Hideaki Sorachi . It is titled Gintama : The Movie : The Final Chapter : Be Forever Yorozuya and follows Gintoki as he travels to a future where he has to deal with a mysterious group of sorcerers . It was released in Japan on July 6 , 2013 . Although the film is marketed as " Final " director Yoichi Fujita commented they would make a continuation if it became a hit . The film managed to surpass the success from its predecessor .
= = = CDs = = =
The music for the Gin Tama anime is composed by Audio Highs . On September 27 , 2006 , Audio Highs published the first CD soundtrack for the series known as Gintama Original Soundtrack
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as demonstrated in ( illustration 2 ) .
The Spanish influence . The architectural influence of the ruling Spanish ( Illustration 13 ) , although this was a milder influence than that of the Normans . The Spanish style , a more restrained version of French renaissance architecture , is particularly evident in eastern Sicily , where — owing to minor insurrections — the Spanish maintained a stronger military presence . Messina 's monumental Porta Grazia , erected in 1680 as the entrance to a Spanish citadel , would not be out of place in any of the towns and citadels built by the Spanish in their colonies elsewhere . The style of this arched city gate , with its ornate mouldings and scrolls , was widely copied all over Catania immediately following the quake .
While these characteristics never occur all together in the same building , and none are unique to Sicilian Baroque , it is the coupling together which gives the Sicilian Baroque its distinctive air . Other Baroque characteristics , such as broken pediments over windows , the extravagant use of statuary , and curved topped windows and doors are all emblematic of Baroque architecture , but can all be found on Baroque building all over Europe .
= = Early Sicilian Baroque = =
Volcanic Sicily in the central Mediterranean , off the Italian peninsula , has been colonised by the Greeks , then it was under the Romans , the Byzantines , the Ostrogoths , the Muslims , the Normans , the Hohenstaufen , the Angevins and the Aragonese , after whom it became a province of the Spanish Empire and then was part of the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , before finally being absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 . Thus Sicilians have been exposed to a rich sequence of disparate cultures ; this is reflected in the extraordinary diversity of architecture on the island .
A form of decorated classical architecture peculiar to Sicily had begun to evolve from the 1530s . Inspired by the ruined Greek architecture and by the Norman cathedrals on the island , this often incorporated Greek architectural motifs such as the Greek key pattern into late Norman architecture with Gothic features such as pointed arches and window apertures . The Sicilian Norman architecture incorporated some Byzantine elements seldom found in Norman architecture elsewhere , and like other Romanesque architecture it went on to incorporate Gothic features . This early ornate architecture differs from that of mainland Europe in not having evolved from Renaissance architecture ; instead , it was developed from Norman styles . Renaissance architecture hardly touched Sicily ; in the capital city of Palermo , the only remnant of the High Renaissance is the Fontana Pretoria , a water fountain originally made for Don Pietro di Toleda by Florentine artists Franscesco Cammilliani and Michelangelo Naccerino and brought to Sicily when it was already 20 years old ( Illustration 5 ) .
Whatever the reason that Renaissance style never became popular in Sicily , it was certainly not ignorance . Antonello Gagini was midway through constructing the church of Santa Maria di Porto Salvo in 1536 in the Renaissance style when he died ; he was superseded by the architect Antonio Scaglione , who completed the building in a Norman style . This style seems to have influenced Sicilian architecture almost up to the time of the 1693 earthquake . Even Mannerism passed the island by . Only in the architecture of Messina could a Renaissance influence be discerned , partly for geographical reasons : within sight of mainland Italy and the most important port in Sicily , Messina was always more amenable to the prevailing tides of fashion outside the island . The town 's aristocratic patrons would often call on Florence or Rome to provide them with an architect ; one example was the Florentine Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli , who established the Tuscan styles of architecture and sculpture there in the mid @-@ 16th century . However , these influences remained largely confined to Messina and the surrounding district . It seems likely that it was the patronage of the Roman Catholic Church , removed from the influences of Roman fashion , that remained conservative in architectural taste .
