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rats as their friends , demonstrating the benefits and misconceptions of rats towards humanity through several historical examples . The eleven @-@ minute short uses 3D animation , 2D animation , live action and even stop motion animation , a first for Pixar .
The disc also includes a CG short entitled Lifted , which screened before the film during its theatrical run . It depicts an adolescent extraterrestrial attempting to abduct a sleeping human . Throughout the sequence , he is graded by an adult extraterrestrial in a manner reminiscent of a driver 's licensing exam road test . The entire short contains no dialogue , which is typical of Pixar Shorts not based on existing properties . Also included among the special features are deleted scenes , a featurette featuring Brad Bird discussing filmmaking and chef Thomas Keller discussing culinary creativity entitled " Fine Food and Film " , and four easter eggs . Although the Region 1 Blu @-@ ray edition has a French audio track , the Region 1 DVD does not , except for some copies marked as for sale only in Canada .
It was released on DVD on November 6 , 2007 , and earned 4 @,@ 919 @,@ 574 units ( equivalent to $ 73 @,@ 744 @,@ 414 ) on its first week ( Nov. 6 – 11 , 2007 ) during which it topped the DVD charts . In total it sold 12 @,@ 531 @,@ 266 units ( $ 189 @,@ 212 @,@ 532 ) becoming the second best @-@ selling animated DVD of 2007 , both in units sold and sales revenue , behind Happy Feet .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 96 % approval rating with an average rating of 8 @.@ 4 / 10 based on 241 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : " Fast @-@ paced and stunningly animated , Ratatouille adds another delightfully entertaining entry -- and a rather unlikely hero -- to the Pixar canon . " Another review aggregation website Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 96 out of 100 based on 37 reviews , the highest of any Pixar film and the eighth @-@ highest rated film on the site .
A. O. Scott of The New York Times called Ratatouille " a nearly flawless piece of popular art , as well as one of the most persuasive portraits of an artist ever committed to film " ; echoing the character Anton Ego in the film , he ended his review with a simple " thank you " to the creators of the film . Wally Hammond of Time Out gave the film five out of five stars , saying " A test for tiny tots , a mite nostalgic and as male @-@ dominated as a modern kitchen it may be , but these are mere quibbles about this delightful addition to the Pixar pantheon . " Andrea Gronvall of the Chicago Reader gave the film a positive review , saying " Brad Bird 's second collaboration with Pixar is more ambitious and meditative than his Oscar @-@ winning The Incredibles . " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying " Ratatouille has the Pixar technical magic without , somehow , the full Pixar flavor . It 's Brad Bird 's genial dessert , not so much incredible as merely sweetly edible . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " What makes Ratatouille such a hilarious and heartfelt wonder is the way Bird contrives to let it sneak up on you . And get a load of that score from Michael Giacchino , a perfect compliment to a delicious meal . " James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three out of four stars , saying " For parents looking to spend time in a theater with their kids or adults who want something lighter and less testosterone @-@ oriented than the usual summer fare , Ratatouille offers a savory main course . " Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film a positive review , saying " Ratatouille is free of the kind of gratuitous pop @-@ culture references that plague so many movies of the genre ; it tells a story , it 's very much of our world but it never goes for the cheap , easy gag . " Justin Chang of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying " The master chefs at Pixar have blended all the right ingredients -- abundant verbal and visual wit , genius slapstick timing , a soupcon of Gallic sophistication -- to produce a warm and irresistible concoction . "
Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film four out of four stars , saying " The film may be animated , and largely taken up with rats , but its pulse is gratifyingly human . And you have never seen a computer @-@ animated feature with this sort of visual panache and detail . " Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film three out of four stars , saying " So many computer @-@ animated movies are brash , loud and popping with pop @-@ culture comedy , but Ratatouille has the warm glow of a favorite book . The characters are more than the sum of their gigabyte @-@ consuming parts -- they feel handcrafted . " Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film three out of five stars , saying " Has Pixar lost its magic recipe ? Ratatouille is filled with fairly generic animated imagery , a few modest chases , a couple of good gags , not a lot of laughs . " Scott Foundas of LA Weekly gave the film a positive review , saying " Bird has taken the raw ingredients of an anthropomorphic @-@ animal kiddie matinee and whipped them into a heady brew about nothing less than the principles of artistic creation . " Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film four out of four stars , saying " It 's not just the computer animation that is vibrantly three @-@ dimensional . It 's also the well @-@ rounded characters ... I defy you to name another animated film so overflowing with superfluous beauty . " Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " With Ratatouille , Bird once again delivers not just a great , witty story , but dazzling visuals as well . " Bill Muller of The Arizona Republic gave the film four and a half stars out of five , saying " Like the burbling soup that plays a key part in Ratatouille , the movie is a delectable blend of ingredients that tickles the palette and leaves you hungry for more . "
Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film three out of four stars , saying " Ratatouille is the most straightforward and formulaic picture to date from Pixar Animation Studios , but it is also among the most enchanting and touching . " Jack Mathews of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of four stars , saying " The Pixar magic continues with Brad Bird 's Ratatouille , a gorgeous , wonderfully inventive computer @-@ animated comedy . " Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star @-@ Ledger gave the film three out of four stars , saying " Fresh family fun . Although there are those slightly noxious
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images of rodents scampering around a kitchen , the movie doesn 't stoop to kid @-@ pandering jokes based on back talk and bodily gases . " David Ansen of Newsweek gave the film a positive review , saying " A film as rich as a sauce béarnaise , as refreshing as a raspberry sorbet , and a lot less predictable than the damn food metaphors and adjectives all us critics will churn out to describe it . OK , one more and then I 'll be done : it 's yummy . " Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film four out of four stars , saying " Ratatouille never overwhelms , even though it 's stocked with action , romance , historical content , family drama and serious statements about the creation of art . " Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review , saying " From the moment Remy enters , crashing , to the final happy fadeout , Ratatouille parades the brio and depth that set Pixar apart from and above other animation studios . " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film four out of four stars , saying " A lot of animated movies have inspired sequels , notably Shrek , but Brad Bird 's Ratatouille is the first one that made me positively desire one . " Peter Howell of the Toronto Star gave the film four out of four stars , saying " Had Bird gone the safe route , he would have robbed us of a great new cartoon figure in Remy , who like the rest of the film is rendered with animation that is at once fanciful and life @-@ like . It 's also my pick for Pixar 's best . "
Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal gave the film a positive review , saying " The characters are irresistible , the animation is astonishing and the film , a fantasy version of a foodie rhapsody , sustains a level of joyous invention that hasn 't been seen in family entertainment since The Incredibles . " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film four and a half stars out of five , saying " Brad Bird 's Ratatouille is so audacious you have to fall in love with its unlikely hero . " Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Ratatouille is delicious fun sure to be savored by audiences of all ages for its sumptuous visuals , clever wit and irresistibly inspiring tale . " Miriam Di Nunzio of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Ratatouille will make you wonder why animation needs to hide behind the mantle of ' it 's for children , but grownups will like it , too . ' This one 's for Mom and Dad , and yep , the kids will like it , too . " Michael Booth of The Denver Post gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " Writer and director Brad Bird keeps Ratatouille moving without resorting to the cute animal jokes or pop @-@ culture wisecracking that ruined so many other recent animated films . " Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film an A , saying " Ratatouille has the technical genius , emotional core and storytelling audacity to lift it into the ranks of [ the best ] Pixar films , the crème de la crème of modern animation . " Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying " No sketchy backgrounds here -- Ratatouille 's scenes feels like deep @-@ focus camera shots . The textures , from the gleam of copper pans to the cobblestone streets , are almost palpable . " Desson Thomson of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review , saying " Ratatouille doesn 't center on the over @-@ familiar surfaces of contemporary life . It harks back to Disney 's older era , when cartoons seemed part of a more elegant world with less edgy characters . "
= = = Box office = = =
In its opening weekend in North America , Ratatouille opened in 3 @,@ 940 theaters and debuted at number one with $ 47 million , the lowest Pixar opening since A Bug 's Life . However , in France , where the film is set , the film broke the record for the biggest debut for an animated film . In the UK , the film debuted at number one with sales over £ 4 million . The film has grossed $ 206 @,@ 445 @,@ 654 in the United States and Canada and a total of $ 623 @,@ 722 @,@ 818 worldwide , currently making it the sixth highest grossing Pixar film , just behind Toy Story 3 , Finding Nemo , Monsters University , Up , and The Incredibles .
= = = Accolades = = =
Ratatouille was nominated for five Oscars including Best Original Score , Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Original Screenplay and Best Animated Film , which it lost to Atonement , The Bourne Ultimatum ( for both Best Sound Editing and Best Sound Mixing ) and Juno , respectively , winning only the last one . At the time , the film held the record for the greatest number of Oscar nominations for a computer animated feature film , breaking the previous record held by Monsters , Inc . , Finding Nemo and The Incredibles at four nominations , but tied with Aladdin for any animated film . In 2008 , WALL @-@ E surpassed that record with 6 nominations . As of 2013 , Ratatouille is tied with Up and Toy Story 3 for animated film with the second greatest number of Oscar nominations . Beauty and the Beast still holds the record for most Oscar nominations ( also 6 ) for an animated feature film .
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Furthermore , Ratatouille was nominated for 13 Annie Awards including twice in the Best Animated Effects , where it lost to Surf 's Up , and three times in the Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production for Janeane Garofalo , Ian Holm , and Patton Oswalt , where Ian Holm won the award . It won the Best Animated Feature Award from multiple associations including the Chicago Film Critics , the National Board of Review , the Annie Awards , the Broadcast Film Critics , the British Academy of Film and Television ( BAFTA ) , and the Golden Globes .
= = Plagiarized film = =
If magazine described Ratatoing , a 2007 Brazilian computer graphics cartoon by Vídeo Brinquedo , as a " ripoff " of Ratatouille . Marco Aurélio Canônico of Folha de S. Paulo described Ratatoing as a derivative of Ratatouille . Canônico discussed whether lawsuits from Pixar would appear . The Brazilian Ministry of Culture posted Marco Aurélio Canônico 's article on its website . In the end , Pixar reportedly did not seek legal action . Video Brinquedo films with concepts blatantly plagiarized from films by Pixar , Disney , DreamWorks Animation and other major studios in other countries .
= = Video game = =
A video game adaptation of the film was released for all major consoles and handhelds in 2007 . A Nintendo DS exclusive game , titled Ratatouille : Food Frenzy , was released in October 2007 . Ratatouille is also among the films represented in Kinect Rush : A Disney @-@ Pixar Adventure , released in March 2012 for Xbox 360 .
= = Theme park attraction = =
A Disney theme park attraction based on the film has been constructed in Walt Disney Studios Park , Disneyland Paris . Ratatouille : L 'Aventure Totalement Toquée de Rémy is based upon scenes from the film and uses trackless ride technology . In the attraction , riders " shrink down to the size of a rat " .
= Jon Hamm =
Jonathan Daniel " Jon " Hamm ( born March 10 , 1971 ) is an American actor , director , and television producer best known for playing advertising executive Don Draper in the AMC drama series , Mad Men ( 2007 – 2015 ) .
For much of the mid @-@ 1990s , Hamm lived in Los Angeles , making appearances in television series Providence , The Division , What About Brian , and Related . In 2000 , he made his feature film debut in the space adventure film Space Cowboys . The following year , he had a minor role in the independent comedy , Kissing Jessica Stein ( 2001 ) .
Hamm gained wide recognition when Mad Men began airing in July 2007 . His performance earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama in 2008 and 2016 and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2015 . He also directed two episodes of the show . In 2008 , Hamm appeared in a remake of the science fiction film The Day The Earth Stood Still . His first leading film role was in the 2010 independent thriller Stolen . He also had supporting roles in The Town ( 2010 ) , Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , and Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) . Hamm has received 16 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances in Mad Men , 30 Rock ( 2006 – 2013 ) , and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 – present ) .
His other television credits include starring in the Sky Arts series A Young Doctor 's Notebook and guest roles in Parks and Recreation and Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp . He provided his voice to the animated film Shrek Forever After in 2010 , and in 2015 , he starred in the animated film Minions .
= = Early life = =
Hamm was born in St. Louis , Missouri , the son of Deborah and Daniel Hamm . His father ran a family trucking company , and his mother was a secretary . He is of German , English , and Irish descent ; his surname originates with German immigrants . Hamm 's parents divorced when he was two years old , and he lived in Creve Coeur with his mother until her death from colon cancer , when he was 10 . Hamm then moved in with his father .
Hamm 's first acting role was as Winnie the Pooh in first grade . At 16 , he was cast as Judas in Godspell , and enjoyed the experience , though he did not take acting seriously .
Hamm attended the private John Burroughs School in Ladue , where he was a member of the football , baseball , and swim teams . During this time , he dated future actress Sarah Clarke . His father died when he was 20 .
Following graduation in 1989 , Hamm enrolled at the University of Texas , where he was a member of the Upsilon Chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity . There , Hamm was arrested for participating in a violent hazing incident that occurred in November 1990 , involving another student , Mark Sanders . Sanders was beaten with a paddle and a broom , while Hamm was leading him around the fraternity house with the claw of a hammer beneath Sanders ' genitals , and Sanders ' clothes were set on fire . The incident led to the fraternity 's being shut down on campus . Hamm completed the terms of a deferred adjudication , and the charges were dismissed in August 1995 .
Hamm enrolled at the University of Missouri . At Missouri he answered an advertisement from a theater company looking for players in a production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , auditioned , and was cast in the production . Other roles followed , such as Leon Czolgosz in Assassins .
After graduating in 1993 with a Bachelor of Arts in English , Hamm returned to his high school to teach eighth @-@ grade acting . One of his students was Ellie Kemper , who later became an actress and would go on to star in the Netflix original series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , in which Hamm has a recurring role ; another was Beau Willimon , who became a screenwriter .
= = Career = =
= = = Early work = = =
Hamm has known actor Paul Rudd for many years , and visited him in Hollywood in 1992 . Not wishing to stay in a " normal career " , Hamm moved to Los Angeles permanently in 1995 with an automobile and $ 150 . He moved into a house with four other aspiring actors and began working as a waiter while attending auditions . He acted in theatre , including as Flavius in a production of Shakespeare 's Timon of Athens with the Sacred Fools Theater Company .
Finding employment as an actor was difficult , despite representation by the William Morris Agency , because unlike other actors his age , he could not be cast in youth @-@ oriented productions like Dawson 's Creek due to his older appearance . In 1998 , having failed to obtain any acting jobs after three years , he was dropped by William Morris . Hamm continued working as a waiter and , briefly , as a set designer for a softcore pornography film . After repeatedly failing to obtain promising roles , he set his 30th birthday as a deadline to succeed in Hollywood , stating :
You either suck that up and find another agent , or you go home and say you gave it a shot , but that 's the end of that . The last thing I wanted to be out here was one of those actors who 's 45 years old , with a tenuous grasp of their own reality , and not really working much . So I gave myself five years . I said , if I can 't get it going by the time I 'm 30 , I 'm in the wrong place . And as soon as I said that , it 's like I started working right away .
In 2000 , Hamm obtained the role of romantic firefighter Burt Ridley on NBC 's drama series Providence . His one @-@ episode contract grew to 19 , and led him to quit waiting tables . Hamm made his feature film debut with one line in Clint Eastwood 's space adventure Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) ; more substantial roles followed in the independent comedy Kissing Jessica Stein ( 2001 ) and the war film We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) , during filming of which he turned 30 . His career was further bolstered when he played the recurring role of police inspector Nate Basso on Lifetime 's television series The Division , from
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tells Holly that she has lived in the realm of Kôr for more than two millennia , awaiting the reincarnated return of her lover , Kallikrates ( whom she had slain in a fit of jealous rage ) . Later , when Holly inadvertently and secretly discovers Ayesha in her hidden chamber , he learns that she may have some degree of power to reanimate the dead .
The next evening She visits Leo to heal him . But upon seeing his face , she is stunned and declares him to be the reincarnation of Kallikrates . She saves him and becomes jealous of Ustane . The latter is ordered to leave Leo and never to set her eyes on him again . Ustane refuses , however , and Ayesha eventually strikes her dead with magic . Despite the murder of their friend , Holly and Leo cannot free themselves from the power of Ayesha 's beauty and Leo becomes bewitched . In explaining her history , Ayesha shows Leo the perfectly preserved body of Kallikrates , which she has kept with her , but she then dissolves the remains with a powerful acid , confident that Leo is indeed the reincarnation of her former lover .
In the climax of the novel , Ayesha takes the two men to see the Pillar of Fire , passing through the ruined city of Kôr into the heart of the ancient volcano . She is determined that Leo should bathe in the fire to become immortal and remain with her forever , and that together they can become the immortal and all @-@ powerful rulers of the world . After a perilous journey , they come to a great cavern , but at the last Leo doubts the safety of entering the flame . To allay his fears , Ayesha steps into the Spirit of Life , but with this second immersion , the life @-@ preserving power is lost and Ayesha begins to revert to her true age . Holly speculates that it may be that a second exposure undoes the effects of the previous or the Spirit of Life spews death on occasion . Before their eyes , Ayesha withers away in the fire , and her body shrinks . The sight is so shocking that Job dies in fright . Before dying , She tells Leo , " Forget me not . I shall come again ! "
= = = Characters = = =
Horace Holly – protagonist and narrator , Holly is a Cambridge man whose keen intellect and knowledge was developed to compensate for his ape @-@ like appearance . Holly knows a number of ancient languages , including Greek , Arabic , and Hebrew , which allow him to communicate with the Amahagger ( who speak a form of Arabic ) and She ( who knows all three languages ) .
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Holly 's interest in archaeology and the origins of civilisation lead him to explore the ruins of Kôr .
Leo Vincey – ward of Horace Holly , Leo is an attractive , physically active young English gentleman with a thick head of blond hair . He is the confidant of Holly and befriends Ustane . According to She , Leo resembles Kallikrates in appearance and is his reincarnation .
Ayesha – the title character of the novel , called Hiya by the native Amahagger , or " She " ( She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed ) . Ayesha was born over 2 @,@ 000 years ago amongst the Arabs , mastering the lore of the ancients and becoming a great sorceress . Learning of the Pillar of Life in the African interior , she journeyed to the ruined kingdom of Kôr , feigning friendship with a hermit who was the keeper of the Flame that granted immortality . She bathed in the Pillar of Life 's fire .
Job – Holly 's trusted servant . Job is a working @-@ class man and highly suspicious and judgmental of non @-@ English peoples . He is also a devout Protestant . Of all the travellers , he is especially disgusted by the Amahagger and fearful of She .
Billali – an elder of one of the Amahagger tribes .
Ustane – an Amahagger maiden . She becomes romantically attached to Leo , caring for him when he is injured , acting as his protector , and defying She to stay with him .
Kallikrates – an ancient Greek , the husband of Amenartas , and ancestor of Leo . Two thousand years ago , he and Amenartas fled Egypt , seeking a haven in the African interior where they met Ayesha . There , She fell in love with him , promising to give him the secret of immortality if he would kill Amenartas . He refused , and , enraged , She struck him down .
Amenartas – an ancient Egyptian priestess and ancestress of the Vincey family . As a priestess of Isis , she was protected from the power of She . When Ayesha slew Kallikrates , she expelled Amenartas from her realm . Amenartas gave birth to Kallikrates ' son , beginning the line of the Vinceys ( Leo 's ancestors ) .
= = Background = =
= = = South Africa = = =
In 1875 , Haggard was sent to Cape Town , South Africa as secretary to Sir Henry Bulwer , the lieutenant @-@ governor of Natal . Haggard wrote in his memoirs of his aspirations to become a colonial governor himself , and of his youthful excitement at the prospects . The major event during his time in Africa was Britain 's annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 . Haggard was part of the expedition that established British control over the Boer republic , and which helped raise the Union flag over the capital of Pretoria on 24 May 1877 . Writing of the moment , Haggard declared :
Haggard had advocated the British annexation of the Boer republic in a journal article entitled " The Transvaal " , published in the May 1877 issue of Macmillan 's Magazine . He maintained that it was Britain 's " mission to conquer and hold in subjection " lesser races , " not from thirst of conquest but for the sake of law , justice , and order " . However , Boer resistance to British rule and the resulting Anglo @-@ Zulu war caused the imperial government in London to withdraw from pursuing British sovereignty over the South African interior . Haggard considered this to be a " great betrayal " by Prime Minister Gladstone and the Liberal Party , which " no lapse of time ever can solace or even alleviate " . He became increasingly disillusioned with the realities of colonial Africa . Victorian scholar Patrick Brantlinger notes in his introduction to She : " Little that Haggard witnessed matched the romantic depictions of ' the dark continent ' in boys ' adventure novels , in the press , and even in such bestselling explorers ' journals as David Livingstone 's Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa ( 1857 ) . "
During his time in South Africa , Haggard developed an intense hatred for the Boers , but also came to admire the Zulus . However , his admiration of the Zulus did not extend to other African peoples ; rather , he shared many of the assumptions that underlay contemporary Victorian politics and philosophy , such as those expressed by James Hunt , the President of the Anthropological Society of London : " the Negro is inferior intellectually to the European ... [ and ] can only be humanised and civilised by Europeans . The analogies are far more numerous between the Negro and apes , than between the European and apes . " The Victorian belief in the inherent inferiority of the ' darker races ' made them the object of a civilising impulse in the European Scramble for Africa . Although disenchanted with the colonial effort , Haggard remained committed to this ideology . He believed that the British " alone of all the nations in the world appear to be able to control coloured races without the exercise of cruelty " .
= = = Return to Britain = = =
Rider Haggard returned to Britain in 1881 . At the time , England was increasingly beset by the social and cultural anxieties that marked the fin de siècle . One of the most prominent concerns was the fear of political and racial decline , encapsulated in Max Nordau 's Degeneration ( 1895 ) . Barely half a century earlier , Thomas Babington Macaulay had declared " the history of England " to be " emphatically the history of progress " , but late @-@ Victorians living in the wake of Darwinian evolution had lost the earlier positivism of their age . Uncertainty over the immutability of Britain 's historical identity , what historian Tim Murray has called the " threat of the past " , was manifested in the Victorian obsession with ancient times and archaeology . Haggard was greatly interested in the ruins discovered at Zimbabwe in the 1870s . In 1896 , he provided the preface to a monograph that detailed a history of the site , declaring :
Haggard was strongly influenced by archaeology and evolutionary theories , especially ideas about the " racialisation " of historical decline prevalent during the fin de siècle . His distaste for the Boers stemmed in part from their depiction as a ' mixed ' race , descended from various European stock and intermarried with African locals . Lack of racial purity was seen as leading to evolutionary degeneration and national decline , a concept which he embodied in the Amahagger people .
By the time that Haggard began writing She , society had more anxiety about the role of women . Debates regarding " The Woman Question " dominated Britain during the fin de siècle , as well as anxieties over the increasing position and independence of the " New Woman " . Alarm over social degeneration and societal decadence further fanned concerns over the woman 's movement and female liberalisation , which challenged the traditional conception of Victorian womanhood . The role and rights of women had changed dramatically since the early part of the century , as they entered the workforce , received better education , and gained more political and legal independence . Writing in 1894 , Haggard believed that marriage was the natural state for women : " Notwithstanding the energetic repudiations of the fact that confront us at every turn , it may be taken for granted that in most cases it is the natural mission of women to marry ; that – always in most cases – if they do not marry they become narrowed , live a half life only , and suffer in health of body and of mind . " He created the character of She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed " who provided a touchstone for many of the anxieties surrounding the New Woman in late @-@ Victorian England " .
= = Concept and creation = =
According to Haggard 's daughter Lilias , the phrase " She @-@ who @-@ must @-@ be @-@ obeyed " originated from his childhood and " the particularly hideous aspect " of one rag @-@ doll : " This doll was something of a fetish , and Rider , as a small child , was terrified of her , a fact soon discovered by an unscrupulous nurse who made full use of it to frighten him into obedience . Why or how it came to be called She @-@ Who @-@ Must @-@ Be @-@ Obeyed he could not remember " . Haggard wrote that " the title She " was taken " from a certain rag doll , so named , which a nurse at Bradenham used to bring out of some dark recess in order to terrify those of my brothers and sisters who were in her charge . "
In his autobiography , Haggard spoke of how he composed She within a six @-@ week period of February and March 1886 , having just completed Jess , which was published in 1
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version , the Japanese justice system of the original remained intact in the localization , as changing it would have altered the entire game structure . As the localization team wanted to keep the humor in the Japanese names for the characters , it was decided to make the English names contain the same kinds of double meanings : character name puns were based on their personalities or backgrounds , or were visual gags . A lot of the names were determined with the original Japanese name in mind ; for the game 's third episode , several Japanese names were used without changes , since they were English puns to begin with . For some other characters , the names had to be altered heavily from the Japanese originals . Due to the dramatic feeling of the last episode , the characters in it were given names that sounded more like real names , while still making use of deeper meanings . Takumi personally approved all the English names ; for one of the names , Takumi and the localization team had a discussion for days , as Takumi did not think the English name conveyed the same feeling as the Japanese one .
According to Gay , characters with " extreme personality quirks " were both fun and stressful to write : for the clown Moe , he found it challenging to get the balance right between his silly jokes and the seriousness of his dialogue . Among other challenging characters to write for were Acro , who led to " heated arguments " about how to get his personality and tone right ; and Morgan Fey , whose " very old style " of speaking in the Japanese version was difficult to translate to English . One aspect they had to change due to cultural differences was a conversation with the lecherous character Director Hotti , where an animation of him grabbing in the air with his hands is played while he talks about Pearl . According to Hsu , the Japanese version is considered funny to Japanese people , as Hotti is set up as the " butt of the joke " , and Phoenix reacts negatively to him , while it would have been considered sickening to an American audience . They were unable to change the animation , so the dialogue was rewritten to instead be directed at an adult nurse .
= = Reception = =
Justice for All holds a score of 76 / 100 at the review aggregator Metacritic based on 51 critics , indicating generally favorable reviews .
Writers for Famitsu praised the mix of seriousness and comedy , and liked the characters ' quirkiness and the pacing of the conversations . John Walker at Eurogamer called the game " splendidly crazy as ever " and " the most joyfully daft fun imaginable " . Tom East at Official Nintendo Magazine called the script fantastic . Joe Juba at Game Informer found the game entertaining , calling the writing hilarious and the problem @-@ solving clever , with the two aspects complimenting each other well . Aaron Thomas at GameSpot liked the game , praising the game 's story and calling the characters its greatest strength . He thought that the pacing was better than the first Ace Attorney 's , but still found the game to be a step back : he felt that the game often reuses the same kinds of twists from the first . Gerald Villoria at GameSpy called the episodes well structured and stronger than the ones in first game , and called the dialogue sharp . Mikel Reparaz at GamesRadar said that the script , while entertaining , contains " long stretches of meaningless dialogue " and tends to leave the player knowing what happened and how to prove it before Phoenix does . He initially liked the new rival character Franziska , but thought that she only becomes increasingly obnoxious . Craig Harris at IGN said that the episodes are well @-@ written , with enthusiasm and personality , making them hard to put down .
Walker found the court sections " maddening " due to how the game sometimes requires very specific evidence to be presented , with evidence that he found reasonable being rejected , forcing him to resort to guessing ; he wished that the health meter would have been replenished through correct answers , or that it had been removed from the game entirely . Bryan Vore at Game Informer found the investigation sections tedious at times , but found them to be helped by how the psyche @-@ locks add " courtroom drama " to the investigations . Juba thought that the game 's reliance on text made the investigations move slowly , but that the game becomes an " irresistible adventure " when the text is mixed with gameplay in the trials . Thomas found the psyche @-@ locks interesting , but underwhelming as the only new feature . East said that the psyche @-@ locks were what made the investigations fun . Reparaz liked how the psyche @-@ lock mechanic adds " a new dimension of weirdness " to the game . Both Harris and Thomas wished that the game had been less linear , with more possible wrong paths to take or more endings . Thomas , Reparaz and East wished that the Nintendo DS @-@ exclusive gameplay features introduced in the first game 's final episode had been used in Justice for All , with Reparaz calling it disappointing but " not a huge deal " . Villoria and East said that the game does not last very long ; Walker did not consider it short , but found it to not last as long as the first game .
Vore said that the game is lacking in " advanced graphics and interface " , but felt that it makes up for it through its charm and intrigue . Thomas called the character designs outstanding , but thought that the reused art assets for returning characters and locations from the first game made it feel like Capcom had " cut some corners " . He called the music " uniformly outstanding and used masterfully " , both for conveying various moods throughout the story , and for characters ' personalities . Harris found the music " moody and appropriate " , but wished that there had been a full voice @-@ over as an option . He said that the game 's art was nice , but not more than that . Thomas called the localization outstanding despite finding some errors , finding it impressive how smoothly Capcom was able to localize such a text @-@ heavy game . Harris liked the game 's localization , saying that the localization team 's writing was what made the game design work so well . Walker called the localization incredible , and said that while there are a few spelling errors and grammatical errors in the text , it did not bother him much as the localization was included in the Japanese Nintendo DS release .
= Bjorøy Tunnel =
The Bjorøy Tunnel ( Norwegian : Bjorøytunnelen ) is a 2 @,@ 012 @-@ metre ( 6 @,@ 601 ft ) long subsea road tunnel in Hordaland county , Norway . The tunnel is part of the Norwegian County Road 207 which connects the island of Bjorøy in the municipality of Fjell to the mainland near Håkonshella and Hilleren in the city @-@ municipality of Bergen . It crosses underneath the Vatlestraumen strait , reaching 88 metres ( 289 ft ) below mean sea level . It serves as a fixed link for the 900 residents of the islands of Bjorøy and Tyssøy as well as a large number of cottage owners who vacation on the islands . The first proposal was launched in 1980 , and construction started on 29 September 1993 . There
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were severe problems because the tunneling encountered an area of sandstone , causing a year 's delay . The total construction cost was NOK 59 million . It opened on 7 May 1996 and remained a toll road until 29 January 2005 .
= = Specifications = =
The Bjorøy Tunnel is a subsea tunnel which runs below the Vatlestraumen strait between the island of Bjorøy and the mainland of Bergen . It carries two lanes of Hordaland County Road 207 . It is the only fixed link for the islands of Bjorøy and Tyssøy ( Tyssøy is connected to Bjorøy by a bridge ) . The tunnel is 2 @,@ 012 metres ( 6 @,@ 601 ft ) long and reaches 88 m ( 289 ft ) below mean sea level . The maximum gradient is 10 degrees ( about 18 % grade ) . It is one of few tunnels in Norway without mobile telephone coverage , although there are emergency telephones that connect to the operation center of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration , and the tunnel will receive coverage with the future Norwegian Public Safety Radio .
Before the construction of the Bjorøy Tunnel , the geology of the area was thought to consist entirely of metamorphic basement rocks similar to those exposed on the surrounding islands . The Jurassic sediments encountered in the tunnel included breccia and conglomerate in contact with the underlying gneisses and a sandstone with coal fragments , some of which was quite unconsolidated . Spore and pollen samples gave an Oxfordian age ( Late Jurassic ) for the sequence . The sedimentary rocks appear to have been deposited into an eroded depression caused by a fault zone , which later reactivated , disrupting the bedding and causing steep dips .
= = History = =
= = = Planning = = =
Since 1966 , Bjorøy had been served by the Alvøen – Bjorøyhamn Ferry . The plans for a tunnel to Bjorøy were first launched by the engineer Jack Jahnsen in 1980 . These were based on the then under construction Vardø Tunnel , which became the first subsea tunnel in Norway when it opened in 1982 . He had a meeting at his place on 18 December 1980 , to which the three municipal councilors from Bjorøy also were invited , where he tried to get support for the tunnel , which would be the topic of a municipal council meeting on 20 December . The council unanimously voted in favour of establishing a committee to look into the tunnel . The committee was established on 6 January 1981 and concluded with that there were three alternative possibilities to build a fixed link to Bjorøy : a bridge from the island over Søre Steinsundet via Vestre Steinsundholmen , Kjerringholmen and Kaggen to Søre Snekkevik on Litlesotra ; a tunnel under Vatlestraumen to Håkonshella ; or a bridge over Vatlestraumen to Håkonshella or Kongshaug .
At the time , a bridge to Litlesotra was estimated to cost NOK 111 million , a tunnel was estimated to cost NOK 36 million , while a bridge over Vatlestraumen was estimated to cost NOK 74 million . All three included a road connection to Tyssøy , with the bridge proposals costing NOK 16 million for the Tyssøy connection , and the tunnel having a cost of NOK 4 million , in part because the earthworks volume from the tunnel could be used to build a mole with a short bridge . Seismology tests were done in August 1983 , and they concluded that the ground had good conditions : the uncompacted material laid mostly only 1 @-@ meter ( 3 ft 3 in ) deep , albeit at times as deep as 7 meters ( 23 ft ) . The proposed tunnel crossing followed a mountain ridge , and the maximum depth was between 40 and 45 metres ( 131 and 148 ft ) , although the topography went steep down to those depths .
The plans were presented to Johan J. Jakobsen , Minister of Transport and Communications , and cooperation was started with the Norwegian Public Roads Administration to find a suitable connection to Tyssøy , so that they could also take advantage of the tunnel . To connect the two islands , it was chosen to build across Nautasundet , which was shallow and 175 metres ( 574 ft ) wide . In 1987 , Kaare Hartman joined the committee and proposed that the tunnel be built with borrowed money , guaranteed by land @-@ owners on the islands , and repaid using tolls . At the time the project was not on any prioritized investment list , and this way the project was not dependent on public grants . On 7 September 1987 , Hartmann reached agreement with Norges Skibshypotek to borrow the estimated NOK 50 million . The bank had a guarantee in the income from the tunnel .
However , Norges Skibshypotek had to withdraw , as it was not permitted to invest in non @-@ shipping investments . Instead , a loan was taken in Bergens Skillingsbank . Four land @-@ owners made a guarantee for NOK 9 million , with a judicial registration covering an area of 347 hectares ( 860 acres ) . They hoped that the value of their land would increase after the tunnel had been built . The same amount was also guaranteed by Fjell Municipality . Public grants were also secured , so the debt would be NOK 27 to 30 million . The planning was done by Chr . F. Grøner , for which the municipality paid the costs . Statistics from the ferry showed that 26 @,@ 400 cars and 93 @,@ 902 people had taken it in 1986 , which had grown to 40 @,@ 400 and 121 @,@ 000 in 1989 . The estimates were for a 90 % increase until 2000 , given an opening in 2002 . A bid for the project was gathered from Selmer – Furuholmen , which gave a maximum price of NOK 55 million , given that construction started in 1989 .
On 12 December 1989 , the committee sent an official offer to Hordaland Public Roads Administration whereby they , as a company under establishment , offered to fully finance the tunnel . The plans called for tolls of NOK 51 for a car and an investment cost of NOK 47 million . The plans were at first nearly discarded by the administration , as they felt it was impossible for a community of 400 people to finance such a large project without other grants . However , it became evident that the administration was spending NOK 2 million per year on the ferry service , and as the ferry soon would have to be replaced , this would increase to NOK 3 to 5 million per year . On 1 October 1990 , the issue was considered by Hordaland Transport Board , which approved the plans . This was followed up by Hordaland County Council on 19 June 1991 , which involved NOK 27 million being financed by debt and NOK 28 to 33 million being financed through reduced subsidies to the ferry .
The plans were met with criticism from locals on the Bergen side where the tunnel would emerge . They stated that the plans had " cheap solutions " and had unnecessary negative impact on their local environment . This included the demolishing of a football field and lack of noise barriers . Bergen Municipality demanded that the costs of a new field be paid for by the project , and that the tunnel be slightly extended . A new estimate was made , which increased the price by NOK 10 @.@ 3 million ; however , Hordaland Public Roads Administration
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the band at The Bosuil , Weert , on 14 May 2004 . He was replaced by keyboard player Joost van der Broek , coming from the Dutch progressive rock band Sun Caged , who completed the rest of the tour . Van den Broek had played with Floor Jansen during the Star One tour of 2002 , where he also met Gommans . The tour brought the band to play at the important Graspop , Pinkpop and Dynamo festivals in Belgium and the Netherlands . The Pinkpop Festival performance on 30 May 2004 , was televised for a Dutch TV station . The first leg of the tour culminated with the performance at the Wacken Open Air festival , on 7 August 2004 .
New dates of the tour were added at the end of the year , but some shows were cancelled when drummer André Borgman was admitted to a hospital and diagnosed with lung cancer at an initial stage . The official site of the band reported the news of Borgman ’ s illness and confirmed some shows , with Ayreon , Star One and Gorefest drummer Ed Warby standing @-@ in for Borgman . The band spent the first half of 2005 concentrating on the material for the new album Remagine , while Borgman received intensive treatment to cure his cancer . Luckily , the cures were successful and Borgman was back behind his drum kit for the final leg of the Invisible Circles tour in South America in August 2005 .
= = Critical and commercial reception = =
After the almost unanimous praise received by the album Decipher and the perplexities raised by the new musical direction of the EP Exordium , there were great expectations for the new album by fans and specialized press alike . The complexity of the music and concept of Invisible Circles produced mixed reviews , ranging from highest praise to complete failure , even in the same publication . The bold move of making a concept album about such a controversial matter was generally appreciated but , as Eduardo Rivadavia said in his AllMusic review , this could be a " slightly overambitious creation " . The Maximum Metal reviewer states that " concept albums are always hard to pull off and not many bands can do it well " and " here is another failed attempt " . It was the general opinion of most reviewers that Floor Jansen 's lead vocals are at her best and " her performance here is powerful , dramatic and very impressive overall , no matter how she chooses to sing " . However , her lyrics were sometimes considered a weak point of the album , despite the fact that the band " placed as much emphasis " on them " as they did on the music " . Sam Grant of Sonic Cathedral Webzine considered them " trite " and " disappointing " . In particular , the spoken dialogue by Somerville and Lansford was generally considered badly acted and detrimental to the music which , on the contrary , was generally considered the strong point of the album . The change of musical direction , with the introduction of progressive metal elements , and the many variations of style adopted in the songs were generally praised , to the point that a Metal Storm reviewer compares After Forever to " Symphony X with Floor Jansen on vocals " . Only a few reviewers remained nostalgic of the gothic and symphonic sound of Decipher and denounced a " lack of direction " and " too much confusion " in the music of the album .
The album sold enough in the Benelux to remain in the Dutch Mega Album Top 100 chart for eleven weeks and in the Belgian Ultratop 50 Albums chart for two .
It reached position No. 24 in the Netherlands and position No. 74 in Belgium . The single " Digital Deceit " reached position No. 41 in the Single Top 100 chart in the Netherlands .
= = Track listing = =
All music by After Forever , except " Childhood in Minor " by Sander Gommans and " Eccentric " by Lando van Gils and Floor Jansen . All lyrics by Jansen .
" Childhood in Minor " ( instrumental ) – 1 : 20
" Beautiful Emptiness " – 5 : 25
" Between Love and Fire " – 4 : 56
" Sins of Idealism " – 5 : 22
" Eccentric " – 4 : 10
" Digital Deceit " – 5 : 38
" Through Square Eyes " – 6 : 23
" Blind Pain " – 6 : 47
" Two Sides " – 4 : 34
" Victim of Choices " – 3 : 21
" Reflections " – 5 : 11
" Life 's Vortex " – 5 : 53
= = Personnel = =
= Halifax Central Library =
The Halifax Central Library is a public library in Halifax , Nova Scotia on the corner of Spring Garden Road and Queen Street . It serves as the flagship library of the Halifax Public Libraries , replacing the Spring Garden Road Memorial Library .
A new central library was discussed by library administrators for several decades and approved by the regional council in 2008 . The architects , a joint venture between local firm Fowler Bauld and Mitchell and Schmidt Hammer Lassen of Denmark , were chosen in 2010 through an international design competition . Construction began later that year on a prominent downtown site that had been a parking lot for half a century .
The new library opened in December 2014 and has become a highly popular gathering place . In addition to a book collection significantly larger than that of the former library , the new building houses a wide range of amenities including cafés , an auditorium , and community rooms . The striking architecture is characterised by the fifth floor 's cantilever over the entrance plaza , a central atrium criss @-@ crossed by staircases , and the building 's transparency and relationship to the urban context . The library won a
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such as restaurants and workplaces have become more common in many Western countries . Bhutan has had a complete smoking ban since 2005 while India introduced a ban on smoking in public in October 2008 . The World Health Organization has called for governments to institute a total ban on tobacco advertising to prevent young people from taking up smoking . They assess that such bans have reduced tobacco consumption by 16 % where instituted .
= = = Screening = = =
Cancer screening uses medical tests to detect disease in large groups of people who have no symptoms . For individuals with high risk of developing lung cancer , computed tomography ( CT ) screening can detect cancer and give a person options to respond to it in a way that prolongs life . This form of screening reduces the chance of death from lung cancer by an absolute amount of 0 @.@ 3 % ( relative amount of 20 % ) . High risk people are those age 55 @-@ 74 who have smoked equivalent amount of a pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years including time within the past 15 years .
CT screening is associated with a high rate of falsely positive tests which may result in unneeded treatment . For each true positive scan there are about 19 falsely positives scans . Other concerns include radiation exposure and the cost of testing along with follow up . Research has not found two other available tests — sputum cytology or chest radiograph ( CXR ) screening tests — to have any benefit .
The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force ( USPSTF ) recommends yearly screening using low @-@ dose computed tomography in those who have a total smoking history of 30 pack @-@ years and are between 55 and 80 years old until a person has not been smoking for more than 15 years . Screening should not be done in those with other health problems that would make treatment of lung cancer if found not an option . The English National Health Service was in 2014 re @-@ examining the evidence for screening .
= = = Other prevention strategies = = =
The long @-@ term use of supplemental vitamin A , vitamin C , vitamin D or vitamin E does not reduce the risk of lung cancer . Some studies suggest that people who eat diets with a higher proportion of vegetables and fruit tend to have a lower risk , but this may be due to confounding — with the lower risk actually due to the association of a high fruit / vegetables diet with less smoking . More rigorous studies have not demonstrated a clear association between diet and lung cancer risk .
= = Management = =
Treatment for lung cancer depends on the cancer 's specific cell type , how far it has spread , and the person 's performance status . Common treatments include palliative care , surgery , chemotherapy , and radiation therapy . Targeted therapy of lung cancer is growing in importance for advanced lung cancer .
= = = Surgery = = =
If investigations confirm NSCLC , the stage is assessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or if it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically . CT scan and positron emission tomography are used for this determination . If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected , the nodes may be sampled to assist staging . Techniques used for this include transthoracic needle aspiration , transbronchial needle aspiration ( with or without endobronchial ultrasound ) , endoscopic ultrasound with needle aspiration , mediastinoscopy , and thoracoscopy . Blood tests and pulmonary function testing are used to assess whether a person is well enough for surgery . If pulmonary function tests reveal poor respiratory reserve , surgery may not be possible .
