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bring about the Red Revolution in January 1918 on their own , but together with political development based on the labor movement 's interpretation of the ideas of Fennomania and socialism since the 1880s , these events were decisive for the goals of a Finnish revolution . In order to win power , the socialists had to overcome the Finnish Parliament .
The collapse of Russia in the February Revolution resulted in a loss of institutional authority in Finland and the dissolution of the police force , creating fear and uncertainty . In response , both the right and left began assembling their own security groups , which were initially local and largely unarmed . By Autumn 1917 , in the power struggle and vacuum following the dissolution of Parliament , and in the absence of a stable government or a Finnish army , such forces began assuming a paramilitary character . The Civil / White Guards were organized by local men of influence , conservative academics , industrialists , major landowners and activists , and were armed by the Germans . The Workers ' Security / Red Guards were recruited through their local party sections and the labor unions , and were armed by the Russians .
= = = October Revolution = = =
Vladimir Lenin 's Bolshevik October / November Revolution on 7 November transferred political power in Petrograd to the radical , left @-@ wing socialists . The German Empire 's intrigue , based on idea that Lenin was the most powerful weapon they could launch against Russia , to finance the Bolsheviks and arrange safe conduct of Lenin and his comrades from exile in Switzerland to Petrograd in April 1917 , was a success . An armistice between Germany and the Bolshevik regime came into force on 6 December and peace negotiations began on 22 December 1917 at Brest @-@ Litovsk .
November 1917 saw the second turning point in the 1917 – 1918 rivalry for the leadership of Finland . After the dissolution of the Finnish Parliament , polarization between the Social Democrats and Conservatives increased dramatically , including political violence . An agricultural worker was shot during a local strike on 9 August at Ypäjä and a Civil Guard member was killed in aftermath of local political crisis at Malmi on 24 September 1917 .
The informal truce between the Finnish non @-@ socialists and the Russian Provisional Government was disrupted by the October Revolution . After political wrangle how to react on the revolt , the majority of the politicians accepted a compromising proposal of Santeri Alkio , the leader of the Agrarian League . The Finnish Parliament seizured the highest power in Finland , on 15 November , on the model of the " Power Act
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" of the socialists , and ratified the Social Democratic proposals from July 1917 of eight @-@ hour working day and universal suffrage in local elections .
A purely non @-@ socialist , conservative @-@ led cabinet of Pehr Evind Svinhufvud was appointed on 27 November . The nomination was both a long @-@ term aim of the conservatives and a respond to the labour movements ' acts during November 1917 . Svinhufvud 's main goals were to separate Finland from Russia , strengthen the military power of the Civil @-@ White Guards and to return at least a part of the Parliament 's new power to the Senate .
There were 149 Civil @-@ White Guards in Finland ( local units in towns and rural communes ) on 31 August 1917 , 251 on 30 September , 315 on 31 October , 380 on 30 November 1917 and 408 on 26 January 1918 . The first attempt at serious military training among the Civil Guards was the establishment of a 200 @-@ strong " cavalry school " at the Saksanniemi estate , in the vicinity of the town of Porvoo , in September 1917 . The vanguard of the Finnish Jägers and German weapons arrived in Finland in October – November 1917 , on a ship Equity and a German U @-@ boat ( SM UC @-@ 57 ) ; around 50 Jägers had returned by the end of 1917 .
After the political defeats in July and October 1917 , the Social Democrats put forward , on 1 November , an uncompromising program called " We Demand " in order to push for political concessions ; they demanded a return to the power political status before dissolution of the Parliament in July 1917 , disbanding of the Civil Guards and elections to establish a Finnish Constituent Assembly . Following the October Revolution , based on the " Power Act " , socialists planned to ask the Bolsheviks for acceptance of Finland 's sovereignty in a manifesto on 10 November , but the uncertain situation in Petrograd stalled the plan . After the " We Demand " program had failed , the socialists initiated a General strike on 14 – 19 November 1917 to increase the political pressure , in particular on the conservatives , who had opposed the " Power Act " and the 15 November parliamental Power proclamation .
Revolution had been the goal of the radical left since the loss of the political power in July and October 1917 , and November 1917 offered momentum for an uprising . At this phase , Lenin and Joseph Stalin , under threat in Petrograd , urged the Social Democrats to seize power in Finland . The majority of Finnish socialists were moderate and preferred parliamentary methods , prompting Lenin to label them " reluctant revolutionaries . " The reluctance diminished as the General strike appeared to offer a major power for the workers in southern Finland . The strike leadership voted by a narrow majority to seize power on 16 November , but the proposed revolution had to be called off the same day , due to lack of true revolutionaries for executing the decision .
The moderate socialists won a repeated vote over revolutionary versus parliamentary means at a special party meeting in the end of November 1917 , but when they tried to pass a resolution to completely abandon the idea of a socialist revolution , the party representatives and several powerfull leaders voted it down . The Finnish labor movement wanted to sustain a military force of its own and keep the revolutionary road open too . The Finnish socialists ' weak interest in revolutionary activity was a disappointment to Lenin . He lost his faith in them finally in December 1917 and shifted his energies toward encouraging the Finnish Bolsheviks in Petrograd .
Among the labor movement , a more marked consequence of Autumn 1917 was the rise of the Workers ' Guards . There were approximately 20 – 60 Guards of the Working class in Finland between 31 August and 30 September 1917 , but on 20 October , after the defeat in the October Parliamentary elections , the Finnish Labor Union proclaimed the need to establish more Guards in the country . The announcement led to a rush of recruits to the Guards ; on 31 October their number was 100 – 150 , 342 on 30 November 1917 and 375 on 26 January 1918 . There were two parts to the Workers ' Guards since May 1917 , most of them being Security Guards . The minority were Red Guards ; partly secret groups formed in industrialized towns and industrial centres including Helsinki , Kotka , Tampere , Turku , Viipuri and the Kymenlaakso area , on the model of the domestic Red Guards built up during 1905 – 1906 in Finland .
The presence of the two opposing armed forces , the Red and White Guards , imposed a state of dual power and multiple sovereignty on Finnish society , typically the prelude to a civil war . The decisive cleavage between the guards broke out during the General strike ; the Reds executed several political opponents in southern Finland , and the first armed clashes between the Whites and Reds broke out . In total , 34 casualties were reported . Eventually , the political rivalries of 1917 led to a race for weapons and an escalation towards civil war .
= = = Independence of Finland = = =
The disintegration of Russia offered the Finns a historic opportunity to gain national independence , but after the October Revolution , the positions of the conservatives and the Social Democrats on the sovereignty issue became reversed . The conservatives were eager for secession from Russia , in order to control the left and minimize the influence of the Bolsheviks . The socialists feared a loss of support among nationalistic workers , after constant promises of increasing liberty , in particular through the " Power Act " , and they hoped to renew political majority later . Both political factions agreed on the need for Finnish sovereignty , despite strong disagreement on the selection of its leadership .
Nationalism had become a " civic religion " among the Finns by the end of 19th century , but their main goal , in particular during the First Period of Russification and the General strike of 1905 , was a return to the autonomy of 1809 – 1898 , not independence . Since 1809 , under the less uniform Russian rule , the domestic power of the Finns increased substantially , compared to the unitary Swedish regime . In economy the Grand Duchy benefited from an independent domestic state budget , own currency ( the markka , since 1860 ) and customs organization , and the industrial progress during 1860 – 1916 . The economy of the Grand Duchy was dependent on the huge Russian market , and separation from Russia would create a risk of losing Finland 's preferred position . The economic collapse of Russia and the political power struggle of the Finnish state during 1917 were among the key factors that brought sovereignty to the fore in Finland .
P.E. Svinhufvud 's Senate proposed Finland 's declaration of independence , which the Parliament adopted on 6 December 1917 . The Social Democrats voted against the Senate 's proposal while presenting an alternative declaration of independence . The establishment of an independent state was not a foregone conclusion for the small Finnish nation ; recognition by Russia and the major European powers was essential . Svinhufvud accepted , by the end of December 1917 , that he had to negotiate with Lenin for Russian recognition . The socialists , reluctant to talks with the Russian leadership in July 1917 , sent two delegations to Petrograd to ask Lenin to approve Finnish sovereignty .
In December 1917 the Bolsheviks were under intense pressure from the Germans to conclude peace negotiations at Brest @-@ Litovsk , and Russia Bolshevism was in crisis , with a demoralized army and the fate of the October Revolution in doubt . Lenin calculated that the Bolsheviks could hold central parts of Russia but had to give up some peripheral territories , including Finland in the geopolitically less important north @-@ western corner . As a result , Svinhufvud and his senate delegation won Lenin 's concession of sovereignty on 31 December 1917 .
By the beginning of the Civil War , Austria @-@ Hungary , Denmark , France , Germany , Greece , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland had recognized Finnish independence . The United Kingdom and United States did not approve it ; they were standing by and followed the relations between Finland and Germany , the main enemy of the Allies , which hoped to override Lenin 's regime and get Russia back into the war against Germany . As to Finland 's separation from Russia , Germany hastened it , in order to get Finland within the German sphere of power . France broke off diplomatic relations to the White government later , during the war of 1918 , as a consequence of White Finland 's co @-@ operation with Germany .
= = Warfare = =
= = = Escalation = = =
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noy also credited Wilson as " a pioneer of his genre " .
Bassist Sean Malone ( of Cynic and Gordian Knot ) was only credited as a guest musician . Portnoy explained that this was because Malone 's schedule did not allow him to join Matheos , Moore and Portnoy in the basic tracking sessions .
= = Recording = =
Office of Strategic Influence was recorded at Carriage House Studios in Stamford , Connecticut from June 2 to June 9 , 2002 . Matheos and Moore mixed the album with Phil Magnotti ( who had previously mixed for Fates Warning ) in August . Portnoy pushed to get as much of the band together as possible for the main tracking sessions because of his dislike of " side projects done through mail . "
Matheos and Moore created the basic song ideas in Pro Tools . Songs in the progressive metal vein were almost entirely written by Matheos , while Moore had more influence on the more vocal @-@ driven tracks . Portnoy noted that they were ultimately " Jim 's songs " , but that Moore was very involved with arrangements , post @-@ production , melodies and lyrics . Portnoy considered himself as " just a drummer " : he made minor arrangement suggestions but did not have a part in the actual writing . Malone and Wilson contributed their parts after the songs had been arranged . Matheos saved any unused ideas for the next Fates Warning album .
Sean Malone said that he enjoyed playing on the album , but that " it would have been nice to work out parts with Mike as they were being recorded rather than after the fact " . He took a " session approach " to the album , " trying as much as possible to create parts that fit what Jim et al had created , versus trying to impose anything upon it " . He was sent MIDI bass parts for each song which served as a guideline . For the particularly sparse and texture @-@ heavy tracks , Malone did lots of doubletracking to create " a natural kind of chorusing " he prefers to any digital effects .
Before the recording of Office of Strategic Influence , the last time Moore and Portnoy worked together was on Dream Theater 's Awake in 1994 . Matheos was initially concerned about how Moore and Portnoy would feel about working together for the first time in eight years . Moore noted that he and Portnoy were not on bad terms , but " just weren 't in touch . " The two both described the experience as initially " awkward " . When recording the album Portnoy had to take directions from others ; he found this difficult as he was used to taking the creative lead . Moore noted that there was tension when recording the same drum part for a song more than once ( in order to give Moore choice later on ) : " He 's used to just playing the stroke once , the way he wants to , " he said .
In a 2009 interview , Portnoy blamed his frustration with the project on Moore :
Portnoy performed as a session musician on the second OSI album , Free , but was replaced by Porcupine Tree drummer Gavin Harrison for the third album , Blood .
= = Music = =
Moore described the music on Office of Strategic Influence as " a new approach to progressive rock " , stating that he could use his musical roots in progressive music but " was far enough away from it to play with it . " He said that " progressive rock has been around for so long and we have to stop taking it so seriously and really have fun with it . " Portnoy described the album as " more soundscapish " than his work in Dream Theater , focusing more on composition and sounds than musicianship . He noted the style " would never work in Dream Theater . "
Moore wrote lyrics for the album by " mumbling along to the song and then deciphering what I 'm saying . " The lyrics feature political themes ( " Hello , Helicopter ! " is about the US supplying military arsenals to other countries to protect its own national interests ) , although Matheos stated that the album was not political in nature . Moore said that he writes lyrics based on personal experiences , and that much of the album 's lyrical content stems from how the September 11 attacks affected him . Moore 's brother was a firefighter who worked at the World Trade Center after the attacks , " and I was totally apolitical before this , politically naïve and I still am , " Moore stated . " I was like , ' Whoa , what the fuck is going on in the world ? ' "
Office of Strategic Influence features Moore 's signature use of spoke word samples . He collected samples first and then tried to match them with the song 's tempo . Moore said that the samples relate directly to the song 's lyrics .
Matheos listed his influences as progressive rock bands such as Genesis , Jethro Tull and Emerson , Lake & Palmer and heavy metal bands such as Black Sabbath , UFO and Uriah Heep . Moore described his influences as minimal techno , experimental electronic musicians and " bands that play live and then chop it up " . He specifically named Pole , The Gordons and Acid Undertones as influences . Malone cited Mick Karn as an influence .
= = Release and promotion = =
Moore chose the album 's name from a list of band , album and song names he kept . The Office of Strategic Influence was a highly secret organization set up three weeks after the September 11 attacks . Part of its mission was to spread misinformation and plant false news items in the media in order to " influence the hearts and minds of the opposition . " After The New York Times ran a story on the Office in February 2002 , it was forced to shut , although many of its operations were later transferred to the Information Operations Task Force . " The funny thing about it was the government and administration was saying it 's so embarrassing that they had to name it the ' Office of Strategic Influence , ' we couldn 't just put it in a room in the Pentagon and name it whatever the room number is , " Moore said . " Someone decided to be really creative about it and name it what it really is . "
The limited edition bonus CD features three bonus tracks on it . There are two cover songs : a cover of the Pink Floyd song " Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun " performed by Moore and Portnoy , chosen because they both " love Pink Floyd " , according to Portnoy , and a cover of the Neil Young song " New Mama " performed by Moore . The third track , entitled " The Thing That Never Was " , is a seventeen @-@ minute instrumental performed by Matheos and Portnoy , showing the original direction they intended to take the album in . The CD contains a 19 @-@ minute multimedia section , including two documentary @-@ style videos shot during the album 's recording , and a music video for the track " Horseshoes and B @-@ 52s " directed by Moore .
Matheos suggested using an altered version of the United States passport for the album 's cover art . The differences are that the arrows are double @-@ headed , the olive branch is wilted , and the eagle 's wings have been clipped . Matheos , Moore and
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Portnoy decided against sending out promotional copies of the album before its release date in order to prevent an early Internet leak of it . The album was released in Europe on February 17 , 2003 .
= = Reception = =
Office of Strategic Influence was critically well received . Keith Gordon of Allmusic praised the album as " offering both power and pomp . " Tommy Hash of Prog4you.com described the music as " catchy , complete with great melodies and musicianship that does not overdo it . " He described the album as " almost in complete contrast to the parent bands ' other related side projects , " such as Liquid Tension Experiment and Transatlantic . John Bollenberg of ProgressiveWorld.net praised Matheos , Moore and Portnoy for " [ starting ] from scratch without copying their past in order to deliver something fresh , new and exciting . "
Hash described the album as having " the atmosphere of some of the mid @-@ 90s to the latter era Fates Warning fused with industrial sounding elements and sound effects that create an ambient effect . " Gordon described the music as similar to Pink Floyd , King Crimson and Max Vague . Bollenberg noted " the material on Office Of Strategic Influence gets closer to Moore 's very own Chroma Key mixed with dashes of latterday Porcupine Tree ... there are bits and bobs all over the album that could easily have fit on In Absentia . " Ed Sander of DPRP compared the album 's sound to that of Porcupine Tree : " the album features both the dreaminess of some early Porcupine Tree material , as well as the aggressive riff based approach of tracks like ' Up The Downstair ' , ' Signify ' and ' Wedding Nails ' and other trademark Tree elements like distorted vocals and catchy bass parts . " He noted the music was " more based around catchy dark riffs in the Porcupine Tree vein then on self @-@ indulging fast @-@ finger guitar or keyboard solos . " Sander stated that the use of spoken word samples reminded him of Dark Star .
Gordon described the performances on the album as " crackling with electricity and passion " . He lauded Matheos ' performance on the album : " In any other subgenre of rock , Matheos would be a guitar hero on the order of Steve Vai or Eddie Van Halen , the Fates Warning frontman capable of both classically styled acoustic craftsmanship and chaotic metallic riffing , often in the context of the same song . " He praised Malone and Portnoy for " [ holding ] down the bottom line with rock @-@ solid rhythms . " Sander compared some of Malone 's bass parts to those in Ozric Tentacles . While noting that Portnoy " rather sticks to ' plain ' drumming , " he commended the drummer 's performance , praising his use of ethnic percussion to give the album " an original twist " .
Gordon praised Moore for " providing an instrumental counterpoint to Matheos ' raging guitar . Moore 's imaginative style and natural skill coax a myriad of sounds from his instrument to challenge Matheos in the mix . " Sander noted Moore 's contribution , saying that " at times there 's more technology and electronics than in the average house release . " Bollenberg noted that Moore 's keyboards added " textures flirting
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by the high proportion of childless couples . Those who did have children also had fewer of them than " totok " couples .
Despite their break from traditional kinship patterns , " peranakan " families are closer to some traditional Chinese values than the " totok " . Because the indigenized population have lost much of the connection to their ancestral homes in the coastal provinces of China , they are less affected by the 20th @-@ century modernization patterns that transformed the region . The " peranakan " have a stricter attitude toward divorce , though the separation rates among families in both segments are generally lower than other ethnic groups . Arranged marriages are more common in " peranakan " families , whose relationships tend to be more nepotistic . Secularization among the " totok " meant that their counterparts carry out ancestral rituals to a higher degree , and " peranakan " youth tend to be more religious . Through education provided by high @-@ quality Catholic and Protestant schools , these youth are much more likely to convert to Christianity .
In the 21st century the conceptual differences of " totok " and " peranakan " Chinese are slowly becoming outdated as some families show a mixture of characteristics from both cultures . Interracial marriage and cultural assimilation often prevent the formation a precise definition of Chinese Indonesians in line with any simple racial criterion . Use of a Chinese surname , in some form or circumstance , is generally a sign of cultural self @-@ identification as ethnic Chinese or alignment with a Chinese social system .
= = = Identity = = =
Ethnic Chinese in the 1930 Dutch East Indies census were categorized as foreign orientals , which led to separate registration . Citizenship was conferred upon the ethnic Chinese through a 1946 citizenship act after Indonesia became independent , and it was further reaffirmed in 1949 and 1958 . However , they often encountered obstacles regarding the legality of their citizenship . Chinese Indonesians were required to produce an Indonesian Citizenship Certificate ( Surat Bukti Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia , SBKRI ) when conducting business with government officials . Without the SBKRI they were not able to make passports and identity cards ( Kartu Tanda Penduduk , KTP ) ; register birth , death , and marriage certificates ; or register a business license . The requirement for its use was abolished in 1996 through a presidential instruction which was reaffirmed in 1999 , but media sources reported that local authorities were still demanding the SBKRI from Chinese Indonesians after the instructions went into effect .
Other terms used for identifying sectors of the community include peranakan and totok . The former , traditionally used to describe those born locally , is derived from the root Indonesian word anak ( " child " ) and thus means " child of the land " . The latter is derived from Javanese , meaning " new " or " pure " , and is used to describe the foreign born and new immigrants . A significant number of Chinese Indonesians also live in the People 's Republic of China and Hong Kong ; they are considered part of the population of " returned overseas Chinese " ( 歸 國 華僑 ) . To identify the varying sectors of Chinese Indonesian society , Tan contends they must be differentiated according to nationality into those who are citizens of the host country and those who are resident aliens , then further broken down according to their cultural orientation and social identification . In her doctoral dissertation , Aimee Dawis notes that such definitions , based on cultural affinity and not nation of origin , have gained currency since the early 1990s , although the old definition is occasionally used .
Sociologist Mely G. Tan asserts that scholars studying ethnic Chinese emigrants often refer to the group as a " monolithic entity " : the overseas Chinese . Such treatment also persists in Indonesia ; a majority of the population referred to them as orang Cina or orang Tionghoa ( both meaning " Chinese people " , 中華 人 ) , or hoakiau ( 華僑 ) . They were previously described in ethnographic literature as the Indonesian Chinese , but there has been a shift in terminology as the old description emphasizes the group 's Chinese origins , while the more recent one , its Indonesian integration . Aimee Dawis , citing prominent scholar Leo Suryadinata , believes the shift is " necessary to debunk the stereotype that they are an exclusive group " and also " promotes a sense of nationalism " among them .
= = = Economic aptitude = = =
Members of the " totok " community are more inclined to be entrepreneurs and adhere to the practice of guanxi , which is based on the idea that one 's existence is influenced by the connection to others , implying the importance of business connections . In the first decade following Indonesian independence their business standing strengthened after being limited to small businesses in the colonial period . By the 1950s virtually all retail stores in Indonesia were owned by ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs , whose businesses ranged from selling groceries to construction material . Discontentment soon grew among indigenous merchants who felt unable to compete with ethnic Chinese businesses . Under pressure from indigenous merchants , the government enacted the Benteng program and Presidential Regulation 10 of 1959 , which imposed restrictions on ethnic Chinese importers and rural retailers . Ethnic Chinese businesses persisted , owing to their integration into larger networks throughout Southeast Asia , and their dominance continued despite continuous state and private efforts to encourage the growth of indigenous capital . Indonesian Chinese businesses are part of the larger bamboo network , a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties .
Government policies shifted dramatically after 1965 , becoming more favorable to economic expansion . In an effort to rehabilitate the economy , the government turned to those who possessed the capability to invest and expand corporate activity . Ethnic Chinese capitalists , called the cukong , were supported by the military , which emerged as the dominant political force after 1965 . Indigenous businessmen once again demanded greater investment support from the government in the 1970s , but legislative efforts failed to reduce ethnic Chinese dominance . In a 1995 study published by the East Asia Analytical Unit of Australia 's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , approximately 73 percent of the market capitalization value of publicly listed companies ( excluding foreign and state @-@ owned companies ) were owned by Chinese Indonesians . Additionally , they owned 68 percent of the top 300 conglomerates and nine of the top ten private sector groups at the end of 1993 . This figure propagated the general belief that ethnic Chinese — then estimated at 3 percent of the population — controlled 70 percent of the economy . Although the accuracy of this figure was disputed , it was evident that a wealth disparity existed along ethnic boundaries . The image of an economically powerful ethnic Chinese community was further fostered by the government through its inability to dissociate itself from the patronage networks . The Hokchia group dominated the ethnic Chinese business scene during the Suharto government , although other groups emerged after 1998 .
The top five conglomerates in Indonesia prior to the 1997 Asian financial crisis — the Salim Group , Astra International , the Sinar Mas Group , Gudang Garam , Sampoerna and the Lippo Group — were all owned by ethnic Chinese , with annual sales totaling Rp112 trillion ( US $ 47 billion ) . When the crisis finally hit the country , the rupiah 's plunge severely disrupted corporate operations . Numerous conglomerates lost a majority of their assets and collapsed . Over the next
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is a support to government ... as far as it acts in a Christian way in accordance with the standard prescribed by God .
The relationship between preacher and magistrate was demonstrated by two forms of righteousness , human and divine . Human righteousness ( or the " outward man " ) was the domain of the magistrate or government . Government could secure human righteousness , but it could not make man righteous before God . That was the domain of the preacher where the " inward man " is called to account for divine righteousness .
As government was ordained by God , Christians were obliged to obey in Zwingli 's view . This requirement applied equally to a good or an evil government because both came from God . However , it is because rulers are to be servants of God and that Christians obey the rulers as they are to obey God , that the situation could arise when Christians may disobey . When the authorities act against the will of God then Zwingli noted , " We must obey God rather than men . " God 's commands took precedence over man 's .
In his Commentary on Isaiah ( 1529 ) , Zwingli noted that there were three kinds of governments : monarchy , aristocracy , and democracy . He expressed his preference for aristocracy which is not surprising given his experience with the Zürich council . In the publication , rather than comparing the three forms of government , he gave a defence of aristocracy against a monarchy . He argued that a monarchy would invariably descend to tyranny . A monarchy had inherent weaknesses in that a good ruler could be easily replaced by a bad one or a single ruler could be easily corrupted . An aristocracy with more people involved did not have these disadvantages .
= Manchester Liners =
Manchester Liners was a cargo and passenger shipping company founded in 1898 , based in Manchester , England . The line pioneered the regular passage of ocean @-@ going vessels along the Manchester Ship Canal . Its main sphere of operation was the transatlantic shipping trade , but the company also operated services to the Mediterranean . All of the line 's vessels were registered in the Port of Manchester , and many were lost to enemy action during the First and Second World Wars .
A successful switch from traditional to container shipping in 1968 was relatively short @-@ lived , as the subsequent introduction elsewhere of much larger container ships meant that the company 's vessels , which were restricted to a maximum length of 530 feet ( 160 m ) imposed by the ship canal 's lock chambers , could no longer compete economically . The line ceased operations in 1985 .
= = Early history = =
The opening of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894 made it possible for large ocean @-@ going ships to sail directly into the heart of Manchester . However , because of opposition from cartels of ship @-@ owners based at Liverpool and other ports in the United Kingdom , shipping lines were slow to introduce direct services to the new Port of Manchester , which found it difficult to compete against the established ports . New trading routes from Manchester to West Africa and Mediterranean ports were countered by the established shipping conferences sharply reducing their own charges and by inducing their customers to sign binding contracts . In some cases , after achieving their aims , the cartels re @-@ imposed their old charges . To help counter these ' sharp practices ' , Sir Christopher Furness , of Furness Withy & Company , proposed in 1897 that a Manchester @-@ based shipping line should be formed , to encourage the use of the Manchester Ship Canal and docks . The public prospectus for Manchester Liners Ltd ( ML ) was issued on 10 May 1898 , with an authorised share capital of £ 1 million . Furness ' company became the largest shareholder , and he was appointed chairman . Other directors included representatives from the Ship Canal company and Salford Borough Council . Robert Burdon Stoker , a director of Furness Withy , was appointed as ML 's first managing director .
= = Initial operations 1898 – 1914 = =
Manchester Liners decided from the outset to make Manchester – Canada their prime route , with a secondary route to the southern United States cotton ports of New Orleans and Galveston . Other lesser , sometimes seasonal routes , were added later . Two 1890 @-@ built 3 @,@
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to Dai Griffiths , a " chord sequence [ that ordinarily ] would sound seedy , rather like something by the band Portishead " .
The fourth and final section , which begins at 5 : 35 , is a brief instrumental reprise of the second movement that serves as a coda . After a second solo , a brief guitar riff is introduced , which Jonny Greenwood says " was something I had floating around for a while and the song needed a certain burn . It happened to be the right key and the right speed and it fit right in . " The song ends , as does the second section , with a short chromatically descending guitar motif .
" Paranoid Android " is categorised by three distinct moods written in what Yorke referred to as three different states of mind . The song 's lyrics tie in with a number of themes common in OK Computer , including insanity , violence , slogans , and political objection to capitalism . Yorke 's lyrics were based on an unpleasant experience at a Los Angeles bar during which he was surrounded by strangers high on cocaine . In particular , Yorke was frightened by a woman who became violent after someone spilled a drink on her . Yorke characterised the woman as " inhuman " , and said " There was a look in this woman 's eyes that I 'd never seen before anywhere . ... Couldn 't sleep that night because of it . " The woman inspired the line " kicking squealing Gucci little piggy " in the song 's second section . Yorke , referring to the line " With your opinions , which are of no consequence at all " , said that " Again , that 's just a joke . It 's actually the other way around – it 's actually my opinion that is of no consequence at all . "
= = Release and reception = =
While Colin Greenwood said the song was " hardly the radio @-@ friendly , breakthrough , buzz bin unit shifter [ radio stations ] have been expecting , " Capitol supported the band 's choice for the song as a lead single . Radiohead premiered " Paranoid Android " on the BBC Radio 1 programme The Evening Session in April 1997 , nearly a month before its release as a single . Melody Maker revealed that a Radio 1 producer had to " have a bit of a lie down " after first hearing the song . It was released as a single on 26 May 1997 , chosen by the band to prepare listeners for the musical direction of its parent album . Despite an initial lack of radio play , " Paranoid
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155 pounds , but he actually weighs 211 . During his stint as a sailor , he goes pearl diving with the natives of Cristobal and is able to dive deeper and stay under longer because of his density .
His body can heal damaged tissue much faster and more extensively than an ordinary human can . He collapses from exhaustion and wounds sustained from artillery shells after he goes berserk against the Germans to avenge a friend 's death . When he wakes up in an army hospital , he finds " his wounds had healed without the necessity of a single stitch " . Long periods of comatose sleep ( up to 20 hours ) and the consuming of huge meals also aid in his regenerative process .
= = In other media = =
= = = Film = = =
Danner was portrayed by comedic actor Joe E. Brown in the 1938 film The Gladiator , which loosely adapted science @-@ fiction drama as a comedy , and , among the many changes , renamed the protagonist " Hugo Kipp " . The film begins when Kipp wins a large sum of money in a contest and decides to return to college . There , he is talked into joining the football team and fails to live up to his athletic father 's legendary reputation . But after a Professor Danner ( Lucien Littlefield ) injects Kipp with a serum that gives him superhuman strength , he becomes an unstoppable player and wins the heart of the self @-@ centered quarterback 's girlfriend ( June Travis ) . In the end , he faces Man Mountain Dean in a wrestling match , but the serum runs out at the last minute .
= = = Comics = = =
In comics , Danner first appeared in the 52 @-@ page story " Man @-@ God " , by writer Roy Thomas and artist Tony DeZuniga ( credited as Antony DeZuniga ) in Marvel Comics ' Marvel Preview # 9 ( Winter 1976 ) . Only the first half of the novel is adapted .
Danner next appeared in DC Comics ' Young All @-@ Stars # 9 @-@ 11 ( Feb.-April 1988 ) and # 28 @-@ 31 ( Aug.-Nov. 1989 ) , as the estranged father of Iron Munro , his illegitimate son . Munro was not a character or even a possibility in the original novel , where , as Danner 's ailing scientist father explained , " the effect of the process is not inherited by the future generations . It must be done over each time " .
In this storyline , Munro comes into possession of his father ’ s diary and learns of Danner 's troubled life as the 20th century ’ s first metahuman . After having read the diary , Munro turns to the government 's secret Project M , demanding to know the location of the " Dinosaur Island " mentioned by Danner . There he meets a person who leads him instead to Maple White Land in South America . Munro is surprised when he finds his father is alive . Danner apparently faked his death
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in the Yucatan and briefly returned home to have a one @-@ night stand with his former high school sweetheart Anna Blake . The resulting union bore Munro , who took his surname from his mother 's new husband ( who believed the child to be his own ) . Danner has , by this time , succeeded in rearing the first generation of the Sons of Dawn . He later reveals to the Young @-@ All Stars that the villain Übermensch has stolen the formula in order to create his own race of supermen .
Munro is forced to oppose his father when Danner orders the Sons of Dawn to attack a Brazilian city . The combined might of the All @-@ Star Squadron defeats the Sons of Dawn and Danner is killed during the final battle .
Danner starred in the four @-@ issue miniseries Legend ( April – July 2005 ) by writer Howard Chaykin and artist Russ Heath , published by the DC imprint Wildstorm . Cover blurbs on the first two issues read , " Inspired by Philip Wylie 's Novel Gladiator " . The story now takes place in the second half of the 20th century , with the Vietnam War replacing World War I , but the story remaining for the most part intact .
= = Comparison with later heroes = =
While no confirmation exists that Superman co @-@ creator Jerry Siegel was influenced by Gladiator , Siegel may have read the novel in 1932 . He and co @-@ creator Joe Shuster began developing Superman in 1934 .
Superman as originally conceived came from an unnamed planet whose inhabitants were millions of years more evolved than humans . When they reached maturity , " the people of his race became gifted with titanic strength " . Their advanced evolution and great strength accounted for Superman 's superhuman abilities on earth . As Siegel described them : " When maturity was reached , he discovered he could easily : leap 1 ⁄ 8th of a mile ; hurdle a twenty @-@ story building ... raise tremendous weights ... run faster than an express train ... and that nothing less than a bursting shell could penetrate his skin ! "
Siegel and Shuster compared Superman 's strength and leaping abilities to those of an ant and a grasshopper , respectively , as did Abednego for his son . Danner also claims descent from a far @-@ off land ( Colorado ) inhabited by a race of super @-@ strong , indestructible men . In order to keep his true " experimental " origins a secret , he tells his Legionnaire superiors , " [ Colorado is a ] place in America . A place that has scarcely been explored . I was born there . All the men of Colorado are born as I was born and are like me . We are very strong . We are great fighters . We cannot be wounded except by the largest shells . " Other examples of similarities include both of their biological fathers are scientists ( Jor @-@ El and Abednego ) , both grow up in rural settings ( Smallville and Indian Creek , Colorado ) , both are imbued with a strong moral compass from a young age both lift cars over their heads , and both hide their powers from the world .
One critic noted that Danner 's " creation and upbringing by a scientist father recall Doc Savage 's origins " and a " prototype for the famous scene in which the fledgling Spider @-@ Man defeats a hulking wrestler to make money is found in Wylie 's novel ; Hugo 's bout in the ring is similar to that in the Spider @-@ Man 's origin story in 1962 's Amazing Fantasy # 15 . "
= Stephen Trigg =
Stephen Trigg ( c . 1744 – August 19 , 1782 ) was an American pioneer and soldier from Virginia . He was killed ten months after the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in one of the last battles of the American Revolution while leading the Lincoln County militia at the Battle of Blue Licks , Kentucky .
A son of William and Mary ( Johns ) Trigg , he mainly worked as a public servant and militia officer during the early years of the frontier counties of southwest Virginia , which then Kentucky . He was one reportedly of the wealthiest men on the frontier . Trigg was a delegate to the first Virginia Revolutionary conventions , and was a member of the Fincastle Committee of Safety that drafted the Fincastle Resolutions , a precursor to the Declaration of Independence passed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4 , 1776 . He was also elected to the Virginia House of Delegates .
Trigg was appointed to the Virginia Land Court Commission in 1779 , charged with settling land titles in Kentucky . He then settled in Kentucky himself . In 1782 , a raiding party of Shawnee Indians led by British and Loyalist officers attacked Bryan Station , but were driven off . Kentucky militia companies then pursued the fleeing invaders . Trigg commanded half of the men , Daniel Boone the other . Ignoring Boone 's warnings of a trap , the militiamen charged into an Indian ambush at Blue Licks . Trigg and many others , including Boone 's youngest son , were killed . Trigg 's body was later found cut into pieces .
Trigg County , Kentucky , was named in memory of Stephen Trigg .
= = Early life and family = =
Trigg was the son of William Trigg ( 1716 – 1773 ) and Mary ( Johns ) Trigg ( 1720 – 1773 ) , whose family was prominent on the Virginia frontier . His father served as a Judge of the Court of Chancery , an equity court , and the Bedford County Court . Trigg had four brothers , William , John , Abram and Daniel , who were all soldiers in the Revolutionary War . Two of these brothers , John and Abram , later represented Virginia in the U.S. Congress . Stephen married Mary Christian , daughter of another Virginia pioneer , Israel Christian . Trigg lived the early part of his life in southwest Virginia and ran a tavern in Botetourt County .
Trigg and his wife had three sons and two daughters . His daughter Mary married General David Logan , and was the mother of was Stephen Trigg Logan , who would serve in the Illinois state legislature and become Abraham Lincoln law partner in Springfield , Illinois .
= = Virginia pioneer = =
The western county of Augusta in Virginia could no longer serve the needs of the far flung pioneers along the New River , and so in 1769 , the county of Botetourt was created . Trigg was one of several appointed as its first justices of the peace , which was a judge presiding over misdemean
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@-@ time revival of Anglo @-@ American music . [ 45 ] This field eventually became associated with the political left @-@ wing and Communism , leading to a decline in acceptability as artists were increasingly blacklisted and criticized . Nevertheless , this form of pop @-@ folk exerted a profound influence in the form of 1950s folk @-@ rock and related styles . Alongside the rather sporadic success of popularized Anglo folk music came a series of Latin dance fads , including mambo , rumba , chachachá and boogaloo . Though their success was again sporadic and brief , Latin music continued to exert a continuous influence on rock , soul and other styles , as well as eventually evolving into salsa music in the 1970s .
= = = Country : Nashville Sound = = =
Beginning in the late 1920s , a distinctive style first called " old @-@ timey " or " hillbilly " music began to be broadcast and recorded in the rural South and Midwest ; early artists included the Carter Family , Charlie Poole and his North Carolina Ramblers , and Jimmie Rodgers . The performance and dissemination of this music was regional at first , but the population shifts caused by World War II spread it more widely . After the war , there was increased interest in specialty styles , including what had been known as race and hillbilly music ; these styles were renamed to rhythm and blues and country and western , respectively . [ 46 ] Major labels had some success promoting two kinds of country acts : Southern novelty performers like Tex Williams and singers like Frankie Laine , who mixed pop and country in a conventionally sentimental style . This period also saw the rise of Hank Williams , a white country singer who had learned the blues from a black street musician named Tee @-@ Tot , in northwest Alabama . [ 47 ] Before his death in 1953 , Hank Williams recorded eleven singles that sold at least a million copies each and pioneered the Nashville sound .
The Nashville sound was a popular kind of country music that arose in the 1950s , a fusion of popular big band jazz and swing with the lyricism of honky @-@ tonk country . [ 48 ] The popular success of Hank Williams ' recordings had convinced record labels that country music could find mainstream audiences . Record companies then tried to strip the rough , honky @-@ tonk elements from country music , removing the unapologetically rural sound that had made Williams famous . Nashville 's industry was reacting to the rise of rockabilly performer Elvis Presley by marketing performers that crossed the divide between country and pop . Chet Atkins , head of RCA 's country music division , did the most to innovate the Nashville sound by abandoning the rougher elements of country , while Owen Bradley used sophisticated production techniques and smooth instrumentation that eventually became standard in the Nashville Sound , which also grew to incorporate strings and vocal choirs . By the early part of the 1960s , the Nashville sound was perceived as watered @-@ down by many more traditionalist performers and fans , resulting in a number of local scenes like the Lubbock sound and , most influentially , the Bakersfield sound .
Throughout the 1950s , the most popular kind of country music was the Nashville Sound , which was a slick and pop @-@ oriented style . Many musicians preferred a rougher sound , leading to the development of the Lubbock Sound and Bakersfield Sound . The Bakersfield Sound was innovated in Bakersfield , California in the mid to late 1950s , by performers like Wynn Stewart , who used elements of Western swing and rock , such as the breakbeat , along with a honky tonk vocal style . [ 49 ] He was followed by a wave of performers like Buck Owens and Merle Haggard , who popularized the style .
= = = Soul = = =
Soul music is a combination of R & B and gospel that began in the late 1950s in the United States . Soul music is characterized by its use of gospel techniques with a greater emphasis on vocalists , and the use of secular themes . The 1950s recordings of Sam Cooke , Ray Charles , and James Brown are commonly considered the beginnings of soul music . Solomon Burke 's early recordings for Atlantic Records codified the style , and as Peter Guralnick writes , " it was only with the coming together of Burke and Atlantic Records that you could see anything resembling a movement " . [ 50 ]
The Motown Record Corporation in Detroit , Michigan became successful with a string of heavily pop @-@ influenced soul records , which were palatable enough to white listeners so as to allow R & B and soul to crossover to mainstream audiences . An important center of soul music recording was Florence , Alabama , where the FAME Studios operated . Jimmy Hughes , Percy Sledge and Arthur Alexander recorded at Fame ; later in the 1960s , Aretha Franklin would also record in the area . Fame Studios , often referred to as Muscle Shoals , after a town neighboring Florence , enjoyed a close relationship with Stax , and many of the musicians and producers who worked in Memphis also contributed to recordings done in Alabama .
In Memphis , Stax Records produced recordings by soul pioneers Otis Redding , Wilson Pickett , and Don Covay . Other Stax artists such as Eddie Floyd and Johnnie Taylor also made significant contributions to soul music . By 1968 , the soul music movement had begun to splinter , as James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone began to expand upon and abstract both soul and rhythm and blues into other forms . Guralnick wrote that more " than anything else ... what seems to me to have brought the era of soul to a grinding , unsettling halt was the death of Martin Luther King in April 1968 " . [ 51 ]
= = = 1960s rock = = =
Among the first of the
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place between April 13 and May 18 , 1953 , in northern Laos during the French Indochina War . A garrison of a dozen French and 300 Laotian troops occupied a fortified outpost in the hills above the village of Muong Khoua , across the border from Điện Biên Phủ . Muong Khoua was among the last French outposts in northern Laos following the decision of the French High Command to string several isolated garrisons through the region in order to buy time to fortify the major Laotian cities against Việt Minh attack .
Many of these garrisons were given orders by radio to dig in and fight the approaching Việt Minh forces . Following the fall of a satellite strong point at Sop @-@ Nao , the troops at Muong Khoua under Captain Teullier resisted a Việt Minh siege force for thirty @-@ six days while supported by air @-@ dropped supplies and air strikes . The small French force repelled several direct attacks and endured a series of artillery bombardments . Two of the three strong points of the outpost eventually fell in the early morning of May 18 , and by midday the French force lay defeated .
Four soldiers — two French and two Laotian — reached another French position 50 miles ( 80 km ) away after six days of travel through the jungle , however no one else escaped . The resistance of the French garrison became a popular rallying cry for French troops in Indochina as well serving as a precursor to French and Việt Minh strategies at the decisive Battle of Điện Biên Phủ the following year .
= = Prelude = =
= = = Việt Minh in Laos = = =
In early 1953 , the Việt Minh under Võ Nguyên Giáp commenced an invasion of Laos to exert additional pressure on Paris and on the French forces stationed in Indochina . In the area of Muong Khoua were the Việt Minh 312th , 308th , and 316th divisions , whose long supply lines were maintained by a veritable army of 200 @,@ 000 porters . The French command — headed then by Raoul Salan — ordered the establishment of a series of French outposts in northern Laos to resist the Việt Minh invading forces for as long as possible to buy time for the fortification of Luang Prabang and Vientiane , the capital cities of Laos . The King of Laos , Sisavang Vong ,
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The Orchid Thief . However , he comes to realize that the book does not have a usable narrative and that it is impossible to turn into a film , leaving him with a serious case of writer 's block . Already well over his deadline with Columbia Pictures , and despairing at writing his script with self @-@ reference , Charlie travels to New York to discuss the screenplay with Orlean directly . Unable to face her and with the surprising news that Donald 's spec script for a clichéd psychological thriller , called The 3 , is selling for six or seven figures , Kaufman resorts to attending McKee 's seminar in New York and asks him for advice . Charlie ends up asking Donald to join him in New York to assist with the story structure .
Donald pretends to be Charlie and interviews Orlean , but is suspicious of her account of the events of her book because she acts as though she is lying . He and his brother Charlie follow Orlean to Florida where she meets Laroche , the orchid @-@ stealing protagonist of Orlean 's book and her secret lover . It is revealed that the Seminole wanted the ghost orchid in order to manufacture a drug that causes fascination ; Laroche introduces this drug to Orlean . After Laroche and Orlean catch Charlie observing them taking the drug and having sex , she decides that Charlie must die .
Orlean forces Charlie at gunpoint to drive to the swamp , where she intends to kill him . Charlie and Donald escape and hide in the swamp , where they resolve their differences and Charlie 's problems with women . Laroche accidentally shoots Donald . Fleeing , Charlie and Donald drive off but crash into a ranger 's truck ; Donald dies in the accident . Charlie runs off into the swamp to hide but is spotted by Laroche . However , Laroche is killed by an alligator before being able to kill Charlie .
Orlean is arrested . Charlie makes up with his mother , tells his former love interest Amelia that he is still in love with her , and finishes the script . It ends with Charlie in a voice @-@ over announcing the script is finished and that he wants Gérard Depardieu to portray him in the film .
= = Cast = =
Nicolas Cage as Charlie Kaufman / Donald Kaufman
Meryl Streep as Susan Orlean
Chris Cooper as John Laroche
Cara Seymour as Amelia Kavan
Brian Cox as Robert McKee
Tilda Swinton as Valerie Thomas
Ron Livingston as Marty Bowen
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Caroline Cunningham
Judy Greer as Alice
Stephen Tobolowsky ( deleted scenes ) as Ranger Steve Neely
Bob Yerkes as Charles Darwin
Jim Beaver as Ranger Tony
Tom Hanks was originally set for the double role of Charlie and Donald Kaufman . Variety reviewed the film as if Donald were a real person . Cage took the role for a $ 5 million salary , and wore a fatsuit during filming .
Streep expressed strong interest in the role of Susan Orlean before being cast , and took a salary cut in recognition of the film 's budget . John Turturro was approached to portray John Laroche . Cooper strongly considered turning down Laroche , but accepted it after his wife urged him to . Albert Finney , Christopher Plummer , Terence Stamp and Michael Caine were considered for the role of Robert McKee , but McKee personally suggested Brian Cox to filmmakers .
Litefoot and Jay Tavare have small roles as Seminole . John Cusack , Catherine Keener , John Malkovich , Lance Acord and Spike Jonze have uncredited cameos as themselves in scenes where Charlie Kaufman is on the set of Being John Malkovich , which he also wrote . Additional cameos include Doug Jones as Augustus Margary , director Curtis Hanson as Orlean 's husband , and David O. Russell as a New Yorker journalist .
= = Production = =
The idea to do a film adaptation of Susan Orlean 's The Orchid Thief dates back to 1994 . Fox 2000 purchased the film rights in 1997 , eventually selling them to Jonathan Demme , who set the project at Columbia Pictures . Charlie Kaufman was hired to write the script , but struggled with the adaptation and writer 's block . Kaufman eventually created a script of his experience in adaptation , exaggerating events , and creating a fictional brother named Donald Kaufman . Kaufman put Donald Kaufman 's name on the script and dedicated the film to the fictional character . By September 1999 , Kaufman had written two drafts of the script ; he turned in a third draft in November 2000 .
Kaufman explained ,
The idea of how to write the film didn 't come to me until quite late . It was the only idea I had , I liked it , and I knew there was no way it would be approved if I pitched it . So I just wrote it and never told the people I was writing it for . I only told Spike Jonze , as we were making Being John Malkovich and he saw how frustrated
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own anniversary finish . In terms of gameplay , Mega Man uses the same set of moves ( the slide and the charge shot ) featured in Mega Man 4 . Instead of using stages based on Mega Man and using Robot Masters as level bosses , the stages share influences from the Street Fighter franchise stages and characters such as Blanka , Chun @-@ Li , and Ryu take the place of the Robot Masters as the end of level bosses . The Street Fighter characters use their signature moves as attacks ; in addition , they have their own Super Meters that build up when they take damage during the boss fights and allow them to launch a powerful attack at Mega Man once filled . Like other Mega Man games , defeating each boss earns Mega Man a new weapon based on the characters ' attacks , such as Ryu 's Hadouken and Chun @-@ Li 's Hyakuretsu Kyaku . After clearing the eight main levels , the player then moves on to face the final set of bosses . Clearing certain conditions unveils two secret hidden bosses at the end of the game .
= = Development = =
The game began as the private development of Seow Zong Hui who presented an early build to Christian Svensson , Capcom 's Senior VP of consumer software , at EVO 2012 . Svensson showed the build to several staff members in the Capcom office ( including senior community manager Brett Elston ) , and Capcom later decided to assist in the development of the game . While Zong Hui continued to develop the game based on his original design , Capcom took over tasks such as funding , marketing , and quality assurance . Capcom decided to distribute the game on PC instead of gaming consoles because Zong Hui did not have a license for console development . Svensson has noted that Capcom will consider console releases in the future , but chose to initially distribute the game on PC to keep the game free for fans and meet its December 17 target release date .
Zong Hui noted several concepts that were scrapped during development . Yang was originally planned as a boss character but was ultimately replaced by Chun @-@ Li . His special weapon is still included in the game via cheat codes . Zong Hui also wanted to include alternate costumes for boss characters and a second playable character from the Street Fighter franchise .
Following release , there were several complaints about the game crashing , having a vague user interface , and lacking any save system . In response to these complaints , Svensson noted that a patch was being discussed with the development team to address these issues in a future update . The update boasts an improved user interface , better controller compatibility , bug fixes , a password save system reminiscent of the original Mega Man games on the Nintendo Entertainment System , and an additional boss character . The updated version was released on January 1 , 2013 under the name , Street Fighter X Mega Man V2 .
= = = Music = = =
Chiptune artist Luke Esquivel ( " A _ Rival " ) composed the music for the game . Esquivel became involved when he approached Zong Hui via YouTube and requested to being full @-@ time musician for the game in 2009 / 2
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at Columbia , while Arthur Compton brought the scientists working under his supervision from Columbia , California and Princeton University to join his team at the University of Chicago , where he organized the Metallurgical Laboratory in early 1942 to study plutonium and reactors using graphite as a neutron moderator . Briggs , Compton , Lawrence , Murphree , and Urey met on 23 May 1942 to finalize the S @-@ 1 Committee recommendations , which called for all five technologies to be pursued . This was approved by Bush , Conant , and Brigadier General Wilhelm D. Styer , the chief of staff of Major General Brehon B. Somervell 's Services of Supply , who had been designated the Army 's representative on nuclear matters . Bush and Conant then took the recommendation to the Top Policy Group with a budget proposal for $ 54 million for construction by the United States Army Corps of Engineers , $ 31 million for research and development by OSRD and $ 5 million for contingencies in fiscal year 1943 . The Top Policy Group in turn sent it to the President on 17 June 1942 and he approved it by writing " OK FDR " on the document .
= = = Bomb design concepts = = =
Compton asked theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer of the University of California , Berkeley , to take over research into fast neutron calculations — the key to calculations of critical mass and weapon detonation — from Gregory Breit , who had quit on 18 May 1942 because of concerns over lax operational security . John H. Manley , a physicist at the Metallurgical Laboratory , was assigned to assist Oppenheimer by contacting and coordinating experimental physics groups scattered across the country . Oppenheimer and Robert Serber of the University of Illinois examined the problems of neutron diffusion — how neutrons moved in a nuclear chain reaction — and hydrodynamics — how the explosion produced by a chain reaction might behave . To review this work and the general theory of fission reactions , Oppenheimer and Fermi convened meetings at the University of Chicago in June and at the University of California , Berkeley , in July 1942 with theoretical physicists Hans Bethe , John Van Vleck , Edward Teller , Emil Konopinski , Robert Serber , Stan Frankel , and Eldred C. Nelson , the latter three former students of Oppenheimer , and experimental physicists Emilio Segrè , Felix Bloch , Franco Rasetti , John Henry Manley , and Edwin McMillan . They tentatively confirmed that a fission bomb was theoretically possible .
There were still many unknown factors . The properties of pure uranium @-@ 235 were relatively unknown , as were those of plutonium , an element that had only been discovered in February 1941 by Glenn Seaborg and his team . The scientists at the Berkeley conference envisioned creating plutonium in nuclear reactors where uranium @-@ 238 atoms absorbed neutrons that had been emitted from fissioning uranium @-@ 235 atoms . At this point no reactor had been built , and only tiny quantities of plutonium were available from cyclotrons . Even by December 1943 , only two milligrams had been produced . There were many ways of arranging the fissile material into a critical mass . The simplest was shooting a " cylindrical plug " into a sphere of " active material " with a " tamper " — dense material that would focus neutrons inward and keep the reacting mass together to increase its efficiency . They also explored designs involving spheroids , a primitive form of " implosion " suggested by Richard C. Tolman , and the possibility of autocatalytic methods , which would increase the efficiency of the bomb as it exploded .
Considering the idea of the fission bomb theoretically settled — at least until more experimental data was available — the Berkeley conference then turned in a different direction . Edward Teller pushed for discussion of a more powerful bomb : the " super " , now usually referred to as a " hydrogen bomb " , which would use the explosive force of a detonating fission bomb to ignite a nuclear fusion reaction in deuterium and tritium . Teller proposed scheme after scheme , but Bethe refused each one . The fusion idea was put aside to concentrate on producing fission bombs . Teller also raised the speculative possibility that an atomic bomb might " ignite " the atmosphere because of a hypothetical fusion
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reaction of nitrogen nuclei . Bethe calculated that it could not happen , and a report co @-@ authored by Teller showed that " no self @-@ propagating chain of nuclear reactions is likely to be started . " In Serber 's account , Oppenheimer mentioned it to Arthur Compton , who " didn 't have enough sense to shut up about it . It somehow got into a document that went to Washington " and was " never laid to rest " .
= = Organization = =
= = = Manhattan District = = =
The Chief of Engineers , Major General Eugene Reybold , selected Colonel James C. Marshall to head the Army 's part of the project in June 1942 . Marshall created a liaison office in Washington , D.C. , but established his temporary headquarters on the 18th floor of 270 Broadway in New York , where he could draw on administrative support from the Corps of Engineers ' North Atlantic Division . It was close to the Manhattan office of Stone & Webster , the principal project contractor , and to Columbia University . He had permission to draw on his former command , the Syracuse District , for staff , and he started with Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Nichols , who became his deputy .
Because most of his task involved construction , Marshall worked in cooperation with the head of the Corps of Engineers Construction Division , Major General Thomas M. Robbins , and his deputy , Colonel Leslie Groves . Reybold , Somervell and Styer decided to call the project " Development of Substitute Materials " , but Groves felt that this would draw attention . Since engineer districts normally carried the name of the city where they were located , Marshall and Groves agreed to name the Army 's component of the project the Manhattan District . This became official on 13 August , when Reybold issued the order creating the new district . Informally , it was known as the Manhattan Engineer District , or MED . Unlike other districts , it had no geographic boundaries , and Marshall had the authority of a division engineer . Development of Substitute Materials remained as the official codename of the project as a whole , but was supplanted over time by " Manhattan " .