This is not to say that Sicily was completely isolated from trends elsewhere in Europe . Architecture in the island 's major cities was strongly influenced by the family of the sculptor Domenico Gagini , who arrived from Florence in 1463 . This family of sculptors and painters decorated churches and buildings with ornate decorative and figurative sculpture . Less than a century after his family had begun to cautiously decorate the island 's churches ( 1531 – 37 ) , Antonio Gagini completed the proscenium @-@ like arch of the " Capella della Madonna " in the " Santuario dell 'Annunziata " at Trapani . This pedimented arch to the sanctuary has pilasters — not fluted , but decorated heavily with relief busts of the saints ; and , most importantly in terms of architecture , the pediment is adorned by reclining saints supporting swags linked to the central shield that crowns the pediment . This ornate pediment , although still unbroken , was one of the first signs that Sicily was forming its own style of decorative architecture . Similar in style is the Chiesa del Gesù ( Illustration 14 ) , constructed between 156
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build and by the time they were completed Baroque had passed from fashion ; the principal rooms were therefore decorated in the new neoclassical style known as " Pompeian " . Often one can find a fusion of the two styles , as in the ballroom wing of the Palazzo Aiutamicristo in Palermo , built by Andrea Giganti in 1763 , where the ballroom ceiling was frescoed by Giuseppe Cristadoro with allegorical scenes framed by Baroque gilded motifs in plaster . This ceiling was already old @-@ fashioned when it was finished , and the rest of the room was decorated in a far simpler mode . Changing use over the past 250 years has simplified palazzo decor further , as the ground floors are now usually shops , banks , or restaurants , and the upper floors divided into apartments , their interiors lost .
A further reason for the absence of Baroque decoration , and the most common , is that most rooms were never intended for such decoration . Many of the palazzi were vast , meant for huge numbers of people . The household of the Sicilian aristocrat , beginning with himself , his wife and many children , would typically also contain a collection of poorer relatives and other extended family members , all of whom had minor apartments in the house . Moreover , there were paid employees , often including a private chaplain or confessor , a major domo , governesses , secretary , archivist , accountant , librarian , and innumerable lower servants , such as a porter to ring a bell a prescribed number of times according to the rank of an approaching guest . Often the servants ' extended families , especially if elderly , also lived in the palazzo . Thus many rooms were needed to house the household . These everyday living quarters , even for the " Maestro and Maestra di Casa " , were often simply decorated and furnished . Further rooms were required by the Sicilian tradition that it was a sign of poor breeding to permit even mere acquaintances to stay in local inns . Any visiting foreigner , especially an Englishman , was regarded as a special trophy and added social prestige . Hence the Sicilian aristocrat 's home was seldom empty or quiet .
As in the rest of Italy , the finest and most decorated rooms were those on the piano nobile , reserved for guests and entertaining . Entered formally from the external Baroque double staircase , these rooms consisted of a suite of large and small salons , with one very large salon being the principal room of the house , often used as a ballroom . Sometimes the guest bedrooms were sited here too , but by the end of the 18th century they were more often on a secondary floor above . If decorated during the Baroque era , the rooms would be profusely ornamented . Walls were frequently mirrored , the mirrors inset into gilded frames in the walls , often alternating with paintings similarly framed , while moulded nymphs and shepherdesses decorated the spaces between . Ceilings were high and frescoed , and from the ceiling hung huge coloured chandeliers of Murano glass , while further light came from gilded sconces flanking the mirrors adorning the walls . One of the most notable rooms in this style is the Gallery of Mirrors in Palermo 's Palazzo Valguarnera @-@ Gangi ( Illustration 17 ) . This room with its frescoed ceiling by Gaspare Fumagalli is , however , one of the few Baroque rooms in this Baroque palazzo , which was ( from 1750 ) extended and transformed by its owner Marianna Valguarnera , mostly in the later neoclassical style .