In most cases of early @-@ stage NSCLC , removal of a lobe of lung ( lobectomy ) is the surgical treatment of choice . In people who are unfit for a full lobectomy , a smaller sublobar excision ( wedge resection ) may be performed . However , wedge resection has a higher risk of recurrence than lobectomy . Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence . Rarely , removal of a whole lung ( pneumonectomy ) is performed . Video @-@ assisted thoracoscopic surgery ( VATS ) and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery . VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy , with less postoperative illness .
In SCLC , chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy is typically used . However the role of surgery in SCLC is being reconsidered . Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC .
= = = Radiotherapy = = =
Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy , and may be used with curative intent in people with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery . This form of high @-@ intensity radiotherapy is called radical radiotherapy . A refinement of this technique is continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy ( CHART ) , in which a high dose of radiotherapy is given in a short time period . Postoperative thoracic radiotherapy generally should not be used after curative intent surgery for NSCLC . Some people with mediastinal N2 lymph node involvement might benefit from post @-@ operative radiotherapy .
For potentially curable SCLC cases , chest radiotherapy is often recommended in addition to chemotherapy .
If cancer growth blocks a short section of bronchus , brachytherapy ( localized radiotherapy ) may be given directly inside the airway to open the passage . Compared to external beam radiotherapy , brachytherapy allows a reduction in treatment time and reduced radiation exposure to healthcare staff . Evidence for brachytherapy , however , is less than that for external beam radiotherapy .
Prophylactic cranial irradiation ( PCI ) is a type of radiotherapy to the brain , used to reduce the risk of metastasis . PCI is most useful in SCLC . In limited @-
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@ stage disease , PCI increases three @-@ year survival from 15 % to 20 % ; in extensive disease , one @-@ year survival increases from 13 % to 27 % .
Recent improvements in targeting and imaging have led to the development of stereotactic radiation in the treatment of early @-@ stage lung cancer . In this form of radiotherapy , high doses are delivered over a number of sessions using stereotactic targeting techniques . Its use is primarily in patients who are not surgical candidates due to medical comorbidities .
For both NSCLC and SCLC patients , smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control ( palliative radiotherapy ) .
= = = Chemotherapy = = =
The chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type . Small @-@ cell lung carcinoma ( SCLC ) , even relatively early stage disease , is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation . In SCLC , cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used . Combinations with carboplatin , gemcitabine , paclitaxel , vinorelbine , topotecan , and irinotecan are also used . In advanced non @-@ small cell lung carcinoma ( NSCLC ) , chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first @-@ line treatment , provided the person is well enough for the treatment . Typically , two drugs are used , of which one is often platinum @-@ based ( either cisplatin or carboplatin ) . Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine , paclitaxel , docetaxel , pemetrexed , etoposide or vinorelbine .
Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to the use of chemotherapy after apparently curative surgery to improve the outcome . In NSCLC , samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging . If stage II or III disease is confirmed , adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5 % at five years . The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens . Adjuvant chemotherapy for people with stage IB cancer is controversial , as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit . Chemotherapy before surgery in NSCLC that can be removed surgically also appears to improve outcomes .
Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC . In advanced cases , appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone , as well as improving quality of life . With adequate physical fitness maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1 @.@ 5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival , symptomatic relief , and an improvement in quality of life , with better results seen with modern agents . The NSCLC Meta @-@ Analyses Collaborative Group recommends if the recipient wants and can tolerate treatment , then chemotherapy should be considered in advanced NSCLC .
= = = = Targeted therapy = = = =
Several drugs that target molecular
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; the primary naval component was to comprise the flagship , Moltke , along with the III and IV Battle Squadrons of the High Seas Fleet . Along with nine light cruisers , three torpedo boat flotillas , and dozens of mine warfare ships , the entire force numbered some 300 ships , supported by over 100 aircraft and six zeppelins . The invasion force amounted to approximately 24 @,@ 600 officers and enlisted men . Opposing the Germans were the old Russian pre @-@ dreadnoughts Slava and Tsesarevich , the armored cruisers Bayan , Admiral Makarov , and Diana , 26 destroyers , and several torpedo boats and gunboats . The garrison on Ösel numbered some 14 @,@ 000 men .
The operation began on the morning of 12 October , when Moltke and the III Squadron ships engaged Russian positions in Tagga Bay while Prinzregent Luitpold and the rest of IV Squadron shelled Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula on Ösel . Prinzregent Luitpold , along with Kaiser and Kaiserin , were tasked with silencing the Russian guns at Hundsort which had taken Moltke under fire . The ships opened fire at 05 : 44 , and by 07 : 45 , Russian firing had ceased and German troops were moving ashore . Two days later , Vice Admiral Wilhelm Souchon left Tagga Bay with Prinzregent Luitpold , Friedrich der Grosse , and Kaiserin to support German ground forces advancing on the Sworbe Peninsula . By 20 October , the fighting on the islands was winding down ; Moon , Ösel , and Dagö were in German possession . The previous day , the Admiralstab had ordered the cessation of naval actions and the return of the dreadnoughts to the High Seas Fleet as soon as possible . On the 24th , Prinzregent Luitpold was detached from the task force and returned to Kiel .
After arriving in Kiel , Prinzregent Luitpold went into drydock for periodic maintenance , from which she emerged on 21 December . She then proceeded on to Wilhelmshaven , where she resumed guard duty in the Bight . On 17 March 1918 , the ship steamed to the Baltic for training exercises , and the following day the battlecruiser Derfflinger rammed her outside Kiel . The accident caused no serious damage , however . The ship participated in the fruitless advance to Norway on 23 – 25 April 1918 , after which she resumed guard duties in the German Bight .
= = = Fate = = =
Prinzregent Luitpold and her four sisters were to have taken part in a final fleet action at the end of October 1918 , days before the Armistice was to take effect . The bulk of the High Seas Fleet was to have sortied from their base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet ; Scheer — by now the Grand Admiral ( Großadmiral ) of the fleet — intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , to improve Germany 's bargaining position , despite the expected casualties . But many of the war @-@ weary sailors felt that the operation would disrupt the peace process and prolong the war . On the morning of 29 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on Thüringen and then on several other battleships mutinied . The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation . Informed of the situation , the Kaiser stated " I no longer have a navy " .
Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918 , most of the High Seas Fleet , under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter , was interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow . Prior to the departure of the German fleet , Admiral Adolf von Trotha made clear to von Reuter that he could not allow the Allies to seize the ships , under any circumstances . The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser Cardiff , which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow . The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British , American , and French warships . Once the ships were interned , their guns were disabled through the removal of their breech blocks , and their crews were
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and Playground Recording in Wylie , Texas . It was mastered by Richard Dodd at Vital Recordings , and mixed by Salvo at Salvo Mix .
= = Composition = =
" Word of God Speak " is a contemporary Christian song with a length of three minutes and seven seconds . It is set in the key of C major and has a tempo of 69 beats per minute , with Millard 's vocal range spanning from C4 @-@ F5 .
The music to " Word of God Speak " is stripped down , featuring piano and vocals ; a string track is also present . The simple production was intended to mirror the lyrics of the song , which reflect on the concept that it is impossible to speak of an infinite God with the limited vocabulary of humanity . A critic , Russ Breimier , also noted the song reminds that " prayer and worship are not flowery orations " .
= = Critical reception = =
On his review of Spoken For , Russ Breimeier commented that " I particularly liked the brief " Word of God Speak , " which simply reminds us that prayer and worship aren 't about flowery orations ... This song is to prayer what " Heart of Worship " is to worship " .
" Word of God Speak " won the awards for Song of the Year and Pop / Contemporary Song of the Year at the 35th GMA Dove Awards .
= = Chart performance = =
" Word of God Speak " peaked at number one on the Billboard Christian Songs chart , and spent a record 23 weeks at the top of the chart , and a total of 76 weeks on the chart . On the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart , the song spent 21 weeks atop the chart , and spent 61 weeks on it in total . On the Radio & Records Christian AC chart , " Word of God Speak " spent 10 weeks at the top , and stayed on the chart for 46 weeks in total ; on the Radio & Records INSPO chart , the song spent nine weeks atop the chart , and spent 21 weeks on it in total . Additionally , the song peaked at No. 25 on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart , and spent 12 weeks on that chart in total .
" Word of God Speak " ranked at No. 5 on the 2004 year @-@ end Billboard Hot Christian Singles & Tracks Titles chart , and at No. 9 on the 2004 year @-@ end Billboard Hot Christian Adult Contemporary Titles chart . It ranked at No. 1 on both the 2000s decade @-@ end Christian Songs chart and the 2000s decade @-@ end Hot Christian AC chart .
= = Cover versions = =
" Word of God Speak " has been covered by several artists . In 2005 , actress Kristin Chenoweth covered the song on her album As I Am , and Christian rock band Kutless recorded a version of the song on their 2005 album Strong Tower . In 2004 , contemporary Christian band Big Daddy Weave recorded a version of the song that was included on the compilation album WOW Worship : Red .
= = Track listing = =
CD release
" I Can Only Imagine " – 4 : 08 ( Bart Millard )
" Word of God Speak " – 3 : 07 ( Peter Kipley , Millard )
= = Charts = =
= = Personnel = =
( Credits lifted from the album liner notes )
MercyMe
Bart Millard – lead vocals
Jim Bryson – keys , recording
Additional performers
Roy G. Biv String Vibe - strings
Technical / Misc .
Csaba Petozz - recording
J. R. McNeely - recording
Lee Bridges - recording
Richard Dodd - mastering
Salvo - mixing
= James Bowie =
James " Jim " Bowie ( pronounced / ˈbuːiː / BOO @-@ ee ) ( c . 1796 – March 6 , 1836 ) was a 19th @-@ century American pioneer , who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution , culminating in his death at the Battle of the Alamo . Stories of him as a fighter and frontiersman , both real and fictitious , have made him a legendary figure in Texas history and a folk hero of American culture .
Born in Kentucky , Bowie spent most of his life in Louisiana , where he was raised and where he later worked as a land speculator . His rise to fame began in 1827 on reports of the Sandbar Fight . What began as a duel between two other men deteriorated into a melée in which Bowie , having been shot and stabbed , killed the sheriff of Rapides Parish with a large knife . This , and other stories of Bowie 's prowess with a knife , led to the widespread popularity of the Bowie knife .
Bowie 's reputation was cemented by his role in the Texas Revolution . After moving to Texas in 1830 , Bowie became a Mexican citizen and married Ursula Veramendi , the daughter of the Mexican vice governor of the province . His fame in Texas grew following his failed expedition to find the lost San Saba mine , during which his small party repelled an attack by a large Indian raiding party . At the outbreak of the Texas Revolution , Bowie joined the Texas militia , leading forces at the Battle of Concepción and the Grass Fight . In January 1836 , he arrived at the Alamo , where he
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= =
Malaysia averred that the actions of the United Kingdom and its successor Singapore in constructing and maintaining Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca were actions of the operator of the lighthouse and not the sovereign of the island . Johor had at no time ceded the island to the United Kingdom , but instead had merely granted permission for the lighthouse to be built and maintained on it .
Captain James Horsburgh , a Scottish hydrographer to the British East India Company who had prepared many charts and sailing instructions for the East Indies , China , New Holland , the Cape of Good Hope and other intermediate ports , died in May 1836 . Merchants and mariners felt that the building of one or more lighthouses would be a fitting tribute to him , and in as early as November 1836 Pedra Branca was proposed as one of the preferred sites . By 1844 , preference had been expressed for Romania Outer Island , or Peak Rock . Some time in November 1844 , the Governor of the Straits Settlements , William John Butterworth , wrote to the Sultan and the Temenggung of Johor regarding the matter . His letters have not been found , but English translations of the replies , dated 25 November 1844 , exist . The Sultan said :
I have received my friend 's letter , and in reply desire to acquaint my friend , that I perfectly understand his wishes , and I am exceedingly pleased at the intention expressed therein , as it ( a Light House ) will enable Traders and others to enter and leave this Port with greater Confidence .
The Temenggung responded thus :
I have duly received my friend 's communication , and understand the contents . My friend is desirous of erecting a Light House near Point Romania . I can have no possible objection to such a measure , indeed I am much pleased that such an undertaking is in contemplation . I wish to be guided in all matters by the Government , so much so , that the [ East India ] company are at full liberty to put up a Light House there , or any spot deemed eligible .
Myself and family for many years have derived support from Singapore , our dependence is wholly on the English Government , and we hope to merit the protection of , and be favoured by the Company on all occasions consistent with propriety .
Three days later , on 28 November 1844 , the Governor wrote to the Secretary of the Government in India to recommend that the lighthouse be sited on Peak Rock . Among other things , he said that " [ t ] his Rock is part of the Territories of the Rajah of Johore , who with the Tamongong ... have willingly consented to cede it gratuitously to the East India Company " , and enclosed the replies received from the Sultan and Temenggung . Nonetheless , Malaysia argued that the Sultan and Temenggung 's letters amounted to no more than permission to the United Kingdom to build and operate a lighthouse on Peak Rock or some other suitable location .
On 13 November , Malaysia 's Agent , Ambassador @-@ at @-@ Large Abdul Kadir Mohamad , alleged that Singapore was trying to " subvert " a 150 @-@ year @-@ old arrangement under which Singapore operated Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca , which was Malaysia 's territory . He also suggested that if permitted to do so , Singapore would upset the peace and stability of the area where the island is located . He said that if Singapore reclaimed land around Pedra Branca , " [ q ] uite apart from the possible effects on the environment and navigation in the Strait , this could lead to potentially serious changes to the security arrangements in the eastern entrance of the Strait " . According to Malaysian Attorney @-@ General Abdul Gani Patail , Singapore had first raised the issue of sovereignty over Pedra Branca on 13 April 1978 during a meeting between officials , saying it had " incontrovertible legal evidence " of its sovereignty over the island though it had never produced any documents in support . Prior to that , the sovereignty of the island had never been disputed . The 1980 statement by the then Malaysian Prime Minister Tun Hussein Onn concerning the " unclear " position of the island had also been premised on these documents which former Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew had claimed were in Singapore 's possession . The statement was therefore merely a friendly and respectful statement of a visiting prime minister at a press conference which had no probative value in court . All Hussein Onn had meant was that the matter required further discussion between the two countries .
= = = = 1953 letter by Acting State Secretary of Johor unauthorised = = = =
Concerning the letter of 21 September 1953 in which the Acting State Secretary of Johor informed the Colonial Secretary of Singapore that " the Johore Government does not claim ownership of Pedra Branca " , Malaysia submitted that the Colonial Secretary 's enquiry of 12 June 1953 about the status of Pedra Branca showed that the Singapore authorities had no conviction that the island was part of its territory .
Further , the Acting State Secretary " was definitely not authorized " and did not have " the legal capacity to write the 1953 letter , or to renounce , disclaim , or confirm title of any part of the territories of Johor " . Under two treaties of 21 January 1948 , the Johor Agreement between the British Crown and the Sultan of Johor and the Federation of Malaya Agreement between the British Crown and nine Malay States including Johor , Johor transferred all its rights , power and jurisdiction on matters relating to defence and external affairs to the United Kingdom . These powers were exercisable by the Federal High Commissioner appointed by the United Kingdom and not by the Johor State Secretary . The Acting State Secretary had improperly taken it upon himself to reply to the Colonial Secretary 's letter and had not submitted a copy of it to the Chief Secretary of Johor . There was no evidence that the Chief Secretary or the High Commissioner was aware of its contents .
= = = = Singapore 's actions in respect of Pedra Branca not as sovereign = = = =
Regarding Singapore 's contentions that it had exercised sovereign authority over Pedra Branca in various ways , Malaysia responded as indicated below :
Investigation of shipwrecks in vicinity of Pedra Branca . Singapore had duties to investigate hazards to navigational safety and to publish information about such hazards in its capacity as a lighthouse operator , and under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea . Therefore , by investigating and reporting on shipwrecks and maritime hazards within Pedra Branca 's territorial waters Singapore had acted in accordance with best practice and not à titre de souverain . The circumstances of the particular investigations also meant that Singapore 's ability to carry them out was not based on its sovereignty over the island .
Display of British and Singapore ensigns on island . Ensigns , associated with maritime matters , are marks of nationality and not sovereignty . Singapore had also not demonstrated any sovereign intent in the flying of the British and Singapore ensigns from Horsburgh Lighthouse . The Pulau Pisang incident was not an acknowledgement by Malaysia of Singapore 's sovereignty over Pedra Branca ; it had been a matter of domestic political sensibility – Pulau Pisang is much larger than Pedra Branca and has a small local population .
Installation of military communications equipment and plans to reclaim land . Malaysia alleged that Singapore 's installation of military communications equipment on Pedra Branca was done secretly , and that it had only learned about this when it received Singapore 's memorial in the case . As regards Singapore 's plans to reclaim land around the island , Malaysia said it could not have reacted to some of the documents as they had been secret .
= = = = Meteorological reports irrelevant ; maps inconclusive = = = =
In response to Singapore 's contention in respect of meteorological reports published by Malaysia that had indicated Pedra Branca as a Singapore station , Malaysia said the fact that it recognised Horsburgh Lighthouse as a Singapore rainfall station did not amount an acknowledgement of sovereignty . The six maps that it had published between 1962 and 1975 which had printed the word " ( SINGAPORE ) " or " ( SINGAPURA ) " beneath the island were inconclusive . This was because the annotating could be assessed differently , the maps contained disclaimers stating they could not be considered an authority on the delimitation of international or other boundaries , and maps do not create title and cannot amount to admissions unless incorporated into treaties or used in inter @-@ state negotiations .
= = = Middle Rocks
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and South Ledge belong to Malaysia = = =
Malaysia contended that Pedra Branca , Middle Rocks and South Ledge were not a single identifiable entity . The historical record showed that the three maritime features were never formally described as a single island with appurtenant islands , or as a group of islands . Middle Rocks and South Ledge were therefore under Johor sovereignty at the time of the 1824 Anglo – Dutch Treaty and fell within the British sphere of influence under the Treaty . Malaysia had exercised consistent acts of sovereignty over them within the limits of their character . For instance , in 1968 the Malaysian Government used and granted petroleum concessions which extended to the area of Middle Rocks and South Ledge . Also , an internal confidential document dated 16 July 1968 entitled " Letter of Promulgation " by the Chief of the Royal Malaysian Navy included charts showing that Pedra Branca , Middle Rocks and South Ledge were within Malaysia 's territorial waters , and the features were included within Malaysian fisheries waters in the Fisheries Act 1985 . Singapore had neither protested against these manifestations of sovereignty , nor advanced any claims over Middle Rocks and South Ledge in 1980 when it began claiming that Pedra Branca belonged to it .
= = Controversies = =
= = = Reliability of Malaysia 's photograph of Pedra Branca = = =
In the course of the hearing , to demonstrate Pedra Branca 's proximity to the Johor mainland , Malaysia produced a photograph taken of Pedra Branca with Point Romania and a hill named Mount Berbukit , both in Johor , in the background . However , on 19 November 2007 Singapore produced another photograph taken using a camera that approximated what the human eye sees , and pointed out that in it Mount Berbukit appeared much smaller . It alleged that Malaysia 's photograph had been taken using a telephoto lens , which had exaggerated the height of Mount Berbukit by about seven times . Singapore 's then Attorney @-@ General Chao Hick Tin said that the photograph had been " an attempt to convey a subliminal message of proximity between Pedra Branca and the coast of Johor " , but it was not an accurate reflection of what visitors to Pedra Branca would see if they were looking towards Johor .
Malaysia claimed its photograph was obtained from an online blog , Singapore called the blog " most unusual " , noting that it had been created only a month earlier ; that the photograph had only been uploaded on 2 November , four days before the oral proceedings in the case had commenced ; and that there was no information on the blogger 's identity .
In its rebuttal on 24 November , Malaysia said that the difference between the photographs was " all a question of perspective " and that the matter was not worth discussing .
= = = Missing 1844 letters = = =
A key thrust of Malaysia 's case was that the British had received explicit permission from Johor to build a lighthouse on Pedra Branca , which proved that the British had recognised Johor 's sovereignty over the island . It submitted that this was evidenced by the November 1844 letters that Governor Butterworth had written to the Sultan and Temenggung of Johor regarding the construction of the lighthouse . Malaysia said it had written to Singapore asking for copies of the letters , because if the letters still existed they were probably in Singapore 's archives in a file entitled " Letters to Native Rulers " . However , Singapore had never replied .
Singapore 's response was that it did not have copies of the letters . Its archives were incomplete , and searches for them in other archives had been in vain . Furthermore , the letters were more likely to be in Malaysia 's possession as the Governor had sent them to the Johor rulers . In his rebuttal of Malaysia 's case on 19 November 2007 , Singapore 's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Law S. Jayakumar expressed disappointment with Malaysia 's insinuation that Singapore had concealed the letters from the Court , which he termed " most disturbing " , " baseless " and " distracting " .
Malaysia did not mention the matter further in its rebuttal on 24 November .
= = ICJ decision = =
The ICJ rendered its decision on 23 May 2008 . It held by 12 votes to four that sovereignty over Pedra Branca belongs to Singapore . It further held , by 15 votes to one , that sovereignty over Middle Rocks belongs to Malaysia , and sovereignty over South Ledge belongs to the state in the territorial waters of which it is located .
= = = Pedra Branca originally under sovereignty of Johor Sultanate = = =
The Court agreed with Malaysia that the Johor Sultanate had original title to Pedra Branca , rejecting Singapore 's argument that the island was terra nullius . It found it was not disputed that Johor had established itself as a sovereign state with a certain territorial domain in Southeast Asia since it came into existence in 1512 . As Pedra Branca had always been known as a navigational hazard in the Singapore Strait , which was a vital channel for international navigation in east @-@ west trade between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea , it was inconceivable that the island had remained undiscovered by the local community . It was therefore reasonable to infer that Pedra Branca lay within the general geographical scope of the Johor Sultanate . Further , during the existence of the old Johor Sultanate , there was no evidence of any competing claims over the islands in the Singapore Strait . It also agreed with Malaysia 's submission that descriptions of the relationship between the Sultan of Johor and the Orang Laut in 19th @-@ century official British reports proved that the Sultan exercised sovereign authority over the Orang Laut . Since the Orang Laut made the islands in the Singapore Strait their habitat , this confirmed the " ancient original title " of the Johor Sultanate to those islands , including Pedra Branca . As regards Singapore 's argument that the traditional concept of Malay sovereignty was based on control over people rather than territory , the Court observed that sovereignty comprises control over both persons and territory . However , it was not necessary to deal with the point further as it had already found that Johor had territorial sovereignty over Pedra Branca .
The purpose of the 1824 Anglo – Dutch Treaty was to finally settle the disputes that had arisen between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands relating to their territorial possessions and commercial interests in the East Indies . It was thus most unlikely that the parties had left the maritime features in the Singapore Straits outside their spheres of influence , as Singapore had contended . Under Article XII of the Treaty , Britain had agreed that " no British Establishment shall be made on the Carimon Isles , or on the Island of Bantam , Bintang , Lingin , or on any of the other Islands South of the Straits of Singapore ... " The islands and islets within the Straits therefore fell within the British sphere of influence . This included Pedra Branca , which remained part of the territorial domain of the new Johor Sultanate . That this was the British understanding of the Treaty was confirmed by a letter dated 4 March 1825 from the Government of India to John Crawfurd , the British Resident in Singapore , which read : " [ O ] ur acquisition of these Islets [ under the Crawfurd Treaty ] is not at variance with the obligations of the Treaty concluded at London in March last [ the 1824 Anglo – Dutch Treaty ] as they are all situated North of the Southern limits of the Straights of Singapore ... " [ Emphasis added . ] Therefore , Britain 's position was that every island north of the southern limits of the Singapore Strait fell within its sphere of influence . The Court 's reading of the Anglo – Dutch Treaty was reinforced by letter of 25 June 1825 from Sultan Abdul Rahman to his brother Sultan Hussain , which did not have the effect Singapore attributed to it .
Contrary to Malaysia 's submission , the Court found that the Crawfurd Treaty did not show that Britain recognised Johor 's sovereignty over all the islands in and around the Singapore Strait . Article II only referred to the cession by the Sultan and Temenggung of Johor of " the Island of Singapore ... together with the adjacent seas , straits , and islets to the extent of ten geographical miles " to the British , and could not be read as an acknowledgement by the United Kingdom that
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in technical discussions with Singapore the Malaysian government had infringed Johor 's constitutional rights . Responding , Rais said the letter seemed designed for " political mileage " and that Johor had been fully involved in the proceedings . He told the Straits Times , " Everybody has his opinion on such matters but I , as Foreign Minister , have to abide by the dictate of the law . I have to see the letter first but it 's rather late in the day to express disappointment . "
= = = = Singapore = = = =
On 21 July 2008 , in response to questions from Singapore Members of Parliament about Pedra Branca , the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Balaji Sadasivan stated that the maritime territory around the island included a territorial sea of up to 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) and an Exclusive Economic Zone . This was condemned by Malaysia 's Foreign Minister Rais Yatim as " against the spirit of Asean and the legal structure " as the claim was " unacceptable and unreasonable and contradicts the principles of international law " . In response , a Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman said that Singapore first stated its claim to a territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone on 15 September 1980 , and reiterated this claim on 23 May 2008 following the ICJ 's judgment . Both statements had made clear that if the limits of Singapore 's territorial sea or Exclusive Economic Zone overlapped with the claims of neighbouring countries , Singapore would negotiate with those countries to arrive at agreed delimitations in accordance with international law . In August 2008 , Rais said Malaysia took the view that Singapore was not entitled to claim an Exclusive Economic Zone around Pedra Branca as it considered that the maritime feature did not meet internationally recognised criteria for an island , that is , land inhabited by humans that had economic activity .
At the launch of S. Jayakumar and Tommy Koh 's book Pedra Branca : The Road to the World Court on 19 December 2008 , Chief Justice Chan Sek Keong commented : " The Pedra Branca case is likely to be a unique event in the history of Singapore as it is unlikely that Singapore will ever again need to seek confirmation of her title to territory under international law . "
= = = Resolution of outstanding issues = = =
Malaysia and Singapore have established what they have named the Joint Technical Committee to delimit the maritime boundary in the area around Pedra Branca and Middle Rocks , and to determine the ownership of South Ledge . Following a meeting on 3 June 2008 , the Committee agreed that a technical sub @-@ committee would be established to oversee the conduct of joint survey works to prepare the way for talks on maritime issues in and around the area . If any incident occurred in and around the waters of Pedra Branca , Middle Rocks and South Ledge , either side would provide humanitarian assistance to the vessels involved . Finally , both Malaysian and Singaporean fishermen could continue traditional fishing activities in those waters . In September 2008 , the Joint Technical Committee reported that its Sub @-@ Committee on Joint Survey Works was finalising technical preparations for a hydrographic survey that would provide data for future delimitation discussions . A Sub @-@ Committee on Maritime and Airspace Management and Fisheries had also been formed , and after a meeting on 20 August 2008 it decided that traditional fishing activities by both countries should continue in waters beyond 0 @.@ 5 nautical miles ( 0 @.@ 9 km ; 0 @.@ 6 mi ) off Pedra Branca , Middle Rocks and South Ledge .
= = = Articles = = =
Abdul Ghafur Hamid ( Khin Maung Sein ) ( 2011 ) , " Case Concerning Sovereignty over Pulau Batu Puteh : A Critical Analysis of its Legal Implications " , Malayan Law Journal 3 : 30 – 61 .
Abdul Ghafur Hamid ( Khin Maung Sein ) ( 2011 ) , " Pedra Branca Judgment and Beyond : Issues and Challenges in its Implementation by Malaysia and Singapore " , International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 26 ( 2 ) : 335 – 342 .
Beckman , Robert ; Schofield , Clive ( 2009 ) , " Moving beyond Disputes over Island Sovereignty : ICJ Decision Sets Stage for Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Singapore Strait " , Ocean Development & International Law 40 ( 1 ) : 1 – 35 , doi : 10 @.@ 1080 / 00908320802631551 .
Colson , David A. ; Vohrer , Brian J. ( 2008 ) , " International Court of Justice : Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) – Introductory Note " , International Legal Materials ( 5 ) : 833 – 835 .
Kopela , Sophia ( 2010 ) , " Case Concerning Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia v. Singapore ) , Judgment of 23 May 2008 " , International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 25 ( 1 ) : 93 – 113 , doi : 10 @.@ 1163 / 157180810X487811 .
Lathrop , Coalter G. ( 2008 ) , " Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) " , American Journal of International Law 102 ( 4 ) : 828 – 834 , doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 20456682 , JSTOR 20456682 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2009 .
Li , Chenyang ; Shao , Jianping ( 2009 ) , 论白礁岛主权争端及其对新马关系和东盟发展的影响 [ Study on the Pedra Branca Dispute and Its Influence on Relations between Singapore and Malaysia and ASEAN 's Development ] ( PDF ) , Southeast Asian Studies ( in Chinese ) ( 1 ) : 1 – 12 .
Mills , Alex ( 2008 ) , " The Formalism of State Sovereignty in Territorial and Maritime Disputes " , Cambridge Law Journal 67 ( 3 ) : 443 – 447 , doi : 10 @.@ 1017 / S0008197308000639 .
Mohamed Faizal ; Quek , Evangeline ( 2004 ) , " The Repercussions of the Similarities between Sipadan / Litigan and Pedra Branca Disputes " , Singapore Law Review 24 : 52 – 65 .
O 'Keefe , Roger ( 2011 ) , " Legal Title versus Effectivités : Prescription and the Promise and Problems of Private Law Analogies " , International Community Law Review 13 ( 1 – 2 ) : 147 – 188 , doi : 10 @.@ 1163 / 187197311X555223 .
Tan , Hsien @-@ Li ( 2008 ) , " Case Concerning Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) " , Singapore Year Book of International Law 12 : 257 – 262 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 April 2010 .
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and daggers attacking Canaanite nomads called the Shasu . Similar reliefs have been found in preceding pyramid complexes , such as that of Sahure , and they may thus be standard themes rather than depictions of actual events . Other sources tend to confirm the accuracy of these depictions however , for example the autobiography of Weni relates many punitive raids against Canaanite nomads in the early Sixth Dynasty .
To the South of Egypt , inscriptions of Unas on Elephantine record a visit of the king to Lower Nubia , possibly to receive tribute from local chieftains or because of growing unrest in the region . In addition , a relief from the causeway of Unas leading to his pyramid shows a giraffe , suggesting trade relations with Nubia .
Domestic
Unas ' reign was a time of economic decline although , as the French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal writes , it was " by no means a time of decadence " . Indeed , the Egyptian state was still capable of mounting important expeditions to provide building stones for the king 's pyramid complex . These expeditions are depicted on unique reliefs found in Unas ' causeway and are also referred to in the autobiographical stela of an administration official . This official reports the transport of 10 @.@ 40 m ( 34 @.@ 1 ft ) tall palmiform columns of red granite from Elephantine to Saqqara in only four days , a feat for which he was praised by the king . In addition to the important construction works undertaken in Saqqara for the construction of his pyramid complex , building activities also took place on Elephantine .
Until 1996 , the domestic situation during Unas ' reign was thought to have been disastrous , based on reliefs from the causeway of his pyramid complex showing emaciated people and thus suggesting times of famine . This changed when excavations at Abusir in 1996 yielded similar reliefs in the mortuary complex of Sahure , who reigned at a prosperous time in the early Fifth Dynasty . In addition , research showed that the starving people are likely to be desert dwellers , nomads distinguished by their specific hair @-@ style , rather than Egyptians . Thus , these reliefs are now understood to be standard representations of the generosity of the king towards the destitute and of the hardships of life in the desert regions bordering Egypt rather than referring to actual events .
= = = Death and end of a dynasty = = =
In his history of Egypt Manetho states that with the death of Unas the Fifth Dynasty came to an end . This may be because Unas died without a male heir , his probable son Unas @-@ Ankh having predeceased him . This might have caused a succession crisis hinted at by the personal name chosen by Teti upon his accession to the throne : " Seheteptawy " meaning " He who reconciles / pacifies the two lands " . Teti 's claim to the throne could have relied on his marriage to Iput , who may have been a daughter of Unas . This possibility is heavily debated , as the interpretation of Iput 's titles that would indicate that she was the daughter of a king is uncertain . Furthermore , the idea that Teti could legitimate his claim by marrying into the royal family is rejected by many Egyptologists , including Munro , Dobrev , Baud , Mertz , Pirenne , and Robin , who do not think that the right to the pharaonic throne passed through the female line .
In addition to Manetho 's statement , the Turin king list presents a special break point between Unas and his successor Teti . Although the king list is not organized in dynasties – which were invented by Manetho – the Egyptologist Jaromir Malek explains
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across as " a murderous exponent of a fierce competitive individualism " .
= = Carl and Irma Peterson = =
The first four books deal with Drummond against Carl Peterson , who becomes Drummond 's arch @-@ enemy . Peterson is also a master of disguise and uses several aliases . Peterson is killed in the fourth book , The Final Count , although Fairlie brings him back for his final novel , The Return of the Black Gang . Drummond forms a grudging respect for Peterson , and offers an honourable duel to the death at the end of The Third Round , instead of the usual summary justice that normally befalls members of Peterson 's gang . The writer Richard Usborne sees Peterson as " quite a sympathetic character . Almost , in fact , a hero " , and wrote that " authors ... fall in love with their big villains ... Sapper came to love Carl Peterson dearly , and so did Drummond " .
The title of the fifth Bulldog Dummond book , The Female of the Species refers to Rudyard Kipling 's line " the female of the species is more deadly than the male " . Irma is described by Jonathon Green as " the slinky epitome of a twenties ' vamp ' " , and by Lawrence Treadwell as dark , sexy and from an oriental background , " a true femme fatale " . After Carl Peterson 's death in The Final Count , Irma swears revenge on Drummond and kidnaps his wife — whom he had met in Bulldog Drummond — with the intent of killing him in the ensuing chase . Irma Peterson appears in six of McNeile 's books , and in a further five by Fairlie .
= = Reception = =
The Drummond series proved popular with contemporary audiences , with Bulldog Drummond selling 396 @,@ 302 copies between 1920 and 1939 , exceeding the 100 @,@ 000 @-@ copy benchmark for " best @-@ sellers " . At his peak in the 1920s , McNeile was the highest @-@ paid short story writer in the world , and it was estimated that in the last five years of his life he was earning around £ 10 @,@ 000 a year ; the Daily Mirror estimated that during his writing career he had earned £ 85 @,@ 000 .
When reviewing Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back for The New York Times , the critic observed that " if you like a good knock @-@ down @-@ and @-@ drag @-@ out yarn with excitement and violence on nearly every page , you can 't go wrong on Bulldog Drummond " ; for the novel Bulldog Drummond at Bay , the reviewer considered that " as a piece of fictional melodrama , the book is first rate " . In the British market , The Times Literary Supplement also characterised McNeile as a mass @-@ market thriller writer , which contrasted with its consideration of his earlier works .
Throughout the Drummond stories , much of the language used by McNeile relating to ethnic minorities or Jews is considered by the academic Joan DelFattore to be " intensely conservative by modern standards " ; Green observes that while the characters of other contemporary writers , such as Agatha Christie , " exhibit the inevitable xenophobia and anti @-@ semitism of the period , McNeile 's go far beyond the ' polite ' norms " . J.D. Bourn considers his language to be " rather distasteful " , while the academic Michael Denning observed that " Drummond is a bundle of chauvinisms , hating Jews , Germans , and most other foreigners " . The academic Ion Trewin comments that for the readers of the 1920s and ' 30s , McNeile was seen at the time as " simply an upstanding Tory who spoke for many of his countrymen " .
= = Influences = =
Drummond later became a model for other literary characters created in the 1940s and ' 50s : W. E. Johns used McNeile 's work as a model for his character Biggles , while Ian Fleming stated that James Bond was " Sapper from the waist up and Mickey Spillane below " .
= = Works = =
= = = Novels = = =
All were published through Hodder & Stoughton .
Drummond has also appeared in other works . In 1983 Jack Smithers wrote Combined Forces , and in 1990 Kim Newman — under the name Jack Smithers — wrote the short story " Pitbull Brittan " , which features Drummond . Drummond has also appeared in two graphic novels . In 2004 Moonstone Books released a Bulldog Drummond comic book written by William Messner @-@ Loebs and illustrated by Brett Barkley , while in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : Black Dossier , written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Kevin O 'Neill , a thinly disguised , elderly version of Drummond , called " Hugo Drummond " , is one of the three Secret Service agents tasked
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contemporary writers , as were her masculine , martial tendencies ; these were regarded as an attractive feature by the literati of the period .
She lived in Eastern China , residing for most of her life in the Zhejiang and Jiangsu districts . After a career as a celebrated courtesan in Nanjing , Xue married several times , but none of these unions lasted . During her later life , she eventually opted for the life of a Buddhist recluse .
= = Biography = =
Xue was born in either Suzhou or Jiaxing ( contemporary sources disagree ) . According to the historian Qian Qianyi she spent at least some of her childhood in Beijing . She spent her professional life in the Qinhuai pleasure quarter of Nanjing in the 1580s , where she became something of a celebrity among the literati and government officials who frequented the " flower houses " there . She was highly selective in her clientele , accepting only learned and scholarly men as her lovers and declining to proffer her affections for mere financial gain ; suitors might spend thousands of taels on her to no avail .
In the 1590s she returned to Beijing , where the parties and literary gatherings that she hosted , as well as her archery demonstrations , further cemented her reputation . Xue referred to herself as " a female knight @-@ errant " , and took her name from a famous woman warrior from history ; she also chose the sobriquet Wulang 五郎 ( " fifth young gentleman " ) as a nickname . The " female knight @-@ errant " epithet was reiterated by both the bibliophile Hu Yinglin and Fan Yulin , Secretary to the Ministry of War . Apparently fond of martial causes , she was not above using her position to influence military affairs , on one occasion abandoning her lover Yuan Baode when he refused to fund an expedition against the Japanese in Korea .
At some point after 1605 her career as a courtesan came to an end when she married the playwright and bureaucrat Shen Defu . She was married several times ( making many of the proposals herself ) but none of these unions lasted . As well as Shen Defu , her husbands included General Li Hualong , art critic Li Rihua and , in later life , an unnamed ( but wealthy ) merchant from Suzhou . Although she wanted children , she was never able to have any .
In later life she converted to Buddhism and remained single thereafter , largely retiring from the world . Even in her eighties , however , she was still active in the literary world , entertaining female artists such as Huang Yuanjie and Yi Lin at her home on the West Lake after the collapse of the Ming Dynasty . With her Buddhist friend Yang Jiangzi ( the sister of Xue 's fellow courtesan Liu Yin ) , she made pilgrimages to sacred sites such as Mount Lu and Mount Emei . The date of her death is uncertain ; some sources suggest that she may have lived into the 1650s whilst others put her death in the late 1630s or early 1640s . Qian Qianyi mentions her death in a work published in 1652 , so it is evident that she must have died before this date .
= = Paintings = =
Already an accomplished painter in her teenage years , Xue was well known for her artistic talent . Her work was considered similar to that of Chen Chun . One of her paintings was considered " the most accomplished work of its kind in the whole of the Ming period " , and contemporary art critics regarded her as " a master of technique " . Hu Yinglin considered her to be at the pinnacle of contemporary painting , asking , " What famous painter with skilled hands can surpass her ? " and claiming that " ... [ she ] surpasses anyone in the painting of bamboo and orchids . " She was also keenly admired by eminent painter and art critic Dong Qichang , who was inspired to copy the entire Heart Sutra in response to Xue 's painting of the bodhisattva Guanyin ; he claimed that " None [ of Xue Susu 's works ] lacks an intention and spirit that approaches the divine . " Although she painted the standard subjects of landscapes , bamboo and blossoms ( being particularly fond of orchids ) , Xue was noted for her work in figure painting , which was a comparatively unusual artistic topic for courtesans to address . Examples of her paintings are displayed at the Honolulu Museum of Art and the San Francisco Asian Art Museum .
= = Poetry = =
Xue regularly accented her paintings with her own poems , and published two volumes of writing , only one of which is still
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termaster roles at battery and brigade level in the 2nd and 3rd Military Districts . Later he attended Staff College , Camberley , in the United Kingdom during 1932 – 33 . Next he was appointed Brigade Major of the 4th Divisional Artillery in Melbourne in 1934 , and was promoted to major in 1937 . He was posted to the Directorate of Artillery at Army Headquarters in Melbourne from 1938 to 1939 .
Following the outbreak of the Second World War , Lloyd was seconded to the Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) for overseas service . He held administrative posts in the 6th Division and I Australian Corps in the Middle East during 1940 , but was transferred before the 6th Division went into combat for the first time . In December that year , ranked colonel , he was posted to the 9th Division as the senior operational officer , serving as chief of staff to Major General Sir Leslie Morshead . In March , the 9th Division moved into the Western Desert , where they were to finalise their training and prepare to join the British advance through Libya . The landing of German forces around Tripoli in April forced the British and Commonwealth armies into withdrawal from Benghazi as the Afrika Korps arrived to reinforce the Italians in North Africa . The Axis forces subsequently began to advance west towards the strategic port of Tobruk . During the Siege of Tobruk which followed , Lloyd saw action between April and October 1941 , until the Australian units were relieved by British forces . Following the evacuation of the 9th Division from Tobruk by sea , Lloyd then served as chief liaison officer at AIF Headquarters , Middle East .
Departing the Middle East in late January 1942 , Lloyd was promoted to brigadier and flew to Batavia in the Netherlands East Indies , where elements of the 2nd AIF had been diverted to whilst returning from the Middle East in order to meet the Japanese threat following their initial attacks against British Commonwealth and US forces in the Pacific in December 1941 . He subsequently filled a senior staff posting in General Sir Archibald Wavell 's ABDA Command during its brief existence , holding the position of Deputy Intendant @-@ General with the temporary rank of major general between January and February 1942 . Rising from major to major general in less than two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years , he became the youngest general officer in the Australian Army at the age of 42 . In this role he acted as Wavell 's chief administrative officer ; however , he advocated to the Australian high command against British proposals for I Corps remain in Java , which he believed was unsound and likely result in its loss given the precarious tactical situation there , and that it should instead be returned to Australia to be concentrated for operations against the Japanese elsewhere . Ultimately while a few Australian units were landed in Java , where they were inevitably captured in the fighting that followed , the bulk of the 6th and 7th Divisions were returned to Australia following pressure from the Australian government .
Following the Netherlands East Indies campaign , Lloyd returned to Australia in April 1942 and reverted to the rank of brigadier . He was subsequently appointed Director of Staff Duties at Land Headquarters ( LHQ ) in July . In September he was briefly posted to I Corps in Papua as Brigadier General Staff under Lieutenant General Sir Sydney Rowell . In February 1943 , Lloyd was promoted again to major general and appointed Adjutant General at LHQ by the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , General Sir Thomas Blamey , remaining in this position until 1946 . Blamey had reportedly been " dissatisfied " with the performance of the previous Adjutant General , Major General Victor Stantke , and appointed Lloyd to rejuvenate the office . Leaving the full @-@ time army , he transferred to the inactive reserve in February 1946 . Described by Chester Wilmot as " one of the ablest staff officers and most colourful characters of the AIF " , and by Wavell as " a staff officer of great quality " , during his service Lloyd had been appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( 1941 ) and was mentioned in despatches three times ( 1941 – 42 ) .