Marshall later conceded that , " I had never heard of atomic fission but I did know that you could not build much of a plant , much less four of them for $ 90 million . " A single TNT plant that Nichols had recently built in Pennsylvania had cost $ 128 million . Nor were they impressed with estimates to the nearest order of magnitude , which Groves compared with telling a caterer to prepare for between ten and a thousand guests . A survey team from Stone & Webster had already scouted a site for the production plants . The War Production Board recommended sites around Knoxville , Tennessee , an isolated area where the Tennessee Valley Authority could supply ample electric power and the rivers could provide cooling water for the reactors . After examining several sites , the survey team selected one near Elza , Tennessee . Conant advised that it be acquired at once and Styer agreed but Marshall temporized , awaiting the results of Conant 's reactor experiments before taking action . Of the prospective processes , only Lawrence 's electromagnetic separation appeared sufficiently advanced for construction to commence .
Marshall and Nichols began assembling the resources they would need . The first step was to obtain a high priority rating for the project . The top ratings were AA @-@ 1 through AA @-@ 4 in descending order , although there was also a special AAA rating reserved for emergencies . Ratings AA @-@ 1 and AA @-@ 2 were for essential weapons and equipment , so Colonel Lucius D. Clay , the deputy chief of staff at Services and
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the throne is similar to Busabok Mala Throne on the porch outside . The throne was built during the reign of King Rama IV , in order for the palace women to attend important ceremonies through the window but behind a screen , separating them from men arriving from the outside .
= = = = Phra Thinang Phiman Rattaya = = = =
The Phra Thinang Phiman Rattaya ( พระที ่ นั ่ งพิมานรัตยา ) is located directly behind the Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall . The Phiman Rattaya Throne Hall is a residential palace and was built for King Rama I as the main royal apartment . Over time the residential use of the palace declined and was eventually ended . Now the hall is only used as a ceremonial venue . The throne hall was built in the traditional Thai @-@ style of a rectangular shape . The east , west and south sides of the hall are surrounded by a colonnade of columns on the outside . Surrounding the hall are two gardens . During the reign of King Rama VI it was used as a meeting hall for members of the royal family and other familial functions . The hall also provided a venue for the investiture ceremonies where individuals are awarded with State orders and decorations by a member of the royal family . Now the hall is only used , in conjunction with the Dusit Maha Prasat , as the main venue for state funerals .
= = = = Phra Thinang Aphorn Phimok Prasat = = = =
The Phra Thinang Aphorn Phimok Prasat ( พระที ่ นั ่ งอาภรณ ์ พิโมกข ์ ปราสาท ; rtgs : Phra Thi Nang Aphon Phimok Prasat ) is an open pavilion , built on a platform on the east wall of the Maha Prasat group . The pavilion was built by King Rama IV as a robing pavilion for the king to change his regalia when entering the Maha Prasat premises . The pavilion was also used as the king 's royal palaquin mounting platform . The pavilion is considered the epitome of the finest qualities of Thai traditional architecture in proportion , style and detail . A smaller replica of the pavilion was exhibited at the Brussels World Fair in 1958 .
The pavilion is built on a cruciform layout with the northern and southern ends being longer . The roof is topped with a spire of five @-@ tiers , making it a prasat rather than a ' maha prasat ' ( which has seven ) . The spire is supported by swans as opposed to the traditional garudas . The eastern pediment depicts the Hindu god Shiva standing on a plinth with one foot raised , holding a sword in his left hand and right hand raised to a blessing . The columns of the pavilion are decorated with gold and silver glass mosaic in a floral pattern ; the capital of these columns take the form of long lotus petals .
= = = = Phra Thinang Rachakaranya Sapha = = = =
The Phra Thinang Rachakaranya Sapha ( พระที ่ นั ่ งราชกรัณยสภา ; rtgs : Phra Thi Nang Ratcha Karanyasapha ) is located on the southern end of the eastern wall . The closed rectangular building was built as a council chamber for use by the king and his ministers . In 1897 on his first trip to Europe , King Rama V installed Queen Saovabha Bongsri as regent , and she presided over privy council meetings here . This tradition was repeated in 1956 when Queen Sirikit , as regent presided over the privy council while King Rama IX briefly entered the Sangha as a monk . Occasionally the building is still used by the king for private audiences . The peculiar characteristic of this building was the projecting pediments over the roof line . This feature was common during the Ayutthaya period .
= = = = Ho Plueang Khrueang = = = =
The Ho Plueang Khrueang ( ศาลาเปลื ้ องเครื ่ อง ) is a closed pavilion , situated on the western wall of the Maha Prasat group . The pavilion was built by King Rama VI as a robing room . The building is a two @-@ storied Thai style rectangular shaped hall with a walkway leading from the top floor towards the Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall .
= = = = Mount Kailasa = = = =
The miniature model of Mount Kailasa ( เขาไกรลาสจำลอง ; rtgs : Khao Krailat Chamlong ) , the mythical abode of Shiva , was built during the reign of King Rama IV . The miniature mountain was used as a setting for an important ceremony called the Royal Tonsure Ceremony . This ancient rite of passage would be performed for the royal prince and princess around the age of thirteen . The ceremony , sometimes lasting seven days of festivities , involves a purifying bath and the cutting of the traditional topknot hair of the royal child . The latter act was done by the king himself , the hair is later thrown into the Chao Phraya river as an offering . For this purpose there is a miniature palace on the summit for the ceremony to take place. the lower part of the mountain is populated with stone sculptures of miniature mythical animals of the Himavanta Forest . The mount is situated behind the walk way between the Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall and Ho Plueng Krueng . This area is considered part of the Inner Court and is not opened to the public .
= = = Siwalai Garden = = =
The Siwalai Garden ( สวนศิวาลัย , Suan Siwalai ) is situated to the easternmost part of the Middle court and is considered separate from the other state buildings and throne halls . The garden has been in its present form , since King Rama V , and contains both royal residences and religious buildings . Throughout the years several structures were built and demolished by various kings . The garden was first created at the behest of King Rama I as a private retreat called the Suan Kaew ( สวนแก ้ ว ) or ' Crystal Garden ' . The name was changed by Rama II to Suan Khwa or ' Right Garden ' , who also embellished the garden and transformed it into a pleasure garden for the inhabitants of the Inner Court .
The greatest change to the area occurred during the reign of King Rama IV , when the entire garden was turned into a new residential palace . This palace was composed of several interconnected buildings of various styles and sizes for the king 's use . This buildings complex was named the Phra Abhinaowas Niwet ( พระอภิเนาว ์ นิเวศน ์ ; rtgs : Phra Aphinao Niwet
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) . The building group are on an east to west axis , with reception halls to the east and residential halls in the west . These buildings were built in a combination of Thai and Western styles ; the principal building of the Phra Abhinaowas Niwet group was the Phra Thinang Ananta Samakhom ; this European style grand audience chamber was used by the king to receive various foreign missions . Other buildings included King Rama IV 's primary residential hall , observatory and banqueting hall . By the reign of King Rama V the Phra Abhinaowas Niwet building group became so dilapidated that most were eventually demolished ; the names of some of the halls were later assumed by new royal buildings ( for example the new Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall in the Dusit Palace ) . King Rama V had the area turned once more into a private garden for use by the Inner Court and also gave the garden its present name . The new garden contained some of the old buildings as well as new additions , such as a small lawn in the south western corner called the Suan Tao or ' Turtle Garden ' . The layout of the Siwalai Garden remained mostly unchanged until the present day .
= = = = Phra Thinang Boromphiman = = = =
The Phra Thinang Boromphiman ( พระที ่ นั ่ งบรมพิมาน ; rtgs : Phra Thi Nang Boromma Phiman ) is the largest structure within the Siwalai Garden ; it is located at the northernmost end . The two @-@ storey Neo @-@ Renaissance residence was constructed during the reign of King Rama V from 1897 to 1903 . The new palace was built over the site of an old armoury , after King Rama V had it demolished . The new palace was intended as a gift to the first Crown Prince of Siam , Prince Maha Vajirunhis . It was originally named Phra Thinang Phanumart Chamroon ( พระที ่ นั ่ งภานุมาศจำรูญ ) . However , before the construction was finished the prince died of typhoid at the age of 16 . Once completed the palace was handed to the next heir , Crown Prince Maha Vajiravudh , who ascended the throne in 1910 as Rama VI . He later gave the palace its present name .
Under the supervision of foreign architects , namely the German C. Sandreczki , the Boromphiman Throne Hall became the most modern building within the Grand Palace ; it was also the first to be designed to accommodate carriages and motorcars . The exterior walls are embellished with pilasters and elaborate plaster designs . The triangular and semi @-@ circular pediments are decorated with stuccoed floral motifs . The palace 's distinctive Mansard roof is covered in dark grey slate tiles . On the façade of the building , the main and central pediment show the emblem of the crown prince .
Even though the architectural style and exterior decoration of the building is entirely Western , the interior decorations is entirely Thai . The central hall , situated under a dome , is decorated with murals of the god Indra , Varuna , Agni and Yama — all depicted in Thai style . Below them are Thai inscriptions composed by King Rama VI himself .
After his accession to the throne , King Rama VI occasionally stayed at the palace . King Rama VII stayed at the palace for a few nights before his coronation in 1925 , while King Ananda Mahidol ( Rama VIII ) made the palace his main place of residence upon his return to Thailand from Switzerland in December 1945 . He lived in this palace with his younger brother Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej ( later King Rama IX ) and his mother Princess Sri Sangwan . On the morning of 9 June 1946 the palace bore witness to his mysterious and unexplained death by gunshot . King Rama IX later refurbished the palace and added an extra wing extending south .
Currently the palace is not open to the public , and serves as the official guest house for visiting Heads of State and their entourage . To the southeast of the Boromphiman Throne Hall , there are also two guest houses for use by the entourage of state visitors .
= = = = Phra Thinang Mahisorn Prasat = = = =
The Phra Thinang Mahisorn Prasat ( พระที ่ นั ่ งมหิศรปราสาท ) is a small pavilion built on the wall between the Siwalai Garden and the Maha Monthien buildings . The pavilion has a mondop style roof and a gilded spire , decorated in glass mosaic . The pavilion was built by King Rama IV as a monument to his father King Rama II . After its completion the ashes of King Rama II was moved and was housed in the pavilion . After the death of King Rama IV the ashes
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was moved back to the Ho Phra That Monthien Buddha Image Hall , currently the pavilion houses several Buddha images .
= = = = Phra Thinang Siwalai Maha Prasat = = = =
The Phra Thinang Siwalai Maha Prasat ( พระที ่ นั ่ งศิวาลัยมหาปราสาท ) is located on the southern @-@ eastern end of the Siwalai Garden . The Siwalai Maha Prasat is a Thai @-@ style edifice with a Mondop style spire of seven tiers . Built during the reign of King Rama V in 1878 to house the metal statues of his four predecessors , which were cast in 1869 . The hall was to be used as a royal pantheon , where the lives of previous monarchs were to be commemorated and worshiped . Later King Rama VI had the statues removed and rehoused at the Prasat Phra Thep Bidorn in the Temple of the Emerald Buddha compound , where they would be more assessable to the public . On 6 April 1918 the first ceremony of worship was inaugurated , this ceremony continues to be performed annually . Since the removal of the statues , the Siwalai Maha Prasat has been left vacant .
= = = = Phra Thinang Sitalaphirom = = = =
The Phra Thinang Sitalaphirom ( พระที ่ นั ่ งสีตลาภิรมย ์ ) is a small open pavilion made of wood , built by King Rama VI . The pavilion is situated on the northern edge of the lawn south of the Boromphiman palace . The pavilion is decorated with a flame motif in gilded black lacquer . The gables bear the insignia of King Rama VI . The king used the pavilion as a place of rest and as a seat during garden parties .
= = = = Phra Buddha Rattanasathan = = = =
The Phra Buddha Rattanasathan ( พระพุทธรัตนสถาน ) is a Phra ubosot ( or ordination hall ) , situated at the very centre of the Siwalai Garden . The religious building is a shrine to a Buddha image called the Phra Buddha Butsayarat Chakraphat Pimlom Maneemai ( พระพุทธบุษยรัตน ์ จักรพรรดิพิมลมณีมัย ; rtgs : Phra Phuttha Butsayarat Chakkraphat Phimon Manimai ) which was brought from Champasak in Laos . The ubosot was built for this purpose by King Rama IV . The ubosot is built of grey stone and has a two @-@ tier green title roof . At the front there is a portico of pillars . Running around the outside of the ubosot is an open pillared gallery . Religious ceremonies have been performed here in the past .
= = Inner Court = =
The Inner Court or the Khet Phra Racha Than Chan Nai ( เขตพระราชฐานชั ้ นใน ) , referred to simply as Fai Nai ( ฝ ่ ายใน ; rtgs : Fai Nai ; literally ' The Inside ' ) , occupies the southernmost part of the Grand Palace complex . This area is reserved exclusively for use by the king and his harem of queens and consorts ( minor wives ) . These women were often called ' forbidden women ' or Nang harm ( นางห ้ าม ; rtgs : nang ham ) by the general populace . Other inhabitants of the court were the king 's children and a multitude of ladies @-@ in @-@ waiting and servants .
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Richard Cheese performed a lounge arrangement of the song on his album Lounge Against the Machine . Actress Katerina Graham recorded a pop rock cover for use in The Vampire Diaries ' second season episode " The Sacrifice " . In 2007 , Metallica covered the song during an acoustic performance at Neil Young 's Bridge School Benefit show .
= = = Media = = =
The song also appeared in an episode of The X @-@ Files entitled " Terms of Endearment " .
= = Track listings and formats = =
Continuing their theme of collectible 7 " vinyl releases , which had seen " Vow " packaged in an aluminium sleeve and " Subhuman " in black rubber , Mushroom packaged the 7 " format for " Only Happy When It Rains " in a " Prismaboard " ( rain @-@ effect ) die @-@ cut card sleeve , with a hologram logo sticker on the inner jacket . The b @-@ side of the vinyl was pressed with a double @-@ groove , so that either " Girl Don 't Come " or " Sleep " played depending on where the stylus landed ; the songs were shorter on the vinyl than they were on the CD or cassette formats to accommodate both on one side of the disc . This pressing was limited to 5 @,@ 000 copies . The original design for the vinyl was for the sleeve to be made from wood , or corrugated cardboard , with wing @-@ nuts in each corner like a flower @-@ press . The nuts would have to have been unscrewed to find the vinyl disc inside - between ten layers of different types of cardboard .
= = Credits and Personnel = =
= = Comprehensive charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Hawaii House Bill 444 =
House Bill 444 ( abbreviated H.B. 444 ) was a 2009 bill of the Hawaii State Legislature , passed in April 2010 and vetoed by Governor of Hawaii Linda Lingle , that would have legalized civil unions for couples in the state of Hawaii . Its legislative process was accompanied by controversy over the bill 's content and effects and rallies were held by supporters and opponents .
The bill passed the Hawaii House of Representatives in February 2009 in a form specific to same @-@ sex couples , was passed in amended form including opposite @-@ sex couples by the Hawaii Senate in May 2009 , and was carried over in the 2010 session , where it passed the Senate again in January 2010 with a veto @-@ proof majority . The bill moved back to the House but was indefinitely postponed by a voice vote initiated by House Speaker Calvin Say , requiring a vote of two @-@ thirds of Representatives to be taken up again in 2010 , and was considered dead . In April 2010 , on the last day of the legislative session , the House suspended the rules on the Senate bill and passed it with a majority , sending the bill to Governor Linda Lingle , who vetoed it in July 2010 .
Hawaii does not allow same @-@ sex marriages or civil unions , but two unmarried people can register for a reciprocal beneficiary relationship , which provides some of the rights and benefits that come with marriage . The bill was written to become law on January 1 , 2010 , would allow all couples to obtain rights equal to those of married couples , and make Hawaii the only state in the Western United States to allow civil unions instead of domestic partnerships .
= = Content of the bill = =
House Bill 444 H.D. 1 as introduced and passed by the Hawaii House of Representatives " extends the same rights , benefits , protections , and responsibilities of spouses in a marriage to partners in a civil union . " To be eligible for a civil union , the bill outlined that the person seeking a civil union may not already be in a civil union , marriage , or reciprocal beneficiary relationship with someone else , the two people seeking a civil union must be of the same sex , both members of the civil union must be 18 years or older , and the two partners must not be related . The bill also enumerated familial relationships in which civil unions would be automatically nullified , such as a man with his father , grandfather , or son , or a woman with her mother , grandmother , or daughter . If one of the persons had a guardian , the guardian had to consent for the subject to obtain a civil union .
Section 1 , § — 9 of House Bill 444 explained that " partners to a civil union ... shall have all the same rights , benefits , protections , and responsibilities under law ... as are granted to spouses in a marriage . " The bill also recognized domestic partnerships , civil unions , and same @-@ sex marriages performed in other states as civil unions in Hawaii , and would have taken effect on January 1 , 2010 . In addition , House Bill 444 repealed a statute that declared " private solemnization not unlawful . "
House Bill S.D. 1 444 as passed by the Hawaii Senate was amended to remove the bill 's reference to same @-@ sex couples , include language stating the legislature 's intent not change the definition of marriage , and include partners in civil unions for use of the terms " spouse " , " family " , " immediate family " , " dependent " , and " next of kin " . The language of the bill 's coming into effect remained unchanged at January 1 , 2010 .
= = Legislative process = =
= = = Past bills = = =
Following Baehr v. Lewin , a 1993 decision by the Supreme Court of Hawaii that found the state 's refusal to grant same @-@ sex couples marriage licenses discriminatory , voters in 1998 approved a constitutional amendment granting the Hawaii State Legislature the power to reserve marriage to opposite @-@ sex couples , and the legislature passed a law banning same @-@ sex marriage . Civil unions were not restricted . Bills creating civil unions were considered several times , but failed to receive committee approval prior to 2009 .
= = = 2009 session = = =
H.B. 444 was introduced in the Hawaii House of Representatives on January 26 , 2009 . It passed the Hawaii House Judiciary Committee on February 5 , 2009 , with 12 members voting in favor and none opposed and was approved by the Hawaii House of Representatives on February 12 , 2009 , with 33 members voting in favor and 17 opposed , one vote fewer than the two @-@ thirds vote needed to override a veto by the Republican Governor Linda Lingle , who did not indicate whether she considered a veto . It was referred to the Hawaii Senate on February 13 , 2009 . A hearing by the Committee on Judiciary and Government Operations ( JGO ) was held at the State Capitol on February 24 , 2009 , with the outcome of three senators supporting the bill and three opposed ; the bill was not passed out of committee .
The Senate Democratic leadership stated the bill might be taken from committee and brought to a debate before the full Senate , which was possible after March 10 , 2009 . Following a rally held on February 22 , 2009 , that opposed the passage of H.B. 444 and in which between 2 @,@ 000 and 8 @,@ 000 people participated , a number of Democratic senators became unwilling to vote in favor of the motion , citing concerns about changing common Senate procedure . The number of senators supporting civil unions was reduced from 18 to 13 out of 25 senators . Supporters held a candlelight vigil attended by 300 to 400 people in support of the bill on March 7 , 2009 .
Senator Will Espero offered an amendment to the bill that would have reduced the number of benefits granted , stating this would remove concerns that civil unions were similar to marriage . Passing an amended bill would have required the House to vote on it again or to establish a conference committee to negotiate differences between versions of both chambers . Supporters of civil unions stated they would not support the compromise , and a senator argued that " an amendment will kill it . " Hawaii Senate Majority Leader Gary Hooser stated in March 2009 he would try to bring the bill to a vote if no other senator did so by the end of the legislative session in May 2009 . It was not clear how many senators supported Hooser and opposing groups announced protests if action was taken . On March 25 , 2009 , the attempt to bring the bill before the full Senate failed when six senators supported the measure instead of the required nine senators . Senate President Colleen Hanabusa and JGO chairman Brian Taniguchi had opposed recalling H.B. 444 from Taniguchi 's committee , citing unwillingness to change the traditional lawmaking process .
On May 7 , 2009 , a second motion to recall the bill from committee , initiated by Senator Les Ihara , Jr . , was successful after 10 Democrats voted in favor . The Senate Democratic Leadership , Democrats opposed to civil unions , and Senate Republicans voted in favor of an amendment to the bill that added language reaffirming the distinction between civil unions and marriage and allowing same @-@ sex and opposite @-@ sex couples to enter civil unions . The amendment was adopted , which killed the bill , as a revised version required renewed approval by the Hawaii House of Representatives and the Legislature adjourned May
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0 ( options A and B ) , 110 and 125 mph . It also has high @-@ speed rail options with top speeds of 160 and 220 mph . As of March 2012 , the Tier 1 EIS has eliminated the high @-@ speed rail options . The only 4 build alternatives are in higher @-@ speed rail range . The numbers on the table represent the 125 mph alternative . The other alternatives are for non @-@ electrified track with average speeds of 57 mph ( for 90A option ) , 61 ( for 90B option ) , and 63 ( for 110 option ) .
* * The study includes two main alternatives for higher @-@ speed rail . The first alternative is called Shared Use with top speeds of 90 @-@ 110 mph . The second alternative is called Hybrid High Performance with top speeds of 130 mph . There are also high @-@ speed rail alternatives in the same study with top speeds of 180 @-@ 220 + mph . The numbers on the table represent the first two higher @-@ speed rail alternatives .
* * * The study includes higher @-@ speed rail up to 110 mph and high @-@ speed rail of 150 + mph options .
= = = = Proposed routes = = = =
In addition to ongoing projects , there are proposed routes that have not reached the feasibility study stage yet . In Pennsylvania , a rail advocacy group started fund raising efforts in 2014 to obtain $ 25 @,@ 000 for a preliminary study and additional $ 100 @,@ 000 for feasibility study of the route from Erie to Pittsburgh . The proposal is for 110 mph ( 180 km / h ) express train services to directly link the two cities . An alternative is to have intermediate stops in Ohio cities including Ashtabula , Warren , and Youngstown before heading back to New Castle , Pennsylvania .
In Ohio , a rail advocacy group works with local political leaders in Ohio , Indiana and Illinois to consider a higher @-@ speed rail line from Cincinnati to Chicago . This is in response to another advocacy group in Indiana that gained funding for the Columbus , Ohio – Fort Wayne – Chicago route that is already in feasibility study stage . The group persuaded the Hamilton County government in Ohio to advocate for the study . The county commissioners unanimously voted in September 2014 to pursue a feasibility study . As a possible route that goes through the states of Kentucky and Indiana , the county expects that Ohio @-@ Kentucky @-@ Indiana Regional Council of Governments will help fund a feasibility study .
In Michigan , a feasibility study sponsored by an environmental group is in progress for a new rail line between Detroit and Grand Rapids . The proposal is to have trains running at speeds between 79 and 110 mph ( 127 and 177 km / h ) . The state transportation department is interested in the study but is not ready to move beyond this study .
In Texas , the East Texas Corridor Council proposed a higher @-@ speed rail route between Longview and Dallas . The trains will operate at speeds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and 110 mph ( 180 km / h ) .
= Manta ray =
Manta rays are large rays belonging to the genus Manta . The larger species , M. birostris , reaches 7 m ( 23 ft 0 in ) in width while the smaller , M. alfredi , reaches 5 @.@ 5 m ( 18 ft 1 in ) . Both have triangular pectoral fins , horn @-@ shaped cephalic fins and large , forward @-@ facing mouths . They are classified among the Elasmobranchii ( sharks and rays ) and are placed in the family Myliobatidae ( eagle rays ) .
Mantas are found in temperate , subtropical and tropical waters . Both species are pelagic ; M. birostris migrates across open oceans , singly or in groups , while M. alfredi tends to be resident and coastal . They are filter feeders and eat large quantities of zooplankton , which they swallow with their open mouths as they swim . Gestation lasts over a year , producing live pups . Mantas may visit cleaning stations for the removal of parasites . Like whales , they breach , for unknown reasons .
Both species are listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . Anthropogenic threats include pollution , entanglement in fishing nets , and direct harvesting for their gill rakers for use in Chinese medicine . Their slow reproductive rate exacerbates these threats . They are protected in international waters by the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals , but are more vulnerable closer to shore . Areas where mantas congregate are popular with tourists . Only a few aquariums are large enough to house them . In general , these large fish are seldom seen and difficult to study .
= = Taxonomy and etymology = =
The name " manta " is Portuguese and Spanish for mantle ( cloak or blanket ) , a type of blanket @-@ shaped trap traditionally used to catch rays . Mantas are known as " devilfish " because of their horn @-@ shaped cephalic fins , which are imagined to give them an " evil " appearance .
Manta rays are members of Chondrichthyes , fish with tough cartilage rather than bone in their skeletons . Mantas are among the Elasmobranchii ( sharks and rays ) , in the superorder Batoidea ( rays and skates ) and the order Myliobatiformes ( stingrays and relatives ) . The genus Manta is part of the eagle ray family Myliobatidae , where it is grouped in the subfamily Mobulinae along with the devil rays .
Mantas evolved from bottom @-@ dwelling stingrays , eventually developing more wing @-@ like pectoral fins . M. birostris still has a vestigial remnant of a sting barb in the form of a caudal spine . The mouths of most rays lie on the underside of the head , while in mantas they are right at the front . Manta rays and devil rays are the only ray species that have evolved into filter feeders .
The scientific naming of mantas has had a convoluted history , during which several names were used for both the genus ( Ceratoptera , Brachioptilon Daemomanta and Diabolicthys ) and species ( such as vampyrus , americana , johnii and hamiltoni ) . All were eventually treated as synonyms of the single species Manta birostris . The genus name Manta was first published in 1829 by Dr Edward Nathaniel Bancroft of Jamaica . The specific name birostris is ascribed to Johann Julius Walbaum ( 1792 ) by some authorities and to Johann August Donndorff ( 1798 ) by others . The name alfredi was first used by Australian zoologist Gerard Krefft , who named the manta after Prince Alfred .
Authorities were still not in agreement and some argued that the black color morph was a different species from the mostly white morph . This proposal was discounted by a 2001 study of the mitochondrial DNA of both . A 2009 study analyzed the differences in morphology , including color , meristic variation , spine , dermal denticles ( tooth @-@ like scales ) and teeth of different populations
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sized , with large round pupils ( as opposed to slit @-@ like in the grey nurse shark ) , and lack nictitating membranes .
The mouth is large and filled with projecting teeth . Each tooth has a narrow , tall central cusp flanked by 2 @-@ 3 pairs of lateral cusplets . There are 48 – 56 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 36 – 46 tooth rows in the lower jaw ; the front large teeth in the upper jaw are separated from the lateral teeth by 2 – 5 intermediate teeth .
The fins are broad @-@ based and angular in shape . The first dorsal fin is larger than the second and placed closer to the pectoral fins than the pelvic fins . The caudal fin is strongly asymmetrical with the upper lobe much longer than the lower . The coloration is gray to gray @-@ brown above and lighter below . Juveniles are uniform in color with darker fin margins , while adults often exhibit dark spots or blotches that vary widely in pattern , size , and density . Coloration also appears to vary by region , with some individuals from the Mediterranean displaying a patchy , " piebald " pattern . The smalltooth sand tiger attains a maximum length of 4 @.@ 1 m ( 13 @.@ 5 ft ) and a maximum weight of 289 kg ( 637 lbs ) . There are unconfirmed reports of much larger individuals from Malpelo Island off Colombia .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Smalltooth sand tigers have been caught at widely scattered locations throughout the world , indicating a possibly circumtropical distribution . In the eastern Atlantic Ocean , it is known from the Bay of Biscay south to Morocco , including the Mediterranean Sea , the Azores , and the Canary Islands . In the western Atlantic , it has been reported from off North Carolina and Florida ( USA ) , the Yucatan Peninsula ( Mexico ) , and Fernando de Noronha ( Brazil ) . It occurs throughout the Indian Ocean , from South Africa , Madagascar , and Tanzania in the west to the Maldives and the Southwest Indian Ridge in the east . In the northern Pacific it is known from off Japan , Hawaii , California , and Colombia , and in the southern Pacific it is known from New Caledonia , eastern Australia , and New Zealand .
Typically regarded as a deepwater species , the smalltooth sand tiger has been caught down to a depth of 880 m ( 2 @,@ 900 ft ) . They are usually found near the bottom in rocky , boulder @-@ strewn regions on continental shelves and the upper continental slope , as well as around submarine ridges and mountains . There are also reports of this species near the drop @-@ offs of rocky or coral reefs and in the upper layers of the open ocean . In the Mediterranean , smalltooth sand tigers occur at depths less than 250 m ( 820 ft ) , including at depths accessible to divers . They have been seen swimming over sandy flats at Cocos Island and Fernando de Noronha . The temperature range favored by this species is 6 – 20 ° C ( 43 – 63 ° F ) ; in hot climates they are found below the thermocline in cooler water .
= = Biology and ecology = =
The smalltooth sand tiger is a strong @-@ swimming shark that may be encountered singly or in aggregations of up to five individuals . Catch records suggest that this species may cover long distances in oceanic waters along underwater ridges or " hopping " between seamounts . It has a very large , oily liver , which allows it to maintain neutral buoyancy in the water column with minimal effort . At a location called " Shark Point " off Beirut , Lebanon , small groups of smalltooth sand tigers appear every summer on rocky reefs at a depth of 30 – 45 m ( 100 – 150 ft ) . The same individuals have been documented returning to this site year after year . Their purpose there is unknown , being speculated to relate to mating . When confronted , these sharks have been observed to stall , gape their mouths , turn around , and shake their tails towards the perceived threat .
Adult smalltooth sand tigers have no known predators , though they are bitten by cookiecutter sharks ( Isistius brasiliensis ) . A known parasite is the tapeworm Lithobothrium gracile , which infests the shark 's spiral valve intestine . The carcass of a 3 @.@ 7 m ( 12 @.@ 1 ft ) long female found off Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands contained a number of snubnosed eels ( Simenchelys parasitica ) inside her heart , body cavity , and back muscles . It is unknown whether the eels contributed to the shark 's death .
= = = Feeding = = =
Compared to the grey nurse shark , the dentition of the smalltooth sand tiger is less robust and lacks specialized cutting and crushing teeth , suggesting that it tends to tackle smaller prey . The diet of the smalltooth sand tiger consists of bottom @-@ dwelling bony fishes such as rockfish ( Sebastes spp . ) , invertebrates such as squid , shrimp , and possibly marine isopods , and cartilaginous fishes including rays and chimaeras . The largest known prey item taken by this species was a 1 @.@ 3 m ( 4 @.@ 3 ft ) long kitefin shark ( Dalatias licha ) , found inside the stomach of a 2 @.@ 9 m ( 9 @.@ 5 ft ) long male from New Caledonia .
= = = Life history = = =
No pregnant smalltooth sand tigers have ever been found ; this species is presumed to be ovoviviparous as in other mackerel sharks . Villaviencio @-@ Garayzar ( 1996 ) described a 3 @.@ 6 m ( 11 @.@ 8 ft ) female from the Gulf of California that contained " hundreds of ova " in her right ovary , which would support the embryos being oophagous . Whether the embryos also cannibalize each other as in the grey nurse shark is unknown . The size at birth is estimated to be 1 @.@ 0 – 1 @.@ 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 – 3 @.@ 6 ft ) . With a few recorded exceptions , juveniles are found in deep water and
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only adults are present above a depth of 200 m ( 660 ft ) ; this may serve to reduce predation on young individuals by large , shallow @-@ water predators such as the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) . Males mature at a length of 2 @.@ 0 – 2 @.@ 5 m ( 6 @.@ 6 – 8 @.@ 2 ft ) and females at a length of 3 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 5 m ( 9 @.@ 4 – 11 @.@ 5 ft ) . Faint scars seen on some individuals may be related to courtship .
= = Human interactions = =
Encounters with divers have shown that , despite their size , smalltooth sand tigers are docile and do not react aggressively even when closely approached . This species is taken as bycatch in gillnets , bottom trawls , and on longlines ; most captures occur in the Mediterranean and off Japan . It is usually discarded when caught , except in Japan where the meat is consumed ( though considered very inferior to the grey nurse shark ) and the liver oil is utilized . The fins , jaws , and cartilage are also of value .
Discoveries , beginning in the 1970s , of smalltooth sand tigers in shallow water have raised urgent conservation concerns , as this species is apparently more vulnerable to human activity than previously believed . There is at present insufficient data for the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) to assess the worldwide conservation status of this species . It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Australian waters , due to a decline of over 50 % in catches off New South Wales since the 1970s . Populations of this species in the Mediterranean are also believed to have declined , due to a combination of habitat degradation , overfishing , pollution , and human disturbance . The smalltooth sand tiger has been protected by the Australian government since 1984 ; this came about concurrently with protection for the grey nurse shark , which had been decimated in Australian waters , so as to prevent any claims of confusing one species for the other . However , these regulations have proven difficult to enforce .
= Stuart Scott =
Stuart Orlando Scott ( July 19 , 1965 – January 4 , 2015 ) was an American sportscaster and anchor on ESPN , most notably on SportsCenter . Well known for his hip @-@ hop style and use of catchphrases , Scott was also a regular for the network in its National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) coverage .
Scott grew up in North Carolina , and graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . He began his career with various local television stations before joining ESPN in 1993 . Although there were already accomplished African @-@ American sportscasters , his blending of hip hop with sportscasting was unique for television . By 2008 , he was a staple in ESPN 's programming , and also began on ABC as lead host for their coverage of the NBA .
In 2007 , Scott had an appendectomy and learned that his appendix was cancerous . After going into remission , he was again diagnosed with cancer in 2011 and 2013 . Scott was honored at the ESPY Awards in 2014 with the Jimmy V Award for his fight against cancer , less than six months before his death in 2015 at the age of 49 .
= = Early life = =
Scott was born Stuart Orlando Scott in Chicago , Illinois on July 19 , 1965 to O. Ray and Jacqueline Scott . When he was 7 , Scott and his family moved to Winston @-@ Salem , North Carolina . Scott had a brother named Stephen and two sisters named Susan and Synthia .
He attended Mount Tabor High School for 9th and 10th grade and then completed his last two years at Richard J. Reynolds High School in Winston @-@ Salem — graduating in 1983 . In high school , he was a captain of his football team , ran track , served as vice president of the student government , and was the Sergeant at Arms of the school 's Key Club . Scott was inducted into the Richard J. Reynolds High School Hall of Fame during a ceremony on February 6 , 2015 . The ceremony took place during the Reynolds / Mt . Tabor ( the two high schools that Scott attended ) basketball game .
He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , where he was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity and was part of the on @-@ air talent at WXYC . While at UNC , Scott also played wide receiver and defensive back on the club football team . In 1987 , Scott graduated from the University of North Carolina with a Bachelor of Arts in speech communication . In 2001 , Scott gave the commencement address at UNC where he implored graduates to celebrate diversity and recognize the power of communication .
= = Career = =
Following graduation , Scott worked as a news reporter and weekend sports anchor at WPDE @-@ TV in Florence , South Carolina from 1987 until 1988 . Scott came up with the phrase " as cool as the other side of the pillow " while working his first job at WPDE . After this , Scott worked as a news reporter at WRAL @-@ TV 5 in Raleigh , North Carolina from 1988 until 1990 . WRAL Sports anchor Jeff Gravley recalled there was a " natural bond " between Scott and the sports department . Gravley described his style as creative , gregarious and adding so much energy to the newsroom . Even after leaving , Scott still visited his former colleagues at WRAL and treated them like family .
From 1990 until 1993 , Scott worked at WESH , an NBC affiliate in Orlando , Florida as a sports reporter and sports anchor . While at WESH , he met ESPN producer Gus Ramsey , who was beginning his own career . Ramsey said of Scott : " You knew the second he walked in the door that it was a pit stop , and that he was gonna be this big star somewhere someday . He went out and did a piece on the rodeo , and he nailed it just like he would nail the NBA Finals for ESPN . " He earned first place honors from the Central Florida Press Club for a feature on rodeo .
= = ESPN = =
Al Jaffe , ESPN 's vice president for talent , brought Scott to ESPN2 because they were looking for sportscasters who might appeal to a younger audience . Scott became one of the few African @-@ American personalities who was not a former professional athlete . His first ESPN assignments were for SportsSmash , a short sportscast twice an hour on ESPN2 's SportsNight program . After Keith Olbermann left SportsNight for ESPN 's SportsCenter , Scott
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centuries later . In fact , the Roman Empire influenced every part of Scotland during the period : by the time of the Roman withdrawal from Britain around 410 , the various Iron Age tribes native to the area had united as or fell under the control of the Picts while the southern half of the country was overrun by tribes of Romanized Britons . The Scoti , Gaelic Irish raiders who would give Scotland its English name , had begun to settle along the west coast as well . All three groups may have been involved in the Great Conspiracy that overran Roman Britain in 367 . The era also saw the emergence of the earliest historical accounts of the natives . The most enduring legacies of Rome , however , were Christianity and literacy , both of which arrived indirectly via Irish missionaries .
= = The dawn of Scottish history = =
Scotland had been inhabited for thousands of years before the Romans arrived . However , it is only during the Greco @-@ Roman period that Scotland is recorded in writing .
The work On the Cosmos by Aristotle or Pseudo @-@ Aristotle mentions two " very large " British Isles called Albion ( Great Britain ) and Ierne ( Ireland ) . The Greek explorer and geographer Pytheas visited Britain sometime between 322 and 285 BC and may have circumnavigated the mainland , which he describes as being triangular in shape . In his work On the Ocean , he refers to the most northerly point as Orcas ( Orkney ) .
The earliest written record of a formal connection between Rome and Scotland is the attendance of the " King of Orkney " who was one of 11 British kings who submitted to the Emperor Claudius at Colchester in AD 43 following the invasion of southern Britain three months earlier . The long distances and short period of time involved strongly suggest a prior connection between Rome and Orkney , although no evidence of this has been found and the contrast with later Caledonian resistance is striking . Originals of On the Ocean do not survive , but copies are known to have existed in the 1st century so at the least a rudimentary knowledge of the geography of north Britain would have been available to Roman military intelligence . Pomponius Mela , the Roman geographer , recorded in his De Chorographia , written around AD 43 , that there were 30 Orkney islands and seven Haemodae ( possibly Shetland ) . There is certainly evidence of an Orcadian connection with Rome prior to AD 60 from pottery found at the broch of Gurness .
By the time of Pliny the Elder ( d . AD 79 ) , Roman knowledge of the geography of Scotland had extended to the Hebudes ( The Hebrides ) , Dumna ( probably the Outer Hebrides ) , the Caledonian Forest , and the Caledonians .
Ptolemy , possibly drawing on earlier sources of information as well as more contemporary accounts from the Agricolan invasion , identified 18 tribes in Scotland in his Geography , but many of the names are obscure . His information becomes much less reliable in the north and west , suggesting early Roman knowledge of these area was confined to observations from the sea . Famously , his coördinates place most of Scotland north of Hadrian 's Wall bent at a right angle , stretching due eastward from the rest of Britain .
= = Iron Age culture in Scotland = =
Ptolemy 's tribes located north of the Forth @-@ Clyde isthmus include the Cornovii in Caithness , the Caereni , Smertae , Carnonacae , Decantae , Lugi and Creones also north of the Great Glen , the Taexali in the north @-@ east , the Epidii in Argyll , the Venicones in Fife , the Caledonians in the central Highlands and the Vacomagi centred near Strathmore . It is likely that all of these cultures spoke a form of Celtic language known as Pritennic . The occupants of southern Scotland were the Damnonii in the Clyde valley , the Novantae in Galloway , the Selgovae on the south coast and the Votadini to the east . These peoples may have spoken a form of Brythonic language .
Despite the discovery of many hundreds of Iron Age sites in Scotland there is still a great deal that remains to be explained about the nature of the Celtic life in the early Christian era . Unfortunately radiocarbon dating for this period is problematic and chronological sequences are poorly understood . For a variety of reasons much of the archaeological work to date in Scotland has concentrated on the islands of the west and north and both excavations and analysis of societal structures on the mainland are more limited in scope .
The peoples of early Iron Age Scotland , particularly in the north and west , lived in substantial stone buildings called Atlantic roundhouses . The remains of hundreds of these houses exist throughout the country , some merely piles of rubble , others with impressive towers and outbuildings . They date from about 800 BC to AD 300 with the most imposing structures having been created around the 2nd century BC . The most massive constructions that date from this time are the circular broch towers . On average , the ruins only survive up to a few metres above ground level , although there are five extant examples of towers whose walls still exceed 6 @.@ 5 m ( 21 ft ) in height . There are at least 100 broch sites in Scotland . Despite extensive research , their purpose and the nature of the societies that created them are still a matter of debate .
In some parts of Iron Age Scotland , quite unlike almost all of recorded history right up to the present day , there does not seem to have been an hierarchical elite . Studies have shown that these stone roundhouses , with massively thick walls must have contained virtually the entire population of islands such as Barra and North Uist . Iron Age settlement patterns in Scotland are not homogenous , but in these places there is no sign of a privileged class living in large castles or forts , or of an elite priestly caste or of peasants with no access to the kind of accommodation enjoyed by the middle classes .
Over 400 souterrains have been discovered in Scotland , many of them in the south @-@ east , and although few have been dated those that have suggest a construction date in the 2nd or 3rd centuries . Unfortunately the purpose of these small underground structures is also obscure . They are usually found close to settlements ( whose timber frames are much less well @-@ preserved ) and may have been for storing perishable agricultural products .
Scotland also has numerous vitrified forts but again an accurate chronology has proven to be evasive . Extensive studies of such a fort at Finavon Hill near Forfar in Angus , using a variety of techniques , suggest dates for the destruction of the site in either the last two centuries BC or the mid @-@ 1st millennium . The lack of Roman artifacts ( common in local souterrain sites ) suggests that many sites were abandoned before the arrival of the legions .
Unlike the earlier Neolithic and Bronze Ages , which have provided massive monuments to the dead ,
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me that much . I 'm really blessed ... It 's the most incredible gift that Mr Gibson could have given me . " She acknowledged to the Herald Sun that it was helpful to have Gibson 's production company assist with her music career , " If you think about it , every talent needs a serious push and help from somebody who is stronger , because it 's pretty much impossible for anybody to succeed in this industry . So I 've become very lucky , and I 'm very grateful . You don 't control the situations or the people you meet . I did not plan this . I 'm just doing what I 've always been doing . It 's not like I 've changed my goals at all . "
Gibson contributed lyrics to multiple tracks on the album . The track , " Say My Name " , was co @-@ written by Grigorieva and Gibson . Grigorieva described " Say My Name " , stating , " It is naked , intimate , raw emotion . It is the first and one of the simplest songs on the album , but also one of the most intimate . " She characterized it as , " little more than piano and voice as if it is a cry from the soul " . Gibson provided guest vocals for two tracks on the album . Grigorieva stated of Gibson 's singing on the album , " Mel is an incredible artist . He has a great voice . He is a visionary . He enabled me to produce this , for my music to live . "
Gibson served as director of four music videos intended to accompany the release of the album . The music videos were filmed over a seven @-@ day period in Mexico . Grigorieva stated of working with Gibson as a music video director , " I kept asking him , ' Please , give me directions ! ' I said , ' You can yell at me if you want to ' . But he said , ' No , you 're doing just fine . You 're a good actor ' . He was very much into his own world , painting pictures with the camera . " In describing the music videos , she observed , " They 're like dramatic miniature films a whirlpool of different , exciting , bright images . " Grigorieva toured to promote her album , during October 2009 . The first single from the album , " Say My Name " , was released in June 2009 on the website People.com as a listening exclusive . Beautiful Heartache was released on November 2 , 2009 . It was made available in 2009 on iTunes , and via download on the musician 's official website , at www.oksana.fm.
= = Contents = =
Beautiful Heartache was marketed as " grown @-@ up , piano @-@ led pop , heavy on classical motifs " . The first single released for the album was titled , " Say My Name " . A music video for the second single released from the album featured Grigorieva on the piano , as well as portraying an assistant to a knife @-@ thrower . The album includes a title track , " Beautiful Heartache " , with lyrics including : " I love the way you wear your skin . " The music video for the track , " Beautiful Heartache " , focused on a tango theme . The song " Angel " was named for her son with Timothy Dalton , Alexander .
= = Reception = =
ABC News reported that Beautiful Heartache garnered the singer " rave reviews " from music critics . Reuters commented of the
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Hawker Siddeley Kestrel prototype aircraft , following the cancellation of a more advanced supersonic aircraft , the Hawker Siddeley P.1154. The British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) ordered the Harrier GR.1 and GR.3 variants in the late 1960s . It was exported to the United States as the AV @-@ 8A , for use by the US Marine Corps ( USMC ) , in the 1970s .
During the Harrier 's service the RAF positioned the bulk of the aircraft in West Germany to defend against a potential invasion of Western Europe by the Warsaw Pact forces ; the unique abilities of the Harrier allowed the RAF to disperse their forces away from vulnerable airbases . The USMC used their Harriers primarily for close air support , operating from amphibious assault ships , and , if needed , forward operating bases . Harrier squadrons saw several deployments overseas . The Harrier 's ability to operate with minimal ground facilities and very short runways allowed it to be used at locations unavailable to other fixed @-@ wing aircraft . The Harrier received criticism for having a high accident rate and for a time @-@ consuming maintenance process .
In the 1970s the British Aerospace Sea Harrier was developed from the Harrier for use by the Royal Navy ( RN ) on Invincible @-@ class aircraft carriers . The Sea Harrier and the Harrier fought in the 1982 Falklands War , in which the aircraft proved to be crucial and versatile . The RN Sea Harriers provided fixed @-@ wing air defence while the RAF Harriers focused on ground @-@ attack missions in support of the advancing British land force . The Harrier was also extensively redesigned as the AV @-@ 8B Harrier II and British Aerospace Harrier II by the team of McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace . The innovative Harrier family and its Rolls @-@ Royce Pegasus engines with thrust vectoring nozzles have generated long @-@ term interest in V / STOL aircraft . Similar V / STOL operational aircraft include the contemporary Soviet Yakovlev Yak @-@ 38 . The F @-@ 35B V / STOL variant of the Lockheed Martin F @-@ 35 Lightning II is under development .
= = Development = =
= = = Origins = = =
The Harrier 's design was derived from the Hawker P.1127. Prior to developing the P.1127 Hawker Aircraft had been working on a replacement for the Hawker Hunter , the Hawker P.1121. The P.1121 was cancelled after the release of the British Government 's 1957 Defence White Paper , which advocated a policy shift away from manned aircraft and towards missiles . This policy resulted in the termination of the majority of aircraft development projects then underway for the British military . Hawker sought to quickly move on to a new project and became interested in Vertical Take Off / Landing ( VTOL ) aircraft , which did not need runways . According to Air Chief Marshal Sir Patrick Hine this interest may have been stimulated by the presence of Air Staff Requirement 345 , which sought a V / STOL ground attack fighter for the Royal Air Force .
Design work on the P.1127 was formally started in 1957 by Sir Sydney Camm , Ralph Hooper of Hawker Aircraft , and Stanley Hooker ( later Sir Stanley Hooker ) of the Bristol Engine Company . The close cooperation between Hawker , the airframe company , and Bristol , the engine company , was viewed by project engineer Gordon Lewis as one of the key factors that allowed the development of the Harrier to continue in spite of technical obstacles and political setbacks . Rather than using rotors or a direct jet thrust , the P.1127 had an innovative vectored thrust turbofan engine , the Pegasus . The Pegasus I was rated at 9 @,@ 000 pounds ( 40 kN ) of thrust and first ran in September 1959 . A contract for two development prototypes was signed in June 1960 and the first flight followed in October 1960 . Of the six prototypes built three crashed — including one during an air display at the 1963 Paris Air Show .
= = = Tripartite evaluation = = =
In 1961 the United Kingdom , United States and West Germany jointly agreed to purchase nine aircraft developed from the P.1127 , for the evaluation of the performance and potential of V / STOL aircraft . These aircraft were built by Hawker Siddeley and were designated Kestrel FGA.1 by the UK . The Kestrel was strictly an evaluation aircraft and to save money the Pegasus 5 engine was not fully developed as intended , only having 15 @,@ 000 pounds ( 67 kN ) of thrust instead of the projected 18 @,@ 200 pounds ( 81 kN ) . The Tripartite Evaluation Squadron numbered ten pilots ; four each from the UK and US and two from West Germany . The Kestrel 's first flight took place on 7 March 1964 .
A total of 960 sorties had been made during the trials , including 1 @,@ 366 takeoffs and landings , by the end of evaluations in November 1965 . One aircraft was destroyed in an accident and six others were transferred to the United States , assigned the US designation XV @-@ 6A Kestrel , and underwent further testing . The two remaining British @-@ based Kestrels were assigned to further trials and experimentation at RAE Bedford with one being modified to use the uprated Pegasus 6 engine .
= = = P.1154 = = =
At the time of the development of the P.1127 Hawker and Bristol had also undertaken considerable development work on a supersonic version , the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 , to meet a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) requirement issued for such an aircraft . The design used a single Bristol Siddeley BS100 engine with four swivelling nozzles , in a fashion similar to the P.1127 , and required the use of plenum chamber burning ( PCB ) to achieve supersonic speeds . The P.1154 won the competition to meet the requirement against strong competition from other aircraft manufacturers such as Dassault Aviation 's Mirage IIIV . The French government did not accept the decision and withdrew ; the NATO requirement was cancelled shortly after in 1965 .
The Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy planned to develop and introduce the supersonic P.1154 independently of the cancelled NATO requirement . This ambition was complicated by the conflicting requirements between the two services — while the RAF wanted a low @-@ level supersonic strike aircraft , the Navy sought a twin @-@ engine air defence fighter . Following the election of the Labour Government of 1964 the P.1154 was cancelled , as the Royal Navy had already begun procurement of the McDonnell Douglas Phantom II and the RAF placed a greater importance on the BAC TSR @-@ 2 's ongoing development . Work continued on elements of the project , such as a supersonic PCB @-@ equipped Pegasus engine , with the intention of developing a future Harrier variant for the decades following cancellation .
= = = Production = = =
Following the collapse of the P.1154 's development the RAF began considering a simple upgrade of the existing subsonic Kestrel and issued Requirement ASR 384 for a V / STOL ground attack jet . Hawker Siddeley received an order for six pre @-@ production aircraft in 1965 , designated P
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@.@ 4 cm ] in diameter , and this is where your trouble commences . These sculptors all want to incorporate their own ideas in the design and ask anywhere from $ 400 @.@ 00 to $ 1 @,@ 000 @.@ 00 for their work , telling you what trouble it is to get the approval of the Commission of Fine Arts and many other things which do not exist . " Hoffecker also offered to handle the issue for the committee ; he proposed to advance the money necessary to purchase the new coins from the government and to handle the distribution . He stated that he had enjoyed the distribution of the Old Spanish Trail piece , though he lied to Rovelstad , stating he was not a coin dealer — the letterhead that Hoffecker used to write to Rovelstad said " Loans and Mortgages " under his name . He also warned Rovelstad , " It would not be good for either of us if the word got out you had disposed of the entire issue to me . "
In October 1935 , Hoffecker made a formal offer , based on the bill , which called for 10 @,@ 000 half dollars : he would pay the Elgin committee $ 12 @,@ 000 and sell the coins at $ 2 @.@ 00 each . He would advance the face value of the coins to the Mint , as well as engraving and shipping charges . In selling the coins , he would try to distribute them to as many collectors as possible , leaving dealers and speculators for later . Rovelstad agreed by letter in November .
= = Preparation = =
Illinois Representative Chauncey Reed had introduced the Elgin coin legislation at Rovelstad 's behest , and both the sculptor and Hoffecker worked with him to advance the bill through Congress . In February 1936 , Hoffecker , who had been appointed by ANA President T. James Clarke to lead a committee against abuses in the issuance of commemorative coins , went to Washington , passing through Chicago on his way to visit Rovelstad . The two men had hoped to keep the mintage to 10 @,@ 000 , to be able to sell the coins at a higher price . Congress , however , was not minded to create a low @-@ mintage commemorative , as there had been several issues which had been struck in small numbers only to sell at high prices , and the bill was amended to provide for 25 @,@ 000 half dollars . Hoffecker hoped to lower the number , urging the sculptor to lobby for a decrease . Hoffecker noted it would be much more work to sell 25 @,@ 000 , and they could not command as high a price . There were a large number of commemorative coin bills in Congress in 1936 , and the dealer feared that President Franklin D. Roosevelt would start vetoing them . Hoffecker visited Washington twice more in May , once meeting Rovelstad there , where they lobbied members of Congress .
The bill finally passed , and was signed by President Roosevelt on June 16 , 1936 . The bill required the coins to be struck at a single mint and to bear the date " 1936 " regardless of when they were struck . All 25 @,@ 000 would have to be paid for by the chairman of the Elgin committee ( that is , Rovelstad ) at one time ; a lesser quantity could not be issued . The pieces were " in commemoration of the one @-@ hundredth anniversary of the founding of the city of Elgin , Illinois , and the erection of the heroic Pioneer Memorial " — Rovelstad 's statue .
Hoffecker suggested that Rovelstad seek to have the mintage divided among the three mints , but conceded that unless Congress had erred in the enacted language , this gambit was not likely to succeed . He also told Rovelstad to get in touch with Assistant Mint Director Mary M. O 'Reilly and seek to have the coins struck at the Denver Mint , as the closest mint to El Paso , to minimize shipping charges . Nothing came of either proposal ; all of the coins would be struck at the Philadelphia Mint .