Furniture during the Baroque era was in keeping with the style : ornate , gilded and frequently with marble used for tabletops . The furniture was transient within the house , frequently moved between rooms as required , while leaving other rooms unfurnished . Sometimes furniture was specifically commissioned for a certain room , for example to match a silk wall panel within a gilt frame . As in the rest of Europe , the furniture would always be left arranged against a wall , to be moved forward by servants if required , never in the later conversational style in the centre of a room , which in the Baroque era was always left empty so as better to display the marble , or more often ceramic , patterned floor tiles .
The common element to both church and palazzi interior design was the stucco work . Stucco is an important component of the Baroque design and philosophy , as it seamlessly combines architecture , sculpture , and painting in three @-@ dimensional form . Its combination with trompe l 'oeil ceilings and walls in Baroque illusionistic painting confuses reality and art . While in churches the stucco could represent angels and putti linked by swags of flowers , in a private house it might represent the owner 's favourite foods or musical instruments .
= = Final period = =
As with all architectural styles , people eventually tired of Baroque . In some parts of Europe , it metamorphosed into the rococo , but not in Sicily . No longer ruled by Austria , Sicily , from 1735 officially the Kingdom of Sicily , was ruled by the King of Naples , Ferdinand IV . Hence Palermo was in constant association with the principal capital Naples , where there was architecturally a growing reversion to the more classical styles of architecture . Coupled with this , many of the more cultured Sicilian nobility developed a fashionable obsession with all things French , from philosophy to arts , fashion , and architecture . Many of them visited Paris in pursuit of these interests and returned with the latest architectural engravings and theoretical treatises . The French architect Léon Dufourny was in Sicily between 1787 and 1794 to study and analyse the ancient Greek temples on the island .
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00 , Al Gore told talk show host Oprah Winfrey that this was his favorite quotation . Writer and journalist Christopher Hitchens quoted from the song 's lyrics in his last article for Vanity Fair , written shortly before his death from esophageal cancer . Hitchens posted at the top of his essay the verse of " It 's Alright Ma " that ends with the words " That he who is not busy being born is busy dying " .
Another memorable line is " Money doesn 't talk , it swears , " which appears in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations . In addition , the Columbia Dictionary of Quotations lists this as well as three other lines from the song : " Although the masters make the rules , for the wisemen and the fools , " " But even the president of the United States sometimes must have to stand naked " and " Everything from toy guns that spark to flesh @-@ colored Christs that glow in the dark , it 's easy to see without looking too far that not much is really sacred . " Other well @-@ known lines include " Propaganda , all is phony " and " Advertising signs they con you into thinking you 're the one . "
In a 2005 reader 's poll reported in Mojo magazine , " It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " was listed as the # 8 all @-@ time greatest Bob Dylan song , and a similar poll of artists ranked the song at # 21 . In 2002 , Uncut magazine listed it as the # 5 all @-@ time Dylan song . The song was featured in the final episode of The Sopranos . It has also been referenced by other songwriters . For instance , the indie @-@ rocker Stephen Malkmus quotes " It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) " at the end of his song " Jo @-@ Jo 's Jacket " from Malkmus ' debut solo album .
= Kinzie Street railroad bridge =
The Chicago and North Western Railway 's Kinzie Street railroad bridge ( also known as the Carroll Avenue bridge ) is a single leaf bascule bridge across the north branch of the Chicago River in downtown Chicago , Illinois . At the time of its opening in 1908 it was the world 's longest and heaviest bascule bridge . Previous bridges on the same site included the first bridge to cross the Chicago River , Chicago 's first railroad bridge , and one of the first all @-@ steel bridges in the United States .
The Chicago Sun @-@ Times , the last railroad customer to the east of the bridge , moved their printing plant out of downtown Chicago in 2000 , and the bridge has been unused since . It was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2007 .
= = Location = =
Kinzie Street railroad bridge is located at 41 ° 53 ′ 18 @.@ 7 ″ N 87 ° 38 ′ 21 ″ W , it runs in an east @-@ west orientation , spanning the north branch Chicago River between the Near North Side and Near West Side community areas of Chicago . To the south is the historic area of Wolf Point at the confluence of the main stem of the Chicago River with the north and south branches , and to the east is 350 West Mart Center and Merchandise Mart . The railroad track across the bridge is a spur line of the
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