= = Later life = =
In 1946 , Lloyd became a senior executive of the Argus & Australasian newspaper , before unsuccessfully seeking Liberal Party pre @-@ selection for a seat in Federal parliament the same year . In 1948 , he was appointed as a member of the government committee that reported on the administration of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan . His later work included postings as chief of the United Nations Refugee Organisation in Australia and New Zealand ( 1948 – 51 ) , and Chief of Mission of the United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency ( 1951 – 53 ) . On return to Australia he took up a position as vice @-@ chairman of Navcot ( Aust . ) Pty Ltd , a private enterprise which was involved in shipping refugees from Europe as part of the post @-@ war immigration program . Whilst visiting relatives in Western Australia , Lloyd died of jaundice in the Repatriation General Hospital , in Hollywood , Perth , on 31 May 1956 and was buried in Karrakatta Cemetery . He was survived by his wife , daughter and two sons .
= Nonviolent Communication =
Nonviolent communication ( abbreviated NVC , also called compassionate communication or collaborative communication ) is a communication process developed by Marshall Rosenberg beginning in the 1960s . It focuses on three aspects of communication : self @-@ empathy ( defined as a deep and compassionate awareness of one 's own inner experience ) , empathy ( understanding and sharing an emotion expressed by another ) , and honest self @-@ expression ( defined as expressing oneself authentically in a way that is likely to inspire compassion in others ) .
Nonviolent communication is based on the idea that all human beings have the capacity for compassion and only resort to violence or behavior that harms others when they don 't recognize more effective strategies for meeting needs . Habits of thinking and speaking that lead to the use of violence ( psychological and physical ) are learned through culture . NVC theory supposes all human behavior stems from attempts to meet universal human needs and that these needs are never in conflict . Rather , conflict arises when strategies for meeting needs clash . NVC proposes that if people can identify their needs , the needs of others , and the feelings that surround these needs , harmony can be achieved .
While NVC is ostensibly taught as a process of communication designed to improve compassionate connection to others , it has also been interpreted as a spiritual practice , a set of values , a parenting technique , an educational method and a worldview .
= = Applications = =
NVC has been applied in organizational and business settings , in parenting , in education , in mediation , in psychotherapy , in healthcare , in addressing eating issues , in prisons , and as a basis for a children 's book , among other contexts .
Rosenberg says he has used Nonviolent Communication in peace programs in conflict zones including Rwanda , Burundi , Nigeria , Malaysia , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Colombia , Serbia , Croatia , Ireland , and the Middle East including the Occupied Palestinian Territories .
= = History and development = =
According to a biography of Rosenberg on the Center for Nonviolent Communication ( CNVC ) website , Nonviolent Communication training evolved from his search for a way to rapidly disseminate peacemaking skills . CNVC says
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of the carriage looking for food . The journey enters a tunnel ; upon its exit , it passes by Malfoy Manor during a stormy night . Next , the train passes through a second tunnel and the lights in the compartments go out as a Dementor enters the train and passes along the corridor ; Harry Potter uses his magic to defeat the Dementor . After exiting the tunnel , riders are greeted by Hagrid flying on a motorbike with Hogwarts in the background . As the train enters a forest , the flying Ford Anglia appears and starts driving through the terrain . The car crashes soon after and the train leaves the forest , passing by Hogwarts once again before arriving at Hogsmeade Station with Hagrid greeting passengers .
Passengers then disembark the train , walk down a ramp past the front of the Hogwarts Express and follow a path leading to Hogsmeade .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Track = = =
The track of the Hogwarts Express is a single @-@ track funicular elevated railway running over the backlot between the two theme parks , with a two @-@ track passing loop at the midpoint . It is 676 metres ( 2 @,@ 218 ft ) long and has a track gauge of 1 @,@ 800 mm ( 5 ft 10 7 ⁄ 8 in ) . On the track , there is a haul rope and a counter rope , each with a diameter of 46 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) . The cable winding motor is located at King 's Cross station and has a rated load of 215 kilowatts ( 300 hp ) and a peak power rating of 636 kilowatts ( 900 hp ) .
= = = Trains = = =
The Hogwarts Express uses two trains that can transport 168 passengers each , giving a total of 336 passengers per cycle . Each train is an articulated cable car formed of five sections : a replica of steam @-@ locomotive and its tender plus a set of three passenger vehicles . Originally each train was planned to have only two passenger carriages — this was increased following a survey that suggested potential passengers saw the connecting Hogwarts Express as an attraction instead of only as a means of transportation between the parks . The locomotive on the 70 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 230 ft ) trains weigh 13 tonnes ( 29 @,@ 000 lb ) , the tenders weigh 15 tonnes ( 33 @,@ 000 lb ) , and each passenger carriage weighs 27 tonnes ( 60 @,@ 000 lb ) . Since the attraction is set up with a funicular track system , both trains depart and arrive at the end stations at the same time and travel at the same speed of 3 @.@ 4 metres per second ( 12 km / h ; 7 @.@ 6 mph ) .
On both trains , the locomotive faces towards Hogsmeade station ; it is not possible for the trains to face Kings Cross . The Hogwarts Express enters King 's Cross in reverse but forwards at Hogsmeade ; the train departs Kings Cross forwards and in reverse at Hogsmeade . As a result , the trains are only designed to be seen from one side as the locomotives ' false driving wheels and specific detailing only exist on one side .
The trains were built in Goldau , Switzerland . CWA Constructions designed both the exterior and interior of the trains to make them look as faithful as possible to the Hogwarts Express seen in the Harry Potter film franchise . They are based on the steam locomotive GWR 4900 Class 5972 Olton Hall ( as 5972 Hogwarts Castle ) and were built from aluminum and glass @-@ reinforced plastics . Afterwards , an artificial weathering process was applied to give the appearance of a historic train .
Frey AG was responsible for wiring the trains ; specifically for the video and sounds components . The company also installed other technical equipment that allow the trains to be controlled by a computer system .
= = = = Media = = = =
Each compartment has a curved screen where the window would be . There are two different experiences , depending on the destination of the train . The special effects in both video components were designed by Double Negative .
The London Symphony Orchestra recorded the music played throughout the journey at Abbey Road Studios on 25 March 2014 . The music for the northbound journey is called " Connector Train – Hogsmeade to London " .
= = Reception = =
The ride received mostly positive reviews upon its July 2014 opening . Lance Hart from Screamscape was impressed with the fact that the King 's Cross entrance was hidden from the rest of the Diagon Alley area . He also credited Universal for making the train look as realistic as possible : " Clearly they went to great lengths to create these cars to be replicas of what you see in the films , both on the outside as well as
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life in the state capital . In addition to his duties as secretary of state , he continued to practice law .
= = Death = =
Throughout his term , Breckinridge 's health became increasingly fragile . When an illness described in contemporary accounts as " the prevailing fever " struck Lexington in 1823 , he took the children to Cabell 's Dale to prevent them from becoming ill . When he returned in late August , he contracted the fever . Despite the care of his brother , John , and the local doctors , he died on September 1 , 1823 , just over a week after falling ill . Originally buried on the grounds at Cabell 's Dale , he and several family members were re @-@ interred at Lexington Cemetery near the grave of his brother Robert Jefferson Breckinridge .
Breckinridge left behind $ 15 @,@ 000 in debts , and with the nation still in the throes of the Panic of 1819 , his assets were not enough to pay off the obligations . His wife , who also fell ill and was pregnant with the couple 's sixth child , was so depressed because of his death and her subsequent financial straits that she suffered a miscarriage . She and the children moved in with Cabell 's widowed mother at Cabell 's Dale . For several years , she was dependent upon her in @-@ laws for survival ; Breckinridge 's brother , Robert , assumed Cabell 's debts , which he paid in full in 1832 .
= Typhoon Oliwa =
Typhoon Oliwa was one of a record eleven super typhoons in the 1997 Pacific typhoon season . It formed in the central Pacific Ocean on September 2 to the southwest of Hawaii , but it became a typhoon in the western Pacific . Oliwa explosively deepened on September 8 , increasing its winds from 85 mph to 160 mph in a 24 ‑ hour period . Afterward , it slowly weakened , and after passing east of Okinawa , Oliwa turned northeast and struck Japan with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . There , it affected 30 @,@ 000 people and killed 13 ; thousands of houses were flooded , and some were destroyed . Offshore South Korea , the winds and waves wrecked 28 boats , while one boat went missing with a crew of 10 people . Typhoon Oliwa dissipated on September 19 in northern Pacific Ocean near the International Date Line .
= = Meteorological history = =
The origins of Typhoon Oliwa were from an unusually eastward extension of the monsoon trough in late August 1997 . The tropical disturbance organized southwest of Hawaii , and slowly organized . On September 2 , the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Two @-@ C about 590 miles ( 950 km ) southwest of Johnston Island , slightly east of the International Date Line . The depression quickly attained tropical storm status , and the CPHC gave it the name " Oliwa " , meaning " Oliver " in the Hawaiian language .
A moderately powerful ridge persisted north of Tropical Storm Oliwa , which caused a slow west to west @-@ northwest track . Water temperatures were slightly warmer than usual , and there was a favorable upper @-@ level environment for strengthening . Initially , however , Oliwa was somewhat disorganized on satellite imagery , and on September 4 , as it crossed the International Date Line , there may have been multiple circulations . Upon entering the western Pacific Ocean , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) and the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) began issuing advisories on the system ( 9719 ) . Despite the favorable conditions , further intensification was slow , and it reached typhoon status - winds of at least 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) - on September 8 . Prior to that time , Oliwa co @-@ existed with a weak tropical cyclone that formed in a similar location in the south Pacific .
About twelve hours after reaching typhoon status , Oliwa began to undergo unexpected explosive deepening . In a 24 ‑ hour period , the JTWC assessed the typhoon as nearly doubling in intensity , from 85 to 160 mph ( 140 to 260 km / h 1 @-@ min winds ) , while the pressure dropped 69 mbar to a minimum of 898 mbar ; based on the estimated intensity , the JTWC classified Oliwa as a super typhoon . The JMA , which is the official agency of the western Pacific , assessed Oliwa as reaching a peak of 115 mph ( 185 km / h 10 @-@ min winds ) , with a pressure of 915 mbar . Around that time , satellite imagery indicated a possible eyewall mesovorticy , which is a small scale rotational feature found in the eyewall of an intense tropical cyclone . Additionally , concentric eyewalls developed in the center of Oliwa , which typically occur in strong typhoons .
After maintaining peak intensity for 36 hours , Oliwa gradually weakened as it continued to the west @-@ northwest , during
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from the ceremonial dinner scene and deleted two Chinese hoodlums who tried to eat Snowy . References to Belgium were also removed , allowing the story to have a greater international appeal .
= = = Later alterations and releases = = =
When the second version of the story was translated into English by Michael Turner and Leslie Lonsdale @-@ Cooper , they made a number of alterations to the text . For instance , Monsieur Tom Hawake , whose name was a pun on tomahawk , was renamed Mr. Maurice Oyle , and the Slift factory was renamed Grynd Corp. Other changes were made to render the story more culturally understandable to an Anglophone readership ; whereas the factory originally sold its mix of dogs , cats , and rats as hare pâté — a food uncommon in Britain — the English translation rendered the mix as salami . In another instance , garlic , pepper , and salt were added to the mixture in the French version , but this was changed to mustard , pepper , and salt for the English version , again reflecting British culinary tastes .
In 1957 , Hergé considered sending Tintin back to North America for another adventure featuring the indigenous people . He decided against it , instead producing Tintin in Tibet . Although Tintin in America and much of Hergé 's earlier work displayed anti @-@ American sentiment , he later grew more favourable to American culture , befriending one of the country 's most prominent artists , Andy Warhol . Hergé himself would first visit the United States in 1971 , accompanied by his second wife Fanny Rodwell , and meet Edgar Red Cloud , the great grandson of the warrior chief Red Cloud . With a letter of recommendation from his friend Father Gall , he was invited to indulge his childhood desire to meet with real " Red Indians " — members of the Oglala Lakota on their Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota — and take part in a pow wow .
American publishers of Tintin in America were uneasy regarding the scene in which the Blackfoot Natives are forcibly removed from their land . Hergé nevertheless refused to remove it . For the 1973 edition published in the U.S. , the publishers made Hergé remove African @-@ American characters from the book , and redraw them as Caucasians or Hispanics , because they did not want to encourage racial integration among children . That same year , the original black @-@ and @-@ white version was republished in a French @-@ language collected volume with Tintin in the Land of the Soviets and Tintin in the Congo , the first part of the Archives Hergé collection . In 1983 , a facsimile of the original was published by Casterman .
= = Critical analysis = =
Jean @-@ Marc and Randy Lofficier opined that Hergé had made " another leap forward " with Tintin in America , noting that while it still " rambles on " , it is " more tightly plotted " than its predecessors . They believed that the illustrations showed " marked progress " and that for the first time , several of the frames could be seen as " individual pieces of art " . Believing that it was the first work with the " intangible epic quality " they thought characterised The Adventures of Tintin , they awarded it two out of five stars . They considered Bobby Smiles to be " the first great villain " of the series , and also thought that an incompetent hotel detective featured in the comic was an anticipation of Thomson and Thompson , while another character , the drunken sheriff , anticipated Captain Haddock . The Lofficiers believed that Hergé had successfully synthesised all of the " classic American myths " into a single narrative that " withstands comparison with the vision of America " presented in Gustave Le Rouge and
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Gustave Guitton 's La Conspiration Des Milliardaires ( The Billionaires ' Conspiracy ) . They were of the opinion that Hergé 's depiction of the exploitation of Native Americans was an " astonishing piece of narrative " .
Harry Thompson considered the story to be " little more than a tourist ramble " across the U.S. , describing it as only " marginally more sophisticated " than its predecessors . He nevertheless thought that it contained many indicators of " greater things " , remarking that Hergé 's sympathy for the Natives was " a revolutionary attitude " for 1931 . Thompson also opined that the book 's " highlight " was on page 29 of the 1945 version , in which oil is discovered on Native land , following which they are cleared off by the U.S. army , and a complete city is constructed on the site within 24 hours . Biographer Benoît Peeters praised the strip 's illustrations , feeling that they exhibited " a quality of lightness " and showed that Hergé was fascinated by the United States despite the anti @-@ Americanism of his milieu . He nevertheless considered it " in the same mode " as the earlier Adventures , calling it " a collection of clichés and snapshots of well @-@ known places " . Elsewhere , Peeters commented that throughout the story , Tintin rushes around the country seeing as much as possible , likening him to the stereotypical American tourist .
Hergé biographer Pierre Assouline believed Tintin in America to be " more developed and detailed " than the prior Adventures , representing the cartoonist 's " greatest success " in a " long time " . Opining that the illustrations were " superior " due to Hergé 's accumulated experience , he nevertheless criticised instances where the story exhibited directional problems ; for instance , in one scene , Tintin enters the underground tunnel , but Assouline notes that while he is supposed to be travelling downward , he is instead depicted climbing up stairs . Such directional problems were also criticised by Michael Farr , who nevertheless thought the story " action @-@ packed " , with a more developed sense of satire and therefore greater depth than Soviets or Congo . He considered the depiction of Tintin climbing along the ledge of the skyscraper on page 10 to be " one of the most remarkable " illustrations in the entire series , inducing a sense of vertigo in the reader . He also opined that the depiction of the Blackfoot Natives being forced from their land was the " strongest political statement " in the series , illustrating that Hergé had " an acute political conscience " and was not the advocate of racial superiority that he has been accused of being . Comparing the 1932 and 1945 versions of the comic , Farr believed that the latter was technically superior , but had lost the " freshness " of the original .
Literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès of Stanford University thought that in Tintin in America , Hergé had intentionally depicted the wealthy industrialists as being very similar to the gangsters . He noted that this negative portrayal of capitalists continued into later Adventures of Tintin with characters such as Basil Barazov in The Broken Ear . He considered this indicative of " a more ambivalent stance " to the right @-@ wing agenda that Hergé had formerly adhered to . Another literary critic , Tom McCarthy , concurred , believing that Tintin in America exhibited Hergé 's " left @-@ wing counter tendency " through attacking the racism and capitalist mass production of the U.S. McCarthy believed that the work exposed social and political process as a " mere charade " , much as Hergé had previously done in Tintin in the Land of the Soviets .
= = Adaptations = =
Tintin in America was adapted into a 1991 episode of The Adventures of Tintin television series by French studio Ellipse and Canadian animation company Nelvana . Directed by Stéphane Bernasconi , the character of Tintin was voiced by Thierry Wermuth .
In 2002 , French artist Jochen Gerner published a socio @-@ political satire based on Tintin in America titled TNT en Amérique . It consisted of a replica of Hergé 's book with most of the images blocked out with black ink ; the only images left visible are those depicting violence , commerce , or divinity . When interviewed as to this project , Gerner stated that his pervasive use of black was a reference to " the censure , to the night , the obscurity ( the evil ) , the mystery of things not entirely revealed " .
= Romney Literary Society =
The Romney Literary Society ( also known as the Literary Society of Romney ) existed from January 30 , 1819 , to February 15 , 1886 , in Romney , West Virginia . Established as the Polemic Society of Romney , it became the first organization of its kind in the present @-@ day state of West Virginia , and one of the first in the United States . The society was founded by nine prominent men of Romney with the objectives of advancing literature and science , purchasing and maintaining a library , and improving educational opportunities .
The society debated an extensive range of scientific and social topics , often violating its own rules which banned religious and political subjects . Even though its membership was relatively small , its debates and activities were frequently discussed throughout the Potomac Highlands region , and the organization greatly influenced trends of thought in the Romney community and surrounding areas .
The society 's library began in 1819 with the acquisition of two books ; by 1861 , it had grown to contain approximately 3 @,@ 000 volumes on subjects such as literature , science , history , and art . The organization also sought to establish an institution for " the higher education of the youth of the community . " In 1820 , as a result of this initiative , the teaching of the classics was introduced into the curriculum of Romney Academy , thus making the institution the first school of higher education in the Eastern Panhandle . In 1846 , the society constructed a building which housed the Romney Classical Institute and its library , both of which fell under the society 's supervision . The institute was administered by noted Presbyterian Reverend William Henry Foote . Following a dispute with the society , Foote founded a rival school in Romney , known as the Potomac Seminary , in 1850 .
The Romney Literary Society and the Romney Classical Institute continued to grow in influence until the onset of the American Civil War in 1861 . The contents of the society 's library were plundered by Union Army forces , and only 400 of the library 's volumes could be recovered following the war 's end in 1865 . Reorganized in 1869 , the society took a leading role in Romney 's civil development during Reconstruction . Between 1869 and 1870 , it completed construction of Literary Hall , where the society held meetings and reassembled its library . The organization used its influence to secure the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind for the town of Romney , and offered the school its former Romney Classical Institute campus . The schools opened on September 29 , 1870 . Interest in the society waned during its final years , and its last recorded meeting was held in 1886 .
= = Establishment = =
The Romney Literary Society was organized on January 30 , 1819 , by nine prominent men of Romney in the office of Dr. John Temple , a reputable physician in the community . The society was formed with the purpose " of taking into consideration the propriety of financing a Society , having for its object the advancement of Literature and Science , the purchase of a Library by and for the use of its members ; and their further improvement by discussing before the Society such questions as shall be selected under its directors . " With its establishment , the Romney Literary Society became the first organization of its kind in the present @-@ day state of West Virginia , and one of the first in the United States . The nine men at the society 's first meeting were Thomas Blair , David Gibson , James P. Jack , Samuel Kercheval , Jr . , Nathaniel Kuykendall , Charles T. Magill , James M. Stephens , John Temple , and William C. Wodrow . According to historian Hu Maxwell , these men elected Kuykendall as chairman and Magill as secretary of a committee which was charged with the drafting of a constitution for the society .
On February 4 , 1819 , the committee delivered its draft of the constitution and the society adopted the document , which provided that the organization should be known as the Polemic Society of Romney . The society 's constitution also specified that the officers should consist of a president , secretary , and treasurer , each of whom was to be selected by a ballot vote . The constitution further stipulated that each member was to pay dues of
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'umarkaj upon the approach to Quetzaltenango . The letter was dated 11 April 1524 and was written during his stay at Q 'umarkaj . Almost a week later , on 18 February 1524 , a K 'iche ' army confronted the Spanish army in the Quetzaltenango valley and were comprehensively defeated ; many K 'iche ' nobles were among the dead . Such were the numbers of K 'iche ' dead that Olintepeque was given the name Xequiquel , roughly meaning " bathed in blood " . In the early 17th century , the grandson of the K 'iche ' king informed the alcalde mayor ( the highest colonial official at the time ) that the K 'iche ' army that had marched out of Q 'umarkaj to confront the invaders numbered 30 @,@ 000 warriors , a claim that is considered credible by modern scholars . This battle exhausted the K 'iche ' militarily and they asked for peace and offered tribute , inviting Pedro de Alvarado into their capital Q 'umarkaj , which was known as Tecpan Utatlan to the Nahuatl @-@ speaking allies of the Spanish . Alvarado was deeply suspicious of the K 'iche ' intentions but accepted the offer and marched to Q 'umarkaj with his army .
The day after the battle of Olintepeque , the Spanish army arrived at Tzakahá , which submitted peacefully . There the Spanish chaplains Juan Godinez and Juan Díaz conducted a Roman Catholic mass under a makeshift roof ; this site was chosen to build the first church in Guatemala , which was dedicated to Concepción La Conquistadora . Tzakahá was renamed as San Luis Salcajá . The first Easter mass held in Guatemala was celebrated in the new church , during which high @-@ ranking natives were baptised .
In March 1524 Pedro de Alvarado entered Q 'umarkaj at the invitation of the remaining lords of the K 'iche ' after their catastrophic defeat , fearing that he was entering a trap . He encamped on the plain outside the city rather than accepting lodgings inside . Fearing the great number of K 'iche ' warriors gathered outside the city and that his cavalry would not be able to manoeuvre in the narrow streets of Q 'umarkaj , he invited the leading lords of the city , Oxib @-@ Keh ( the ajpop , or king ) and Beleheb @-@ Tzy ( the ajpop k 'amha , or king elect ) to visit him in his camp . As soon as they did so , he seized them and kept them as prisoners in his camp . The K 'iche ' warriors , seeing their lords taken prisoner , attacked the Spaniards ' indigenous allies and managed to kill one of the Spanish soldiers . At this point Alvarado decided to have the captured K 'iche ' lords burnt to death , and then proceeded to burn the entire city . After the destruction of Q 'umarkaj and the execution of its rulers , Pedro de Alvarado sent messages to Iximche , capital of the Kaqchikel , proposing an alliance against the remaining K 'iche ' resistance . Alvarado wrote that they sent 4000 warriors to assist him , although the Kaqchikel recorded that they sent only 400 .
= = = San Marcos : Province of Tecusitlán and Lacandón = = =
With the capitulation of the K 'iche ' kingdom , various non @-@ K 'iche ' peoples under K 'iche ' dominion also submitted to the Spanish . This included the Mam inhabitants of the area now within the modern department of San Marcos . Quetzaltenango and San Marcos were placed under the command of Juan de León y Cardona , who began the reduction of indigenous populations and the foundation of Spanish towns . The towns of San Marcos and San Pedro Sacatepéquez were founded soon after the conquest of western Guatemala . In 1533 Pedro de Alvarado ordered de León y Cardona to explore and conquer the area around the Tacaná , Tajumulco , Lacandón and San Antonio volcanoes ; in colonial times this area was referred to as the Province of Tecusitlán and Lacandón . De León marched to a Maya city named Quezalli by his Nahuatl @-@ speaking allies with a force of fifty Spaniards ; his Mexican allies also referred to the city by the name Sacatepequez . De León renamed the city as San Pedro Sacatepéquez in honour of his friar , Pedro de Angulo . The Spanish founded a village nearby at Candacuchex in April that year , renaming it as San Marcos .
= = = Kaqchikel alliance = = =
On 14 April 1524 , soon after the defeat of the K 'iche ' , the Spanish were invited into Iximche and were well received by the lords Belehe Qat and Cahi Imox . The Kaqchikel kings provided native soldiers to assist the conquistadors against continuing K 'iche ' resistance and to help with the defeat of the neighbouring Tz 'utuhil kingdom . The Spanish only stayed briefly in Iximche before continuing through Atitlán , Escuintla and Cuscatlán . The Spanish returned to the Kaqchikel capital on 23 July 1524 and on 27 July ( 1 Q 'at in the Kaqchikel calendar ) Pedro de Alvarado declared Iximche as the first capital of Guatemala , Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala ( " St. James of the Knights of Guatemala " ) . Iximche was called Guatemala by the Spanish , from the Nahuatl Quauhtemallan meaning " forested land " . Since the Spanish conquistadors founded their first capital at Iximche , they took the name of the city used by their Nahuatl @-@ speaking Mexican allies and applied it to the new Spanish city and , by extension , to the kingdom . From this comes the modern name of the country . When Pedro de Alvarado moved his army to Iximche , he left the defeated K 'iche ' kingdom under the command of Juan de León y Cardona . Although de León y Cardona was given command of the western reaches of the new colony , he continued to take an active role in the continuing conquest , including the later assault on the Poqomam capital .
= = = Conquest of the Tz 'utujil = = =
The Kaqchikel appear to have entered into an alliance with the Spanish to defeat their enemies , the Tz 'utujil , whose capital was Tecpan Atitlan . Pedro de Alvarado sent two Kaqchikel messengers to Tecpan Atitlan at the request of the Kaqchikel lords , both of whom were killed by the Tz 'utujil . When news of the killing of the messengers reached the
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Spanish at Iximche , the conquistadors marched against the Tz 'utujil with their Kaqchikel allies . Pedro de Alvarado left Iximche just 5 days after he had arrived there , with 60 cavalry , 150 Spanish infantry and an unspecified number of Kaqchikel warriors . The Spanish and their allies arrived at the lakeshore after a day 's hard march , without encountering any opposition . Seeing the lack of resistance , Alvarado rode ahead with 30 cavalry along the lake shore . Opposite a populated island the Spanish at last encountered hostile Tz 'utujil warriors and charged among them , scattering and pursuing them to a narrow causeway across which the surviving Tz 'utujil fled . The causeway was too narrow for the horses , therefore the conquistadors dismounted and crossed to the island before the inhabitants could break the bridges . The rest of Alvarado 's army soon reinforced his party and they successfully stormed the island . The surviving Tz 'utujil fled into the lake and swam to safety on another island . The Spanish could not pursue the survivors further because 300 canoes sent by the Kaqchikels had not yet arrived . This battle took place on 18 April .
The following day the Spanish entered Tecpan Atitlan but found it deserted . Pedro de Alvarado camped in the centre of the city and sent out scouts to find the enemy . They managed to catch some locals and used them to send messages to the Tz 'utujil lords , ordering them to submit to the king of Spain . The Tz 'utujil leaders responded by surrendering to Pedro de Alvarado and swearing loyalty to Spain , at which point Alvarado considered them pacified and returned to Iximche . Three days after Pedro de Alvarado returned to Iximche , the lords of the Tz 'utujil arrived there to pledge their loyalty and offer tribute to the conquistadors . A short time afterwards a number of lords arrived from the Pacific lowlands to swear allegiance to the king of Spain , although Alvarado did not name them in his letters ; they confirmed Kaqchikel reports that further out on the Pacific plain was the kingdom called Izcuintepeque in Nahuatl , or Panatacat in Kaqchikel , whose inhabitants were warlike and hostile towards their neighbours .
= = = Kaqchikel rebellion = = =
Pedro de Alvarado rapidly began to demand gold in tribute from the Kaqchikels , souring the friendship between the two peoples . He demanded that their kings deliver 1000 gold leaves , each worth 15 pesos .
A Kaqchikel priest foretold that the Kaqchikel gods would destroy the Spanish , causing the Kaqchikel people to abandon their city and flee to the forests and hills on 28 August 1524 ( 7 Ahmak in the Kaqchikel calendar ) . Ten days later the Spanish declared war on the Kaqchikel . Two years later , on 9 February 1526 , a group of sixteen Spanish deserters burnt the palace of the Ahpo Xahil , sacked the temples and kidnapped a priest , acts that the Kaqchikel blamed on Pedro de Alvarado . Conquistador Bernal Díaz del Castillo recounted how in 1526 he returned to Iximche and spent the night in the " old city of Guatemala " together with Luis Marín and other members of Hernán Cortés 's expedition to Honduras . He reported that the houses of the city were still in excellent condition ; his account was the last description of the city while it was still inhabitable .
The Spanish founded a new town at nearby Tecpán Guatemala ; Tecpán is Nahuatl for " palace " , thus the name of the new town translated as " the palace among the trees " . The Spanish abandoned Tecpán in 1527 , because of the continuous Kaqchikel attacks , and moved to the Almolonga Valley to the east , refounding their capital on the site of today 's San Miguel Escobar
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Sé Tú " ended 1992 as the third- and second @-@ best @-@ performing Latin songs of the year , respectively , in the United States . In Mexico , the songs topped the charts for a total of six months . The album 's third single , " Contigo en la Distancia " , was released in Mexico in July 1992 ; its music video was also directed by Torres and filmed in Miami . " Mucho Corazón " peaked at number three on the Hot Latin Songs chart , with " Cómo " peaking at number four . " Usted " and " La Barca " received airplay throughout Latin America .
To promote the record , Miguel began his Romance Tour on 22 March 1992 at a sold out 10 @,@ 000 @-@ seat National Auditorium in Mexico City . After performing throughout Latin America and the United States , he concluded the tour in Chile in December . In addition to touring , Miguel performed at the Seville Expo ' 92 in Spain . His set list consisted primarily of songs from his earlier career and boleros from Romance . In October 1992 WEA Latina released América & En Vivo , a live EP featuring a new track ( " America , America " ) and tour recordings of " Contigo en la Distancia " , " No Sé Tú " and " Inolvidable " . AllMusic gave the EP three stars out of five .
= = Critical reception = =
AllMusic editor Janet Rosen gave Romance three stars out of five , saying that it " features the usual smooth , well @-@ crafted pop ear candy from Luis Miguel , earnestly sung over strings and polite Latin rhythms " . However , she noted that the songs in the album booklet and the lack of liner notes made it difficult for listeners to know what " to make of this presentation " . Rosen concluded , " It doesn 't matter — the title of the release says it all . " Achy Obejas of the Chicago Tribune gave the record four stars out of four , praising Miguel 's refusal " to get campy , which gives the effort far more integrity than might have been imagined " and calling his take on boleros " vibrant and real . " Mark Holston reviewed the album positively in the magazine Américas , praising Miguel 's vocals , the choice of songs and Silvetti 's arrangements : " Romance is a reminder of the enduring quality of timeless music " .
At the 1992 Billboard Music Awards Miguel was the Top Pop Latin Artist and the Top Hot Latin Tracks Artist , and Romance was the Top Pop Latin Album . In Chile , Romance won the Laurel de Oro Award for best album of the year . The singer was the Best Artist From a Non @-@ English @-@ Speaking Country at the Korean International Music Awards . At the 1993 Grammy Awards , Romance was nominated for Best Latin Pop Album , which was awarded to Jon Secada for his album Otro Día Más Sin Verte . That year Romance was also nominated for Pop Album of the Year at the Lo Nuestro Awards , again losing to Secada for his self @-@ titled album . At the 1993 annual Premios Eres , Miguel won three awards : Best Album , Best Male Singer and Best Show ( for his tour ) . The record was the Best International Album and Miguel won the Best International Artist of the Year at the 1993 Ronda de Venezuela awards .
= = Commercial performance = =
Romance was released internationally on 19 November 1991 , and sold over 400 @,@ 000 copies in its first 10 days . In Mexico it was certified octuple platinum by the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( AMPROFON ) for shipping two million copies , the country 's all @-@ time third @-@ bestselling album ( only Juan Gabriel and José José has sold more copies with Recuerdos , Vol . II and 20 Triunfadoras respectively ) . In the United States , Romance debuted at number ten on the Billboard Latin Pop Albums chart for the week of 14 December 1991 , and reached number one four weeks later . The record topped the chart for 32 consecutive weeks when it was displaced by Jon Secada 's eponymous album on the week of 22 August 1992 , ending 1992 and 1993 as
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the bestselling Latin pop album of the year in the country . It was the first record by a Spanish @-@ speaking artist to be certified gold in Brazil and Taiwan , and the first gold certification by a non @-@ crossover Latin artist in the United States ( later certified platinum in the U.S. by the RIAA for shipments of one million copies ) . In South America , Romance was certified platinum in Colombia and Venezuela , gold in Paraguay and double platinum in Peru . In Argentina the album was certified 16 × platinum for sales of over one million copies , the bestselling record by a non @-@ Argentine artist . It received a diamond award from the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers ( CAPIF ) , and was certified quadruple platinum in Chile and double platinum in Spain . As of 2013 , Romance had sold over seven million copies worldwide and is Miguel 's bestselling record .
= = Legacy = =
Romance is considered by music critics to have renewed mainstream interest in bolero music . According to Chicago Tribune editor Monica Eng , " Just as Harry Connick , Jr. re @-@ popularized the sounds of Sinatra and Tony Bennett , Mexican platinum @-@ selling heartthrob Luis Miguel brought back an appreciation for the music of Mexico 's boleristas . " In The Wall Street Journal , Mary Talbot compared renewed interest in boleros to the revival of big band and swing music in the Anglo @-@ American market , previously dominated by rock music ( which had seized bolero 's popularity during the 1960s ) . Elena Kellner of the Los Angeles Times noted the album 's " introducing old favorites to younger audiences " and Miguel 's popularity with older listeners . In Latin Beat Magazine , Franz Reynold wrote that before Miguel , boleros were considered by young people the " music of the ancients , something to be feared , since it seemed to signal the advent of senility " . Mark Holston wrote in Américas magazine that the record 's " irresistible combination of classic songs , string @-@ laden arrangements , and subtle contemporary influences proved to be the perfect formula to reawaken the bolero 's slumbering passions once again . "
In his book , The Latin Beat : The Rhythms And Roots Of Latin Music From Bossa Nova To Salsa And Beyond , Ed Morales wrote that Miguel 's collaboration with Manzanero " brought light to an overlooked master of [ bolero ] " and " was a significant update of the genre " . Romance enhanced Silvetti 's reputation as an arranger and producer ; according to Leila Cobo of Billboard , the album " categorically redefined the interpretations of traditional boleros " and " sparked a torrent of work for Silvetti , including records with Vic Damone and Engelbert Humperdinck " . His arrangements became known as the " Silvetti Sound " , which Cobo described as " anchored in sweeping melodies , lush string arrangements , acoustic instrumentation , and above all , unabashed romanticism " . Romance 's success encouraged Linda Ronstadt , José Luis Rodríguez and Plácido Domingo to record modern versions of traditional boleros . According to Miguel 's former manager Mauricio Abaroa , although boleros were still recorded by traditional musicians at the time , " what made Luis Miguel so successful was that it was a young man singing them and that he sang them like modern ballads " . During the Billboard Hot Latin Songs Chart 's 25th anniversary in 2011 , Miguel was number one on the Hot Latin Songs Top Artists chart . Manzanero reflected on their partnership , saying that he " put in the mouths of his
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generation all of the great romantic songs that had a 30 @-@ year history " . In 2015 , Billboard listed Romance as one of the Essential Latin Albums of Past 50 Years , an editor writes : " What ’ s become so formulaic in Latin music these days -- the tribute album by a contemporary artist honoring a genius of another era -- started with Romance " .
The album 's success encouraged Miguel to record three more Romance records . Its follow @-@ up , Segundo Romance , was released in 1994 ; Manzanero , Calderón and Kiko Cibrian co @-@ produced with Miguel , and it won a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance . In 1997 Romances was released , with Miguel and Manzanero co @-@ producing Silvetti 's arrangements ; it sold over 4 @.@ 5 million copies , winning another Grammy for Best Latin Pop Performance . A year later WEA Latina released Todos Los Romances , a three @-@ disc compilation of the romance @-@ themed records . The fourth record in the series , Mis Romances ( produced by Miguel ) , was released in 2001 . Although the singer had planned a ten @-@ album series , Mis Romances was critically and commercially unsuccessful . The following year saw the release of Mis Boleros Favoritos , with 13 previously @-@ recorded tracks from the Romance series and a new version of " Hasta Que Vuelvas " . According to AllMusic editor Iván Adaime , the record 's purpose was to " close this era " of the Romance series . In 2012 , Warner Music Latina reissued a commemorative Romance : 20th Anniversary set with a CD , the original LP record and three 45 rpm singles : " Inolvidable " , " No Sé Tú " and " Contigo en la Distancia " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
The following credits are from AllMusic and from the Romance liner notes :
= = = Performance credits = = =
= = = Technical credits = = =
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= Sora ( Kingdom Hearts ) =
Sora ( Japanese : ソラ ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of Square Enix 's Kingdom Hearts video game series . Introduced in the first Kingdom Hearts game in 2002 , Sora is portrayed as a cheerful teenager who lives in the Destiny Islands and has been best friends with Riku and Kairi since childhood . When they plan to go on a journey to see other worlds , they are separated by creatures known as the Heartless . While fighting against them , Sora obtains a weapon called the Keyblade . Donald Duck and Goofy then recruit him in their journey across various worlds to aid King Mickey while Sora searches for his friends . Along the way , the trio protects the worlds they visit from various villains . In Kingdom Hearts II , Sora searches for Riku and fights against Organization XIII who , like Ansem the Wise from the original game , are attempting to seize Kingdom Hearts for their own . Sora has also made supporting appearances in other games from the series , and reprised his role in manga and light novel adaptations of the games .
Sora was originally designed by Kingdom Hearts series director and character designer Tetsuya Nomura during a discussion between Disney and Square about who should be the protagonist of the series . Wanting an original character , Nomura made various sketches of Sora until the design met the approval of Disney . Nomura came to regard Sora as his favorite character that he had designed , and pushed for the character to have a leading role in the Kingdom Hearts story in spite of the character 's youth . Throughout the series , Sora has been voiced by Haley Joel Osment in the English version and Miyu Irino in the Japanese version . As a child , Sora was voiced by Takuto Yoshinaga and Luke Manriquez in Japanese and English , respectively . Sora 's character has received generally positive critical response due to his warm personality and adventurous spirit . His personal and martial growth in the series also received praise , especially in his appearance in Kingdom Hearts II . Additionally , Sora has ranked high on various video game character popularity polls .
= = Characteristics = =
Sora appears as a child with spiky brown @-@ hair who , when first introduced , wears a red shirt , red pants , and a white and blue jacket covered by keychains . Upon traveling to certain worlds , Sora 's appearance is altered by Donald Duck 's magic to adapt to different environments ; for example , he turns into a merman in underwater environments . After undergoing significant growth in Kingdom Hearts II , Sora is given a new outfit given by Flora , Fauna , and Merryweather similar to the previous one but mostly black . When battling , Sora 's outfit can change into other designs depending on the player 's choices . Sora 's Keyblade 's primary form is the Kingdom Key ( キングダムチェーン , Kingudamu Chēn , Kingdom Chain ) , resembling a classic skeleton key approximately 3 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) long , with a long , silver keychain extending from the hilt and a Mickey Mouse token on the end of the keychain . However , through the use of game items known as Keychains , the Kingdom Key can assume a variety of unique forms . During Kingdom Hearts II , Sora dual @-@ wields Keyblades , but their forms depend on the player 's use of Keychains .
Across the series , Sora is depicted as a cheerful teenager who cherishes his friendships and relies on them for his strength . As a result , several of Sora 's enemies use his friends as bait to use the Keyblade for their purposes . Although Sora was not chosen by the Keyblade to be its owner and the protector of worlds , his actions throughout the series cause the Keyblade to choose him over its original choice , Riku .
= = Appearances = =
At the beginning of Kingdom Hearts , Sora and his two best friends , Riku and Kairi , plan to leave their hometown , the Destiny Islands , to explore new worlds . However , they are separated when their world is attacked by a group of dark beings known as the Heartless with Sora drifting to a town known as Traverse Town where he learns the Keyblade chose him to eliminate the Heartless . Soon after , Sora meets Donald Duck and Goofy , who join forces in search of his friends while Sora helps Donald and Goofy look for King Mickey . They travel across worlds in their Gummi Ship , sealing the Keyholes
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Banu @-@ Yamina , he also established alliances with Eshnunna and Hammurabi of Babylon , and sent his armies to aid the Babylonians . The new king directed his expansion policy toward the north in the Upper Khabur region , which was named Izdamaraz , where he subjugated the local petty kingdoms in the region such as Urkesh , and Talhayum , forcing them into vassalage . The expansion was met by the resistance of Qarni @-@ Lim , the king of Andarig , whom Zimri @-@ Lim defeated , securing the Mariote control over the region in c . 1771 BC , and the kingdom prospered as a trading center and entered a period of relative peace . Zimri @-@ Lim 's greatest heritage was the renovation of the Royal Palace , which was expanded greatly to contain 275 rooms , exquisite artifacts such as The Goddess of the Vase statue , and a royal archive that contained 25000 tablets .
Mari 's alliance with Eshnunna contributed to its demise , as that city later became an enemy of Hammurabi . The relations with Babylon worsened with a dispute over the city of Hīt that consumed much time in negotiations , during which a war against Elam involved both kingdoms in c . 1765 BC . Finally , the kingdom was invaded by Hammurabi who defeated Zimri @-@ Lim in battle in c . 1761 BC and ended the Lim dynasty , while Terqa became the capital of a rump state named the Kingdom of Hana .
= = = Later periods = = =
Mari survived the destruction and rebelled against Babylon in c . 1759 BC , causing Hammurabi to destroy the whole city . However , Mari was allowed to survive as a small village under Babylonian administration , an act that Hammurabi considered merciful . Later , Mari became part of Assyria and was listed among the territories conquered by the Assyrian king Tukulti @-@ Ninurta I ( reigned 1243 – 1207 BC ) . Afterward , Mari constantly changed hands between Assyria and Babylon .
In the middle of the eleventh century BC , Mari became part of Hana whose king Tukulti @-@ Mer took the title king of Mari and rebelled against Assyria , causing the Assyrian king Ashur @-@ bel @-@ kala to attack the city . Mari came firmly under the authority of the Neo @-@ Assyrian Empire , and was assigned in the first half of the 8th century BC to a certain Nergal @-@ Erish to govern under the authority of king Adad @-@ Nirari III ( reigned 810 @-@ 783 BC ) . In c . 760 BC , Shamash @-@ Risha @-@ Usur , an autonomous governor ruling parts of the upper middle Euphrates under the nominal
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native peoples of the southwest and Intermontane Plateaus of the United States . Scottish lichen dyes include cudbear ( also called archil in England and litmus in the Netherlands ) , and crottle .