After Rovelstad submitted his designs for the coin to the Mint , they were sent to the Commission of Fine Arts for its opinion . The designs arrived on July 15 , 1936 , and were approved two days later , with the request that the head of the pioneer on the obverse , in three @-@ quarter view ( facing forward and to one side ) as submitted by Rovelstad , be in profile instead . The sculptor complied , and submitted plaster models by mid @-@ August ; photographs were sent to the commission by the Mint on August 15 . Two days later , commission chairman Charles Moore wrote to O 'Reilly , stating that the sculptor member of the commission , Lee Lawrie , had viewed the designs , and complained he could not see what the object was behind the pioneers , and that the gun appeared to be held awkwardly . Lawrie also stated that some of the lettering should be strengthened , but if the Mint director , Nellie Tayloe Ross , was not disturbed by these things , the coin should go forward . Moore indicated that he had no desire to delay the coin , and forwarded the commission 's recommendation , on condition that the Mint do what it could to address these concerns . With the exception of possible work on the lettering , no changes were made .
Once the commission had approved the designs , they were immediately sent to the Medallic Art Company of New York , which reduced the designs to furnish hubs from which coinage dies could be made . In early October 1936 , the Philadelphia Mint struck 25 @,@ 000 coins , with 15 extra for inspection by the 1937 Assay Commission . Rovelstad went to Philadelphia to witness the initiation of production and stayed at the home of Mint Chief Engraver John R. Sinnock . The first ten pieces were handed to the sculptor , who placed them in paper envelopes and took them home to Illinois . According to his wife , Gloria , he was offered a job at the Mint by Sinnock but declined .
= = Design = =
The obverse of the Elgin Centennial half dollar depicts a pioneer , attested to by the legend above him . The bearded visage had been previously sculpted by Rovelstad and appears , slightly modified , as the head of the rifleman on the left of the group on the reverse . The year " 1673 " on the obverse marks the year explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette entered what is now Illinois . Although the coin was issued for Elgin 's centennial , neither the date of founding ( 1835 ) nor that
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Ethel 's insistence on acquiring suitable new clothes and by Wodehouse 's wish to finish writing his current novel , The Mating Season , in the peace of the French countryside . In April 1947 they sailed to New York , where Wodehouse was relieved at the friendly reception he received from the large press contingent awaiting his arrival . Ethel secured a comfortable penthouse apartment in Manhattan 's Upper East Side , but Wodehouse was not at ease . The New York that he had known before the war was much changed . The magazines that had paid lavishly for his stories were in decline , and those that remained were not much interested in him . He was sounded out about writing for Broadway , but he was not at home in the post @-@ war theatre ; he had money problems , with large sums temporarily tied up in Britain , and for the first time in his career he had no ideas for a new novel . He did not complete one until 1951 .
Wodehouse remained unsettled until he and Ethel abandoned the city . Bolton and his wife lived in the prosperous hamlet of Remsenburg , part of the Southampton resort area of Long Island , 77 miles ( 124 km ) east of Manhattan . Wodehouse stayed with them frequently , and in 1952 he and Ethel bought a house nearby . They lived at Remsenburg for the rest of their lives . Between 1952 and 1975 he published more than twenty novels , as well as two collections of short stories , a heavily edited collection of his letters , a volume of memoirs , and a selection of his magazine articles . He continued to hanker after a revival of his theatrical career . A 1959 off @-@ Broadway revival of the 1917 Bolton @-@ Wodehouse @-@ Kern Leave It to Jane was a surprise hit , running for 928 performances , but his few post @-@ war stage works , some in collaboration with Bolton , made little impression .
Although Ethel made a return visit to England in 1948 to shop and visit family and friends , Wodehouse never left America after his arrival in 1947 . It was not until 1965 that the British government indicated privately that he could return without fear of legal proceedings , and by then he felt too old to make the journey . The biographers Benny Green and Robert McCrum both take the view that this exile benefited Wodehouse 's writing , helping him to go on depicting an idealised England seen in his mind 's eye , rather than as it actually was in the post @-@ war decades .
In 1955 Wodehouse became an American citizen , though he remained a British subject , and was therefore eligible for UK state honours . He was considered for the award of a knighthood three times from 1967 , but the honour was twice blocked by British officials . In 1974 the British prime
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minister , Harold Wilson , intervened to secure a knighthood ( KBE ) for Wodehouse , which was announced in January 1975 , in the same New Year Honours list in which Charlie Chaplin became Sir Charles . The Times commented that Wodehouse 's honour signalled " official forgiveness for his wartime indiscretion . ... It is late , but not too late , to take the sting out of that unhappy incident . "
The following month Wodehouse entered Southampton Hospital , Long Island , for treatment of a skin complaint . While there , he suffered a heart attack and died on 14 February 1975 at the age of 93 . He was buried at Remsenburg Presbyterian Church four days later . Ethel outlived him by more than nine years ; Leonora had predeceased him , dying suddenly in 1944 .
= = Writing = =
= = = Technique and approach = = =
Before starting a book Wodehouse would write up to four hundred pages of notes bringing together an outline of the plot ; he acknowledged that " It 's the plots that I find so hard to work out . It takes such a long time to work one out . " He always completed the plot before working on specific character actions . For a novel the note @-@ writing process could take up to two years , and he would usually have two or more novels in preparation simultaneously . After he had completed his notes , he would draw up a fuller scenario of about thirty thousand words , which ensured plot holes were avoided , and allowed for the dialogue to begin to develop . When interviewed in 1975 he revealed that " For a humorous novel you 've got to have a scenario , and you 've got to test it so that you know where the comedy comes in , where the situations come in ... splitting it up into scenes ( you can make a scene of almost anything ) and have as little stuff in between as possible . " He preferred working between 4 and 7 pm — but never after dinner — and would work seven days a week . In his younger years , he would write around two to three thousand words a day , although he slowed as he aged , so that in his nineties he would produce a thousand . The reduced speed in writing slowed his production of books : when younger he would produce a novel in about three months , while Bachelors Anonymous , published in 1973 , took around six months .
Wodehouse believed that one of the factors that made his stories humorous was his view of life , and he stated that " If you take life fairly easily , then you take a humorous view of things . It 's probably because you were born that way . " He carried this view through into his writing , describing the approach as " making the thing a sort of musical comedy without music , and ignoring real life altogether " . The literary critic Edward L. Galligan considers Wodehouse 's stories to show his mastery in adapting the form of the American musical comedy for his writings . Wodehouse would ensure that his first draft was as carefully and accurately done as possible , correcting and refining the prose as he wrote , and would then make another good copy , before proof reading again and then making a final copy for his publisher .
Most of Wodehouse 's canon is set in an undated period around the 1920s and 1930s . The critic Anthony Lejeune describes the settings of Wodehouse 's novels , such as the Drones Club and Blandings Castle , as " a fairyland " . Although some critics thought Wodehouse 's fiction was based on a world that had never existed , Wodehouse affirmed that " it did . It was going strong between the wars " , although he agreed that his version was to some extent " a sort of artificial world of my own creation " . The novels showed a largely unchanging world , regardless of when they were written , and only rarely — and mistakenly in McCrum 's view — did Wodehouse allow modernity to intrude , as he did in the 1966 story " Bingo Bans the Bomb " .
When dealing with the dialogue in his novels , Wodehouse would consider the book 's characters as if they were actors in a play , ensuring that the main roles were kept suitably employed throughout the storyline , which must be strong : " If they aren 't in interesting situations , characters can 't be major characters , not even if you have the rest of the troop talk their heads off about them . " Many of Wodehouse 's parts were stereotypes , and he acknowledged that " a real character in one of my books sticks out like a sore thumb . " The publisher Michael Joseph identifies that even within the stereotypes Wodehouse understood human nature , and therefore " shares with [ Charles ] Dickens and Charles Chaplin the ability to present the comic resistance of the individual against those superior forces to which we are all subject " .
Much of Wodehouse 's use of slang terms reflects the influence of his time at school in Dulwich , and partly reflects Edwardian slang . As a young man he enjoyed the literary works of Arthur Conan Doyle and Jerome K. Jerome , and the operatic works of Gilbert and Sullivan . Wodehouse quotes from and alludes to numerous poets throughout his work . The scholar Clarke Olney lists those quoted , including Milton , Byron , Longfellow , Coleridge , Swinburne , Tennyson , Wordsworth and Shakespeare .
= = = Language = = =
In 1941 the Concise Cambridge History of English Literature opined that Wodehouse had " a gift for highly original aptness of phrase that almost suggests a poet struggling for release among the wild extravagances of farce " , while McCrum thinks that Wodehouse manages to combine " high farce with the inverted poetry of his mature comic style " , particularly in The Code of the Woosters ; the novelist Anthony Powell believes Wodehouse to be a " comic poet " . Robert A. Hall , Jr . , in his study of Wodehouse 's style and technique , describes the author as a master of prose , an opinion also shared by Levin , who considers Wodehouse " one of the finest and purest writers of English prose " . Hall identifies several techniques used by Wodehouse to achieve comic effect , including the creation of new words through adding or removing prefixes and suffixes , so when Pongo Twistleton removes the housemaid Elsie Bean from a cupboard , Wodehouse writes that the character " de @-@ Beaned the cupboard " . Wodehouse created new words by splitting others in two , thus Wodehouse divides " hobnobbing " when he writes : " To offer a housemaid a cigarette is not hobbing . Nor , when you light it for her , does that constitute nobbing . "
Richard Voorhees , Wodehouse 's biographer , believes that the author used clichés in a deliberate and ironic manner . His opinion is shared by the academic Stephen Medcalf , who deems Wodehouse 's skill is to " bring
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him after Joseph Sr. ' s assistant instead .
Frequently uprooted as a child as his family moved among Bronxville , New York , Hyannis Port , Massachusetts , Palm Beach , Florida , and the Court of St. James 's in London , England , Ted attended ten different schools by the age of eleven , with his education suffering as a result . At age seven , he received his First Communion from Pope Pius XII in the Vatican . He spent sixth and seventh grades in the Fessenden School , where he was a mediocre student , and eighth grade at Cranwell Preparatory School , both in Massachusetts . His parents were affectionate toward him as the youngest child , but also compared him unfavorably with his older brothers . Between the ages of eight and sixteen , Ted suffered the traumas of Rosemary 's failed lobotomy and the deaths of Joseph Jr. and Kathleen in airplane crashes . An early political and personal influence was Ted 's affable maternal grandfather , John F. " Honey Fitz " Fitzgerald , a former mayor of Boston and congressman . Ted spent his four high school years at Milton Academy prep school in Massachusetts , where his grades were B 's and C 's and he finished 36th in a class of 56 when he graduated in 1950 . Ted did well at high school football there , playing on the varsity his last two years ; the school 's headmaster later described his play as : " absolutely fearless ... he would have tackled an express train to New York if you asked ... he loved contact sports " . He also played on the tennis team and was in the drama , debate , and glee clubs .
= = College , military service , and law school = =
Like his father and brothers before him , Ted attended Harvard College , and in his spring semester was assigned to the athlete @-@ oriented Winthrop House , where his brothers had also lived . He was an offensive and defensive end on the freshman football team , with his play characterized by his large size and fearless style . In his first semester , Kennedy and his friends arranged to copy answers from another student during the final examination for a science class . At the end of his second semester in May 1951 , anxious about maintaining his eligibility for athletics for the next year , he had a friend take his place at a Spanish language examination . The ruse was immediately discovered and both students were expelled for cheating . In a standard Harvard treatment for serious disciplinary cases , they were told they could apply for readmission within a year or two , after demonstrating good behavior .
Kennedy enlisted in the United States Army in June 1951 , signing up for an optional four @-@ year term , which was shortened to the minimum two years after his father intervened . Following basic training at Fort Dix in New Jersey , he requested assignment to Fort Holabird in Maryland for Army Intelligence training , but was dropped after a few weeks without explanation . He went to Camp Gordon in Georgia for training in the Military Police Corps . In June 1952 , Kennedy was assigned to the honor guard at SHAPE headquarters in Paris , France . His father 's political connections ensured that he was not deployed to the ongoing Korean War . While stationed in Europe , he traveled extensively on weekends and climbed the Matterhorn in Switzerland . He was discharged after 21 months in March 1953 as a private first class .
Kennedy re @-@ entered Harvard in summer 1953 and improved his study habits ; his brother John was by then a U.S. senator and the family was attracting more public attention . Ted joined The Owl final club in 1954 and was also chosen for the Hasty Pudding Club and the Pi Eta fraternity . On athletic probation during his sophomore year , Kennedy returned as a second @-@ string two @-@ way end for the Crimson during his junior year and barely missed earning his varsity letter . Nevertheless , he received a recruiting feeler from Green Bay Packers head coach Lisle Blackbourn , asking about his interest in playing professionally . Kennedy demurred , saying he had plans to attend law school and to " go into another contact sport , politics . " Kennedy became a starter at end for Harvard in his senior season in 1955 , working hard to improve his blocking and tackling to complement his 6 ft 2 in ( 1 @.@ 88 m ) , 200 lb ( 91 kg ) size . In
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ritings = =
Kennedy , Edward M. , ed . ( 1965 ) . The Fruitful Bough ( Collected essays on Joseph P. Kennedy ) . privately published .
Kennedy , Edward M. ( 1968 ) . Decisions for a Decade : Policies and Programs for the 1970s . Doubleday .
Kennedy , Edward M. ( 1972 ) . In Critical Condition : The Crisis in America 's Health Care . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 671 @-@ 21314 @-@ 5 .
Kennedy , Edward M. , ed . ( 1979 ) . Our Day and Our Generation : The Words of Edward M. Kennedy . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 671 @-@ 24133 @-@ 9 .
Kennedy , Edward M. ; Hatfield , Mark ( 1982 ) . Freeze ! : How You Can Prevent Nuclear War . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 553 @-@ 14077 @-@ 4 .
Kennedy , Edward M. ( 2006 ) . America Back On Track . Viking Adult . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 670 @-@ 03764 @-@ 3 .
Kennedy , Edward M. ( 2006 ) . My Senator and Me : A Dog 's @-@ Eye View of Washington , D.C. Small , David ( illus . ) . Scholastic Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 439 @-@ 65077 @-@ 9 .
Kennedy , Edward M. ( 2009 ) . True Compass . Twelve . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 446 @-@ 53925 @-@ 8 .
= Management of multiple sclerosis =
Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system ( CNS ) . Several therapies for exist , although there is no known cure .
The most common initial course of the disease is the relapsing @-@ remitting subtype , which is characterized by unpredictable attacks ( relapses ) followed by periods of relative remission with no new signs of disease activity . After some years , many of the people who have this subtype begin to experience neurologic decline without acute relapses . When this happens it is called secondary progressive multiple sclerosis . Other , less common , courses of the disease are the primary progressive ( decline from the beginning without attacks ) and the progressive @-@ relapsing ( steady neurologic decline and superimposed attacks ) . Different therapies are used for patients experiencing acute attacks , for patients who have the relapsing @-@ remitting subtype , for patients who have the progressive subtypes , for patients without a diagnosis of MS who have a demyelinating event
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. In early 2009 , the first recorded wild @-@ born offspring were observed .
= = = Captive breeding = = =
The first successful breeding of Tuatara in captivity is believed to have achieved by Sir Algernon Thomas ( 1857 @-@ 1937 ) at either his University offices or residence in Symonds Street in the late 1880s or his new home , Trewithiel , in Mount Eden in the early 1890s .
Several tuatara breeding programmes are active within New Zealand . Southland Museum and Art Gallery in Invercargill was the first institution to have a tuatara breeding programme ; they breed S. punctatus .
Hamilton Zoo , Auckland Zoo and Wellington Zoo also breed tuatara for release into the wild . At Auckland Zoo in the 1990s it was discovered that the temperature at which the eggs are incubated determines the sex of the animal .
The Victoria University of Wellington maintains a research programme into the captive breeding of tuatara , and the Pukaha Mount Bruce Wildlife Centre keeps a pair and a juvenile .
The WildNZ Trust has a tuatara breeding enclosure at Ruawai . One notable captive breeding success story took place in January 2009 , when all 11 eggs belonging to 110 @-@ year @-@ old tuatara Henry and 80 @-@ year @-@ old tuatara Mildred hatched . This story is especially remarkable as Henry required surgery to remove a cancerous tumour in order to successfully breed .
In January 2016 Chester Zoo announced that they succeeded in breeding the tuatara in captivity first time outside its homeland .
= = Cultural significance = =
Tuatara feature in a number of indigenous legends , and are held as ariki ( God forms ) . Tuatara are regarded as the messengers of Whiro , the god of death and disaster , and Māori women are forbidden to eat them . Tuatara also indicate tapu ( the borders of what is sacred and restricted ) , beyond which there is mana , meaning there could be serious consequences if that boundary is crossed . Māori women would sometimes tattoo images of lizards , some of which may represent tuatara , near their genitals . Today , tuatara are regarded as a taonga ( special treasure ) .
The tuatara was featured on one side of the New Zealand five @-@ cent coin , which was phased out in October 2006 . Tuatara was also the name of the Journal of the Biological Society of Victoria University College and subsequently Victoria University of Wellington , published from 1947 until 1993 . It has now been digitised by the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre , also at Victoria .
= = = Institutions that keep live tuatara = = =
= 2006 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 2006 Atlantic hurricane season was significantly less active than the record previous season . It marked the first season since 2001 in which no hurricanes made landfall in the United States , and was the first since 1994 in which no tropical cyclones formed during October . Following the intense activity of 2005 , forecasters predicted that the 2006 season would be only slightly less active . Instead activity was slowed by a rapidly forming moderate El Niño event , the presence of the Saharan Air Layer over the tropical Atlantic , and the steady presence of a robust secondary high pressure area to the Azores high centered on Bermuda . There were no tropical cyclones after October 2 .
Tropical Storm Alberto was indirectly responsible for two deaths when it made landfall in Florida . Hurricane Ernesto caused heavy rainfall in Haiti , and directly killed at least seven in Haiti and the United States . Four hurricanes formed after Ernesto , including the strongest storms of the season , Hurricanes Helene and Gordon . In total , the season was responsible for 14 deaths and $ 500 million ( 2006 USD ; $ 587 million 2016 USD ) in damage . The calendar year 2006 also saw Tropical Storm Zeta , which arose in December 2005 and persisted until early January , only the second such event on record . The storm can be considered a part of the 2005 and 2006 seasons , although it occurred outside the June 1 – November 30 period during which most Atlantic basin tropical cyclones form .
= = Seasonal forecasts = =
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts Philip J. Klotzbach , Dr. William M. Gray , and their associates at Colorado State University ; and separately by NOAA forecasters .
Klotzbach 's team ( formerly led by Gray ) has defined the average number of storms per season ( 1950 – 2000 ) as 9 @.@ 6 tropical storms , 5 @.@ 9 hurricanes , and
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story , brick houses with wrapped verandas and divided interior spaces built by British missionaries , copied the British model for their own large homes in the haute ville . The model , known as trano gasy ( " Malagasy house " ) , rapidly spread throughout the central highlands of Madagascar , where it remains the predominant house construction style .
Since 1993 , the Commune urbaine d 'Antananarivo ( CUA ) has increasingly sought to protect and restore the city 's architectural and cultural heritage . In 2005 , CUA authorities partnered with the city planners of the Île @-@ de @-@ France to develop the Plan Vert – Plan Bleu strategy for creating a classification system for Zones de Protection du Patrimoine Architectural , Urbain et Paysager , areas of the city benefiting from legal protection and financial support for their historic and cultural heritage . The plan , which is being implemented by the Institut des Métiers de la Ville , prevents the destruction of historic buildings and other structures , and establishes construction codes that ensure new structures follow historic aesthetics . It also provides for awareness raising campaigns in favor of historic preservation and undertakes projects to restore dilapidated historic buildings and sites . Under this plan , 19th @-@ century sites , like the Ambatondrafandrana tribunal and the second residence of Rainilaiarivony , have been renovated .
= = Demographics = =
Antananarivo has been the largest city on the island since at least the late 18th century , when its population was estimated at 15 @,@ 000 . By 1810 , the population had grown to 80 @,@ 000 before declining dramatically between 1829 and 1842 during the reigns of Radama I and especially Ranavalona I. Because of a combination of war , forced labor , disease and harsh measures of justice , the population of Imerina fell from 750 @,@ 000 to 130 @,@ 000 during this period . In the final years of the Kingdom of Imerina , the population had recovered to between 50 @,@ 000 and 75 @,@ 000 ; most of the population were slaves who were largely captured in provincial military campaigns . In 1950 , Antananarivo 's population was around 175 @,@ 000 . By the late 1990s the population of the metropolitan area had reached 1 @.@ 4 million , and - while the city
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, drums , keyboards , programming , guitar
Claude Kelly – songwriting , background vocals
Benjamin Levin – songwriting , production , drums , keyboards , programming
Serban Ghenea – mixing
John Hanes – Protools editing
Cathy Dennis – background vocals
Myah Marie – background vocals
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Joseph Massino =
Joseph Charles Massino ( born January 10 , 1943 ) is an American former mobster . He was a member of the Mafia ( Cosa Nostra ) and was the boss of the Bonanno crime family from 1991 until 2004 , when he became the first boss of one of the Five Families in New York City to turn state 's evidence .
Massino was a protégé of Philip Rastelli , who took control of the troubled Bonanno family after the assassination of Carmine Galante . Originally a truck hijacker , Massino secured his own power after arranging two 1981 gang murders , first a triple murder of three rebel captains , then his rival Dominick Napolitano . In 1991 , while Massino was in prison for a 1986 labor racketeering conviction , Rastelli died and Massino succeeded him . Upon his release the following year he set about rebuilding a family that had been in turmoil for almost a quarter @-@ century . By the dawn of the new millennium , he was reckoned as the most powerful Mafia leader in the nation . Massino became known as " The Last Don " , the only full @-@ fledged New York boss of his time who was not in prison .
In July 2004 Massino was convicted in a murder and racketeering indictment based on the testimony of several cooperating made men , including Massino 's disgruntled underboss and brother @-@ in @-@ law Salvatore Vitale . He was also facing the death penalty if convicted in a separate murder trial due to be held later that year , but after agreeing to testify against his former associates he was sentenced to life imprisonment for both indictments in 2005 . Massino testified twice for the government , helping win a murder conviction against his acting boss Vincent Basciano in 2011 , and was resentenced to time served in 2013 , though he will be on supervised release for the rest of his life .
= = Early years = =
Joseph Massino was born on January 10 , 1943 in New York City . He was one of three sons of the Neapolitan @-@ American Anthony and Adeline Massino . Raised in Maspeth , Queens , Massino has admitted to being a juvenile delinquent by the age of 12 and claimed that at 14 he ran away from home to Florida . He dropped out of Grover Cleveland High School in tenth grade .
Massino first met his future wife Josephine Vitale in 1956 , and married her in 1960 . The couple had three daughters . Massino also befriended Josephine 's brother , Salvatore Vitale , who , after briefly serving in the Army , became one of Massino 's most trusted allies . While athletic in youth , Massino was an avid cook , and he grew overweight in adulthood . His weight gained him the nickname " Big Joey " and during a 1987 racketeering trial , when he asked FBI agent Joseph Pistone who was to play him in a film adaptation of his undercover work , Pistone joked that they could not find anyone fat enough . By 2004 , Massino was suffering from diabetes and high blood pressure as well .
After he turned state 's evidence , Massino claimed his first murder victim was a Bonanno crime family associate named Tommy Zummo , whom he shot dead some time in the 1960s . The killing gained the ire of a Maspeth @-@ based Bonanno caporegime Philip Rastelli , but he remained unaware of Massino 's participation , and a nephew of Rastelli ultimately helped Massino become his protégé . Rastelli would set Massino up as a lunch wagon operator as part of his " Workmen 's Mobile Lunch Association " , an effective protection racket ; after paying a kickback to Rastelli in the form of membership dues , Massino was assured no competition where he operated .
= = Bonanno crime family = =
= = = Rise to power = = =
By the late 1960s Massino was a Bonanno associate . He led a successful truck hijacking crew , with the assistance of his brother @-@ in @-@ law Salvatore Vitale and carjacker Duane Leisenheimer , while fencing the stolen goods and running numbers using the lunch wagon as a front . He also befriended another mob hijacker , the future Gambino crime family boss John Gotti . Increasingly prosperous , Massino opened his own catering company , J & J Catering , which became another front for his activities . Massino 's mentor Rastelli was expected to become Bonanno boss upon the 1973 death of Natale Evola , but he had been convicted the previous year of loansharking and then of extortion in 1976 , leaving him imprisoned . In his absence Carmine Galante , a former consigliere and convicted drug trafficker , seized control of the Bonannos as an unofficial acting boss .
In 1975 , Massino and Vitale participated in the murder of Vito Borelli , who Massino claimed was primarily executed by Gotti , at the behest of Paul Castellano of the Gambino crime family . The Borelli hit was significant for Massino " making his bones " – proving his loyalty to the Mafia by killing on its behalf – putting him close to becoming a made man , a full member , in the Bonanno family . Massino also arranged the murder of one of his hijackers , Joseph Pastore , in 1976 after having Vitale borrow $ 9 @,@ 000
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dot 's editors are primarily responsible for selecting and editing the primary stories daily from submitters ; they provide a one @-@ paragraph summary for each and a link to an external site where the story originated . Each story becomes the topic for a threaded discussion among the site 's users . A user @-@ based moderation system is employed to filter out abusive comments .
Every comment is initially given a score of − 1 to + 2 , with a default score of + 1 for registered users , 0 for anonymous users ( Anonymous Coward ) , + 2 for users with high " karma " , or − 1 for users with low " karma " . As moderators read comments attached to articles , they click to moderate the comment , either up ( + 1 ) or down ( − 1 ) . Moderators may choose to attach a particular descriptor to the comments as well , such as " normal " , " offtopic " , " flamebait " , " troll " , " redundant " , " insightful " , " interesting " , " informative " , " funny " , " overrated " , or " underrated " , with each corresponding to a − 1 or + 1 rating . So a comment may be seen to have a rating of " + 1 insightful " or " − 1 troll " . Comments are very rarely deleted , even if they contain hateful remarks .
Moderation points add to a user 's karma , and users with high " karma " are eligible to become moderators themselves . The system does not promote regular users as " moderators " and instead assigns five moderation points at a time to users based on the number of comments they have entered in the system – once a user 's moderation points are used up , they can no longer moderate articles ( though they can be assigned more moderation points at a later date ) . Paid staff editors have an unlimited number of moderation points .
A given comment can have any integer score from − 1 to + 5 , and registered users of Slashdot can set a personal threshold so that no comments with a lesser score are displayed . For instance , a user reading Slashdot at level + 5 will only see the highest rated comments , while a user reading at level − 1 will see a more " unfiltered , anarchic version " .
A meta @-@ moderation system was implemented on September 7 , 1999 , to moderate the moderators and help contain abuses in the moderation system . Meta @-@ moderators are presented with a set of moderations that they may rate as either fair or unfair . For each moderation , the meta @-@ moderator sees the original comment and the reason assigned by the moderator ( e.g. troll , funny ) , and the meta @-@ moderator can click to see the context of comments surrounding the one that was moderated .
= = Features = =
Slashdot features discussion forums on a variety of technology- and science @-@ related topics , or " News for Nerds " , as its motto states . Articles are divided into the following sections :
Apple – news related to products from Apple Inc . , such as Mac OS X or iPhone .
Ask Slashdot – articles that seek advice from users about jobs , computer hardware , software glitches , philosophical problems , or more .
Book Reviews – original book reviews on ( not necessarily ) tech books .
BSD – news about the various modern versions of UNIX derived from the UCB distribution .
Developers – news about software or programming .
Features – original , feature @-@ length articles .
Games – gaming news .
Geeks in Space – a web audio broadcast featuring several of the editors of Slashdot ( outdated ; no new episodes have been posted recently ) .
Idle – miscellaneous and humorous articles , pictures , and videos .
Interviews – interviews with various people related to science and technology .
Information Technology ( IT ) – anything that people with " Information Technology " in their job description might be interested to know .
Linux – news specific to the Linux operating system ( any variant or distribution ) .
Politics – news typically relevant to politics of the United States , but occasionally featuring international political news . It was originally created to cover the 2004 United States Presidential Election .
Polls – a poll is usually run on the site in the right @-@ hand margin , asking users their choice on a variety of topics . In the earlier years of the site , one of the options that could be selected was CowboyNeal , the handle of Jonathan Pater , an administrator of the site . This became known as the CowboyNeal option . During the summer of 2005 , he stopped being in charge of the polls , and as a result the CowboyNeal option disappeared .
Science – news on science @-@ related topics ( e.g. cool technology , space telescope observations , interesting medical research ) .
Your Rights Online ( YRO ) – news on topics pertaining to internet privacy and digital rights .
= = = Tags = = =
Slashdot uses a system of " tags " where users can categorize a story to group them together and sorting them . Tags are written in all lowercase , with no spaces , and limited to 64 characters . For example , articles could be tagged as being about " security " or " mozilla " . Some articles are tagged with longer tags , such as " whatcouldpossiblygowrong " ( expressing the perception of catastrophic risk ) , " suddenoutbreakofcommonsense " ( used when the community feels that the subject has finally figured out something obvious ) , " correlationnotcausation " ( used when scientific articles lack direct evidence ; see correlation does not imply causation ) , or " getyourasstomars " ( commonly seen in articles about Mars or space exploration ) .
= = Culture = =
As an online community with primarily user @-@ generated content , many in @-@ jokes and internet memes have developed over the course of the site 's history . A popular meme ( based on an unscientific Slashdot user poll ) is , " In Soviet Russia , noun verb you ! " This type of joke has its roots in the 1960s or earlier , and is known as a " Russian reversal " . Other popular memes usually pertain to computing or technology , such as " Imagine a Beowulf cluster of these " , " But does it run Linux ? " , or " Netcraft now confirms : BSD ( or some other software package or item ) is dying . " Some users will also refer to seemingly innocent remarks by correcting them and adding " you insensitive clod ! " to the statement – a reference to a February 14 , 1986 , Calvin & Hobbes cartoon . Also , on the television show Cheers , Season 8 Episode 23 ( 4 / 12 / 1990 ) , Frasier , in protest to a seance , rattles glasses to startle the participants . His wife Lilith remarks , " Frasier , don 't be such an insensitive clod ! " Or the 11th season of The Simpsons episode , " Last Tap Dance in Springfield " ( 5 / 7 / 2000 ) , wherein Frink exclaims to Homer , " I was merely trying to spare the girl 's feelings , you insensitive clod ! " Users will also typically refer to articles referring to data storage and data capacity by inquiring how much it is in units of Libraries of Congress . Sometimes bandwidth speeds are referred to in units of Libraries of Congress per second . When numbers are quoted , people will comment that the number happens to be the " combination to their luggage " ( a reference to the Mel Brooks film Spaceballs ) and express false anger at the person who revealed it .
Slashdotters often use the abbreviation TFA which stands for The fucking article or RTFA ( " Read the fucking article " ) , which itself is derived from the abbreviation RTFM . Usage of this abbreviation often exposes comments from posters who have not read the article linked to in the main story .
Slashdotters typically like to mock United States Senator Ted Stevens ' 2006 description of the Internet as a " series of tubes " or Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer 's chair @-@ throwing incident from 2005 . Microsoft founder Bill Gates is a popular target of jokes by Slashdotters , and all stories about Microsoft were once identified with a graphic of Gates looking like a Borg from Star Trek : The Next Generation . Many Slashdotters have long talked about the supposed release of Duke Nukem Forever , which was promised in 1997 but was delayed indefinitely ( the game was eventually released in 2011 ) . References to the game are commonly brought up in other articles about software packages that are not yet in production even though the announced delivery date has long passed ( see vaporware ) .
Having a low Slashdot user identifier ( user ID ) is highly valued since they are assigned sequentially ; having one is a sign that someone has an older account and has contributed to the site longer . For Slashdot 's 10 @-@ year anniversary in 2007 , one of the items auctioned off in the charity auction for the Electronic Frontier Foundation was a 3 @-@ digit Slashdot user ID .
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idra , archaically Fetheray , is 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) north @-@ west of North Berwick . Like the nearby islands it is the result of volcanic activity and has a substantial seabird population . It can be accessed via a primitive jetty on the eastern shore . It is said that R. L. Stevenson based his map of Treasure Island on the shape of Fidra . The island is also attended by companion islets called North Dog and South Dog and Castle Tarbet is another islet to the south separated from the main bulk at high tides .
= = = Inner islands = = =
Inchkeith is close to the shores of Fife . Its history has been dominated by religion , its use as a quarantine and military events ( see above ) . It is currently owned by Tom Farmer , founder of Kwikfit , although he doesn 't live there .
Inchmickery lies about 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) east of Inchkeith and it is about 3 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) north of the city of Edinburgh . It is only about 100 metres by 200 metres in size . Rocks known as the Cow and Calf lie to the north and beyond that , about half way to Inchcolm , are the Oxcars , a hazard identified by a permanent light .
Incholm is the only island in the Firth with a recent resident population , of whom there were two in the 2001 census although there was no usually resident population recorded at the time of the 2011 census . There is a resident custodian employed by Historic Scotland who maintains the island and runs the shop during the summer . In the 14th century John of Fordun records the name as " Euomonia " ( referring to the monasterium Sancti Columbe in insula Euomonia ) . There are various skerries in the sea to the north including Swallow Craig , Car Craig , Meadulse and Craigdimas .
Inchgarvie 's name is from Innis Gharbhaidh which is Scottish Gaelic for " rough island " or possibly " Garbhach 's island " . This island has a long history of fortification and is now incorporated into the Forth Bridge . In 1878 , foundations for Thomas Bouch 's Forth Bridge were laid on Inchgarvie but after the Tay Bridge Disaster these plans were abandoned . When construction of the bridge recommenced in 1882 , the west end of the island was extended with a pier and used as the foundation for one of the cantilevers . The island was also used for a construction office and the castle buildings were re @-@ roofed to accommodate workers . Some of the stone from the former castle was used to build the caissons of the bridge .
Cramond Island in the Almond estuary is a tidal island that is 7 @.@ 7 hectares ( 19 acres ) in extent and is currently part of the Dalmeny Estate . It lies about a mile from the shore and is a popular recreation area . The speed with which the water rises can catch visitors unawares , leaving them stranded .
Alloa Inch is an island in the tidal reaches of the River Forth near Alloa that consists of reed beds and salt marshes . There is a derelict farmhouse on the island and the Scottish Wildlife Trust has managed the island as a nature reserve since 1996 . Just upstream is the smaller Tullibody Inch - both are part of the Firth of Forth SSSI , which also includes the John Muir Country Park .
= = = Small outliers and former islands = = =
There are various other small islets and skerries in the Firth . Along the north shore , from west to east , Preston Island near Culross is an artificial former island . This reclaimed land was created c . 1800 for salt production . More land was then reclaimed using ash slurry from Longannet power station from 1970 onwards and it is now part of the mainland . Just offshore are the Craigmore Rocks at grid reference NT001845 , which were called " Kraig Maur " in Blaeu 's Atlas . " Dow Kraig " on the same 17th century map appears to be under reclaimed land just along the coast south of Dunsyre House at grid reference NT116817 Nearby Rosyth Castle is a former tidal island and Long Craig is now part of the Forth Road Bridge .
There is another Long Craig south of Dalgety Bay and Haystack lies between it and Inchcolm . The Common Rocks are in Silversands Bay at Aberdour and West Vows , East Vows and another Long Craig lie off Kirkcaldy . Much farther along the
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from the canyon with a suitable tunnel site .
Construction on the tunnel began 4 years later , and was fraught with difficulties right from the onset . " Working conditions at the tunnel were difficult due to the high levels of carbon dioxide , excessive temperatures , humidity , water , mud , shale , sand , and a fractured fault zone ... It took the tunneling crew almost one year to bore through 2000 feet of water @-@ filled rock . The tunnel was driven through granite , quartzite , gneiss , and shale as well as layers of sandstone , coal , and limestone . Work on the Gunnison Tunnel was first done manually and by candlelight . One miner would hold the drill and rotate it while the second miner would use a sledgehammer to drive the drill into the rock . This work required strong , hard @-@ working men . In spite of good pay and fringe benefits , most disliked the dangerous underground conditions and stayed an average of only 2 weeks . " 26 men were killed during the 4 year undertaking . The tunnel was finally completed in 1909 , stretching a distance of 5 @.@ 8 miles and costing nearly 3 million dollars . At the time , the Gunnison Tunnel held the honor of being the world 's longest irrigation tunnel . On September 23 , President William Howard Taft dedicated the tunnel in Montrose . The East Portal of the Gunnison Tunnel is accessible via East Portal Road which is on the South Rim of the canyon . Although the tunnel itself is not visible , the diversion dam can be seen from the campground .
The Black Canyon of the Gunnison was established as a U.S. National Monument on March 2 , 1933 . It became a National Park on October 21 , 1999 . During 1933 @-@ 35 , the Civilian Conservation Corps built the North Rim Road to design by the National Park Service . This includes fives miles of roadway and five overlooks ; it is listed on the U.S.National Register of Historic Places as a historic district .
= = Biology = =
The Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park contains a wide variety of flora and fauna . Some common plants native to the park include aspen , Ponderosa pine , sagebrush , desert mahogany ( Cercocarpus ledifolius ) , Utah juniper , gambel oak ( scrub oak ) and single @-@ leaf ash . The Black Canyon gilia ( Aliciella penstemonoides ) is a species of wildflower native to the park . Wildlife in the park include the coyote , elk , magpie , eagle , and mule deer . In addition , the canyon is the home of a number of resident birds including the great horned owl , American dipper and Steller 's jay as well as migratory birds such as the mountain bluebird , peregrine falcon , white @-@ throated swift and canyon wren .
= = Attractions = =
An estimated 250 @,@ 000 tourists visit the park annually . The main attraction of the park is the scenic drive along US Highway 50 and Colorado Highway 92 , as well as the south rim . The east end of the park , where it meets Blue Mesa Reservoir at Blue Mesa
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Point , is the area most developed for camping . It includes tent camping and RV parking with full hookups as well as canyon tours , hiking , fishing and boat tours . The west end of the park has river access by automobile , as well as guided tours of the canyon . A short hike at Blue Mesa Point Information Center heads down to Pine Creek and the Morrow Point boat tours , boating , fishing and hiking . At the south rim there are two campgrounds and several hiking and nature trails . The north rim is also accessible by automobile and has a small , primitive campground . Automobiles can access the river via the East Portal Road at the south rim ; this road has a 16 % grade and is prohibited to vehicles over 22 feet ( 7 m ) in length .
The river can also be accessed by steep , unmaintained trails called routes or draws on the north and south rim . These routes require about two hours to hike down and two to four hours to hike back up , depending on which route is taken . All inner canyon descents are strenuous and require Class 3 climbing and basic route finding skills . Steep talus , impassable ledges , and lack of cover are some of the challenges hikers are faced with . Poison ivy also grows abundantly in the draws and on the canyon floor . Long sleeves and hiking boots are strongly recommended . The flow rate of the Gunnison River should also be considered for those planning on camping in the canyon , as high river levels can wash out the camp sites . The National Park Service warns the following : " Routes are difficult to follow , and only individuals in excellent physical condition should attempt these hikes ... Hikers are expected to find their own way and to be prepared for self @-@ rescue . " A free back country permit is required for all inner canyon use except at the west end .
The Gunnison River is designated as a Gold Medal Water from 200 yards downstream of Crystal Reservoir Dam to the North Fork . This includes the 12 miles within the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park . Only artificial flies and lures are permitted , and all rainbow trout are catch and release . Additionally , fishing is prohibited within 200 yards downstream of Crystal Dam .
The Black Canyon is a center for rock climbing in a style known as traditional climbing . Most of the climbs are difficult and attempted only by advanced climbers .
Rafting opportunities exist in the region , but the run through the park itself is a difficult technical run for only the best kayakers . There are several impassable stretches of water requiring long , sometimes dangerous portages . The remaining rapids are class III - V , and are only for expert river runners . Downstream , in the Gunnison Gorge National Conservation Area , the river is somewhat easier to navigate , though still very remote and only for experienced runners , with rapids that are Class III - IV .
= New York State Route 426 =
New York State Route 426 ( NY 426 ) is a state highway located entirely within Chautauqua County , New York , in the United States . It runs just over 13 miles ( 21 km ) from one section of the Pennsylvania state line to another , passing through two small hamlets and providing the Southern Tier Expressway ( Interstate 86 or I @-@ 86 and NY 17 ) with its westernmost exit in New York . NY 426 is the westernmost north – south state highway in New York .
At both crossings of the state line it continues as Pennsylvania Route 426 ( PA 426 ) . It is the only other state highway besides NY 440 that can claim the distinction of being a middle segment of another state 's similarly @-@ numbered highway . The New York alignment has remained virtually unchanged since it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , while the designations of the roads it connects to in Pennsylvania have varied over the years . The two segments of PA 426 were established at different times in the 1940s .
= = Route description = =
NY 426 begins where the southern segment of PA 426 leaves off at the Pennsylvania state line in French Creek 6 miles ( 10 km ) north of Corry , Pennsylvania . The route heads north through rural southwestern Chautauqua County to the small community known as Cutting , where it overlaps NY 474 for a tenth of a mile ( 0 @.@ 16 km ) westward before resuming its trek northward . Roughly 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) north of Cutting , NY 426 veers to the west to avoid a large ridge situated near Beaver Meadow Brook , a small stream leading to French Creek . The route follows the brook to where it converges with the creek , then parallels French Creek northward toward the waterside hamlet of French Creek . The creek and NY 426 split south of the community , with the creek continuing along French Creek – Mina Road to the hamlet while NY 426 bypasses French Creek to the west . The route enters the town of Mina upon intersecting Harrington Hill Road a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the north .
A half mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) into Mina , NY 426 comes within view of Findley Lake , a body of water 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) long from south to north and as wide as one @-@ half mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) at points . The route follows the eastern edge of the lake north to the hamlet of Findley Lake , situated at the northern tip of the lake . Here , NY 426 overlaps NY 430 westward for three blocks through the community prior to connecting to the Southern Tier Expressway ( I @-@ 86 and NY 17 ) by way of an interchange 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km
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anah — both unidentified locations — deployed in full battle order . During the march , Muhammad ibn Sulayman received a report that a part of the Qarmatian army , comprising 3 @,@ 000 horse and many foot under one of the chief missionaries ( dā 'ī ) , al @-@ Nu 'man , had encamped at a locality some 12 Arabic miles ( ca . 24 km ) from Hama , and that the other detachments of the Qarmatian army had joined him there . Muhammad led his army towards the Qarmatian encampment , and found them deployed in battle array . According to the report of Muhammad , the Qarmatian left wing was led by Masrur al @-@ Ulaymi and others , in charge of 1 @,@ 500 horsemen . Behind the left wing was placed a reserve force of 400 cavalry . The Qarmatian centre was commanded by al @-@ Nu 'man al @-@ Ullaysi and other officers , and comprised 1 @,@ 400 cavalry and 3 @,@ 000 infantry , while the right wing was commanded by Kulayb al @-@ Ullaysi and others and numbered 1 @,@ 400 horsemen , with a reserve force of 200 horsemen more .
As the two armies advanced on each other , the Qarmatian left thrust forward against the Abbasid right , which was commanded by al @-@ Husayn ibn Hamdan . The troops of Ibn Hamdan repulsed the first Qarmatian attack , and then the second , killing 600 horsemen . The Qarmatians on the left broke and fled ; Ibn Hamdan and his men pursued them and in a series of engagements killed all but 200 of them . Ibn Hamdan 's troops reportedly captured 500 horses and 400 silver necklaces as well . The Qarmatian right wing likewise attacked the Abbasid left , held by al @-@ Qasim ibn Sima , Yumn al @-@ Khadim , and the tribal allies of Banu Shayban and Banu Tamim . While the two wings were grappling with each other , an Abbasid detachment under Khalifah ibn al @-@ Mubarak and Lu 'lu ' attacked the Qarmatians on their flank and broke their lines . Here too the Qarmatians fled pursued by the government forces , who took some 600 horses and 200 necklaces as booty .
Muhammad himself confronted the Qarmatian centre along with several other officers : Khaqan , Nasr al @-@ Qushuri , and Muhammad ibn Kumushjur led forces from the right flank , Wasf Mushgir , Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundajiq , Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh and his brother Ibrahim , al @-@ Mubarak al @-@ Qummi , Rabi 'a ibn Muhammad , Muhajir ibn Tulayq , al @-@ Muzaffar ibn Hajj , Abdallah ibn Hamdan ( al @-@ Husayn 's brother ) , Jinni the Elder , Wasif al @-@ Buktamir , Bishr al @-@ Buktamiri , and Muhammad ibn Qaratughan . With the support of troops from the right wing , who after repelling the Qarmatian left flanked the Qarmatian centre , the Abbasids were victorious here as well . The Qarmatians broke and were pursued over several miles . Muhammad ibn Sulayman , fearful lest his army disperse itself during the pursuit , or leave the infantry and the baggage train — guarded by Isa ibn Muhammad al @-@ Nushari — exposed to a Qarmatian attack , halted the pursuit of his own detachment after half a mile . He set up camp there for the night , and with the caliphal spear as a rallying point , began regrouping the various squadrons . Despite the overwhelming victory , Muhammad and his officers remained on guard during the night , concerned of a possible Qarmatian attack .
Several Qarmatian commanders , including the da 'i al @-@ Nu 'man , were killed , while the Sahib al @-@ Shama along with his cousin al @-@ Muddathir , his associate al @-@ Muttawaq and a Greek page fled through the desert , trying to reach Kufa . By the time they reached the locality of al @-@ Daliyah on the Euphrates Road near al @-@ Rahba , they had run out of supplies . When a servant was sent to buy provisions in the settlement , he aroused the suspicions of the villagers with his strange dress and manner , so that they notified a local official , Abu Khubzah . The latter rode out with an escort , and after interrogating the servant went to the Qarmatians ' camp and took them prisoner . The captured the Sahib al @-@ Shama and his companions were then escorted by Abu Khubzah and the local governor , Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kushmard , to Caliph al @-@ Muktafi in al @-@ Raqqah , which they entered on 19 December .
= = Aftermath = =
Al @-@ Muktafi returned to Baghdad with the senior captives , who were thrown into prison . Muhammad ibn Sulayman remained at al @-@ Raqqah to scour the countryside and round up the remaining rebels . He too then returned to Baghdad , which he entered in triumph on 2 February 904 . Eleven days later , on 13 February , Muhammad and the sahib al @-@ shurta of the capital , Ahmad ibn Muhammad al @-@ Wathiqi , presided over the public execution of the Qarmatian leaders and Qarmatian sympathizers rounded up from Kufa and Baghdad .
The Abbasid victory near Hama did not yet fully eradicate the Qarmatians from the area ; in 906 , the Banu Kalb , under the Qarmatian Abu Ghanim Nasr , rose up in rebellion , raided the Hawran and Tiberias , and launched a failed attack on Damascus . Nasr was soon defeated and killed , however , and the Qarmatian activities shifted east to the Euphrates , where Zikrawayh ibn Mihrawayh ( the father of al @-@ Husayn and Yahya ) had also rebelled in 906 near Kufa . He too was killed in the next year during an attack on the hajj caravan . With these defeats , the Qarmatian movement virtually ceased to exist in the Syrian Desert , although their counterparts in Bahrayn remained an active threat for several decades to come .
More importantly , the defeat of the Qarmatians at Hama opened the way for the Abbasids to recover the provinces of southern Syria and Egypt , held by the Tulunids . The Tulunid regime had become enfeebled due to internal strife , rivalries and the defection of senior officers , and the recent failures against the Qarmatians . In 904 , Muhammad ibn Sulayman led an army into Syria . The campaign met with little opposition ; the Tulunid emir Harun ibn Khumarawayh was even assassinated by
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Lanks , where he had a 20 – 14 record with a 2 @.@ 53 ERA in 40 appearances , 30 of them starts . In September 1912 , manager Connie Mack signed him to a contract with the Philadelphia Athletics and brought him to the major leagues , where he made his debut for the Athletics on September 10 . Coveleski pitched in five games for the Athletics that season , starting two of them and finishing the season with a 2 – 1 record and a 3 @.@ 43 ERA . After the season ended , Mack felt that Coveleski needed more seasoning , and sent him to the Spokane Indians of the Northwestern League . Coveleski finished the 1913 season with a 17 – 20 record and a 2 @.@ 82 ERA . Around that time , he married Mary Stivetts , and the following season he went 20 – 15 , pitched over 300 innings , and led the league in strikeouts .
At the time of his debut , the Philadelphia club retained several talented pitchers , including Eddie Plank , Chief Bender , and Jack Coombs . Coveleski admitted that he " [ didn 't ] know if I could have beat them out for a spot in the rotation . " After the 1914 season , the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League wanted Coveleski , and traded five players to Spokane to acquire him . While Connie Mack had an agreement with Spokane that Coveleski would be promoted after playing there for a time , the Athletics fell under new ownership in 1913 and lost control of him due to the Athletics ' rights expiring . Coveleski spent his time in Portland learning to throw the spitball ; originally using chewing tobacco , he later used alum . In his lone season with Portland , he won and lost 17 games , and had a 2 @.@ 67 ERA . After the season ended , the Cleveland Indians purchased Coveleski from Portland , and he joined the major league squad in 1916 .
= = Cleveland Indians = =
When Coveleski was brought up to the majors , the original intention was to use him as a relief pitcher . Due to an injury to Ed Klepfer , the Indians used him as a starter early on in the season , and kept him in the role when he performed well . He was scheduled to pitch in the first week of the season against his brother Harry , but the matchup never took place at Harry 's behest . Coveleski fought health problems during the season , suffering from tonsillitis in the middle of the year and pitching one game with a fever of 102 ° F ( 39 ° C ) . He finished the season with a 15 – 13 record and a 3 @.@ 41 ERA in 45 games , 27 of them starts . Coveleski had lost 10 pounds due to illness during 1916 , but recovered during the offseason , gained 20 pounds , and appeared healthier by the time the season began .
Coveleski 's status as the ace of the staff was demonstrated when he was named the starter for Opening Day of the 1917 season ; he beat the Detroit Tigers 6 – 4 on April 11 . He improved statistically during the 1917 season , winning 19 games and losing 14 with an ERA of 1 @.@ 81 and a career high 133 strikeouts . On September 19 , Coveleski pitched a one @-@ hitter against the New York Yankees ; the only hit came from Fritz Maisel in the seventh inning . Coveleski continued to improve during the war @-@ shortened 1918 season . His outings that year included pitching a complete game against the New York Yankees , where he pitched 19 innings , allowing two runs as the Indians won , 3 – 2 . He finished the season with a 22 – 13 record , a 1 @.@ 82 ERA , and 311 innings pitched in 38 games , 33 of them starts ; his wins and ERA were both second in the American League to Walter Johnson . In 1919 , Coveleski pitched in 43 games , starting 34 , and had a 24 – 12 record and an ERA of 2 @.@ 61 .
At the beginning of the 1920 season , the spitball was banned by Major League Baseball . As a current spitball pitcher , Coveleski was grandfathered in , and was allowed to continue using the pitch until his retirement . He won his first seven starting appearances of the season , but on May 28 , his wife died suddenly , and he was given some time off to mourn , returning to pitching two weeks later . Nearly three months later , he was the starting pitcher against the New York Yankees on August 16 . In the game , Coveleski hit a sacrifice fly to help the Indians win , 4 – 3 , but it was best remembered as the game where Yankees pitcher Carl Mays hit Ray Chapman , leading to the only death in MLB history from a pitch . He finished the 1920 regular season with 24 wins , 14 losses , a 2 @.@ 49 ERA , and 133 strikeouts ; he led the AL in strikeouts and finished second in ERA to Bob Shawkey .
Coveleski 's helped the Indians to win the AL pennant and play in the 1920 World Series against the Brooklyn Robins . Coveleski was the star of the 1920 World Series , in which he pitched three complete game victories . He pitched the first game against Rube Marquard , and allowed one run and five hits in a 3 – 1 Cleveland victory . Four days later , he pitched game four , again allowing one run and five hits in a 5 – 1 win . In game seven , the final one of the series , Coveleski threw a complete game shutout with five hits against fellow spitballer Burleigh Grimes ; the 3 – 0 victory gave the Indians the first World Series championship in franchise history . Coveleski had an ERA of 0 @.@ 67 , which remains a World Series record .
After spending the offseason hunting with Smoky Joe Wood , Coveleski returned to the Indians in 1921 , and throughout the season , the Indians battled the Yankees for first in the American League . On September 26 , the two teams faced off , but Coveleski failed to make it past the third inning ; the Yankees won 8 – 7 to ensure they won the pennant . Coveleski pitched 315 innings in 1921 , matching his career high from the year before , and had a 23 – 13 record and a 3 @.@ 37 ERA . The following season , Coveleski married Frances Stivetts , the sister of his late wife . While he did cause the Yankees to move out of first place after winning an August 23 game against them , 4 – 1 , it was his last game of the season . He finished the year with a 17 – 14 record , the first time since 1917 he did not have 20 wins , and a 3 @.@ 32 ERA .
Early on in the 1923 season , Coveleski pitched 27 straight scoreless innings , winning three consecutive games during that time . However , he won less frequently as the season wore on , losing three straight games in mid @-@ August . His last game came on August 15 , with over a month left in the season . Coveleski finished the season with a 13 – 14 record , his first season with a losing record . Despite that , he had an ERA of 2 @.@ 76 and five shutouts , both of which led the AL . In 1924 , Coveleski struggled , and at the end of May , he had four losses and an ERA of 6 @.@ 49 . By the end of the season , he had a 15 – 16 record and a 4 @.@ 04 ERA . In December 1924 , after nine years pitching for Cleveland , Coveleski was traded to the Washington Senators for pitcher By Speece and outfielder Carr Smith .
Despite Coveleski 's success in Cleveland , he was not a fan of playing there ; he stated that he " didn 't like the town . Now the people are all right , but I just didn 't like the town . " He also stated that it began to affect his performance on the mound , and that he began to get " lazy " from being with the club so long . He did , however , have praise for his catcher : " The best thing that happened to me there was pitching to Steve O 'Neill . He caught me for nine years in Cleveland and knew me so well he didn 't even need to give me a sign " .
= = Washington Senators and New York Yankees = =
Due to the acquisition of Coveleski , combined with winning the 1924 World Series , the Washington Senators were considered favorites to win the AL in 1925 . During his first season in Washington , Coveleski bounced back from
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weird club in Mexico City in ' 65 . It 's a bit like that . [ Ray ] did it beautifully , the fact he 's so still and they 're all heaving around him . I think Ray could have been more of an actor . He has a great , deep sense of film . "
The band would revisit the spiv character Ray played in the video multiple times , such as in the music videos for " Don 't Forget to Dance " and " Do It Again . " According to Ray , the band 's 1986 album Think Visual was originally going to be a concept album centered on taking the character and putting him in the " environment of a video shop . " Ilford Palais was demolished in 2007 to make room for luxury flats , meeting a similar fate to that of the palais described in the lyrics of " Come Dancing . "
= = Musical = =
" Come Dancing " served as the title number for a stage musical of the same name that Ray Davies had created . Set in a 1950s music hall , Come Dancing premiered at the Theatre Royal Stratford East on 13 September 2008 . Ray Davies had written the original version of the play in 1997 , although he had begun work on it since not long after he had written the original song . The final version of Come Dancing featured a book co @-@ written by Davies and Paul Sirett and a score written by Davies that included three Kinks hits ( including the title song ) and a number of original songs . Davies also appeared as the narrator in the production , which ran until 25 October 2008 . Come Dancing was to be revived by director Bill Kenwright in January 2010 , but this , to Ray Davies 's disappointment , was cancelled .
Come Dancing received mixed reviews from critics . The Daily Telegraph spoke positively of the production , calling it " a winning show that deserves a bright future . " The Times , however , criticized it for lacking a story @-@ line , saying it was " a ragged and sentimental montage of scenes sorely in need of narrative . " Davies would later premiere another musical , Sunny Afternoon ( named after the 1966 Kinks song of the same name ) , in 2014 , which he had written in 2005 after finding out that Come Dancing would not be staged .
= = Personnel = =
Personnel per Doug Hinman .
The Kinks
Ray Davies - lead vocal , acoustic guitar
Dave Davies - electric guitar , backing vocal
Mick Avory - drums
Jim Rodford - bass guitar , backing vocal
Ian Gibbons - keyboard
Other musicians
John Beecham - trombone
Noel Morris - trumpet
Andy Hamilton - tenor saxophone
Alan Holmes - baritone saxophone
Kate Williams - spoken voice
= = Chart performance = =
= The Holocaust in Belgium =
The Holocaust in German @-@ occupied Belgium refers to the persecution and attempted extermination of Jews and Roma between 1940 and 1944 during World War II .
At the start of the war , the population of Belgium was overwhelmingly Catholic . Jews made up the largest non @-@ Christian population in the country , numbering between 70 – 75 @,@ 000 out of a population of 8 million . Most lived in the cities of Antwerp , Brussels , Charleroi and Liège . The vast majority were recent immigrants to Belgium who had fled persecution in Germany and Eastern Europe , and , as a result , only a small minority actually possessed Belgian citizenship .
Shortly after the invasion of Belgium , the Military Government passed a series of anti @-@ Jewish laws in October 1940 . The Belgian Committee of Secretary @-@ Generals refused from the start to co @-@ operate on passing any anti @-@ Jewish measures and the Military Government seemed unwilling to pass further legislation . The German government began to seize Jewish @-@ owned businesses and forced Jews out of positions in the civil service . In April 1941 , without orders from the German authorities , Flemish collaborators pillaged two synagogues in Antwerp and burned the house of the chief rabbi of the town in the Antwerp Pogrom . The Germans created a Judenrat in the country , the Association des Juifs en Belgique ( AJB ; " Association of Jews in Belgium " ) , which all Jews were required to join . As part of the Final Solution from 1942 , the persecution of Belgian Jews escalated . From May 1942 , Jews were forced to wear yellow Star of David badges to mark them out in public . Using the registers compiled by the AJB , the Germans began deporting Jews to concentration camps in the General Government ( the occupied portion of Poland ) . Jews chosen from the registration lists were required to turn up at the newly established Mechelen transit camp ; they were then deported by train to concentration camps , mostly to Auschwitz . Between August 1942 and July 1944 , around 25 @,@ 000 Jews and 350 Roma were deported from Belgium ; more than 24 @,@ 000 were killed before the camps were liberated by the Allies .
From 1942 , opposition among the general population to the treatment of the Jews in Belgium grew . By the end of the occupation , more than 40 per cent of all Jews in Belgium were in hiding ; many of them were hidden by Gentiles , particularly by Catholic priests and nuns . Some were helped by the organized resistance , such as the Comité de Défense des Juifs ( CDJ ; " Committee of Jewish Defence " ) , which provided food and refuge to hiding Jews . Many of the Jews in hiding joined the armed resistance . In April 1943 , members of the CDJ attacked the twentieth rail convoy to Auschwitz and succeeded in rescuing some of those being deported .
= = Background = =
= = = Religion and anti @-@ Semitism = = =
Before the war , the population of Belgium was overwhelmingly Catholic . Around 98 per cent of the population was baptized and around 80 per cent of marriage ceremonies were held with traditional Catholic services , while politically the country was dominated by the Catholic Party .
The Jewish population of Belgium was comparatively small . Out of a population of around 8 million , there were only 10 @,@ 000 Jews in the country before World War I. The interwar period saw substantial Jewish immigration to Belgium . By 1930 , the population rose to 50 @,@ 000 , and by 1940 it was between 70 @,@ 000 – 75 @,@ 000 . Most of the new Jewish immigrants came from Eastern Europe and Nazi Germany , escaping anti @-@ Semitism and poverty in their native countries . The Roma population of Belgium at the same time was approximately 530 . Few of the Jewish migrants claimed Belgian citizenship , and many did not speak French or Dutch . Jewish communities developed in Charleroi , Liège , Brussels and , above all , Antwerp , where more than half of the Jews in Belgium lived .
The Interwar period also saw the rise in popularity of Fascist New Order parties in Belgium . These were chiefly represented by the Vlaams Nationaal Verbond ( VNV ; " Flemish National Union " ) and Verdinaso in Flanders , and Rex in Wallonia . Both Flemish parties supported the creation of an ethnically Germanic " Dietse Natie " ( " Greater Dutch State " ) from which Jews would be excluded . Rex , whose ideology was based on Christian Fascism , was particularly anti @-@ Semitic , but both VNV and Rex campaigned under anti @-@ Semitic slogans for the 1938 elections . Their stance was officially condemned by the Belgian authorities , but prominent figures , including King Leopold III , were suspected of holding anti @-@ Semitic attitudes . From June 1938 , Jewish illegal immigrants arrested by the Belgian police were deported to Germany , until public condemnation halted the practice after Kristallnacht in November 1938 . Between 1938 and the start of the war , with the influence of Fascist parties declining in Belgium , the country began accepting more Jewish refugees , including 215 from the MS St. Louis who had been refused visas elsewhere .
= = = German invasion and occupation = = =
In the interwar period , Belgium followed a strict policy of political neutrality . Though the Belgian Land Component was mobilized in 1939 , the country only became involved in the war on 10 May 1940 , when it was invaded by Nazi Germany . After a campaign
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) in the summer months , while in the winter months , cold air masses from the south can push temperatures below freezing , resulting in frost . However , such cold fronts are brief and are less intense than areas further south or at higher altitudes . Snowfall is extremely rare and mainly confined to the uplands of Misiones Province , where the last significant snowfall occurred in 1975 in Bernardo de Irigoyen .
= = = Chaco = = =
The Chaco region in the center @-@ north has a subtropical climate with hot , humid summers and mild , dry winters . Under the Köppen climate classification , the west has a semi @-@ arid climate ( Bs ) while the east has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) . Chaco is one of the few natural regions in the world located between tropical and temperate latitudes that is not a desert . Precipitation and temperature are relatively homogeneous throughout the region .
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1 @,@ 200 mm ( 47 in ) in the eastern parts of Formosa Province to a low of 450 to 500 mm ( 18 to 20 in ) in the west and southwest . Summer witnesses the maximum precipitation . Summer rains are intense , and torrential rain is common , occasionally causing floods and soil erosion . During the winter months , precipitation is sparse . Eastern areas receive more precipitation than western areas since they are more influenced by moist air from the Atlantic Ocean , which penetrates the eastern areas more than the west , bringing in more precipitation . As a result , the vegetation differs : eastern areas are covered by forests , savannas , marshes and subtropical wet forest , and western areas are dominated by medium and low forests of mesophytic and xerophytic trees and a dense understory of shrubs and grasses . In all parts of the region , precipitation is highly variable from year to year .
The Chaco region is the hottest in Argentina , with a mean annual temperature of 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) . With mean summer temperatures occasionally reaching 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) , the region has the hottest summers in the country . Winters are mild and brief , with mean temperatures in July ranging from 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) in the northern parts to 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in the southernmost parts . Temperatures can reach as high has 49 ° C ( 120 ° F ) in summer , and during cold waves can fall to − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) .
= = = Northwest = = =
Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry , hot , and subtropical . Owing to its rugged and varied topography , the region is climatically diverse , depending on the altitude , temperature and distribution of precipitation . Consequently , the vegetation will also differ . Under the Köppen climate classification , the region has five different climate types : semi – arid ( BS ) , arid ( BW ) , temperate without a dry season and temperate with a dry season ( Cf and CW respectively ) , and , at the highest altitudes , an alpine .
Precipitation is highly seasonal and mostly concentrated in the summer months . It is distributed irregularly due to the country 's topography although it generally decreases from east to west . The eastern slopes of the mountains receives between 1 @,@ 000 and 1 @,@ 500 mm ( 39 and 59 in ) of precipitation a year , though some places receive up to 2 @,@ 500 mm ( 98 in ) annually owing to orographic precipitation . The high rainfall on these first slopes creates a thick jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges . The temperate valleys , the location of major cities such as Salta and Jujuy , have an average precipitation ranging between 500 and 1 @,@ 000 mm ( 20 and 39 in ) , with rainfall mainly concentrated in the summer months , often falling in short but heavy bursts . Valleys in the southern parts of the region are drier than those in the north due to the greater height of the Andes and the Sierras Pampeanas on the eastern slopes than the northern mountains , presenting a significant orographic barrier that blocks moist winds from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . These valleys receive less than 200 mm ( 8 in ) of precipitation per year and are characterized by sparse vegetation adapted to the arid climate . The area further west in the Puna region , with an average altitude of 3 @,@ 900 m ( 12 @,@ 800 ft ) , is mostly a desert due to the blocking of the easterly winds by the Andes and the northwest extension of the Sierras Pampeanas . Precipitation in the Puna region averages less than 200 mm ( 8 in ) a year while high isolation , strong winds ,
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t mind . Why should I be frightened of dying ? There 's no reason for it – you 've got to go sometime " and closing words " there is no dark side in the moon , really . As a matter of fact it 's all dark " came from the studios ' Irish doorman , Gerry O 'Driscoll . Paul and Linda McCartney were also interviewed , but their answers were judged to be " trying too hard to be funny " , and were not included on the album . McCartney 's Wings bandmate Henry McCullough contributed the line " I don 't know , I was really drunk at the time " .
= = = Completion = = =
Following the completion of the dialogue sessions , producer Chris Thomas was hired to provide " a fresh pair of ears " . Thomas 's background was in music , rather than engineering . He had worked with Beatles producer George Martin , and was acquainted with Pink Floyd 's manager Steve O 'Rourke . All four members of the band were engaged in a disagreement over the style of the mix , with Waters and Mason preferring a " dry " and " clean " mix which made more use of the non @-@ musical elements , and Gilmour and Wright preferring a subtler and more " echoey " mix . Thomas later claimed there were no such disagreements , stating " There was no difference in opinion between them , I don 't remember Roger once saying that he wanted less echo . In fact , there were never any hints that they were later going to fall out . It was a very creative atmosphere . A lot of fun . " Although the truth remains unclear , Thomas 's intervention resulted in a welcome compromise between Waters and Gilmour , leaving both entirely satisfied with the end product . Thomas was responsible for significant changes to the album , including the perfect timing of the echo used on " Us and Them " . He was also present for the recording of " The Great Gig in the Sky " ( although Parsons was responsible for hiring Torry ) . Interviewed in 2006 , when asked if he felt his goals had been accomplished in the studio , Waters said :
When the record was finished I took a reel @-@ to @-@ reel copy home with me and I remember playing it for my wife then , and I remember her bursting into tears when it was finished . And I thought , " This has obviously struck a chord somewhere " , and I was kinda pleased by that . You know when you 've done something , certainly if you create a piece of music , you then hear it with fresh ears when you play it for somebody else . And at that point I thought to myself , " Wow , this is a pretty complete piece of work " , and I had every confidence that people would respond to it .
= = Packaging = =
The album was originally released in a gatefold LP sleeve designed by Hipgnosis and George Hardie . Hipgnosis had designed several of the band 's previous albums , with controversial results ; EMI had reacted with confusion when faced with the cover designs for Atom Heart Mother and Obscured by Clouds , as they had expected to see traditional designs which included lettering and words . Designers Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell were able to ignore such criticism as they were employed by the band . For The Dark Side of the Moon , Richard Wright instructed them to come up with something " smarter , neater – more classy " . The prism design was inspired by a photograph that Thorgerson had seen during a brainstorming session with Powell .
The artwork was created by their associate , George Hardie . Hipgnosis offered the band a choice of seven designs , but all four members agreed that the prism was by far the best . The final design depicts a glass prism dispersing light into color . The design represents three elements ; the band 's stage lighting , the album lyrics , and Wright 's request for a " simple and bold " design . The spectrum of light continues through to the gatefold – an idea that Waters came up with . Added shortly afterwards , the gatefold design also includes a visual representation of the heartbeat sound used throughout the album , and the back of the album cover contains Thorgerson 's suggestion of another prism recombining the spectrum of light , facilitating interesting layouts of the sleeve in record shops . The light band emanating from the prism on the album cover has six colours , missing indigo compared to the traditional division of the spectrum into red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo and violet . Inside the sleeve were two posters and two pyramid @-@ themed stickers . One poster bore pictures of the band in concert , overlaid with scattered letters to form PINK FLOYD , and the other an infrared photograph of the Great Pyramids of Giza , created by Powell and Thorgerson .
Since the departure of founder member Barrett in 1968 , the burden of lyrical composition had fallen mostly on Waters ' shoulders . He is therefore credited as the author of the album 's lyrics , making The Dark Side of the Moon the first of five consecutive Pink Floyd albums with lyrics credited only to him . The band were so confident of the quality of the writing that , for the first time , they felt able to print them on the album 's sleeve . When in 2003 he was asked if his input on the album was " organising [ the ] ideas and frameworks " and David Gilmour 's was " the music " , Waters replied :
That 's crap . There 's no question that Dave needs a vehicle to bring out the best of his guitar playing . And he is a great guitar player . But the idea which he 's tried to propagate over the years that he 's somehow more musical than I am is absolute fucking nonsense . It 's an absurd notion but people seem quite happy to believe it .
= = Release = =
As the quadraphonic mix of the album was not then complete , the band ( with the exception of Wright ) boycotted the press reception held at the London Planetarium on 27 February . The guests were , instead , presented with a quartet of life @-@ sized cardboard cut @-@ outs of the band , and the stereo mix of the album was presented through a poor @-@ quality public address system . Generally , however , the press were enthusiastic ; Melody Maker 's Roy Hollingworth described side one as " so utterly confused with itself it was difficult to follow " , but praised side two , writing : " The songs , the sounds , the rhythms were solid and sound , Saxophone hit the air , the band rocked and rolled , and then gushed and tripped away into the night . " Steve Peacock of Sounds wrote : " I don 't care if you 've never heard a note of the Pink Floyd 's music in your life , I 'd unreservedly recommend everyone to The Dark Side of the Moon " . In his 1973 review for Rolling Stone
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to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements . RDA for pregnancy equals 1 @.@ 0 mg / day . RDA for lactation equals 1 @.@ 3 mg / day . For infants up to 12 months the AI is 0 @.@ 22 mg / day and for children ages 1 – 13 years the RDA increases with age from 0 @.@ 34 to 0 @.@ 7 mg / day . As for safety , the Food and Nutrition Board also sets Tolerable Upper Intake Levels ( known as ULs ) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient . In the case of copper the UL is set at 10 mg / day . Collectively the EARs , RDAs , AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes . The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 5 mg / day .
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For copper labeling purposes 100 % of the Daily Value was 2 @.@ 0 mg , but as of May 2016 it has been revised to 0 @.@ 9 mg . Food and supplement companies have until July 28 , 2018 to comply with the change . A table of the pre @-@ change adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake .
In the United States , copper deficiency is not common . A federal survey of food consumption determined that for women and men over the age of 19 , average consumption from foods and beverages was 1 @.@ 11 and 1 @.@ 54 mg / day , respectively . For women , 10 % consumed less than the EAR , for men < 3 % .
= = = Copper @-@ based disorders = = =
Because of its role in facilitating iron uptake , copper deficiency can produce anemia @-@ like symptoms , neutropenia , bone abnormalities , hypopigmentation , impaired growth , increased incidence of infections , osteoporosis , hyperthyroidism , and abnormalities in glucose and cholesterol metabolism . Conversely , Wilson 's disease causes an accumulation of copper in body tissues .
Severe deficiency can be found by testing for low plasma or serum copper levels , low ceruloplasmin , and low red blood cell superoxide dismutase levels ; these are not sensitive to marginal copper status . The " cytochrome c oxidase activity of leucocytes and platelets " has been stated as another factor in deficiency , but the results have not been confirmed by replication .
Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans , possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA . Corresponding amounts of copper salts ( 30 mg / kg ) are toxic in animals . A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet . However , higher concentrations of copper ( 100 ppm , 200 ppm , or 500 ppm ) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency , growth rates , and carcass dressing percentages .
Chronic copper toxicity does not normally occur in humans because of transport systems that regulate absorption and excretion . Autosomal recessive mutations in copper transport proteins can disable these systems , leading to Wilson 's disease with copper accumulation and cirrhosis of the liver in persons who have inherited two defective genes .
Elevated copper levels have also been linked to worsening symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease .
= = = Occupational exposure = = =
In the US , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has designated a permissible exposure limit ( PEL ) for copper dust and fumes in the workplace as a time @-@ weighted average ( TWA ) of 1 mg / m3 . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a Recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 1 mg / m3 , time @-@ weighted average . The IDLH ( immediately dangerous to life and health ) value is 100 mg / m3 .
= The Jungle Book ( 1967 film ) =
The Jungle Book is a 1967 American animated musical comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions . Inspired by Rudyard Kipling 's book of the same name , it is the 19th animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series . Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman , it was the last film to be produced by Walt Disney , who died during its production . The plot follows Mowgli , a feral child raised in the Indian jungle by wolves , as his friends Bagheera the panther and Baloo the bear try to convince him to leave the jungle before the evil tiger Shere Khan arrives .
The early versions of both the screenplay and the soundtrack followed Kipling 's work more closely , with a dramatic , dark , and sinister tone which Disney did not want in his family film , leading to writer Bill Peet and composer Terry Gilkyson being replaced . The casting employed famous actors and musicians Phil Harris , Sebastian Cabot , George Sanders and Louis Prima , as well as Disney regulars such as Sterling Holloway , J. Pat O 'Malley and Verna Felton , and the director 's son , Bruce Reitherman , as Mowgli .
The Jungle Book was released on October 18 ,
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1967 , to positive reception , with acclaim for its soundtrack , featuring five songs by the Sherman Brothers and one by Gilkyson , " The Bare Necessities " . The film grossed over $ 23 @.@ 8 million worldwide in its first release , and as much again from two re @-@ releases . Disney released a live @-@ action remake in 1994 and a theatrical sequel , The Jungle Book 2 , in 2003 ; another live @-@ action adaptation was released in 2016 .
= = Plot = =
Mowgli , a young orphan boy , is found in a basket in the deep jungles of India by Bagheera , a black panther who promptly takes him to a mother wolf who has just had cubs . She raises him along with her own cubs and Mowgli soon becomes well acquainted with jungle life . Mowgli is shown ten years later , playing with his wolf siblings .
One night , when the wolf tribe learns that Shere Khan , a man @-@ eating Bengal tiger , has returned to the jungle , they realize that Mowgli must be taken to the " Man @-@ Village " for his own safety . Bagheera volunteers to escort him back . They leave that very night , but Mowgli is determined to stay in the jungle . He and Bagheera rest in a tree for the night , where Kaa , a hungry python , tries to devour Mowgli , but Bagheera intervenes . The next morning , Mowgli tries to join the elephant patrol led by Colonel Hathi and his wife Winifred . Bagheera finds Mowgli , but after a fight decides to leave Mowgli on his own . Mowgli soon meets up with the laid @-@ back , fun @-@ loving bear Baloo , who promises to raise Mowgli himself and never take him back to the Man @-@ Village .
Shortly afterwards , a group of monkeys kidnap Mowgli and take him to their leader , King Louie the orangutan . King Louie offers to help Mowgli stay in the jungle if he will tell Louie how to make fire like other humans . However , since he was not raised by humans , Mowgli does not know how to make fire . Bagheera and Baloo arrive to rescue Mowgli and in the ensuing chaos , King Louie 's palace is demolished to rubble . Bagheera speaks to Baloo that night and convinces him that the jungle will never be safe for Mowgli so long as Shere Khan is there . In the morning , Baloo reluctantly explains to Mowgli that the Man @-@ Village is
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a monster with a hidden face " . Known for his large triangular head , Pyramid Head lacks a voice , and his appearance stems from the town 's past as a place of execution .
Pyramid Head has since appeared in other media in and outside the Silent Hill media franchise . Positively received in Silent Hill 2 for his role as an element of James ' psyche , he has been cited by reviewers as an iconic villain of the series and part of Silent Hill 2 's appeal .
= = Concept and design = =
Ito wanted to create " a monster with a hidden face " , but became unhappy with his designs , which resembled humans wearing masks . He then drew a monster with a pyramid @-@ shaped head . According to Ito , the triangle 's sharp right and acute angles suggest the possibility of pain . Of the creatures that appear in Silent Hill 2 , only Pyramid Head features an " overtly masculine " appearance . He resembles a pale , muscular man covered with a white , blood @-@ soaked robe reminiscent of a butcher 's smock . He does not speak , but grunts and moans painfully . His most outstanding feature is his large red , triangular head . His weapons consist of the deadly and heavy Great Knife , which the player can find and use for the rest of the game , and later a spear .
According to Konami 's Lost Memories , his appearance was a variation of the outfits of the executioners from the fictional history of the town . They wore red hoods and ceremonial robes to make themselves similar to Valtiel , a monster who appears in Silent Hill 3 . Like Valtiel , Pyramid Head dresses in gloves and stitched cloth and pursues the game 's main protagonist . According to Silent Hill 2 's character designer Takayoshi Sato , he appears as a " distorted memory of the executioners " and of the town 's past as a place of execution .
Christophe Gans , the director of the film adaptation of Silent Hill , suggested that Pyramid Head " was one of the executioners in the original history of the town " and " there is not one particular or exclusive manifestation of him as an entity . "
= = Appearances = =
= = = In video games = = =
In Silent Hill 2 , after receiving a letter from his deceased wife , Mary , and arriving in the foggy town of Silent Hill to search for her , the game 's protagonist and primary player character , James Sunderland , encounters Pyramid Head several times over the course of the game . He first appears from behind a gate , making no attempt to attack James . Later , in an apartment , James walks in on Pyramid Head raping two Mannequins — creatures made of two sets of feminine hips and legs . Terrified , James hides in a closet and shoots Pyramid Head with a handgun several times , causing him to leave . When James asks another character , Eddie , about the monster , Eddie denies knowing about Pyramid Head . Later , near a flooded stairway , James witnesses Pyramid Head killing another creature , and Pyramid Head attempts to kill him . After a few minutes , sirens sound in the distance and Pyramid Head descends the stairway and disappears . James does not meet him again until in Brookhaven Hospital , where Pyramid Head knocks him through a safety railing and he falls , sustaining injuries . Pyramid Head does not pursue him or continue the attack . Later , he stalks James ' companion Maria , who closely resembles his wife Mary , through a lengthy corridor . As James flees into an elevator , the doors shut before she can join him . He struggles to open the doors to save her , but Pyramid Head kills her . However , in the labyrinth beneath Toluca Prison , James finds her alive and unharmed in a locked cell . Before trying to seduce him , she reminisces about a trip that only he and Mary took to a hotel in Silent Hill . He leaves , promising to find a way to free her , and discovers that Pyramid Head walks a corridor nearby , now carrying a spear . Afterwards , James reaches Maria 's side of the cell , but finds her dead . Pyramid Head makes his final appearance just before the final boss , where two Pyramid Heads take part in the encounter . They kill Maria yet again and , after pursuing James around the room for a while , both commit suicide .
Pyramid Head , under the new moniker " Bogeyman " , makes a significant appearance in 2009 's Silent Hill Homecoming , but his role is limited to non @-@ interactive scenes , appearing only twice to the game 's main protagonist Alex Shepherd : once in the Grand Hotel in Silent Hill ; and , much later , in a church , where he executes Alex 's father by splitting him in half . His last appearance is in a possible ending to the game : Alex wakes up in a wheelchair as two Pyramid Heads appear , each with part of a helmet , which they use to turn Alex into one of them . After this ending is played , the player obtains the Bogeyman 's costume for Alex to wear . Mindful of Pyramid Head 's role in Silent Hill 2 , the developers chose to include him as " the embodiment of a myth [ that ] parents started to keep the children out of trouble " and " the accretion of the activities going on in the town of Shepherd ’ s Glen . "
Pyramid Head appears as a boss in the 2007 first @-@ person shooter Silent Hill : The Arcade , as well as Silent Hill : The Escape , but with a composite design with the Butcher , and as a super @-@ deformed selectable character in the 2008 Nintendo DS title New International Track & Field , an installment of the Track & Field series and another spin @-@ off Krazy Kart Racing alongside Robbie the Rabbit . The 2007 game Silent Hill : Origins also included a similar monster named " The Butcher " , whom the protagonist occasionally encounters killing other monsters ( unlike other versions of Pyramid Head , the Butcher can and must be fought and killed in combat ) and a painting of Pyramid Head is seen in the burning house of Alessa . Pyramid Head appears in the " Surprise ! " ending of 2012 's Silent Hill : Downpour , along with various characters from the franchise . Pyramid Head 's most recent appearance was in 2012 's Silent Hill : Book of Memories , where he is a monster that can spawn randomly to fight the player . Pyramid Head appeared as a costume for the Playstation home . Silent Hill 3 where you see a picture of God with his angels one on the left resembles Valtiel while the one on the
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North Korean prisoners of war captured by the US troops during the battle reported that the NK 3rd Division suffered about 2 @,@ 000 casualties , mostly from artillery fire , in the attack on Yongdong on July 24 – 25 . This brought it down to a strength of about 5 @,@ 000 men , approximately half the strength it had when the war began . The 1st Cavalry Division 's actions were able to delay the North Korean advance for several days , giving the UN forces valuable time to set up the Pusan Perimeter . The UN losses after this battle and the subsequent fight at Hwanggan cost the 1st Cavalry Division 916 casualties . The defeat was a poor showing for the division , but its record quickly improved with experience and it became a more reliable fighting unit by the time it was placed on Pusan Perimeter .
= New Jersey Route 79 =
Route 79 is a state highway located in Monmouth County in the U.S. state of New Jersey . It runs 12 @.@ 13 mi ( 19 @.@ 52 km ) from an intersection with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in Freehold Township north to an intersection with Route 34 and County Route 516 Spur ( CR 516 Spur ) in Matawan . The route is a mostly two @-@ lane undivided road that passes through both suburban residential areas and rural areas . The route intersects Route 33 in Freehold Township , Route 33 Business and CR 537 in Freehold Borough , Route 18 and CR 520 in Marlboro Township , and CR 516 in Matawan .
In 1927 , the current alignment of Route 79 was designated as a part of Route 4 , which was to run from Cape May to the George Washington Bridge , with US 9 additionally being designated along the route by the 1940s . After US 9 and Route 4 were moved to a new routing between Freehold and Cheesequake , the former route became Route 4A , a spur of Route 4 . In 1953 , Route 4A became Route 79 between Freehold and Matawan and an extension of Route 34 between Matawan and Cheesequake .
= = Route description = =
Route 79 begins at an intersection with US 9 in Freehold Township , heading north on South Street , a two @-@ lane divided highway that soon becomes an undivided road . It interchanges with Route 33 and continues through a mix of residential and commercial areas The route enters Freehold Borough , where it crosses Route 33 Business . Route 79 heads into downtown Freehold , where it intersects CR 537 . Here , the route heads northeast on Main Street to run concurrent with County Route 537 for a short distance . It eventually splits from CR 537 by forking to the left to head northeast on Broadway . The route heads past homes , intersecting CR 46 . Route 79 crosses back into Freehold Township , where it continues through suburban residential areas , with intermittent farms and woods . It heads into Marlboro Township , where the name becomes Marlboro Road . The route passes some businesses before it widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway and comes to an interchange with Route 18 .
Past this interchange , Route 79 heads through a mix of homes and businesses , narrowing back into a two @-@ lane undivided road . The name of the road changes to North Main Street at the School Road intersection . The road passes through residential and commercial areas with some farm fields , where it intersects CR 520 . Past this intersection , Route 79 continues north and heads into more suburban areas . The road heads through wooded areas with some development , intersects CR 3 in Morganville , forming a short concurrency with that route that lasts until CR 3 heads northeast on Lloyd Road . Route 79 continues north through wooded neighborhoods and enters Matawan , where it becomes Main Street . It passes through residential areas before the road crosses CR 516 in a commercial area . Route 79 continues a short distance north past this intersection to its northern terminus at Route 34 . At this intersection , unsigned CR 516 Spur continues northeast on Main Street .
= = History = =
What has become Route 79 is an original road for the area . On June 7 , 1701 a patent was granted to John Johnstone for a road from old Oysterbank Landing ( Matawan Creek ) to Wickatunk . This would have roughly followed that Route 79 path . Before 1927 , what is today Route 79 was an unnumbered road . In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , the route was legislated as part of Route 4 , which was to run from Cape May to the George Washington Bridge . By the 1940s , US 9 was realigned to follow this portion of road along with Route 4 . Eventually , US 9 and Route 4 were moved to a new alignment between Freehold and Cheesequake , and the former alignment between these two points became Route 4A , a spur of Route 4 . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 4A became Route 79 between Freehold and Matawan and an extension of Route 34 between Matawan and Cheesequake . On December 15 , 2006 , the intersection between US 9 and Route 79 was rebuilt to improve safety and reduce traffic congestion .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Monmouth County .
= Republic of Loose =
Republic of Loose were an Irish funk rock band from Dublin . Formed in 2001 , the band formerly consisted of lead vocalist Mick Pyro , bass guitarist and vocalist Benjamin Loose , keyboardist Darragh , guitarists and vocalists Dave Pyro and Darach O ' Laoire and drummers and percussionists Andre Lopes . Additional percussion and vocals are provided by Orla La and Emily Rose
With a self @-@ described musical style of " the stuff your dad likes " , the band signed to Big Cat Records in 2003 , recording their debut album This is the Tomb of the Juice which was released in 2004 . They were named " Hope for 2004 " at the 2004 Meteor Awards . In 2005 , the singles " Comeback Girl " and " You Know It " received significant airplay on Irish radio . Republic of Loose 's second album Aaagh ! , released in April 2006 , reached number two in the Irish Albums Chart , achieving platinum sales and a Choice Music Prize nomination in the process . It spawned several more successful singles , including " Break " which achieved notoriety in South Africa where a radio station banned it following complaints regarding its allegedly explicit lyrics . Vol IV : Johnny Pyro and the Dance of Evil , Republic of Loose 's third album , was released in 2008 . That album produced their highest chart performer to date , " The Steady Song " , which peaked at number twelve and stayed in the Irish Singles Chart for thirteen weeks . Bounce at the Devil , the band 's fourth album , was released in 2010 .
Having earned the admiration of several musicians , including members of Snow Patrol and U2 , as well as Sinéad O 'Connor — with whom they recorded , released and performed a duet at the 2008 Meteor Awards — , the band have had their music played on radio stations in Africa , Asia , Europe and North America . The Irish Times placed them at number thirty @-@ seven in a list of " The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now " published in April 2009 , referring to them as " one of Ireland 's most original bands " led by " the gruff singer with the extraordinary soul voice [ ... ] simultaneously channelling the spirits of James Brown and James Joyce in one fell swoop . " Aside from U2 and Bell X1 , they are the Irish band with the most airplay in their native country . In August 2014 , vocalist Mick Pyro confirmed that the band had split .
= = History = =
= = = Formation = = =
Mick Pyro performed with self @-@ described " rubbish rock bands " for several years before the formation of The Republic of Loose . During this time , he was , according to himself , " depressed out of my brains " and listened to artists such as Manic Street Preachers . Experiencing what he termed " a huge metaphysical overturning of my value
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der and Dana Scully to new jobs within the FBI . The finale was the first episode directed by R. W. Goodwin , who had served as producer for the series .
= = Cast and crew = =
= = = Main cast = = =
David Duchovny as Special Agent Fox Mulder ( 24 episodes )
Gillian Anderson as Special Agent Dana Scully ( 24 episodes )
= = = Recurring cast = = =
= = = Writers and producers = = =
Series creator Chris Carter also served as executive producer and showrunner and wrote nine episodes . Co @-@ executive producers and writing team Glen Morgan and James Wong wrote six episodes . Supervising producers and writing team Alex Gansa and Howard Gordon wrote five episodes together , with Gordon co @-@ writing an additional script with Carter . Co @-@ producers and writing team Larry and Paul Barber wrote one episode . Kenneth Biller and Chris Brancato co @-@ wrote a freelance script . Other freelance writers included Scott Kaufer , Marilyn Osborn and Chris Ruppenthal , who each wrote one episode . Other producers included line producer Joseph Patrick Finn and co @-@ producer Paul Rabwin .
= = = Directors = = =
David Nutter directed the most episodes of the first season , directing six . " Pilot " supervising producer Daniel Sackheim directed two episodes . Other directors that directed two episodes included Jerrold Freedman , William Graham , Michael Lange , Joe Napolitano and Larry Shaw . One @-@ episode directors included Rob Bowman , Fred Gerber , co @-@ executive producer R. W. Goodwin , Michael Katleman , Harry Longstreet and Robert Mandel who directed the pilot episode .
= = Episodes = =
Episodes marked with a double dagger ( ) are episodes in the series ' Alien Mythology arc .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
From the outset , viewing figures for the series were good , with the initial broadcast of " Pilot " being watched by 7 @.@ 4 million households , which constituted 15 percent of the viewing audience at the time . The series was broadcast directly after episodes of The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr . , and saw a decline in viewing figures when that series began to falter . The season — and series as a whole — reached a low with " Fallen Angel " , which was viewed by only 5 @.@ 1 million households . However , after the episode aired , the numbers began to rise steadily once again , reaching a peak for the season with " The Erlenmeyer Flask " , which was viewed by 8 @.@ 3 million households , 16 percent of the available audience . At the conclusion of the 1993 – 94 television season , The X @-@ Files ranked 105th out of 128 shows . The ratings were not spectacular , but the series had attracted enough fans to be classified as a " cult hit " , particularly by Fox standards , and was subsequently renewed for a second season .
= = = Reviews = = =
Reviews for the first season were mostly positive , with the series being described as " the most paranoid , subversive show on TV " , and the writing being called " fresh without being self @-@ conscious , and the characters are involving . Series kicks off with drive and imagination , both innovative in recent TV " . The season as a whole currently holds a 100 % rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on eleven reviews . On Metacritic , the season scored 70 out of 100 , based on 13 reviews , indicating " Generally favorable reviews " . Writing for IGN , Mike Miksch noted that " some of the episodes were at a level of excellence that still hasn 't been matched since " ; adding that the series has " become nearly as integral to pop culture today as any show in history " . Bill Hunt of The Digital Bits gave the season an " A " , stating " The X @-@ Files is a show that dared to be different , and different it was " . Hunt described the show 's cinematography as " striking and noir @-@ ish " . Anna Johns , writing for TV Squad , called the season " phenomenal " and added that it contains " many terrific episodes " .
Several episodes were widely praised , including " Squeeze " , which has been called " profoundly creepy " ; the " taut and briskly paced " Arctic @-@ set " Ice " ; and the " remarkably chilling " Scully @-@ centered episode " Beyond the Sea " . However , not all episodes of the season were as well received . Despite the costly production of " Space " , the episode was derided as " decidedly unscary " and " a little tasteless " in its treatment of the Challenger disaster . " The Jersey Devil " was described as " pretty silly " ; whilst the plots for " Shadows " , " Born Again " and " Roland " were panned for being much too similar to each other .
= = = Accolades = = =
The first season received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations , with one win . Composer Mark Snow was nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Main Title Theme Music , while title designers Bruce Bryant , James Castle and Carol Johnsen won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Graphic Design and Title Sequences .
= = DVD release = =
= Beware of the Dog ( Millennium ) =
" ' Beware of the Dog " is the second episode of the second season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on September 26 , 1997 . The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by Allen Coulter . " Beware of the Dog " featured guest appearances by Randy Stone and R. G. Armstrong .
Millennium centers on offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) , who investigates unusual crimes as part of the private investigative organisation the Millennium Group . In this episode , when Black investigates several killings by a pack of savage dogs , he discovers a strange old man who teaches him more than he ever knew about the Group .
Guest star Armstrong would reprise his role later in the season , while Stone was the casting director for both Millennium and its sister show The X @-@ Files . " Beware of the Dog " received mixed reviews from television critics , and was viewed by approximately 6 @.@ 37 million households during its original broadcast .
= = Plot = =
A couple in a camper van get lost along a country road . They stop near a small town to read their map , but a pack of dogs break into their van , mauling them to death .
Meanwhile , Millennium Group member Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) tries to convince fellow Group member Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) to investigate the case . Black is experiencing a separation from his wife and daughter after killing his wife 's kidnapper ; he initially refuses the case but Watts ' insistence sways him . Black arrives in the isolated town of Bucksnort , and visits a local diner . Standing out amongst the residents is Michael Beebe ( Randy Stone ) , who has moved there from Los Angeles . Beebe believes his elderly neighbour may be responsible for the attack and asks Black to investigate .
Black instead examines the crime scene . At sunset , he sees a group of five dogs beginning to follow him . He returns to his hotel , but when he discovers he is locked out the dogs attack him . He fights them off , killing one , and flees to a hospital where he is refused entrance . An elderly man ( R. G. Armstrong ) drives past , stopping to pick up the dead dog , and drives off again . The remaining dogs follow his pickup truck . Black passes out and is helped into the hospital . The locals believe he is unconscious and discuss the " situation " ; however Black is awake and overhears everything , realising there is a greater threat than savage dogs at hand .
The next day , Black finds a group of obelisks in the woods . He is about to examine one when Beebe appears , chased by dogs . The Old Man also arrives , and Black asks him to call off his dogs . The Old Man denies the dogs are his , but they retreat regardless . Black then sees that the obelisks all bear an ouroboros , the symbol of the Millennium Group . He visits the Old Man 's home , where the two speak about the Group and its symbolism , and the coming millennium . The Old Man then brings Black to a clearing full of the wild dogs , where the latter realizes they are embodiments of the evil in the world . He approaches them as stands his ground , being struck by several visions as he does so . The Old Man then explains that the world 's balance between good and evil is being lost as the millennium approaches , and that Beebe 's home , built on sacred ground , is one of the many small things upsetting this balance .
Black rushes to Beebe 's home , knowing the dogs will attack it . Beebe refuses to leave
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, but the house has been surrounded by five dogs ; as they are killed they are seemingly endlessly replaced by others . The Old Man arrives , and insists the only way to rid the town of the dogs is burn down Beebe 's house , which the trio do before fleeing . Back home in Seattle , Black refuses to sell his own home , telling his wife that they will move back into it together when their problems are resolved .
= = Production = =
" Beware of the Dog " was written by frequent collaborators Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by Allen Coulter . The episode was Coulter 's first credit for the series , and he would return to helm " The Pest House " and " Siren " later in the second season . " Beware of the Dog " was the fifth episode to have been written by Morgan and Wong , after " Dead Letters " , " 522666 " and " The Thin White Line " in the first season ; and the second season première " The Beginning and the End " . The duo would go on to pen a further ten episodes over the course of the second season , having taken the roles of co @-@ executive producers for the season .
Guest star Randy Stone was the casting director for Millennium and its sister show The X @-@ Files . Stone was responsible for the casting of Henriksen in the role of Frank Black , and of the two lead roles in The X @-@ Files . " Beware of the Dog " features the first appearance by R. G. Armstrong as The Old Man , a recurring character who would reappear in the two @-@ part episodes " Owls " and " Roosters " . Armstrong has been described as " a long @-@ time favorite " of Morgan 's .
The episode makes use of Bobby Darin 's song " As Long As I 'm Singing " in a diegetic manner . Darin 's music has been noted by Millennium 's resident composer Mark Snow as a hallmark of the works of Morgan and Wong . " Beware of the Dog " marked the pair 's first use of the singer in Millennium , but his music would later feature in the episodes " Sense and Antisense " , " Monster " and " Goodbye Charlie " .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Beware of the Dog " originally aired on the Fox network on September 26 , 1997 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 6 @.@ 5 during its original broadcast , meaning that 6 @.@ 5 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 6 @.@ 37 million households , and left the episode the sixty @-@ ninth most @-@ viewed broadcast that week .
The episode received mixed reviews from television critics . The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen gave the episode a B + , finding it " endearingly batshit " . Handlen felt that the episode was not entirely cohesive and that its ending was somewhat disappointing , but felt that overall the episode 's imagery made up for this — summing up this idea by saying " Millennium often seems to be at its best when sense is a secondary consideration " . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 , noting that its " atmospheric elements do not quite add up to a cohesive whole " . Gibron felt that this resulted in " an episode that feels like the first half of a bad b @-@ movie " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , awarded " Beware of the Dog " one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . Shearman felt the episode was so similar to The X @-@ Files that it gave the impression that Millennium had " lost its own identity " . He found that the script contained " enough wit in the dialogue " but that its plot seemed too " vague and elliptical " . Writing for the Star Tribune , Bill Ward felt that the episode featured a " lighter " tone than usual , comparing it to The X @-@ Files . Ward described the episode as taking " some nice turns en route to an ambivalent semiresolution " .
= Enter Sandman =
" Enter Sandman " is a song by American heavy metal band Metallica . It was released as the first single from their eponymous fifth album , Metallica in 1991 . The music was written by Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich . Vocalist and rhythm guitarist Hetfield wrote the lyrics , which deal with the concept of a child 's nightmares .
The single achieved platinum certification for more than 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies shipped in the United States , spurring sales of over 30 million copies for Metallica and propelling Metallica to worldwide popularity . Acclaimed by critics , the song is featured in all of Metallica 's live albums and DVDs released after 1991 and has been played live at award ceremonies and benefit concerts .
It is among Metallica 's most @-@ played songs , having been performed live by the band 1 @,@ 133 times , behind only " For Whom the Bell Tolls " ( 1 @,@ 278 ) , " One " ( 1 @,@ 297 ) , " Seek & Destroy " ( 1 @,@ 369 ) , " Creeping Death " ( 1 @,@ 389 ) and " Master of Puppets " ( 1 @,@ 439 ) — all songs that were released before " Enter Sandman " .
= = Writing and recording = =
" Enter Sandman " was the first song Metallica had written for their 1991 eponymous album , Metallica . Metallica 's songwriting at that time was done mainly by rhythm guitarist James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich , after they gathered tapes of song ideas and concepts from the other members of the band , lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Jason Newsted . Ulrich 's house in Berkeley , California was used for this purpose . " Enter Sandman " evolved from a guitar riff that Hammett wrote . Originally , the riff was two bars in length , but Ulrich suggested the first bar be played three times . The instrumental parts of the song were quickly finished , but Hetfield did not come up with vocal melodies and lyrics for a long time . The song was among the album 's last to have lyrics , and the lyrics featured in the song are not the original ; Hetfield felt that " Enter Sandman " sounded " catchy and kind of commercial " and so to counterbalance the sound , he wrote lyrics about " destroy [ ing ] the perfect family ; a huge horrible secret in a family " that included references to crib death . For the first time in Metallica 's history , however , Ulrich and producer Bob Rock told Hetfield that they felt he could write better lyrics . Nevertheless , according to Ulrich , the song was the " foundation , the guide to the whole record " even before it had lyrics .
An instrumental demo was recorded on August 13 , 1990 . The album Metallica was mostly recorded in Los Angeles at One on One Studios , between October 6 , 1990 and June 16 , 1991 , although Ulrich , Hetfield , and Rock also recorded for a week in Vancouver , Canada between April and May 1991 . As the first to be produced by Bob Rock , it was recorded differently than previous Metallica albums ; Rock suggested that the band members record in the studio while playing together , rather than separately .
" Enter Sandman " had what Hetfield described as a " wall of guitars " — three rhythm guitar tracks of the same riff played by himself to create a " wall of sound " . According to engineer Randy Staub , close to 50 takes of the drums were recorded because Ulrich did not record the song in its entirety , but rather recorded each section of the song separately . Because it was difficult to get in one take the " intensity " that the band wanted , numerous takes were selected and edited together . Staub mentioned that the producing team spent much time in getting the best sound from each part of the room and used several combinations of 40 to 50 microphones in recording the drums and guitars to simulate the sound of a live concert . The bass guitar sound also gained importance with Rock ; as Newsted states , Metallica 's sound was previously " very guitar @-@ oriented " and that " when he [ Rock ] came into the picture , bass frequencies also came into the picture . " As the first single , " Enter Sandman " was also the first song to be mixed , a task that took roughly ten days because the band and Bob Rock had to create the
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– is set in a modern case . Goodridge , aged forty when she completed the miniature , depicts breasts which appear imbued with a " balance , paleness , and buoyancy " by the harmony of light , color , and balance . The surrounding cloth draws the viewer to focus on them , leading to the body being " erased " .
Goodridge gifted the portrait to statesman Daniel Webster , who was a frequent subject and possibly a lover , following the death of his wife ; she may have intended to provoke him into marrying her . Although Webster married someone else , his family held onto the portrait until the 1980s , when it was auctioned at Christie 's and acquired by Gloria and Richard Manney in 1981 . The couple gifted / sold their collection of miniatures , including Beauty Revealed , to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2006 .
= = Description and context = =
Beauty Revealed is a self @-@ portrait by Sarah Goodridge , depicting her bared breasts , pink nipples , and a beauty mark . These are presented in a gradation of color , giving a three @-@ dimensional effect . Although Goodridge was aged forty when she painted this miniature , according to art critic Chris Packard her breasts seem younger , with a " balance , paleness , and buoyancy " which is imbued in part by the harmony of light , color , and balance . The breasts are framed by a swirl of pale cloth , which in parts reflects the light .
The 6 @.@ 7 @-@ by @-@ 8 @-@ centimetre ( 2 @.@ 6 by 3 @.@ 1 in ) painting is set in a case ; it had originally been installed on a paper backing which had the date " 1828 " on the reverse . The work is a watercolor painting on ivory , thin enough for light to shine through and thus allow the depicted breasts to " glow " . This medium was common for American miniatures , but in this case also served as a simile for the flesh presented upon it .
Beauty Revealed was completed during a period of popularity of portrait miniatures , a medium which had been introduced in the United States in the late 18th century . By the time Goodridge completed her self @-@ portrait , miniatures were increasing in complexity and vibrance . The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History describes Beauty Revealed as a play on the eye miniatures which were then popular as tokens of affection in England and France , but not common in the US . Such miniatures allowed portraits of loved ones to be carried by their suitors without revealing the sitters ' identities .
= = History = =
Goodridge was a prolific Boston @-@ based portrait miniature painter who had studied under Gilbert Stuart and Elkanah Tisdale . She had a long @-@ term association with Daniel Webster , a politician who began services as Senator from Massachusetts in 1827 . Webster sent her more than forty letters between 1827 and 1851 , and in time , his greetings to her became increasingly familiar ; his last letters were addressed to " My dear , good friend " , which was out of character . She , meanwhile , painted him more than a dozen times , and left her hometown of Boston to visit him in Washington , D.C. at least twice , once in 1828 after his first wife 's death and again in 1841 – 42 , when Webster was separated from his second wife .
Goodridge completed Beauty Revealed in 1828 , likely from looking at herself in a mirror . Several works have been cited as possible inspirations , including John Vanderlyn 's Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos and Horatio Greenough 's sculpture Venus Victrix . Goodridge sent her portrait to Webster when he was a new widower , and , based on its miniature format , it was likely intended for his eyes alone . The American art critic John Updike suggests that the artist intended it to offer herself to Webster ; he writes that the bared breasts appear to say " We are yours for the taking , in all our ivory loveliness , with our tenderly stippled nipples " . Ultimately , however , Webster married another , wealthier woman .
After Webster 's death , Beauty Revealed continued to be handed down by his family , together with another self @-@ portrait Goodridge had sent him . The politician 's descendants held that Goodridge and Webster had been engaged . The painting was eventually auctioned through Christie 's , with a list price of $ 15 @,@ 000 , and passed through Alexander Gallery of New York later that year before being purchased by New York @-@ based collectors Gloria Manney and her husband Richard . The couple included Beauty Revealed in the exhibition " Tokens of Affection : The Portrait Miniature in America " in 1991 , which toured to the Metropolitan Museum of Art ( Met ) in New York , the National Museum of American Art in Washington , D.C. , and the Art Institute of Chicago .
Beauty Revealed was one of more than three hundred portrait miniatures compiled by the couple , who gave it to the Met in 2006 , as part of a gift / purchase arrangement of their collection . Carrie Rebora Barratt and Lori Zabar of the Met describe Goodridge 's self @-@ portrait as the most compelling of the " strange and wonderful " miniatures by minor artists in the collection . Two years later , Beauty Revealed was included in a retrospective , " The Philippe de Montebello Years : Curators Celebrate Three Decades of Acquisitions " , which showcased works acquired under the tenure of retiring Met director Philippe de Montebello . Holland Cotter of The New York Times highlighted Goodridge 's self @-@ portrait , describing it as " remarkable " . In 2009 , authors Jane Kamensky and Jill Lepore drew inspiration from Beauty Revealed ( as well as other paintings ,
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such as John Singleton Copley 's Boy with a Squirrel ) for their novel Blindspot . As of 2014 , the Met 's website lists Beauty Revealed as not on display .
= = Analysis = =
Art historian Dale Johnson described Beauty Revealed as " strikingly realistic " , demonstrative of Goodridge 's ability to portray nuanced lights and shadows . She found the stippling and hatching used in creating the painting to be delicate . Writing in Antiques in 2012 , Randall L. Holton and Charles A. Gilday said that the painting continued to present a self which evokes a " frisson of erotic possibility " .
Packard wrote that Beauty Revealed served as a sort of visual synecdoche , representing the entirety of Goodridge through her breasts . As opposed to the " burdened " 1845 self @-@ portrait and the non @-@ eroticized one of 1830 , he found Beauty Revealed to forefront Goodridge and her demand for attention . Arguing that the clothing surrounding her breasts served to indicate a performance ( similar to the curtains of vaudeville ) , Packard described the viewer 's eyes being focused on the breasts , while the rest of Goodridge 's body was erased and abstracted . This , he stated , challenged the assumptions and stereotypes regarding the demure , homebound 19th @-@ century woman .
= Hogettes =
The Hogettes were a group of 12 male Washington Redskins fans who wore women 's dresses , garden party hats , and pig snouts for two purposes : to cheer on their favorite NFL team and to raise money for charity . The group was founded in 1983 by Michael Torbert and became a regular fixture at Redskins games for nearly 30 years . When the group announced its retirement , effective with the end of the 2012 season , it had 12 active and 15 former members , including three who have been featured in an exhibit at the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the VISA Hall of Fans .
The group retains a high profile largely because of their outrageous costumes , but also because of their frequent work for charitable organizations . The Hogettes have appeared in a national advertising campaign for VISA , and they provide support for many charities , including Children 's Miracle Network , Ronald McDonald House , and March of Dimes . They have raised over US $ 100 million for these and other charitable causes . Despite their philanthropic work , the Hogettes are disliked by some and have even been attacked by fans of
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opposing teams .
= = History = =
The origin of the Hogettes can be traced to October 1983 when Michael Torbert ( Mikey T. ) , founder of the group , went to a Halloween party at his grandmother 's retirement home wearing one of her old dresses as a costume . The costume was such a hit that he gathered a group of men who he " thought were tough enough to go out in public in a dress . " The group would go to children 's hospitals to cheer up sick children . On November 27 , 1983 , the group attended their first Washington Redskins football game in full drag , but with the addition of pig snout masks , in reference to The Hogs , the nickname of the Redskins offensive line players .
Led by Mikey T. , now known as " Boss Hogette " , the group became regular fixtures at Redskins home games , both at their old home of RFK Stadium and their new home of FedExField . The group made more than 100 appearances each year for charitable events , and Mikey T. and two other Hogettes were inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as " ultimate " Redskins fans . There were a total of 27 members of the group from 1983 to 2012 , with twelve active members at conclusion . Though they have considerable notoriety , they receive no special treatment or official recognition from the Redskins . After the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season , the Hogettes announced they would be retiring their iconic outfits after 30 years of appearances .