= = = Fungi = = =
Miriam C. Rice , ( 1918 — 2010 ) of Mendocino , California , pioneered research into using various mushrooms for natural dyes . She discovered mushroom dyes for a complete rainbow palette . Swedish and American mycologists , building upon Rice 's research , have discovered sources for true blues ( Sarcodon squamosus ) and mossy greens ( Hydnellum geogenium ) . Hypholoma fasciculare provides a yellow dye , and fungi such as Phaeolus schweinitzii and Pisolithus tinctorius are used in dyeing textiles and paper .
= = Luxury dyestuffs = =
From the second millennium BC to the 19th century , a succession of rare and expensive natural dyestuffs came in and out of fashion in the ancient world and then in Europe . In many cases the cost of these dyes far exceeded the cost of the wools and silks they colored , and often only the finest grades of fabrics were considered worthy of the best dyes .
= = = Royal purple = = =
The premier luxury dye of the ancient world was Tyrian purple or royal purple , a purple @-@ red dye which is extracted from several genera of sea snails , primarily the spiny dye @-@ murex Murex brandaris ( currently known as Bolinus brandaris ) . Murex dye was greatly prized in antiquity because it did not fade , but instead became brighter and more intense with weathering and sunlight . Murex dyeing may have been developed first by the Minoans of East Crete or the West Semites along the Levantine coast , and heaps of crushed murex shells have been discovered at a number of locations along the eastern Mediterranean dated to the mid @-@ 2nd millennium BC . The classical dye known as Phoenician Red was also derived from murex snails .
Murex dyes were fabulously expensive – one snail yields but a single drop of dye – and the Roman Empire imposed a strict monopoly on their use from the reign of Alexander Severus ( AD 225 – 235 ) that was maintained by the succeeding Byzantine Empire until the Early Middle Ages . The dye was used for imperial manuscripts on purple parchment , often with text in silver or gold , and porphyrogenitos or " born in the purple " was a term for Byzantine offspring of a reigning Emperor . The color matched the increasingly rare purple rock porphyry , also associated with the imperial family .
= = = Crimson and scarlet = = =
Tyrian purple retained its place as the premium dye of Europe until it was replaced " in status and desirability " by the rich crimson reds and scarlets of the new silk @-@ weaving centers of Italy , colored with kermes . Kermes is extracted from the dried unlaid eggs of the insect Kermes vermilio or Kermococcus vermilio found on species of oak ( especially the Kermes oak of the Mediterranean region ) . The dye is of ancient origin ; jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave @-@ burial at Adaoutse , Bouches @-@ du @-@ Rhône . Similar dyes are extracted from the related insects Porphyrophora hamelii ( Armenian cochineal ) of the Caucasus region , Porphyrophora polonica ( Polish cochineal or Saint John 's blood ) of Eastern Europe , and the lac @-@ producing insects of India , Southeast Asia , China , and Tibet .
When kermes @-@ dyed textiles achieved prominence around the mid @-@ 11th century , the dyestuff was called " grain " in all Western European languages because the desiccated eggs resemble fine grains of wheat or sand . Textiles dyed with kermes were described as dyed in the grain . Woollens were frequently dyed in the fleece with woad and then piece @
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to the north . Gonggar County of Lhoka ( Shannan ) Prefecture lies to the south . Chengguan District has an elevation of 3 @,@ 650 metres ( 11 @,@ 980 ft ) and covers 525 square kilometres ( 203 sq mi ) . The urban built @-@ up area covers 60 square kilometres ( 23 sq mi ) . The average annual temperature is 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) . Annual precipitation is about 500 millimetres ( 20 in ) , mostly falling between July and September .
Before the Chinese takeover the city of Lhasa had a population of 25 @,@ 000 – 30 @,@ 000 , or 45 @,@ 000 – 50 @,@ 000 if the large monasteries around the city are included . The old city formed a quadrangle about 3 square kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 sq mi ) around the Jokhang temple , about 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to the east of the Potala Palace . During the period before the reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping the old city of Lhasa was left largely intact , while bleakly functional compounds containing symmetrical dormitory @-@ type buildings for both living and working were built apart from the city along the main roads .
By 1990 the city had expanded to cover 40 square kilometres ( 15 sq mi ) , with an official population of 160 @,@ 000 . The 2000 official census gave a total population of 223 @,@ 001 , of which 171 @,@ 719 lived in the areas administered by sub @-@ districts and residential committees . 133 @,@ 603 had urban registrations and 86 @,@ 395 had rural registrations , based on their place of origin . By 2013 the urban area filled most of the natural Lhasa River valley in Chengguan District . A 2011 book estimated that up to two @-@ thirds of the city 's residents are non @-@ Tibetan , although the government states that Chengguan District as a whole is still 63 % ethnic Tibetan .
= = = Doilungdêqên District = = =
Doilungdêqên District contains the western suburbs of the city of Lhasa , which begin about 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) from the city center . It covers an area of 2 @,@ 704 square kilometers , with 94 @,@
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in later centuries . The Abbey took on responsibility to maintain the marsh walls around Bow Creek , to keep the tidal waters out . The river was being used for the transport of goods and passengers by 1571 , when an Act of Parliament empowered the Lord Mayor of London to make improvements to the river to ensure that supplies of grain continued to reach the capital . These works included a new cut near the Thames , probably the section of river between Bow Tidal Gates and Old Ford , on which no tolls were to be charged , and a pound lock was constructed at Waltham Abbey , only the second to be built in England .
Between Bow Bridge and Channelsea Bridge there were three others , said in 1303 to have been built to fill the gaps caused by the cutting of mill streams through Maud 's causeway , although there is evidence that the mills pre @-@ dated the causeway . However , the mill owners took responsibility for the bridges , which crossed the mill streams for St Thomas 's , Spileman 's and Saynes mills . The last two were owned by the City of London , and the bridges were called Pegshole and St Michael 's Bridges . An administrative mistake around 1814 resulted in the City of London taking responsibility for St Thomas 's Bridge , but the miller did not complain as Pegshole bridge was smaller and therefore less costly to maintain . The names were eventually swapped , and all three were replaced by Groves Bridge in 1933 , which crossed the widened Three Mills Wall River , the two branches of the Waterworks River having been combined into Three Mills Wall River , while Three Mills Wall Back River was filled in .
Crossing the Back Rivers by a series of low @-@ level bridges is the Northern Outfall Sewer which leads to the Abbey Mill Pumping Station , both of which were designed by Joseph Bazalgette in the 1860s . Today , the route of the embankment that encloses the sewer from Bow to Beckton is followed by a public footpath , The Greenway .
= = = Public water supply = = =
Water was extracted from the rivers to provide a public water supply . The opening of the New River in 1633 , a 40 @-@ mile ( 64 km ) channel built to bring water to London from Amwell springs , and soon afterwards from the River Lea near Ware , had a detrimental effect on both navigation and milling by reducing water levels . Around 1745 , the West Ham Waterworks Company built a waterworks at Saynes Mill in Stratford , the river on which it was located later being known as Waterworks River . The East London Waterworks Company was set up in 1807 , and built works at Old Ford , where they extracted water from the river . The supply to the works was moved further upstream in 1829 , and in 1830 they built a canal , running parallel to the Hackney Cut , so that water could be obtained from Lea Bridge . Much of the work was carried out by the contractor William Hoof , who had gained a reputation as a specialist tunnelling contractor , after working on Strood Tunnel for the Thames and Medway Canal and Harecastle Tunnel on the Trent and Mersey Canal . He worked on the waterworks project from 1829 until 1834 . Where there had been a reservoir to the south of the Middlesex Filter Beds weir in 1850 , maps from 1870 show the site occupied by a waterworks , and the canal which supplied the Old Ford works running beside the Hackney Cut . Another large reservoir , triangular in shape , was located between the old river and the Hackney Cut at Old Ford , with two connections to the old river . The water supply canal passed under the old river to feed two compensation reservoirs to the north of the Great Eastern Railway tracks . A covered reservoir was situated on the west bank of the old river .
The Waterworks River underwent considerable change over the years . In 1850 , it left the channel of the Old River Lee much further to the north , to the south @-@ west of Temple Mills railway depot . It was called Lead Mills Stream at this point . Near Temple Mills bridge , now on the A12 road , Channelsea River split off . The two channels ran parallel to the Old River Lee , before Channelsea River turned to the south @-@ east . There was another small connection between the Old River Lee and the Waterworks River called Bully Fence , where the northern Channelsea River is shown on modern maps . By 1870 , it was called Waterworks River as far north as Temple Mills depot , and by 1896 , its present connection to the old river near to Carpenters Road had been established . Twenty years later , the northern Waterworks River rejoined the Lee at Bully Fence , and the section between there and Carpenters Road had been filled in . At some point , the connection at Bully Fence became the main source for the Channelsea River , although the 1953 / 66 map still shows it connected to the remnants of the system to the north , for drainage . Administrative boundaries still follow the northern course of the Waterworks River .
= = = Navigation = = =
Although the River Lee was navigable up to Hertford , this had been achieved by the use of flash locks , where a single gate created a channel through a weir . These caused conflict between the bargemen and the millers , since operation of the lock lowered the water level above it , hindering the operation of the mill . In 1765 , the engineer John Smeaton was asked to survey the river , with a view to improving it " for the good of the public " . His report of September 1766 highlighted the need to replace the flash locks with the more modern locks or pen sluices , each with two sets of gates . Significantly for the Bow Back Rivers ,
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and a political rally demanding the Croatian police withdraw from Plitvice . The march , led by Babić and Vojislav Šešelj , was prevented from reaching the Plitvice Lakes by the JNA and forced to return to Titova Korenica . The JNA imposed a blockade of the Plitvice Lakes police station on 1 July , on the pretext that the Croatian police had abducted and imprisoned two JNA officers . By 6 July , the SAO Krajina forces and the JNA commenced attacks on the Ljubovo Pass southeast of the Plitvice Lakes , on the Titova Korenica – Gospić road , driving the Croatian National Guard back and capturing the pass by the end of the month . Throughout the summer , the JNA continued to engage Croatian forces in Lika using the units deployed to the Plitvice Lakes in April . The fighting escalated further on 30 August , when the JNA captured the Plitvice Lakes police station and the following day when the Battle of Gospić began .
Jović is largely viewed in Croatia as the first casualty of the Croatian War of Independence . A monument dedicated to him was erected in his birthplace of Aržano in 1994 . After the war , a monument was erected at the site of his death , where annual commemorations of the clash are held . The clash and Jović 's death are commemorated annually at the Plitvice Lakes .
= Silky sifaka =
The silky sifaka ( Propithecus candidus ) , or silky simpona , is a large lemur characterized by long , silky , white fur . It has a very restricted range in northeastern Madagascar , where it is known locally as the simpona . It is one of the rarest mammals on Earth , and is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as one of the world 's 25 most critically endangered primates . The silky sifaka is one of nine sifaka species ( genus Propithecus ) , and one of four former subspecies of diademed sifaka ( P. diadema ) . Studies in 2004 and 2007 compared external proportions , genetics , and cranio @-@ dental anatomy supporting full species status , which has generally been accepted .
The silky sifaka has a variable social structure , and lives in groups of two to nine individuals . It spends most of its day feeding and resting , though it also devotes a considerable amount of time to social behaviors , such as playing and grooming , as well as traveling . Females occasionally take priority over males during feeding . Like other eastern sifakas , it consumes mainly leaves and seeds , but also fruit , flowers , and even soil on occasion . It is a seasonal breeder and only mates one day a year during the start of the rainy season . As
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rosotherms ( lines of equal dew point ) are easily analyzed , either by man or machine , which can help determine location of weather fronts .
= = Sea level pressure and height of pressure surface = =
On the top right corner of the model for a surface weather map is the pressure , showing the last two integer digits of the pressure in millibars , or hectopascals , along with the first decimal . For instance , if the pressure at a certain location is 999 @.@ 7 hPa , the pressure portion of the station model will read 997 . Although the first digit or two of the pressure is left off , other nearby stations give away whether the pressure starts with a 10 or a 9 . Most of the time , choosing first digits that would lead to a value nearest to 1000 works out best . The plotting of this value within the station model allows for the analysis of isobars on weather maps . Within maps which plot data on constant pressure surfaces , the pressure is replaced with the height of the pressure surface .
= = Pressure tendency = =
Below the pressure will lie the pressure tendency figure , which indicates the pressure change over the past three hours . The number depicting the pressure change will usually have two digits and indicate the pressure change in 0 @.@ 1 millibar increments . There are nine different figures which represent the pressure change . A slant angled up and right indicates a steady rise , while a downward slant to the lower right indicates a steady fall . Steady rises can indicate improving conditions and approaching high pressure , and normally occur in the wake of a cold front . Steady falls can indicate deteriorating conditions and an approaching low pressure area , with the largest falls occurring in advance of a surface cyclone and its attendant warm front .
The time of the day must be considered , as there are two natural rises per day ( locally around 10 am and 10 pm ) and two natural falls per day ( locally around 4 am and 4 pm ) . These daily changes in pressure can mask the movement of pressure systems and fronts past a location . The lowest natural dip in the pressure , in a stagnant weather pattern , occurs around 4 pm while the highest natural peak in pressure occurs around 10 am . Once plotted on a map , the analysis of isallobars ( lines of equal pressure change ) can be plotted on a map , which can indicate the direction of motion of high and low pressures systems across the map domain .
= = Past weather = =
Station models can have past weather plotted within them , which would be located just under the pressure tendency . They indicate the type of weather experienced during the past six hours . The weather types are limited to obstructions of visibility and precipitation .
= Béla I of Hungary =
Béla I the Champion or the Wisent ( Hungarian : I. Bajnok or Bölény Béla , Slovak : Belo I. ; before 1020 – 11 September 1063 ) was King of Hungary from 1060 until his death . He descended from a younger branch of the Árpád dynasty . Béla 's baptismal name was Adalbert . He left Hungary in 1031 , together with his brothers , Levente and Andrew , after the execution of their father , Vazul . Béla settled in Poland and married Richeza ( or Adelaide ) , daughter of King Mieszko II of Poland .
He returned to his homeland upon the invitation of his brother Andrew , who had in the meantime been crowned King of Hungary . Andrew assigned the administration of the so @-@ called ducatus or " duchy " , which encompassed around one @-@ third of the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary , to Béla . The two brothers ' relationship became tense when Andrew had his own son , Solomon , crowned king , and forced Béla to publicly confirm Solomon 's right to the throne in 1057 or 1058 . Béla , assisted by his Polish relatives , rebelled against his brother and dethroned him in 1060 . He introduced monetary reform and subdued the last uprising aimed at the restoration of paganism in Hungary . Béla was fatally injured when his throne collapsed while he was sitting on it .
= = Life = =
= = = Childhood ( before 1031 ) = = =
Most Hungarian chronicles , including Simon of Kéza 's Gesta Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle , record that Béla 's father was Ladislaus the Bald , a cousin of Stephen , the first King of Hungary . However , many of the same sources add that it " is sometimes claimed " that Béla and his two brothers — Levente and Andrew — were in fact the sons of Ladislaus the Bald 's brother , Vazul . The chronicles also refer to gossip claiming that the three brothers were their father 's illegitimate sons , born to " a girl from the Tátony clan " . Modern historians , who accept the latter reports ' reliability , unanimously write that the three brothers were the sons of Vazul and his concubine .
Béla was born between 1015 and 1020 . It is debated whether Béla was a second or a third son . The former view is represented , for example , by the Polish historian Wincenty Swoboda , and the latter by the Hungarian scholars Gyula Kristó and Ferenc Makk . Kristó and Makk write that Béla 's name " most probably " derived from the Turkish adjective bujla ( " noble " ) . However , the name may also be connected to the Slavic word for white ( bjelij ) or to the Biblical name Bela .
= = = In exile ( 1031 – c . 1048 ) = = =
King Stephen 's only son who survived infancy , Emeric , died on 2 September 1031 . Thereafter , Vazul had the strongest claim to succeed the King . However , the monarch , suspecting that Vazul inclined towards paganism , favored his own sister 's son , Peter Orseolo . In order to ensure his nephew 's succession , Stephen had Vazul blinded . Béla and his two brothers fled from the kingdom .
They first settled in Bohemia , but their " condition of life was poor and mean " there . They moved to Poland , where " they received a warm reception " from King Miesz
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we hope , provincial autonomy is given to the provinces as a result of the reforms that may be granted , it should be essential that our Federation should be in a position to claim to be a truly representative body of all communities . What objection can there be to admit such Brahmins as are willing to subscribe to the aims and objects of our Federation ? It may be that the Brahmins may not join even if the ban is removed . But surely our Federation will not thereafter be open to objection on the ground that it is an exclusive organisation .
Though certain members supported the resolution , a faction in the Justice Party known as the " Ginger Group " opposed the resolution and eventually voted it down . Periyar , who was then an observer in the Justice Party , criticised Munuswamy Naidu , saying :
At a time when non @-@ Brahmins in other parties were gradually coming over to the Justice Party , being fed up with the Brahmin 's methods and ways of dealing with political questions , it was nothing short of folly to think of admitting him into the ranks of the Justice Party .
This factionism continued until 1932 when Munuswamy Naidu stepped down as the Chief Minister of Madras and the Raja of Bobbili became the chief minister .
= = Followers and influence = =
After the death of Periyar in 1973 , conferences were held throughout Tamil Nadu for a week in January 1974 . The same year Periyar 's wife , Maniyammai , the new head of the Dravidar Kazhagam , set fire to the effigies of ' Rama ' , ' Sita ' and ' Lakshmana ' at Periyar Thidal , Madras . This was in retaliation to the Ramaleela celebrations where effigies of ' Ravana ' , ' Kumbakarna ' and ' Indrajit ' were burnt in New Delhi . For this act she was imprisoned . During the 1974 May Day meetings held at different places in Tamil Nadu , a resolution urging the Government to preserve 80 percent of jobs for Tamils was passed . Soon after this , a camp was held at Periyar Mansion in Tiruchirapalli to train young men and women to spread the ideals of the Dravidar Kazhagam in rural areas .
On Periyar 's birthday on 17 September 1974 , Periyar 's Rationalist Library and Research Library and Research Institute was opened by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi . This library contained Periyar 's rationalist works , the manuscripts of Periyar and his recorded speeches . Also during the same year Periyar 's ancestral home in Erode , was dedicated as a commemoration building . On 20 February 1977 , the opening function of Periyar Building in Madras was held . At the meeting which the Managing Committee of the Dravidar Kazhagam held , there on that day , it was decided to support the candidates belonging to the Janata Party , the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) , and the Marxist Party during the General Elections .
On 16 March 1978 ,
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Works produced an internal report titled , " Progress Report No. 2 , High Stealth Conceptual Studies . " Within it was a concept study called " Little Harvey , " including Kelly Johnson 's drawing of an aircraft with smoothly blended shapes . Johnson advocated for the use of blended shapes as the best way to achieve stealth , while Ben Rich advocated for faceted angles . Rich won the argument with Johnson , a rare occurrence .
The design effort produced a number of wooden models . A 24 @-@ inch long model , made of balsa wood , demonstrated placement of internal structure and access doors . An Air & Space article noted " The model shop found it nearly impossible to make all the flat surfaces come to a single point in one corner . Engineers later encountered the same difficulty fabricating the prototype on the factory floor . " For early tests of the design , two ⅓ -scale wooden mock @-@ ups were constructed . One model , coated in metal foil , was used to verify ECHO 1 's RCS calculations , while the other was earmarked for wind tunnel tests . Afterwards , a model was moved to the Grey Butte Range radar @-@ testing facility in the Mojave Desert near Palmdale , which allowed more accurate tests of the aircraft 's RCS . In the event , the aircraft 's RCS level confirmed ECHO 1 's predictions . This meant Ben Rich won a quarter from Johnson , who previously insisted that the D @-@ 21 had less RCS than Have Blue .
= = = Experimental Survivable Testbed = = =
In the summer of 1975 , DARPA informally invited Lockheed , Northrop and McDonnell Douglas to develop an aircraft under the name " Experimental Survivable Testbed " ( XST ) . McDonnell Douglas , having identified the thresholds at which aircraft were deemed undetectable , was unable to design and produce such an aircraft . Phase 1 of XST would see both Lockheed and Northrop build full @-@ scale models to test their RCS , construct flyable vehicles , and wind @-@ tunnel test their designs . Following Phase 1 , a sole contractor would be selected to continue with the construction and flight testing of two demonstrators as part of Phase 2 . Northrop 's and Lockheed 's designs were generally similar , though the former 's submission featured more angular and flat surfaces . The company used " GENSCAT " , software similar to ECHO 1 , to calculate the RCS of its designs .
On 1 November 1975 , Lockheed and Northrop were each awarded $ 1 @.@ 5 @-@ million contracts to proceed with Phase 1 of XST . During a four @-@ month period , the two companies were each required to construct full @-@ scale wooden mock @-@ ups , which would then be evaluated at the USAF 's Radar Target Scatter ( RATSCAT ) test facility at White Sands , New Mexico . To test the design 's radar returns , Lockheed erected a $ 187 @,@ 000 specially built pole upon which the model would be perched . In March 1976 , a Lockheed model was transferred to the range before being tested ; the following month Lockheed was pronounced the winner because the Northrop XST had a much higher side hemisphere RCS . DARPA , having realized the progress accumulated throughout the study , urged the Northrop team to remain together . The agency would later initiate the Battlefield Surveillance Aircraft @-@ Experimental ( BSAX ) , which evolved into the Tacit Blue and , ultimately , the B @-@ 2 bomber .
= = = Construction and further tests = = =
Skunk Works now had to design , construct and flight test two manned demonstrators as part of Phase 2 , or Have Blue . To build the demonstrators , Ben Rich had to raise $ 10 @.@ 4 million from the Lockheed management , which was secured by June . Phase 2 encompassed three main objectives , which were the validation of : reduced visibility in the radio wave , infrared , and visual spectrums and reduced acoustical observability ; acceptable flying qualities ; and the " modeling capabilities that accurately predict low observable characteristics of an aircraft in flight " .
Construction of both Have Blue demonstrators used leftover tools from the C @-@ 5 program . Final assembly of HB1001 was originally scheduled to end in August 1977 , before being ground tested until mid @-@ October . The secret roll @-@ out was envisaged to occur on 23 October , after which the aircraft would be dismantled and flown to the test area . On 1 September , however , with HB1001 partially complete , Lockheed machinists went on a four @-@ month strike . A group of managers instead took over the job of assembly , which was completed in six weeks , with ground tests beginning on 17 October .
While superficially similar to the later F @-@ 117 , the Have Blue prototypes were smaller aircraft , about one quarter the weight of the F @-@ 117 , with a wing sweep of 72 @.@ 5 ° and inward @-@ canted vertical tails ( inverse V @-@ tail ) . Radar @-@ absorbent material ( RAM ) , developed in a Lockheed laboratory , were applied to the aircraft 's flat surfaces – for the windscreen , special coatings were applied to give them metallic characteristics . The aircraft 's gross weight of 9 @,@ 200 – 12 @,@ 500 lb ( 4 @,@ 173 – 5 @,@ 669 kg ) enabled the aircraft to use the landing gear from the Northrop F @-@ 5 fighter . The aircraft 's powerplants were two 2 @,@ 950 @-@ pound @-@ force ( 13 @.@ 1 kN ) General Electric J85 @-@ GE @-@ 4As of the T @-@ 2B Buckeye . Because stealth took precedence above all else , the aircraft was inherently unstable . As a result , a quadruple redundant fly @-@ by @-@ wire ( FBW ) flight control system was integrated into the aircraft to give it normal flying characteristics . The flight control system was borrowed from the F @-@ 16 . The overwing engine inlet was covered by a low @-@ RCS grid ; during takeoffs , when more air is needed , blow @-@ in doors were constructed at the upper fuselage to admit additional airflow .
Throughout the one and a half months after the start of ground tests , HB1001 , the first of two demonstrators , underwent tests in preparations for the first flight . Flight instrumentation was checked first , followed by a thorough shakedown of the aircraft . In early November , two semi @-@ trailers were parked parallel to each other outside Building 82 ; a camouflage net was thrown over the top to cover the demonstrator during outdoor engine runs . During the engine tests , a local resident complained about the noise , but Have Blue retained its secrecy . HB1001 received a layer of iron @-@ coat paint ; during the weekend of 12 – 13 November , the aircraft received a camouflage scheme devised by Alan Brown , Have Blue 's chief technical engineer . The scheme , consisting of three colors , each with three tones , was used to deceive any casual onlooker from recognizing the design 's characteristic faceting . The aircraft was disassembled and loaded onto a C @-@ 5 – on 16 November , the aircraft was flown from Burbank Airport ( since renamed Bob Hope Airport ) to Area 51 at Groom Lake , Nevada . Upon touchdown , the aircraft was reassembled before undergoing another round of testing prior to the first flight . After four taxi tests , HB1001 was ready for test flights .
= = Operational history = =
= = = HB1001 = = =
HB1001 made its first flight on 1 December 1977 at the hands of Lockheed test pilot , Bill Park . He would fly the next four sorties , all chased by a T @-@ 38 piloted by Major ( later Lieutenant Colonel ) Ken Dyson . Dyson , an F @-@ 15 Eagle pilot , was previously approached by United States Air Force personnel about the project in 1976 . He made his first flight on HB1001 on 17 January 1978 , chased by Park . In fact , the two would be the only test pilots of Have Blue , alternating between the demonstrator and the chase plane . Flight test results allowed engineers to refine the FBW system . At the same time , they verified predictions made earlier by aerodynamic engineers on the aircraft 's behavior .
Flight tests proceeded fairly smoothly until 4 May 1978 , when HB1001 was making its 36th flight . The aircraft pitched up just as it made contact with the ground which forced the pilot , Bill Park , to abort the landing and make a second attempt . The impact had however
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an experience when she saw a boy dancing , and thought he was performing before a mirror , but realized he was dancing with another person . The music video premiered on Total Request Live on February 28 , 2007 .
The first half of the video features Beyoncé and Shakira in separate scenes . It begins with the women 's faces masked by smoke . As the video progresses they are featured against several different backgrounds , including dawn ( Beyoncé ) and dusk ( Shakira ) ; sheets blown in the wind ; bamboo covered with yellow orchids ; a room with blue neon lighting and Avestan writing on the walls ; and a background of stormy weather . Slow dance moves and belly dancing , during a breakdown after the bridge , are featured throughout the video . The women wear matching hairstyles and black outfits for the entirety of the video .
Alex Denney of Yahoo ! Music wrote that the dance moves of Beyoncé and Shakira in the video were convincing and erotic " without reaching the point of tackiness . " He added that the music video " is a real treat for men and women alike . The catchy beat and their lithe , sexy dance just provides an amazing entertaining video . " Nick Levine of Digital Spy praised the " gratuitous belly @-@ wiggling " choreography in the video . James Montgomery of MTV News noted that the music video " is enough to give you whiplash " due to Beyoncé 's and Shakira 's dance abilities . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the scene during the bridge of the song , where Beyoncé and Shakira " begin mirroring each other 's movements " . Anna Pickard of The Guardian praised the clothes of the singers , saying that they matched their " mighty curves " , but criticized Beyoncé 's dancing throughout the video . Erin Strecker of Billboard noted how the clip " taught us all just how perfectly seductive the two could be " . " Beautiful Liar " was nominated for the Video Of The Year award at the 2007 BET Awards , but another Beyoncé video , " Irreplaceable " won it . At the 2007 MTV Video Music Award , it won the Most Earthshattering Collaboration , a new category in the awards show that year . Beyoncé received the award alone because Shakira was in Canada during the ceremonies .
= = Live performances = =
Beyoncé has never performed " Beautiful Liar " together with Shakira and the latter never performed the song live . Beyoncé 's first and only televised performance of
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$ 20 @,@ 000 bail . Both hired lawyers : Powell was represented by Hugh Calais Macdonald , while Unwin retained one R. Jackson . George Steer acted for the prosecution .
On October 27 , both men appeared before police magistrate A. H. Gibson for their preliminary hearings on the criminal libel charge ( the counselling to murder charge had been dropped ) . Unwin opted for a jury trial , while Powell elected to be tried by a judge alone . Unwin 's trial proceeded first , on November 12 . He testified that he had ordered the pamphlets , which were paid for by the government , and then circulated them as a publication of the " United Democrats " , a fictitious organization that listed its address as that of Unwin 's home . According to Unwin , the leaflet 's text , minus the named individuals , had been provided to him by Powell , he had sent it to the printer 's in exactly that form , and he was surprised to see the list of names in the final version . Though his testimony was vague and apparently evasive , he admitted to destroying 4 @,@ 000 copies of the leaflet on the day of the police raid . He was convicted and Ives , dismissing his role in the affair as that of an " errand boy " , sentenced him to three months hard labour .
Powell 's trial proceeded immediately after Unwin 's , and his testimony contradicted much of what Unwin had said . Powell claimed that Unwin had put the list of names on the pamphlet , and that Powell had expected that it would list organizations rather than individuals . Ives found Unwin 's testimony more credible , convicted Powell on November 15 , and sentenced him to six months hard labour . He also recommended that he be deported to his native United Kingdom following his sentence . Appeals by both men against conviction and sentence were unsuccessful .
= = Aftermath = =
The case attracted considerable media attention and mixed reactions . A Toronto spokesman for the Communist Party of Canada protested the arrests and called for a " united front " against the People 's League . Aberhart maintained that the men had been jailed on the basis of some harmless political humour , and encouraged the federal government to grant them clemency ; Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King responded that to do so would be to engage in " direct interference by the federal executive with the free and proper functioning of our courts " . Every night , some Social Crediters drove to the Fort Saskatchewan Penitentiary , where the men were being held , to show their support . On February 11 , 1938 , the legislature passed a resolution calling for the men 's release .
Douglas reacted to his deputy 's arrest with anger , telling reporters that " whoever is instigating the proceedings is asking for a great deal of trouble , and is likely to get it . " On December 10 , 1937 , he wrote King to tell him that he had been invited to come to Alberta to provide advice , and asked if he would be risking arrest and deportation if he did so . King responded that as long as Douglas , unlike Powell , refrained from running afoul of the Criminal Code , he had nothing to fear .
At the end of Unwin 's sentence , the Social Credit members of the legislature celebrated with a snake dance . Powell was released early , on March 21 , 1938 , in an attempt by King to bolster his Liberals ' chances in a by @-@ election in Edmonton East the same day ; the by @-@ election was won by Social Crediter Orvis A. Kennedy , and a jubilant celebration followed . Once again , the Communists expressed solidarity with the Social Crediters , with Jan Lakeman thanking the voters for giving " an overwhelming defeat to the forces of reaction " . Powell left Canada immediately upon his release , but not before being paid $ 4 @,@ 000 by the Alberta government as thanks for his services .
On August 18 , 1938 , police magistrate A. H. Gibson , who had presided over the prosecution of Unwin and Powell , was dismissed without cause by provincial Order in Council . Gibson believed that his dismissal was due to " the government 's resentment over my action in the Powell @-@ Unwin case and the fact that they hold me more or less to blame for the fact that the accused men were sent to jail . " Aberhart 's Social Crediters were re @-@ elected with a reduced majority in the 1940 provincial election ; Aberhart remained premier until his 1943 death . Unwin was defeated in 1940 by Labour candidate Angus James Morrison . Though he lived until January 4 , 1987 , Unwin remains most remembered for his involvement in the Bankers ' Toadies incident .
= Hôtel d 'Alluye =
The Hôtel d 'Alluye is a hôtel particulier in Blois , Loir @-@ et @-@ Cher , France . Built for Florimond Robertet when he was secretary and notary to Louis XII , the residence bears the name of his barony of Alluyes . On Rue Saint @-@ Honoré near Blois Cathedral and the Château
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stacked sprites to make them recognizable .
Although Gilbert wrote much of the foundational code for Maniac Mansion , the majority of the game 's events were programmed by Lucasfilm employee David Fox . Fox was between projects and planned to work on the game only for a month , but he remained with the team for six months . With Gilbert , he wrote the characters ' dialog and choreographed the action . Winnick 's concept art inspired him to add new elements to the game : for example , Fox allowed the player to place a hamster inside the kitchen 's microwave .
The team wanted to avoid punishing the player for applying everyday logic in Maniac Mansion . Fox noted that one Sierra game features a scene in which the player , without prior warning , may encounter a game over screen simply by picking up a shard of glass . He characterized such game design as " sadistic " , and he commented , " I know that in the real world I can successfully pick up a broken piece of mirror without dying " . Because of the project 's nonlinear puzzle design , the team struggled to prevent no @-@ win scenarios , in which the player unexpectedly became unable to complete the game . As a result of this problem , Gilbert later explained , " We were constantly fighting against the desire just to rip out all the endings and just go with three characters , or even sometimes just one character " . Lucasfilm Games had only one playtester , and many dead @-@ ends went undetected as a result . Further playtesting was provided by Gilbert 's uncle , to whom Gilbert mailed a floppy disk of the game 's latest version each week .
The Maniac Mansion team wanted to retain the structure of a text @-@ based adventure game , but without the standard command @-@ line interface . Gilbert and Winnick were frustrated by the genre 's text parsers and frequent game over screens . While in college , Gilbert had enjoyed Colossal Cave Adventure and the games of Infocom , but he disliked their lack of visuals . He found the inclusion of graphics in Sierra On @-@ Line games , such as King 's Quest , to be a step in the right direction . However , these games still require the player to type , and to guess which commands must be input . In response , Gilbert programmed a point @-@ and @-@ click graphical user interface that displays every possible command . Fox had made a similar attempt to streamline Lucasfilm 's earlier Labyrinth : The Computer Game , and he conceived the entirety of Maniac Mansion 's interface , according to Gilbert . Forty input commands were planned at first , but the number was gradually reduced to 12 . Gilbert finished the Maniac Mansion engine — which he later named " Script Creation Utility for Maniac Mansion " ( SCUMM ) — after roughly one year of work . Although the game was designed for the Commodore 64 , the SCUMM engine allowed it to be ported easily to other platforms .
After 18 to 24 months of development , Maniac Mansion debuted at the 1987 Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago . The game was released for the Commodore 64 and Apple II in October 1987 . While previous Lucasfilm Games products had been published by outside companies , Maniac Mansion was self @-@ published . This became a trend at Lucasfilm . The company hired Ken Macklin , an acquaintance of Winnick 's , to design the game 's packaging artwork . Gilbert and Winnick collaborated with the marketing department to design the back cover . The two also created an insert that includes hints , a backstory and jokes . An MS @-@ DOS port was released in early 1988 , developed in part by Lucasfilm employees Aric Wilmunder and Brad Taylor . Ports for the Amiga , Atari ST and Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) followed , with the Amiga and Atari ST ports in 1989 and the NES port in 1990 . The 16 @-@ bit versions of Maniac Mansion featured a copy protection system requiring the user to enter graphical symbols out of a code book include with the game . This was not present in the Commodore 64 and Apple versions due to lack of disk space , so those instead used an on @-@ disk copy protection .
= = Nintendo Entertainment System version = =
There were two separate versions of the game developed for the NES . The first port was handled and published by Jaleco only in Japan . Released in 1989 it featured characters redrawn in a cute art style and generally shrunken rooms . No scrolling is present , leading to rooms larger than a single screen to be displayed via flip @-@ screens . Many of the background details are missing , and instead of a save feature an over 100 character long password is required to save progress . In September 1990 Jaleco released an American version of Maniac Mansion as the first NES title developed by Lucasfilm Games in cooperation with Realtime Associates . Generally , this port is regarded as being far closer to the original game than the Japanese effort . Company management was occupied with other projects , and so the port received little attention until employee Douglas Crockford volunteered to direct it . The team used a modified version of the SCUMM engine called " NES SCUMM " for the port . According to Crockford , " [ One ] of the main differences between the NES and PCs is that the NES can do certain things much faster " . The graphics had to be entirely redrawn to match the NES 's display resolution . Tim Schafer , who later designed Maniac Mansion 's sequel Day of the Tentacle , received his first professional credit as a playtester for the NES version of Maniac Mansion .
During Maniac Mansion 's development for the Commodore 64 , Lucasfilm had censored profanity in the script : for instance , the early line of dialogue " Don 't be a shit head " became " Don 't be a tuna head " . However , additional content was removed from the NES version to make it suitable for a younger audience , and to conform with Nintendo 's policies . Jaleco USA president Howie Rubin warned Crockford about content to which Nintendo might object , such as the word " kill " . After reading the NES Game Standards Policy for
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franne ( Grisélidis ) , and Vanni Marcoux ( Panurge ) . Complete French recordings of Manon and Werther , conducted by Élie Cohen , were issued in 1932 and 1933 and have been republished on CD . The critic Alan Blyth comments that they embody the original , intimate Opéra @-@ Comique style of performing Massenet .
Of Massenet 's operas , the two best known , Manon and Werther , have been recorded many times , and studio or live recordings have been issued of many of the others , including Cendrillon , Le Cid , Don Quichotte , Esclarmonde , Hérodiade , Le jongleur de Notre @-@ Dame , Le mage , La Navarraise and Thaïs . Conductors on these discs include Sir Thomas Beecham , Richard Bonynge , Riccardo Chailly , Sir Colin Davis , Patrick Fournillier , Sir Charles Mackerras , Pierre Monteux , Sir Antonio Pappano and Michel Plasson . Among the sopranos and mezzos are Dame Janet Baker , Victoria de los Ángeles , Natalie Dessay , Renée Fleming , Angela Gheorghiu and Dame Joan Sutherland . Leading men in recordings of Massenet operas include Roberto Alagna , Gabriel Bacquier , Plácido Domingo , Thomas Hampson , José van Dam , Alain Vanzo and Rolando Villazón .
In addition to the operas , recordings have been issued of several orchestral works , including the ballet Le carillon , the piano concerto in E ♭ , the Fantaisie for cello and orchestra , and orchestral suites . Many individual mélodies by Massenet were included in mixed recitals on record during the 20th century , and more have been committed to disc since then , including , for the first time , a CD in 2012 , exclusively devoted to his songs for soprano and piano .
= = Reputation = =
By the time of the composer 's death in 1912 his reputation had declined , especially outside his native country . In the second edition ( 1907 ) of Grove , J A Fuller Maitland accused the composer of pandering to the fashionable Parisian taste of the moment , and disguising a uniformly " weak and sugary " style with superficial effects . Fuller Maitland contended that to discerning music lovers such as himself the operas of Massenet were " inexpressibly monotonous " , and he predicted that they would all be forgotten after the composer 's death . Similar views were expressed in an obituary in The Musical Times
His early scores are , for the greater part , his best ... Later , and for the plain reason that he never
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begin and was detained for several hours . This ended his active role in the strike . Notwithstanding his extreme left @-@ wing associations , he secured 75 votes ( against the winner 's 152 ) in the 1927 elections for the presidency of the Oxford Union .
Throughout his time at Oxford , Driberg followed his passion for Anglican rituals by regularly attending Mass at Pusey House , an independent religious institution with a mission to " [ restore ] the Church of England 's Catholic life and witness " . In spite of the prevalent Oxford homoerotic ethos , his sexual energies were largely devoted to casual encounters with working @-@ class men , rather than to relationships with his fellow undergraduates . He experienced sexual relations with only one don , whom he met outside the university , unaware of the latter 's identity .
One of Driberg 's elaborate hoaxes was a concert called " Homage to Beethoven " , which featured megaphones , typewriters and a flushing lavatory . Newspaper accounts of this event raised the interest of the occultist Aleister Crowley . Driberg accepted an invitation to lunch with Crowley for the first of several meetings between them , at one of which Crowley nominated Driberg as his successor as World Teacher . Nothing came of the proposal , though the two continued to meet ; Driberg received from Crowley manuscripts and books that he later sold for sizeable sums . The consequence of these various extracurricular involvements was neglect of his academic work ; failure in his final examinations was inevitable , and in the summer of 1927 he left Oxford without a degree .
= = Daily Express columnist = =
= = = " The Talk of London " = = =
After leaving Oxford , Driberg lived precariously in London , attempting to establish himself as a poet while doing odd jobs and pawning his few valuables . Occasionally he had chance encounters with Oxford acquaintances ; Evelyn Waugh 's diary entry for 30 October 1927 records : " I went to church in Margaret Street where I was discomposed to observe Tom Driberg 's satanic face in the congregation " . Driberg had maintained his contact with Edith Sitwell , and attended regular literary tea parties at her Bayswater flat . When Sitwell discovered her protégé 's impoverished circumstances she arranged an interview for him with the Daily Express . After his submission of an article on London 's nightlife , he was engaged in January 1928 for a six @-@ week trial as a reporter ; coincidentally , Waugh had undergone an unsuccessful trial with the same newspaper a few months earlier .
Within a month of beginning his duties , Driberg achieved a scoop with the first national newspaper reports of the activities in Oxford of the American evangelist Frank Buchman , whose movement would in time be known as Moral Re @-@ Armament . Driberg 's reports were generally abrasive , even
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0 : US 24 from the state line north to Dearborn , US 112 between Dearborn and Detroit , US 10 from Detroit to Saginaw , and US 23 from Saginaw to Mackinaw City . At the time , no M @-@ 10 designation was reassigned to any other roads .
The second iteration of M @-@ 10 was designated in 1929 on a much shorter segment of the original M @-@ 10 through the Flint area , serving as a business connection for the city as the through route , US 10 , bypassed it on the east . It was later redesignated as Business US 10 ( Bus . US 10 ) in 1941 , and then as Bus . M @-@ 54 in 1962 before being turned back to local control in 1974 .
= = = Current designation = = =
During the 1950s , the Lodge Freeway was proposed to run from Detroit as far as the Fenton – Clio Expressway ( US 23 ) at Fenton . The intersection with the Edsel Ford Freeway , next to Wayne State University was built in 1953 and was the first full freeway @-@ to @-@ freeway interchange built in the United States . The freeway was dedicated on November 7 , 1957 , and opened without any state trunkline designation between downtown and the Wyoming Curve . The section from the Edsel Ford Freeway ( now I @-@ 94 ) into downtown Detroit was designated as US 12 by the middle of 1960 .
The freeway was then redesignated Business Spur I @-@ 696 ( BS I @-@ 696 ) in 1962 , and the next year the freeway was extended northwesterly along James Couzens Highway and Northwestern Highway into Southfield , connecting with the completed first phase of I @-@ 696 that opened in 1963 @-@ 64 . That designation remained until 1970 when US 10 was shifted off Woodward Avenue to follow the Lodge Freeway between downtown Detroit and Telegraph Road , replacing the BS I @-@ 696 designation .
An extension to the Northwestern Highway was again proposed in 1966 to connect with the proposed I @-@ 275 extension . The I @-@ 275 project was then cancelled in 1977 . The section of Northwestern Highway under state control between the West Bloomfield Township – Farmington Hills border into Southfield was numbered M @-@ 4 in 1979 .
The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) petitioned the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in the mid @-@ 1980s to truncate US 10 to Bay City . The request was approved on October 11 , 1985 , and the signage was changed the next year . After the change , the Lodge Freeway was redesignated M @-@ 10 . The non @-@ freeway Northwestern Highway , until then designated M @-@ 4 , was also renumbered as M @-@ 10 . The southernmost portion of the Lodge Freeway was also initially redesignated as a portion of BS I @-@ 375 from I @-@ 75 south . By the next year however , the southern end of M @-@ 10 was moved to the corner of Jefferson and Randolph , placing all of the Lodge Freeway as part of M @-@ 10 .
From 2006 to 2007 , the Lodge underwent major reconstruction to ease traffic congestion in the metro area , temporarily closing down much
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the publicity .
Suriname @-@ born Milton Kam , who had shot 10 feature films and more than 50 short films , was chosen as the director of photography . Since Domalpalli 's experience was limited to short video films with a different aspect ratio , he was shocked to look through the Super 16mm lens the day they commenced the shoot . However , Kam helped him to stay composed during the production .
Domalpalli used Carnatic music for the background score . This featured the violin @-@ playing of B. S. Narayanan , a student of renowned Carnatic violinist T. N. Krishnan . Narayanan played the popular Jayadeva Ashtapadi " Sa virahe " , having retuned it in the mode or rāga known as " Behag " .
Domalpalli used " janapada geetalu " in the film ; folk songs that are rarely heard . To record these songs for the film , Domalpalli and his crew traveled to towns and villages in rural Andhra .
= = Release and reception = =
The film was released in the United States on 31 August 2007 . After being screened at over 100 film festivals in 49 countries , Vanaja has won 24 international awards and 2 nominations . The Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) , the body that governs the Oscars , invited the screenplay to be placed in the permanent archives of the Margaret Herrick Library . The DVD , which released on 8 March 2008 , has subtitle options in English . Besides interviews with Domalpalli and Bhukya , unedited dance sequences and several short films of Domalpalli , the DVD is available in 16 : 9 Anamorphic widescreen , Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 Surround , widescreen and NTSC format . While reviewing it , Jeffrey Kauffman from DVD Talk observed that though most of the film was made using natural lighting situations , the color and saturation quality was excellent . Further , the reviewer was quite favourable about the use of exotic sounds right from birds to the instruments .
= = = Special screenings and awards = = =
On 11 September 2006 , Vanaja first premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival . The same year , it won an Honorable Mention for the Golden Starfish Award at the Hamptons International Film Festival . It won the Best Narrative Film award at the Indo @-@ American Arts Council Film Festival . Following that , it was showcased at the International Film Festival of India and the International Film Festival of Kerala by the end of 2006 .
At the film 's screening at the 2007 Berlin Film Festival , it won a standing ovation from the audience , bringing Mamatha Bhukya to tears and emotionally affecting Rajnesh Domalpalli . The film won the Best First Feature award at this festival . The same year , Vanaja received a special international jury prize at the Cairo International Film Festival , Best Feature at the Memphis International Film Festival , Best International Film at the Sacramento International Film Festival , and a Platinum award at the WorldFest @-@ Houston International Film Festival . It received a special mention for the grand jury prize at the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles , the Miloš Macourek Award in special recognition for a feature film for youth at the Zlín International Film Festival , an Achievement Award at the Newport Beach Film Festival , and a special jury prize for Best Production Design at the RiverRun International Film Festival . It won the prize for Best Cinematography at the Rhode Island International Film Festival , the first prize in the live @-@ action feature film category at the Chicago International Children 's Film Festival , and the Camério Meilleur Long Métrage / Starlink Aviation award at the Carrousel international du film de Rimouski . In addition , the film won also won an award for the best live @-@ action film at the International Young Audience Film Festival . Bhukya won the best actress award at the Asian Festival of First Films . It was chosen as one of 13 " key films " when the Locarno International Film Festival focused on India in 2011 .
= = = Reviews = = =
The film received an overall positive response from critics and was particularly noted for the theme and for Mamatha Bhukya 's performance . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 85 % based on 26 critic reviews with an average rating of 7 / 10 . Roger Ebert described Bhukya as " a natural star , her eyes and smile illuminating a face of freshness and delight . " Writing about Vanaja , he added that " there are the glorious colors of saris and room decorations , the dazzle of dance costumes and the dusty landscape that somehow becomes a watercolor by Edward Lear , with its hills and vistas , its oxen and elephants , its houses that seem part of the land . In this setting , Domalpalli tells his story with tender precision , and never an awkward moment . " Ebert listed it among the top five foreign films of 2007 . According to Laura Kern from The New York Times , the film " is a coming @-@ of @-@ age tale that is engrossing , if slightly overlong , and absolutely timeless , unfolding against an antiquated class system that sadly stands firm in rural areas of India to this day . "
A review in Variety called it " a film that touches the heartstrings as it brings home the cruel class distinctions that poison Indian societ , " and said it " is more than a children 's film , despite revolving around a central character of 14 . Its social message , linked to the story of a poor farm girl who aspires to be a dancer , never feels forced , and the moral issues it depicts are realistically complex . " Commenting on its commercial feasibility , the review concluded that " while that might not translate into obvious box office potential , art house appeal is there for distributors willing to seek out a market . " The Chicago Tribune wrote :
It 's a touching , believable , often funny but ultimately sad tale of how one class can take advantage of another , even in the guise of patronizing benevolence . Though sometimes shifting abruptly in time , Vanaja is an arresting story of modern @-@ day hardship and class exploitation , recalling Charles Dickens as well as Western fairy @-@ tale lore . Domalpalli 's settings are ultra @-@ real in detail and color , from the crude , almost feudal deprivations of Vanaja 's dirt @-@ floor background to the stately rituals and autocratic entitlement of the well @-@ to @-@ do .
Speaking of Bhukya 's performance , the San Francisco Chronicle writes , " Bhukya delivers an entrancing and natural performance , deftly balancing both the wide @-@ eyed childishness of a young girl with the dawning awareness of life 's darker possibilities . She 's also an accomplished dancer , which she proves at several points in the film . " It adds , " can this wonder @-@ filled film truly be not only Domalpalli 's first feature , but originally part of a thesis submission at Columbia University ? Both in the film 's writing and direction , Domalpalli displays
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relay , called " Share the Flame " , also saw the torch travel by boat , snowmobile and dogsled .
The relay was subject to peaceful protests by members and supporters of the Lubicon Cree First Nation at several stops in Ontario and Alberta in protest of ongoing land claim disputes between the band and the Crown , as well as discontent over an exhibit at Calgary 's Glenbow Museum called " The Spirit Sings " that featured numerous artifacts stolen from native land .
The identity of the final torchbearer who would light the Olympic cauldron was one of OCO ' 88 's most closely guarded secrets . The relay began at St. John 's with Barbara Ann Scott and Fred Hayward representing Canada 's past Olympians , and ended with Ken Read and Cathy Priestner carrying the torch into McMahon Stadium representing the nation 's current Olympians . They then handed the torch to 12 @-@ year @-@ old Robyn Perry , an aspiring figure skater who was selected to represent future Olympians , to light the cauldron . The choice of Perry was an unusual departure from most Games as the cauldron has typically been lit by a famous individual or group from the host nation .
Constructed of maple and aluminum , the torch was designed to remain lit despite the sometimes adverse conditions of Canadian winters . It was modeled after the Calgary Tower , constructed entirely of Canadian materials and designed to be light enough for the relay runners to carry comfortably . The Calgary Tower itself was retrofitted to install a cauldron at its peak and was lit for the duration of the Games , one of several " replica cauldrons " constructed at Olympic venues throughout Calgary and Canmore .
= = Event highlights = =
There were 46 events contested in 6 sports ( 10 disciplines ) .
The 1988 Winter Games began on February 13 with a $ 10 million opening ceremony that featured 5 @,@ 500 performers , an aerial flyover by the Royal Canadian Air Force 's Snowbirds , the parade of nations and the release of 1 @,@ 000 homing pigeons . Canadian composer David Foster performed the instrumental theme song ( " Winter Games " ) and its vocal counterpart ( " Can 't You Feel It ? " ) , while internationally recognized Canadian folk / country musicians Gordon Lightfoot and Ian Tyson were among the featured performers . Governor General Jeanne Sauvé opened the Games on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II as an estimated 1 @.@ 5 billion people watched the ceremony .
The weather was a dominant story throughout much of the Games , as strong chinook winds that brought daily temperatures as high as 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) wreaked havoc on the schedules for outdoor events . Events were delayed when winds were deemed unsafe for competitors and organizers used artificial snow making equipment to ensure skiing venues were properly prepared . It was the first time in Olympic history that alpine events were held on artificial snow . The Games were also marred by the death of the Austrian ski team 's doctor , Joerg Oberhammer , on February 25 after a collision with another skier sent him crashing into a snow grooming machine at Nakiska , crushing and killing him instantly . The incident was ruled an accident .
The top individual competitors at the Olympics were Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen and Dutch speed skater Yvonne van Gennip as they each won three gold medals . Italy 's Alberto Tomba won gold in two skiing events , his first of five career Olympic medals en route to becoming the first alpine skier to win medals at three Winter Games . East Germany 's Katarina Witt defended her 1984 gold medal in women 's figure skating , capturing a second gold in Calgary . Her compatriot Christa Rothenburger won the gold medal in the 1000 metre race in speed skating , then went on to win a silver medal in the team sprint cycling event at the 1988 Summer Games to become the only person in Olympic history to win medals at both Olympic Games in the same year . The Soviet Union won gold in hockey as Scandinavian neighbours Finland and Sweden took silver and bronze , respectively .
As it had in 1976 , Canada again failed to win an official gold medal as the host of an Olympic Games . Canadians won two gold medals in demonstration events , including by Sylvie Daigle as one of her five medals in short @-@ track speed skating . Canada 's top official performances came in figure skating where Brian Orser and Elizabeth Manley each won silver medals . Promoted by the media as the " Battle of the Brians " , the competition between Orser and American rival Brian Boitano was the marquee event of the Games . Boitano won the gold medal over Orser by only one @-@ tenth of a point . Manley was not viewed as a medal contender , but skated the greatest performance of her career to come within a fraction of Witt 's gold medal winning score .
American speed skater Dan Jansen 's personal tragedy was one of the more poignant events of the Games as he skated the 500 metre race mere hours after his sister Jane died of leukemia . A gold medal favourite , Jansen chose to compete as he felt it is what his sister would have wanted . Viewers around the world witnessed his heartbreak as he fell and crashed into the outer wall in the first quarter of his heat . In the 1000 metre race four days later , Jansen was on a world record pace when he again fell . After failing again in Albertville , Jansen finally won a gold medal at the 1994 Lillehamer Games .
One of the most popular athletes from the games was British ski jumper Eddie " The Eagle " Edwards , who gained infamy by placing last in both the 70 and 90 metre events finishing 70 and 53 points behind his next closest competitor , respectively . Edwards ' " heroic failure " made him an instant celebrity ; he went from earning £ 6 @,@ 000 per year as a plasterer before the Games to making £ 10 @,@ 000
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Dream Theater performed two shows on consecutive nights both in Amsterdam and London . On the second night in both cities , the band covered the entirety of Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon album . Theresa Thomason , who had previously performed on Scenes From a Memory , was flown in to perform vocals on " The Great Gig in the Sky " . The London performance was released as a live album and concert video in 2006 by Portnoy 's YtseJam Records . The band covered all of Deep Purple 's Made in Japan at concerts in Tokyo and Osaka ; a recording of which was also released as a live album by YtseJam Records in 2007 .
To celebrate the band 's twentieth anniversary , the final concert on the tour was performed at Radio City Music Hall in New York on April 1 , 2006 . For the second half of the concert , the band was accompanied by a thirty @-@ piece orchestra conducted by Jamshied Sharifi . The concert was filmed and released as a live album and concert video named Score on August 29 , 2006 by Rhino Records .
= = Track listing = =
All music composed by Dream Theater .
= = Chart positions = =
= = Personnel = =
Additional personnel
= Peniophora quercina =
Peniophora quercina is a species of wood @-@ decay fungus in the family Peniophoraceae . The species produces fruit bodies which vary in appearance depending on whether they are wet or dry . The wet fruit bodies are waxy and lilac , and attached strongly to the wood . When dry , the edges curl up and reveal the dark underside , while the surface becomes crusty and pink . P. quercina is the type species of Peniophora , and was moved to the genus upon its creation by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke . The species is found primarily in Europe , where it can be encountered all year . Though primarily growing upon dead wood , especially oak , it is also capable of growing upon still @-@ living wood .
= = Taxonomy = =
Early descriptions of the species came from Carl Ludwig Willdenow , who named it Lichen carneus in 1787 , and Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard , who , in 1790 , named it Auricularia corticalis . However , the sanctioned name is Thelephora quercina , given by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801 , and sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries in the first volume of his Systema Mycologicum . The specific name quercina is in reference to Quercus , the generic name for oak . A number of authors ( including Jean @-@ Baptiste Lamarck , Lucien Quélet and Giacomo Bresadola ) reclassified Bulliard 's Auricularia corticalis throughout the 19th century , while Persoon 's Thelephora quercina was reclassified by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821 , who placed it in Corticium as Corticium quercinum . However , in 1879 , Mordecai Cubitt Cooke transferred the species to his newly described genus Peniophora , declaring it the type species . Despite subsequent attempts at reclassification , Cooke 's name is the one currently used .
= = Description = =
Peniophora quercina produces resupinate fruit bodies which vary in appearance depending on whether they are wet or dry . They are up to 0 @.@
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stanza 18 of Vafþrúðnismál ( the latter relating information about the battlefield Vígríðr ) .
= = = = Gylfaginning chapters 52 and 53 = = = =
At the beginning of chapter 52 , Gangleri asks " what will be after heaven and earth and the whole world are burned ? All the gods will be dead , together with the Einherjar and the whole of mankind . Didn 't you say earlier that each person will live in some world throughout all ages ? "
The figure of Third , seated on the highest throne in the hall , responds that there will be many good places to live , but also many bad ones . Third states that the best place to be is Gimlé in the heavens , where a place exists called Okolnir that houses a hall called Brimir — where one can find plenty to drink . Third describes a hall made of red gold located in Niðafjöll called Sindri , where " good and virtuous men will live . " Third further relates an unnamed hall in Náströnd , the beaches of the dead , that he describes as a large repugnant hall facing north that is built from the spines of snakes , and resembles " a house with walls woven from branches ; " the heads of the snakes face the inside of the house and spew so much venom that rivers of it flow throughout the hall , in which oath breakers and murderers must wade . Third here quotes Völuspá stanzas 38 to 39 , with the insertion of original prose stating that the worst place of all to be is in Hvergelmir , followed by a quote from Völuspá to highlight that the dragon Níðhöggr harasses the corpses of the dead there .
Chapter 53 begins with Gangleri asking if any of the gods will survive , and if there will be anything left of the earth or the sky . High responds that the earth will appear once more from the sea , beautiful and green , where self @-@ sown crops grow . The field Iðavöllr exists where Asgard once was , and , there , untouched by Surtr 's flames , Víðarr and Váli reside . Now possessing their father 's hammer Mjölnir , Thor 's sons Móði and Magni will meet them there , and , coming from Hel , Baldr and Höðr also arrive . Together , they all sit and recount memories , later finding the gold game pieces the Æsir once owned . Völuspá stanza 51 is then quoted .
High reveals that two humans , Líf and Lífþrasir , will have also survived the destruction by hiding in the wood Hoddmímis holt . These two survivors consume the morning dew for sustenance , and from their descendants the world will be repopulated . Vafþrúðnismál stanza 45 is then quoted . The personified sun , Sól , will have a daughter at least as beautiful as she , and this daughter will follow the same path as her mother . Vafþrúðnismál stanza 47 is quoted , and so ends the foretelling of Ragnarök in Gylfaginning .
= = Archaeological record = =
Various objects have been identified as depicting events from Ragnarök .
= = = Thorwald 's Cross = = =
Thorwald 's Cross , a partially surviving runestone erected at Kirk Andreas on the Isle of Man , depicts a bearded human holding a spear downward at a wolf , his right foot
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08 . The single also found chart success in Europe , reaching number three on the European Hot 100 Singles . In individual countries , " Love in This Club " attained top @-@ ten places in Flanders , France , Germany , Norway , Slovakia , Sweden and Switzerland . It also appeared on the singles charts of Austria , Wallonia , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Hungary , and the Netherlands . In 2008 , " Love in This Club " sold 5 @.@ 6 million digital downloads worldwide .
= = Music video = =
In February 2008 Usher said that the song 's music video would be shot " very soon " . Directed by the Brothers Strause , it features cameo appearances from Keri Hilson , Kanye West , Diddy , Nelly , Rick Ross and Robin Thicke . Hilson plays Usher 's love interest in the video . Usher 's then @-@ wife , Tameka Foster , worked as the stylist on the video set . It was alleged that Foster was upset with Hilson playing the love interest in the video , and , according to a person on the set , " Tameka dressed Keri very badly – she looked like an extra . " However , Usher 's manager , Benny Medina , reported that " Keri could not have been happier with Tameka 's choices in the styling " .
The music video starts with Usher waking up inside an empty nightclub . He calls out to see if anyone is there and sees Hilson , whom he follows into a room full of people dancing as a disc jockey starts playing music . Usher chases Hilson around the club , who at times mysteriously vanishes . The two dance intimately throughout the video at the club 's bar , dance floor and lounge . Its choreography was likened to Janet Jackson 's " Rhythm Nation " routine . The video concludes with the club burning down and Usher waking up in a valley . The storyline is continued in the " Moving Mountains " clip . During the video Usher is shown using a Sony Ericsson W350i Walkman , as part of Usher 's endorsement of the company .
The music video premiered on MTV on April 7 , 2008 , and was the fourteenth @-@ most streamed video on MTV.com in 2008 , and was nominated as the Best Male Video at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards . However , it lost to Chris Brown 's " With You " video .
= = Live performances = =
Usher sang " Love in This Club " with Young Jeezy at reality television show The Hills ' third season finale on May 12 , and again , by himself , at the finale of the sixth season of Dancing with the Stars on May 20 , 2008 . On June 23 , 2008 , at the opening of the 2008 BET Awards , Usher performed the song . Usher also appeared on television shows The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and Good Morning America , where he performed the song .
= = Remix = =
A remix , " Love in This Club Part II " , was released as the second single from Here I Stand in April 2008 . Featuring vocals from R & B singer Beyoncé and rapper Lil Wayne , the sequel samples The Stylistics ' " You Are Everything " , and has a slower tempo than the original . It appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 , the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , the Canadian Hot 100 and the ARIA Singles Chart .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits = =
Source :
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Cover versions = =
The track was covered live by Welsh band The Automatic and was released on the 2008 compilation Radio 1 's Live Lounge – Volume 3 .
German group The Baseballs covered the song for their debut album Strike ! in 2009 .
The track was also covered by American pop punk band , The Summer Set , on their second EP , Meet Me on the Left Coast . It was released in 2008 and titled ' L.I.T.C ' .
= Banagher =
Banagher ( Beannchar na Sionna in Irish ) is a town in Republic of Ireland , located in the midlands on the western edge of County Offaly in the province of Leinster , on the banks of the River Shannon . The name Banagher comes from its Irish name , which translates to English as " the place of the pointed rocks on the Shannon " . Banagher was a town of 3 @,@ 000 people at the height of its economic growth in the mid @-@ 19th century . The current population is just over half of that figure , at about 1 @,@ 600 . Banagher has an important strategic position on the River Shannon , and was long one of the few crossing points between the provinces of Leinster and Connacht . It thus became a natural focus for many great historical buildings , including a 19th @-@ century Martello Tower and a number of important castles around the town , which were built in the 14th and 15th centuries .
The town used to be the focus of thriving river business and was an important stop on the Dublin to Limerick navigation . It supported a number of large industries , most notably a maltings and distillery , which are now defunct . Tourism has supplanted this to a certain extent with a modern marina providing support for river cruisers and watersports facilities and the town is an important angling centre , with particular attraction for pike anglers . Banagher is the centre of the Shannon Callows , grassy meadows which flood in winter and provide living space for myriads of waterfowl .
A number of notable literary figures have stayed at Banagher , including Anthony Trollope , who used the town as an inspiration for his first novel The Macdermots of Ballycloran and Charlotte Brontë who married a curate who was raised in Banagher . The town is the source of the well @-@ known phrase : " Well , that beats Banagher ! "
= = Governance and administrative units = =
Banagher lies in the local council area of Offaly County Council . Local authorities have responsibility for such matters as planning , local roads , sanitation , and libraries . The Council is an elected body of 21 members with councillors elected from four electoral areas in the county . Banagher lies in the Birr electoral area , which can return 5 members to the council .
The town lies in the Barony of Garrycastle ( Garraí an Chaisleáin ) and was in the poor law union of Birr . Divided by the road to Birr from Eyrecourt , its eastern part lies in the townland of Curraghavarna and Portavrolla and its western part in the townland of Banagher or Kylebeg .
Banagher is in the Roman Catholic parish of Gallen and Rynagh ( Reynagh ) which lies in the diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise . The diocese is in the Archdiocese of Armagh in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh . It is in the Church of Ireland parish group of Clonfert Cathedral which is in the Diocese of Limerick and Killaloe , part of the ecclesiastical province of Dublin .
= = History = =
It is thought that St. Rynagh ( also Reynagh , Rinagh ) , who founded Banagher and after whom the parish is named , was a sister of St. Finnian of Clonard . According to research , they came from a place near New Ross in County Wexford . It is known that contact was maintained between Rynagh 's Wexford home and her foundation at Banagher ; and her mother came to live there . It is recorded that Reynagh 's mother , Talech , or Talacia , became Abbess of the Banagher convent . The death of St. Finnian is assigned to 563 , but there does not seem to be any authoritative statement as to the date of St. Rynagh 's death , although according to St. Rynagh 's Parish Church in Banagher , St. Rynagh died about
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... if only I had a room of my own I would make it a regular picture gallery " .
= = = Debutante and socialite = = =
Nancy 's eighteenth birthday in November 1922 was the occasion for a grand " coming @-@ out " ball , marking the beginning of her entry into Society . This was followed in June 1923 by her presentation at Court — a formal introduction to King George V at Buckingham Palace — after which she was officially " out " and could attend the balls and parties that constituted the London Season . She spent much of the next few years in a round of social events , making new friends and mixing with the " Bright Young People " of 1920s London . Nancy declared that " we hardly saw the light of day , except at dawn " . In 1926 Asthall Manor was finally sold . While the new house at Swinbrook was made ready , the female members of the family were sent for three months to Paris , a period which , says Hastings , began Nancy 's " lifelong love affair " with France .
Among Nancy 's new London friends was Evelyn Gardner who , Nancy informed her brother Tom , was engaged " to a man called Evelyn Waugh who writes , I believe , very well " . She and Waugh later developed a lasting friendship . Although she was now of age , her father maintained an aggressive hostility towards most of her male friends , particularly since , as Hastings remarks , these tended towards the frivolous , the aesthetic and the effeminate . Among them was Hamish St Clair Erskine , the second son of the 5th Earl of Rosslyn , an Oxford undergraduate four years Nancy 's junior . He was , according to Hastings , the least suitable partner of all , " the most shimmering and narcissistic of all the beautiful butterflies " — and the one most likely to offend Lord Redesdale . The pair met in 1928 and became unofficially engaged , despite his homosexuality ( of which Nancy may not have been aware ) . Against a backdrop of negativity from family and friends — Waugh advised her to " dress better and catch a better man " — the affair endured sporadically for several years .
= = = Incipient writer = = =
As a means of augmenting the meagre allowance provided by her father , Mitford began writing , encouraged by Waugh . Her first efforts , anonymous contributions to gossip columns in society magazines , led to occasional signed articles , and in 1930 The Lady engaged her to write a regular column . That winter , she embarked on a full @-@ length novel , Highland Fling , in which various characters — mostly identifiable among her friends , acquaintances and family — attend a Scottish house @-@ party which develops chaotically . The book made little impact when it was published in March 1931 , and she immediately began work on another , Christmas Pudding . Like the earlier novel , the plot centres on a clash between the " Bright Young People " and the older generation . Hamish Erskine is clearly identifiable in the character of " Bobby Bobbin " , and John Betjeman is the basis for the supporting role of Bobby 's tutor . The thinly disguised caricatures pervading the book shocked Lady Redesdale , who thought it could not possibly be published under Mitford 's own name .
The affair between Erskine and Mitford continued intermittently . While she often despaired of the relationship , she refused other offers of marriage , saying that she would " never marry anyone except Hamish . " In 1932 her plight was overshadowed by a family scandal involving her younger sister Diana , who had married Bryan Guinness in 1928 and was the mother of two young sons . In 1932 Diana deserted her husband to become the mistress of Sir Oswald Mosley , the leader of the British Union of Fascists , himself married with three children . Almost alone of her family , Mitford offered her sister support , regularly visiting her and keeping her up to date with family news and social gossip . Her own love affair with Erskine came to an abrupt end when , in June 1933 , he informed her that he intended to marry the daughter of a London banker . In a final letter
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after their parting , Mitford wrote to him : " I thought in your soul you loved me & that in the end we should have children & look back on life together when we are old " .
= = = Marriage , writing , politics = = =
Within a month of Erskine 's departure , Mitford announced her engagement to Peter Rodd , the second son of Sir Rennell Rodd , a diplomat and politician who was ennobled that year as Baron Rennell . According to Mitford 's friend Harold Acton , Rodd was " a young man of boundless promise ... he had abundant qualifications for success in any profession he deigned to choose " . Other biographers describe him as irresponsible , unfaithful , a bore and unable to hold down a regular job , and as the model for Waugh 's unscrupulous , amoral character Basil Seal from Black Mischief . They were married on 4 December 1933 , after which they settled into a cottage at Strand @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Green on the western edges of London . Mitford 's initial delight in the marriage was soon tempered by money worries , Rodd 's fecklessness and her dislike of his family .
In 1934 Mitford began her third novel , Wigs on the Green , a satire on Mosley 's fascist " Blackshirt " movement . Mitford herself had briefly flirted with this cause , although her enthusiasm was short @-@ lived and she soon became a vociferous opponent of fascism . When the novel was published in 1935 it made little critical impact , while seriously offending members of her own family , particularly her sisters Diana and Unity , both of whom were supporters of Mosley 's movement and devotees of the German dictator Adolf Hitler . Diana eventually forgave her , but the rift with Unity , who was outraged by her depiction in the book as the ridiculous " Eugenia Malmains " , was never fully healed .
By 1936 Mitford 's marriage was largely a sham . Rodd was engaged in an affair with the wife of a friend , a situation that continued into the new year , when the Mitford family was further shaken by the 19 @-@ year @-@ old Jessica 's elopement with her cousin Esmond Romilly . A rebellious ex @-@ Wellington schoolboy and avowed Communist , Romilly had been invalided home after fighting on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War . The young couple were traced to Bilbao ; Mitford was despatched to bring them home , but failed to persuade them , and they were married in May .
Through the winter of 1937 – 38 Mitford 's main literary task was editing the letters of her cousins the Stanleys of Alderley , with whom she was connected through her great @-@ grandmother Blanche Airlie . Her preoccupation with this project — nine or ten hours a day , she informed her friend Robert Byron — further damaged her relationship with Rodd , who resented the time thus spent . Nevertheless , in the summer of 1938 she discovered she was pregnant . She hoped for a girl : " 2 Peter Rodds in 1 house is unthinkable " , but in September she miscarried . Early in 1939 Rodd left for the South of France , to work with the relief organisations assisting the thousands of Spanish refugees who had fled from General Franco 's armies in the final stages of the civil war . In May Mitford joined him , and spent several weeks there as a relief worker . She was much affected by what she saw : " I have never cried so much in all my life " . The experience hardened her anti @-@ fascism to the extent that she wrote : " I would join hands with the devil himself to stop any further extension of the disease " .
Having rejected the political extremes within her family , Mitford affected a stance of moderate socialism , though as Hastings points out , without much depth or conviction . Many of her writings — for example , her introductions to the Stanley letter collections , and her " U – non @-@ U " essay of 1955 — are staunch defences of aristocratic traditions and values .
= = = Second World War = = =
The outbreak of war in September 1939 divided the Mitford family . Nancy and Rodd supported the war ; the Romillys had by this time departed for America , while the others either hoped for an Anglo @-@ German détente or , as with Unity , were openly pro @-@ Nazi . Unity was in Munich when war was declared ; in despair she attempted suicide by shooting herself in the head . She survived , and was sent home through neutral Switzerland . Mosley and Diana , who had married secretly in 1936 , were detained under Defence Regulation 18B . Nancy , in full anti @-@ fascist mode , had described her sister to the British Intelligence agency MI5 as " a ruthless and shrewd egotist , a devoted fascist and admirer of Hitler [ who ] sincerely desires the downfall of England and democracy in general . " During the " phoney war " of 1939 – 40 , Nancy was briefly an Air Raid Precautions ( ARP ) driver , and later worked shifts at a first @-@ aid post in Paddington . She drew on these experiences in her fourth novel , Pigeon Pie , a comedy about spying . It was published by Hamish Hamilton in May 1940 , at a time when there was little public appetite for lighthearted war satire , and the book was a commercial failure .
In April 1940 Mitford suffered her second miscarriage . Shortly afterwards Rodd , who had been commissioned into the Welsh Guards , departed overseas . Alone in London , Mitford moved to the family 's Rutland Gate house where she remained during the London blitz . The main house had been requisitioned to provide a refuge for Jewish families evacuated from the bombed areas of the East End . Mitford spent much of her time looking after these families , " so hard @-@ working , clean and grateful " . A brief affair with a Free French officer , André Roy , resulted in a third pregnancy . Mitford again miscarried , with complications that led , in November 1941 , to a hysterectomy . After convalescence , at a loose end , she began working as an assistant at the Heywood Hill bookshop in Curzon Street . The shop became the centre of Mitford 's daily activities , and was a favoured meeting place
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cancer of the blood . She lived for another six months , unable to look after herself and in almost constant pain , struggling to keep her spirits up . She wrote to her friend James Lees @-@ Milne : " It 's very curious , dying , and would have many a drôle amusing & charming side were it not for the pain " . She died on 30 June 1973 at her home in the rue d 'Artois and was cremated in Versailles , after which her ashes were taken to Swinbrook for burial alongside her sister Unity .
= = Writings = =
= = = Fiction = = =
Mitford had no training as a writer or journalist ; her style , particularly in the pre @-@ war novels , is chatty and informal , much as in her letters . She may have inherited some of her natural wit and sharpness of expression from her maternal grandfather Thomas Bowles , who in his youth during the Franco @-@ Prussian War had provided dispatches which Acton describes as " extremely graphic and amusing " . Mitford 's fiction , based on upper @-@ class family life and mores , belongs to the genre of the comedy of manners . Her protagonists — typically , intelligent women surrounded by eccentric characters determined to find life amusing — are broadly autobiographical . It is unsurprising , says Thompson , that Mitford should first attempt to write a novel in the early 1930s , since many of her friends were doing the same thing . What is surprising , Thompson adds , is the ease with which she found a publisher for this first book . Perhaps , says Thompson , her publishers Thornton Butterworth " liked the idea of this pretty , well @-@ connected girl who wrote in the style du jour " . Mitford was later embarrassed by her prewar novels ; Rachel Cooke , writing on their reissue in 2011 , believes she had no reason to be : " There is a special kind of energy here , and its engine is the admirable and irresistible commitment of a writer who would rather die than be boring " .
Critics generally place the postwar novels in a different league from the earlier efforts ; Cooke describes The Pursuit of Love as " an immaculate novel that soars many miles above what came before " . In Acton 's view it and its companion volume Love in a Cold Climate present an entirely authentic picture of country house life in England between the wars , and will long be consulted by historians of the period . In these later novels Zoë Heller of the Daily Telegraph hears in the prose , behind a new level of care and artfulness . " the unmistakeable Mitford trill , in whose light , bright cadences an entire hard @-@ to @-@ shock and easy @-@ to @-@ bore view of life is made manifest " . At times a more serious undertone , contrasting with the " bright , brittle , essentially ephemeral " nature of her early works , becomes evident ; Olivia Laing in the Guardian , discerns " a faint and beguiling pessimism about love 's pursuit and its consequences " beneath the light superficiality .
The Blessing has provoked a more divided response . Waugh 's judgement was that those who criticised the book were " lazy brutes ... [ who ] ... can 't bear to see a writer grow up " . More recently , Philip Hensher and others have argued that although the novel is immensely enjoyable and that Mitford 's " marvellous voice " is undiminished , she is on less sure ground with her " Frenchness " than with the English country house ambience , and her picture of France as the embodiment of everything civilised is less than convincing . Similar mixed comments greeted Mitford 's final novel , Don 't Tell Alfred , Waugh again hailing it as her best , " clamouring for a sequel " . In this judgement he was largely alone ; other critics perceived in the anecdotal framework of the book an uncertainty as to what it was about . An American reviewer wondered what parts were to be taken seriously : " What exactly goes on ? ... Can you always tell an Etonian , even when he goes beat ? Is all modern architecture a fraud ? Do U @-@ people really talk this way ? " Similar questions were raised in the Times Literary Supplement 's review , in relation to Mitford 's fictional output as a whole : " Would she have been a better novelist if she had ' tried harder ' , gone in further , dropped the pose of amateurishness , cut the charm , looked beyond the worlds that she knew and , more importantly , loved ? "
= = = Biographical works = = =
The gift for vivid characterisation , which Mitford developed in her fiction , was used to full effect in her four biographical works . In the first of these , Madame de Pompadour , she followed Waugh 's advice not to write for experts but to fashion " a popular life like Strachey 's Queen Victoria " , with " plenty of period prettiness " . This remained her yardstick in her subsequent biographical writings . Her own description of Voltaire in Love is " a Kinsey report of his romps with Mme de Châtelet and her romps with Saint @-@ Lambert and his romps with Mme de Boufflers ... I could go on for pages " . Acton thought The Sun King the most entertaining introduction to the subject in the English language . Mitford 's informal style was remarked on by the literary critic Cyril Connolly , who wrote that her facility for transforming unpromising source material into readable form was a skill that any professional historian might envy . The historian Antonia Fraser considered Mitford an important contributor to the " remorseless process by which historical and biographical sales have soared since 1950 " .
= = = Journalism , letters and other works = = =
Mitford did not regard herself as a journalist : nevertheless , her articles were popular , particularly those she contributed on Paris life to The Sunday Times . Thomson describes this series as " a more sophisticated version of A Year in Provence , bringing France to the English in just the way that they most like it " . Thompson adds that although Mitford was always a competent writer , it is in her letters , with their freedom of expression and flights of fancy , that her true character emerges . Many have been published within collections ; they are , according to The Independent 's reviewer : " a delight , full of the sparks of an abrasive and entertaining wit , refreshingly free from politeness " .
= = List of works = =
( Publisher details are for first publication only )
= = = Novels = = =
Highland Fling . London : Thornton Butterworth . 1931 . OCLC 12145781 .
Christmas Pudding . London : Thornton Butterworth . 1932 . OCLC 639867174 .
Wigs on the Green . London : Thornton Butterworth . 1935 . OCLC 5728619 .
Pigeon Pie . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1940 . OCLC 709966771 .
The Pursuit of Love . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1945 . OCLC 857990796 .
Love in a Cold Climate . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1949 . OCLC 563596524 .
The Blessing . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1951 . OCLC 752807050 .
Don 't Tell Alfred . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1960 . OCLC 757838847 .
= = = Biographical = = =
Madame de Pompadour . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1954 . OCLC 4326
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" Coming Home " was recorded at Chalice Recording Studios and End of Era Studios in Los Angeles , California .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Radio and release history = =
= = = Radio adds = = =
= = = Purchasable release = = =
= Cardiff Blues vs Leicester Tigers ( 2008 – 09 Heineken Cup ) =
The second semi @-@ final of the 2008 – 09 Heineken Cup , the premier European club rugby union competition , saw Cardiff Blues take on Leicester Tigers at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 3 May 2009 . The scores were level after regular time and neither team was able to score during extra time , resulting in the first ever penalty shoot @-@ out in a professional rugby match . Both teams missed one of their first five kicks , taking the shoot @-@ out to sudden death . Both teams were successful with their kicks in the first two rounds of sudden death , before Martyn Williams missed Cardiff 's eighth kick allowing Jordan Crane to hit the winner .
In regular time , Cardiff took an early lead with a penalty before Leicester 's Scott Hamilton scored a converted try and they kicked another penalty . Cardiff scored three further penalties to put them back into the lead , before another successful penalty by Leicester gave them a one @-@ point lead going into half @-@ time . Early in the second half , Geordan Murphy scored another try for Leicester , which again was converted and kicked two more penalties to extend their lead to 26 – 12 with 20 minutes remaining . Leicester then had two players sent to the sin bin , and Cardiff scored two tries in the last 10 minutes of regular time , first by Jamie Roberts and then Tom James , with both conversions successful to bring the scores level at 26 – 26 and take the game into extra time .
Following the match , there was criticism of the format used for the penalty shoot @-@ out , specifically the way that the game was decided by kicks at goal attempted by players who wouldn 't ordinarily kick the ball during a rugby match . One journalist commented that was a " ludicrous " way of deciding a game , while another believed it had turned the semi @-@ final into a " pantomime " and was an " unnecessarily demeaning way " of deciding a winner . A review was promised by tournament organisers , and changes were made to the format ahead of the following season 's tournament , though no other Heineken Cup match ever needed to be decided by a penalty shoot @-@ out .
= = Background = =
Cardiff Blues had been the only team to finish the pool stage of the Heineken Cup unbeaten during the 2008 – 09 season , which saw them given top seeding for the quarter @-@ finals . This meant that they would have a home quarter @-@ final against the second @-@ best runners @-@ up from the pool stage , Toulouse . Cardiff won the quarter @-@ final 9 – 6 .
Leicester lost two games during the pool stage , but amassed sufficient points to finish as the top side in the pool and to be seeded fourth , which meant they were given the last of the home draws against the fifth @-@ seeded side , Bath . Leicester beat Bath 20 – 15 to reach the semi @-@ final .
In a draw made prior to the quarter @-@ finals , it was determined that the winner of the match between Cardiff and Toulouse would have home country advantage , meaning that they could choose any venue in their own country for the semi @-@ finals , provided it was not their designated home ground . The winner of the match between Leicester and Bath was drawn against them as the away team . Cardiff elected to stage the game at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , which is located adjacent to their usual Cardiff Arms Park ground and has a much larger capacity of 74 @,@ 500 , compared to the 12 @,@ 500 capacity of the Arms Park . Cardiff had already moved their quarter @-@ final game against Toulouse to the Millennium Stadium , despite being able to use their own ground at that stage of the competition , to take advantage of the increased capacity .
= = Regular time = =
Cardiff suffered an early setback when their captain , Paul Tito , was injured after nine minutes and had to be replaced . Ben Blair gave Cardiff the lead with a penalty kick before the 15 @-@ minute mark , but Leicester were then awarded three penalties in quick succession due to infringements by Cardiff . For each , Julien Dupuy elected to attempt a kick at goal , but was unsuccessful with all three attempts . Leicester 's first score came in the form of a try from Scott Hamilton after 21 minutes , following a line break by Toby Flood , who then drew two defenders towards him before passing the ball to Hamilton . The try was converted by Dupuy , and a successful
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Dupuy penalty kick on 24 minutes made the score 10 – 3 to Leicester . Cardiff hit back with three successful penalty kicks of their own , one from Blair and two from Leigh Halfpenny , before Dupuy successfully kicked another penalty just before half @-@ time to give Leicester a 13 – 12 lead at the break .
After half @-@ time , Leicester increased their lead with a converted try from Geordan Murphy after 45 minutes and two more penalties from Dupuy extended Leicester 's lead further to 26 – 12 going into the last 20 minutes . Flood left the field due to an injury and was replaced by Aaron Mauger . Leicester then had two players sent to the sin bin in quick succession . First , Craig Newby was shown a yellow card on 62 minutes for killing the ball during a Cardiff attack , and then Geordan Murphy was shown a yellow card on 68 minutes for what was adjudged to be a deliberate knock @-@ on during another Cardiff attack . Leicester did not concede during Newby 's absence , but shortly after his return and with Murphy still off the pitch in the sin bin , Cardiff 's Jamie Roberts scored a try with Ben Blair successfully kicking the conversion from within five metres of the touchline . At the restart , Cardiff gathered the ball and Roberts made a break from within 22 metres of Cardiff 's own goal line before passing to Tom James , who ran 60 metres to score a try in almost exactly the same place as Roberts . Blair again kicked the conversion from the touchline to tie the scores at 26 – 26 with three minutes remaining . With no further scores , the match went into extra time .
= = Extra time = =
This was the second occasion a Heineken Cup semi @-@ final match had gone to extra time – it had only previously been required in the match between Toulouse and Brive in 1998 . Extra time consisted of two halves of 10 minutes each . A winner would be decided only if one team 's score was higher than the other at the end of extra time , not by the " first to score " system used in some other sports . The rules also provided a tiebreaker if the scores were level after extra time ; the team that had scored the most tries in the match would be the winner . In the event , neither team made any score during extra time , and both had scored the same number of tries during the match , which meant that the match would be decided by a penalty shoot @-@ out , the first time such an occurrence had happened in a professional rugby match .
In the final minute of extra time , Leicester medical staff indicated they needed to make a blood injury replacement for Dan Hipkiss , and elected to bring Julien Dupuy , who had been substituted in the last 10 minutes of regular time , back onto the field as the replacement . The match officials requested the Leicester physiotherapist demonstrate an open wound by wiping the blood from the cut , and satisfied the injury was legitimate , allowed the replacement . With the penalty shoot @-@ out approaching , Cardiff decided to use a substitution to bring Ceri Sweeney , an experienced goal @-@ kicker , onto the field in place of Jamie Roberts .
= = Penalty shoot @-@ out = =
The rarity of a penalty shoot @-@ out in rugby meant that no standard format existed and tournament organisers were left to devise their own rules on the format a shoot @-@ out would take in the event it was required , such as the positions the kicks would be taken from , the type of kick used and the number and order of players who would participate . In the case of the Heineken Cup , the rules set by organisers European Rugby Cup ( ERC ) prescribed a format closely resembling that used in soccer matches . Each team would alternately take five place kicks , each from the same position on the 22 @-@ metre line , directly in front of the posts . Each kick had to be taken by a different player from the 15 players that were present on the pitch at the end of extra time . In the event the scores were level after the five
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kicks , " sudden death " would take place , with each team alternately taking a kick until a round occurred where one team was successful with their kick and the other team missed . Again , each kick was required to be taken by a different player , starting with players that had yet to take a kick in the first part of the shoot @-@ out . If no winner had been decided after all 15 players had attempted a kick , the process would continue with each player eligible to take a kick again until all 15 players had made another attempt .