= = = Origin of the name = = =
In the 1980s , the Washington Redskins ' Offensive Line coach , Joe Bugel , began to refer to his linemen as " Hogs " . The Hogs were credited for much of the Redskins success in the 1980s and early 1990s , including four Super Bowl appearances and three Super Bowl wins in a 10 @-@ season period from 1982 to 1991 . The group began wearing pig noses and named themselves " The Hogettes " in reference to the Hogs and to the Washington Redskins ' official cheerleaders , originally known as the " Redskinettes . "
= = Philanthropy = =
The Hogettes organized and attended charitable events in the Washington , D.C. , area for over twenty years . In that time , they helped raise more than US $ 100 million for various charities , including Children 's Miracle Network , Ronald McDonald House , and March of Dimes . Upon reaching this landmark value , Howard " Howiette " Churchill remarked , " That 's a lot of money for a bunch of fat old grandpas in pig noses and dresses . " Among these events were golf tournaments , including the Hogettes ' annual charity golf tournament , walk @-@ a @-@ thons , truck rallies , galas , and other charity benefits .
While some of their charitable efforts went toward helping their local community , most of the money they raise goes toward helping children . " Hogette for a Game " was an annual fund raiser . In 1995 , Nick " Nickette " Nerangis ' wife bought him this package . He subsequently became a substitute Hogette for several years before becoming an official member in 2002 . One female fan has , for several years , served as " Hogette for a Game " through winning annual auctions . In 2000 , she raised more than $ 11 @,@ 000 for children 's charities in order to attend one game with the Hogettes that season .
In an online interview with fans , Torbert stated " You ... have to have a sense of humor for many things from day to day . It is tough to be humorous when the [ Redskins ] lose , but it 's even tougher to face a sick child in a hospital room , and cheer them up with our humorous looks . That 's tough . "
= = National exposure = =
In addition to gaining national exposure through their outrageous costumes and continuous work with charitable organizations , the Hogettes were guests on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , and were featured in a VISA television commercial . Despite their generous philanthropy and positive attitude in the stands , not everyone appreciated the Hogettes . Longtime Washington Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke and Daniel Snyder — the current owner — both failed to embrace the Hogettes . The group was called " incredibly obnoxious " and " annoying " , and were attacked in the infamous 700 Level at Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia by angry Philadelphia Eagles fans .
= = Members = =
In addition to the 12 final season members , there were 15 retired " official " Hogettes , as well as numerous temporary and substitute members , including winners of the " Hogette for a Game " auction .
= = Retirement = =
On January 11 , 2013 , founder Michael Tolbert announced that the Hogettes were retiring after 30 years , telling the Washington Post , " 30 seasons is enough of guys in pig snouts and dresses . " Tolbert further states , “ It ’ s a new era . It was great seeing RGIII and Alfred Morris break onto the scene , and it ’ s a perfect time to retire the old era and start the new . ” The Hogettes insist that they will continue to be fans of the Redskins and do charity work in the Washington area .
= Smile ( Lily Allen song ) =
" Smile " is the debut single by British recording artist Lily Allen from her debut studio album Alright , Still ( 2006 ) . It was written by Allen , Iyiola Babalola and Darren Lewis , while sampling The Soul Brothers ' " Free Soul " . The song was released as the lead mainstream single of the album in July 2006 . After signing a contract deal with Regal Recordings and gaining popularity on the social network website Myspace with demo songs , Allen released a limited edition of " LDN " to promote her work and afterwards announced the release of " Smile " .
The song incorporates rocksteady music , as the lyrics tackle her dealing with the betrayal of her boyfriend , while enjoying his misery . Most contemporary critics complimented the song , noticing the confidence it hides and the carnival @-@ esque , yet melancholy , theme . On the other hand , some considered it was not one of the album 's best tracks and it makes the singer a " theoretical pop princess " . The single peaked inside the top 40 of the charts of some European countries and Australia , while staying on the summit of the UK Singles Chart for two consecutive weeks and ended the year as the country 's 11th most successful song . It is also charted on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it was certified gold .
For promotion , " Smile " was re @-@ recorded in Simlish and played on shows ; it also received its own answer song . The accompanying music video portrayed a revenge theme , with Allen hiring a posse to beat her ex @-@ boyfriend . It was directed by Sophie Muller and , afterwards , banned on MTV due to obscene language . The song was performed live many times
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abilities , according to Bego . Following the release of the album , Garrett quit as producer after disagreeing with Sonny about the kind of material Cher should record . At Sonny 's insistence , in 1973 Cher released an album of standards called Bittersweet White Light , which was commercially unsuccessful . That year , lyricist Mary Dean brought Garrett " Half @-@ Breed " , a song about the daughter of a Cherokee mother and a white father , that she had written especially for Cher . Although Garrett did not have Cher as a client at the time , he was convinced that " it 's a smash for Cher and for nobody else " , so he held the song for months until he got Cher back . " Half @-@ Breed " was featured on the album of the same name and became Cher 's second U.S. solo number @-@ one single . Both the album and the single were certified gold by the RIAA . Cher 's third U.S. solo number @-@ one single was " Dark Lady " , in 1974 , from the namesake album . Later that year , she released a Greatest Hits album that , according to Billboard magazine , proved her to be " one of the most consistent hitmakers of the past five years " , as well as a " proven superstar who always sells records " .
Between 1971 and 1973 , Sonny and Cher 's recording career was revived with four albums released under Kapp Records and MCA Records : Sonny & Cher Live ( 1971 ) , All I Ever Need Is You ( 1972 ) , Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer , Papa Used to Write All Her Songs ( 1973 ) , and Live in Las Vegas Vol . 2 ( 1973 ) . Cher later commented on this period : " I could do a whole album ... in three days ... We were on the road ... and we were doing the Sonny & Cher Show " .
= = = 1974 – 79 : Divorce from Sonny Bono , second marriage , decline of popularity = = =
Cher and Sonny had marital problems since late 1972 , but appearances were maintained until 1974 . " The public still thinks we are married , " Sonny wrote in his diary at the time , " [ and ] that 's the way it has to be . " In February 1974 , Sonny filed for a separation , citing " irreconcilable differences " . A week later , Cher countered with a divorce suit and charged Sonny with " involuntary servitude " , claiming that he withheld money from her and deprived her of her rightful share of their earnings . The couple battled in court over finances and the custody of Chastity , which was eventually granted to Cher . Their divorce was finalized on June 26 , 1975 .
In 1974 , Cher won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour . The same year , Sonny premiered a solo show on ABC , The Sonny Comedy Revue , which carried the creative team behind the Sonny and Cher show . It was canceled after 13 weeks .
During the divorce proceedings , Cher had a two @-@ year romantic relationship with record executive David Geffen , who freed her from her business arrangement with Sonny , under which she was required to work exclusively for Cher Enterprises , the company he ran . Geffen secured a $ 2 @.@ 5 million deal for Cher with Warner Bros. Records , and she began work on her first album under the label in 1975 . According to Bego , " it was their intention that [ this album ] was going to make millions of fans around the world take her seriously as a rock star , and not just a pop singer . " Despite Cher 's efforts to develop her musical range by listening to artists such as Stevie Wonder , Elton John , James Taylor , Carly Simon , Joni Mitchell , and Bob Dylan , the resulting album , Stars , was commercially and critically unsuccessful . Janet Maslin of The Village Voice wrote , " Cher is just no rock and roller ... Image , not music , is Cher Bono 's main ingredient for both records and TV . " The album has since become a cult classic and is generally considered among her best work .
On February 16 , 1975 , Cher returned to television with a solo show on CBS . Entitled Cher , it began as a highly rated special with guests Flip Wilson , Elton John , and Bette Midler . The show was produced by Geffen and centered on Cher 's songs , monologues , comedy performance , and her variation of clothing , which was the largest for a weekly TV show . Early critical reception was favorable ; Los Angeles Times exclaimed that " Sonny without Cher was a disaster . Cher without Sonny , on the other hand , could be the best thing that 's happened to weekly television this season . " Cher lasted for less than a year , replaced by a new show in which she professionally reunited with ex @-@ husband Sonny ; she said , " doing a show alone was more than I could handle . "
On June 30 , 1975 , four days after finalizing her divorce from Sonny , Cher married rock musician Gregg Allman , co @-@ founder of The Allman Brothers Band . She filed for divorce nine days later because of his heroin and liquor problems , but they reconciled within a month . They had one son , Elijah Blue , on July 10 , 1976 . Sonny and Cher 's TV reunion , The Sonny and Cher Show , debuted on CBS in February 1976 — the
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first show ever to star a divorced couple . Although the show was a ratings success on its premiere , Cher and Sonny 's insulting onscreen banter about their divorce , her reportedly extravagant lifestyle , and her troubled relationship with Allman caused a public backlash that eventually contributed to the show 's cancellation in August 1977 .
Cher 's next albums , I 'd Rather Believe in You ( 1976 ) and Cherished ( 1977 ) , the latter a return to her pop style at Warner 's producers insistence , were commercially unsuccessful . In 1977 , under the rubric " Allman and Woman " , she recorded alongside Allman the duet album Two the Hard Way , later regarded by History as " the worst of either artist 's respective career " . Their relationship ended following the release of the album , and their divorce was finalized in 1979 . Beginning in 1978 , she had a two @-@ year live @-@ in relationship with Kiss member Gene Simmons . That year , she legally changed her name from Cherilyn Sarkisian La Piere Bono Allman to Cher , to eliminate the use of four surnames . She returned to prime time television with the specials Cher ... Special ( 1978 ) and Cher ... and Other Fantasies ( 1979 ) .
= = = 1979 – 82 : Second musical comeback , shift from disco music to rock = = =
A single mother with two children , Cher realized that she had to make a choice about the direction of her singing career . Deciding to temporarily abandon her desire to be a rock singer , she signed with Casablanca Records and launched a comeback with the single " Take Me Home " and the album of the same name , both of which capitalized on the disco craze . Both the album and the single became instant successes , remained bestsellers for more than half of 1979 , and were certified gold by the RIAA . Sales of the album may have been boosted by the image of a scantily clad Cher in a Viking outfit on its cover . Despite her initial lack of enthusiasm with disco music , she changed her mind after the success , commenting , " I never thought I would want to do disco ... [ but ] it 's terrific ! It 's great music to dance to . I think that danceable music is what everybody wants . "
Encouraged by the popularity of Take Me Home , Cher planned to return to rock music in her next album , Prisoner ( 1979 ) . The album 's cover features Cher draped in chains as a " prisoner of the press " , which caused controversy among feminist groups for her perceived portrayal of a sex slave . She included rock songs , which made the disco release seem unfocused and led to its commercial failure . Prisoner produced the single " Hell on Wheels " , featured on the soundtrack of the film Roller Boogie . The song exploits the late 1970s roller @-@ skating fad and contributed to its popularity .
In 1980 , alongside Italian record producer Giorgio Moroder , Cher wrote her last Casablanca disco recording , " Bad Love " , for the film Foxes . She formed the rock band Black Rose that year with her then @-@ lover , guitarist Les Dudek . Although Cher was the lead singer , she did not receive top billing because she wanted to create the impression that all band members were equal . Since she was easily recognized when she performed with the band , she developed a punk look by cutting her trademark long hair . Despite appearances on television , the band failed to earn concert dates . Their album Black Rose received unfavorable reviews ; Cher told Rolling Stone , " The critics panned us , and they didn 't attack the record . They attacked me . It was like , ' How dare Cher sing rock & roll ? ' " During the band 's active period , Cher was simultaneously doing a residency show in Las Vegas , earning $ 300 @,@ 000 a week . Its companion television special Cher ... A Celebration at Caesars aired on Lifetime in April 1983 . Black Rose disbanded in 1981 . That year , she released a duet with musician Meat Loaf called " Dead Ringer for Love " , which reached number five on the UK Singles Chart and was later described by AllMusic 's Donald A. Guarisco as " one of the more inspired rock duets of 1980s " . In 1982 , Columbia Records released the album I Paralyze , later deemed by Bego as Cher 's " strongest and most consistent solo album in years " despite its low sales .
= = = 1982 – 87 : Film career breakthrough , musical hiatus = = =
With decreasing album sales and a lack of commercially successful singles , Cher decided to further develop her acting career . While she had previously aspired to venture into film , she had only the critically and commercially unsuccessful movies Good Times and Chastity to her credit , and the Hollywood establishment did not take her seriously as an actress . She moved to New York in 1982 to take acting lessons with Lee Strasberg , founder of the Actors Studio , but never enrolled after her plans changed . She auditioned for and was signed by director Robert Altman for the Broadway stage production Come Back to the Five and Dime , Jimmy Dean , Jimmy Dean , playing a member of a James Dean fan club holding a 20 @-@ year reunion . That year , Altman cast her again in the film adaptation of the same title . Cher credits Altman for launching her acting career : " Without Bob [ Robert Altman ] I would have never had a film career . Everyone told him not to cast me ... I am convinced that Bob was the only one who was brave enough to do it . "
Director Mike Nichols , who had seen Cher onstage in Jimmy Dean , offered her the part of Dolly Pelliker , a plant co @-@ worker and Meryl Streep 's lesbian roommate in the film Silkwood . When it premiered in 1983 , audiences questioned Cher 's ability as an actress . She recalls attending a film preview during which the audience laughed when they saw her name in the credits . For her performance , Cher won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture .
In 1985 , Cher formed the film production company Isis . Her next film , Mask ( 1985 ) , reached number two at the box office and was Cher 's first critical and commercial success as a leading actress . For her role as a drug addict biker with a teenage son who has a severe physical deformity , she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress . During the making of the film , however , she clashed with director Peter Bogdanovich . She attended the 58th Academy Awards in a tarantula @-@ like costume " to show her scorn for the ' system ' " , according to authors James Parish and Michael Pitts . The incident garnered her much publicity .
By 1987 , Cher was receiving attention for her controversial lifestyle , including her tattoos , plastic surgeries , exhibitionist fashion sense , and affairs with younger men . She had romantic relationships with actors Val Kilmer , Eric Stoltz , and Tom Cruise , hockey player Ron Duguay , film producer Josh Donen , Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora , and Rob Camilletti , an 18 @-@ years @-@ younger bagel baker whom she dated from 1986 to 1989 .
= = = 1987 – 92 : Film stardom , third musical comeback = = =
Cher starred in three films in 1987 . In Suspect , she played a public defender who is both helped and romanced by one of the jurors in the homicide case she is handling . Along with Susan Sarandon and Michelle Pfeiffer , she starred as one of three divorcees involved with a mysterious and wealthy visitor from hell who comes to a small New England town in the comedy horror The Witches of Eastwick . In Norman Jewison 's romantic comedy Moonstruck , she played
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an Italian widow in love with her fiancé 's younger brother . The two latter films ranked among the top ten highest @-@ grossing films of 1987 , at number ten and five , respectively . For her performance in Moonstruck , Cher won the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical . By 1988 , Cher had become one of the most acclaimed and bankable actresses of the decade , commanding $ 1 million per film . That year , she released the fragrance Uninhibited , which earned about $ 15 million in its first year sales .
In 1987 , Cher signed with Geffen Records and revived her musical career with what music critics Johnny Danza and Dean Ferguson describe as " her most impressive string of hits to date " , establishing her as a " serious rock and roller ... a crown that she 'd worked long and hard to capture " . Michael Bolton , Jon Bon Jovi , Desmond Child , and Richie Sambora produced her first Geffen album , Cher , which was certified platinum by the RIAA . It features the rock ballad " I Found Someone " , her first U.S. top @-@ ten single in more than eight years .
Cher 's 19th studio album Heart of Stone ( 1989 ) was certified triple platinum by the RIAA . The music video for its second single , " If I Could Turn Back Time " , caused controversy due to Cher 's performance on a Navy warship , straddling a cannon , and wearing a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks . The song topped the Australian charts for seven weeks , reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became one of Cher 's most successful singles . Further songs from Heart of Stone to reach the U.S. top ten were " After All " , a duet with Peter Cetera , and " Just Like Jesse James " . At the 1989 People 's Choice Awards , Cher won the Favorite All @-@ Around Female Star Award . She embarked on the Heart of Stone Tour in 1990 . Most critics liked the tour 's nostalgic nature and admired Cher 's showmanship . Its parent television special Cher at the Mirage ( 1991 ) was filmed during a concert in Las Vegas .
In her first film in three years , Mermaids ( 1990 ) , Cher paid tribute to her own mother in this story about a woman who moves her two daughters from town to town at the end of a love affair . She conflicted with the film 's first two directors , Lasse Hallström and Frank Oz , who were replaced by Richard Benjamin . Believing Cher would be the star attraction , the producers allowed her creative control for the film . Mermaids was a moderate box office success and received mixed reviews . One of the two songs Cher recorded for the film 's soundtrack , " The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) " , topped the UK Singles Chart for five weeks .
Cher 's final studio album for Geffen Records , Love Hurts ( 1991 ) , stayed at number one in the UK for six weeks and produced the UK top @-@ ten single " Love and Understanding " . The album was certified gold by the RIAA . In later years , Cher commented that her Geffen label " hit years " had been especially significant to her , " because I was getting to do songs that I really loved ... songs that really represented me , and they were popular ! " She released the exercise book Forever Fit in 1991 , followed by the 1992 fitness videos CherFitness : A New Attitude and CherFitness : Body Confidence . She embarked on the Love Hurts Tour during 1992 . That year , the UK @-@ only compilation album Greatest Hits : 1965 – 1992 peaked at number one in the country for seven weeks . It features three new songs : " Oh No Not My Baby " , " Whenever You 're Near " , and " Many Rivers to Cross " .
= = = 1992 – 97 : Health and professional struggles , directing debut = = =
Partially due to her experiences filming Mermaids , Cher turned down leading roles in such films as The War of the Roses and Thelma & Louise . According to Berman , " After the success of Moonstruck , she was so worried about her next career move that she was overly cautious . " In the early 1990s , she contracted the Epstein – Barr virus and developed chronic fatigue syndrome , which left her too exhausted to sustain her music and film careers . Because she needed to earn money and was not healthy enough to work on other projects , she starred in infomercials launching health , beauty , and diet products , which earned her close to $ 10 million in fees . The skits were parodied on Saturday Night Live and critics considered them a sellout , many suggesting her film career was over . She told Ladies ' Home Journal , " Suddenly I became the Infomercial Queen and it didn 't occur to me that people would focus on that and strip me of all my other things . "
Cher made cameo appearances in the Robert Altman films The Player ( 1992 ) and Prêt @-@ à @-@ Porter ( 1994 ) . During 1994 , she started a mail @-@ order catalogue business , Sanctuary , selling Gothic @-@ themed products , and contributed a rock version of " I Got You Babe " to MTV 's animated series Beavis and Butt @-@ head . Alongside Chrissie Hynde , Neneh Cherry , and Eric Clapton , she topped the UK Singles Chart in 1995 with the charity single " Love Can Build a Bridge " . Later that year , she signed with Warner Music UK 's label WEA and released the album It 's a Man 's World ( 1995 ) , which came out of her idea of covering men 's songs from a woman 's point of view . In general , critics favored the album and its R & B influences , some saying her voice had improved . Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that " From an artistic standpoint , this soulful collection of grown @-@ up pop songs … is the high point of her recording career . " It 's a Man 's World reached number 10 on the UK Albums Chart and spawned the UK top @-@ ten single " One by One " . Tracks were remixed for the American release of the album , abandoning its original rock sound in favor of a style more accessible to U.S. radio ; it reached number 64 on the Billboard 200 .
In 1996 , Cher played the wife of a businessman who hires a hitman to murder her in the Chazz Palminteri @-@ scripted dark comedy film Faithful . Although the film received negative reviews from critics , Cher was praised for her role ; The New York Times ' Janet Maslin wrote that she " does her game best to find comic potential in a victim 's role . " Cher refused to promote the film , claiming it was " horrible " . She made her directing debut with a segment in the abortion @-@ themed anthology If These Walls Could Talk ( 1996 ) , in which she also starred as a doctor murdered by an anti @-@ abortion fanatic . It drew the highest ratings for an original HBO movie to date , registering an 18 @.@ 7 rating with a 25 share in HBO homes and attracting 6 @.@ 9 million viewers . Her music played a large role in the American TV series The X @-@ Files episode " The Post @-@ Modern Prometheus " , which aired in November 1997 . Written for her , it tells the story of a scientist 's grotesque creature who adores Cher because of her role in Mask , in which her character cares for her disfigured son .
= = = 1998 – 2000 : Death of Sonny Bono , fourth musical comeback = = =
Following Sonny Bono 's death in a skiing accident in 1998 , Cher delivered a tearful eulogy at his funeral , calling him " the most unforgettable character " she had met . She paid tribute to him by hosting the CBS special Sonny & Me : Cher Remembers , which aired on May 20 , 1998 . That month , Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television . Later that year , Cher published the book The First Time , a collection of autobiographical essays of " first @-@ time " events in her life , which critics praised for revealing the singer to be down to earth and genuine . Although the manuscript was almost finished when Sonny died , she could not decide whether to include his death in the book ; she feared being criticized for capitalizing on the event . She later told Rolling Stone , " I couldn 't ignore it , could I ? I might have if I cared more about what people think than what I know is right for me . "
Cher 's 22nd studio album Believe ( 1998 ) marked a musical departure for her , as it comprises dance @-@ pop songs , many of which capture the " disco @-@ era essence " ; Cher said , " It 's not that I think this is a ' 70s album ... but there 's a thread , a consistency running through it that I love . ' " Believe was certified quadruple platinum
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by the RIAA and went on to be certified gold or platinum in 39 countries , selling 20 million copies worldwide . The album 's title track reached number one in more than 23 countries and sold over 10 million copies worldwide . It became the best @-@ selling recording of 1998 and 1999 , respectively , in the UK and the U.S. , and Cher 's most successful single to date . " Believe " topped the UK Singles Chart for seven weeks and became the biggest @-@ selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK , selling over 1 @.@ 7 million copies in the country as of November 2013 . It also topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for four weeks , selling over 1 @.@ 8 million units in the U.S. as of December 1999 . The song earned Cher the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording .
In January 1999 , Cher performed " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " at the Super Bowl XXXIII . Two months later , she sang on the television special VH1 Divas Live 2 , which attracted 19 @.@ 4 million viewers . According to VH1 , it was the most popular , and most watched program in the television network 's history , as Cher 's presence was " a huge part of making it exactly that . " Capitalizing on the success of " Believe " , Cher 's former record company Geffen Records released the compilation album If I Could Turn Back Time : Cher 's Greatest Hits ( 1999 ) , which features the previously unreleased song " Don 't Come Cryin ' to Me " . It was certified gold by the RIAA . The Do You Believe ? tour ran from 1999 to 2000 and was sold out in every American city it was booked in , amassing a global audience of more than 1 @.@ 5 million . Its companion television special , Cher : Live in Concert – From the MGM Grand in Las Vegas ( 1999 ) , was the highest rated original HBO program in 1998 – 99 , registering a 9 @.@ 0 rating among adults 18 to 49 and a 13 @.@ 0 rating in the HBO universe of about 33 million homes . In November 1999 , Cher released the compilation album The Greatest Hits , which sold three million copies outside of the U.S. as of January 2000 .
Cher was named the number @-@ one dance artist of 1999 by Billboard . At the 1999 World Music Awards , she received the Legend Award for her " lifelong contribution to the music industry " . Her next film , Franco Zeffirelli 's Tea with Mussolini ( 1999 ) , got mixed reviews , but she earned critical acclaim for her performance as a rich , flamboyant American socialite whose visit to Italy is not welcome among the Englishwomen ; one reviewer from Film Comment wrote , " It is only after she appears that you realize how sorely she 's been missed from movie screens ! For Cher is a star . That is , she manages the movie star trick of being at once a character and at the same time never allowing you to forget : that 's Cher . "
Not.com.mercial ( 2000 ) was written mostly by Cher after she had attended a songwriters ' conference in 1994 ; it marked her first attempt at writing most of the tracks for an album . As the album was rejected by her record label for being uncommercial , she chose to sell it only on her website . In the song " Sisters of Mercy " , she calls the Catholic nuns who cared for her when she was a child " cruel , heartless and wicked " for keeping her in their orphanage long after her mother attempted to retrieve her ; church leaders quickly issued denouncements .
= = = 2001 – 13 : Touring success , Vegas residency , return to film = = =
Cher 's highly anticipated dance @-@ oriented follow @-@ up to Believe , Living Proof ( 2001 ) , entered the Billboard 200 at number nine and was certified gold by the RIAA . The album includes the UK top @-@ ten single " The Music 's No Good Without You " and " Song for the Lonely " , the latter song dedicated to " the courageous people of New York " following the September 11 attacks . In May 2002 , she performed during the benefit concert VH1 Divas Las Vegas . At the 2002 Billboard Music Awards , she won the Dance / Club Play Artist of the Year Award and was presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Steven Tyler for having " helped redefine popular music with massive success on the Billboard charts " . That year , her wealth was estimated at $ 600 million .
In June 2002 , Cher embarked on the Living Proof : The Farewell Tour , announced as the final live concert tour of her career , although she vowed to continue making records and films . The show highlighted her successes in music , television , and film , featuring video clips from the 1960s onwards and an elaborate backdrop and stage set @-@ up . Initially scheduled for 49 shows , the worldwide tour was extended several times . By October 2003 , it had become the most successful tour ever by a woman , grossing $ 145 million from 200 shows and playing to 2 @.@ 2 million fans . A collection of live tracks taken from the tour was released in 2003 as the album Live ! The Farewell Tour . The NBC special Cher – The Farewell Tour ( 2003 ) attracted 17 million viewers . It was the highest rated network @-@ TV concert special of 2003 and earned Cher the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety , Music , or Comedy Special .
After leaving Warner UK in 2002 , Cher signed a worldwide deal with the U.S. division of Warner Bros. Records in September 2003 . The Very Best of Cher ( 2003 ) , a greatest @-@ hits collection that surveys her entire career , peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 and was certified double platinum by the RIAA . She played herself in the Farrelly brothers comedy Stuck on You ( 2003 ) , mocking her public image as she appears in bed with a much younger boyfriend . Her 326 @-@ date Farewell Tour ended in 2005 as one of the highest @-@ grossing concert tours of all time , seen by over 3 @.@ 5 million fans and earning $ 250 million . In 2008 , she began a three @-@ year , 200 @-@ performance residency at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace , Las Vegas , for which she earned a reported $ 60 million per year . Titled Cher , the production featured state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art video and special effects , elaborate set designs , 14 dancers , four aerialists and more than 20 costume changes .
Cher returned to film in the 2010 musical Burlesque , playing a nightclub impresario whom a young Hollywood hopeful is looking to impress . One of the two songs she recorded for the film 's soundtrack , the power ballad " You Haven 't Seen the Last of Me " , reached number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in January 2011 , making Cher the only artist to date to have a number @-@ one single on a Billboard chart in each decade from the 1960s to the 2010s . In November 2010 , she received the honor of placing her handprints and footprints in cement in the courtyard in front of Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood . The next year , she lent her voice to Janet the Lioness in the comedy Zookeeper . Dear Mom , Love Cher , a documentary she produced about her mother Georgia Holt , aired on Lifetime in May 2013 .
= = = 2013 – present : Return to music and touring , Broadway project = = =
Closer to the Truth , Cher 's 25th studio album and the first since 2001 's Living Proof , entered the Billboard 200 at number three in October 2013 , marking her highest position on that chart to date . Michael Andor Brodeur
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removing the moratorium on executions of terrorists by the Presidential Order , and secondly establishing military courts commissions ( roughly based on Gitmo ) . Pakistani authorities have issued " hang till death " orders to jail superintendents at the nationwide prisons . In weeks , a number of high @-@ value detainees convicted on a terrorism charges were hanged .
Since December 2014 , Pakistan 's intelligence community , law enforcement agencies , antiterrorism forces , and inter @-@ provincial police have been engaged in deadly police encounters in all over the country . News media have been televising the live actions on tracking down the militants and targeting the TTP operatives in series of police encounters . In the afternoon of 20 December , the KP Police and the special agents of the FIA raided a safe house in Shabqadar , a town located in 30 km ( 19 mi ) north of Peshawar . In an exchange of fire at the safe house , the KPK police and the other law enforcement agencies gunned down the six TTP fighters , including their commander and two other high @-@ value targets who assisted in the attack . At the night of 20 December , the team of Pakistan Rangers personnel raided a safe house in Manghopir area of Karachi and killed five members of the TTP in a deadly shoot out .
On 22 December 2014 , Karachi Police and the CID teams chased down and killed the TTP leader , Abid Muchar , along with his three associates in a police encounter . The same night , another action in took place in Karachi when the CID teams , in a high @-@ speed chase in Hawke 's Bay Beach , chased and apprehended five members of al @-@ Qaeda 's South Asian chapter who are suspected of planning an attack on a naval dockyard in Karachi in September .
Acting on a MI information , the navy 's SSGN teams were inserted in secret hideout in Khyber Agency and stalked the six terrorists led by Saddam Jan — the mastermind of the Army Public School attack — at the midnight of 26 December 2014 . In a late night operations , the SSGN combat teams reportedly hunted and killed Jan along with his six militants , while trying to seek sanctuary . An unnamed senior Pakistan government official confirmed the report .
On 9 January 2015 , the CID teams gunned down the four al @-@ Qaeda operatives after another high speed chase took place in Qayyumabad in Karachi . In another separate midnight action in Lahore , the teams of FIA 's special agents , assisted by the Punjab Police , raided a house located in Burki Road . Lasting almost two @-@ hour gun battle , the FIA teams hunted and gunned down Roohullah ( alias : Asadullah ) — the mastermind of the Wagah border attack along with three of his associates . Since the attack , the FIA had been on a hunt for Roohullah and was finally killed in a police encounter in Lahore .
= Toxotes chatareus =
Toxotes chatareus , sometimes known by the common names seven @-@ spot archerfish or largescale archerfish , is a species of perciform fish in the archerfish genus Toxotes .
They are usually no larger than 20 centimetres ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) but may grow up to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) . Unlike most archerfish , T. chatareus are sooty rather than silvery in colour . They are omnivorous , feeding on insects , fish , and vegetative matter at the surface of the water . Breeding occurs in the wet season , and 20 @,@ 000 to 150 @,@ 000 eggs may be laid at one time .
T. chatareus are distributed throughout southeast Asia and the Indo @-@ Pacific and Australia . They may live in brackish or fresh water , inhabiting mangrove swamps and estuaries as well as further upstream in slow @-@ moving rivers . While occasionally caught and eaten , T. chatareus are more commonly kept in the aquarium . They may be sold with other Toxotidae under the collective label " archerfish " . Caring for T. chatareus in aquaria is somewhat difficult as they need live food given at the surface , rather than flake food .
= = Description = =
Toxotes chatareus are of moderate size , usually between 15 and 20 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 and 7 @.@ 9 in ) . Rarely , they may reach up to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) in length . T. chatareus weigh up to 700 grams ( 25 oz ) . T. chatareus are believed to have a lifespan of three to five years .
T. chatareus have five or six dorsal spines , the fourth of which is the longest , and twelve or thirteen dorsal soft rays . The dorsal spines are generally shorter in specimens collected from freshwater than those from brackish water . T. chatareus also have three anal spines and fifteen to seventeen anal soft rays . T. chatareus have 33 or 34 lateral line scales . The caudal ( tail ) fin in almost square . The anal fin is undivided and the third anal spine is longest .
Overall , the body is sooty but sometimes silvery or gold . The dorsal side is " greenish brown " . The pectoral fins are clear or " dusky " in colour . Pelvic fins may be darker and heavily pigmented . T. chatareus are white and usually has six or seven dark blotches , alternating long and short , along the dorsal side . A dark blotch is also found at the base of the caudal fin . The colour of these blotches may become darker or lighter due to time of day , environment , and stress . The blotches of young fish are darker than those of older fish . Startled or stressed fish are darker than unstressed fish ; fish found in cloudy water may be completely white . It is unknown whether sexual dimorphism occurs .
= = = Comparison to other archerfish = = =
T. chatareus can be distinguished by their sooty colour , as opposed to the typical silver of most other archerfish . They have five dorsal spines , whereas T. jaculatrix have four . The markings on their flanks are also alternating long and short spots rather than bands . T. chatareus also have six or seven markings on its sides , whilst banded archerfish have four to five . T. chatareus has 29 – 30 lateral line scales , compared to 33 – 35 in T. jaculatrix . T. chatareus are also less common upstream than T. microlepis .
= = Behaviour = =
= = = Diet and feeding = = =
Like other archerfish , Toxotes chatareus are able to spit streams of water to knock prey into the water . Despite lacking a neocortex , T. chatareus has well @-@ developed visual cognition and pattern @-@ recognition abilities which allow it to hit prey at distances of up to 150 centimetres ( 59 in ) against complex backgrounds . Behaviour studies on the visual processing of T. chatareus have found that this species is able to recognize and distinguish between different human faces . They feed during the day , consuming plant matter and insects . They are omnivorous ; their diet comprises crustaceans and other fishes , as well as zooplankton , rotifers , cladocerans , and insects ( terrestrial and aquatic ) . T. chatareus
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a largely passive response , measured by the numbers of intercepts versus the numbers of violations .
= = = Defense of Swiss airspace = = =
During the first months of the war , airmen and anti @-@ aircraft soldiers saw only sporadic combat ; it was on 10 May 1940 , when Germany commenced the drive into the west , that the Swiss army as a whole was mobilized a second time . At the onset of the campaign , German military aircraft first violated Swiss airspace .
The first serious combat involving the Swiss Air Force began in June 1940 . In six days of aerial battles , eleven German aircraft were downed , with a loss of two Swiss aircraft and three airmen killed . Following these incidents , on 6 June , the chief of the Luftwaffe , Hermann Göring , protested the attacks , claiming that most of the German planes had been in French airspace and that the Luftwaffe had entered Swiss airspace only by mistake . Germany demanded financial compensation and an apology by the Swiss government . In a second , more pointed demand on 19 June , Germany stated that they viewed the air battles as a flagrant act of aggression , and if these interceptions continued , Switzerland would face sanctions and retaliation . The next day , General Henri Guisan ordered all Swiss units to stop engaging foreign aircraft , and on 1 July 1940 , the Federal Council apologized for possible border violations by Swiss pilots , without admitting any had occurred . On 16 July , the German government declared that the events were settled . Engaging aircraft of the combatant nations was prohibited until October 1943 , when strategic bombing of Bavaria and Austria by the Allies became an increasing likelihood .
In September 1944 , the last Swiss airman died in combat , shot down by an American P @-@ 51 Mustang while escorting a crippled U.S. B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress to the Dübendorf airfield . During the entire war , 6 @,@ 501 Allied and Axis aircraft violated Swiss airspace , 198 of which aircraft landed on Swiss soil and were interned , and 56 of which crashed .
Swiss aircraft also intercepted U.S. aircraft who were off @-@ course , or whose crews preferred asylum in Swiss internment camps over German or Italian POW camps ; they were then forced to land on Swiss airstrips . When the bombers did not cooperate or even fired at the Swiss ( who were using Axis @-@ type interceptors ) , they were shot down .
= = = Night fighter incident = = =
In 1944 a Luftwaffe Bf 110G @-@ 4 night fighter pursued a British Lancaster heavy bomber into Swiss airspace on the night of April 28 – 29 . Engine trouble forced the German pilot , Wilhelm Johnen , to land at Dübendorf airfield where the pilot was interned . By international law , the Swiss had a right to put the fighter into service , and the Germans were concerned that Allied intelligence would examine its FuG 220 Lichtenstein radar and " Schräge Musik " gun installation .
The Nazi government quickly negotiated a deal in which the Swiss burned the Bf 110 under the supervision of German observers in return
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Finn and Rachel – I ’ m on Team Brittana now . "
Morris ' performance in Britney / Brittany attracted critical praise ; Lisa de Moraes called " Britney / Brittany " a " great showcase " for the actress , and praised her " spectacular dance moves " and " deadpan flare " . In his otherwise negative review , Todd VanDerWerff deemed Morris " hysterical throughout " and the cast 's best dancer . He stated , " Murphy seems intent on running this character into the ground , but Morris isn 't going to have her stop being funny without a fight . " Jenna Mullins of E ! Online observed , " When Ryan Murphy said this episode was a celebration of Heather , he wasn 't kidding " , and commended her musical performances . Robert Canning of IGN was initially concerned that the episode would diminish Morris ' appeal by elevating her from a background role , but was ultimately pleased that it managed to retain her " fan favorite " secondary character status . While Poniewozik asked " have we gotten to the point as a society where it 's unremarkable that the most popular scripted TV show in the 18 to 49 demographic is also — almost without comment or controversy — the gayest show on broadcast TV ? " , Ann Oldenburg of USA Today questioned whether Glee had gone too far by its depiction of Brittany and Santana kissing and their reference to the sexual act called " scissoring " . Christie Keith , in writing for the lesbian and bisexual media website AfterEllen.com , suggested that " Duets " was the " queerest episode of any series that 's ever been on television " , and stated that she was moved to tears by the final scene of Brittany forlorn without Santana . AfterEllen.com also listed her in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters .
Robert Canning praised Morris for her performance in " A Very Glee Christmas " , and wrote : " The heart of " A Very Glee Christmas " was found in Artie Abrams attempt to keep Brittany 's belief in Santa Claus alive . Heather Morris perfectly played up Brittany 's innocence and joy surrounding everything Santa . Her interaction with the black mall Santa was a highlight . Watching Artie , and eventually the rest of the club , work to keep Brittany 's belief intact was truly in the spirit of Christmas and should have been made into a fuller part of the episode . Also shining in this storyline was Dot Jones as Coach Bieste . Her scene as Santa , and then her knowing expression as she watched Artie walk , were the best moments of the episode . " In January 2010 , Morris and her co @-@ stars won the " Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Later that year , Brittany and Santana were nominated for the " Favorite Fictional Lesbian Couple " award at the AfterEllen.com Visibility Awards .
= Fortress of Humaitá =
The Fortress of Humaitá ( 1854 – 68 ) , known metaphorically as the Gibraltar of South America , was a military installation near the mouth of the River Paraguay . A strategic site without equal in the region , it was " the key to Paraguay and the upper rivers " . It played a crucial role in the bloodiest conflict in the continent 's history : the Paraguayan War .
The site was a meander or sharp horseshoe bend in the river ; practically all vessels wishing to enter the Republic of Paraguay were forced to navigate it . The bend was commanded by a 6 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 km ) line of artillery batteries , at the end of which was a chain boom which , when raised , closed the river to navigation . The fortress was protected from attack on its landward side by impassible swamp or extensive earthworks which , at their greatest extension , stretched for 8 lineal miles ( 13 km ) , had a garrison of 18 @,@ 000 men and deployed 120 cannon . At its zenith Humaitá was reputed to be impassable to enemy shipping .
The widespread perception which it created in its heyday – that Paraguay was practically immune to naval attack – may have induced its Marshal @-@ President Francisco Solano López to take unnecessary risks in foreign policy and , in particular , to seize government vessels and provinces of the much more populous Brazil and Argentina and to send armies to invade them and Uruguay . They united against him in the Treaty of the Triple Alliance . The war led to his country 's utter defeat and ruin and the casualties were immense .
A declared purpose of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance was the demolition of the Humaitá fortifications and that none others of that sort should be built again . However the fortress , though not by then invulnerable to the latest armour @-@ plated warships , was a serious obstacle to the Allies ’ plans to proceed upriver to the Paraguayan capital Asunción and to recapture the Brazilian territory of Mato Grosso : it delayed them for two and a half years . It was taken in the Siege of Humaitá ( 1868 ) , then razed pursuant to the Treaty .
For present @-@ day Paraguayans Humaitá is a symbol of national pride , standing for their country 's unyielding will to resist .
= = Motives for its construction = =
= = = Key to Paraguay = = =
Paraguay is a landlocked country and for much of its history it was difficult of access , except by sailing from the Atlantic up the River Paraná and hence the River Paraguay ( see map ) as the early Spanish explorers had done . There were other means of ingress , but they would have required an invading force to be resupplied through difficult and hostile country . So the command of the river was key to the security of Paraguay , who feared and distrusted its two much larger neighbours Brazil and Argentina .
= = = Anxiety about the Brazilian Empire = = =
In a long history of conflicts between the empires of Portugal and Spain in America , the Portuguese made numerous incursions – some of them permanent – into Spanish @-@ claimed territory . Slave raids by Bandeirantes from what is now Brazil into the Jesuit Reductions of Paraguay carried off many Guaraní inhabitants , who feared and despised the Brazilians . The boundaries between the two empires were not resolved and the conflicts continued after independence , when Portuguese America became the
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= = = Usage = = =
Archaeological evidence shows that Zhou dynasty divination was grounded in cleromancy , the production of seemingly random numbers to determine divine intent . The Zhou yi provided a guide to cleromancy that used the stalks of the yarrow plant , but it is not known how the yarrow stalks became numbers , or how specific lines were chosen from the line readings . In the hexagrams , broken lines were used as shorthand for the numbers 6 ( 六 ) and 8 ( 八 ) , and solid lines were shorthand for values of 7 ( 七 ) and 9 ( 九 ) . The Great Commentary contains a late classic description of a process where various numerological operations are performed on a bundle of 50 stalks , leaving remainders of 6 to 9 . Like the Zhou yi itself , yarrow stalk divination dates to the Western Zhou period , although its modern form is a reconstruction .
The ancient narratives Zuo zhuan and Guoyu contain the oldest descriptions of divination using the Zhou yi . The two histories describe more than twenty successful divinations conducted by professional soothsayers for royal families between 671 BC and 487 BC . The method of divination is not explained , and none of the stories employ predetermined commentaries , patterns , or interpretations . Only the hexagrams and line statements are used . By the 4th century BC , the authority of the Zhou yi was also cited for rhetorical purposes , without relation to any stated divination . The Zuo zhuan does not contain records of private individuals , but Qin dynasty records found at Shuihudi show that the hexagrams were privately consulted to answer questions such as business , health , children , and determining lucky days .
The most common form of divination with the I Ching in use today is a reconstruction of the method described in these histories , in the 300 BC Great Commentary , and later in the Huainanzi and the Lunheng . From the Great Commentary 's description , the Neo @-@ Confucian Zhu Xi reconstructed a method of yarrow stalk divination that is still used throughout the Far East . In the modern period , Gao Heng attempted his own reconstruction , which varies from Zhu Xi in places . Another divination method , employing coins , became widely used in the Tang dynasty and is still used today . In the modern period , alternative methods such as specialized dice and cartomancy have also appeared .
In the Zuo zhuan stories , individual lines of hexagrams are denoted by using the genitive particle zhi , followed by the name of another hexagram where that specific line had another form . In later attempts to reconstruct ancient divination methods , the word zhi was interpreted as a verb meaning " moving to " , an apparent indication that hexagrams could be transformed into other hexagrams . However , there are no instances of " changeable lines " in the Zuo zhuan . In all 12 out of 12 line statements quoted , the original hexagrams are used to produce the oracle .
= = The classic : I Ching = =
In 136 BC , Emperor Wu of Han named the Zhou yi " the first among the classics " , dubbing it the Classic of Changes or I Ching . Emperor Wu 's placement of the I Ching among the Five Classics was informed by a broad span of cultural influences that included Confucianism , Daoism , Legalism , yin @-@ yang cosmology , and Wu Xing physical theory . While the Zhou yi does not contain any cosmological analogies , the I Ching was read as a microcosm of the universe that offered complex , symbolic correspondences . The official edition of the text was literally set in stone , as one of the Xiping Stone Classics . The canonized I Ching became the standard text for over two thousand years , until alternate versions of the Zhou yi and related texts were discovered in the 20th century .
= = = Ten Wings = = =
Part of the canonization of the Zhou yi bound it to a set of ten commentaries called the Ten Wings . The Ten Wings are of a much later provenance than the Zhou yi , and are the production of a different society . The Zhou yi was written in Early Old Chinese , while the Ten Wings were written in a predecessor to Middle Chinese . The specific origins of the Ten Wings are still a complete mystery to academics . Regardless of their historical relation to the text , the philosophical depth of the Ten Wings made the I Ching a perfect fit to Han period Confucian scholarship . The inclusion of the Ten Wings reflects a widespread recognition in ancient China , found in the Zuo zhuan and other pre @-@ Han texts , that the I Ching was a rich moral and symbolic document useful for more than professional divination .
Arguably the most important of the Ten Wings is the Great Commentary ( Dazhuan ) or Xi ci , which dates to roughly 300 BC . The Great Commentary describes the I Ching as a microcosm of the universe and a symbolic description of the processes of change . By partaking in the spiritual experience of the I Ching , the Great Commentary states , the individual can understand the deeper patterns of the universe . Among other subjects , it explains how the eight trigrams proceeded from the eternal oneness of the universe through three bifurcations . The other Wings provide different perspectives on essentially the same viewpoint , giving ancient , cosmic authority to the I Ching . For example , the Wenyan provides a moral interpretation that parallels the first two hexagrams , 乾 ( qián ) and 坤 ( kūn ) , with Heaven and Earth , and the Shuogua attributes to the symbolic function of the hexagrams the ability to understand self , world , and destiny . Throughout the Ten Wings , there are passages that seem to purposefully increase the ambiguity of the base text , pointing to a recognition of multiple layers of symbolism .
The Great Commentary associates knowledge of the I Ching with the ability to " delight in Heaven and understand fate ; " the sage who reads it will see cosmological patterns and not despair in mere material difficulties . The Japanese word for " metaphysics " , keijijōgaku ( 形而上学 ; pinyin : xíng ér shàng xué ) is derived from a statement found in the Great Commentary that " what is above form [ xíng ér shàng ] is called Dao ; what is under form is called a tool " . The word has also been borrowed into Korean and re @-@ borrowed back into Chinese .
The Ten Wings were traditionally attributed to Confucius , possibly based on a misreading of the Records of the Grand Historian . Although it rested on historically shaky grounds , the association of the I Ching with Confucius gave weight to the text and was taken as an article of faith throughout the Han and Tang dynasties . The I Ching was not included in the burning of the Confucian classics , and textual evidence strongly suggests that Confucius did not consider the Zhou yi a " classic " . An ancient commentary on the Zhou yi found at Mawangdui portrays Confucius as endorsing it as a source of wisdom first and an imperfect divination text second .
= = Hexagrams = =
In the canonical I Ching , the hexagrams are arranged in an order dubbed the King Wen sequence after King Wen of Zhou , who founded the Zhou dynasty and supposedly reformed the method of interpretation . The sequence generally pair hexagrams with their upside @-@ down equivalents , although in eight cases hexagrams are paired with their inversion . Another order , found at Mawangdui in 1973 , arranges the hexagrams into eight groups sharing the same upper trigram . But the oldest known manuscript , found in 1987 and now held by the Shanghai Library , was almost certainly arranged in the King Wen sequence , and it has even been proposed that a pottery paddle from the Western Zhou period contains four hexagrams in the King Wen sequence . Whichever of these arrangements is older , it is not evident that the order of the hexagrams was of interest to the original authors of the Zhou yi . The assignment of numbers , binary or decimal , to specific hexagrams is a modern invention .
The following table numbers the hexagrams in King Wen order .
= = Interpretation and influence = =
The Sinologist Michael Nylan describes the I Ching as the best @-@ known Chinese book in the world . In East Asia , it is a foundational text for the Confucian and Daoist philosophical traditions , while in the West , it attracted the attention of Enlightenment intellectuals and prominent literary and cultural figures .
= = = Eastern Han and Six Dynasties = = =
During the Eastern Han , I Ching interpretation divided into two schools , originating in a dispute over minor differences between different editions of the received text . The first school , known as New Text criticism , was more egalitarian and eclectic , and sought to find symbolic and numerological parallels between the natural world and the hexagrams . Their commentaries provided the basis of the School of Images and Numbers . The other school , Old Text criticism , was more scholarly and hierarchical , and focused on the moral content of the text , providing the basis for the School of Meanings and Principles . The
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Bormio to Spondigna , because of snow covering the Stevio Pass , but the summit finish in Merano was maintained . As soon as the climb started , Bernard , Urs Zimmermann and Chioccioli attacked . Bernard eventually shook off the two riders and won the stage , but with minimal time gain . The sixteenth stage was marked by rain – which turned into snow as the peloton rose higher – and by two protests while climbing the Rombo Pass . Near the summit of the last climb , Hampsten and a few others formed an escape group that was eventually caught in the final kilometers . The group raced into Innsbruck , where Franco Vona made a last minute attack that won him the stage . Bernard – who was in sixth place overall at the start of the seventeenth stage – crashed in a tunnel but managed to finish the stage ; however , the following day he did not start the leg and withdrew from the race .
The eighteenth stage , an 18 km ( 11 @.@ 2 mi ) individual time trial , would prove critical in deciding the overall winner of the Giro . The route started off with 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) of flat roads , before the climb to the finish at the Vetriolo Terme ski station in Valico del Vetriolo . Going into the stage , Hampsten led the race by 42 seconds over Breukink , a margin that was increased by a further 32 seconds after the time trial . The nineteenth stage featured three categorized climbs . Zimmermann attacked on the first , the Duran Pass , but was caught later by Stefano Giuliani who bridged the gap on the descent of the Duran . The two riders rode to the finish together in Arta Terme . Although Giuliani won the stage , Zimmermann moved into second place overall , after gaining over three minutes on the general classification contenders .
The twentieth stage came down to a sprint finish , won by Paolo Rosola , who was later disqualified as his teammate , Roberto Pagnin , was found to have pushed him during the sprint . As a result , the second @-@ place finisher , Alessio Di Basco , was awarded the stage victory . The penultimate stage was completely flat and culminated in a bunch sprint , won by Urs Freuler . Hours later , the final stage – a hilly 43 km ( 26 @.@ 7 mi ) individual time trial – took place . The weather conditions were fine for the majority of the riders , but as the general classification contenders were on the course , it began to lightning and rain heavily . There was a tricky descent about 18 km ( 11 @.@ 2 mi ) into the stage , which became more dangerous with the rain and ultimately resulted in the crashes of Giupponi and Zimmerman . The time lost by Zimmermann cost him his second place overall . Lech Piasecki , who rode the course when dry , won the stage by a wide margin . Hampsten lost twenty seconds to Breukink , but it did not prevent him from becoming the first American to win the Giro d 'Italia . The other podium positions were filled by non @-@ Italian riders for the second year in a row and the third time in the history of the race . Breukink had been part of the non @-@ Italian podium in 1987 , behind Ireland 's Stephen Roche and Great Britain 's Robert Millar .
Stage success was limited to eleven of the competing teams , seven of which achieved multiple victories . Four individual riders won multiple stages : Bernard ( stages 1 , 8 and 15 ) , Bontempi ( stages 2 and 5 ) , Hampsten ( stages 12 and 18 ) , and Di Basco ( stages 9 and 20 ) . Toshiba – Look won three stages with Bernard and stage 7 with Andreas Kappes . Panasonic – Isostar – Colnago – Agu won two stages , with Breukink in stage 14 , and Freuler in stage 21a . Chateau d 'Ax won three stages , with a solo breakaway by Rominger in stage 13 ; Vona in stage 16 , and Giuliani in stage 19 . Del Tongo @-@ Colnago also won multiple stages , with Chioccioli in stage 6 , Piasecki in stage 21b , and the team time trial in stage 4b . Selca @-@ Ciclolinea , Ceramiche Ariostea , Gewiss @-@ Bianchi and Atala @-@ Ofmega won one stage apiece . Ceramiche Ariostea rider Stephan Joho took stage 3 in a sprint finish , as did Gewiss @-@ Bianchi rider Rosola in stage 10 , and Selca @-@ Ciclolinea ' s Patrizio Gambirasio in stage 17 . Atala @-@ Ofmega 's Podenzana won stage 4a after a solo breakaway .
= = = Doping = = =
The race organizers performed anti @-@ doping controls throughout the race . Riders would be selected after a stage and have thirty minutes to get tested . The results generally would be returned between thirty and sixty minutes later . No rider tested positive in this edition of the Giro , but had this happened , the following penalties would have been applied : the rider would be demoted to last place of the stage , given a ten @-@ minute penalty in the general classification , a lengthy suspension , and a fine of one thousand francs . Although no riders tested positive , Roberto Visentini , Flavio Giuppioni and Urs Zimmermann – who placed second , third and fourth , respectively , in the eighteenth stage – showed up too late for their control tests and were given the penalties corresponding to riders testing positive ; after complaints and threats to leave the race from their team leaders , the jury later reverted their decision , and no penalty was given .
= = Classification leadership = =
Five different jerseys were worn during the 1988 Giro d 'Italia . The leader of the general classification – calculated by adding the stage finish times of each rider , and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers on mass @-@ start stages – wore a pink jersey . The time bonuses for the 1988 Giro were fifteen seconds for first , ten seconds for second , and five seconds for third place on the stage . This classification is the most important of the race , and its winner is considered as the winner of the Giro .
For the points classification , which awarded a purple ( or cyclamen ) jersey to its leader , cyclists were given points for finishing a stage in the top 15 ; additional points could also be won in intermediate sprints . The green jersey was awarded to the mountains classification leader . In this ranking , points were won by reaching the summit of a climb ahead of other cyclists . Each climb was ranked as either first , second or third category , with more points available for higher category climbs . The Cima Coppi , the race 's highest point of elevation , carried more points than the other first category climbs . The Cima Coppi for this edition of the Giro was supposed to be the Stelvio Pass , however the day the peloton was supposed to climb it , heavy snow cover
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acking any prodigious figures or difficult runs , the piece displays Rachmaninoff 's capability for musical lyricism . Although the piece seems simple , the mood must be sustained by playing simultaneously restrained but dynamic triplet figures in the left hand . The melody , a chordal texture with frequent suspended tones , creates a difficult task in voicing , and placing the correct emphasis on the correct notes . Its relatively short melody lines are a direct contrast to Rachmaninoff 's characteristically long lines , giving a shorter time to bring out the phrases .