Cardiff won the coin toss and elected to kick first . Ben Blair and Julien Dupuy , the goal @-@ kickers used during the match were the first to attempt kicks for their respective sides , were both successful . The teams then nominated other players on their team who had experience at goal @-@ kicking , both teams being successful with their second and third kicks . Cardiff 's fourth player Ceri Sweeney , was also an experienced goal @-@ kicker and was successful ; however , Leicester selected Johne Murphy , who was not a regular kicker , and he missed to make the score 4 – 3 after four of the five rounds . This meant if Cardiff were successful with their next kick , they would have an unassailable lead and would win the match . With no more experienced goal kickers to choose from , winger Tom James stepped up to take the kick , but missed , allowing Leicester the chance to draw level . Scott Hamilton scored with his kick to bring the scores to 4 – 4 after five kicks and take the shoot @-@ out to sudden death . The teams were both successful with their next two kicks , including Craig Newby for Leicester who was the first forward to take a kick in the shoot @-@ out . With all seven backs having already attempted a kick , Cardiff were required to select a forward player for their eighth kick , and chose flanker Martyn Williams . He missed , giving Leicester the chance to win the match if they were successful with their eighth kick . Number 8 Jordan Crane was selected for the attempt and was successful , resulting in Leicester winning the shoot @-@ out 7 – 6 and advancing to the 2009 Heineken Cup Final .
= = Match details = =
= = Post @-@ match reaction = =
Martyn Williams remained in the dressing room for 90 minutes after the game , and when he emerged opted not to speak to the media . He later did give his reaction , expressing his opinion that the format was a bit of a lottery and observed " somebody was going to miss – I 've just got to live with the fact that it was me . " He also credited several of the victorious Leicester players who had commiserated with him after the game and others who had sent messages of support to him . Jordan Crane said after the match that he had felt calm prior to taking his kick , as Williams ' miss meant that in the event Crane also missed , the scores would remain level and sudden death would continue . Tom James who had missed a kick earlier in the shoot @-@ out which would have won the match for Cardiff said that " gutted is the only word that properly describes how I am feeling " .
A number of outlets expressed disappointment at the penalty shoot @-@ out , in particular the way that Martin Williams , who as a flanker who would not ordinarily take a kick at goal , had been to " blame " for Cardiff 's loss . The Guardian 's Paul Rees expressed the opinion that asking forwards to take kicks at goal " is demanding something not only unnatural but untried and it turned a rousing semi @-@ final into a pantomime , an unnecessarily demeaning way of settling the issue . " Brendan Gallagher writing in The Daily Telegraph noted that only three or four players on a rugby team would kick the ball during a match in a meaningful way , and said it was " ludicrous that a game should be decided by emphasising that particular skill " . He also questioned what would have happened in the event the shoot @-@ out continued and the game been decided between props Martin Castrogiovanni and Gethin Jenkins , both considered amongst the finest players in their position but never ordinarily being required to kick the ball at goal . Chris Hewett expressed similar views in The Independent , observing that Martyn Williams " lost the game by failing to perform a task outside the skill @-@ set of the majority of players " and commenting that " short of asking a cat to bark , it is hard to imagine anything more preposterous . "
In light of the criticism , tournament organisers ERC agreed to review
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power " , newspapers commented . At the beginning of the 20th century , the increasingly large and prosperous congregation added eleven stained glass windows to the M.E. church , including Christ the Good Shepherd by Heinrich Hofmann . In 1921 , a new pipe organ was installed by M. P. Möller .
= = = = Towson Methodist Protestant Church ( Second Methodist Church ) = = = =
The Methodist Protestant group continued to use Epsom Chapel until 1908 , when they built a $ 6 @,@ 000 church seating 150 persons at the corner of Allegheny and Bosley Avenues . Located in the heart of Towson near the County Circuit Courthouse , the Towson Methodist Protestant Church was constructed of stone with a slate roof and a bell tower .
With the merger in 1939 of the Methodist Episcopal ( M.E. ) and Methodist Protestant ( M.P. ) denominations in the U.S. , Towson 's Methodist Episcopal and Methodist Protestant churches were known thereafter as First Methodist Church and Second Methodist Church , respectively .
= = = The reunited church ; 1950s – present = = =
Following the reunification of the two branches of Methodism in 1939 , First Methodist Church and Second Methodist Church of Towson continued as separate entities for another thirteen years . After the end of World War II in 1945 , mainline Protestant church attendance increased significantly in the U.S. By early 1952 , faced with facilities fast becoming inadequate for the burgeoning population of suburbia in the postwar period and with a boom in modern commercial development of Towson 's core area starting to displace older buildings , the two churches formed a joint committee to evaluate a merger . The committee recommended that the two churches become one , concluding :
" The properties of the First and Second Churches are located in close proximity to each other ... the identical objectives , program and methods of work of the two churches , will continue to make competition and overlapping inevitable ... by pooling their resources and unifying ... they can better serve the community and the Kingdom of God " . — Joint Committee Report , 1952
In April 1952 , more than ninety years after the two churches split , the congregations of both finally voted to reunite , merging on June 1 , 1952 , and adopting the name Towson Methodist Church . The members of both Methodist churches then began worshiping together at the First Methodist Church . Plans to construct a much larger building with ample parking were announced when the two churches merged and 16 acres ( 65 @,@ 000 m2 ) of undeveloped land , originally part of the Ridgelys ' Hampton estate and north of the planned alignment of the Baltimore Beltway ( I @-@ 695 ) , were purchased soon thereafter from Goucher College .
A groundbreaking ceremony was held on October 7 , 1956 , and construction of the new church was completed by the John K. Ruff Company in May 1958 , with a service of dedication held on May 11 , 1958 . A crowd of 1 @,@ 250 attended the ceremonies in the new sanctuary , with an overflow of 550 persons watching by closed @-@ circuit television in the lower level Fellowship Hall .
The old First M.E. Church structure adjacent to Prospect Hill Park Cemetery on McCurdy Avenue ( now Investment Place ) and York Road was abandoned and eventually demolished in 1965 . An illuminated display of the stained glass windows in the former church is located in the foyer of the current building . The Second M.P. Church structure was sold in 1954 to the Women 's Club of Towson and still stands today — in 2005 , the building was resold to an office development firm and is now used by an insurance agency . The erstwhile Epsom Chapel eventually became a meeting hall for Boy Scout troops in the 1920s – 1930s . It was subsequently abandoned and finally demolished in 1952 to make way for construction of a parking lot for the old Hutzler 's department store , now a Barnes & Noble store near the present Macy 's department store and Towson Town Center mall . No trace of Epsom Chapel exists today , except for an historical marker placed near the site by the Baltimore County Historical Society , designating it as the " cradle of Methodism in Towson " .
The current name , Towson United Methodist Church , was adopted in 1968 to reflect the merger in that year of the Methodist and Evangelical United Brethren denominations in the U.S. On Pentecost Sunday , May 11 , 2008 , the fiftieth anniversary of the present sanctuary 's completion was celebrated by a reenactment of the original May 11 , 1958 , dedication service .
= = Current building and facilities = =
Towson United Methodist Church is an L @-@ shaped structure , with the main sanctuary on a north @-@ south axis . Designed by architect J. Alfred Hamme and completed in 1958 , the church is built of red brick in the Georgian architectural style , with a prominent , floodlighted spire surmounted by a 9 @-@ foot ( 3 m ) porcelain enamel gold cross visible at 3 – 5 mi ( 5 – 8 km ) distance on the Beltway . The imposing front facade is of cut stone from Pennsylvania , with the 18 @-@ foot ( 5 m ) high main entranceway capped by a curved stone pediment . Inside , the sanctuary has three aisles with a rear balcony and can accommodate up to one thousand persons . Rows of Corinthian columns standing on 4 @-@ foot ( 122 cm ) bases flank the pews along both side aisles . The pulpit and doors are made of mahogany .
The 3 @-@ story east @-@ west wing has classrooms , offices , a chapel , and the John D. Hoffman library featuring an exhibit of memorabilia and historical artifacts along with archival records . Construction of the church cost $ 950 @,@ 000 in 1958 ( equivalent to almost $ 7 million in 2008 ) , not including the expense of land acquisition .
= = = Organ and carillon = = =
Towson United Methodist Church has a 3 @-@ manual , 49 @-@ rank Casavant pipe organ of 2 @,@ 516 pipes , including seven ranks of 16 ft. pipes and tubular chimes . It was dedicated in memory of S. Clayton Seitz by then @-@ organist John Duwane Hoffman on May 11 , 1958 . Hoffman , the church 's esteemed virtuoso organist and Minister of Music between 1957 – 1988 , was a graduate of Union Theological Seminary 's renowned Master of Sacred Music degree program , after having earned Bachelor of Music and Master of Music degrees at the University of Denver . At Union , Hoffman studied the organ with Clarence Dickinson and Vernon De Tar . In addition to serving as the church 's organist and choral director , Hoffman was professor of organ at Towson State University . He died unexpectedly on July 4 , 1988 of complications following heart bypass surgery . The church library is named in his memory . Hoffman was succeeded by Kathie Metz , a graduate of Marshall University , as Director of Music and Organist 1988 – 2012 . The current Director of Music and Organist since July , 2
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marathon of its 2002 series Gay Weddings at the same time as Super Bowl XXXVII during 2003 January . The pilot episode was filmed in Boston , Massachusetts during June 2002 . Of the eventual Fab Five , only Kressley and Allen appeared . The culture , design and grooming roles were filled by James Hannaham , Charles Daboub , Jr. and Sam Spector , respectively .
The pilot was delivered to Bravo during September 2002 , and was well received in audience testing . Soon thereafter NBC purchased Bravo and ordered 12 episodes of the series . NBC promoted the show extensively , including billboard campaigns and print advertisements in national magazines .
Kyan Douglas and Thom Filicia joined the show for these episodes , along with Blair Boone in the role of " culture guy . " Boone filmed two episodes ( which were broadcast as the second and third episodes and for which he was credited as a " guest culture expert " ) but was replaced by Rodriguez beginning with production of the third episode . Each episode was shot over a span of four days and edited to create the perception that the events of the episode took place in a single day .
= = Format = =
The majority of Queer Eye episodes use the same basic format . The episode begins with the Fab Five in an SUV ( usually in New York City , where the series was based ) discussing their heterosexual subject . The Five review details of the subject 's personal life and note problems in their various areas of expertise . The Five usually have a specific event for which they plan to prepare the subject . These included everything from throwing a backyard barbecue for friends to preparing to ask for a salary increase to proposing marriage .
Upon arriving at the subject 's home , the Fab Five go through his belongings , performing a running commentary of catty remarks about the state of his wardrobe , home decor , cleanliness and grooming . They also speak with the subject and family members to get an idea of the sort of style they like and their goals for the experience and to discuss the planned event .
The remainder of the first half of the episode follows the Fab Five as they escort the subject to various locales to select new furniture and clothes . Often , Ted demonstrates how to select and prepare food for a particular dish that the subject will prepare for the special event , Kyan takes him for spa treatments and a new haircut . Each such segment includes a style tip superimposed on the screen , summarizing in a sentence or two the style issues addressed in the segment . Interspersed with this are interview segments in which friends and family members of the subject discuss his style issues .
In the next section , the subject returns to a completely redecorated home and models articles of his new wardrobe for the Fab Five . Each of the Five offer final words of advice and encouragement , accompanied by supplies of grooming products , food and kitchenware and in some cases expensive electronics items such as entertainment centers and computers .
The final section follows the subject as he prepares for the special event , with the Fab Five watching edited footage of his preparations and critiquing how well or how poorly he followed their advice . Finally , the subject is followed through the event itself , with the Five again performing a running commentary and the subject often expressing his deep gratitude to the Fab Five for their counsel . A
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moral conviction " . Acclaimed by many across Latin America , he traveled to Venezuela where he met with President @-@ elect Rómulo Betancourt , unsuccessfully requesting a loan and a new deal for Venezuelan oil . Returning home , an argument between Castro and senior government figures broke out . He was infuriated that the government had left thousands unemployed by closing down casinos and brothels . As a result , Prime Minister José Miró Cardona resigned , going into exile in the U.S. and joining the anti @-@ Castro movement .
= = Premiership = =
= = = Consolidating leadership : 1959 – 60 = = =
On February 16 , 1959 , Castro was sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba . In April he visited the U.S. on a charm offensive where he met Vice President Richard Nixon , whom he instantly disliked . Proceeding to Canada , Trinidad , Brazil , Uruguay and Argentina , Castro attended an economic conference in Buenos Aires , unsuccessfully proposing a $ 30 billion U.S.-funded " Marshall Plan " for Latin America . In May 1959 Castro signed into law the First Agrarian Reform , setting a cap for landholdings to 993 acres ( 402 ha ) per owner and prohibiting foreigners from obtaining Cuban land ownership . Around 200 @,@ 000 peasants received title deeds as large land holdings were broken up ; popular among the working class , it alienated the richer landowners . Castro appointed himself president of the National Tourist Industry , introducing unsuccessful measures to encourage African @-@ American tourists to visit , advertising Cuba as a tropical paradise free of racial discrimination . Judges and politicians had their pay reduced while low @-@ level civil servants saw theirs raised , and in March 1959 , Castro declared rents for those who paid less than $ 100 a month halved .
Although refusing to categorize his regime as socialist and repeatedly denying being a communist , Castro appointed Marxists to senior government and military positions . Most notably , Che Guevara became Governor of the Central Bank and then Minister of Industries . Appalled , Air Force commander Pedro Luis Díaz Lanz defected to the U.S. Although President Urrutia denounced the defection , he expressed concern with the rising influence of Marxism . Angered , Castro in turn announced his resignation as Prime Minister , blaming Urrutia for complicating government with his " fevered anti @-@ Communism " . Over 500 @,@ 000 Castro @-@ supporters surrounded the Presidential Palace demanding Urrutia 's resignation , which he submitted . On July 23 , Castro resumed his Premiership and appointed Marxist Osvaldo Dorticós as President .
Castro 's government emphasised social projects to improve Cuba 's standard of living , often to the detriment of economic development . Major emphasis was placed on education , and during the first 30 months of Castro 's government , more classrooms were opened than in the previous 30 years . The Cuban primary education system offered a work @-@ study program , with half of the time spent in the classroom , and the other half in a productive activity . Health care was nationalized and expanded , with rural health centers and urban polyclinics opening up across the island to offer free medical aid . Universal vaccination against childhood diseases was implemented , and infant mortality rates were reduced dramatically . A third part of this social program was the improvement of infrastructure . Within the first six months of Castro 's government , 600 miles of roads were built across the island , while $ 300 million was spent on water and sanitation projects . Over 800 houses were constructed every month in the early years of the administration in an effort to cut homelessness , while nurseries and day @-@ care centers were opened for children and other centers opened for the disabled and elderly .
Castro used radio and television to develop a " dialogue with the people " , posing questions and making provocative statements . His regime remained popular with workers , peasants , and students , who constituted the majority of the country 's population , while opposition came primarily from the middle class ; thousands of doctors , engineers and other professionals emigrated to Florida in the U.S. , causing an economic brain drain . Productivity decreased and the country 's financial reserves were drained within two years . After conservative press expressed hostility towards the government , the pro @-@ Castro printers ' trade union disrupted editorial staff , and in January 1960 the government ordered them to publish a " clarification " written by the printers ' union at the end of articles critical of the government . Castro 's government arrested hundreds of counter @-@ revolutionaries , many of whom were subjected to solitary confinement , rough treatment , and threatening behavior . Militant anti @-@ Castro groups , funded by exiles , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the Dominican government , undertook armed attacks and set up guerrilla bases in Cuba 's mountains , leading to the six @-@ year War against the Bandits .
By 1960 , the Cold War raged between two superpowers : the United States , a capitalist liberal democracy , and the Soviet Union ( USSR ) , a Marxist @-@ Leninist socialist state ruled by the Communist Party . Expressing contempt for the U.S. , Castro shared the ideological views of the USSR , establishing relations with several Marxist @-@ Leninist states . Meeting with Soviet First Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan , Castro agreed to provide the USSR with sugar , fruit , fibers , and hides , in return for crude oil , fertilizers , industrial goods , and a $ 100 million loan . Cuba 's government ordered the country 's refineries – then controlled by the U.S. corporations Shell , Esso and Standard Oil – to process Soviet oil , but under U.S. pressure , they refused . Castro responded by expropriating and nationalizing the refineries . Retaliating , the U.S. cancelled its import of Cuban sugar , provoking Castro to nationalize most U.S.-owned assets on the island , including banks and sugar mills .
Relations between Cuba and the U.S. were further strained following the explosion of a French vessel , the Le Coubre , in Havana harbor in March 1960 . The ship carried weapons purchased from Belgium , the cause of the explosion was never determined , but Castro publicly insinuated that the U.S. government were guilty of sabotage . He ended this speech with " ¡ Patria o Muerte ! " ( " Fatherland or Death " ) , a proclamation that he made much use of in ensuing years . Inspired by their earlier success with the 1954 Guatemalan coup d 'état , in March 1960 , U.S. President Eisenhower authorized the CIA to overthrow Castro 's government . He provided them with a budget of $ 13 million and permitted them to ally with the Mafia , who were aggrieved that Castro 's government closed down their brothel and casino businesses in Cuba . On October 13 , 1960 , the U.S. prohibited the majority of exports to Cuba , initiating an economic embargo . In retaliation , the National Institute for Agrarian Reform INRA took control of
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10 per annum annuity . In 1898 , Queen Victoria raised the pension to £ 50 for those that could not earn a livelihood , be it from old age or infirmity . Today holders of the Victoria Cross or George Cross are entitled to an annuity , the amount of which is determined by the awarding government . Since 2015 , the annuity paid by the British Government is £ 10 @,@ 000 per year . This is exempted from tax for British taxpayers by Section 638 Income Tax ( Earnings and Pensions ) Act 2003 , along with pensions or annuities from other awards for bravery . In Canada under the Gallantry Awards Order , members of the Canadian Forces or people who joined the British forces before 31 March 1949 while domiciled in Canada or Newfoundland receive Can $ 3 @,@ 000 per year . Under Subsection 103 @.@ 4 of the Veterans ' Entitlements Act 1986 , the Australian Government provides a Victoria Cross Allowance . Until November 2005 the amount was A $ 3 @,@ 230 per year . Since then this amount has been increased annually in line with the Australian Consumer Price Index .
= = = Forfeited awards = = =
The original Royal Warrant involved an expulsion clause that allowed for a recipient 's name to be erased from the official register in certain wholly discreditable circumstances and his pension cancelled . King George V felt very strongly that the decoration should never be forfeited and in a letter from his Private Secretary , Lord Stamfordham , on 26 July 1920 , his views are forcefully expressed :
The King feels so strongly that , no matter the crime committed by anyone on whom the VC has been conferred , the decoration should not be forfeited . Even were a VC to be sentenced to be hanged for murder , he should be allowed to wear his VC on the scaffold .
The power to cancel and restore awards is still included in the Victoria Cross warrant but none has been forfeited since 1908 .
= = Recipients = =
A total of 1 @,@ 358 Victoria Crosses have been awarded since 1856 to 1 @,@ 355 men . There are several statistics related to the greatest number of VCs awarded in individual battles or wars . The greatest number of Victoria Crosses won on a single day is 24 , for deeds performed on 16 November 1857 in Lucknow during the Indian Mutiny . The greatest number won by a single unit during a single action is seven , to the 2nd / 24th Foot , for the defence of Rorke 's Drift , 22 – 23 January 1879 , during the Zulu War . The greatest number won in a single conflict is 628 , being for the First World War . There are only six living holders of the VC — four British , one Australian , one Gurkha — one award for the Second World War and four awards since ; in addition one New Zealander holds the Victoria Cross for New Zealand and four Australians hold the Victoria Cross for Australia . Eight of the then @-@ twelve surviving holders of the Victoria Cross attended the 150th Anniversary service of remembrance at Westminster Abbey on 26 June 2006 .
In 1921 the Victoria Cross was given to the American Unknown Soldier of the First World War ( the British Unknown Warrior was reciprocally awarded the US Medal of Honor ) . One VC is in existence that is not counted in any official records . In 1856 , Queen Victoria laid the first Victoria Cross beneath the foundation stone of Netley Military hospital . When the hospital was demolished in 1966 the VC , known as " The Netley VC " , was retrieved and is now on display in the Army Medical Services Museum , Mytchett , near Aldershot .
Three people have been awarded the VC and Bar , the bar representing a second award of the VC . They are : Noel Chavasse and Arthur Martin @-@ Leake , both doctors in the Royal Army Medical Corps , for rescuing wounded under fire ; and New Zealander Charles Upham , an infantryman , for combat actions . Upham remains the only combatant soldier to have received a VC and Bar . An Irishman , Surgeon General William Manley , remains the sole recipient of both the Victoria Cross and the Iron Cross . The VC was awarded for his actions during the Waikato @-@ Hauhau Maori War , New Zealand on 29 April 1864 while the Iron
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Cross was awarded for tending the wounded during the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 71 . Royal New Zealand Air Force Flying Officer Lloyd Trigg has the distinction of being the only serviceman ever awarded a VC on evidence solely provided by the enemy , for an action in which there were no surviving Allied witnesses . The recommendation was made by the captain of the German U @-@ boat U @-@ 468 sunk by Trigg 's aircraft . Lieutenant Commander Gerard Roope was also awarded a VC on recommendation of the enemy , the captain of the Admiral Hipper , but there were also numerous surviving Allied witnesses to corroborate his actions .
The St Nazaire Raid or Operation Chariot on 28 March 1942 , a successful British amphibious attack on the heavily defended Normandie dry dock at St Nazaire in German @-@ occupied France , resulted in the award of five Victoria Crosses .
Since the end of the Second World War the original VC has been awarded 15 times : four in the Korean War , one in the Indonesia @-@ Malaysia confrontation in 1965 , four to Australians in the Vietnam War , two during the Falklands War in 1982 , one in the Iraq War in 2004 , and three in the War in Afghanistan in 2006 and 2012 . On 18 March 2005 , Lance Sergeant ( then Private ) Johnson Beharry of the 1st Battalion , Princess of Wales 's Royal Regiment became the first recipient of the VC since Sergeant Ian McKay in 1982 . Three VCs have been awarded since then in actions arising form the UK 's involvement in Afghanistan .
= = Public sales = =
Since 1879 , more than 300 Victoria Crosses have been publicly auctioned or advertised . Others have been privately sold . The value of the VC can be seen by the increasing sums that the medals reach at auction . In 1955 the set of medals awarded to Edmund Barron Hartley was bought at Sotheby 's for the then record price of £ 300 ( approximately £ 7100 in present @-@ day terms ) . In October 1966 the Middlesex Regiment paid a new record figure of £ 900 ( approximately £ 15100 in present @-@ day terms ) for a VC awarded after the Battle of the Somme . In January 1969 , the record reached £ 1700 ( £ 25200 ) for the medal set of William Rennie . In April 2004 the VC awarded in 1944 to Sergeant Norman Jackson , RAF , was sold at auction for £ 235 @,@ 250 . On 24 July 2006 , an auction at Bonhams in Sydney of the VC awarded to Captain Alfred Shout fetched a world record hammer price of A $ 1 million ( approximately £ 410 @,@ 000 at then exchange rates ) .
= = Thefts = =
Several VCs have been stolen and , being valuable , have been placed on the Interpol watch @-@ list for stolen items . The VC awarded to Milton Gregg , which was donated to the Royal Canadian Regiment Museum in London , Ontario Canada in 1979 , was stolen on Canada Day ( 1 July 1980 ) , when the museum was overcrowded and has been missing since . A VC awarded in 1917 to Canadian soldier Corporal Filip Konowal was stolen
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from the same museum in 1973 and was not recovered until 2004 .
On 2 December 2007 , nine VCs were among 100 medals stolen from locked , reinforced glass cabinets at the QEII Army Memorial Museum in Waiouru , New Zealand with a value of around NZD $ 20 million . Charles Upham 's VC and Bar was among these . A reward of NZ $ 300 @,@ 000 was posted for information leading to the recovery of the decorations and conviction of the thieves , although at the time there was much public debate about the need to offer reward money to retrieve the medals . On 16 February 2008 New Zealand Police announced all the medals had been recovered .
= = Collections = =
= = = Ashcroft collection = = =
The VC collection of businessman and politician Lord Ashcroft , amassed since 1986 , contains 162 medals , over one @-@ tenth of all VCs awarded . It is the largest collection of such decorations . In July 2008 it was announced that Ashcroft was to donate £ 5 million for a permanent gallery at the Imperial War Museum where the 50 VCs held by the museum will be put on display alongside his collection . The Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum opened on 12 November 2010 containing a total of 210 VCs and 31 GCs .
= = = Australian War Memorial = = =
Prior to November 2010 , the largest collection of VCs on public display was held by the Australian War Memorial , whose collection includes all nine VCs awarded to Australians at Gallipoli . Of the 100 medals awarded to Australians ( 96 VCs , and 4 VCs for Australia ) , this collection contains around 70 medals , including 3 medals awarded to British soldiers ( Grady , 1854 ; Holbrook , 1914 ; and Whirlpool , 1858 ) , and 3 of the VCs for Australia ( Donaldson , 2008 ; Keighran , 2010 ; and Roberts @-@ Smith , 2010 ) .
= = = List of collections = = =
Museums with holdings of ten or more VCs include :
( note 1 = Many VCs are on loan to the museums and are owned by individuals and not owned by the museums themselves . )
= = Other = =
= = = Memorials = = =
In 2004 a national Victoria Cross and George Cross memorial was installed in Westminster Abbey close to the tomb of the Unknown Warrior . Westminster Abbey is a living monument to British history in that it contains monuments and memorials to central figures in British History including Isaac Newton , Charles Darwin and James VI & I. As such it was a significant honour for the VC to be commemorated in Westminster Abbey .
Canon William Lummis , MC , was a military historian who built up an archive on the service records and final resting places of Victoria Cross holders . This was then summarised into a pamphlet which was taken to be an authoritative source on these matters . However , Lummis was aware of short @-@ comings in his work and encouraged David Harvey to continue it . The result was Harvey 's seminal book Monuments to Courage . In 2007 the Royal Mail used material from Lummis ' archives to produce a collection of stamps commemorating Victoria Cross recipients .
It is a tradition within the Australian Army for soldiers ' recreational clubs on military bases to be named after a particular recipient of the Victoria Cross . Australia has a unique means of remembering recipients of the Victoria Cross . Remembrance Drive is a path through city streets and highways linking Sydney and Canberra . Trees were planted in February 1954 by Queen Elizabeth II in a park near Sydney Harbour and at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra , marking either end of the route , with various plantations along the roadsides in memory of the fallen . Beginning in 1995 , 23 rest stop memorials named for Australian recipients of the VC from World War II onwards have been sited along the route , providing picnic facilities and public amenities to encourage drivers to take a break on long drives . 23 of the 26 memorial sites have been dedicated , with a further three reserved for the surviving VC recipients , including two of the newer Victoria Cross for Australia awards . Edward Kenna , VC , was honoured with the most recent rest stop on 16 August 2012 , having died in 2009 .
= = = In art = = =
The subject of soldiers earning the VC has been popular with artists since the medal 's inception . In particular are the fifty paintings by Louis William Desanges that were painted in the late 1850s and early 1860s . Many of these were exhibited at the Egyptian Gallery in Piccadilly , but in 1900 , they were brought together by Lord Wantage as the Victoria Cross Gallery and exhibited in the town of Wantage , Berkshire . Later the collection was broken up and many of the paintings were sent to the various regiments depicted . Some were damaged or destroyed . A number of the acts were also portrayed in a Second World War propaganda pamphlet , and the images commissioned by the Ministry of Information are presented in an online gallery available
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After winning the audition , she was given a " secret script " . Reacting positively towards the script , she later met up with Carter and David Nutter .
= = Critical reception = =
Peter Wunstorf was nominated for an American Society of Cinematographers award for his work on the pilot episode . Lance Henriksen was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal of Frank Black but lost to E.R. performer , Anthony Edwards . Co @-@ star Brittany Tiplady was later nominated for a Young Artist Award but failed to win . The show itself was nominated for a People 's Choice Award in the category " Favorite Television New Dramatic Series " but did not win . Robert McLachlan was nominated and won a Canadian Society of Cinematographers in 1997 .
The first season was received well by critics . Keith Uhlich of Salon magazine called the season and series " Carter 's greatest series " , and that , " television work always improves in retrospect ; his seemingly haphazard , on @-@ the @-@ fly narratives become more coherent when taken out of the hellish , commercial break @-@ happy context wherein they spawned " . Paul Katz of Entertainment Weekly said , " Despite the unapologetic bleakness " of the show , it was Lance Henriksen performance that was the " real killer " . Mark Rahner from The Seattle Times said the " X @-@ Files follow @-@ up was uncompromisingly grim , fascinating , cinematically crafted " , and that the show was " years ahead " of such " forensic mysteries " as CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . USA Today writer Matt Roush said " With nightmare visions of bleeding walls , charred bodies , decapitations and a grisly live burial " , the show took a new " grim view " on " drama " .
Although the season premiere received good ratings , the series gradually lost viewers as they were reportedly " turned off by the morose and unnerving story lines . "
= = Main cast = =
= = = Starring = = =
Lance Henriksen as Frank Black
Megan Gallagher as Catherine Black
= = = Recurring = = =
Terry O 'Quinn as Peter Watts
Brittany Tiplady as Jordan Black
Stephen J. Lang as Det . Bob Giebelhouse
Bill Smitrovich as Lt. Robert Bletcher
= = Episodes = =
= Algonquin Hotel =
The Algonquin Hotel is a historic hotel located at 59 West 44th Street in Manhattan ( New York , New York ) . The hotel has been designated as a New York City Historic Landmark .
The 181 @-@ room hotel , opened in 1902 , was designed by architect Goldwin Starrett . It was originally conceived as a residential hotel but was quickly converted to a traditional lodging establishment . Its first owner @-@ manager , Frank Case ( who bought the hotel in 1927 ) , established many of the hotel 's traditions . Perhaps its best @-@ known tradition is hosting literary and theatrical notables , most prominently the members of the Algonquin Round Table .
= = History = =
The Algonquin Hotel was originally designed as an apartment hotel , whose owner planned to rent rooms and suites on year @-@ long leases . When few leases sold , the owner decided to turn it into a hotel which he was originally going to name " The Puritan " . Frank Case , upon discovering that Algonquian tribes had been the first residents of the area , persuaded the owner to christen it " The Algonquin " instead .
Case took over the lease on the hotel in 1907 and bought the property on which the building sat in 1927 for US $ 1 million . Case remained owner and manager of the hotel until his death in June 1946 . In October that year , The Algonquin was purchased by Ben Bodne of Charleston , South Carolina for just over US $ 1 million . Bodne undertook an extensive restoration and renovation effort . Bodne sold the hotel in 1987 to a group of Japanese investors and the Algonquin changed hands a number of times before ending up with Miller Global Properties in 2002 . Following a two @-@ year , US $ 3 million renovation , the hotel was sold again in 2005 to HEI Hospitality .
HEI has affiliated it with Marriott International where it is part of Marriott ’ s Autograph Collection brand .
= = The Algonquin Round Table = =
In June 1919 the hotel became the site of the daily meetings of the Algonquin Round Table , a group of journalists , authors , publicists and actors who gathered to exchange bon mots over lunch in the main dining room . The group met almost daily for the better part of ten years . Some of the core members of the " Vicious Circle " included Franklin P. Adams , Robert Benchley , Heywood Broun , Marc Connelly , Jane Grant , Ruth Hale , George S. Kaufman , Neysa McMein , Dorothy Parker , Harold Ross , Robert E. Sherwood and Alexander Woollcott .
The Algonquin Round Table – a group of notorious literary figures ( mostly critics ) who made The Algonquin their daily meeting place – set forth to implement significant literary styles in the early 1900s .
At the end of World War I , Vanity Fair writers and Algonquin regulars Dorothy Parker , Robert Benchley , and Robert E. Sherwood started meeting for lunch at The Algonquin . Alexander Woollcott , acerbic critic and war correspondent , received a warm welcome from literary friends in 1919 . They gathered in the Rose Room that afternoon ; one person enjoyed the event enough to request that it become a daily event . That same request prompted a daily exchange of ideas and opinions shared between highly esteemed literary figures . George S. Kaufman , Heywood Broun , and Edna Ferber were also a part of this August assembly ; these individuals influenced writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway . They founded The New Yorker magazine ; all hotel guests receive free copies to this day .
Frank Case , owner of the hotel , ensured a daily luncheon for the talented group of young writers by treating them to free celery and popovers ; more importantly , they were provided with their own table and waiter . Edna Ferber , Franklin P. Adams , George S. Kaufman , Heywood Broun , and Marc Connelly eventually joined the group , expanding its membership . All members were affiliated with the Algonquin Round Table , although they referred to themselves as the Vicious Circle .
Visitors often request to dine at the actual “ round table ” where members originally met for decades .
= = The Oak Room = =
The Oak Room at the Algonquin was long one of New York City 's premier cabaret nightclubs . Opened in 1939 ( as the Oak Room Supper Club ) , it was soon closed on account of World War II , reopened as a regular venue in 1980 , and closed for good in 2012 . ( Before 1939 , it had been called the Pergola Room and was the first meeting place of what became the Algonquin Round Table ) .
Legendary European chanteuse Greta Keller was the room 's first star . When Donald Smith reopened the Oak Room in 1980 , the first regular and star was singer @-@ pianist Steve Ross . Other performers who have appeared at the Oak Room include Julie Wilson , Mary Cleere Haran , Karen Akers , KT Sullivan , Barbara Carroll , Sandy Stewart , Bill Charlap , Diana Krall , Jessica Molaskey , and John Pizzarelli . Andrea Marcovicci performed there over a span of 25 years , sometimes with her mother Helen Marcovicci ( né Stuart ) , becoming effectively an Algonquin institution . The Oak Room helped launch the careers of Harry Connick Jr. and Michael Feinstein . Sylvia Syms collapsed and died on stage there during a performance in 1992 .
With its oak panels and other decor recalling an earlier time , the heyday of cabaret , the Oak Room was small , intimate , and expensive ( at least $ 100 per person , more if one had dinner , except for matinees ) , and was not a big moneymaker for the Algonquin . Part of the space occupied by the former Oak Room was used to enlarge the Blue Bar , the rest was converted into a private breakfast room for Marriott Reward Elite customers .
= = Traditions = =
The hotel has a tradition of keeping a cat that has the run of the hotel . The practice dates to the 1930s , when Frank Case took in a stray male cat that was initially named " Rusty . " Hotel lore says actor John Barrymore suggested the cat needed a more " dignified " name , so the cat was renamed
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the player never is . I wanted to violate that trust and make the player feel that they , and not [ only ] the character , were led on and deceived " . This design choice was controversial with the development team .
Several problems were encountered during the project . Because the team comprised two software companies , tension emerged regarding job assignments and some developers left the project . Additionally , many employees were largely inexperienced , but in retrospect project manager Jonathan Chey felt this was advantageous , stating " inexperience also bred enthusiasm and commitment that might not have been present with a more jaded set of developers . " The Dark Engine posed problems of its own . It was unfinished , forcing the programmers to fix software bugs when encountered . In contrast , working closely with the engine code allowed them to write additional features . Not all setbacks were localized ; a demonstration build at E3 was hindered when it was requested all guns be removed from the presentation due to then @-@ recent Columbine High School massacre .
= = = Release = = =
A demo for the game , featuring a tutorial and a third of the first mission , was released on August 2 , 1999 . Nine days later , System Shock 2 was shipped to retailers . An enhancement patch was released a month later and added significant features , such as co @-@ operative multiplayer and control over weapon degradation and enemy respawn rates . A port was planned for the Dreamcast but was canceled .
= = = End @-@ of @-@ support and source code leak = = =
Around 2000 , with the end @-@ of @-@ support for the game by the developer and publisher , remaining bugs and compatibility with newer operating systems and hardware became a growing problem . To compensate the missing support , some fans of the game became active in the modding community to update the game . For instance , the " Rebirth " graphical enhancement mod replaced many low @-@ polygonal models with higher quality ones , a " Shock Texture Upgrade Project " increased the resolution of textures , and an updated level editor was released by the user community . In 2009 , a complete copy of System Shock 2 's Dark Engine source code was discovered in the possession of an ex @-@ Looking Glass Studios employee who was at the time continuing his work for Eidos Interactive . In late April 2010 , a user on the Dreamcast Talk forum disassembled the contents of a Dreamcast development kit he had purchased . In 2012 significant unofficial updates for System Shock 2 ( and other Dark Engine @-@ based games ) were published .
= = = Intellectual property debacle and re @-@ release = = =
The intellectual property ( IP ) rights of System Shock 2 were caught for years in complications between Electronic Arts and Meadowbrook Insurance Group ( a subsidiary of Star Insurance Company ) , the entity that acquired the assets of Looking Glass Studios on their closure , though according to a lawyer for Star Insurance , they themselves have since acquired the lingering intellectual property rights from EA .
In October 2012 Stephen Kick of Night Dive Studios , seeking to bring the game to modern systems , started negotiations with the rights holders and was able to secure the rights . Kick worked with GOG.com for a timed @-@ exclusive release on their digital distribution website on February 2013 , where the game was the most requested to be added to the catalog . This version , considered by GOG.com to be a " collector 's edition " , includes updates to the original game to make it work on modern systems while still allowing user @-@ made modifications to be applied , and contains additional material such as the game 's soundtrack , maps of the Von Braun , and the original pitch document for the game . The update rights also allowed a Mac OS X version of System Shock 2 to be subsequently released on June 18 , 2013 through GOG.com. The title was later also available on Steam on May 10 , 2013 . On April 2014 a Linux version was also released .
Since then , Night Dive Studios also acquired the rights to System Shock , releasing an enhanced version of the game in September 2015 . Kick has reported they have acquired full rights to the series since then .
= = Reception = =
System Shock 2 received over a dozen awards , including seven " Game of the Year " prizes . Reviews were very positive and lauded the title for its hybrid gameplay , moody sound design , and engaging story . System Shock 2 is regarded by critics as highly influential , particularly on first @-@ person shooters and the horror genre . In a retrospective article , GameSpot declared the title " well ahead of its time " and stated that it " upped the ante in dramatic and mechanical terms " by creating a horrific gameplay experience . Despite critical acclaim , the title did not perform well commercially ; only 58 @,@ 671 copies were sold by April 2000 .
Several publications praised the title for its open @-@ ended gameplay . With regard to character customization , Trent Ward of IGN stated the best element of the role @-@ playing system was allowing gamers to " play the game as completely different characters " , and felt this made each play @-@ through unique . Erik Reckase writing for Just Adventure agreed , saying " There are very few games that allow you [ to ] play the way you want " . Alec Norands of Allgame believed that the different character classes made the game “ diverse enough to demand instant replayability " . Robert Mayer from Computer Games Magazine called System Shock 2 " a game that truly defies classification in a single genre " , and ensured that " the action is occasionally fast @-@ paced , it 's more often tactical , placing a premium on thought rather than on reflexes . "
A number of critics described the game as frightening . Computer and Video Games described the atmosphere as " gripping " and guaranteed readers they would " jump out of [ their ] skin " numerous times . Allgame found the sound design particularly effective , calling it “ absolutely , teeth @-@ clenchingly disturbing " , while PC Gamer 's William Harms christened System Shock 2 as the most frightening game he had ever played . Some critics found the weapon degradation system to be irritating , and members of the development team have also expressed misgivings about the system . The role @-@ playing system was another point of contention ; GameSpot described the job system as " badly unbalanced " because the player can develop skills outside their career choice . Allgame felt similarly about the system , saying it " leaned towards a hacker character " .
Along with Deus Ex , Sid Shuman of GamePro christened System Shock 2 " [ one of the ] twin barrels of modern [ first @-@ person shooter ] innovation " , owing to its complex role @-@ playing gameplay .
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IGN writer Cam Shea referred to the game as " another reinvention of the FPS genre " , citing the story , characters , and RPG system . PC Zone lauded the game as a " fabulous example of a modern @-@ day computer game " and named it " a sci @-@ fi horror masterpiece " . The title has been inducted into a number of features listing the greatest games ever made , including ones by GameSpy , Edge , Empire , IGN , GameSpot and PC Gamer . IGN also ranked System Shock 2 as the 35th greatest first @-@ person shooter of all time . SHODAN has proven to be a popular character among most critics , including IGN , GameSpot and The Phoenix .
= = Sequel = =
System Shock 2 has amassed a cult following , with fans asking for a sequel . On January 9 , 2006 , GameSpot reported that Electronic Arts had renewed its trademark protection on the System Shock name , leading to speculation that System Shock 3 might be under development . Three days later , Computer and Video Games reported a reliable source had come forward and confirmed the title 's production . Electronic Arts UK made no comment when confronted with the information . PC Gamer UK stated the team behind The Godfather : The Game ( EA Redwood Shores ) was charged with its creation . Ken Levine , when asked whether he would helm a third installment , replied " that question is completely out of my hands " . He expressed optimism at the prospect of System Shock 3 , but revealed that EA had not shown interest in his own proposal for a sequel , and was not optimistic with regards to their abilities . Electronic Arts did not confirm a new title in the series and allowed the System Shock trademark registration to lapse . Redwood Shores ' next release was 2008 's Dead Space , a game with noted similarities in theme and presentation to the System Shock series .
In November 2015 , Night Dive Studios , after acquiring the rights for the System Shock franchise , stated they are considering developing a third title in the series . In December 2015 , OtherSide Entertainment , a studio founded by former Looking Glass Studios designer Paul Neurath , announced they were developing System Shock 3 with rights granted to them by Night Dive Studios . OtherSide had acquired rights to make sequels to System Shock some years before this point , but did not have the rights to the series name , which Night Dive was able to provide . The sequel will feature Terri Brosius reprising her voice for SHODAN , and will include work from original System Shock concept artist Robb Waters . Warren Spector , the producer of the first System Shock , announced in February 2016 that he has joined OtherSide Entertainment and will be working on System Shock 3 .
= = = Spiritual successors = = =
In 2007 , Irrational Games — briefly known as 2K Boston / 2K Australia — released a spiritual successor to the System Shock series , entitled BioShock . The game takes place in an abandoned underwater utopian community destroyed by the genetic modification of its populace and shares many gameplay
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, struck the state within squall lines in the outer rainbands of Hurricane Bob. were recorded . Four tornadoes in Dare County , North Carolina , caused $ 256 @,@ 000 in damage . Near Cape Hatteras , wind severely damaged one structure , which lost its roof and some siding .
As the hurricane passed east of Virginia , it produced minimal rainfall and wind gusts of up to 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) . No one reported damage beyond some minor beach erosion in Sandbridge , Virginia Beach , Virginia .
In Ocean City , Maryland , a brief period of heavy rainfall caused street flooding . High waves caused minimal beach erosion and overwash along the coastline .
High tides to 5 @.@ 9 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) occurred along the Delaware coastline .
Farther north , the storm caused widespread beach erosion along the Jersey Shore , while heavy rains caused street flooding .
The heaviest rains outside New England fell in Bridgehampton , New York , where 7 @.@ 18 inches ( 182 mm ) fell during the passage of the storm . Two reported tornadoes struck Long Island . High winds destroyed apple , corn , and peach fields along Long Island . After a dry summer , the sudden deluge wrecked potato crops , resulting in $ 20 million in crop damage ; , about one @-@ sixth of the agricultural output of the region . High winds caused power outages for 477 @,@ 765 Long Island Lighting Company customers for a period of nearly five days . Most power outages occurred in the East End . One person died in a car accident while a traffic light was offline , and another person died when a falling tree struck a train conductor . The high waves destroyed fish nets offshore and caused beach erosion and the widespread destruction of boats along the coast . Statewide damage totaled over $ 75 million .
= = = New England = = =
Before Bob made landfall in New England , it passed directly over Block Island , Rhode Island . Stations on the island recorded gusts to 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) near the upper end of their range , indicating that the winds were likely stronger . On the mainland , winds peaked at 90 mph ( 144 km / h ) in Narragansett . In the state , the storm surge — the rise of water above the normal tide — was 6 @.@ 6 ft ( 2 @.@ 0 m ) in the capital city of Providence , while the peak storm tide — the rise of water including the normal high tide — was 16 @.@ 5 ft ( 5 @.@ 0 m ) at the mouth of the Sakonnet River . At the latter location , the estimate was based on high @-@ water marks , which included wave effects . The high waves resulted in extensive beach erosion along the state 's coastline , which washed out several roads in Coventry . There was flooding reported along the Pocasset River . Rainfall in the state peaked at 7 @.@ 13 in ( 181 mm ) in North Foster . In Rhode Island , where the hurricane made landfall , Bob caused about 200 @,@ 000 power outages ; about 60 % of residents in the state and southeastern Massachusetts were left without power . During the storm , treatment plants spilled over 100 million tons of sewage due to overflow into Narragansett Bay . Damage totaled over $ 115 million .
While moving over Rhode Island , the strong winds of Bob extended westward into Connecticut , peaking at 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) near Groton ; there , a gust of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) was reported . High winds downed trees in every county in the state , although wind damage was heaviest in the southeastern portion near the coast . Overall there were about 315 @
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root = =
In its base form , a PIE root consists of a single vowel , preceded and followed by consonants . Except for a very few cases , the root is fully characterized by its consonants , while the vowel may alternate in accordance with inflection or word derivation . Thus , the root * bʰer- can also appear as * bʰor- , with a long vowel as * bʰēr- or * bʰōr- , or even unsyllabic as * bʰr- , in different grammatical contexts . This process is called ablaut .
In linguistic works , * e is used to stand in for the various ablaut grades that the vowel may appear in . Some reconstructions also include roots with * a as the vowel , but the existence of * a as a distinct vowel is disputed ; see Indo @-@ European ablaut : a @-@ grade . The vowel is flanked on both sides by one or more consonants ; the preceding consonants are the onset , the following ones are the coda .
The onset and coda must contain at least one consonant ; a root may not begin or end with the ablaut vowel . Consequently , the simplest roots have an onset and coda consisting of one consonant each . Such simple roots are common ; examples are : * deh ₃ - ' to give ' , * bʰer- ' to carry ' , * dʰeh ₁ - ' to put ' , * dʰew- ' to run ' , * h ₁ ed- ' to eat ' , * h ₂ eḱ- ' sharp ' , * ped- ' to tread ' , * sed- ' to sit ' , * wes- ' to clothe ' . Roots can also have a more complex onset and coda , consisting of a consonant cluster ( multiple consonants ) . These include : * dʰwes- ' to breathe ' , * h ₁ rewdʰ- ' red ' , * h ₂ erh ₃ - ' to plough ' , * h ₃ reǵ- ' straight ' , * leyǵ- ' to bind ' , * prews- ' to freeze ' , * srew- ' to flow ' and * swep- ' to sleep ' , * wleykʷ- ' to moisten ' . The maximum number of consonants seems to be five , as in * strengʰ- ' to twine ' .
Early PIE scholars reconstructed a number of roots beginning or ending with a vowel . The latter type always had a long vowel ( * dʰē- ' to put ' , * bʰwā- ' to grow ' , * dō- ' to give ' ) , while this restriction did not hold for vowel @-@ initial roots ( * ed- ' to eat ' , * aǵ- ' to drive ' , * od- ' to smell ' ) . Laryngeal theory can explain this behaviour by reconstructing a laryngeal following the vowel ( * dʰeh ₁ - , * bʰweh ₂ - , * deh ₃ - , resulting in a long vowel ) or preceding it ( * h ₁ ed- , * h ₂ eǵ- , * h ₃ ed- , resulting in a short vowel ) . These reconstructions obey the mentioned rules .
= = = Sonority hierarchy = = =
When the onset or coda of a root contains a consonant cluster , the consonants in this cluster must be ordered according to their sonority . The vowel constitutes a sonority peak , and the sonority must progressively rise in the onset and progressively fall in the coda .
PIE roots distinguish three main classes of consonants , arranged from high to low sonority :
Non @-@ labial sonorants * l , * r , * y , * n , denoted collectively as R.
Labial sonorants * w * m , denoted collectively as M.
Obstruents , denoted collectively as * C. These include three subgroups :
Plosives ( voiceless * p * t * ḱ * k * kʷ , voiced * b * d * ǵ * g * gʷ and aspirated * bʰ * dʰ * ǵʰ * gʰ * gʷʰ ) , denoted collectively as * P.
The sibilant * s .
The laryngeals * h ₁ * h ₂ * h ₃ , denoted collectively as H.
The following rules apply :
A consonant closer to the main vowel must have a higher sonority than the consonant further away . Thus , consonants in the onset must follow the order CMR , and the reverse RMC in the coda , giving CMReRMC as the full root shape . Roots with a different order of sonority , like * * mter- or * * resl- , are not allowed .
Only one member of each sonority class may appear in the onset or coda . Thus , roots like * * wmek- , * * lekt- or * * peyl- are not allowed .
Strangely , laryngeals can also occur in the coda before a sonorant , as in * peh ₂ w- ' small ' .
= = = Obstruent clusters = = =
The obstruent slot of an onset or coda may consist of multiple obstruents itself . Here , too , only one member of each subgroup of obstruents may appear in the cluster ; a cluster may not contain multiple laryngeals , sibilants or plosives .
The rules for the ordering within a cluster of obstruents are somewhat different , and do not fit into the general sonority hierarchy :
* s may appear only before a plosive , not after it . Thus , * speḱ- ' to observe ' , * steh ₂ - ' to stand ' and * strew- ' to spread ' are valid roots . * * tser- and * * ḱeps- are not . Plosives are automatically devoiced when preceded by * s in the onset .
A laryngeal may appear before or after any obstruent other than another laryngeal . Examples are * keh ₂ p- ' to grab ' , * peth ₂ - ' to fly ' .
In several roots , an unusual phenomenon called s @-@ mobile occurs , where some descendants include a prepended * s while other forms lack it . There does not appear to be any particular pattern ; sometimes forms with * s and without it even occur side by side in the same language .
= = = Further restrictions = = =
PIE abided by the general cross @-@ linguistic constraint against the co @-@ occurrence of two similar consonants in a word root . In particular , no examples are known of roots containing two plain voiced plosives ( * * ged- ) or two glides ( * * ler- ) . A few examples of roots with two fricatives , two nasals , or two glides ( * h ₂ eh ₃ - , * nem- etc . ) can be reconstructed , but they were rare as well . An exception , however , were the voiceless and voiced aspirated plosives , which relatively commonly co @-@ occurred ( e.g. * peth ₂ - ' to fly ' , * dʰegʷʰ- ' to burn ' ) . In particular , roots with two voiced aspirates were more than twice as common than could be expected to occur by chance .
An additional constraint prohibited roots containing both a voiced aspirated and a voiceless plosive ( * * tebʰ- ) , unless the latter occurs in a word @-@ initial cluster after an * s ( e.g. * stebʰ- ' to stiffen ' ) . Taken together with the abundance of * DʰeDʰ @-@ type roots , it has been proposed that this distribution results from a limited process of voice assimilation in pre @-@ PIE , where a voiceless stop was assimilated to a voiced aspirate , if another one followed or preceded within a root .
= = = Exceptions = = =
Some roots cannot be reconstructed with an ablauting * e , an example being * bʰuH- ' to grow , to become ' . Such roots can be seen as generalized zero grades of forms like * * bʰweH- , and thus follow the phonotactical rules .
Some roots like * pster- ' to sneeze ' or * pteh ₂ k- ' to
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in the exchange , who commits suicide in front of a bus after giving them a briefcase containing the disc . Phillip Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) secretly gives the disc to Nina for analysis , while Roy is sent home , as they believe he will no longer see visions because the Ghost Network has been compromised .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
Executive producer Jeff Pinkner decided he wanted fellow executive producer David H. Goodman and supervising producer J. R. Orci to collaborate in writing the episode ; Goodman wrote the first half , while Orci wrote the rest of the episode . The two later worked together on only one other episode , " The Equation " . Frederick E. O. Toye directed the episode , as he had worked previously with the writers on Alias . The writers had the idea for a couple of weeks of Olivia walking into an apartment and discovering walls covered with drawings of events that " no man could possibly have known about " . They wanted to take " urban myths or legends of strange events " and come up with a fringe science equivalent ; this led them to creating the story of Roy , a man with seemingly " psychic " abilities , which they then expanded by offering a real scientific explanation in the form of Walter 's past research . In the show 's early development , the producers were also unsure about how other aspects should be developed , such as Joshua Jackson 's character Peter . For instance , in " The Ghost Network " , they debated whether or not Peter would break into his childhood home before finally " stalling and just let him do it " ; Orci came up with Peter 's explanation to Olivia , that he used to live there so it wasn 't really breaking in .
= = = Casting = = =
The character Roy McComb was played by actor Zak Orth . Roy 's name was inspired from Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind . The writers noted in the audio commentary that Roy was the first guest character the audience could get emotionally invested in . They wanted the actor to shave off his head in preparation for the experimentation scene in Walter 's lab , but Orth successfully " begged " them to change their minds . When casting for the part of Grant , the writers looked for a man similar in appearance to previous character John Scott ( Mark Valley ) , as they wanted " to play into whatever Olivia 's feelings about how she was or was not betrayed by John " . Peter Hermann won the part .
= = = Filming = = =
Orci came up with the idea to start the episode in a church 's confessional , while the ambered scene on the bus was originally scripted to take place on a subway ; one of the writers felt the bus " let you see more of the city " . Early in the show 's creation the writers were trying to figure out what Fringe could be , and ultimately chose " big crazy event [ s ] " at the start of each episode that would catapult its plot and drive its characters . They felt the bus scene essentially achieved this . When creating the scene on the bus when the gas canister is released , the crew sat on a bus that was really driving through the streets of New York City ; director Frederick Toye called the shooting " Student film style , run and gun " . To shoot the three scenes of the bus in the tunnel , the crew looked at a variety of locations before choosing a tunnel near the United Nations headquarters on the east side of Manhattan . As it was a busy area , they had to shoot at night and then attempt to make it appear to be daytime , as the scenes were set during the day . They had a limited schedule to shoot all three scenes , and despite never having seen the tunnel before , the production crews had 8 @-@ 9 hours to quickly set up the massive set and leave enough time to shoot the scenes before dawn approached . To simulate being encased in amber , the actors had to pretend they were frozen .
The episode marked the first time composer Michael Giacchino worked with assistant Chad Seiter on a Fringe episode . Seiter would continue to score the rest of the season 's first half . Joshua Jackson 's character briefly plays the piano in a scene near the end of the episode , and it is really Jackson playing . The writers noted in the audio commentary that Jackson can actually play the piano , and that when he receives musical scenes , he learns the piece ( s ) beforehand to be able to play it for the scene .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" The Ghost Network " first aired in the United States on September 23 , 2008 . The episode 's broadcast was watched by an estimated 9 @.@ 42 million viewers in the US .
= = = Reviews = = =
The episode received mixed reviews . A.V. Club
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by Garamond himself , many details of his career remain uncertain , with initial opinion of his date of birth as around 1480 being substituted by much later estimates more recently . A document called the Le Bé Memorandum ( based on the memories of Guillaume Le Bé , but collated by one of his sons around 1643 ) suggests that Garamond finished his apprenticeship around 1510 . This is considered unlikely by modern historians since his mother was still alive when he died in 1561 and little is known of him before around 1540 .
It has been suggested that the first Roman types designed by Claude Garamond were a set created for Robert Estienne and first used by him around 1530 @-@ 3 , that were the first typefaces used in Paris to copy the Manutius model . However , Vervliet , Mosley and the French ministry of culture 's history of Garamond 's career suggest that these ' Estienne typefaces ' were not designed by Garamond and that his career began somewhat later . Vervliet suggests that the creator of this set of typefaces to a unified design may have been a ' Master Constantin ' , recorded in the Le Bé Memorandum as a master type designer of the period before Garamond but about whom nothing is otherwise known and to whom no obvious other body of work can be ascribed . If so , his disappearance from history ( perhaps due to an early death , since all his presumed work appeared in just three years from 1530 to 1533 ) may have allowed Garamond 's reputation to develop in the following decade . The Le Bé Memorandum does however attribute them to Garamond ; Vervliet notes that attributions of the Estienne type to Garamond do begin quite early but suggests that this may be a mistake caused by his later reputation , and because the Estienne typefaces remained proprietary Le Bé might not have been knowledgeable about their source .
= = = Jean Jannon = = =
In 1621 , sixty years after Garamond 's death , the French printer Jean Jannon released a specimen of typefaces that had some characteristics similar to the Garamond designs . The French Royal Printing Office ( Imprimerie Royale ) appears to have bought matrices from him in 1641 . ( The contract is actually made for one ' Nicholas Jannon ' , which historians have concluded to be a simple mistake . ) Despite the purchase , it is not clear that the office ever much used Jannon 's type : historian James Mosley has reported being unable to find books printed by the Imprimerie that use more than a few specific sizes of italic , although " it is not easy to prove a negative " . His type would later be misattributed to Garamond . Jannon wrote in his specimen that :
Seeing that for some time many persons have had to do with the art [ of printing ] who have greatly lowered it ... the desire came upon me to try if I might imitate , after some fashion , some one among those who honourably busied themselves with the art , [ men whose deaths ] I hear regretted every day [ Jannon mentions some eminent printers of the previous century ] ... and inasmuch as I could not accomplish this design for lack of types which I needed ... [ some typefounders ] would not , and others could not furnish
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were well @-@ developed . Later , the fair was held at the county seat of Williamsport , and this continues through the present day ; it is now a 4H fair .
One location in the county , near the small town of Kramer , once had an international reputation : the Hotel Mudlavia . Built in 1890 at a cost of $ 250 @,@ 000 , it drew guests from around the world to nearby natural springs that were said to have healing qualities . People such as James Whitcomb Riley , John L. Sullivan and Harry Lauder are known to have stayed at the hotel , which burned down in 1920 . Later , water from the springs was bottled and sold by Indianapolis @-@ based Cameron Springs company , which was acquired by the Perrier Group of America in 2000 for about $ 10 @.@ 5 million . As of 2008 the water was still being sold and was marketed under a variety of names .
= = Geography = =
The Wabash River , coming out of Tippecanoe County to the east , defines the southeastern border of the county ; the terrain here is hilly and wooded areas are common . Fountain County lies across the river . By contrast , the northwest region consists mainly of flat prairie farmland ; this continues in Benton County to the north . Along the western side of the county is the border with Vermilion County , Illinois . The small southern border is shared with the north end of the similarly named Indiana county of Vermillion . The state capital of Indianapolis lies about 70 miles ( 110 km ) to the southeast .
The highest free @-@ falling waterfall in the state , Williamsport Falls , is located in downtown Williamsport ; a stream named Fall Creek flows through the town and falls 90 feet ( 27 m ) over a sandstone ledge less than 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) from the county courthouse . Northeast of Independence is the Black Rock Barrens Nature Preserve , a rare siltstone glade area that , with the adjacent Weiler @-@ Leopold Nature Reserve , supports a diversity of flora including sessile trillium , phlox and wild hyacinth in the moist lowlands and serviceberry , rue anemone , birdsfoot violet and yellow pimpernel on the drier slopes . Big Pine Creek is the county 's largest waterway after the Wabash River , and 10 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 16 @.@ 9 km ) segment of it is designated by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources as a state natural and scenic river and passes near Fall Creek Gorge Nature Preserve , an area of cascades and potholes .
According to the 2010 census , the county has a total area of 366 @.@ 40 square miles ( 949 @.@ 0 km2 ) , of which 364 @.@ 68 square miles ( 944 @.@ 5 km2 ) ( or 99 @.@ 53 % ) is land and 1 @.@ 72 square miles ( 4 @.@ 5 km2 ) ( or 0 @.@ 47 % ) is water . Elevations in the county range from 480 feet ( 150 m ) above sea level where the Wabash River enters Vermillion County to 830 feet ( 250 m ) in northeastern Prairie Township . The landscape consists mostly of flat or gently sloping moraine overlaying silty and loamy glacial till , except along the Wabash River where sand , gravel , sandstone and shale are exposed . Various forms of silt loam constitute most of the county 's soil and are conducive to agriculture . Forests cover about 14 % of the county , mainly around major waterways , and consist principally of deciduous hardwoods among which maple – beech and oak – hickory forests are the most common . The only coal mines in the county are located in the southeastern part of Steuben Township , near the Wabash River .
When the county was formed in 1827 , it was divided into four townships : Medina , Warren , Pike and Mound . Over the following decades , many changes were made to the township borders and eight new townships were created . Pine and Washington were the first of these , in March 1830 ; Steuben followed in 1834 . Liberty was formed in 1843 , Adams in 1848 , then Jordan in 1850 . Kent and Prairie were the last to be created , in 1864 . As of 2010 , Prairie Township , at 5 @.@ 4 inhabitants per square mile ( 2 @.@ 1 / km2 ) , has the lowest population density ; it covers more area than any of the other townships — nearly 50 square miles ( 130 km2 ) — and contains no incorporated towns . The highest density is in Washington Township , which has 120 inhabitants per square mile ( 46 / km2 ) ; it includes Williamsport , the county 's largest town , and covers only about 20 square miles ( 52 km2 ) .
There are four incorporated towns in the county . The largest is Williamsport , which is on the western banks of the Wabash River in the eastern part of the county , just downstream of Attica ( which is on the east side of the river in Fountain County ) ; in 2010 , its population was 1 @,@ 898 — nearly one @-@ fourth of the county 's total . West Lebanon is about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) west of Williamsport on State Road 28 , with a population of 723 . The town of Pine Village lies about 11 miles ( 18 km ) to the north of Williamsport where State Road 55 intersects State Road 26 , near the northern edge of the county ; 217 people live in Pine Village . State Line City is in the southwestern part of the county and shares its western border with the Illinois state line . A small Illinois community named Illiana lies immediately on the west side of the county road which runs along the state border ( and which is also a street between the two communities ) . State Line City is the smallest of the towns , with a population of 143 .
In addition to the incorporated towns , there are over a dozen small unincorporated communities in Warren County that are historical centers of activity . Now they consist mostly of dwellings , though several have churches and some still have small businesses . The small settlements of Hedrick , Pence and Stewart are in Jordan Township ; Stewart consists of a grain processing facility and a single residence . In Steuben Township , Johnsonville has a church and a handful of residences . Marshfield has an automotive body repair shop , a grain elevator and a church . Independence , platted in 1832 , is located on the site of a trading post set up by Zachariah Cicott . He is buried in a cemetery in Warren Township , just north of town . The township included the small settlement of Winthrop . Liberty Township has three unincorporated communities : Car
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promising cricketer , and was a member of the West Indies teams that toured England in 1923 and 1928 . Unhappy at the lack of opportunities for black people in Trinidad , he decided to pursue a career as a professional cricketer in England , and during the 1928 tour was awarded a contract with the Lancashire League club Nelson . He played for the club with distinction between 1929 and 1938 , while continuing as a member of the West Indies Test team in tours of England and Australia . Although his record as a Test cricketer was less impressive than in other cricket he helped to establish a uniquely West Indian style of play . He was chosen as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1939 .
During the Second World War , Constantine worked for the Ministry of Labour and National Service as a Welfare Officer responsible for West Indians employed in English factories . In 1943 , the manager of a London hotel refused to accommodate Constantine and his family on the grounds of their race ; Constantine successfully sued the hotel company . Commentators recognise the case as a milestone in British Racial Equality . Constantine qualified as a barrister in 1954 , while also establishing himself as a journalist and broadcaster . He returned to Trinidad in 1954 , entered politics and became a founding member of the People 's National Movement , subsequently entering the Trinidad government as minister of communications . From 1961 to 1964 , he served as Trinidad 's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and , controversially , became involved in issues relating to racial discrimination , including the Bristol Bus Boycott . In his final years , he served on the Race Relations Board , the Sports Council and the Board of Governors of the BBC . Failing health reduced his effectiveness in some of these roles , and he faced criticism for becoming a part of the British Establishment . He died of a heart attack on 1 July 1971 , aged 69 .
= = Early life = =
Constantine was born in Petit Valley , a village close to Diego Martin in north @-@ west Trinidad , on 21 September 1901 , the second child of the family and the eldest of three brothers . His father , Lebrun Constantine , was the grandchild of slaves ; Lebrun rose to the position of overseer on a cocoa estate in Cascade , near Maraval , where the family moved in 1906 . Lebrun was famous on the island as a cricketer who represented Trinidad in first @-@ class cricket and toured England twice with a West Indian team . Constantine 's mother , Anaise Pascall , was the daughter of slaves , and her brother Victor , was also a Trinidad and West Indian first @-@ class cricketer ; a third family member , Constantine 's brother Elias , later represented Trinidad . Constantine wrote that although the family was not wealthy , his childhood was happy . He spent a lot of time playing in the hills near his home or on the estates where his father and grandfather worked . He enjoyed cricket from an early age ; the family regularly practised together under the supervision of Lebrun and Victor Pascall .
Constantine first went to the St Ann 's Government School in Port of Spain , then attended St Ann 's Roman Catholic School until 1917 . He displayed little enthusiasm for learning and never reached a high academic standard , but showed prowess at several sports and was respected for his cricketing lineage . He played for the school cricket team , which he captained in his last two years , by which time he was developing a reputation as an attacking batsman , a good fast @-@ medium bowler and an excellent fielder . His father prohibited him from playing competitive club cricket until 1920 for fear of premature exposure to top @-@ class opposition while too young ; in addition , he first wanted his son to establish a professional career . Upon leaving school Constantine joined Jonathan Ryan , a firm of solicitors in Port of Spain , as a clerk . This was a possible route into the legal profession ; however , as a member of the black lower @-@ middle class , he was unlikely to progress far . Few black Trinidadians at this time became solicitors , and he faced many social restrictions owing to his colour .
= = Cricket career = =
= = = Cricket in Trinidad = = =
In 1916 , before his father imposed a ban on competitive cricket , Constantine had played briefly for Shannon Cricket Club ; he returned to the club in 1920 . Initially , he appeared in the second team , but after scoring 50 runs in an hour during his third game , was promoted to the first eleven . Cricket in Trinidad at the time was divided along racial lines ; Shannon was mainly for black lower middle @-@ class players such as teachers or clerks . The club was competitive and highly motivated , partly as a reaction to the racial discrimination that its players and supporters encountered in their daily lives . Constantine 's cricket thrived in this atmosphere , and the club helped to form some of his political views . He particularly noticed that in Trinidadian and West Indian cricket , white and light @-@ skinned players were often favoured over black players of greater ability .
Constantine 's reputation continued to grow . An innings for Shannon in 1921 against renowned fast bowler George John received great local publicity , but according to the cricket writer and social historian C. L. R. James , this was the only time prior to 1928 that Constantine played in such an effective way . Constantine 's father , still a formidable player , did not put himself forward for selection into the Trinidad team in 1921 , in the hope that his son would replace him . The white captain of the Trinidad team , Major Bertie Harragin , recognised the younger Constantine 's promise , and selected him to play in Trinidad 's Inter @-@ Colonial Tournament match against
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, the General Assembly re @-@ apportioned the state into ten congressional districts . Powell vetoed the redistricting , noting that the districts had been gerrymandered to give the fading Whig party control over the state delegation . The legislature overrode the veto . The governor was successful , however , in vetoing legislation that he felt would have created an overabundance of banks in the Commonwealth .
Powell implemented the use of the state 's sinking fund to pay interest on school bonds , a measure which had passed over Governor Helm 's veto , but Helm refused to carry out . In 1855 , Kentucky 's voters passed by landslide a measure to raise the school tax from two cents per hundred dollars of taxable property to five cents per hundred dollars . The measure enjoyed the support of both Governor Powell and superintendent of public schools Robert Jefferson Breckinridge . Under the leadership of Powell and Breckinridge , Kentucky 's school system became among the strongest in the antebellum South .
Among Powell 's other successes as governor was his successful lobbying of the legislature to conduct a geological survey in 1854 . He also encouraged private investment in transportation in the state . During his term , the state went from having 78 miles ( 126 km ) of railroad track in operation to having 242 miles ( 389 km ) in operation .
= = = United States Senator = = =
In January 1858 , Powell was elected to the United States Senate . In April of that year , President James Buchanan appointed Powell and Major Benjamin McCulloch commissioners to negotiate settlements with the Mormons in Utah . On arriving in Utah , Powell and McCulloch issued a proclamation by President Buchanan offering clemency to Mormons who agreed to submit to Federal authority . The offer was accepted , and violence was averted .
Senator Powell favored Kentucky 's neutrality policy during the Civil War , but nationally , the conflict put him in a tenuous political situation . On one hand , he favored a strong national government and a strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution . On the other hand , he was an opponent of coercion , and due to Kentucky 's proximity to the Southern states , maintained a more sympathetic view of the southern cause than legislators from more northern states . During his term as governor , Powell had been critical of Northern states that refused to abide by the Fugitive Slave Act .
In 1861 , Senator Powell vigorously condemned President Lincoln 's decision to suspend the writ of habeas corpus . In 1862 , he denounced the arrest of some citizens of Delaware — officially , the arrests were called " resolutions of inquiry " — as a violation of constitutional rights . These stances led to calls for his resignation by the Kentucky General Assembly in 1861 , and some of his colleagues , led by Kentucky 's other senator , Garrett Davis , unsuccessfully attempted to have him expelled from the Senate . Before the end of the war , both the General Assembly and Davis admitted being wrong in their attempts to remove him .
Following his successful defense against calls for his removal , Powell continued speaking against what he saw as violations of constitutional rights . In 1864 , he condemned General Order No. 11 , an edict of Ulysses S. Grant that barred Jews from the Department of Tennessee , which included regions of Kentucky . In the same speech , he rebuked federal military interference with the elections in Kentucky . In 1864 , he opposed a constitutional amendment aimed at freeing the slaves .
= = Later life and legacy = =
Following his term in the Senate , he returned to Henderson and resumed his law practice . He was a delegate to the Union National Convention in 1866 . In 1867 , he was again nominated to the U.S. Senate , but after several ballots over several months , the General Assembly had not elected him . Powell believed that many of the legislators had been elected as a result of election interference by Northern forces , and that their intent was to prevent Kentucky from electing a senator at all , diminishing her influence nationally . In light of this belief , he urged the Democrats to withdraw his name and nominate someone more palatable to Union sympathizers . This they did , putting forth the name of Garrett Davis , who was subsequently elected .
Powell died in his home on July 3 , 1867 . The cause of death was apoplexy , apparently the result of the toll years of rheumatism had exacted on his nervous system . He is buried at the Fernwood Cemetery in Henderson , Kentucky . The state erected a 22 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) high marble monument over his grave in 1870 . Powell County , Kentucky , is named in honor of Governor Powell .
= Gymnopilus maritimus =
Gymnopilus maritimus is a fungus species of the family Cortinariaceae first collected in northern Sardinia , Italy , in 2006 . The species produces moderately sized , sturdy mushrooms of a reddish @-@ orange colour . The cap , which can measure up to 70 millimetres ( 3 in ) across , is covered in orange fibrils , and sometimes has small scales . The yellowish stem measures up to 110 mm ( 4 in ) in length by 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) in width , and sometimes shows remnants of the partial veil . The mushrooms have thick gills of a variable colour , ranging from yellow to rust but staining darker , and the yellow flesh has a mild taste . The mushrooms leave a rusty @-@ brown spore print , while the spores themselves measure from 7 @.@ 5 – 11 @.@ 5 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00030 – 0 @.@ 00045 in ) in length . The species is most similar in appearance to G. arenophilus and G. fulgens , but can be differentiated from both morphologically . Despite the similarities , it is not closely related to either , suggesting convergent evolution . Instead , within the genus Gymnopilus , it is most closely related to the spectabilis – imperialis clade . However , it is not particularly similar to any of its closest relatives .
The species has been found only on coastal sand dunes near Olbia , in Sardinia , where it was observed growing at the base of Juncus maritimus ( the sea rush ) , between the winter months of October and January . However , there is speculation that it may also grow elsewhere in Europe . Mushrooms were seen growing from both the sandy soil and decaying plants ; however , as a saprotrophic feeder , it is possible that the species would be able to grow on other substrates . The mushrooms grow in close groups or tight tufts .
= = Taxonomy = =
Gymnopilus maritimus was first described by mycologists Laura Guzmán @-@ Dávalos ( a specialist in Gymnopilus ) , Antonio Ortega , Marco Contu and Alfredo Vizzini in 2009 in an article in the journal Mycological Progress . The description was based on several specimens collected during field work by Contu in Sardinia between January 2006 and January 2007 ; the holotype was collected on 15 January 2006 . The discovery has contributed to Sardinia 's reputation as an area of mycological significance . The description was later published in Italian by Contu and Vizzini in the journal Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea , along with the description of G. purpuresquamulosus , because the original descriptions of both of these species were in English , and difficult for non @-@ specialists to obtain . The specific epithet maritimus refers to the typical habitat of coastal sand dunes , on sandy soil or decomposing Juncus maritimus . The holotype has been deposited in the University of Granada 's herbarium .
Within the genus Gymnopilus , it is located in the subgenus Gymnopilus and section Macrospori . The subgenus Gymnopilus was proposed by Henri Romagnesi as Cortinatae ( while the genus was known as Fulvidula ) in 1942 , though the name Gymnopilus was given later by Rolf Singer . The subgenus is characterised by mushrooms that feature either no veils , or veils that do not form rings . The section Macrospori , proposed by Guzmán @-@ Dávalos in 1995 , is made up of large @-
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@ spored species with ringless mushrooms . Molecular analysis revealed that G. maritimus forms a sister group to ( that is , shares an immediate common ancestor with ) the spectabilis – imperialis clade , a clade that includes G. imperialis , G. spectabilis , G. junonius ( often considered synonymous with G. spectabilis ) , G. pampeanus , and others . G. maritimus forms a more inclusive clade along with the members of spectabilis – imperialis ; while it produces the smallest fruit bodies , it shares with the other members strong , sturdy mushrooms , caps with fibrils ( sometimes with scales ) and large , warty spores that turn red in Melzer 's reagent or Lugol 's iodine .
= = Description = =
Gymnopilus maritimus mushrooms have a cap of between 15 and 70 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 6 and 3 in ) in width that is convex to flattened @-@ convex in shape . There is sometimes a broad umbo , and in older specimens , the cap is depressed in the centre . The margin of the cap is somewhat wavey . The cap surface is dry and dull , coloured red to red @-@ orange , and yellow towards the margin . It is covered in fibrils of an orange colour , and sometimes has minute scales . The dried cap turns blackish @-@ red when potassium hydroxide is applied . The stem is 35 to 110 mm ( 1 to 4 in ) in length by 4 to 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 3 in ) in width . It is attached centrally to the cap , and is either completely cylindrical , with equal thickness throughout its length , or slightly narrower towards the base , where whitish or cream mycelia are sometimes visible . It is dry , with fibres and furrows . It is a yellowish colour , bruising reddish @-@ brown . Traces of the partial veil are sometimes visible on the stem , though it does not form a ring . The yellow ( brown at the bottom of the stem ) flesh can be up to 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) thick in the cap and does not bruise . It dries dark brown . There is no distinctive odour , and the taste is mild or slightly bitter . The thick gills can be adnate ( connected to the stem by the entire depth of the gill ) or sinuate ( wavy , with the gills becoming shallower then deeper ) . They are subdistant ( neither close nor distant ) and swollen in the middle . In colour , they are yellow in the youngest mushrooms , turning an ochre @-@ orange , while the oldest mushrooms they are rust . The gill edges are paler than the faces , and the gills stain orange @-@ brown or darker . No reference is made in the original description to the edibility of the mushrooms .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
Gymnopilus maritimus leaves a rusty @-@ brown spore print . The basidiospores can measure 7 @.@ 5 – 11 @.@ 5 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00030 – 0 @.@ 00045 in ) in length , though the typical range is 8 – 10 @.@ 5 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00031 – 0 @.@ 00041 in ) . In width , they typically measure 5 @.@ 5 – 7 @.@ 5 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00022 – 0 @.@ 00030 in ) , but they can be up to 8 μm wide . In shape , they are ellipsoid or sometimes broadly ellipsoid . The top of the spore ( the side where it was once attached to the sterigma , the connection between the basidium and the spore ) is rounded and blunt . The spores are covered with fairly large warts , measuring from 0 @.@ 5 – 2 micrometres ( 2 @.@ 0 × 10 − 5 – 7 @.@ 9 × 10 − 5 in ) from the main spore in height . There is no germ pore or plage , and there is no clear depression around the hilum ( the area where the spore was attached to the sterigma ) . The spores turn an orange @-@ yellow to orange @-@ brown colour in potassium hydroxide , and turn reddish @-@ brown in Melzer 's reagent and in Lugol 's iodine , but they are not metachromatic .
The four @-@ spored basidia typically measure 24 – 35 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00094 – 0 @.@ 00138 in ) in length by 7 – 9 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00028 – 0 @.@ 00035 in ) in width , but can be as much as 10 @.@ 5 μm wide . They are club @-@ shaped , but narrower in the middle . They are hyaline ( translucent ) and yellow to yellowish @-@ brown . The sterigmata are between 1 @.@ 6 and 7 μm long . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the edge of the gill ) are typically 30 to 42 ( though sometimes as much as 50 ) μm long by 6 – 10 @.@ 5 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00024 – 0 @.@ 00041 in ) wide . They are shaped like a flask or wine @-@ skin . The top of the cell suddenly widens , and the cell as a whole is thin @-@ walled , hyaline and yellowish , and sometimes appears to contain small grains . The caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) can be found in tufts at the top of the stem , and measure from 24 – 60 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00094 – 0 @.@ 00236 in ) by 3 – 9 micrometres ( 0 @.@ 00012 – 0 @.@ 00035 in ) . They are cylindrical , or narrowly flask @-@ shaped , sometimes with a long neck . They are , again , yellow and hyaline .
The yellowish hyphae are between 15 and 13 @.@ 5 μm wide with a wall of variable thickness . There are clamp connections at the septa ( the walls dividing individual hypha cells ) . The flesh in the cap is radial , and is made up of yellowish hyphae of between 2 @.@ 4 and 20 μm wide . The pileipellis ,
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all four games in right field , hit a home run to tie the deciding fourth game , and drove in the winning runs in two of the Giants ' three wins . Ross hit two home runs off of Roy Halladay in Game 1 in the following NLCS against the Phillies , and hit a solo home run against Roy Oswalt in Game 2 . Following the Giants ' Game 6 win of the NLCS , Ross was awarded the MVP award for the series , in which he hit .350 with three home runs , three doubles and recorded five RBI . Three of his five postseason home runs broke up no @-@ hitters . His home run off the Braves ' Derek Lowe was the Giants ' first hit in Game 4 of the NLDS . His first home run off Halladay in Game 1 of the NLCS , in addition to being the first hit off Halladay in the game , was the first hit off Halladay in 11 innings , as Halladay had thrown a no @-@ hitter in his previous start . Finally , his home run off Oswalt in Game 2 of the NLCS was the Giants ' first hit of the game . In Game 3 of the World Series against the Texas Rangers , he hit the first home run for the Giants off Colby Lewis ; however , the Giants went on to lose 4 – 2 . He won his first World Series ring as the Giants defeated the Rangers in five games to win their first World Series since 1954 .
In 2011 Ross re @-@ signed with the Giants on a one @-@ year contract worth $ 6 @.@ 3 million . Henry Schulman of the San Francisco Chronicle called it a " mild surprise " that Ross did not sign at least a two @-@ year deal . He began the season on the disabled list with a sprained right calf , but he assumed the Giants ' right field job upon his return on April 20 . On May 10 , Ross had a game @-@ ending single against David Hernandez in a 1 – 0 victory over the Diamondbacks . After May 10 , Ross began playing left field most of the time when Pat Burrell was moved to the bench . On May 18 , Ross hit a three @-@ run home run with two outs in the ninth inning against Lance Cormier to give the Giants an 8 – 5 victory over the Dodgers . From August through the end of the year , Ross began moving around between all three outfield positions , only once making four straight starts at the same position . He hit the 100th home run of his career against Alex White on September 16 in a 9 – 1 victory over Colorado . In the same game , Ross pulled his right hamstring , forcing him to miss the rest of the season . In 121 games ( 405 at bats ) , Ross hit .240 with 97 hits , 25 doubles , 14 home runs , and 52 RBI . He led the Giants with a career @-@ high 49 walks .
= = = Boston Red Sox = = =
On January 26 , 2012 , Ross finalized a one @-@ year contract with the Boston Red Sox . He was supposed to provide depth off the bench , but injuries , particularly to Carl Crawford , led to him holding a starting role for the entire season . He started almost every day for Boston in all three outfield positions , but mainly right field . On April 14 , Ross hit his first home run in a Red Sox uniform , a two @-@ run shot off the Tampa Bay Rays 's Dane De La Rosa in a 13 – 5 Red Sox victory . The next day , Ross hit a three @-@ run homer in the bottom of the second inning off Matt Moore in a 6 – 4 victory over the Rays . On May 18 , 2012 , Ross suffered a fractured foot after fouling a ball off his foot . He was placed on the disabled list and expected to miss from six to eight weeks .
On June 19 , Ross was activated from the disabled list . His first game back , he hit a home run against Mark Buehrle over the Green Monster at Fenway Park in a 7 – 5 victory over the Miami Marlins . Five days later , he hit two home runs and had five RBI in a 9 – 4 victory over the Braves . He
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hit two consecutive three @-@ run home runs against Pedro Hernández of the White Sox on July 18 in a 10 – 1 Red Sox victory . The next day , he hit a three @-@ run home run against Addison Reed for a walk @-@ off win against the White Sox . For the season , he had a .267 average , 127 hits , 34 doubles , 22 home runs , and 81 RBI in 130 games ( 476 at bats ) .
= = = Arizona Diamondbacks = = =
On December 22 , 2012 , Ross agreed to a three @-@ year contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks worth a reported $ 26 million , with a club option and a $ 1 million buyout . An injured left calf caused him to miss the beginning of the season ; he made his return April 13 . He began the 2013 season playing right field , but in May through the rest of the season he split time between right and left field . On June 19 , he hit a pinch @-@ hit three @-@ run home run against Mike Dunn in a 3 – 1 victory over the Marlins . He hit a three @-@ run home run against Matt Harvey to put the Diamondbacks ahead 3 – 2 on July 3 ; the Diamondbacks would wind up defeating the Mets 5 – 2 . Three days later , he set a career high with five hits and added three runs scored in an 11 – 1 victory over Colorado . On August 2 , he had four hits , two doubles , and three RBI , including a game @-@ winning solo home run against Pedro Beato in a 7 – 6 victory over Boston . On August 11 , Ross dislocated his right hip while running to first base . He was placed on the disabled list and missed the rest of the season . In 94 games ( 317 at bats ) in 2013 , Ross batted .278 with 88 hits , 17 doubles , eight home runs , and 38 RBI .
On April 4 , 2015 , Ross was released by the Diamondbacks .
= = = Oakland Athletics = = =
On April 8 , 2015 , Ross signed a one @-@ year deal with the Oakland Athletics for the league minimum salary of $ 507 @,@ 500 , with the Diamondbacks paying the remainder of his salary with them . He was released on May 3 , 2015 .
= = Legacy = =
Ross has been a streaky player throughout his career . He described this in 2006 : " I have gotten in grooves before , and you try to stay in it as long as you can until it ends . And it does end . I 've been notorious for that my whole career , where I 'll hit five or six in a week , where it seems like I can 't miss the pitch and I feel good in the batter 's box . " The most famous of these came in 2010 , when Ross 's torrid hitting in the playoffs helped San Francisco win the 2010 World Series .
During his career , Ross has earned a reputation for bringing energy to his teams and being a positive influence to his teammates . He has been a fan favorite in his career , especially in Florida and San Francisco , where he earned the nicknames " Toy Cannon " and " Ross the Boss " , respectively .
Ross bats right @-@ handed and throws left @-@ handed ; one of the rarest dominant bats / throws combinations in the history of Major League baseball . The only position player in the Baseball Hall of Fame with this combination of " bats / throws " is Rickey Henderson , who , like Ross , also had stints with the Dodgers and Red Sox .
= = Personal life = =
Ross and his wife , Summer , live most of the year in Scottsdale , Arizona , with their two children : Hudson and Haven Leigh . His father , Kenny , played strong safety at the University of New Mexico but became a chiropractor and bull rider after undergoing three knee surgeries in college . Ross has a sister , Sarah , who was a long @-@ jumper and basketball player growing up .
= Keith Houchen =
Keith Morton Houchen ( born 25 July 1960 ) is a former English professional footballer and football manager . A forward , he scored 184 goals in 687 league and cup games .
He started his professional career at Hartlepool United in February 1978 , after failing to win a contract at Chesterfield . He was coached by Billy Horner to become a strong centre @-@ forward , using his natural strength and power to retain possession in attacking positions . Financial difficulties forced the club to sell him on to Leyton Orient for £ 25 @,@ 000 in March 1982 . After failing to impress in his two years in London , he was moved on to York City for £ 15 @,@ 000 in March 1984 . He played seven games in the club 's Fourth Division title winning season in 1983 – 84 , before transferring to Scunthorpe United for £ 40 @,@ 000 in March 1986 . He did not settle at the club , but in the summer he was fortunate enough to win a £ 60 @,@ 000 move up through three tiers to First Division side Coventry City .
Though never a prolific player for the " Sky Blues " , he scored a spectacular headed goal in the 1987 FA Cup Final at Wembley , which earned him Match of the Day 's Goal of the Season award . He featured in the 1987 FA Charity Shield , but faded from the first team picture at Highfield Road , and in March 1989 he joined Scottish Premier Division side Hibernian for a fee of £ 325 @,@ 000 . He returned to England in August 1991 when he was sold to Port Vale for £ 100 @,@ 000 . After falling out with manager John Rudge he returned to Hartlepool on a free transfer in June 1993 . He was appointed as player @-@ manager in April 1995 , but endured a tough time at Victoria Park , and left the club in November 1996 . He later coached at the Middlesbrough Academy and entered the property market .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Early years = = =
Keith Morton Houchen was born in Middlesbrough to Ken and Vernie Houchen , who both worked in social clubs , and grew up some five minutes from Ayresome Park . He grew up with three brothers ; Jimmy , Dennis , and Patrick , who all joined the Coldstream Guards ; and one sister , Jackie . He attended St Mary 's College as a youth . A promising athlete and gifted footballer , as a youngster he travelled to London for a trial with Crystal Palace along with John and Terry Fenwick , but was told he was too lightweight at the time . After an unsuccessful trial with Aston Villa , he became an apprentice at Chesterfield in 1977 .