= = = 6 . Maestoso , C major = = =
The last piece in the set is a quintessential nineteenth @-@ century work , and has been described as an " apotheosis or completion of struggle . " The piece was once summarized as :
The final piece or movement of a cycle that is virtuosic and brilliant , employing the entire range of dynamics and sonorities available to the piano , bringing a set of pieces to a glorious conclusion .
This " stormy , agitated " work contains a " vehemently triple @-@ dotted main theme and only some brief midsection hazy sunshine [ that lightens ] the storm before fortississimo thunders return and finally dominate . " Despite the dark imagery presented to describe the piece , the work is in C major , and the end result is more light @-@ hearted than dark , but not as triumphal as the Maestoso would make it sound .
Like the second and fourth pieces , number six is written in the form of an étude , with a repetitive but technically challenging chordal melody that is doubled in both hands . In all , the work has three distinct elements played simultaneously : the main melody , the continuous thirty @-@ second note broken chord figures , and a descending eighth note motif . Dynamics play a large part in this piece : the fortissimo marked at the beginning is maintained all throughout the first section , with only brief respites to mezzo forte . The middle section is wholly softer , and contains two areas with significant mounting tension , creating the aforementioned " apotheosis effect " with dramatic " false starts . " Here , Rachmaninoff manipulates the theme contrapuntally to develop a canonic effect . This " triple counterpoint . . . is titanic both in size and impact , and in potential for disaster , " referring to the tension , waiting for the final climax , in this " continuing explosion . " Immediately before the coda , the thick texture and canon suddenly disappear and the piece becomes piano . Upon entering the coda , the work resumes the forte theme and amalgamates to a majestic ending played fortississimo .
Maestoso is one of the most difficult pieces in the set . Stamina and strength are required to sustain a full resonant sound , while the continuous thirty @-@ second figure can be tiring for the pianist . Consistent tempo is a problem for this piece , due to the melody being interspersed with two other elements . Additionally , the dynamics , mostly " loud " and " very loud , " indicate that an accurate vision of relative volume is necessary . Maintaining this accuracy while managing every other element of the piece and successfully presenting a musically solid performance continues to be the ultimate challenge of all .
= = Reception = =
The Six moments musicaux were well received by critics . During the writing of his Symphony No. 1 , Rachmaninoff was distracted from solo piano work , and the Moments were regarded as his return to mature composition . Although revolutionary and grand in style , they retain the charm of his early works , as mentioned by pianist Elizabeth Wolff : " They are typical of his early works , dense , rich in counterpoint , highly chromatic , poignantly nationalistic , deeply felt , and of course , exceptionally challenging to the pianist . " Later performances of this work would reveal that Rachmaninoff had hidden a subtle rhythm and vitality that emerged under the long , melodic phrases , furthering his acclaim as an incredibly complex musician . The Moments go as far as to " confirm the inexplicable inherent in genius " , with " exquisite melody , wondrous harmonic changes , ' heavenly brevity ' , " while maintaining "
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1832 , at age 23 , Lincoln and a partner bought a small general store on credit in New Salem , Illinois . Although the economy was booming in the region , the business struggled and Lincoln eventually sold his share . That March he began his political career with his first campaign for the Illinois General Assembly . He had attained local popularity and could draw crowds as a natural raconteur in New Salem , though he lacked an education , powerful friends , and money , which may be why he lost . He advocated navigational improvements on the Sangamon River .
Before the election , Lincoln served as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War . Following his return , Lincoln continued his campaign for the August 6 election for the Illinois General Assembly . At 6 feet 4 inches ( 193 cm ) , he was tall and " strong enough to intimidate any rival " . At his first speech , when he saw a supporter in the crowd being attacked , Lincoln grabbed the assailant by his " neck and the seat of his trousers " and threw him . Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates ( the top four were elected ) , though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct .
Lincoln served as New Salem 's postmaster and later as county surveyor , all the while reading voraciously . He then decided to become a lawyer and began teaching himself law by reading Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England and other law books . Of his learning method , Lincoln stated : " I studied with nobody " . His second campaign in 1834 was successful . He won election to the state legislature ; though he ran as a Whig , many Democrats favored him over a more powerful Whig opponent .
Admitted to the bar in 1836 , he moved to Springfield , Illinois , and began to practice law under John T. Stuart , Mary Todd 's cousin . Lincoln became an able and successful lawyer with a reputation as a formidable adversary during cross @-@ examinations and closing arguments . He partnered with Stephen T. Logan from 1841 until 1844 . Then Lincoln began his practice with William Herndon , whom Lincoln thought " a studious young man " .
Successful on his second run for office , Lincoln served four successive terms in the Illinois House of Representatives as a Whig representative from Sangamon County . He supported the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal , which he remained involved with later as a Canal Commissioner . In the 1835 – 36 legislative session , he voted to expand suffrage to white males , whether landowners or not . He was known for his " free soil " stance of opposing both slavery and abolitionism . He first articulated this in 1837 , saying , " [ The ] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy , but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils . " His stance closely followed Henry Clay in supporting the American Colonization Society program of making the abolition of slavery practical by its advocation and helping the freed slaves to settle in Liberia in Africa .
= = U.S. House of Representatives , 1847 – 49 = =
From the early 1830s , Lincoln was a steadfast Whig and professed to friends in 1861 to be " an old line Whig , a disciple of Henry Clay " . The party , including Lincoln , favored economic modernization in banking , protective tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads , and espoused urbanization as well .
In 1846 , Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives , where he served one two @-@ year term . He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation , but he showed his party loyalty by participating in almost all votes and making speeches that echoed the party line . Lincoln , in collaboration with abolitionist Congressman Joshua R. Giddings , wrote a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners , enforcement
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for concrete . Shot from 2 to 10 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 079 to 0 @.@ 394 in ) was used for the surface of concrete or paths in parks and gardens . The fine dust , from 0 to 2 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 000 to 0 @.@ 079 in ) , was used for concrete paver blocks , concrete pipes , etc .
Quarrying ceased in the early 1960s ( 1962 – 1965 ) , when the stones extracted were no longer of sufficient quality . Between 1971 and 1978 , the quarry was gradually filled with marl from the Bellignies quarry . Since then , the site has been completely recolonized by vegetation through ecological succession , forming tree , shrub and herb layers .
= = = Reserve = = =
In 2001 , the site was brought to the attention of the CPIE Bocage de l 'Avesnois , pointing out the biodiversity of the new plant life . The association performed the first inventories . In the meantime , she contacted the five owners to consider a land management proposal . The commune of Bavay , the Bellignies quarry ( SECAB ) and a third owner sold her the property in 2003 . The CPIE Bocage de l 'Avesnois became the owner / operator of 85 percent of the site . The association implemented the first environmental resources management actions at the site and developed its first environmental management scheme In 2009 , the association obtained the agreement establishing the regional nature reserve at the site for a period of 20 years .
The name of the reserve recalls the former industrial activity ( Carrière : quarry ) and the Gallo @-@ Roman history of Bavay , the capital city of the ancient Nervii tribe .
In 2015 , an other owner give the management of his parcel .
= = Geology = =
The Paleozoic folded outcrops of the Bavay @-@ Saint @-@ Waast area are the bedrock of the eastern flank of the Mélantois ' anticline , where the transgressive Cretaceous ( Turonian and Cenomanian chalk ) thins , and may eventually disappear by erosion . Strata of Hercynian basement , raised in the East by an important structural horst @-@ type accident , then appear locally . In these Paleozoic strata , the Devonian presents as a sandstone base of the Lower Famennian , where the levels were quarried
= = = Formations = = =
= = = = Quarried level = = = =
The stone that was quarried is arkose of the Famennian stage . Approximately 360 million years ago , the thrust of forming Gondwana plates raised the seabed . Meanwhile , an ice age occurred in regions near the poles . Marine regression allowed sedimentation of detrital sand and clays which left large shoals of hard sandstone with ripple marks , alternating with levels more or less shaley according to their clay 's content .
At the base of the deposit , these sandstones are reddish brown , very micaceous and shaley , sometimes containing calcareous nodules , ferruginous concretions and vegetable wax ; above , they are gray and quartziferous . This is the Aye formation , including spiriferida like Cyrtospirifer verneuili , Rhynchonellida as Rhynchonella pugnus and R. boloniensis , some Orthoceras , Orthis striatula or Atrypa reticularis Well @-@ preserved feldspar and mica probably come from wind erosion under a semi @-@ arid climate of mountains present in the Netherlands today and extending to Düsseldorf .
= = = = Lower level = = = =
Under the Famennian , the Frasnian consists , from top to bottom , of nodular gray shale , and mica rich in fossils such as Cyrtospirifer verneuili , Spirigera concentrica , Atrypa reticularis , Orthis striatula , Productus subaculeatus , and Acervularia pentagona . Below this are gray limestone @-@ built beds , rich in corals such as Phacellophyllum caespitosum , Thamnopora boloniensis , alternating with black shale and nodular limestone containing Cyrtospirifer verneuilli and Phacellophyllum caespitosum . These beds issue from siltation of the biostromes present in the Frasnian epoch , 370 million years ago .
= = = = Upper levels = = = =
Those Famennian strata represent the top of the Paleozoic series pleated with north dipping . Above , the transgressive Upper Cretaceous overlies horizontally with unconformity . It includes from the bottom to the top a paleozoic boulder conglomerate mixed with a sandy and glauconitic marl matrix , coarse clayey and glauconitic sands , containing Chlamys asper , Ostrea diluviana , Praeactinocamax plenus and finally marl with Terebratulina gracilis . These strata belong to the Cenomanian @-@ Turonian and were deposited between 90 and 100 million years ago , during a transgressive phase .
Fifty million years ago , during the Ypresian age , locally called Landenian , forms of marl of the Porquerie are found . It comes from the alteration of Cretaceous rocks and takes the form of a brown or greenish plastic clay without fossils . The flints normally present at the base of the deposit have not been reported by Ladrière 1881 .
This stratum is covered with silt composed of clay , sand and flints and Roman pottery pieces , of the late Neogene age . Its origin can be attributed to the alteration of the underlying rocks and wind erosion .
= = = Nature of the embankments = = =
The stones used to backfill the quarry are those which underlie the Givetian limestone extracted in the Bellignies quarry . There is Sarrasin de Bettrechies , a coarse shelly limestone , deep gray , yellowish when it outcrops , detrital ferruginous dated to the Lower Cenomanian epoch , a hundred million years ago . There is clay and very glauconitic marl of the Upper Cenomanian stage , enriched by a pebble conglomerate paléozoïc stones . These rocks contain Praeactinocamax plenus , Chlamys asper , Ostrea diluviana and radiated fossils : Janira quadricostata , Cyprina ligeriensis , Arca mailleana . There is also bluish marl of the Turonian .
= = Ecology = =
= = = Plant communities = = =
The site is characterized by a mosaic of 17 plant communities regrouped into three main types of ecological units : grassy open areas , shrubby areas and wooded areas . Of these , three are listed in the Habitats Directive . The calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation Cystopterido fragilis @-@ Asplenietum scolopendrii are considered as exceptional , with a degree of uncertainty in the Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais region . Hydrophilous tall herb fringe community with Petasites hybridus , at the limit of its range , is also exceptional . The herbaceous fringe with red campion ( Silene dioica ) et wood forget @-@ me @-@ not ( Myosotis sylvatica ) ( Sileno dioicae - Myosotidetum sylvaticae ) is very rare in the Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais . The wood @-@ fringe Lathyro sylvestris – Astragaletum glycyphylli is also regionally interesting .
= = = Flora = = =
= = = = Vascular plants = = = =
The reserve has 171 plant species , and 15 of them have heritage interest .
Twelve of them were inventoried in 2003 , and their populations have been managed since . The light undergrowth contains common spotted orchid ( Dactylorhiza fuchsii ) and round @-@ leaved wintergreen ( Pyrola rotundifolia ) . Liquorice milkvetch ( Astragalus glycyphyllos ) and narrow @-@ leaved everlasting @-@ pea ( Lathyrus sylvestris ) are present in the small herb glade . The population of lesser butterfly @-@ orchid ( Platanthera bifolia ) is located in the pioneer wood . In the glade with Calamagrostide and at the boundary of a pioneer grove grow pyramidal orchid ( Anacamptis pyramidalis ) . bee orchid ( Ophrys apifera ) and man orchid ( Orchis anthropophora ) grow everywhere , except in the older glade . In the different herbaceous fringes grow wood forget @-@ me @-@ not ( Myosotis sylvatica ) and zigzag clover
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successful series of quarters in 1992 honoring its provinces and territories , the Mint obtained congressional permission to issue a series of US quarters honoring American states ; they began to be issued in 1999 . In 2002 , the Mint began to consider redesigning the nickel in honor of the upcoming bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Representative Eric Cantor ( Republican @-@ Virginia ) did not wish to see Monticello ( located in his home state ) moved permanently off the nickel . The resultant " American 5 @-@ Cent Coin Design Continuity Act of 2003 " , was signed into law on April 23 , 2003 . Under its terms , the Treasury Secretary could vary the nickel 's designs in honor of the 200th anniversary of the Expedition and of the Louisiana Purchase , but the nickel would again feature Jefferson and Monticello beginning in 2006 . Unless Congress acts again , every future five @-@ cent coin will feature Jefferson and Monticello .
The Mint used Schlag 's obverse in 2004 , with two new reverse designs . Mint sculptor @-@ engraver Norman E. Nemeth 's adaptation of an Indian Peace Medal struck for Jefferson was the first new design , followed by a depiction by Mint sculptor @-@ engraver Al Maletsky of a keelboat like that used by the Expedition . The 2005 obverse was struck during that year only , with a design by sculptor Joe Fitzgerald based on Houdon 's bust of Jefferson . The legend " LIBERTY " on the obverse was traced from Jefferson 's handwriting in drafting the Declaration of Independence ; as the word is never capitalized in that document , Fitzgerald borrowed a capital L from Jefferson 's other writings . The reverse for the first half of the year depicted an American bison , recalling the Buffalo nickel and designed by Jamie Franki . The reverse for the second half showed a coastline and the words " Ocean in view ! O ! The Joy ! " , from a journal entry by William Clark , co @-@ leader of the Expedition . Clark had actually written the word as " ocian " , but the Mint modernized the spelling .
Another Franki design has , since 2006 , been used for the obverse , depicting a view of Jefferson from the front ( rather than in profile ) based on an 1800 study by Rembrandt Peale , and includes " Liberty " in Jefferson 's script . According to Acting Mint Director David Lebryk , " The image of a forward @-@ facing Jefferson is a fitting tribute to [ his ] vision . " The reverse beginning in 2006 was again Schlag 's Monticello design , but newly sharpened by Mint engravers . As Schlag 's obverse design , on which his initials were placed in 1966 , is no longer used , his initials
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were placed on the reverse to the right of Monticello .
= = = Increase in metal values = = =
In the first decade of the 21st century , commodity prices for copper and nickel , which make up the five @-@ cent coin , rose dramatically , pushing the cost of manufacturing a nickel from 3 @.@ 46 cents in fiscal year 2003 to 10 @.@ 09 cents in fiscal year 2012 . By comparison , a Canadian nickel ( which is primarily made of steel ) still costs less than its face value to produce as of 2013 . In response , Mint Director Henrietta Fore in 2004 asked Congress to fund research into lower @-@ cost alternatives to present coinage metals . Although the initiative lapsed when she left office in 2005 , in 2010 , Congress passed the Coin Modernization , Oversight , and Continuity Act ( CMOCA ) , directing the Mint to explore alternatives to the present compositions of the six denominations , from cent to dollar . In 2011 , the Mint awarded a contract to study the issue to Concurrent Technologies Corporation of Johnstown , Pennsylvania . The report in response to the legislation declared that there is no material that would reduce the one @-@ cent coin 's manufacturing cost to below one cent , so it was removed from consideration . The report requested additional time to study the issue , ensuring the continuation , for the present , of the existing coinage metals . The Mint expects demand for nickels in commerce to increase from 840 million needed in Fiscal Year 2011 to 1 @.@ 08 billion in 2015 .
Meanwhile , in an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting , the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14 , 2006 , that criminalized the melting and export of pennies ( which as of 2013 cost 1 @.@ 83 cents to produce ) and nickels . Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $ 10 @,@ 000 , five years imprisonment , or both . The rules were finalized on April 17 , 2007 . The melt value of a nickel for some time was more than five cents , including nearing over one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half times its face value in May 2007 . Since then , the supply and demand of the coin 's composition metals have stabilized . A nickel 's melt value fell below its face value from late 2008 through mid @-@ 2010 , and more recently again from late mid @-@ 2012 through the present . In February 2014 , it was reported that the Mint was conducting experiments to use copper @-@ plated zinc ( the same composition used for the United States 1 cent coin ) for the nickel .
In December 2014 , the Mint released its next Biennial report in response to the CMOCA . In it , the Mint declared that plated zinc products did not hold up to steam / wear tests and were rejected for US coins outside the penny ( which does not see significant use by the public ) . Materials considered " feasible " for the 5 @-@ cent coin were nickel @-@ plated steel , multi @-@ ply @-@ plated steel , and potentially another copper / nickel alloy , this time with ~ 77 % copper , ~ 20 % nickel , and ~ 3 % manganese . Further testing was recommended to explore even less expensive alloys that would not require changes to vending machines ( as the steel @-@ based materials would require ) .
= McEwan 's =
McEwan 's is a brand of beer that originated in Edinburgh , Scotland and is owned by the English brewer Wells & Youngs .
William McEwan opened the Fountain Brewery in Fountainbridge , Edinburgh , in 1856 . The firm underwent several mergers in the following century , including with local rival William Younger 's , and later with Newcastle Breweries to form Scottish & Newcastle . The McEwan 's brand passed to Heineken in 2008 after their purchase of Scottish & Newcastle 's British operations . Heineken sold the brand to Wells & Youngs in 2011 .
McEwan 's is best known for 80 / - , a Heavy beer , and Export , an India Pale Ale . All of the draught beers ( except Best Scotch ) are brewed at the Caledonian Brewery in Edinburgh , whilst the canned and bottled beers are produced at the Eagle Brewery in Bedford , England . The beers are sold predominantly in Scotland and the North East of England .
Despite being the dominant presence in Scottish brewing for around a century , the McEwan 's brands were neglected by Scottish & Newcastle , who concentrated on their global brands . The McEwan 's ales were eclipsed by John Smith 's Bitter and Belhaven Best and cask @-@ conditioned beers such as Deuchars IPA , whilst the lager fell behind Tennent 's .
McEwan 's is well known for its cavalier mascot , broadly based on the Frans Hals painting , the Laughing Cavalier portrait , which has been used since the 1930s . The company was a well known sponsor of numerous football teams throughout the 1980s and 90s , most notably Blackburn Rovers ' Premier League title winning side , and Rangers F.C.
= = History = =
= = = Victorian beginnings = = =
William McEwan opened the
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Aftermath = =
= = = Rebuilding and reaction = = =
After the departure of all but regular French infantry , efforts to make the area suitable for permanent occupation by French forces and French @-@ friendly civilians began . This involved the rebuilding of road and rail links ( Vietnam 's North – South railway ran alongside Route One ) , the repairing of infrastructure , demining , the installation of new Vietnamese government administrators , and the provision of " everything from rice to anti @-@ malaria tablets " . Over 24 villages were placed under the authority of the Vietnamese government , and Regiment 95 had been driven from the area . In comparison to Fall , South Vietnamese general Lâm Quang Thi states in his memoirs that Operation Camargue was " one of the most successful French military operations during the Indochina war " in the area of Route One .
Newspapers stated that the operation had been a " total success , demonstrating once more the new aggressiveness and mobility " of the French forces . However , in the days following the end of the fighting , press reports on the French failure to capture the anticipated large numbers of Viet Minh began to appear though the British newspaper , The Times , did publish claimed casualty figures of 1 @,@ 550 for the Viet Minh , 200 of which were killed . This estimate was altered by the French the next day to 600 killed or wounded and 900 captured , and it was suggested that the operation did " not appear to have been successful " . In contrast to these figures , Bernard Fall records 182 Viet Minh casualties and 387 prisoners . He also notes that " 51 rifles , eight sub @-@ machine guns , two mortars , and five BARs " were captured . Of the prisoners , however , it is not recorded how many were confirmed to be members of Regiment 95 . Both Fall and the newspapers published in the days following the official termination of the operation on 10 August 1953 , give French casualties as 17 dead and 100 wounded . Giáp wrote " it was announced we suffered heavy losses although in fact our losses were insignificant ... their troops had to withdraw with heavy losses " .
Fall goes on to record that the " major defect " of Operation Camargue was that the French had nothing like the numerical superiority to encircle a force in the terrain around Road One , 15 : 1 as opposed to the 20 : 1 or 25 : 1 that he believed required . He states that the slow French progress ( around 1 @,@ 500 yards an hour ) and the large distances each unit had to guard from Viet Minh infiltration meant that the Viet Minh could easily escape the net . He also states that Viet Minh intelligence were always aware of French movements , as the size of French units and the complex technology involved in the operation gave its presence and intentions away almost immediately , whereas in contrast the simpler Viet Minh operations were far more difficult to detect .
= = = Route One and Regiment 95 = = =
Regiment 95 survived Operation Camargue and resumed ambushes in 1954 , as well as assaulting a Vietnamese garrison near Hué . The regiment remained in the area , taking part in General Giáp 's 1954 campaign season , until Vietnam was split into North and South Vietnam by the cease @-@ fire , whereupon it infiltrated back to the north along Route One during broad daylight , leaving small cells of guerillas in the area . The regiment returned to resume ambushes of the South Vietnamese Army in 1962 .
= Summer of 4 Ft . 2 =
" Summer of 4 Ft . 2 " is the twenty @
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@ 15 ) when one of these aircraft was deployed on the route to Nairobi . The following day , a new service to Madrid was flown using the new jet equipment , with Frankfurt joining the jet network soon afterwards . On 1 April , the Boeing 720 replaced the DC @-@ 6B on the Addis Ababa – Athens route ; during that month , the West African corridor also benefited from jet operations . The airline entered into a pool agreement with Aden Airways and Sudan Airways on the Khartoum – Asmara – Aden service . A new flight to Conakry was launched on 8 May 1963 ( 1963 @-@ 05 @-@ 08 ) . Kano , which had been served since 18 March 1962 ( 1962 @-@ 03 @-@ 18 ) , was removed from the list of destinations that day . On 30 November 1963 , the airline lost another DC @-@ 3 ( ET @-@ AAT ) in a test flight at Addis Ababa ; the crew of three suffered minor injuries . Rome became served for the first time on 5 June 1964 ( 1964 @-@ 06 @-@ 05 ) on a weekly basis ; the flight was routed via either Khartoum or Athens as part of a pool agreement with Alitalia .
Also in the early 1960s , the carrier provided some initial aviation support to the Ethiopia @-@ United States Mapping Mission in its operation to acquire topographic maps of Ethiopia . The firm changed from a corporation to a share company in 1965 , and changed its name from Ethiopian Air Lines to Ethiopian Airlines . By 1966 , the contractual relationship with TWA was adjusted to reflect the transfer of management with the appointment of an Ethiopian deputy general manager . Two Boeing 720s were in operation and a Boeing 707 @-@ 320C was due to be phased in by March 1968 ( 1968 @-@ 03 ) , when the carrier ordered a second -320C .
In 1970 , the fifth renewal of the original 1945 contract changed TWA 's role from manager to adviser . On its 25th anniversary in 1971 , the company was ready to continue without foreign assistance . Since then , Ethiopian Airlines has been managed and staffed by Ethiopian personnel . The first Ethiopian General Manager was Col. Semret Medhane , appointed in 1971 .
Two Boeing 720Bs were acquired from Continental Airlines in 1973 . In 1975 , the carrier ordered five Dash 7s . By then , Ethiopian Airlines had ended its 30 @-@ year relationship with TWA . The airline became a new customer for the Boeing 727 in 1978 , ordering two . The 727s arrived in the late 1970s as a replacement for the oldest Boeing 720s .
= = = The 1980s and 1990s = = =
The DHC @-@ 5 Buffalo entered Ethiopian 's fleet in the early 1980s . In 1982 , Ethiopian became the first African carrier in ordering the Boeing 767 , as well as the first airline to order the Boeing 767 @-@ 200ER . On 1984 @-@ 6 @-@ 1 , the first of these aircraft set a new distance record for a twinjet , flying 7 @,@ 500 miles ( 12 @,@ 100 km ) non @-@ stop from Washington , D.C. to Addis Ababa , on delivery to the company . The Boeing 767 @-@ 200ERs came to replace the remaining Boeing 720s . ATR @-@ 42s and Twin Otters were incorporated into the fleet in the mid @-@ 1980s , with the first of six Twin Otters entering the fleet in early 1985 . The Boeing 737 @-@ 200 joined the fleet in late 1987 .
In 1990 , Ethiopian became the first passenger airline in taking delivery of the Boeing 757 Freighter , receiving the first of five Boeing 757 @-@ 200s a year later . By 1996 the airline was flying to Bangkok , Beijing , Durban and Johannesburg ; routes to Ivory Coast and Senegal were also being operated . Furthermore , the Fokker 50 entered the fleet to operate domestic routes ; actually , Ethiopian became the last company in taking delivery of this aircraft in 1997 , just after the collapse of Fokker due to financial problems . In the late 1990s the carrier saw the incorporation of Copenhagen and Maputo to its international network , as well as New York City and Washington as transatlantic destinations ; the frequent flyer programme , named " Sheba Miles " after the legendary Queen of Sheba , was launched too . In 1998 , the airline disrupted their flights to the Eritrean capital Asmara after a war erupted between the two countries .
= = = 2000 – onwards = = =
A fleet renewal started in the early 2000s , with the incorporation of the Boeing 737 – 700 and the Boeing 767 @-@ 300ER ; The airline discontinued its service to Newark in favour of serving Washington in 2004 .
In the late 2000s the airline announced it would be the launch customer of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner , and placed orders to acquire brand new Airbus A3
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cups are not typically used at the professional level , because athletic cups tend to make it harder to move and there is an unwritten code among players not to target the groin area . Additionally , studies have shown that proper conditioning techniques , fitness routines and exercise routines , as well as high @-@ quality equipment and coaching , can reduce the risk of injury among players .
= United States Special Operations Command =
The United States Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM or SOCOM ) is the Unified Combatant Command charged with overseeing the various Special Operations Component Commands of the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force of the United States Armed Forces . The command is part of the Department of Defense and is the only Unified Combatant Command legislated into being by the U.S. Congress . USSOCOM is headquartered at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa , Florida .
The idea of a unified special operations command had its origins in the aftermath of Operation Eagle Claw , the disastrous attempted rescue of hostages at the American embassy in Iran in 1980 . The ensuing investigation , chaired by Admiral James L. Holloway III , the retired Chief of Naval Operations , cited lack of command and control and inter @-@ service coordination as significant factors in the failure of the mission . Since its activation on 16 April 1987 , U.S. Special Operations Command has participated in many operations , from the 1989 invasion of Panama to the ongoing Global War on Terrorism .
USSOCOM conducts several covert and clandestine missions , such as direct action , special reconnaissance , counter @-@ terrorism , foreign internal defense , unconventional warfare , psychological warfare , civil affairs , and counter @-@ narcotics operations . Each branch has a Special Operations Command that is unique and capable of running its own operations , but when the different special operations forces need to work together for an operation , USSOCOM becomes the joint component command of the operation , instead of a SOC of a specific branch .
= = History = =
The unworkable command and control structure of separate U.S. military special operations forces ( SOF ) , which led to the failure of Operation Eagle Claw in 1980 , highlighted the need within the Department of Defense for reform and reorganization . Since the incident , the Army Chief of Staff , General Edward C. " Shy " Meyer , called for a further restructuring of special operations capabilities , eventually helping to create the U.S. Delta Force . Although unsuccessful at the joint level , Meyer nevertheless went on to consolidate Army SOF units under the new 1st Special Operations Command in 1982 , a significant step to improve the U.S. Army 's SOF .
By 1983 , there was a small but growing sense in the Congress for the need for military reforms . In June , the Senate Armed Services Committee ( SASC ) began a two @-@ year @-@ long study of the Defense Department , which included an examination of SOF spearheaded by Senator Barry Goldwater ( R @-@ AZ ) . With concern mounting on Capitol Hill , the Department of Defense created the Joint Special Operations Agency on 1 January 1984 ; this agency , however , had neither operational nor command authority over any SOF . The Joint Special Operations Agency thus did little to improve SOF readiness , capabilities , or policies , and therefore was insufficient . Within the Defense Department , there were a few staunch SOF supporters . Noel Koch , Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs , and his deputy , Lynn Rylander , both advocated SOF reforms .
At the same time , a few on Capitol Hill were determined to overhaul United States Special Operations Forces . They included Senators Sam Nunn ( D @-@ GA ) and William Cohen ( R @-@ ME ) , both members of the Armed Services Committee , and Representative Dan Daniel ( D @-@ VA ) , the chairman of the United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Readiness . Congressman Daniel had become convinced that the U.S. military establishment was not interested in special operations , that the country 's capability in this area was second rate , and that SOF operational command and control was an endemic problem . Senators Nunn and Cohen also felt strongly that the Department of Defense was not preparing adequately for future threats . Senator Cohen agreed that the U.S. needed a clearer organizational focus and chain of command for special operations to deal with low @-@ intensity conflicts .
In October 1985 , the Senate Armed Services Committee published the results of its two @-@ year review of the U.S. military structure , entitled " Defense Organization : The Need For Change . " Mr. James R. Locher III , the principal author of this study , also examined past special operations and speculated on the most likely future threats . This influential document led to the Goldwater @-@ Nichols Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 . By spring 1986 , SOF advocates had introduced reform bills in both houses of Congress . On 15 May , Senator Cohen introduced the Senate bill , co @-@ sponsored by Senator Nunn and others , which called for a joint military organization for SOF and the establishment of an office in the Defense Department to ensure adequate funding and policy emphasis for low @-@ intensity conflict and special operations . Representative Daniel 's proposal went even further — he wanted a national special operations agency headed by a civilian who would bypass the Joint Chiefs and report directly to the Secretary of Defense ; this would keep Joint Chiefs and the Services out of the SOF budget process .
Congress held hearings on the two bills in the summer of 1986 . Admiral William J. Crowe Jr . , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , led the Pentagon 's opposition to the bills . He proposed , as an alternative , a new Special Operations Forces command led by a three @-@ star general . This proposal was not well received on Capitol Hill — Congress wanted a four @-@ star general in charge to give SOF more clout . A number of retired military officers and others testified in favor of the need for reform . By most accounts , retired Army Major General Richard Scholtes gave the most compelling reasons for change . Scholtes , who commanded the joint special operations task force in Grenada , explained how conventional force leaders misused SOF during the operation , not allowing them to use their unique capabilities , which resulted in high SOF casualties . After his formal testimony , Scholtes met privately with a small number of Senators to elaborate on the problems that he had encountered in Grenada .
Both the House and Senate passed SOF reform bills , and these went to a conference committee for reconciliation . Senate and House conferees forged a compromise . The bill called for a unified combatant command headed by a four @-@ star general for all SOF , an Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low @-@ Intensity Conflict , a coordinating board for low @-@ intensity conflict within the National Security Council , and a new Major Force Program ( MFP @-@ 11 ) for SOF ( the so @-@ called " SOF checkbook " ) . The final bill , attached as a rider to the 1987 Defense Authorization Act , amended the Goldwater @-@ Nichols Act and was signed into law in October 1986 . Congress clearly intended to force DOD and
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the Administration to face up to the realities of past failures and emerging threats . DOD and the Administration were responsible for implementing the law , and Congress subsequently had to pass two additional bills to ensure proper implementation . The legislation promised to improve SOF in several respects . Once implemented , MFP @-@ 11 provided SOF with control over its own resources , better enabling it to modernize the force . Additionally , the law fostered interservice cooperation : a single commander for all SOF promoted interoperability among the forces assigned to the same command . The establishment of a four @-@ star Commander in Chief and an Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict eventually gave SOF a voice in the highest councils of the Defense Department .
Implementing the provisions and mandates of the Nunn @-@ Cohen Act , however , was neither rapid nor smooth . One of the first issues to surface was appointing an ASD ( SO / LIC ) , whose principal duties included monitorship of special operations activities and low @-@ intensity conflict activities of the Department of Defense . The Congress even increased the number of assistant secretaries of defense from 11 to 12 , but the Department of Defense still did not fill this new billet . In December 1987 , the Congress directed Secretary of the Army John O. Marsh to carry out the ASD ( SO / LIC ) duties until a suitable replacement was approved by the Senate . Not until 18 months after the legislation passed did Ambassador Charles Whitehouse assume the duties of ASD ( SO / LIC ) .
Meanwhile , the establishment of USSOCOM provided its own measure of excitement . A quick solution to manning and basing a brand new unified command was to abolish an existing command . United States Readiness Command ( USREDCOM ) , with an often misunderstood mission , did not appear to have a viable mission in the post Goldwater @-@ Nichols era , and its Commander in Chief , General James Lindsay , had had some special operations experience . On 23 January 1987 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff recommended to the Secretary of Defense that USREDCOM be disestablished to provide billets and facilities for USSOCOM . President Ronald Reagan approved the establishment of the new command on 13 April 1987 . The Department of Defense activated USSOCOM on 16 April 1987 and nominated General Lindsay to be the first Commander in Chief Special Operations Command ( USCINCSOC ) . The Senate accepted him without debate .
= = = Operation Earnest Will = = =
USSOCOM 's first tactical operation involved 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ( Airborne ) ( " Night Stalkers " ) aviators , SEALs , and Special Boat Teams ( SBT ) working together during Operation Earnest Will in September 1987 . During Operation Earnest Will , the United States ensured that neutral oil tankers and other merchant ships could safely transit the Persian Gulf during the Iran – Iraq War . Iranian attacks on tankers prompted Kuwait to ask the United States in December 1986 to register 11 Kuwaiti tankers as American ships so that they could be escorted by the U.S. Navy . President Reagan agreed to the Kuwaiti request on 10 March 1987 , hoping it would deter Iranian attacks . The protection offered by U.S. naval vessels , however , did not stop Iran , which used mines and small boats to harass the convoys steaming to and from Kuwait . In late July 1987 , Rear Admiral Harold J. Bernsen , commander of the Middle East Force , requested NSW assets . Special Boat Teams deployed with six Mark III Patrol Boats and two SEAL platoons in August . The Middle East Force decided to convert two oil servicing barges , Hercules and Wimbrown VII , into mobile sea bases . The mobile sea bases allowed SOF in the northern Persian Gulf to thwart clandestine Iranian mining and small boat attacks .
On 21 September , Nightstalkers flying MH @-@ 60 and Little Birds took off from the frigate USS Jarrett to track an Iranian ship , Iran Ajr . The Nightstalkers observed Iran Ajr turn off her lights and begin laying mines . After receiving permission to attack , the helicopters fired guns and rockets , stopping the ship . As Iran Ajr 's crew began to push mines over the side , the helicopters resumed firing until the crew abandoned ship . Special Boat Teams provided security while a SEAL team boarded the vessel at first light and discovered nine mines on the vessel 's deck , as well as a logbook revealing areas where previous mines had been laid . The logbook implicated Iran in mining international waters .
Within a few days , the Special Operations forces had determined the Iranian pattern of activity ; the Iranians hid during the day near oil and gas platforms in Iranian waters and at night they headed toward the Middle Shoals Buoy , a navigation aid for tankers . With this knowledge , SOF launched three Little Bird helicopters and two patrol craft to the buoy . The Little Bird helicopters arrived first and were fired upon by three Iranian boats anchored near the buoy . After a short but intense firefight , the helicopters sank all three boats . Three days later , in mid @-@ October , an Iranian Silkworm missile hit the tanker Sea Isle City near the oil terminal outside Kuwait City . Seventeen crewmen and the American captain were injured in the missile attack . During Operation Nimble Archer , four destroyers shelled two oil platforms in the Rostam oil field . After the shelling , a SEAL platoon and a demolition unit planted explosives on one of the platforms to destroy it . The SEALs next boarded and searched a third platform 2 miles ( 3 km ) away . Documents and radios were taken for intelligence purposes .
On 14 April 1988 , 65 miles ( 100 km ) east of Bahrain , the frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts ( FFG @-@ 58 ) hit a mine , blowing an immense hole in its hull . Ten sailors were injured . During Operation Praying Mantis the U.S. retaliated fiercely , attacking the Iranian frigate Sahand and oil platforms in the Sirri and Sassan oil fields . After U
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2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches .
= = = Final tournament = = =
The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage .
In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different " pots " , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation .
Each group plays a round @-@ robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) .
If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 36 ) different outcome combinations possible . However a certain number ( 207 ) of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows :
Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches
Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches
If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows :
Greatest number of points in head @-@ to @-@ head matches among those teams
Greatest goal difference in head @-@ to @-@ head matches among those teams
Greatest number of goals scored in head @-@ to @-@ head matches among those teams
If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots
The knockout stage is a single @-@ elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one @-@ off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner @-@ up of another group . This is followed by the quarter @-@ finals , the semi @-@ finals , the third @-@ place match ( contested by the losing semi @-@ finalists ) , and the final .
= = Hosts = =
= = = Selection process = = =
Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup .
Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the only tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup is hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and is the first occasion where consecutive World Cups are held outside Europe .
The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Executive Committee . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a " Hosting Agreement " from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar respectively .
For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder .
= = Performances = =
Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as
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issue of Nature , researchers show how Tiktaalik was gaining structures that could allow it to support itself on solid ground and breathe air , a key intermediate step in the transformation of the skull that accompanied the shift to life on land by our distant ancestors .
= = Description = =
Tiktaalik provides insights on the features of the extinct closest relatives of the tetrapods . Unlike many previous , more fishlike transitional fossils , the " fins " of Tiktaalik have basic wrist bones and simple rays reminiscent of fingers . The homology of distal elements is uncertain ; there have been suggestions that they are homologous to digits , although this is incompatible with the digital arch developmental model because digits are supposed to be postaxial structures , and only three of the ( reconstructed ) eight rays of Tiktaalik are postaxial .
However , the proximal series can be directly compared to the ulnare and intermedium of tetrapods . The fin was clearly weight bearing , being attached to a massive shoulder with expanded scapular and coracoid elements and attached to the body armor , large muscular scars on the ventral surface of the humerus , and highly mobile distal joints . The bones of the forefins show large muscle facets , suggesting that the fin was both muscular and had the ability to flex like a wrist joint . These wrist @-@ like features would have helped anchor the creature to the bottom in fast moving current .
Also notable are the spiracles on the top of the head , which suggest the creature had primitive lungs as well as gills . This attribute would have been useful in shallow water , where higher water temperature would lower oxygen content . This development may have led to the evolution of a more robust ribcage , a key evolutionary trait of land @-@ living creatures . The more robust ribcage of Tiktaalik would have helped support the animal ’ s body any time it ventured outside a fully aquatic habitat . Tiktaalik also lacked a characteristic that most fishes have — bony plates in the gill area that restrict lateral head movement . This makes Tiktaalik the earliest known fish to have a neck , with the pectoral girdle separate from the skull . This would give the creature more freedom in hunting prey either on land or in the shallows .
Tiktaalik is sometimes compared to gars ( esp . Atractosteus spatula , the alligator gar ) of the Lepisosteidae family , with whom it shares a number of characteristics :
diamond @-@ shaped scale patterns common to the Crossopterygii class ( in both species scales are rhombic , overlapping and tuberculated ) ;
teeth structured in two rows ;
both internal and external nostrils ;
tubular and streamlined body ;
absence of anterior dorsal fin ;
broad , dorsoventrally compressed skull ;
paired frontal bones ;
marginal nares ;
subterminal mouth ;
lung @-@ like organ .
= = Paleobiology = =
Tiktaalik generally had the characteristics of a lobe @-@ finned fish , but with front fins featuring arm @-@ like skeletal structures more akin to those of a crocodile , including a shoulder , elbow , and wrist . The fossil discovered in 2004 did not include the rear fins and tail . It had rows of sharp teeth of a predator fish , and its neck could move independently of its body , which is not common in other fish ( Tarrasius , Mandageria , placoderms , and extant seahorses being some exceptions ; see also Lepidogalaxias and Channallabes apus ) . The animal had a flat skull resembling a crocodile 's ; eyes on top of its head , suggesting that it spent a lot of time looking up ; a neck and ribs similar to those of tetrapods , with the ribs being used to support its body and aid in breathing via lungs ; well developed jaws suitable for catching prey ; and a small gill slit called a spiracle that , in more derived animals , became an ear .
The fossils were found in the " Fram Formation " , deposits of meandering stream systems near the Devonian equator , suggesting a benthic animal that lived on the bottom of shallow waters and perhaps even out of the water for short periods , with a skeleton indicating that it could support its body under the force of gravity whether in very shallow water or on land . At that period , for the first time , deciduous plants were flourishing and annually shedding leaves into the water , attracting small prey into warm oxygen @-@ poor shallows that were difficult for larger fish to swim in . The discoverers said that in all likelihood , Tiktaalik flexed its proto @-@ limbs primarily on the floor of streams and may have pulled itself onto the shore for brief periods . In 2014 , the discovery of the animal 's pelvic girdle was announced ; it was strongly built , indicating the animal could have used them for moving in shallow water and across mudflats . Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler , the leaders of the team , have been searching Ellesmere Island for fossils since 2000
We 're making the hypothesis that this animal was specialized for living in shallow stream systems , perhaps swampy habitats , perhaps even to some of the ponds . And maybe occasionally , using its very specialized fins , for moving up overland . And that 's what is particularly important here . The animal is developing features which will eventually allow animals to exploit land .
= = Classification and evolution = =
Tiktaalik roseae is the only species classified under the genus . Tiktaalik lived approximately 375 million years ago . Paleontologists suggest that it is representative of the transition between non @-@ tetrapod vertebrates ( fish ) such as Panderichthys , known from fossils 380 million years old , and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega , known from fossils about 365 million years old . Its mixture of primitive fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers , Neil Shubin , to characterize Tiktaalik as a " fishapod " .
Tiktaalik is a transitional fossil ; it is to tetrapods what Aurornis is to birds , troodonts and dromaeosaurids . While it may be that neither is ancestor to any living animal , they serve as evidence that intermediates between very different types of vertebrates did once exist . The mixture of both fish and tetrapod characteristics found in Tiktaalik include these traits :
Fish
fish gills
fish scales
fish fins
" Fishapod "
half @-@ fish , half @-@ tetrapod limb bones and joints , including a functional wrist joint and radiating , fish @-@ like fins instead of toes
half @-@ fish , half @-@ tetrapod ear region
Tetrapod
tetrapod rib bones
tetrapod mobile neck with separate pectoral girdle
tetrapod lungs
= = Phylogenetic position = =
= = = 2006 - 2010 = = =
The phylogenetic analysis by Daeschler et al. placed Tiktaalik as a sister taxon to Elpistostege and directly below Panderichthys preceded by Eusthenopteron . Tiktaalik was thus inserted above Acanthostega and Ichthyostega as a transitional form and a true " missing link " .
Such order of the phylogenetic tree was initially adopted by other experts , most notably by Per Ahlberg and
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Jennifer Clack . However , it was questioned in a 2008 paper by Boisvert at al. who noted that Panderichthys , due to its more derived distal portion , might be closer to tetrapods than Tiktaalik or even that it was convergent with tetrapods . Ahlberg , co @-@ author of the study , considered the possibility of Tiktaalik 's fin having been " an evolutionary return to a more primitive form . "
= = = 2010 - now = = =
In January 2010 , a group of paleontologists ( including Ahlberg ) published a paper accompanied by extensive supplementary material ( discussed also in a Nature documentary ) which showed that first tetrapods appeared long before Tiktaalik and other elpistostegids . Their conclusions were based on numerous trackways ( esp . Muz . PGI 1728.II.16 ) and individual footprints ( esp . Muz . PGI 1728.II.1 ) discovered at the Zachełmie quarry in the Holy Cross Mountains ( Poland ) . A tetrapod origin of those tracks was established based on :
distinct digits and limb morphology ;
trackways reflecting quadrupedal gait and diagonal walk ;
no body or tail drag marks ;
very wide stride in relation to body length ( much beyond that of Tiktaalik or any other fish ) ;
various size footprints with some unusually big ( up to 26 cm wide ) indicating body lengths of over 2 @.@ 5 m .
Track @-@ bearing layers were assigned to the lower @-@ middle Eifelian based on conodont index fossil samples ( costatus Zone ) and " previous biostratigraphic data obtained from the underlying and overlying strata " with subsequent studies confirming this dating .
Both Titaalik 's discoverers were skeptical about the Zachelmie trackways . Edward Daeschler said that trace evidence was not enough for him to modify the theory of tetrapod evolution , while Neil Shubin argued that Tiktaalik could have produced very similar footprints ( in a later study Shubin expressed a significantly modified opinion that some of the Zachelmie footprints , those which lacked digits , may have been made by walking fish ) . However , Ahlberg insisted that those tracks could not have possibly been formed either by natural processes or by transitional species such as Tiktaalik or Panderichthys . Instead , the authors of the publication suggested ichthyostegalians as trackmakers , based on available pes morphology of those animals . However , a 2012 study indicated that Zachelmie trackmakers were even more advanced than Ichthyostega in terms of quadrupedalism . Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki 's reconstruction of one of the trackmakers was identical to that of Tulerpeton .
Prof. Narkiewicz , co @-@ author of the article on the Zachelmie trackways , claimed that the Polish " discovery has disproved the theory that elpistostegids were the ancestors of tetrapods " , a notion partially shared by Philippe Janvier . There have been a number of new hypotheses suggested as to a possible origin and phylogenetic position of the elpistostegids ( including Tiktaalik ) :
their phylogenetic position remains unchanged and the footprints found in the Holy Cross Mountains are attributed to tetrapods but as a result there are at least six long ghost lineages separating Zachelmie trackmakers from various elpistostegalian and ichthyostegalian species ;
they were " late @-@ surviving relics rather than direct transitional forms " ;
they were " an evolutionary dead @-@ end " ;
they were a result of convergent or parallel evolution so that apomorphies and striking anatomical similarities found in both digited tetrapods and elpistostegalians evolved at least twice .
It should be noted that convergency is considered responsible for uniquely tetrapod features found also in other non @-@ elpistostegalian fish from the period like Sauripterus ( finger @-@ like jointed distal radial bones ) or Tarrasius ( tetrapod @-@ like spine with 5 axial regions ) .
Estimates published after the discovery of Zachelmie tracks suggested that digited tetrapods may have appeared as early as 427 @.@ 4 Ma ago and questioned attempts to read absolute timing of evolutionary events in early tetrapod evolution from stratigraphy .
Until more data becomes available , the phylogenetic position of Tiktaalik and other elpistostegids remains uncertain .
= = Discovery = =
In 2004 , three fossilized Tiktaalik skeletons were discovered in rock formed from late Devonian river sediments on Ellesmere Island , Nunavut , in northern Canada . Estimated ages reported at 375 Ma ago , 379 Ma ago , and 383 Ma ago . At the time of the species ' existence , Ellesmere Island was part of the continent Laurentia ( modern eastern North America and Greenland ) , which was centered on the equator and had a warm climate . When discovered , one of the skulls was found sticking out of a cliff . Upon further inspection , the fossil was found to be in excellent condition for a 375 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old specimen .
The discovery , made by Edward B. Daeschler of the Academy of Natural Sciences , Neil H. Shubin from the University of Chicago , and Harvard University Professor Farish A. Jenkins , Jr , was published in the April 6 , 2006 , issue of Nature and quickly recognized as a transitional form . Jennifer A. Clack , a Cambridge University expert on tetrapod evolution , said of Tiktaalik , " It 's one of those things you can point to and say , ' I told you this would exist , ' and there it is . "
After five years of digging on Ellesmere Island , in the far north of Nunavut , they hit pay dirt : a collection of several fish so beautifully preserved that their skeletons were still intact . As Shubin 's team studied the species they saw to their excitement that it was exactly the missing intermediate they were looking for . ' We found something that really split the difference right down the middle , ' says Daeschler .
= Battle of Tassafaronga =
The Battle of Tassafaronga , sometimes referred to as the Fourth Battle of Savo Island or , in Japanese sources , as the Battle of Lunga Point ( ルンガ沖夜戦 ) , was a nighttime naval battle that took place on November 30 , 1942 between United States ( US ) Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy warships during the Guadalcanal campaign . The battle took place in Ironbottom Sound near the Tassafaronga area on Guadalcanal .
In the battle , a US warship force of five cruisers and four destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Carleton H. Wright attempted to surprise and destroy a Japanese warship force of eight destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Raizo Tanaka . Tanaka 's warships were attempting to deliver food supplies to Japanese forces on Guadalcanal .
Using radar , the US warships gained surprise , opened fire , and sank one of the Japanese destroyers . Tanaka and the rest of his ships , however , reacted quickly and launched numerous Type 93 " Long Lance " torpedoes at the US warships . The Japanese torpedoes hit and sank one US cruiser and heavily damaged three others , enabling the rest of Tanaka 's force to escape without significant additional damage but also without completing the intended supply delivery mission . Although a severe tactical defeat for the US , the battle had little strategic impact as the Japanese were unable to take advantage of the victory to further resupply or otherwise assist in their ultimately unsuccessful efforts to recapture Guadalcanal from Allied forces .
= = Background = =
= = = Guadalcanal Campaign = = =
On August 7 , 1942 , Allied forces ( primarily US ) landed on Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and the Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands . The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the US and Australia , and to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign with the eventual goal of neutralising the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign . The landings
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0 mph ) ; by contrast , the fastest manned airplane speed ever achieved ( excluding speeds achieved by deorbiting spacecraft ) was 2 @,@ 200 m / s ( 7 @,@ 900 km / h ; 4 @,@ 900 mph ) in 1967 by the North American X @-@ 15 .
To achieve an orbit , a spacecraft must travel faster than a sub @-@ orbital spaceflight . The energy required to reach Earth orbital velocity at an altitude of 600 km ( 370 mi ) is about 36 MJ / kg , which is six times the energy needed merely to climb to the corresponding altitude . Spacecraft with a perigee below about 2 @,@ 000 km ( 1 @,@ 200 mi ) are subject to drag from the Earth 's atmosphere , which will cause the orbital altitude to decrease . The rate of orbital decay depends on the satellite 's cross @-@ sectional area and mass , as well as variations in the air density of the upper atmosphere . Below about 300 km ( 190 mi ) , decay becomes more rapid with lifetimes measured in days . Once a satellite descends to 180 km ( 110 mi ) , it will start to burn up in the atmosphere . The escape velocity required to pull free of Earth 's gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about 11 @,@ 200 m / s ( 40 @,@ 300 km / h ; 25 @,@ 100 mph ) .
Earth 's gravity reaches out far past the Van Allen radiation belt and keeps the Moon in orbit at an average distance of 384 @,@ 403 km ( 238 @,@ 857 mi ) . The region of space where the gravity of a planet tends to dominate the motion of objects in the presence of other perturbing bodies ( such as another planet ) is known as the Hill sphere . For Earth , this sphere has a radius of about 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 km ( 930 @,@ 000 mi ) .
= = Regions = =
Space is a partial vacuum : its different regions are defined by the various atmospheres and " winds " that dominate within them , and extend to the point at which those winds give way to those beyond . Geospace extends from Earth 's atmosphere to the outer reaches of Earth 's magnetic field , whereupon it gives way to the solar wind of interplanetary space . Interplanetary space extends to the heliopause , whereupon the solar wind gives way to the winds of the interstellar medium . Interstellar space then continues to the edges of the galaxy , where it fades into the intergalactic void .
= = = Geospace = = =
Geospace is the region of outer space near Earth . Geospace includes the upper region of the atmosphere and the magnetosphere . The Van Allen radiation belt lies within the geospace . The outer boundary of geospace is the magnetopause , which forms an interface between the planet 's magnetosphere and the solar wind . The inner boundary is the ionosphere . As the physical properties and behavior of near Earth space is affected by the behavior of the Sun and space weather , the field of geospace is interlinked with heliophysics ; the study of the Sun and its impact on the Solar System planets .
The volume of geospace defined by the magnetopause is compacted in the direction of the Sun by the pressure of the solar wind , giving it a typical subsolar distance of 10 Earth radii from the center of the planet . However , the tail can extend outward to more than 100 – 200 Earth radii . The Moon passes through the geospace tail during roughly four days each month , during which time the surface is shielded from the solar wind .
Geospace is populated by electrically charged particles at very low densities , the motions of which are controlled by the Earth 's magnetic field . These plasmas form a medium from which storm @-@ like disturbances powered by the solar wind can drive electrical currents into the Earth ’ s upper atmosphere . During geomagnetic storms two regions of geospace , the radiation belts and the ionosphere , can become strongly disturbed . These storms increase fluxes of energetic electrons that can permanently damage satellite electronics , disrupting telecommunications and GPS technologies , and can also be a hazard to astronauts , even in low Earth orbit . They also create aurorae seen near the magnetic poles .
Although it meets the definition of outer space , the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites . This region contains material left over from previous manned and unmanned launches that are a potential hazard to spacecraft . Some of this debris re @-@ enters Earth 's atmosphere periodically .
= = = = Cislunar space = = = =
The region outside Earth 's atmosphere and extending out to just beyond the Moon ’ s orbit , including the Lagrangian points , is sometimes referred to as cis @-@ lunar space .
= = = Interplanetary space = = =
Interplanetary space , the space around the Sun and planets of the Solar System , is the region dominated by the interplanetary medium , which extends out to the heliopause where the influence of the galactic environment starts to dominate over the magnetic field and particle flux from the Sun . Interplanetary space is defined by the solar wind , a continuous stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun that creates a very tenuous atmosphere ( the heliosphere ) for billions of kilometers into space . This wind has a particle density of 5 – 10 protons / cm3 and is moving at a velocity of 350 – 400 km / s ( 780 @,@ 000 – 890 @,@ 000 mph ) . The distance and strength of the heliopause varies depending on the activity level of the solar wind . The discovery since 1995 of extrasolar planets means that other stars must possess their own interplanetary media .
The volume of interplanetary space is a nearly total vacuum , with a mean free path of about one astronomical unit at the orbital distance of the Earth . However , this space is not completely empty , and is sparsely filled with cosmic rays , which include ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles . There is also gas , plasma and dust , small meteors , and several dozen types of organic molecules discovered to date by microwave spectroscopy . A cloud of interplanetary dust is visible at night as a faint band called the zodiacal light .
Interplanetary space contains the magnetic field generated by the Sun . There are also magnetospheres generated by planets such as Jupiter , Saturn , Mercury and the Earth that have their own magnetic fields . These are shaped by the influence of the solar wind into the approximation of a teardrop shape , with the long tail extending outward behind the planet . These magnetic fields can trap particles from the solar wind and other sources , creating belts of magnetic particles such as the Van Allen radiation belt . Planets without magnetic fields , such as Mars , have their atmospheres gradually eroded by the
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solar wind .
= = = Interstellar space = = =
Interstellar space is the physical space within a galaxy beyond the influence of each star on the plasma . The contents of interstellar space are called the interstellar medium . Approximately 70 % of the mass of the interstellar medium consists of lone hydrogen atoms ; most of the remainder consists of helium atoms . This is enriched with trace amounts of heavier atoms formed through stellar nucleosynthesis . These atoms are ejected into the interstellar medium by stellar winds or when evolved stars begin to shed their outer envelopes such as during the formation of a planetary nebula . The cataclysmic explosion of a supernova will generate an expanding shock wave consisting of ejected materials . The density of matter in the interstellar medium can vary considerably : the average is around 106 particles per m3 , but cold molecular clouds can hold 108 – 1012 per m3 .
A number of molecules exist in interstellar space , as can tiny 0 @.@ 1 μm dust particles . The tally of molecules discovered through radio astronomy is steadily increasing at the rate of about four new species per year . Large regions of higher density matter known as molecular clouds allow chemical reactions to occur , including the formation of organic polyatomic species . Much of this chemistry is driven by collisions . Energetic cosmic rays penetrate the cold , dense clouds and ionize hydrogen and helium , resulting , for example , in the trihydrogen cation . An ionized helium atom can then split relatively abundant carbon monoxide to produce ionized carbon , which in turn can lead to organic chemical reactions .
The local interstellar medium is a region of space within 100 parsecs ( pc ) of the Sun , which is of interest both for its proximity and for its interaction with the Solar System . This volume nearly coincides with a region of space known as the Local Bubble , which is characterized by a lack of dense , cold clouds . It forms a cavity in the Orion Arm of the Milky Way galaxy , with dense molecular clouds lying along the borders , such as those in the constellations of Ophiuchus and Taurus . ( The actual distance to the border of this cavity varies from 60 to 250 pc or more . ) This volume contains about 104 – 105 stars and the local interstellar gas counterbalances the astrospheres that surround these stars , with the volume of each sphere varying depending on the local density of the interstellar medium . The Local Bubble contains dozens of warm interstellar clouds with temperatures of up to 7 @,@ 000 K and radii of 0 @.@ 5 – 5 pc .
When stars are moving at sufficiently high peculiar velocities , their astrospheres can generate bow shocks as they collide with the interstellar medium . For decades it was assumed that the Sun had a bow shock . In 2012 , data from Interstellar Boundary Explorer ( IBEX ) and NASA 's Voyager probes showed that the Sun 's bow shock does not exist . Instead , these authors argue that a subsonic bow wave defines the transition from the solar wind flow to the interstellar medium . A bow shock is the third boundary of an astrosphere after the termination shock and the astropause ( called the heliopause in the Solar System ) .
= = = Intergalactic space = = =
Intergalactic space is the physical space between galaxies . The huge spaces between galaxy clusters are called the voids . Surrounding and stretching between galaxies , there is a rarefied plasma that is organized in a galactic filamentary structure . This material is called the intergalactic medium ( IGM ) . The density of the IGM is 5 – 200 times the average density of the Universe . It consists mostly of ionized hydrogen ; i.e. a plasma consisting of equal numbers of electrons and protons . As gas falls into the intergalactic medium from the voids , it heats up to temperatures of 105 K to 107 K , which is high enough so that collisions between atoms have enough energy to cause the bound electrons to escape from the hydrogen nuclei ; this is why the IGM is ionized . At these temperatures , it is called the warm – hot intergalactic medium ( WHIM ) . ( Although the plasma is very hot by terrestrial standards , 105 K is often called " warm " in astrophysics . ) Computer simulations and observations indicate that up to half of the atomic matter in the Universe might exist in this warm – hot , rarefied state . When gas falls from the filamentary structures of the WHIM into the galaxy clusters at the intersections of the cosmic filaments , it can heat up even more , reaching temperatures of 108 K and above in the so @-@ called intracluster medium .
= = Exploration and applications = =
For the majority of human history , space was explored by remote observation ; initially with the unaided eye and then with the telescope . Prior to the advent of reliable rocket technology , the closest that humans had come to reaching outer space was through the use of balloon flights . In 1935 , the U.S. Explorer II manned balloon flight had reached an altitude of 22 km ( 14 mi ) . This was greatly exceeded in 1942 when the third launch of the German A @-@ 4 rocket climbed to an altitude of about 80 km ( 50 mi ) . In 1957 , the unmanned satellite Sputnik 1 was launched by a Russian R @-@ 7 rocket , achieving Earth orbit at an altitude of 215 – 939 kilometres ( 134 – 583 mi ) . This was followed by the first human spaceflight in 1961 , when Yuri Gagarin was sent into orbit on Vostok 1 . The first humans to escape Earth orbit were Frank Borman , Jim Lovell and William Anders in 1968 on board the U.S. Apollo 8 , which achieved lunar orbit and reached a maximum distance of 377 @,@ 349 km ( 234 @,@ 474 mi ) from the Earth .
The first spacecraft to reach escape velocity was the Soviet Luna 1 , which performed a fly @-@ by of the Moon in 1959 . In 1961 , Venera 1 became the first planetary probe . It revealed the presence of the solar wind and performed the first fly @-@ by of the planet Venus , although contact was lost before reaching Venus . The first successful planetary mission was the Mariner 2 fly @-@ by of Venus in 1962 . The first spacecraft to perform a fly @-@ by of Mars was Mariner 4 , which reached the planet in 1964 . Since that time , unmanned spacecraft have successfully examined each of the Solar System 's planets , as well their moons and many minor planets and comets . They remain a fundamental tool for the exploration of outer space , as well as observation of the Earth . In August 2012 , Voyager 1 became the first man @-@ made object to leave the Solar System and enter interstellar space .
The absence of air makes outer space ( and the surface of the Moon ) ideal locations for astronomy at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum . This is evidenced by the spectacular
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pictures sent back by the Hubble Space Telescope , allowing light from more than 13 billion years ago — almost to the time of the Big Bang — to be observed . However , not every location in space is ideal for a telescope . The interplanetary zodiacal dust emits a diffuse near @-@ infrared radiation that can mask the emission of faint sources such as extrasolar planets . Moving an infrared telescope out past the dust will increase the effectiveness of the instrument . Likewise , a site like the Daedalus crater on the far side of the Moon could shield a radio telescope from the radio frequency interference that hampers Earth @-@ based observations .
Unmanned spacecraft in Earth orbit have become an essential technology of modern civilization . They allow direct monitoring of weather conditions , relay long @-@ range communications including telephone calls and television signals , provide a means of precise navigation , and allow remote sensing of the Earth . The latter role serves a wide variety of purposes , including tracking soil moisture for agriculture , prediction of water outflow from seasonal snow packs , detection of diseases in plants and trees , and surveillance of military activities .
The deep vacuum of space could make it an attractive environment for certain industrial processes , such as those that require ultraclean surfaces . However , like asteroid mining , space manufacturing requires a significant investment with little prospect of an immediate return . An important factor in the total expense is the high cost of placing mass into Earth orbit : $ 7 @,@ 000 – 23 @,@ 000 per kg in inflation @-@ adjusted dollars , according to a 2006 estimate . Proposed concepts for addressing this issue include non @-@ rocket spacelaunch , momentum exchange tethers , and space elevators .
= Trondheim Airport Station =
Trondheim Airport Station ( IATA code : TRD ) , also known as Værnes Station ( Norwegian : Værnes holdeplass ) , is a railway station located within the terminal complex of Trondheim Airport , Værnes in Stjørdal , Norway . Situated on the Nordland Line , it serves both express trains and the Trøndelag Commuter Rail both operated by Norges Statsbaner . The station was opened on 15 November 1994 along with a new terminal at the airport , making it the first airport rail link in the Nordic Countries . The station cost NOK 24 million , and was built along the existing railway line . In each direction , the station handles one to two hourly commuter rail services , and three daily express services . Travel time to Trondheim is 38 minutes , while it is 9 hours and 5 minutes to Bodø . Access to the airport terminal is outdoors , but sheltered .
= = Facilities = =
The station is located at the terminal of Trondheim Airport , Værnes . The connection between the station and the airport is outside , but there is a roof for the whole distance . The platform is about 190 metres
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60th anniversary of The Adventures of Tintin .
= = Critical analysis = =
Jean @-@ Marc and Randy Lofficier commented that The Blue Lotus was " unarguably Hergé 's first masterpiece " . They felt that for the first time in the series , " one senses that the story has become important " as Tintin first expresses " a purpose , a mission " to his adventure . Commenting on the character Chang , they thought that he was an " endearing personality " despite having little relevance the plot , also believing that Dawson and Gibbons were the most loathsome characters in the Adventure . They compared the scene in which the Japanese invaded China with that in Tintin in America where the U.S. army force Native Americans off of their land , and praised the linear illustrations of the story , although also opined that the original black @-@ and @-@ white version was better than its colour counterpart . Overall , they awarded The Blue Lotus four stars out of five .
Harry Thompson noted that some people believed that Hergé 's depiction of the Japanese as buck @-@ toothed and inherently violent in The Blue Lotus was racist . He nevertheless thought that these accusations " stupidly " missed " the point of the story " , which was to counter widespread racist attitudes toward East Asians among Belgians . Due to the inclusion of actual historical events , he thought that the comic lacked the " timelessness " of other Adventures but that for 1934 it was " a marvelous piece of comic strip art " . Hergé biographer Pierre Assouline thought that the book combined " social realism " with the spirit present in the work of Charles Dickens and Alexandre Dumas .
Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters thought that there was an obvious difference in The Adventures of Tintin before and after The Blue Lotus , and that it represented " an essential turning point both graphically and ideologically " as Hergé shifted from his former " classically right @-@ wing " ideas . Also feeling that the work was " exceptionally moving , " he noted that The Blue Lotus was far from Tintin in the Congo in its attitude to non @-@ Europeans , while other Belgian comic strips like Blake and Mortimer and Buck Danny would continue to perpetuate negative stereotypes of East Asians for decades . Elsewhere , he stated that it was the first Adventure where Hergé " really took control " of the story , also opining that it was the " most politically involved " entity in the series .
Michael Farr stated that there was a " general agreement " that The Blue Lotus was Hergé 's first masterpiece , being " better planned " than its predecessors and for the first time having " a carefully devised structure " . At the same time he thought that it retained the best qualities of the earlier works . Thinking it " much more serious " than Tintin 's prior Adventures , he nevertheless thought it " no less enjoyable " , being the first story to bring " emotion and tragedy " to the series . Farr thought that Hergé 's " total absorption " in his subject resulted in him gaining an " extraordinary feel " for it and allowed him to foresee future political events in China much like a " finely tuned " political commentator . He singled out the depiction of the Mukden Incident for particular praise , thinking it " a marvellous example of political satire " . Philippe Goddin thought that this depiction of the build @-@ up to invasion was " brilliantly " done , also comparing it to the scene of ethnic cleansing in Tintin in America .
Literary critic Tom McCarthy thought that The Blue Lotus showed evidence of Hergé 's " left @-@ wing counter @-@ tendency " that rejected his earlier right @-@ wing worldview . He believed that this was partly due to the influence of Zhang , who had destroyed Hergé 's " European absolutism " , and overall thought of it as " the most visually rich of all the Tintin books " . Literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès of Stanford University thought that Wang signified the forces of good in the story while Rastapopoulos represented evil , and that the character Didi – who was poisoned with Raijaijah – inverted " the model of justice ruling the world of the Good " . He saw a similarity between Didi and Tintin , who both have " feline
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favourable for batting .
The declaration left Australia with a victory target of 404 runs . At the time , this would have been the highest ever fourth innings score to result in a Test victory for the batting side . Australia had only 345 minutes to reach the target , and the local press wrote them off , predicting their dismissal by lunchtime on a deteriorating wicket expected to favour the spinners . In addition , most of the Australian onlookers present at the ground thought their team had no chance of victory . Morris and Hassett started slowly , making only six runs in the first six overs on a pitch offering spin and bounce . It appeared they were playing carefully at first before deciding whether to try to achieve the target at a later point . In Bedser 's second over , the third of the innings , Morris chipped the ball in the air towards mid @-@ wicket , in a similar manner to his first innings dismissal , but this time the ball evaded Cranston . After 15 minutes Australia had only scored 10 runs .
After Bedser had bowled three overs , Yardley introduced Laker in his place in the seventh over to exploit the spin . An attacking field , with two slips and a gully , was put in a place , but Laker bowled inaccurately and the Australian openers took 13 runs from his first over . Hassett hit a four and took a single to give Morris the strike . Morris hit a four , was beaten by a bouncing ball that hurried off the pitch and then hit another boundary . Despite this over , only 44 runs came in the first hour , meaning that 360 runs were needed in 285 minutes . After his poor first over , Laker had settled down and conceded only two runs from his next six overs . The frustrated crowd heckled the Australian openers for their slow scoring and Morris was ironically applauded after taking a single . Evans then missed a leg @-@ side stumping opportunity against Hassett , and Bedser beat each of the Australians with extra bounce . During his early spell , Laker " was getting at least one ball every over to turn considerably " .
Noting Laker 's ability to extract substantial turn from the pitch , Yardley brought on the part @-@ time left @-@ arm unorthodox spin of Compton , who bowled inaccurately although with some turn . Morris struck two fours in Compton 's first over to register Australia 's 50 in 64 minutes . Compton 's next over was more potent ; he deceived Morris , who danced down the pitch and missed the ball , but Evans fumbled the stumping opportunity . At the time , Morris was on 32 and Australia at 55 / 0 . Laker beat Morris in the next over with an off break that spun a foot , and in the succeeding over , Hassett was dismissed by Compton with the score at 57 . Compton had caught Hassett 's leading edge and dived forward in his follow through to catch the ball one @-@ handed just above the ground .
Bradman joined Morris with 347 runs needed in 257 minutes . After receiving another rapturous welcome from the Headingley spectators in his last innings at the ground , the Australian captain signalled his intentions by hitting a boundary from Compton and another off the first ball he faced from Laker , cover driving against the spin . Bradman reached 12 in six minutes .
Yardley then called upon the occasional leg spin of Hutton in an attempt to exploit the turning wicket . The latter had taken only four wickets in the 1947 English season and had never dismissed an Australian batsman in ten Tests against such opponents . As Australia were still behind the required run rate , Yardley could afford to take risks and sacrifice some runs if he got wickets in return . Morris promptly joined Bradman in the counter @-@ attack , hitting three consecutive fours from Hutton 's first over , which Fingleton described as " rather terrible " due to the errant length . This over took Morris to 51 . After an economical over from Compton , Bradman took two fours off Hutton 's next over before almost holing out to Yardley . Despite the near miss , the 20 runs from Hutton 's two inaccurate overs had allowed Australia to reach 96 / 1 from 90 minutes .
In the next over , Compton bowled a googly to deceive Bradman , who expected the ball to turn in . However , it went the other way , took the outside edge and ran away past slip for four . Bradman leg glanced the next ball for another boundary , before again failing to read a googly on the third ball of the over . This time the edge went to Crapp , who failed to hold on to the catch . The sixth ball of Compton 's over beat Bradman and hit him on the pads . Compton had control of Bradman for the over , but went unrewarded . At the other end , Morris continued to plunder Hutton 's inaccurate leg breaks , and Australia reached lunch at 121 / 1 , with Morris on 63 and Bradman on 35 . Hutton had conceded 30 runs in four overs , and in the half hour preceding the interval , Australia had added 64 runs . Both Morris and Bradman had been given lives . Although Australia had scored at a reasonable rate , they had also been troubled by many of the deliveries and were expected to face further difficulty if they were to avoid defeat .
Upon resumption , Compton continued as Yardley attempted to exploit the turning wicket . However , Compton was not a regular bowler and he sent down a series of ill @-@ directed full tosses and long hops that were easily dispatched for runs . Morris struck seven fours in two overs of what Fingleton called " indescribably bad bowling " . This included six fours in eight balls . As Morris continued to attack , Compton began to crack under the pressure and his inaccuracy increased . The part @-@ time bowler had generated trouble for the batsmen by tossing the ball up and beating the bat or inducing edges , but Morris counterattacked with drives . Compton tried to hold back his length to avoid being driven but the Australian opener pounced on the shorter balls . Morris reached the 90s just 14 minutes after the interval and hit another boundary to reach his century in a little over two hours . Morris had added 37 runs since lunch , mainly from Compton 's wayward offerings , while Bradman had only added three .
The onslaught prompted Yardley to take the new ball and replace Compton with his pacemen . Bradman reached 50 in 60 minutes and then aimed a drive from Cranston 's bowling , but sliced it in the air to point . Yardley dived forward and got his hands to the ball , but failed to hold on . Australia reached 202 — halfway to the required total — with 165 minutes left , after Morris dispatched consecutive full tosses from Laker . England began to become demoralised and their fielding continued to deteriorate . Bradman hooked two boundaries , but suffered a fibrositis attack , which put him in significant pain . Drinks were taken while Bradman was being treated , and Morris had to shield his captain from the strike until the pain had subsided . Australia reached 250 shortly before tea with Morris on 133 and Bradman on 92 . Bradman then reached his century in 147 minutes as the second @-@ wicket stand passed 200 .
Morris was given another life on 136 when Laker dropped him while fielding at square leg from Compton 's bowling . Bradman was given another life at 108 when he advanced two metres down the pitch to Laker and missed , but Evans fumbled the stumping opportunity with the batsman far out of his ground . Australia reached tea at 292 / 1 with Morris on 150 . The pair had added 171 during the session . Morris was eventually dismissed by Yardley for 182 , after hitting a tired @-@ looking shot to mid @-@ off , having partnered Bradman in a stand of 301 in 217 minutes . He struck 33 fours in a 290 @-@ minute innings . This brought Miller to the crease with 46 runs still required . Miller struck two boundaries and helped take the score to 396 before falling lbw to Cranston with eight runs still needed . Harvey came in and got off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs . Australia had won by seven wickets , setting a new world record for the highest successful Test runchase , with Bradman unbeaten on 173 in only 255 minutes of batting with 29 fours .
The attendance of 158 @,@ 000 was the highest for any cricket match on English soil and the takings were 34 @,@ 000 pounds . The crowd remains a record for a Test in England .
= = Aftermath = =
After the Fourth Test , the Australians had five tour matches before the final Test . They defeated Derbyshire by an innings , before having a washout against Glam
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s touring English XI . In that match Wilson took the wickets of George Bean , George Lohmann and William Attewell , all Test cricketers . In the final match of the Victorian cricket season , to decide the pennant between Melbourne and South Melbourne , Wilson was selected for MCC , but did not get a chance to bat and only bowled four overs in a weather @-@ affected match that ended in a draw — the premiership defaulted to South Melbourne because they had a slightly higher average during the season .
Wilson was again one of Melbourne 's better players for the 1892 football season . In a round 14 match against Fitzroy , Wilson kicked three of the Redlegs ' six goals in a one @-@ goal victory . Two weeks later , he was described as " performing meritoriously " in a game where he also kicked a goal . In the third @-@ last game of the season , Melbourne drew a match away to a poor Collingwood team . Markwell wrote in The Australasian that Wilson and Dolly Christy , who had both missed the match , were sorely missed . Melbourne finished the season in fourth position on the ladder , their highest finish since 1886 , though Markwell thought the result was disappointing when considering the calibre of players the club had recruited . He named Wilson as one of the team 's " most deserving " players for the year .
The 1892 – 93 season was Wilson 's most productive in Victorian cricket . He played six senior premiership matches and took 10 wickets at an average of 22 @.@ 20 , including an innings of 3 / 40 against South Melbourne where he dismissed first @-@ class players Willie Over and Albert Rains . Melbourne played against Fitzroy in the final match of the season to decide the premiership . Fitzroy batted first and made 282 , with Wilson taking 3 / 56 from 18 @.@ 2 overs , including the wickets of Victorian players Thomas Hastings and George Beacham . Melbourne had only to pass Fitzroy 's first innings total to secure the premiership , but were in a perilous situation at 9 / 237 when Wilson came in at number 11 . He joined James O 'Halloran to put on a partnership of 48 , of which Wilson contributed 24 , which was just enough to surpass Fitzroy 's score . Writing for The Australasian , Felix observed that , although Wilson was not as comfortable at the crease as his partner O 'Halloran , he still put in a performance that was " deserving of mention " and that several of the fours he hit off Beacham " had to be seen to be appreciated " . Fitzroy got to 5 / 60 in their second innings before stumps was called and the result was declared a draw , enough for Melbourne to win the premiership . Wilson took one wicket from his two overs , that of Albert Fox .
Melbourne began the 1893 football season strongly , winning their first eight matches . Wilson missed the first match of the year , but returned for the Redlegs ' round 2 victory over Port Melbourne . He missed the following week 's clash against St Kilda due to work commitments , which The Sportsman jokingly called " a new experience for bank clerks " . In Melbourne 's victory over South Melbourne on 17 June , Markwell reported in The Australasian that Wilson 's performance was " meritorious " . Coming in to round 9 , both Melbourne and Essendon had both won their first eight matches and the contest between the two was highly anticipated . In front of about 25 @,@ 000 spectators at the East Melbourne Cricket Ground , the two teams put on what Observer of The Argus called a great match . Melbourne kicked away early to lead by five goals to one at half time , but Essendon , who had won the past two premierships , fought back , kicking four goals to nil in the second half for the match to finish in a thrilling draw . Observer called Wilson a " first @-@ class Red man " and noted that he " [ held ] his marks well " while playing in the backline .
The Redlegs went on to win their next four games , including a match against Collingwood where Wilson played as a forward and kicked two of the team 's four goals in the absence of their main goalkicker William Smith . A week later against Fitzroy , Wilson again played forward and kicked two goals , including one from over 60 yards ( 55 m ) out , in a two @-@ goal win . Wilson was one of Melbourne 's best in the round 13 game against Williamstown , according to the North Melbourne Advertiser . The next week Melbourne met Essendon for the second time that season . Each side had won all their matches for the year so far , except for the drawn game between the two teams earlier in the year . The Age wrote that the match had been eagerly awaited and that nearly 30 @,@ 000 spectators attended , including hundreds of people from places as far away as Bendigo and Ballarat . In a contrast to the two sides ' first meeting , it was the Same Olds who started strongest and they led by four goals to one at half time . Wilson had one of the opening shots on goal of the game , but was only able to register a behind . Melbourne began to come back in the second half and Wilson set up Mickey Roche to kick the Redlegs ' second goal of the match . At three @-@ quarter time , Melbourne were still three goals in arrears and they came out playing some of their best football of the year — O 'Loughlin kicked a goal midway through the quarter and then several players , including Wilson , had unsuccessful shots on goal . Ernest Howes scored the Reds ' fourth goal , but it was too late for Melbourne as the siren to end the game sounded only seconds later .
Melbourne bounced back the next week with a win over Carlton , but lost the week after at home to Geelong , despite leading by five goals to one at quarter time . This opened up a two @-@ win advantage for Essendon at the top of the ladder . Reviewing the match , Markwell wrote that Wilson had played better games , but that he worked as hard as anyone on the ground and was " singularly unselfish " . Melbourne dropped more points with a round 17 draw against South Melbourne and when the Redlegs played another draw two weeks later , this time against St Kilda , The Argus declared the premiership race all but over . Wilson recovered from a form slump to kick both of Melbourne 's goals in the St Kilda match , but it was not enough to get the Redlegs over the line . He was again in the best players in Melbourne 's round 20 win over Carlton . The Reds closed out the season with two more wins , but it was not enough to catch Essendon who remained undefeated and Melbourne finished runners @-@ up . In his appraisal of the season , Markwell named Wilson in his best dozen Melbourne players .
Wilson 's last season for the Melbourne Cricket Club came in 1893 – 94 . He missed the first two premiership matches of the
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but was disappointed with the " heavyweight producers " not producing any " masterpieces " . Stephen Erlewine of Allmusic gave a positive opinion on Usher 's development , writing " He looks good , his material is smooth and seductive , and he has a nice voice , even if he tends to favor melisma " . Erlewine also labelled the album as " a classy , seductive affair " but was ambivalent towards its material , due to the lack of memorable tracks . Entertainment Weekly 's Josh Tyrangiel said that the tracks " blend harmlessly together " , but was ambivalent towards the quality of the songs produced after Usher 's four @-@ year hiatus .
= = = Accolades = = =
The album earned Usher numerous accolades . At the 44th Grammy Awards he won his first Grammy , for Best R & B Vocal Performance Male ( for " U Remind Me " ) . The following year , at the 45th Grammy Awards , he won the award again , for " U Don 't Have to Call " . As an act Usher won several awards , including three Billboard R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Awards in 2002 , for Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles Artist , Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Male Artist and Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Artist , and a BET Award for Best R & B Artist . At the 2002 Soul Train Music Awards , the album earned him an award for Male R & B / Soul Album . In December 2009 , the album and its single , " U Got It Bad " , were ranked as some of the best records of the 2000 – 2009 decade . The former was positioned at number sixty @-@ three and the latter at number fifteen , respectively , on the Billboard 200 and Hot 100 Decade @-@ End Charts . In 2008 , " U Got It Bad " was ranked as one of the all @-@ time Hot 100 songs , positioned at number ninety @-@ nine .
= = Commercial performance = =
The album debuted at number @-@ four on the US Billboard 200 Chart selling 210 @,@ 000 copies in its first week ; it was the second highest debut of the week , behind Isley Brothers ' Eternal . The album exceeded its predecessor 's sales , My Way ( 1997 ) , which debuted at number fifteen selling 66 @,@ 000 copies in its opening week . Eighteen weeks after the release of 8701 , it had sold 1 @.@ 94 million copies , and was predicted to be on pace to out @-@ sell My Way , which sold 1 @.@ 32 million units during the same period . On the week of February 25 , 2002 8701 's total sales stood at 3 @.@ 2 million and it was charted at number eleven on the Billboard 200 . By March 9 , 2010 the album had sold 4 @.@ 7 million copies in the United States , and had received a 4 × platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) .
The album debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart , and spent three weeks on the chart . It topped the UK Albums Chart on the week ending August 21 , 2001 , and remained on it for forty @-@ seven weeks before dropping out . The album was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . On the Australian Albums Chart , 8701 peaked at number seven , and remained on the chart for forty @-@ three weeks . It was certified 2 × platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . The album debuted in the top five on the Danish Albums Chart and Belgium Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) . It debuted in the top ten in several countries , including New Zealand , The Netherlands , Switzerland and Norway . By November 2010 , the album had sold over 8 million copies worldwide .
= = Track
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The trophy features 30 gold @-@ plated flags , one for each of the Major League teams , which rise above a silver baseball covered with latitude and longitude lines that symbolize the world . The baseball also contains 24 @-@ karat vermeil baseball stitches . The base contains an inscription of the signature of the commissioner , as well as the words " Presented by the Commissioner of Baseball " . The new design was presented for the first time at the conclusion of the 2000 World Series , won by the Yankees .
= = = Trophy designs = = =
= = By franchise = =
= Blood Money ( video game ) =
Blood Money is a side @-@ scrolling shooter video game developed by DMA Design . It was published by Psygnosis in 1989 for the Amiga , Atari ST and DOS , and in 1990 for the Commodore 64 . The game is set in four different locations on a planet , where players are tasked with attacking the enemies and defeating the bosses .
The game began development immediately after Menace , and borrowed similar gameplay elements . The development team used advanced hardware to develop Blood Money , utilising improved graphical and technological processes . The game was inspired by the presentation of Mr. Heli , and the animations of Blood Money would later inspire the development of Lemmings . The game was released to positive reviews ; praise was given to the game 's graphics and gameplay . The game was also commercially successful , selling over 40 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Gameplay = =
Blood Money is a horizontal side @-@ scrolling shooter that uses 2D computer graphics . Players move through four stages on the planet , taking control of a different vehicle in each level : a helicopter in the metal world , a submarine in a water world , a spacesuit in an ice world , and a fighter jet in a fire world . Each vehicle features unique weaponry , which players use to attack all advancing enemies . Players can upgrade their vehicle with power @-@ ups , which grant them additional weapons and upgrades , such as support missiles and neutron bombs . The vehicles ' energy acts as players ' health , and is depleted when the vehicle makes contact with enemies and walls . When all energy is lost , players lose a life ; three lives are provided at the beginning of the game , and additional lives can be collected as players progress through the levels . When all three lives are lost , the game ends and players are sent to the title screen . The first two levels may be selected from the beginning of the game ; after one level is complete , players can select any remaining world without restrictions . At the end of each level , players must defeat a boss .
= = Development = =
Following the successful release of Menace in 1988 , David Jones began developing Blood Money on 4 January 1
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when it was moved to Arlington Park , where it continues to be held to the present day and commemorates the Washington Park racetrack .
The new track hosted a number of special races between famous horses of the day . On August 29 , 1945 a match race between Busher and Durazna was held at the racetrack . The distance was one mile , with a purse of $ 25 @,@ 000 @.@ 00 . Busher won by almost two lengths , after the lead changed several times during the race . On August 31 , 1955 , Washington Park hosted a match race between Nashua and Swaps with a distance of a mile and a quarter . The purse was $ 100 @,@ 000 @.@ 00 . Nashua won by several lengths , having led the entire race . The race was well attended , and attracted reporters from across the country . Nashua went on to be named Horse of the Year for 1955 .
However , in spite of popular events , the track was not without scandals and allegations of misdeeds . For example , in 1970 , Marge Lindheimer Everett , manager of both Arlington and Washington Park , confessed to having bribed Illinois Governor Otto Kerner to gain premium racing dates .
Washington Park Race Track 's grandstand burned on the night of February 5 , 1977 , putting the track out of business . The property was sold and redeveloped in 1992 for commercial and residential use .
= = Horses who raced at Washington Park = =
Emperor of Norfolk won the 1888 American Derby
Domino won the 1893 Hyde Park Stakes
Whirlaway won the 1941 American Derby
Citation won the 1948 American Derby in the same year he won the Triple Crown , with Eddie Arcaro up
Coaltown won the 1949 Whirlaway Stakes , setting a new world mile mark while doing so
Native Dancer won the 1953 American Derby , with Eddie Arcaro up
Swaps won the 1956 Washington Park Handicap and the 1955 American Derby , where he set the record for that race that still stood in 2006 .
T. V. Lark won the American Derby and Washington Park Handicap in 1961
= = Other stakes races run at the racetrack = =
Sheridan Stakes began in 1884 , ran at the old and new racetracks
Washington Park Handicap began 1926 , moved to Arlington Park in 1958
Washington Park Futurity Stakes - inaugurated in 1937 , it was a race for two @-@ year @-@ olds . In 1959 , the race was moved to Chicago 's Arlington Park race track , and in 1962 was merged with the Arlington Futurity Stakes to create the Arlington @-@ Washington Futurity Stakes . It is now the Arlington @-@ Washington Breeders ' Cup Futurity .
Stars and Stripes Handicap only ran at second Washington Park in 1943 , 1944 and 1945 and again in 1958 and 1959
Arlington Handicap ran at Washington Park in 1943 , 1944 and 1945
Queen Elizabeth Handicap began in 1946 ( ran as the Misty Isle Handicap from 1946 to 1958 )
= Elwood Haynes =
Elwood Haynes ( October 14 , 1857 – April 13 , 1925 ) was an American inventor , metallurgist , automotive pioneer , entrepreneur and industrialist . He invented the metal alloys stellite and martensitic stainless steel and designed one of the earliest automobiles made in the United States . He is recognized for having created the earliest American design that was feasible for mass production and , with the Apperson brothers , he formed the first company in the United States to produce automobiles profitably . He made many advances in the automotive industry .
Early in his career , while serving as a field superintendent at gas and oil companies during Indiana 's gas boom , Haynes invented several devices important to the advance of the natural gas industry . When working for the Indiana Natural Gas and Oil Company , he oversaw the construction of the first long @-@ distance natural gas pipeline in the United States , connecting Chicago with the Trenton Gas Field 150 miles ( 240 km ) away . He began to formulate plans for a motorized vehicle in the early 1890s ; he successfully road tested his first car , the Pioneer , on July 4 , 1894 — eight years after the first automobile was patented in Germany . He formed a partnership with Elmer and Edgar Apperson in 1896 to start Haynes @-@ Apperson for the commercial production of automobiles , and he renamed it Haynes Automobile Company in 1905 , following the loss of his partners .
Working in his laboratory to develop new corrosion @-@ resistant metals for auto parts , Haynes discovered that mixing tungsten with chromium , steel and iron resulted in the formation of strong and lightweight alloys that were impervious to corrosion and could withstand very high temperatures . In 1912 , he formed Haynes Stellite Company to produce one of the new alloys and received lucrative contracts during World War I , making Haynes a millionaire in 1916 . He sold his patent for stainless steel to the American Stainless Steel Company in exchange for enough stock to gain a seat at the company 's board of directors , a position he held for twelve years . He merged the Haynes Stellite company with Union Carbide in 1920 , and after passing through different owners , the company was renamed and is now called Haynes International . Haynes returned his focus to his automotive company , but in the economic recession of the 1920s the business went bankrupt and was liquidated .
An outspoken advocate of prohibition , he made substantial donations to the Prohibition Party and Indiana 's prohibitionist leader Frank Hanly . Haynes ran an unsuccessful campaign in Indiana for the U.S. Senate in 1916 as a prohibition candidate and remained active in the party until prohibition became law . Later , he became a philanthropist and served two terms as president of the YMCA , five years on the Indiana Board of Education , and was an active member of the Presbyterian church . After his death from complications arising from influenza , his Kokomo mansion was converted into the Elwood Haynes Museum and is open to the public where many of his original inventions and automobiles are on display .
= = Early life = =
= = = Family and background = = =
Haynes was born on October 14 , 1857 , in Portland , Indiana , the fifth of ten children of Jacob M. Haynes and Hilinda S. Haines Haynes . His family was of English descent ; he was a ninth @-@ generation descendant of Walter Haynes who immigrated from Wiltshire , England to Sudbury , Massachusetts in 1638 . His father was Jay County 's school commissioner , a lawyer , Whig politician , and a judge of the Jay and Randolph County common pleas court . Both of Haynes ' parents were dedicated Presbyterians and outspoken prohibitionists and educated their children from a young age to avoid liquor . His mother was the founder of a local Women 's Temperance Movement Union . His paternal grandfather Henry Haynes was a gunsmith and mechanic , and tutored Haynes about metallurgy . In 1866 , the family moved from their two @-@ room house in Portland into the countryside outside of town where they purchased a larger home to better accommodate their growing number of children .
At age 12 , Haynes built his first vehicle from scrap railroad car parts and operated it on the county 's railroad tracks . The local railroad foreman did not approve and later seized the vehicle and destroyed it . As a child , Haynes
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around 1960 when three storeys of office building were added .
Unlike the other stations built for the extension , the station 's platforms are not in tunnels , but in a wide cutting with the tunnel portals a short distance to the north . Three tracks run through the station to the depot , and the station has three platforms , two of which are island platforms with tracks on each side . The platforms are accessed by steps down from the ticket hall and are numbered 1 to 5 from east to west ; the island platforms have different numbers for each face ( 2 / 3 and 4 / 5 ) . To indicate departures , the platforms are usually referred to as 2 , 3 and 5 . The tunnel portals are one end of the longest tunnel on the London Underground running 27 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 17 @.@ 3 mi ) to East Finchley via the Bank branch .
Refurbishment and improvement works completed in 2007 included new and reconstructed cross bridges between platforms and the installation of lifts for mobility impaired passengers . Cosmetic improvements carried out at the same time included the reinstatement of pole @-@ mounted roundels on the sides of the entrance vestibule . Other work in the 2000s at the station includes the construction of a substantial air rights building spanning across the cutting .
The station is locally listed by Merton Council as being of architectural interest , though not statutorily listed like the others on the Morden extension .
= = Services and connections = =
The station sits at the southern end of the Northern line in London fare zone 4 . It is the southernmost station on the whole London Underground network . The next station to the north is South Wimbledon . Train frequencies vary throughout the day , but generally operate every 2 – 5 minutes between 05 : 15 and midnight .
London Bus routes 80 , 93 , 118 , 154 , 157 , 163 , 164 , 201 , 293 , 413 , 470 and K5 , and night route N155 serve the station .
= Prince Rupert of the Rhine =
Rupert , Count Palatine of the Rhine , Duke of Bavaria , Duke of Cumberland , Earl of Holderness ( German : Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein , Herzog von Bayern ) , commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine , KG , PC , FRS ( 17 December 1619 – 29 November 1682 ) , was a noted German soldier , admiral , scientist , sportsman , colonial governor and amateur artist during the 17th century . Rupert was a younger son of the German prince Frederick V , Elector Palatine and his wife Elizabeth , the eldest daughter of James I of England . Thus Rupert was the nephew of King Charles I of England , who made him Duke of Cumberland and Earl of Holderness , and the first cousin of King Charles II of England . His sister Electress Sophia was the mother of George I of Great Britain .
Prince Rupert had a varied career . He was a soldier from a young age , fighting against Spain in the Netherlands during the Eighty Years ' War ( 1568 – 1648 ) , and against the Holy Roman Emperor in Germany during the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 48 ) . Aged 23 , he was
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rosa fruits in autumn — later than A. bisporigera . A. elliptosperma is less common but widely distributed in the southeastern United States , while A. ocreata is found on the West Coast and in the Southwest . Other similar toxic North American species include Amanita magnivelaris , which has a cream @-@ colored , rather thick , felted @-@ submembranous , skirt @-@ like ring , and A. virosiformis , which has elongated spores that are 3 @.@ 9 – 4 @.@ 7 by 11 @.@ 7 – 13 @.@ 4 μm . Neither A. elliptosperma nor A. magnivelaris typically turn yellow with the application of KOH ; the KOH reaction of A. virosiformis has not been reported .
Leucoagaricus leucothites is another all @-@ white mushroom with an annulus , free gills , and white spore print , but it lacks a volva and has thick @-@ walled dextrinoid ( staining red @-@ brown in Melzer 's reagent ) egg @-@ shaped spores with a pore . A. bisporigera may also be confused with the larger edible species Agaricus silvicola , the " horse @-@ mushroom " . Like many white amanitas , young fruit bodies of A. bisporigera , still enveloped in the universal veil , can be confused with puffball species , but a longitudinal cut of the fruit body reveals internal structures in the Amanita that are absent in puffballs . In 2006 , seven members of the Hmong community living in Minnesota were poisoned with A. bisporigera because they had confused it with edible paddy straw mushrooms ( Volvariella volvacea ) that grow in Southeast Asia .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Like most other Amanita species , A. bisporigera is thought to form mycorrhizal relationships with trees . This is a mutually beneficial relationship where the hyphae of the fungus grow around the roots of trees , enabling the fungus to receive moisture , protection and nutritive byproducts of the tree , and giving the tree greater access to soil nutrients . Fruit bodies of Amanita bisporigera are found on the ground growing either solitarily , scattered , or in groups in mixed coniferous and deciduous forests ; they tend to appear during summer and early fall . The fruit bodies are commonly found near oak , but have been reported in birch @-@ aspen areas in the west . It is most commonly found in eastern North America , and rare in western North America . It is widely distributed in Canada , and its range extends south to Mexico . The species has also been found in Colombia , where it may have been introduced from trees exported for use in pine plantations .
= = Genome sequencing = =
The Amanita Genome Project was begun in Jonathan Walton 's lab at Michigan State University in 2004 as part of their ongoing studies of Amanita bisporigera . The purpose of the project is to determine the genes and genetic controls associated with the formation of mycorrhizae , and to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms of toxin production . The genome of A. bisporigera has been sequenced using a combination of automated Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing , and the genome sequence information is publicly searchable . The sequence data enabled the researchers to identify the genes responsible for amatoxin and phallotoxin biosynthesis , AMA1 and PHA1 . The cyclic peptides are synthesized on ribosomes , and require proline @-@ specific peptidases from the prolyl oligopeptidase family for processing .
The genetic sequence information from A. bisporigera has been used to identify molecular polymorphisms in the related A. phalloides . These single @-@ nucleotide polymorphisms may be used as population genetic markers to study phylogeography and population genetics . Sequence information has also been employed to show that A. bisporigera lacks many of the major classes of secreted enzymes that break down the complex polysaccharides of plant cell walls , like cellulose . In contrast , saprobic fungi like Coprinopsis cinerea and Galerina marginata , which break down organic matter to obtain nutrients , have a more complete complement of cell wall @-@ degrading enzymes . Although few ectomycorrhizal fungi have yet been tested in this way , the authors suggest that the absence of plant cell wall @-@ degrading ability may correlate with the ectomycorrhizal ecological niche .
= = = Cited books = = =
Jenkins DB . ( 1986 ) . Amanita of North America . Eureka , California : Mad River Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 916422 @-@ 55 @-@ 0 .
= Serotonin syndrome =
Serotonin syndrome is any of a group of symptoms that may be an indication of any number of potentially life @-@ threatening drug interactions that may occur following therapeutic drug use , combination , overdose of particular drugs , or the recreational use of certain drugs . Serotonin syndrome is not an idiopathic drug reaction ; it is a predictable consequence of excess serotonin on the CNS and / or peripheral nervous system . For this reason , some experts strongly prefer the terms serotonin toxicity or serotonin toxidrome , which more accurately reflect that it is a form of poisoning .
Excessive levels of serotonin produce a spectrum of specific symptoms including cognitive , autonomic , and somatic effects . Symptoms may range from barely perceptible to fatal . Numerous drugs and drug combinations have been reported to produce serotonin syndrome , though the exact mechanism is not well understood in many instances .
Diagnosis includes observing symptoms and investigating patient history for causal factors ( interacting drugs ) . The syndrome has a characteristic picture but can be mistaken for other illnesses in some people , particularly those with neuroleptic malignant syndrome , a condition characterized by excessive blockade of the dopamine receptors ( usually the result of anti @-@ nausea / vomiting or antipsychotic drugs ) , leading to movement disorders , changes in temperature , and other problems . No laboratory tests can currently confirm the diagnosis . Hence it is diagnosed based on symptoms , disease course ( that is , the progression of the disease ) and the exclusion of other possible causes of the presenting symptoms .
Treatment consists of discontinuing medications which may contribute and in moderate to severe cases administering a serotonin antagonist . An important adjunct treatment includes controlling agitation with benzodiazepine sedation . The high @-@ profile case of Libby Zion , who is generally accepted to have died from serotonin syndrome , resulted in changes to graduate medical education in New York State .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
Symptom onset is usually rapid , often occurring within minutes of elevated serotonin levels . Serotonin syndrome encompasses a wide range of clinical findings . Mild symptoms may consist of increased heart rate , shivering , sweating , dilated pupils , myoclonus ( intermittent jerking or twitching ) , as well as overresponsive reflexes . However , many of these symptoms may be side effects of the drug or drug interaction causing excessive levels of serotonin ; not an effect of elevated serotonin itself . Tremor is a common side effect of MDMA 's action at dopamine , whereas hyperreflexia is symptomatic of exposure to serotonin agonists . Moderate intoxication includes additional abnormalities such as hyperactive bowel sounds , high blood pressure and hyperthermia ; a temperature as high as 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) . The overactive reflexes and clonus in moderate cases may be greater in the lower limbs than in the upper limbs . Mental changes include hypervigilance or insomnia and agitation . Severe symptoms include severe increases in heart rate and blood pressure that may lead to shock . Temperature may rise to above 41 @.@ 1 ° C ( 106 @.@ 0 ° F ) in life @-@ threatening cases . Other abnormalities include metabolic acidosis , rhabdomyolysis , seizures , renal failure , and disseminated intravascular coagulation ; these effects usually arising as a consequence of hyperthermia .
The symptoms are often described as a clinical triad of abnormalities :
Cognitive effects : headache , agitation , hypomania , mental confusion , hallucinations , coma
Autonomic effects : shivering , sweating , hyperthermia , vasoconstriction , tachycardia , nausea , diarrhea .
Somatic effects : myoclonus ( muscle twitching ) , hyperreflexia ( manifested by clonus ) , tremor .
= = Cause = =
A large number of medications either alone in high dose or in combination can produce serotonin syndrome .
Many cases of serotonin toxicity occur in patients who have
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snob " and a " loner " who forgot his connections in Bowral and who failed to attend the funerals of Paul 's mother and father .
= = Style = =
Bradman 's early development was shaped by the high bounce of the ball on matting @-@ over @-@ concrete pitches . He favoured " horizontal @-@ bat " shots ( such as the hook , pull and cut ) to deal with the bounce and devised a unique grip on the bat handle that would accommodate these strokes without compromising his ability to defend . Employing a side @-@ on stance at the wicket , Bradman kept perfectly still as the bowler ran in . His backswing had a " crooked " look that troubled his early critics , but he resisted entreaties to change . His backswing kept his hands in close to the body , leaving him perfectly balanced and able to change his stroke mid @-@ swing , if need be . Another telling factor was the decisiveness of Bradman 's footwork . He " used the crease " by either coming metres down the wicket to drive , or playing so far back that his feet ended up level with the stumps when playing the cut , hook or pull .
Bradman 's game evolved with experience . He temporarily adapted his technique during the Bodyline series , deliberately moving around the crease in an attempt to score from the short @-@ pitched deliveries . At his peak , in the mid @-@ 1930s , he had the ability to switch between a defensive and attacking approach as the occasion demanded . After the Second World War , he adjusted to bat within the limitations set by his age , becoming a steady " accumulator " of runs . However , Bradman never truly mastered batting on sticky wickets . Wisden commented , " [ i ] f there really is a blemish on his amazing record it is ... the absence of a significant innings on one of those ' sticky dogs ' of old " .
= = In popular culture = =
Bradman 's name has become an archetypal name for outstanding excellence , both within cricket and in the wider world . The term Bradmanesque has been coined and is used both within and without cricketing circles . Steve Waugh described Sri Lankan Muttiah Muralitharan as " the Don Bradman of bowling " , while John Howard , former Prime Minister of Australia , was called " the Don Bradman of politics " by his Liberal Party colleague Joe Hockey . T. H. White describes Sir Lancelot as " being the greatest knight King Arthur had . He was a sort of Bradman , top of the battling averages . " .
Bradman has been the subject of more biographies than any other Australian , apart from the outlaw Ned Kelly . Bradman himself wrote four books : Don Bradman 's Book – The Story of My Cricketing Life with Hints on Batting , Bowling and Fielding ( 1930 ) , My Cricketing Life ( 1938 ) , Farewell to Cricket ( 1950 ) and The Art of Cricket ( 1958 ) . The story of the Bodyline series was retold in a 1984 television mini @-@ series .
Bradman is immortalised in three popular songs from different eras , " Our Don Bradman " ( 1930s , by Jack O 'Hagan ) , " Bradman " ( 1980s , by Paul Kelly ) ,
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.
" Black Light Attack ! " received generally mixed reception from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 5 @.@ 014 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 6 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . Its rating constituted a 30 percent drop from the December 2009 episode " Secret Santa " . For her performance in this episode , Jane Krakowski received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series .
= = Plot = =
During the TGS afterparty , new cast member Danny Baker ( Cheyenne Jackson ) admits to his boss , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) , that he has been having an office romance but will not disclose the woman 's name . While in attendance at a New York Knicks game , Jack asks more about the woman Danny is seeing and Danny reveals details , such as she has never let a man see her feet . This results in Jack 's realization that the woman is the show 's head writer , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) , and he is displeased .
Meanwhile , actress Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) auditions for a role she believes is for a college freshman on Gossip Girl . At the audition , Jenna learns that she is actually booked to audition for the role of the college freshman 's mother . She panics , believing that this is a sign that she is no longer young , and in an attempt to reclaim her youth , begins acting young which causes the TGS writing staff to mock her . At the same time , movie star Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) decides to add a woman to his entourage as a learning experience when he and his wife , Angie ( Sherri Shepherd ) , have a daughter . He brings in the French @-@ Dutch TGS writer Sue Laroche @-@ Van der Hout ( Sue Galloway ) . Tracy later loses his temper with a crew member , thinking that he made a suggestive comment about Sue , causing NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) to tell Tracy that he has become paternal towards Sue . Soon after , Sue begins rebelling against him , as Tracy treats her as a child .
During the TGS after party , Danny 's body paint — after performing as a robot — had not washed off and could be seen under the black lights at the party . As he knows about Danny and Liz 's relationship , Jack later uses a black light on Liz to reveal body paint all over her — transferred from Danny — revealing to her that he knows about their relationship . Jack tells Liz to end the relationship , but she hesitates . Eventually , she tries to break if off with Danny , but when she sees him wearing a CHiPs costume , she changes her mind . Jack confronts Liz on the whereabouts of Danny , as Danny had skipped lunch with him , only for Jack to see Danny 's CHiPs badge in her office . He orders her to end the relationship immediately , but Liz refuses , believing Jack is jealous . Simultaneously , Liz urges Jenna to come clean about her real age to the TGS staff , but Jenna balks at the idea . Liz tells Jenna if she tells everyone her real age , she will reveal her " friend Tom ... Tom Selleck " her mustache , to which Jenna agrees . Later , Liz walks by the staff with the mustache in her face . Jenna thanks Liz for this , and as a result , Jenna accepts the role of the mother on Gossip Girl .
Knowing that Liz will not break off with Danny , Jack tells Danny he knows about the two . He lies to Danny by telling him he cares for Liz , hoping that Danny will end it with Liz , which he does . After Sue returns from a night of partying , Tracy tells her that all he wanted to do was to be a father figure to her . Liz enters Tracy 's dressing room — with the mustache intact — to take Sue back to the writers ' room , as Liz had been looking for her . At the end , Tracy wonders if he can go through his experience with Sue if he has a daughter , to which Kenneth says he thinks he can .
= = Production = =
" Black Light Attack ! " was written by Steve Hely and directed by series producer Don Scardino . This was Hely 's first writing credit and Scardino 's twenty @-@ third episode directed . It originally aired in the United States on January 14 , 2010 , on NBC as the tenth episode of the show 's fourth season and the 68th overall episode of the series .
" Black Light Attack ! " was filmed on November 9 and November 13 , 2009 . In the scene in which Jenna plays the dying mother on Gossip Girl , the scenery is that used for the Waldorf residence in Gossip Girl . The two series are shot next to each other at Silvercup Studios in Queens , New York . In September 2008 , it was reported that actresses Blake Lively and Leighton Meester , who star on Gossip Girl , were set to guest star on 30 Rock , but the appearances fell through .
Dr. Sanjay Gupta guest starred as himself in " Black Light Attack ! " ; Liz is at home and watches Dr. Gupta on CNN as he expounds about the rise in female libido before menopause , referred to as the " Dirty 30s " . This was actor Cheyenne Jackson 's third appearance as Danny on 30 Rock . He made his debut in the November 12 , 2009 , episode " The Problem Solvers " , and would later guest star on " Secret Santa " . Series ' creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey had seen Jackson in the Broadway musicals Xanadu and Damn Yankees , the latter that starred Jane Krakowski , who plays Jenna on the show . According to Jackson in a November 2009 interview , Fey set up a meeting to interest him in a role on the program . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , it was revealed that it was Krakowski who brought Jackson to the attention of the 30 Rock producers . While at the Knicks game , Danny reveals details to Jack , about the woman he is seeing , such as " She never takes off her shoes ... Even though the reason is she 's never let a man see her feet " , which is a real life trait of Fey 's and her character .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Black Light Attack ! " was watched by 5 @.@ 01
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4 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It received a 2 @.@ 3 rating / 6 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic , that is 2 @.@ 3 percent of all people in that group , and 6 percent of all people from that group watching television at the time , watched the episode . This was a decrease from the previous episode , " Klaus and Greta " , that aired the same day of the week , which was watched by 5 @.@ 122 million American viewers . The episode 's rating constituted a 30 percent drop from the December 10 , 2009 , airing of the 30 Rock episode , " Secret Santa " , to a season low 2 @.@ 3 rating . Nonetheless , " Black Light Attack ! " was the third most viewed episode on the NBC network that week . Jane Krakowski received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for her work in this episode , but lost it to actress Jane Lynch .
The episode received generally mixed reviews . IGN contributor Robert Canning felt that the episode " didn 't have the same comedic appeal " as " Klaus and Greta " , but did say there were " some funny moments to be sure " , but overall the episode lacked . He commented that the main plot had its faults , but that the weak link in the story was Cheyenne Jackson 's Danny . He wrote that the Sue character had been great in the past , but that her " expanded role " in this episode was less successful . In conclusion , Canning gave the episode a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 rating . The A.V. Club ’ s Todd VanDerWerff wrote that " Black Light Attack ! " was " dead in spots . I mean , I laughed out loud a number of times , but not nearly as much " . He noted he liked Liz and Jack battling over Danny , but " something about it never landed in the way it should have " , and opined that the show did not know what to do with Jackson . Overall , he gave the episode a B rating . Sean Gandert for Paste felt that the Liz , Jack , and Danny plot was less interesting " and in general pretty meh . " He noted that " Black Light Attack ! " was " a big let @-@ down " after the airing of " Klaus and Greta " . Leonard Pierce for The A.V. Club called the episode uneven .
Time contributor James Poniewozik wrote that " Black Light Attack ! " presented the balance 30 Rock " has reached with Liz Lemon 's character , allowing her to be simultaneously nerdy / awkward ... and strong ... Throw in a steady stream of solid throwaway jokes ... and you had a worthy toofer . " Nick Catucci for New York magazine enjoyed the episode , particularly Jenna 's line " Would a mother be going on a sex tour of Vietnam ? " , after telling Liz about her booked role as a mother on Gossip Girl , as a " classic Jenna line , more absurd than hilarious " , and that the character 's rendition of " Forever Young " was a highlight . Television columnist Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger opined that this episode " made the best use yet of Cheyenne Jackson 's Danny " , and that he for once enjoyed " Jenna 's narcissism and self @-@ delusion " subplot , and her " late attempt " to seem young . Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad enjoyed " Black Light Attack ! " , though , his only complain was that 30 Rock did not focus more on the fictional show TGS , and said he would " like to get back to more of that . " Entertainment Weekly ’ s Margaret Lyons remarked that this episode and " Klaus and Greta " were terrific , and what stood out from both airings " was how much serialized plot [ s ] these two eps covered ... For a show that 's usually so episodic , it was an interesting — totally successful — change of pace . "
= Battle of San Lorenzo =
The Battle of San Lorenzo was fought on February 3 , 1813 in San Lorenzo , Argentina , then part of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata . A Spanish Royalist force under the command of Antonio Zabala was defeated by the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers , under the command of José de San Martín . This battle was the baptism of fire for this military unit , and for San Martín in the Spanish American wars of independence .
Montevideo , a royalist stronghold during the Argentine War of Independence , was under siege by José Gervasio Artigas . Those in the city raided population centres along the nearby rivers for supplies . José de San Martín , who shortly before had arrived in Buenos Aires and formed the regiment , followed the royalist ships to San Lorenzo . The area around San Lorenzo formed a large empty plain , so the regiment hid inside the San Carlos convent during the night and San Martín studied the battlefield and the enemy ships from the tower . The battle started at dawn , when the grenadiers made a surprise pincer movement to trap the enemy forces . One column was led by San Martín , and the other by Justo Germán Bermúdez . San Martín fell from his horse , and was nearly killed , but Juan Bautista Cabral and Juan Bautista Baigorria intervened and saved him . The royalists were defeated , but continued to raid villages for some more time afterwards .
This battle was the only one that San Martín fought on the modern territory of Argentina . The city of San Lorenzo keeps historic memorials of the battle and it is referenced in the San Lorenzo march .
= = Prelude = =
Although Buenos Aires had suffered a difficult period in its war for independence , its prospects were improving by 1812 . Even though the defeats of Manuel Belgrano during the Paraguay campaign and Juan José Castelli in the first Upper Peru campaign had generated a political crisis , Belgrano 's victory at Tucuman had given new fresh hope to the revolution , which would be strengthened shortly afterwards with the victory at the Battle of Salta . Montevideo , capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata since the May Revolution , was under siege by both an army from Buenos Aires led by José Rondeau and an Uruguayan one led by José Gervasio Artigas . The city , however , maintained its naval supremacy over Buenos Aires and their ships raided the coasts of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers to gather supplies , despite the siege . Montevideo organized a navy to destroy the gun batteries at Rosario and Diamante , two population centers along the Parana , but were prevented from doing so as Buenos Aires dismantled them knowing that they could not defend them .
The Royalist expeditionary navy that would raid San Lorenzo comprised eleven ships of varying sizes , two hundred and fifty soldiers and fifty sailors . They moved into the Paraná through its tributary , the Paraná Guazú River , slowed down by headwinds . The Second Triumvirate promoted José de San Martín to colonel and instructed him to follow them with the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers and stop the raids . San Martín was influenced by Napoleonic warfare and trained the regiment with the most recent military techniques used in the Napoleonic Wars .
San Martín moved the regiment from
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ubids in Damascus , serving the Zengi , Nur ad @-@ Din , and Saladin over a period of almost fifty years . He also served the Fatimid court in Cairo , as well as the Artuqids in Hisn Kayfa . He travelled extensively in Arab lands , visiting Egypt , Syria , Palestine and along the Tigris River , and went on pilgrimage to Mecca . He often meddled in the politics of the courts in which he served , and he was exiled from both Damascus and Cairo .
During and immediately after his life , he was most famous as a poet and adib ( a " man of letters " ) . He wrote many poetry anthologies , such as the Kitab al- ' Asa ( " Book of the Staff " ) , Lubab al @-@ Adab ( " Kernels of Refinement " ) , and al @-@ Manazil wa 'l @-@ Diyar ( " Dwellings and Abodes " ) , and collections of his own original poetry . In modern times , he is remembered more for his Kitab al @-@ I 'tibar ( " Book of Learning by Example " or " Book of Contemplation " ) , which contains lengthy descriptions of the crusaders , whom he interacted with on many occasions , and some of whom he considered friends .
Most of his family was killed in an earthquake at Shaizar in 1157 . He died in Damascus in 1188 , at the age of 93 .
= = Early life = =
Usama was the son of Murshid , and the nephew of Nasr , emir of Shaizar .
Shaizar was seen as a strategically important site and the gateway to enter and control inner Syria . The Arabs initially conquered Shaizar during the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 637 . Due to its importance it exchanged hands numerous times between the Arabs and Byzantines , who regained it in 999 . In 1025 the Banu Munqid tribe were given an allocation of land beside Shaizar by the ruler of Hama , Saleh al @-@ Murdase . Over time they expanded their lands building fortifications and castles until Usamas grandfather Iz Al @-@ Dawlah Al @-@ Murhif Nasr retook it in 1180 .
When Nasr died in 1098 , Usama 's father , Majd Al @-@ Deen Abi Salamah Murshed ( 1068- 1137 ) became the emir of Shaizar and the surrounding cities . However he soon gave up his position to Usama 's Uncle ( Iz Al @-@ Deen Abi Al @-@ Asaker Sultan Mrdad ) , Sultan , since Murshid was more interested in studying religion , writing the Quraan and hunting than matters of politics .
During Usamas life and when his uncle ruled Shaizr was attacked numerous times by Bani Klab in Aleppo , the Assassins sect , the Byzantines and the crusaders . It was struck with siege engines for 10 days in 1137 by the Byzantines and the crusaders attempted on many occasions to storm it . However , due to its natural fortifications along with castles and walls it never fell .
As a child , Usama was the second of four boys and raised by his nurse , Lu 'lu 'a , who had also raised his father and would later raise Usama 's own children . He was encouraged by his father to memorize the Qur 'an , and was also tutored by scholars such as Ibn Munira of Kafartab and Abu Abdullah al @-@ Tulaytuli of Toledo . He spent much of his youth hunting with his family , partly as recreation and certainly as warrior ( faris ) training for battle as part of furusiyya . He also had much direct experience of battle , against the neighbouring crusader County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch , hostile Muslim neighbours in Hama , Homs , and elsewhere , and Hashshashin who had established a base near Shaizar .
Sultan did not initially have any male heirs and it is possible that Usama expected to succeed him . He certainly singled him out among his brothers by teaching him , tutoring him in the ways of war and hunting . He even favoured him for personal missions and as a representative . However , after Sultan had his own son , he no longer appreciated the presence of Usama and Murshid 's other sons . According to Usama , Sultan was jealous after a particularly successful lion @-@ hunt in 1131 when he entered the town with a large lion head in his arms as a hunting trophy . When his grandmother saw this she warned him about the effect this could have on his uncle . However , despite this he still spoke well of his uncle on a few occasions in his autobiography and highlighted his noble actions . Usama ultimately left Shaizar temporarily in 1129 and after his father died in 1137 his exile became permanent .
His uncle died in 1154 and his son , Taj Al @-@ Dawlah Naser Al @-@ Deen Mohammad , inherited the castle . However he was the last of the line when an earthquake in 1157 struck the area killing scores .
= = Damascus and Egypt = =
Usama went to Homs , where he was taken captive in a battle against Zengi , the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo , who had just captured nearby Hama . After his capture he entered Zengi 's service , and travelled throughout northern Syria , Iraq , and Armenia fighting against Zengi 's enemies , including the Abbasid caliph outside
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Baghdad in 1132 . In 1135 he returned to the south , to Hama , where one of Zengi 's generals , al @-@ Yaghisiyani , was appointed governor . He returned to Shaizar when his father died in May 1137 , and again in April 1138 when Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus besieged the city .
The emperor 's siege of Shaizar was unsuccessful , but Shaizar was heavily damaged . After the siege , Usama left Zengi 's service and went to Damascus , which was ruled by Mu 'in ad @-@ Din Unur , the atabeg of the Burid dynasty . Zengi was determined to conquer Damascus , so Usama and Unur turned to the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem for help . Usama was sent on a preliminary visit to Jerusalem in 1138 , and in 1139 Zengi captured Baalbek in Damascene territory . In 1140 Unur sent Usama back to Jerusalem to conclude a treaty with the crusaders , and both he and Unur visited their new allies numerous times between 1140 and 1143 . Afterwards , Usama was suspected of being involved in a plot against Unur , and he fled Damascus for Fatimid Cairo in November , 1144 .
In Cairo he became a wealthy courtier , but he was involved in plots and conspiracies there as well . The young az @-@ Zafir became caliph in 1149 , and Ibn as @-@ Sallar became vizier , with Usama as one of his advisors . As @-@ Sallar sent Usama to negotiate an alliance against the crusaders with Zengi 's son Nur ad @-@ Din , but the negotiations failed . Usama took part in battles with the crusaders outside of Ascalon on his way back to Egypt , and after he left , his brother ' Ali was killed at Gaza .
Back in Egypt , as @-@ Sallar was assassinated in 1153 by his son Abbas , Abbas 's son Nasr , and caliph az @-@ Zafir , who , according to Usama , was Nasr 's lover . Thirteenth @-@ century historian Ibn al @-@ Athir says that Usama was the instigator of this plot . Usama may also have been behind the assassination of az @-@ Zafir by Abbas , in 1154 . Az @-@ Zafir 's relatives called upon a supporter , Ibn Ruzzik , who chased Abbas out of Cairo , and Usama followed him . He lost his possessions in Cairo , and on the way to Damascus his retinue was attacked by the crusaders and Bedouin nomads , but in June 1154 he safely reached Damascus , which had recently been captured by Nur ad @-@ Din . Ibn Ruzzik tried to persuade him to come back , as the rest of his family was still in Cairo , but Usama was able to bring them to Damascus , through crusader territory , in 1156 . The crusaders promised to transport them safely , but they were attacked and pillaged , and Usama lost his entire library .
= = Later years = =
In 1157 , Shaizar was destroyed by an earthquake , killing almost all of Usama 's relatives . They were there for the circumcision of the son of his cousin Muhammad , who had recently succeeded Sultan as emir . The only survivor was Muhammad 's wife . Usama had remained in Damascus , and after the destruction of his homeland he remained there in semi @-@ retirement . He went on pilgrimage to Mecca in 1160 , then went on campaign against the crusaders with Nur ad @-@ Din in 1162 , and was at the Battle of Harim in 1164 . That year , Usama left Nur ad @-@ Din 's service and went north to the court of Kara Arslan ,
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Angela , because she told him that he was the only one she had had sex with . Crestfallen , Dwight and Andy return to the office , where Andy calls to cancel his wedding cake , and Dwight throws away a bobblehead doll Angela previously bought him as a gift . A saddened Angela realizes she has lost both men .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" The Duel " was written by Jennifer Celotta , a producer and show runner with The Office . The episode featured the conclusion of the love triangle between Dwight , Andy and Angela , a subplot that had been going on since the fourth season finale , " Goodbye , Toby " . The cast and writing staff saw " The Duel " as a defining episode for Andy Bernard because it demonstrated a softer , more emotional side of the character . Dean Holland , who directed the episode , said this was particularly effective because in past episodes , he displayed such rage problems that he had to attend anger management courses , but in " The Duel " he responded to horrible news in a heartrending way . Rainn Wilson particularly praised Ed Helms ' performance , saying , " He gives a lot of heart and soul , and Andy is such a doofus and a douche , and now you really get to see his heart break . There 's some reality there . That 's the great thing this show gives us , just when you think you know the characters and they 're two @-@ dimensional and they 're goofy and crazy , in their own way , you get real human redemption . "
The subplot with David Wallace seeking managerial advice from Michael due to the poor financial condition of Dunder Mifflin was the first acknowledgment of the economic crisis facing much of the globalized nation at the time of the episode due to the financial crisis of 2007 – 2010 . This set the stage for a continuing motif of financial difficulties for Dunder Mifflin , which would eventually culminate in the sixth season episode " Secret Santa " , in which it is revealed the company has been sold and its executives all fired .
A number of scenes and lines in " The Duel " were improvised by the actors . During one scene , Michael repeatedly tries to tell Andy about Angela 's affair , but Jim constantly interrupts him while forcing him into his office . John Krasinski improvised most of his lines and noises , and Wilson said they were so funny , " I was just chortling over at my desk " . The scene as it appears in the episode consists of about six different takes spliced together . Krasinski also conceived a moment in " The Duel " when Jim returns to his desk by awkwardly passing through Dwight and Andy while they are facing off against each other . Wilson called the addition to the scene " a really nice touch " . During another scene , Dwight sings a nursery rhyme that goes , " Learn your rules , you better learn your rules , if you don 't , you 'll be eaten in your sleep ! " Celotta and Wilson came up with several versions of the song , but the one that appeared in the final episode was conceived by Wilson .
A line in which
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of the same title , and The Sensual World .
In 1993 , she directed and starred in the short film , The Line , the Cross & the Curve , a musical co @-@ starring Miranda Richardson , featuring music from Bush 's album The Red Shoes , which was inspired by the classic movie of the same name . It was released on VHS in the UK in 1994 and also received a small number of cinema screenings around the world . In recent interviews , Bush has said that she considers it a failure , and stated in 2001 : " I 'm very pleased with four minutes of it , but I 'm very disappointed with the rest . " In a 2005 interview , she described the film as " A load of bollocks . "
In 1994 , Bush provided the music used in a series of psychedelic @-@ themed television adverts for the soft drink Fruitopia that appeared in the United States . The same company aired the adverts in the United Kingdom , but the British version featured singer Elizabeth Fraser of Cocteau Twins instead of Bush .
In late 2006 , a DVD documentary titled Kate Bush Under Review was released by Sexy Intellectual , which included archival interviews with Bush , along with interviews with a selection of music historians and journalists ( including Phil Sutcliffe , Nigel Williamson , and Morris Pert ) . The DVD also includes clips from several of Bush 's music videos .
On 2 December 2008 , the DVD collection of the fourth season of Saturday Night Live , including her performances , was released . A three DVD set of The Secret Policeman 's Balls benefit concerts that includes Bush 's performance was released on 27 January 2009 .
Bush has released four short videos for the album 50 Words for Snow . One is an advertisement for the album . Two stop @-@ motion " Animation Segments " were posted on the Kate Bush Official website and YouTube , one to accompany a 2 @-@ minute 25 second section of " Misty " , called " Mistraldespair " , the other to accompany a 2 @-@ minute 33 second section of " Wild Man " . " Mistraldespair " was directed by Bush and animated by Gary Pureton , while the " Wild Man " segment was created by Finn and Patrick at Brandt Animation . On 24 January 2012 , a third piece called " Eider Falls at Lake Tahoe " , was premiered on her website and on YouTube . Running at 5 : 01 , the piece is a sepia tone shadow puppet animation . Directed by Bush and photographed by award @-@ winning British cinematographer Roger Pratt , the shadow puppets were designed by Robert Allsopp . Bush stated that " Eider Falls at Lake Tahoe " is intended to be a " self contained piece " separate from the song " Lake Tahoe " .
= = Film projects = =
In 1990 , Bush starred in the black comedy film Les Dogs , produced by The Comic Strip for BBC television . Aired on 8 March 1990 , Bush plays the bride Angela at a wedding set in a post @-@ apocalyptic version of Britain . While Bush 's is a silent presence in a wedding dress throughout most of the film , she does have several lines of dialogue with Peter Richardson in two dream sequences . In another Comic Strip Presents film , GLC , she produced the theme song " Ken " , which includes a vocal performance by Bush . The song was written about Ken Livingstone , the leader of the Greater London Council , who would later be elected as mayor of London and at the time was working with musicians to help the Labour Party garner the youth vote . She also wrote and performed a new song " Home for Christmas " for the Comic Strip Presents film Wild Turkey .
She also produced all the incidental music , which is synthesiser based . Bush wrote and performed the song " The Magician " , in a fairground @-@ like arrangement , for Menahem Golan 's 1979 film The Magician of Lublin . In 1985 , Bush contributed a darkly melancholic version of the Ary Barroso song " Brazil " to the soundtrack of the Terry Gilliam film Brazil . The track was scored and arranged by Michael Kamen . In 1986 , she wrote and recorded " Be Kind to My Mistakes " for the Nicolas Roeg film Castaway . An edited version of this track was used as the B @-@ side to her 1989 single " This Woman 's Work " . In 1988 , the song " This Woman 's Work " was featured in the John Hughes film She 's Having a Baby , and a slightly remixed version appeared on Bush 's album The Sensual World . The song has since appeared on numerous television shows , and in 2005 reached number @-@ eight on the UK download chart after featuring in a British television advertisement for the charity NSPCC .
In 1999 , Bush wrote and recorded a song for the Disney film Dinosaur , but the track was ultimately not included on the soundtrack . According to the winter 1999 issue of HomeGround , a Bush fanzine , it was scrapped when Disney asked her to rewrite the song and she refused . Also in 1999 , Bush 's song " The Sensual World " was featured prominently in Canadian filmmaker Atom Egoyan 's film " Felicia 's Journey " . " The Man with the Child in His Eyes " is on the soundtrack for the 2007 British romantic comedy film Starter for 10 .
In 2007 , Bush was asked to write a song for The Golden Compass soundtrack which made reference to the lead character , Lyra Belacqua . The song , " Lyra " , was used in the closing credits of the film , reached number 187 in the UK Singles Chart and was nominated for the International Press Academy 's Satellite Award for original song in a motion picture . According to Del Palmer , Bush was asked to compose the song on very short notice and the whole project was completed in 10 days . The song was produced and recorded by Bush in her own studio , and features the Magdalen College , Oxford choir .
= = Collaborations = =
Bush provided vocals on two of Peter Gabriel 's albums , including the hits " Games Without Frontiers " and " Don 't Give Up " , as well as " No Self @-@ Control " . Gabriel appeared on Bush 's 1979 television special , where they sang a duet of Roy Harper 's " Another Day " . She has sung on two Roy Harper tracks , " You " , on his 1979 album , " The Unknown Soldier " , and " Once " , the title track of his 1990 album . She has also sung on the title song of the 1986 Big Country album The Seer , the Midge Ure song " Sister and Brother " from his 1988 album Answers to Nothing , Go West 's 1987 single " The King Is Dead " and two songs with Prince – " Why Should I Love You ? " , from her 1993 album The Red Shoes , and in 1996 ,
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02 ) . The album " came together song by song " as McKinnon mentioned , with the band coming up with 15 – 16 song ideas . McKinnon stated in an interview with Rocksound that there 's songs " that didn 't make this record that we 're saving . " There is a track on the album that was previously written for Homesick .
When asked about how he comes up with song titles , McKinnon said : " I 've got my iPhone , and I go on my notes and every time I see something I like I write it down , so a lot of the time titles are something that mean something to us only , or to someone I know only . " He called What Separates Me from You " the slowest for stuff like that " , when referring to song titles . Westfall said that the album 's title and the songs ' subjects were about " Separating your self from your peers and really coming into your own . " McKinnon said What Separates Me from You was " a lot more personal and darker " than Homesick , and that it was " a natural progression of what we were doing " with " the same core " as the band 's preceding albums . Asked whether the album reached new heights , he said it " was definitely the next step " for the band . However , the band originally had no idea on how the album would turn out : " It was a little bit all over the place , because of me coming in , Tom [ Denney ] leaving and all this new stuff that was going on " , as stated by guitarist Kevin Skaff . Skaff said that McKinnon originally had a different name for the album that " he really wanted , but found it was actually the name of a Terror ( hardcore band ) album . "
= = = Tracks 1 – 5 = = =
It was important to the band that " Sticks & Bricks " opened the album , as it was an " in @-@ your @-@ face " song . McKinnon said in an interview with USAToday that the opening lyric ( " I am fueled by all forms of failure " ) was " 100 % directed at everyone who ever doubted our band " . He stated that it " is one of the meaner , heavier songs that we 've ever done as a band . " " All I Want " is " about being in a band " , according to McKinnon , and was one of the final songs written for the album . The song came about from an idea by McKinnon that he expanded on guitar in the middle of recording
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for the album , and wrote most of it in one night . A rough version was recorded between McKinnon and producer Chad Gilbert before the band had arrived at the studio . McKinnon said the song was more of a " singing version " of the band 's song " I 'm Made of Wax , Larry , What Are You Made Of ? " .
" It 's Complicated " was written while the band were abroad in Amsterdam ; the original version differed significantly from the final version . Andrew Wade flew out to the band in an attempt to work on the song immediately . " This Is the House That Doubt Built " was among one of the first to be written for the album , written almost in one sitting while McKinnon had his acoustic guitar with him , while the band was abroad . " 2nd Sucks " was about people who viewed being in a band as being a sort of competition .
= = = Tracks 6 – 10 = = =
" Better Off This Way " was one of the first written for the album , and re @-@ written " at least 3 different times " . The song was the final one finished for the album . The title for " All Signs Point to Lauderdale " came from an occasion when McKinnon and bassist Joshua Woodard were in a rough neighborhood in West Palm Beach , Florida . A piece of the song came from a recording session for Homesick when Gilbert said he had an idea for the melody , which McKinnon took a while to write over : " Chad had a cool idea , vocally , for something " . In an interview with PopCrush in 2011 , McKinnon said the song was when you get the " feeling like you 're stuck in a place that 's leading you nowhere " and " standing up for yourself and taking charge of your life . " " You Be Tails , I 'll Be Sonic " was written with the band 's former guitarist , Tom Denney ; the song was made up of several separate pieces from different song ideas , with a chorus McKinnon had re @-@ written 4 times .
Referring to " You Be Tails , I 'll Be Sonic " , Skaff said that the song 's title — a reference to Tails and Sonic from the video game series — had " really came out of nowhere . " McKinnon said the song is a " more personal song [ ... ] It discusses how the choices I 've made to put my best foot forward in my career , in a sense , have really done damage to my personal life . " Both " You Be Tails , I 'll Be Sonic " and " Out of Time " talk about " how I feel like I 'm doing what I want with my life , but I think , " Wow , I just did something that really affected me . " " " Out of Time " was also one of the first songs written for the album , and was written while the band was in Australia . McKinnon said the song was the most personal on the record . Skaff had a major hand in writing " If I Leave " . The song describes " different things you got through being on the road " and " a relationship ending when you 're not really around enough to actually take care of it in person . " On being asked whether he knew it would be the final song on the album , McKinnon said " It just felt right [ ... ] seemed like a good ending " .
= = Recording = =
Before showing the songs to the band , McKinnon and Skaff worked on them alone . When the pair had all of the song ideas , they worked on them as a full @-@ band , with pre @-@ production being undertaken in , as Skaff commented , " a makeshift studio " by Andrew Wade . Woodard commented that the band had " been going in from 11am until 9pm and all we do is sit around and play . " Between demoing the songs , and their final forms on the album , Woodard said " crazy things were happening – verses became choruses " , with Chad Gilbert assisting the band with arrangements and writing . As the band thought they were getting better as songwriters , Woodard stated , " it 's getting more heavy and more pop . " One song that the band recorded was " screwed up really bad and it didn 't make the record " , as Skaff comments , as the group recorded it at a fast pace and when McKinnon tried to " sing it was like rap music . [ imitates rap singing ] And we were like ' that 's not good ' . " Asked if the band would use it as a possible B @-@ side , Skaff said " its possible [ ... ] might use it for the next record or something like that . "
What Separates Me from You was recorded from May to July 23 , 2010 , in three locations , per the album booklet : The Wade Studios in Ocala , Florida , The Back of a Bus with No AC in Germany and A Closet in New Jersey , the latter of which being where the backing vocals for " All Signs Point to Lauderdale " were recorded . The album was mixed by David Bendeth and Dan Korneff , and produced by Gilbert with assistance by Wade and McKinnon . Wade also produced the band 's previous album , Homesick . It was the first album featuring Skaff on guitar , following Tom Denney 's departue after Homesick . " All I Want " , " It 's Complicated " , " This Is the House That Doubt Built " and " If I Leave " were mixed by Bendeth , while the rest of the album tracks were mixed by Korneff . Mastering for the album had taken place at Sterling Sound by Ted Jensen .
= = Release = =
In July 2010 , it was announced that the band would bring out the album in October . The album 's title and cover art were revealed by the band in a live video via Victory Record 's official website on September 21 . On the same day , the album was available for pre @-@ order . McKinnon later said in an interview that the album 's cover was meant " to be a little more serious . It has the vibe of a
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the building should be kept . Those prominent in the fight to save the building included Bill Warnock , architect Ken Adam , and the Royal Australian Institute of Architects . Others said it was " out of date , unattractive , and out of step " with the older heritage buildings which surround it . Heritage Minister Graham Kierath also refused to place the building on the WA Register of Heritage Places , despite calls from the Heritage Council and the National Trust to do so . This decision " stunned " the Institute of Architects .
Despite the recommendation for demolition , in late 1995 , the Councillors of the newly formed City of Perth had a feasibility study carried out into whether Council House could be refurbished . This feasibility study was carried out by Architects Cox Howlett and Bailey , of which one of the partners was the son of original designer Jeffrey Howlett , and cost $ 100 @,@ 000 . The study indicated that the building could be economically refurbished , and in December 1996 the Council unanimously agreed to press ahead with refurbishment plans , removing its asbestos and building an underground car park at the rear of the site . The decision to refurbish was helped by the fact that interest rates at the time were so low that it was cheaper to service a loan than to pay rent . At the time , the refurbishment was expected to cost around $ 26 million .
The new 95 @-@ bay car park at the rear of the building required the removal of a New Zealand Kauri Pine estimated to be up to 150 years old , and was described by Opposition MLC John Cowdell as a " disgrace " which would undermine the heritage value of the precinct . There was also some concern expressed that the refurbishment might cause the building to lose heritage value through the updating of its interiors .
The contract to refurbish the building was won by John Holland Group , the construction company of Janet Holmes à Court , on 29 July 1997 , at a price of $ 25 @.@ 3 million . The architect for the refurbishment was Geoffrey Clough of Peter Hunt and Daryl Jackson Architects . The building was " stripped back to bare bones " and the tiny tiles coating the building 's distinctive " T " -shaped fins were removed , repaired , and re @-@ glued to the surface . The refurbishment also involved the construction of a new " Lord Mayoral space and reception area " on the eleventh floor ( formerly a plant level ) , the full enclosure of the ground floor ( which had previously been partially open to the elements ) and the replacement of gold Venetian blinds which had been a feature of the building in the past .
The City of Perth moved back to Council House in February 1999 and placed three unused floors of Council House for lease . The refurbishment was widely considered a " qualified success " , with the building " handsomely restored " .
The Western Australian state election of 2001 had resulted
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the brigades of Joseph Grill ( 5 @,@ 736 infantry ) , Andreas Schneller ( 1 @,@ 100 infantry and 667 cavalry ) , and Emanuel Wratislaw ( 730 landwehr infantry ) . He was mortally wounded on 6 July , the second day of battle while defending against Jacques MacDonald 's attack . He lingered for a month and finally died of his wounds in Vienna on 9 August 1809 . He was one of four Austrian generals who were killed or fatally wounded at Wagram ; the others were Konstantin Ghilian Karl d 'Aspré , Peter von Vécsey , and Armand von Nordmann .
= = Construction design works = =
Vukassovich was instrumental in development of transport infrastructure in the present @-@ day Croatian Littoral at the shores of the Adriatic Sea . His most significant contributions in the field were construction of roads after his designs . The first one was Gospić – Karlobag road , also known as Theresiana road , completed between 1784 and 1786 — which replaced an earlier route which comprised very steep grades limiting its capacity . The new road permitted setting up of a free port in Karlobag and significantly improved connection to the seaward slopes of Velebit . Currently , the route largely corresponds to the western section of the D25 road . The other major route Vukassovich designed was the Louisiana road between Karlovac and Rijeka with a branch serving Bakar . The road was built between 1803 and 1811 , and the route is now used by the D3 road . Vukassovich also designed a coastal road between Senj and Sveti Juraj , port structures in Senj , and directed reconstruction of the Josephina road leading from Senj to Karlovac .
= = Annotations = =
= Nan Chiau High School =
Nan Chiau High School ( NCHS ) ( simplified Chinese : 南侨中学 ; traditional Chinese : 南僑中學 ; pinyin : Nánqiáo Zhōngxué ; Wade – Giles : Nan2Ch 'iao2 Chung1hsüeh2 ) is a premier co @-@ educational institution in Singapore affiliated to Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan , offering the four @-@ year Express course for secondary education .
Founded in 1947 , the institution currently operates under the Special Assistance Plan ( SAP ) for bilingualism and biculturalism with the mission to nurture bilingual and bicultural students who are highly knowledgeable in the Chinese language and culture . Affirmed as the North Zone Centre of Excellence for Chinese Language , the school is highly regarded of its strong Chinese foundation in terms of teaching of the language and promulgation of the heritage and culture , which are not confined in the classrooms .
The institution is currently one of Singapore 's leading ICT Schools , and is also one of the joint organisers for the National Secondary School Chinese Creative Writing Competition .
= = History = =
= = = Nan Chiau Teachers ' Training College ( 1941 – 1947 ) = = =
Nan Chiau High School was initially set up as Nan Chiau Teachers ' Training College in 1941 by Mr Tan Kah Kee , a Chinese businessman , community leader and philanthropist . The initial schooling site was incorporated from mansions donated by Mr Lee Kong Chian , on a plot of land in River Valley . The campus was used as the base and training barracks for Dalforce , a Chinese volunteers ’ army formed promptly before the Japanese invasion in 1942 .
= = = Nan Chiau Girls High School ( 1947 – 1984 ) = = =
In 1947 , Nan Chiau Teachers ' Training College was converted into a girls ' high school , featuring a primary school section . Mr Yang Zhen Li was the first Principal of the institution , with an initial student enrollment of 900 . A female hostel was also built in the 1950s . In 1965 , 2 million dollars was spent by the Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan to rebuild Nan Chiau Girl 's High School to meet the needs of an increased student enrollment . During the re @-@ construction , the high school section conducted lessons at a temporary campus at Guillemard Road , whilst the primary school section continued lessons at the unaffected classroom blocks of the Kim Yam Road campus . The new campus was officially opened by then Minister for Education Mr. Ong Pang Boon , on 8 March 1969 .
In 1974 , the student population of the institution went up to 2692 , the highest in the school ’ s history , with 48 classes in the high school section and 24 classes at the primary school section . To cope with the increased enrollment , additional 300 thousand dollars was spent for constructing the 5th storey of the school building .
In 1978 , Nan Chiau Girls ' High was initially included in the list of newly established Special Assistance Plan Schools . However , with the concern from the Ministry of Education over the quality of students admitted , the number of SAP schools were amended to nine , which excluded Nan Chiau Girl 's High School . In 1980 the institution adopted English as its language medium . As student enrollment started to decline , the institution went co @-@ educational in 1984 with the enrollment of male students , and was renamed " Nan Chiau High School "
= = = Relocation to Sengkang ( 1984 – 2000 ) = = =
In the 1990s , the declining student population became more significant and the institution was on the verge of permanent closure . In 2000 , Nan Chiau High School relocated to Sengkang New Town under an agreement with the Singapore Land Authority . The primary section separated to form Nan Chiau Primary School and relocated to 50 Anchorvale Link . That year , Nan Chiau High School was also ranked the top value @-@ added
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is mainly made up of two segments , namely ‘ Broad @-@ Base Curriculum ’ and ‘ Peaks of Excellence ’ , which include cultural intelligence and life education to groom students to be world @-@ ready . The ‘ Broad @-@ Base Curriculum ’ spans over the first year of the students ’ admission , with the introduction to the Chinese culture and history , the history of Chinese immigrants and understanding diversity of local cultures . This is inculcated through various platforms such as cultural intelligence forums , bi @-@ cultural camps , Chinese lyrics competitions , as well as local and regional learning journeys .
The ‘ Peaks of Excellence ’ curriculum is continuous with the ‘ Broad @-@ Base Curriculum ’ , with more elaborate programmes that cater to students ’ talent development . For instance , the Young Writers Programme , which is open to students who are interested in writing , has lessons conducted by various renowned Chinese language essayists in the region to expose and familiarise students to different forms of writing , and encourage them to appreciate different forms of written work . Students also have opportunities to attend cultural symposiums , national and international bi @-@ cultural forums , research on contemporary issues , and embark on refined overseas immersions to strengthen their world and cultural views under the Global Classroom Programme .
= = = Life Education Programme = = =
Apart from development of cultural intelligence , life skills are also incorporated into the curriculum to prepare students for the future , by assisting students in the acquisition of various life skills that will be useful as they become part of the 21st century workforce . The Learning for Life Programme ( LLP ) provides a unique cognitive @-@ aesthetic domain of learning through drama , public speaking , debate , puppetry and creative Chinese lyrical composition , to strengthen self @-@ expression and nurtures aesthetics appreciation in students , as well as to allow them to learn and embrace cultural diversity .
In the Science , Technology , Engineering and Mathematics Applied Learning Programme ( STEM ALP ) , students explore using Arduino Micro @-@ controller in health related science and technology . Students also acquire science research skills to deepen their proficiency in Sciences .
= = = Enhanced Art Programme ( EAP ) = = =
Since 2013 , Nan Chiau High School is a certified education centre for the Enhanced Art Programme ( EAP ) for students who have keen interest in pursuing arts and design . Introduced in 2011 by the Ministry of Education , the two @-@ year programme provide an enriched learning environment for Secondary 3 and 4 students who are inclined towards Art , as a complementary to the Art Elective Programme ( AEP ) . Enrichment programmes such as the Aesthetics Week , Student @-@ Initiated Project in Art and Lower Secondary Integrated Art Modules are also integrated for deepened understanding and application opportunities for the art students .
= = = Exchange Programmes ( Global Classroom Programme ) = = =
Nan Chiau High School has its unique overseas learning programme that offers all students an opportunity to go on subsidised learning trips to deepen their understanding on their academic subjects , perform community projects or involvement as part of the programmes within their Co @-@ Curricular Activities ( CCAs ) . Through this programme , opportunities are also infused for interaction with students , educators and subject specialists around the region and the globe . These included famous writers , entrepreneurs , and students from sister schools such as Ming @-@ Dao High School of Taiwan & Sagano High School of Kyoto , Japan .
= = Co @-@ curricular Activities = =
Nan Chiau High School offers a wide variety of extra @-@ curricular activities , labelled Co @-@ Curricular Activities ( CCA ) by the Ministry of Education , consisting of sports groups , uniformed groups , performing arts , clubs and societies . Of which , many CCAs have attained spectacular performances throughout the years of history of the institution since its relocation to Sengkang in 2001 .
The NCHS National Cadet Corps unit ( NCHSNCC ) has been awarded Gold for 19 consecutive years , winning the Best Unit Competition ( BUC ) in 2014 . The National Police Cadet Corps ( NPCC , currently the largest uniformed group in Singapore ) unit of the institution have attained Gold Award consecutively for 9 years in the annual Unit Overall Proficiency Award ( UOPA ) . The NCHS Red Cross Youth attained the Community Service Award ( Gold ) for years 2010 and 2013 , and the Excellence Unit Award ( Gold ) for years 2011 and 2012 . The Scouts of Nan Chiau High School , despite newly established in 2011 , have attained the National Patrol Camp Best Newcomer Award , and National Patrol Camp Overall Silver in 2013 .
A niche of Nan Chiau High School , the performing arts groups have consistently attained Certificates of Accomplishment and Certificates of Distinction in the Singapore Youth Festival ( SYF ) since the change of Central Judging Assessment to Arts Presentation Assessment in 2012 . The 2007 SYF Central Judging Assessment saw the Chinese dance , String Orchestra and Choir attained Gold with Honour , with Chinese Orchestra , Chinese LDDS , English LDDS , Contemporary Dance and Wind Orchestra attaining Silver . In 2011 saw the Chinese Dance , Choir and English LDDS attaining Gold with Honours at the SYF Central Judging . Performing Arts groups of the institution also reaches out to the community through public performances , for instance the FOCUS held in 2016 at the Anchorvale Community Club .
The clubs and societies of Nan Chiau High School allowed for more varieties of exposure
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but 10 homes . The Isla de la Juventud overall experienced about $ 2 million ( 1917 USD ) in damage and there were at least 20 fatalities . Orchards and crops were destroyed on the Pinar del Río Province . In Louisiana and Mississippi , impact was generally limited to damaged crops and timber stands . Ten deaths from drowning were reported in Louisiana . Farther east in Mobile , Alabama , portions of roofs , trees , and other debris littered streets . Communications were severed in Pensacola , Florida . Several small watercraft washed ashore , and numerous wharves , docks , and boat storages suffered impact . Total damages were estimated near $ 170 @,@ 000 in Pensacola area . Five deaths were reported in Florida , all of them in Crestview . The storm and its remnants also produced rainfall in Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina .
= = Meteorological history = =
A open trough of low pressure , possibly a tropical wave , developed into a tropical storm about 160 miles ( 260 km ) east @-@ northeast of Barbados at 00 : 00 UTC on September 20 . Steadily intensifying , the storm moved west @-@ northwestward and crossed the Lesser Antilles between the islands of Saint Lucia and Martinique several hours later . Upon entering the Caribbean Sea on September 21 , the system intensified quicker , becoming a Category 1 hurricane on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale later that day . While passing south of the Tiburon Peninsula on the following day , the storm strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane . Later on September 23 , the hurricane struck the northern coast of Jamaica , before re @-@ emerging into the Caribbean Sea . Around 06 : 00 UTC on September 24 , it intensified into a Category 3 hurricane while moving northwestward . Around that time , it struck Cayman Brac . Early on September 25 , the storm achieved Category 4 status .
At 12 : 00 UTC on September 25 , the hurricane attained its minimum barometric pressure of 928 mbar ( 27 @.@ 4 inHg ) , an estimate made by Ramón Perez of the Instituto de Meteorología de la República de Cuba . Using a pressure @-@ wind relationship , researchers at the National Hurricane Center estimated peak maximum sustained winds at 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . Shortly after peak intensity , the cyclone brushed Isla de la Juventud . By 18 : 00 UTC on September 25 , the hurricane made landfall at the same intensity in the eastern part of Pinar del Río Province in Cuba . The system entered the Gulf of Mexico later on September 25 . The storm fell to Category 3 intensity early on September 27 . It briefly tracked generally northward and approached southeastern Louisiana before re @-@ curving northeastward late the next day . At 02 : 00 UTC on September 29 , the hurricane made landfall near Fort Walton Beach , Florida , with winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . Once over land , the system rapidly weakened to a tropical storm within 12 hours . Early on September 30 , it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Georgia after merging with a frontal system . About six hours later , the remnants of the hurricane dissipated .
The minimum atmospheric pressure of 928 mbar ( 27 @.@ 42 inHg ) established the cyclone as the third most intense landfalling Cuban hurricane . Deeper pressures of 921 mbar ( 27 @.@ 23 inHg ) and 915 mbar ( 27 @.@ 02 inHg ) were measured in the 1924 and 1932 hurricanes , respectively . The cyclone ( 949 mbar ;
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the native name of the state , literally meaning western Bengal in the native Bengali language .
= = History = =
Stone Age tools dating back 20 @,@ 000 years have been excavated in the state , showing human occupation 8 @,@ 000 years earlier than scholars had thought based on prior evidence . The region was a part of the Vanga Kingdom , according to the Indian epic Mahabharata . Several Vedic realms were present in Bengal region , including Vanga , Rarh , Pundravardhana and the Suhma Kingdom .
One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is a mention by the Ancient Greeks around 100 BC of a land named Gangaridai , which was located at the mouths of the Ganges . Bengal had overseas trade relations with Suvarnabhumi ( Burma , Lower Thailand , Lower Malay Peninsula , and the Sumatra ) . According to the Sri Lankan chronicle Mahavamsa , Prince Vijaya , a Vanga Kingdom prince , conquered Lanka ( modern @-@ day Sri Lanka ) and gave the name Sinhala Kingdom to the country .
= = = Era of the janapadas = = =
The kingdom of Magadha was formed in 7th century BCE , consisting of the regions now comprising Bihar and Bengal . It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of the lives of Mahavira , founder of Jainism , and Gautama Buddha , founder of Buddhism . It consisted of several janapadas or kingdoms . Under Ashoka , the Maurya Empire of Magadha in the 3rd century BCE extended over nearly all of South Asia , including Afghanistan and parts of Balochistan . From the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE , the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire .
= = = Later rulers = = =
Two kingdoms – Vanga or Samatata and Gauda – are mentioned in some texts to have appeared after the end of Gupta Empire , although details of their ruling time are uncertain . The first recorded independent king of Bengal was Shashanka , who reigned in the early 7th century . Shashanka is often recorded in Buddhist annals as an intolerant Hindu ruler who is noted for his persecution of the Buddhists . Shashanka murdered Rajyavardhana , the Buddhist King of Thanesar , and is noted for destroying the Bodhi tree at Bodhgaya , and replacing Buddha statues with Shiva lingams . After a period of anarchy , the Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years starting from the eighth century . It was followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty .
Some areas of Bengal were invaded by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty between 1021 and 1023 . Islam made its first appearance in Bengal during the 12th century when Sufi missionaries arrived . Later , occasional Muslim raiders reinforced the process of conversion by building mosques , madras
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E ; the eastern extent was later moved to 90 ° E. Two other storms – Armelle and Damia – also originated in the Australian basin . The latter was the strongest cyclone on record in the basin at the time by barometric pressure , estimated at 898 millibars ( 898 hPa ) . The first storm to affect Madagascar was Benedicte in December , and was followed by tropical storms Frida and Electre in February and Justine in March . The final storm of the season was Cyclone Karla , which remained in the eastern periphery of the basin while reaching winds of 170 km / h ( 105 mph ) .
= = Season summary = =
Météo @-@ France 's meteorological office at Réunion ( MFR ) issued advisories for storms in the basin during the year . At the time , the MFR area of warning responsibility was from the coast of Africa to 80 ° E , and the agency primarily used the Dvorak technique to estimate the intensities of tropical cyclones . The nine tropical storms and five tropical cyclones was identical to the long @-@ term average from 1981 to 2011 .
The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , which is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the region , also issued advisories for storms in the year . The agency tracked a tropical depression in July 1982 . The system formed on July 4 southeast of Seychelles , and initially curved to the southwest . It failed to intensify beyond winds of 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) , and dissipated on July 4 after turning to the northwest . At the time , the annual tropical cyclone year was from August 1 to July 31 of the subsequent year .
Four storms struck Madagascar in the season between December and March , collectively killing 100 people and causing $ 250 million ( 1982 United States dollars ) in damage . The storms caused widespread flooding and a state of disaster for four months , compounded by floods in January . About 180 @,@ 000 people were forced to evacuate , and there were increased levels of flood @-@ related diseases . The storms closed down many roads and destroyed widespread crops , forcing the government to import 400 @,@ 000 metric tons of rice . After the floods , workers repaired damaged roads and dykes while the government provided relief supplies . However , the ongoing floods strained the Madagascar 's resources , and the government appealed for aid to the international community on February 4 . The United States Agency for International Development provided nearly $ 9 million in aid , mostly for rice and rebuilding roads . Other countries donated about $ 7 @.@ 5 million in money or relief goods , such as building materials , food , clothing , and medicine .
= = Storms = =
= = = Tropical Cyclone Alex = = =
While still in the Southern Hemisphere spring , the intertropical convergence zone ( ITCZ ) was active across the southern Indian Ocean in the middle of October . On October 18 , a low pressure area formed , based on reports from nearby ships . It moved southeastward and slowly intensified , given the name Alex . Located southwest of Sumatra , the storm curved to the south . Late on October 21 , Alex attained peak winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) , or above tropical cyclone status . For several days , it maintained much of its intensity while curving to the southwest . The storm eventually weakened due to strong wind shear deteriorating the convection . On October 27 , Alex dissipated .
The storm developed east of 80 ° E but west of 90 ° E , which at the time was part of the warning responsibility for the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) . However , the MFR expanded its area of responsibility to 90 ° E in 1985 .
= = = Severe Tropical Storm Bessi @-@ Armelle = = =
On November 1 , an area of convection formed southwest of Sumatra just south of the equator . It moved southwestward and slowly developed a distinct low pressure area . On November 6 , the system strengthened enough for the BoM to name it Bessi while the storm was west of 90 ° E. The MFR began tracking the storm on November 8 once it reached 85 ° E , estimating winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) . Two days later , a nearby ship reported winds of 63 km / h ( 39 mph ) . During this time , the storm moved generally west @-@ southwestward , crossing 80 ° E on November 11 ; at that time , the Mauritius Meteorology Service renamed it Armelle . The storm continued westward and gradually weakened . On November 18 , Armell deteriorated to tropical depression status , dissipating two days later between Tromelin Island and the Seychelles .
= = = Tropical Cyclone Benedicte = = =
In the middle of December , the ITCZ was active across the southern Indian Ocean , northeast of Madagascar . A circulation developed on December 16 , which preceded the development of a tropical disturbance on December 17 . Moving to the west @-@ northwest , the system slowly developed before shifting to the southwest . On December 19 , the system intensified into a moderate tropical storm while passing 75 km ( 45 mi ) north of Madagascar . After briefly developing an eye feature , the satellite presentation degraded due to land interaction . Convection increased as the storm progressed through the Mozambique Channel , and the Madagascar Meteorological Service named it Benedicte on December 20 . The organization improved over the next few days as the eye feature became better defined . On December 23 , Benedicte intensified to tropical cyclone status , reaching peak winds of 135 km / h ( 85 mph ) . That day , the storm turned westward toward the Mozambique coast , weakening as it approached land . Benedicte made landfall on central Mozambique on December 24 and turned northward , straddling the border with Malawi . The storm dissipated on the next day , with only a remnant area of clouds present on satellite imagery by December 26 .
While passing just north of Madagascar , Benedicte brought wind gusts of 252 km / h ( 157 mph ) to Antsiranana , with several other localities reporting gale force winds . Antsiranana also reported 178 mm ( 7 @.@ 0 in ) . The storm damaged thousands of homes and wrecked much of the region 's coffee and pepper crops . Benedicte killed 13 people and was the first in a succession of six storms that flooded the country .
= = = Tropical Depression Clarissee = = =
Toward the end of December , strong convection persisted southeast of Diego Garcia . These storms consolidated into a distinct center on December 29 , warranting its classification as a tropical depression . For several days the system meandered – it moved northward on December 30 due to a ridge to the south , although soon thereafter turned back to the south and later to the west . Due to a Dvorak rating of 2 @.@ 5 , the Mauritius Meteorology Service named the system Clarisse . According to the MFR , the system only had peak winds of 50 km / h ( 30 mph ) , as lack of atmospheric instability prevented strengthening . However , the JTWC estimated 1 minute winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) . Clarisse dissipated on January 7 about 500 km ( 310 mi ) east of St. Brandon .
= = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Chris @-@ Damia = = =
A low pressure area developed on January 5 near Christmas Island in the Australian basin . Moving westward due to a large anticyclone to the south , it gradually intensified and was named Chris by the BoM . The storm developed an eye on January 9 , and that day crossed 90 ° E into the south @-
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ilar Thein , as well as Shan leader Khun Htun Oo . Gambira stated in an interview that his imprisonment had left him with depression , frequent headaches , and failing memory ; however , he said he had difficulty finding a doctor willing to treat him , for fear that it would draw government reprisals . He attempted to leave the country for treatment , but could not get the necessary paperwork . Gambira told reporters that his organisation would continue to boycott the government despite the amnesty : " The government has transformed its external appearance into a civilian one but their efforts to implement democracy are still rather weak , while many cases of human rights violations continue " .
After breaking into and reopening several monasteries closed during the Saffron Revolution , Gambira was rearrested on 10 February during a 2 a.m. raid , and was released after a night in jail . Authorities announced that he was undergoing investigation for illegally squatting at the Maggin Monastery in Yangon 's Thingangyun Township without officially registering with the Ministry of Religious Affairs after his release , and for breaking and entering the Sasana Theikpan and Sasana Gonyi Monasteries in Bahan Township .
On 6 March 2012 , he was once again detained and interrogated over a recent visit he had made to Kachin State , where local ethnic minority groups were engaged in guerrilla warfare against the government . He was released two days later . The following month , he was forced to formally cease to be a monk after several monasteries refused him membership , which he said was due to their fear of government reprisals if they were to allow him to enter . He then returned to his birth name of Nyi Nyi Lwin .
In November 2012 , Gambira was seated in the front row for a speech by visiting US President Barack Obama , who cautiously praised seeming democratic reforms including the release of political prisoners like Gambira . A few weeks after the speech , authorities arrested Gambira again and sent him to Insein prison . The US Embassy released a statement on the arrest , saying , " We 're monitoring reports of U Gambira 's detention . We urged the government of Burma to be fully transparent and follow due process of law " . Gambira 's family believed that he had been arrested to prevent him from joining protests by a group of monks against a copper mining project . On 11 December , Gambira was released on a bail of 4 million kyat ( US $ 4 @,@ 686 ) .
On 19 January 2016 , he was arrested in Mandalay on a charge of illegal border crossing and sentenced to 6 months in prison . He was released on 1 July 2016 .
= = Personal life = =
Gambira , who is no longer a monk , has been living in Thailand after being re @-@ arrested several times in 2012 , and married to Marie Siochana , an Australian citizen .
= = Health problems = =
He
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has been suffering from serious physical and mental health issues , including schizophrenia and post @-@ traumatic stress disorder .
= 1926 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1926 Atlantic hurricane season featured the highest number of major hurricanes at the time . At least eleven tropical cyclones developed during the season , all of which intensified into a tropical storm and eight further strengthened into hurricanes . Six hurricanes deepened into a major hurricane , which is Category 3 or higher on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The first system , the Nassau hurricane , developed near the Lesser Antilles on July 22 . Moving west @-@ northwest for much of its duration , the storm struck or brush several islands of the Lesser and Greater Antilles . However , the Bahamas later received greater impact . At least 287 deaths and $ 7 @.@ 85 million ( 1926 USD ) in damage was attributed to this hurricane . The next cyclone primarily effected mariners in and around the The Maritimes of Canada , with boating accidents and drownings resulting in between 55 and 58 fatalities . In late August , the third hurricane brought widespread impact to the Gulf Coast of the United States , especially Louisiana . Crops and buildings suffered $ 6 million ( 1926 USD ) in damage and there were 25 people killed . The next three storms left relatively little to no damage on land .
The strongest and most damaging storm of the season was Hurricane Seven , nicknamed the Miami hurricane . Peaking as a Category 4 hurricane , the hurricane struck the Bahamas and Florida at a slightly weaker intensity . Much of the Miami metropolitan area was devastated by the storm . Inland , a storm surge on Lake Okeechobee flooded towns such as Clewiston and Moore Haven . The storm was a factor in ending the Florida land boom of the 1920s . Overall , the Miami hurricane resulted in at least 372 deaths and $ 125 million ( 1926 USD ) in damage . However , adjusted for wealth normalization in 2010 , the damage toll would be $ 164 @.@ 8 billion – far higher than Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . The eight , ninth , and eleventh tropical cyclones left only minor or not impact on land . However , the tenth storm , nicknamed the Havana @-@ Bermuda , devastated Cuba , the Bahamas , and ships in the vicinity of Bermuda . At least 709 deaths were linked to the system , with 600 in Cuba alone . Damage to towns on the island exceeded $ 100 million ( 1926 USD ) . Collectively , the storms of this season left over $ 267 @.@ 4 million in damage and at least 1 @,@ 554 fatalities .
= = Season summary = =
The season featured twelve named storms and eight of which strengthened into hurricanes . With six of those storms reaching major hurricane intensity , this was the highest number in a season on record , until being tied in 1933 and 1950 and then being surpassed in 1961 . There were several cyclones that brought devastating effects , including the Nassau hurricane , the Louisiana hurricane , the Miami hurricane , and the Havana @-@ Bermuda . Collectively , the storms of this season left over $ 267 @.@ 4 million in damage and at least 1 @,@ 554 fatalities .
Tropical cyclogenesis began on July 22 with Nassau hurricane , followed by the second storm on July 29 . Only one system , the Louisiana hurricane , developed in the month of August . September was much more active , featuring the forth , fifth , six , seventh ( Miami hurricane ) , and eighth storms of the season . On September 17 , four tropical cyclones existed simultaneously in the Atlantic Ocean , three of which , in an uncommon occurrence , were then hurricanes . The Miami hurricane was the most intense tropical cyclone of the season , peaking as a 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) Category 4 hurricane on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale with a minimum barometric pressure of 930 mbar ( 27 inHg ) . In October , the ninth and tenth ( Havana @-@ Bermuda ) storms formed . One final tropical cyclone formed in November and existed until November 16 .
The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 230 , the forth highest value on record , behind only the 1893 , 2005 , and 1933 seasons . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , such as the forth hurricane , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , such as the Miami hurricane and Havana , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength .
= = Storms = =
= = = Hurricane One = = =
The first storm of the season formed early on July 22 about 200 miles ( 320 km ) east of the island of Barbados and gradually strengthened into a hurricane a day later . At
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