= = = Hartlepool United = = =
He was not offered a professional contract at Chesterfield by manager Arthur Cox and so left the club without making a senior appearance at Saltergate . However he was soon spotted playing amateur football in Nunthorpe by Hartlepool United manager Billy Horner . Houchen joined the " Monkey Hangers " on non @-@ contract terms , before turning professional in February 1978 , signing a one @-@ year contract on £ 30 a week . When he arrived at the Victoria Park , Hartlepool were a struggling Fourth Division club . He made his debut in a 1 – 1 home draw with Crewe Alexandra . Though grateful for the opportunity and training , Houchen lamented that " we used to have a mad rush to the bank to cash our cheques . Only about six of them would go through and the rest would bounce . " He scored his first senior goal against Barnsley on 24 March 1978 . He scored further goals against Darlington , Rochdale and Newport County to end the 1977 – 78 campaign with four goals in 13 games . He played regular first team football in 1978 – 79 , and scored 13 goals in 42 games to become the club 's top scorer . He then went on to score 14 goals in 44 games in 1979 – 80 , as the club finished 19th , just two points above the re @-@ election zone . His goalscoring record attracted the attention of bigger clubs , however club chairman Vince Barker told Reading that even if Houchen was available then they would not be able to afford him . His exploits continued into the following season , and the club rejected bids of up to £ 80 @,@ 000 from Plymouth Argyle and Cardiff City . He scored 17 goals in 48 appearances in 1980 – 81 , yet again becoming the club 's top
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8 , thousands had been killed .
= = End of the war , aftermath and statistics = =
News of the armistice on 11 November 1918 reached Southern Rhodesia the same day , and was announced to the town of Salisbury by the repeated blowing of the klaxon at the Castle Brewery . Hysterical street parties started almost immediately , and in the evening the people let off fireworks and lit a huge bonfire on Salisbury kopje . Bulawayo celebrated with a street party that continued uninterrupted for over 48 hours . Smaller towns marked the armistice with their own celebratory functions and events .
Once the frivolities had ended , minds turned to post @-@ war policy , and particularly how soldiers returning from Europe would be reintegrated into society . The Company had already , in 1916 , set aside 250 @,@ 000 acres ( 100 @,@ 000 ha ) of farmland to be given free of charge to white war veterans . In early 1919 it set up a government department to help returning men find work . Many former soldiers failed to find jobs , and some remained unemployed for years after they returned home . Some of the more seriously wounded from the European theatre never came back at all , instead remaining in England because of the better medical facilities and public benefits . Demobilised Western Front veterans began to arrive back in Rhodesia in January 1919 , and continued to do so for nearly a year afterwards . On 30 May 1919 , the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council passed a resolution thanking the territory 's veterans .
The Southern Rhodesian tribal chiefs collectively sent their own statement to King George V.
Proportional to white population , Southern Rhodesia had contributed more personnel to the British armed forces in World War I than any of the Empire 's dominions or colonies , and more than Britain itself . About 40 % of white males in the colony , 5 @,@ 716 men , put on uniform , with 1 @,@ 720 doing so as commissioned officers . Black Southern Rhodesians were represented by the 2 @,@ 507 soldiers who made up the Rhodesia Native Regiment , the roughly 350 who joined the British East Africa Transport Corps , British South Africa Police Mobile Column and South African Native Labour Corps , and the few dozen black scouts who served with the 1st and 2nd Rhodesia Regiments in South @-@ West and East Africa . Southern Rhodesians killed in action or on operational duty numbered over 800 , counting all races together — more than 700 of the colony 's white servicemen died , while the Rhodesia Native Regiment 's black soldiers suffered 146 fatalities .
= = Legacy = =
Accounts of white Southern Rhodesian soldiers ' wartime experiences started to be published in the 1920s . The conflict became a key entry in many national histories , though the role played by black troops was often minimised in these accounts . The colony 's wartime contributions became a source of great pride for much of the Southern Rhodesian white community , as well as for some black Africans ; whites were particularly proud that they had had the highest enlistment rate in the British Empire during the war . A national war memorial , a stone obelisk , 50 feet ( 15 m ) high , was funded by public donations and built in Salisbury in 1919 . Soldiers , one black and one white , were depicted in relief on plaques on each side ; the inscriptions below read " 1914 – 1918 — We fought and died for our King . " Five years later , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel J A Methuen organised the erection on a kopje near Umtali of a stone cross , 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) tall , to memorialise the country 's fallen black soldiers . This monument remains to this day , as does the bronze plaque at its foot , which reads " To the Glory of God and in Memory of Africans Who Fell . 1914 – 1918 . "
Southern Rhodesia 's contributions to the Imperial war effort helped it to become regarded by Britain as more mature and deserving of responsible government , which Whitehall granted in 1923 . The territory was made a self @-@ governing colony , just short of full dominion status . Charged with its own defence , Salisbury introduced the selective conscription of white males in 1926 , and reformed the Rhodesia Regiment the following year . The territory 's association with the King 's Royal Rifle Corps endured in the form of affiliation between the KRRC and the Rhodesia Regiment 's new incarnation , which adopted aspects of the KRRC uniform and a similar regimental insignia . The new Rhodesia Regiment was granted the original 's World War I battle honours and colours by George V in 1929 .
In World War II , Southern Rhodesia again enthusiastically stood behind the UK , symbolically declaring war on Germany in support of Britain before any other colony or dominion . Over 26 @,@ 000 Southern Rhodesians served in the Second World War , making the colony once more the largest contributor of manpower , proportional to white population , in all of the British Empire and Commonwealth . As in World War I , Southern Rhodesians were distributed in small groups throughout the British Army , Royal Navy and Royal Air Force . Dedicated Rhodesian platoons again served in the KRRC , and the Rhodesian African Rifles , raised in 1940 , were in many ways a resurrection of the Rhodesia Native Regiment . Military aviation , already associated with the colony following the First World War , became a great Southern Rhodesian tradition during the Second , with the colony providing No. 44 , No. 237 and No. 266 Squadrons and other personnel to the Royal Air Force , as well as training in Southern Rhodesia for 8 @,@ 235 Allied airmen .
By the 1960s , Southern Rhodesians ' service on Britain 's behalf in the World Wars , particularly the Second , was an integral part of the colony 's national psyche . The territory had also latterly contributed to British counter @-@ insurgency operations in Malaya , Aden and Cyprus , as well as Operation Vantage in Kuwait . The colonial government 's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965 was deliberately made on 11 November , Armistice Day , in an attempt to emphasise the territory 's prior war record on Britain 's behalf . The proclamation was signed at 11 : 00 local time , during the customary two @-@ minute silence to remember the fallen .
Since the country 's reconstitution and recognised independence as Zimbabwe in 1980 , Robert Mugabe 's administration has pulled down many monuments and plaques making reference to the fallen of the First and Second World Wars , perceiving them as reminders of white minority rule and colonialism that go against what the modern state stands for . This view is partly rooted in the association of these memorials with those commemorating the British South Africa Company 's dead of the Matabele Wars , as well as those memorialising members of the Rhodesian Security Forces killed during the Bush War of the 1970s . Many Zimbabweans today see their nation 's involvement in the World Wars as a consequence of colonial rule that had more to do with the white community than the indigenous black majority , and most have little interest in its contributions to those conflicts .
The country 's fallen of the two World Wars today have no official commemoration , either in Zimbabwe or overseas . The national war memorial obelisk still stands , but the relief sculptures and inscriptions have been removed . The stone cross monument near Mutare ( as Umtali is now called ) is one of the few memorials that remains intact and in its place , atop what is now called Cross Kopje ; its meaning has been largely forgotten .
= Road to Europe =
" Road to Europe " is the 20th episode of the third season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on February 7 , 2002 . The episode follows baby Stewie
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nutrition come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals . Sucrose produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and plant hormones are transported by a variety of processes .
= = = Plant hormones = = =
Plants are not passive , but respond to external signals such as light , touch , and injury by moving or growing towards or away from the stimulus , as appropriate . Tangible evidence of touch sensitivity is the almost instantaneous collapse of leaflets of Mimosa pudica , the insect traps of Venus flytrap and bladderworts , and the pollinia of orchids .
The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by plant hormones or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century . Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards light and gravity , and concluded " It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle . . acts like the brain of one of the lower animals . . directing the several movements " . About the same time , the role of auxins ( from the Greek auxein , to grow ) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the Dutch scientist Frits Went . The first known auxin , indole @-@ 3 @-@ acetic acid ( IAA ) , which promotes cell growth , was only isolated from plants about 50 years later . This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity . The finding in 1939 that plant callus could be maintained in culture containing IAA , followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification .
Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones named for their control of cell division or cytokinesis . The natural cytokinin zeatin was discovered in corn , Zea mays , and is a derivative of the purine adenine . Zeatin is produced in roots and transported to shoots in the xylem where it promotes cell division , bud development , and the greening of chloroplasts . The gibberelins , such as Gibberelic acid are diterpenes synthesised from acetyl CoA via the mevalonate pathway . They are involved in the promotion of germination and dormancy @-@ breaking in seeds , in regulation of plant height by controlling stem elongation and the control of flowering . Abscisic acid ( ABA ) occurs in all land plants except liverworts , and is synthesised from carotenoids in the chloroplasts and other plastids . It inhibits cell division , promotes seed maturation , and dormancy , and promotes stomatal closure . It was so named because it was originally thought to control abscission . Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that is produced in all higher plant tissues from methionine . It is now known to be the hormone that stimulates or regulates fruit ripening and abscission , and it , or the synthetic growth regulator ethephon which is rapidly metabolised to produce ethylene , are used on industrial scale to promote ripening of cotton , pineapples and other climacteric crops .
Another class of phytohormones is the jasmonates , first isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum which regulates wound responses in plants by unblocking the expression of genes required in the systemic acquired resistance response to pathogen attack .
In addition to being the primary energy source for plants , light functions as a signalling device , providing information to the plant , such as how much sunlight the plant receives each day . This can result in adaptive changes in a process known as photomorphogenesis . Phytochromes are the photoreceptors in a plant that are sensitive to light .
= = Plant anatomy and morphology = =
Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues , whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form . All plants are multicellular eukaryotes , their DNA stored in nuclei . The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin , larger vacuoles than in animal cells and the presence of plastids with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts . Other plastids contain storage products such as starch ( amyloplasts ) or lipids ( elaioplasts ) . Uniquely , streptophyte cells and those of the green algal order Trentepohliales divide by construction of a phragmoplast as a template for building a cell plate late in cell division .
The bodies of vascular plants including clubmosses , ferns and seed plants ( gymnosperms and angiosperms ) generally have aerial and subterr
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ć ( Croatian : Bitka za Gospić ) was fought in the environs of Gospić , Croatia , from 29 August until 22 September 1991 during the Croatian War of Independence . The battle pitted the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) , stationed in five barracks in the town , and paramilitary elements of the Serbian Guard against the Croatian National Guard ( ZNG ) , police forces based in Gospić and police reinforcements from elsewhere in Croatia . Fighting in the eastern districts of Gospić , controlled by JNA forces with supporting artillery , was largely static but the balance shifted in favor of the Croatian forces following the capture of several JNA depots and barracks on 14 September . The remaining barracks were captured by 20 September leading to the expulsion of the JNA and Serbian Guard forces from the town .
The battle followed escalating ethnic tensions in the Lika region , including attacks on Croatian civilians in Lovinac , an attack on a Croatian police checkpoint in Žuta Lokva , and skirmishes at the Plitvice Lakes and the Ljubovo Pass on the Gospić – Plitvička Jezera road . The remainder of 1991 saw further deterioration of the situation in the region , resulting in war crimes against Serbs and Croats in the Gospić and Široka Kula massacres . Fighting in the region remained deadlocked , with little to no territorial gains to either side , until a lasting ceasefire was called with the signing of the Sarajevo Agreement of 2 January 1992 .
= = Background = =
In August 1990 , an insurrection took place in Croatia centred on the predominantly Serb @-@ populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around the city of Knin , as well as in parts of the Lika , Kordun , and Banovina regions , and settlements in eastern Croatia with significant Serb populations . These regions became the newly formed SAO Krajina ( Serb Autonomous Oblast ) . The announcement of SAO Krajina 's intent to integrate with Serbia resulted in the Croatian Government declaring the insurrection a rebellion .
By March 1991 , the conflict had escalated into the Croatian War of Independence and in June 1991 , with the Breakup of Yugoslavia , Croatia declared its independence . The declaration came into effect on 8 October after a three @-@ month moratorium . The SAO Krajina , renamed Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) on 19 December , then initiated a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Croatian civilians .
Control of the growing tensions became hampered by increasing support of SAO Krajina being provided by the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) . The inability of the Croatian Police to cope with the situation led to the establishment of the Croatian National Guard ( ZNG ) in May 1991 . However , the development of the ZNG into a military force was hampered by a UN arms embargo , introduced in September , while the military conflict in Croatia continued to escalate — the Battle of Vukovar started on 26 August .
= = Prelude = =
An already tense situation in the Lika region , following 1 April Plitvice Lakes incident when the first fatalities of the Croatian War of Independence occurred , deteriorated further in June when Croatia reaffirmed its sovereignty through a parliamentary declaration . This was reflected in the rise of violent incidents , setting up of unauthorized road checkpoints and occasional exchanges of small arms fire . On 22 June , three policemen were abducted on the road between Gospić and SAO Krajina @-@ controlled Gračac , and a series of attacks on the Croatian police occurred in various parts of Lika , including Gospić , on 27 – 28 June . In July 1991 , the JNA started to openly confront the Croatian police and the ZNG in Lika . On 1 July , Plitvice police station was surrounded by the JNA , and on 6 July , two ZNG troops were killed and another two wounded in a JNA ambush near Gospić . Further escalation of the fighting was seen at the Ljubovo pass on the Gospić – Korenica road , where the JNA and SAO Krajina troops fought and pushed the ZNG back on 28 – 29 July .
Ethnic violence continued to escalate when Serb paramilitaries abducted and killed five Croatian civilians from Lovinac in southern Lika on 5 August , and a police checkpoint in Žuta Lokva was attacked . In early August , the JNA moved the 236th Proletarian Motorized Brigade ( a brigade in name only , the 236th was actually only a company @-@ sized unit ) and a portion of the motorised battalion of the 4th Armoured Brigade , previously deployed to the Ljubovo pass , to Gospić as reinforcements for its garrison in the town . Other movements in that month include the assault and capture of the Plitvice police station on the 30th by SAO Krajina forces .
With the imminent capture of Plitvice and the withdrawal of the ZNG from Lički Osik on 31 August , 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 miles ) north of Gospić , the SAO Krajina and the JNA shifted their focus in Lika to Gospić itself , where Serbs comprised 38 @.@ 4 % of the total population of 12 @,@ 000 .
= = Order of battle = =
The JNA forces consisted of 70 officers and 200 soldiers garrisoned at the Stanko Opsenica barracks and four other smaller JNA facilities in Gospić . The garrison was supported by 128 Serbian Guard paramilitaries led by Đorđe Božović , which deployed to Gospić from Serbia using JNA transportation , according to an interview with the commanding officer of the southern Lika Territorial Defence in 1991 . Following a reorganization in 1991 , the JNA units based in Gospić were the 236th Motorized Brigade and the 1st Brigade of the 35th Partisan Division , both subordinated to the Rijeka Corps . Prior to this , the 10th Proletarian Infantry Regiment , a B @-@ class unit required to maintain only 15 % of wartime troop levels , was stationed in Gospić , but was amalgamated with the 9th Proletarian Infantry Regiment to form the 236th Motorized Brigade . The JNA garrison in Gospić was formally commanded by Colonel Petar Čavar , however effective command was taken over by his chief of staff , Yugoslav Counterintelligence Service Major Relja Tomić .
In early September , Croatian forces in Gospić comprised 427 troops , largely drawn from police forces based in Gospić , Rijeka and Zabok , volunteers from Gospić , Zagreb and Senj as well as Croatian Defence Forces troops . The only ZNG unit in Gospić was the 118th Infantry Brigade , which started to form around the ZNG 58th Independent Battalion on 14 August , but would not be fully assembled until after October . By mid @-@ September , the brigade comprised two battalions — one with four companies and the other one three . The 118th Infantry Brigade was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Mirko Norac , while the head of the Croatian police in Gospić was Ivan Dasović .
= = Timeline = =
The JNA and the Serb paramilitary force bombarded Gospić with artillery stationed in the village of Divoselo and JNA Jasikovac Barracks on 29 August 1991 . The intensity of these attacks increased significantly towards mid @-@ September causing significant damage to Gospić ; one SAO Krajina report of the attack estimated that more than 50 % of structures in the city were damaged .
At the outset of the battle , the JNA and the paramilitaries pushed the Croatian force out of eastern Gospić . On 5 September , Croatian forces captured JNA Major General Trajče Krstevski , along with three armoured personnel carriers ( APCs ) and 32 soldiers , when he attempted to reach JNA barracks that were isolated in the centre of the town but released them the next day following the successful negotiation of a prisoner exchange ( POWs ) . The Croatian commanders in Gospić , however , declined a request that the APCs also be returned — contrary to the instructions of Croatian authorities in Zagreb . Following the capture of Krst
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33 for the series . His ODI form in the early part of 2005 remained moderate , with 308 runs at 28 @.@ 00 during the southern summer .
Gilchrist was in strong form ahead of the Tests , scoring 393 runs at 49 @.@ 13 in the ODIs in England . The highlight was the 121 not out in the final game of the one @-@ day NatWest Series , Gilchrist being awarded the man @-@ of @-@ the @-@ match award . However , he performed poorly in the five Tests , with 204 runs at 25 @.@ 50 . Just as in India in 2001 , Australia lost 2 – 1 , and Gilchrist fell four times to man of the series Andrew Flintoff .
Australia and Gilchrist returned to form after the Ashes in the series against the ICC World XI . Gilchrist scored 45 , 103 and 32 as Australia swept the ODIs 3 – 0 , and top @-@ scored with 94 in the first innings of the one @-@ off Test , which Australia won . However , this did not transfer into the regular international matches . In six home Tests against the West Indies and South Africa in 2005 – 06 , Gilchrist managed only 190 runs at 23 @.@ 75 , but Australia was unhindered , winning 3 – 0 and 2 – 0 respectively .
His one @-@ day form also began to suffer , scoring only 11 runs in three ODIs in New Zealand and 13 in the first two matches of the VB Series . He was rested for two games and returned to form against Sri Lanka on 29 January 2006 on his home ground , the WACA , hitting 116 runs off 105 balls to lead Australia to victory . He continued in this vein with the fastest ever century by an Australian in just 67 balls against Sri Lanka at the Gabba , ending with 122 as Australia won the deciding third final by nine wickets . After a slow start , he ended the series with 432 runs at 48 @.@ 00 .
The purple patch ended on the tour of South Africa and then Bangladesh . He scored 206 runs at 29 @.@ 42 in five Tests and 248 runs at 35 @.@ 42 in eight ODIs , inflated by a 144 in the First Test against Bangladesh . Despite this , Australia won all five Tests . Gilchrist scored 130 runs at 26 @.@ 00 , including a 92 against the West Indies as Australia won the 2006 Champions Trophy in India .
On 16 December 2006 , during the Third Ashes Test at the WACA , Gilchrist scored a century in 57 balls , including twelve fours and four sixes , the second fastest recorded Test century . At 97 runs from 54 balls , Gilchrist needed three runs from the next delivery to better Viv Richards ' record set in 1986 . The ball delivered by Matthew Hoggard was wide and Gilchrist was unable to score from it . He later claimed that the " batting pyrotechnics " had been the result of a miscommunication with the Australian captain Ricky Ponting ; Gilchrist had actually been told not to score quick runs with a view to declaring the innings .
He ended the 2006 – 07 Ashes with a century and two fifties , totalling 229 runs at 45 @.@ 80 at a strike rate of over 100 as Australia
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least weasels are barn , barred , and great horned owls . Other birds of prey threatening to the least weasel include broad @-@ winged and rough @-@ legged buzzards . Some snake species may prey on the least weasel , including the black rat snake and copperhead . Aside from its smaller size , the least weasel is more vulnerable to predation than the stoat because it lacks a black predator deflection mark on the tail .
In areas where the least weasel is sympatric with the stoat , the two species compete with each other for rodent prey . The weasel manages to avoid too much competition by living in more upland areas , feeding on smaller prey and being capable of entering smaller holes . It actively avoids encounters with stoats , though female weasels are less likely to stop foraging in the presence of stoats , perhaps because their smaller size allows them to quickly escape into holes .
= = = Diseases and parasites = = =
Ectoparasites known to infest weasels include the louse Trichodectes mustelae and the mites Demodex and Psoregates mustela . The species may catch fleas from the nests and burrows of its prey . Flea species known to infest weasels include Ctenophthalmus bisoctodentatus and Palaeopsylla m. minor , which they get from moles , P. s. soricis , which they get from shrews , Nosopsyllus fasciatus , which they get from rodents and Dasypsyllus gallinulae which they get from birds .
Helminths known to infest weasels include the trematode Alaria , the nematodes Capillaria , Filaroides and Trichinella and the cestode Taenia . Least weasels are commonly infected with the nematode Skrjabingylus nasicola , adults of which are found in the nasal sinuses and can damage the skull . There is no evidence that this has serious detrimental effects on even heavily infested animals .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The least weasel has a circumboreal , Holarctic distribution , encompassing much of Europe and North Africa , Asia and parts of northern North America , where it occurs mainly in places where the stoat is not found , though it has been introduced in New Zealand , Malta , Crete , the Azore Islands and also Sao Tome off west Africa . It is found throughout Europe and on many islands , including the Azores , Britain ( but not Ireland ) , and all major Mediterranean islands
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Most dangerous among the privateersmen was Robert Surcouf , who sailed in Clarissa and then Confiance . In the latter he fought a significant battle off the Hooghly River on 9 October 1800 with the East Indiaman Kent . Eventually subdued by a boarding action , Kent lost 14 killed , including Captain Robert Rivington , and 44 wounded ; Surcouf 's men suffered 14 casualties . The privateer conflict continued to the end of the war , the large privateers Grand Hirondelle and Gloire remaining at sea into 1801 before being captured , and Courier and Surcouf 's Confiance evading interception entirely .
= = Peace of Amiens = =
Rainier 's main priorities remained the protection of trade , but his command came under increasing interference from London , in particular the Secretary of State for War Henry Dundas . Dundas was insistent throughout 1799 and 1800 that the priority for Rainier should be the invasion and capture of Java , thus eliminating the Dutch East Indies entirely . Contradictory orders came from Lord Mornington , who was instructing Rainier to plan an invasion of Île de France , while Rainier himself wished to resurrect the abandoned operation against Manila . So confused was the command structure that in September 1800 Rainier threatened to resign , but in October 1800 a renewed threat from Egypt redirected the focus of his squadron to the Red Sea and only a handful of minor operations against Dutch posts on Java were carried out by a small force under Captain Henry Lidgbird Ball , capturing a few merchant ships but losing more than 200 men to disease in the process . At the Cape of Good Hope , a gale on 5 December 1799 caused severe damage to shipping in Table Bay : among the wrecks were HMS Sceptre with 290 crew , the Danish ship of the line Oldenburg and several large American merchant ships .
The Red Sea campaign of 1801 was intended to complement the British invasion of French @-@ held Egypt from the Mediterranean , which went ahead in March 1801 . Initial operations were trusted to Blankett at Jeddah , who was in poor health and struggling to negotiate with Ghalib Efendi bin Musa 'ed , Sharif of Mecca . These problems were compounded when Forte was wrecked entering the port . Blankett 's forces landed unopposed at Suez on 22 March , the French having withdrawn their forces in Southern Egypt to oppose the Mediterranean landings . His mission complete , Blankett withdrew in June after sending 300 soldiers to join the conflict in Northern Egypt , and met with a large reinforcement squadron under Captain Sir Home Popham off Qusayr . An army under General David Baird then took passage up the Nile , but did not arrive before the campaign ended with the Capitulation of Alexandria in August .
The French Navy played little part in opposing the British campaign in Egypt , but a frigate was sent to the Indian Ocean to interfere with the supply lines to the Red Sea . This ship , Chiffone was based at Mahé in the Seychelles . The voyage had been eventful , Chiffone seizing a Brazilian frigate Andhorina in the Atlantic and the East Indiaman Bellona , as well as conveying 32 political prisoners sentenced to exile in the Indian Ocean . At the Battle of Mahé on 19 August however , Chiffone was discovered at anchor by Sybille and captured . The final operations in the Indian Ocean saw British forces consolidate further , landing troops at the Portuguese colonies in the region to prevent the enforcement of the terms of the Treaty of Badajoz , under which Portugal agreed to exclude British shipping from its ports , while the EIC attacked and captured the Dutch island of Ternate .
The Peace of Amiens came into effect on 1 October 1801 , bringing the French Revolutionary Wars to an end . Confirmation of this armistice did not reach India until 1 February 1802 , but it had been widely expected and neither side had undertaken significant naval operations during the interim . The terms of the treaty returned all territory captured by British forces in the East Indies to its original masters with the noted exception of Ceylon , which was officially named a British Crown Colony . No one in the Indian Ocean believed that the Peace would last , each side building substantial forces in the region . As historian William James noted , " who then could doubt that , although the wax on the seals of the treaty concluding the last had scarcely cooled , a new war was on the eve of bursting forth ? " . The peace was short lived , the Napoleonic Wars erupting in May 1803 , by which time Emperor Napoleon had sent substantial reinforcements to Île de France and the other French territories in the East Indies . Although the campaign had personally benefited Rainier by around £ 300 @,@ 000 ( the equivalent of £ 24 @,@ 160 @,@ 000 as of 2015 ) , historian C. Northcote Parkinson wrote that " It cannot be said that the naval war in the Indian Ocean from 1794 to 1801 had been a brilliant success " for either side . The lack of French reinforcements and Sercey 's ineffectiveness counterbalanced by confused British leadership and scattered priorities , with aborted operations against Manila and Batavia and a marginal campaign in the Red Sea consuming inordinate amounts of time and energy .
= Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph =
The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph was an early electrical telegraph system dating from the 1830s invented by English inventor William Fothergill Cooke and English scientist Charles Wheatstone . It was the first telegraph system to be put into commercial service . The receiver consisted of a number of needles which could be moved by electromagnetic coils to point to letters on a board . This feature was liked by early users who were unwilling to learn codes , and employers who did not want to invest in staff training .
In later systems the letter board was dispensed with , and the code was read directly from the movement of the needles . This came about because the number of needles was reduced , leading to more complex codes . The change was motivated by the economic need to reduce the number of telegraph wires used , which was related to the number of needles . The change became more urgent as the insulation of some of the early installations deteriorated , causing some of the original wires to be unusable . Cooke and Wheatstone 's most successful system was eventually a one @-@ needle system that continued in service into the 1930s .
Cooke and Wheatstone 's telegraph played a part in the apprehension of the murderer John Tawell . Once it was
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, AmVO +
2 ; ( yellow ) , AmVIO2 +
2 ( brown ) and AmVIIO5 −
6 ( dark green ) . All oxidation states have their characteristic optical absorption spectra , with a few sharp peaks in the visible and mid @-@ infrared regions , and the position and intensity of these peaks can be converted into the concentrations of the corresponding oxidation states . For example , Am ( III ) has two sharp peaks at 504 and 811 nm , Am ( V ) at 514 and 715 nm , and Am ( VI ) at 666 and 992 nm .
Americium compounds with oxidation state + 4 and higher are strong oxidizing agents , comparable in strength to the permanganate ion ( MnO −
4 ) in acidic solutions . Whereas the Am4 + ions are unstable in solutions and readily convert to Am3 + , the + 4 oxidation state occurs well in solids , such as americium dioxide ( AmO2 ) and americium ( IV ) fluoride ( AmF4 ) .
All pentavalent and hexavalent americium compounds are complex salts such as KAmO2F2 , Li3AmO4 and Li6AmO6 , Ba3AmO6 , AmO2F2 . These high oxidation states Am ( IV ) , Am ( V ) and Am ( VI ) can be prepared from Am ( III ) by oxidation with ammonium persulfate in dilute nitric acid , with silver ( I ) oxide in perchloric acid , or with ozone or sodium persulfate in sodium carbonate solutions . The pentavalent oxidation state of americium was first observed in 1951 . It is present in aqueous solution in the form of AmO +
2 ions ( acidic ) or AmO −
3 ions ( alkaline ) which are however unstable and subject to several rapid disproportionation reactions :
<formula>
<formula>
= = Chemical compounds = =
= = = Oxygen compounds = = =
Three americium oxides are known , with the oxidation states + 2 ( AmO ) , + 3 ( Am2O3 ) and + 4 ( AmO2 ) . Americium ( II ) oxide was prepared in minute amounts and has not been characterized in details . Americium ( III ) oxide is a red @-@ brown solid with a melting point of 2205 ° C. Americium ( IV ) oxide is the main form of solid americium which is used in nearly all its applications . As most other actinide dioxides , it is a black solid with a cubic ( fluorite ) crystal structure .
The oxalate of americium ( III ) , vacuum dried at room temperature , has the chemical formula Am2 ( C2O4 ) 3 · 7H2O . Upon heating in vacuum , it loses water at 240 ° C and starts decomposing into AmO2 at 300 ° C , the decomposition completes at about 470 ° C. The initial oxalate dissolves in nitric acid with the maximum solubility of 0 @.@ 25 g / L.
= = = Halides = = =
Halides of americium are known for the oxidation states + 2 , + 3 and + 4 , where the + 3 is most stable , especially in solutions .
Reduction of Am ( III ) compounds with sodium amalgam yields Am ( II ) salts – the black halides AmCl2 , AmBr2 and AmI2 . They are very sensitive to oxygen and oxidize in water , releasing hydrogen and converting back to the Am ( III ) state . Specific lattice constants are :
Orthorhombic AmCl2 : a
= 896 @.@ 3 ± 0 @.@ 8 pm , b =
757 @.@ 3 ± 0 @.@ 8 pm and c
= 453 @.@ 2 ± 0 @.@ 6 pm
Tetragonal AmBr2 : a =
1159 @.@ 2 ± 0 @.@ 4 and c
= 712 @.@ 1 ± 0 @.@ 3 pm . They can also be prepared by reacting metallic americium with an appropriate mercury halide HgX2 , where X =
Cl , Br or I :
<formula>
Americium ( III ) fluoride ( AmF3 ) is poorly soluble and precipitates upon reaction of Am3 + and fluoride ions in weak acidic solutions :
<formula>
The tetravalent americium ( IV ) fluoride ( AmF4 ) is obtained by reacting solid americium ( III ) fluoride with molecular fluorine :
<formula>
Another known form of solid tetravalent americium chloride is KAmF5 . Tetravalent americium has also been observed in the aqueous phase . For this purpose , black Am ( OH ) 4 was dissolved in 15 @-@ M NH3F with the americium concentration of 0 @.@ 01 M. The resulting reddish solution had a characteristic optical absorption spectrum which is similar to that of AmF4 but differed from other oxidation states of americium . Heating the Am ( IV ) solution to 90 ° C did not result in its disproportionation or reduction , however a slow reduction was observed to Am ( III ) and assigned to self @-@ irradiation of americium by alpha particles .
Most americium ( III ) halides form hexagonal crystals with slight variation of the color and exact structure between the halogens . So , chloride ( AmCl3 ) is reddish and has a structure isotypic to uranium ( III ) chloride ( space group P63 / m ) and the melting point of 715 ° C. The fluoride is isotypic to LaF3 ( space group P63 / mmc ) and the iodide to BiI3 ( space group R3 ) . The bromide is an exception with the orthorhombic PuBr3 @-@ type structure and space group Cmcm . Crystals of americium hexahydrate ( AmCl3 · 6H2O ) can be prepared by dissolving americium dioxide in hydrochloric acid and evaporating the liquid . Those crystals are hygroscopic and have yellow @-@ reddish color and a monoclinic crystal structure .
Oxyhalides of americium in the form AmVIO2X2 , AmVO2X , AmIVOX2 and AmIIIOX can be obtained by reacting the corresponding americium halide with oxygen or Sb2O3 , and AmOCl can also be produced by vapor phase hydrolysis :
<formula>
= = = Chalcogenides and pnictides = = =
The known chalcogenides of americium include the sulfide AmS2 , selenides AmSe2 and Am3Se4 , and tellurides Am2Te3 and AmTe2 . The pnictides of americium ( 243Am ) of the AmX type are known for the elements phosphorus , arsenic , antimony and bismuth .
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They crystallize in the rock @-@ salt lattice .
= = = Silicides and borides = = =
Americium monosilicide ( AmSi ) and " disilicide " ( nominally AmSix with : 1 @.@ 87 < x < 2 @.@ 0 ) were obtained by reduction of americium ( III ) fluoride with elementary silicon in vacuum at 1050 ° C ( AmSi ) and 1150 − 1200 ° C ( AmSix ) . AmSi is a black solid isomorphic with LaSi , it has an orthorhombic crystal symmetry . AmSix has a bright silvery lustre and a tetragonal crystal lattice ( space group I41 / amd ) , it is isomorphic with PuSi2 and ThSi2 . Borides of americium include AmB4 and AmB6 . The tetraboride can be obtained by heating an oxide or halide of americium with magnesium diboride in vacuum or inert atmosphere .
= = = Organoamericium compounds = = =
Analogous to uranocene , americium forms the organometallic compound amerocene with two cyclooctatetraene ligands , with the chemical formula ( η8 @-@ C8H8 ) 2Am . It also makes the trigonal tricyclopentadienylamericium [ ( η5 @-@ C5H5 ) 3Am ) ] complex with three cyclopentadienyl rings surrounding one atom of americium .
Formation of the complexes of the type Am ( n @-@ C3H7 @-@ BTP ) 3 , where BTP stands for 2 @,@ 6 @-@ di ( 1 @,@ 2 @,@ 4 @-@ triazin @-@ 3 @-@ yl ) pyridine , in solutions containing n @-@ C3H7 @-@ BTP and Am3 + ions has been confirmed by EXAFS . Some of these BTP @-@ type complexes selectively interact with americium and therefore are useful in its selective separation from lanthanides and another actinides .
= = Biological aspects = =
Americium is an artificial element of recent origin , and thus does not have a biological requirement . It is harmful to life . It has been proposed to use bacteria for removal of americium and other heavy metals from rivers and streams . Thus , Enterobacteriaceae of the genus Citrobacter precipitate americium ions from aqueous solutions , binding them into a metal @-@ phosphate complex at their cell walls . Several studies have been reported on the biosorption and bioaccumulation of americium by bacteria and fungi .
= = Fission = =
The isotope 242mAm ( half @-@ life 141 years ) has the largest cross sections for absorption of thermal neutrons ( 5 @,@ 700 barns ) , that results in a small critical mass for a sustained nuclear chain reaction . The critical mass for a bare 242mAm sphere is about 9 – 14 kg ( the uncertainty results from insufficient knowledge of its material properties ) . It can be lowered to 3 – 5 kg with a metal reflector and should become even smaller with a water reflector . Such small critical mass is favorable for portable nuclear weapons , but those based on 242mAm are not known yet , probably because of its scarcity and high price . The critical masses of two other readily available isotopes , 241Am and 243Am , are relatively high – 57 @.@ 6 to 75 @.@ 6 kg for 241Am and 209 kg for 243Am . Scarcity and high price yet hinder application of americium as a nuclear fuel in nuclear reactors .
There are proposals of very compact 10 @-@ kW high @-@ flux reactors using as little as 20 grams of 242mAm . Such low @-@ power reactors would be relatively safe to use as neutron sources for radiation therapy in hospitals .
= = Isotopes = =
About 19 isotopes and 8 nuclear isomers are known for americium . There are two long @-@ lived alpha @-@ emitters , 241Am and 243Am with half @-@ lives of 432 @.@ 2 and 7 @,@ 370 years , respectively , and the nuclear isomer 242m1Am has a long half @-@ life of 141 years . The half @-@ lives of other isotopes and isomers range from 0 @.@ 64 microseconds for 245m1Am to 50 @.@ 8 hours for 240Am . As with most other actinides , the isotopes of americium with odd number of neutrons have relatively high rate of nuclear fission and low critical mass .
Americium @-@ 241 decays to 237Np emitting alpha particles of 5 different energies , mostly at 5 @.@ 486 MeV ( 85 @.@ 2 % ) and 5 @.@ 443 MeV ( 12 @.@ 8 % ) . Because many of the resulting states are metastable , they also emit gamma rays with the discrete energies between 26 @.@ 3 and 158 @.@ 5 keV .
Americium @-@ 242 is a short @-@ lived isotope with a half @-@ life of 16 @.@ 02 h . It mostly ( 82 @.@ 7 % ) converts by β @-@ decay to
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in shame , not the victims or their families . " Devi spoke out against the upcoming release of the juvenile and put forth four demands for justice :
On the third death anniversary of our death , we are seeing the release of the juvenile convict . Where is justice in that ? I do not know whether he is 16 or 18 . I only know that he has committed a brutal crime and there should be no age limit for punishment ; [ ... ] the juvenile convict should be sentenced to death , fast @-@ track courts be set up in all the courts to offer speedy justice to sexual assault victims , amendments to the Juveniles Justice Act be passed and utilisation of Nirbhaya Fund for setting up high quality forensic labs in all states .
= = = Improvements to the legal system = = =
The outpouring of anger and grief following the rape and murder gave rise to hopes for change in India . The government responded with the passage of several new sexual assault laws , including a mandatory minimum sentence of 20 years for gang rape , and six new fast @-@ track courts created solely for rape prosecutions . As an indicator of the scope of the problem of rape prosecution , the " Nirbhaya " case was the only conviction obtained among the 706 rape cases filed in New Delhi in 2012 . Between 16 December 2012 and 4 January 2013 , Delhi police recorded 501 allegations of harassment and 64 of rape , but only four inquiries were launched . However , it appears that the " Nirbhaya " case has had an effect on the willingness of rape or molestation victims to report the crime ; police records show that during the final nine months of 2013 almost twice as many rape victims filed a police report and four times as many allegations of molestation were made . A recent report released by the National Crime Records Bureau shows that 95 percent of the cases brought to the police were classified as a crime . However , there is a large backlog of cases with fewer than 15 percent of those charged tried in 2012 , leaving 85 percent waiting to come to trial .
On 16 December 2013 , the one @-@ year anniversary of the rape was commemorated in London with a public memorial to honor the victim . Speakers included Meera Syal , whose parents are from New Delhi . Speaking of the anger that was expressed at the time of the rape , she said , " We need to hold onto that anger and demand that the Indian Government enforces all the promised changes of its recent Criminal Law Amendment Act , which changed laws to expand the definition of rape and incorporated new offences including acid attack , sexual harassment , voyeurism and stalking " . She also said that activists need to act in solidarity with other organisations to stop violence against women and girls around the world .
Following the incident the government set up the Nirbhaya Fund to address violence against women . The Fund is administered by Department of Economic Affairs of the finance ministry . However , as of March 2015 , very little of the funds have been spent to ensure women 's safety .
= = = Public discussions about violence against women = = =
Observers agree that Pandey 's ordeal has brought a change to public conversations about women 's issues , with men joining in the discussions as well . A young woman who had taken part in the protests at the time of the rape said a year later , " A welcome change is that the taboo on discussing rape and sexual violence has been broken . The protests brought debates and discussions to our homes . " She also said that since the rape and protests the media is now providing coverage of sexual violence . However , she saw " absolutely no change in the rape culture and related brutality . The streets are not safe . Teasing [ Eve teasing ] and catcalling or worse are to be found everywhere . Sexual harassment in public places as well as inside the home is still rampant . " She added , " I do acknowledge , however , that a year is too less to undo what patriarchy has done over centuries . It is too embedded in our homes , our institutions and in our laws . The police may be a little more receptive , but it is not out of a sense of duty but out of the fear of censure " .
= = = Nirbhaya Trust = = =
In December 2013 the family of the victim established the Nirbhaya Trust , an institute formed to assist women who have experienced violence to find shelter and legal assistance . Due to the fact that Indian laws do not allow the publishing of a rape victim 's name , it was named Nirbhaya which means fearless in Hindi , after the name used by the media . The victim 's father stated , " So many people supported us , so ... we want [ to ] help those girls who have no one . "
= = = BBC Storyville : India 's Daughter = = =
India 's Daughter ( 2015 ) is a documentary film directed and produced by Leslee Udwin , and is part of the BBC 's ongoing Storyville series . It was scheduled to be broadcast on International Women 's Day , 8 March 2015 , in India on NDTV 24x7 and in UK on BBC Four . On 1 March , it was revealed that the filmmakers had interviewed one of the rapists while he was being held in the Tihar jail . Soon , the news was picked up by Indian media outlets . The Indian government blocked its broadcast in India by obtaining a court order on 4 March . The BBC said it would comply with the order and did not broadcast the film in India . In the UK however , the BBC moved the transmission forward to 4 March , and it was shown on that date . The film was also uploaded on YouTube and soon went viral with various shares on social media . On 5 March , the Indian government directed YouTube to block the video in India and YouTube complied with the order . The film has generated a great deal of controversy in both India and worldwide .
Because India does not permit a rape victim 's name to be published the victim was called " Nirbhaya " , which means fearless , because of her efforts to fight off her rapists and her insistence on making a detailed statement to the police before she died . However , following the death of their daughter , the parents were quoted in several media articles as saying they had no objections to using their daughter 's name . In the film the father states he is " happy " to reveal her name , Jyoti Singh Pandey , and on 5 March the father was quoted as saying he thought " everyone should watch the documentary , which showed ' the bitter truth ' about attitudes to women in India " . Even still , on 6 March , the news outlet The Hindu ran an article " Father objects to revealing gangrape victim ’ s name in ' India 's Daughter ' " in which they quoted the father as saying that he planned to take legal action because her name was used .
The film 's director and producer Leslee Udwin said that it was the courage and bravery shown by the unprecedented numbers of men and women who protested the rape and murder that inspired her to make the film . Speaking in an interview , Udwin said :
Courageous and impassioned ordinary men and women of India braved the December freeze to protest in unprecedented numbers , withstanding an onslaught of teargas shells , lathi charges [ baton charges ] and water canons , to make their cry of ‘ enough is enough ’ heard . In this regard , India led the world by example . In my lifetime , I can ’ t recall any other country standing up with such commitment and determination for women ’ s rights .
Speaking of the film , Pandey 's father , Badrinath Singh , said that the film " holds up a mirror to society " and that the showing of the film is important " so that the struggle that my daughter was part of continues . " Singh said that since the death of their daughter " every girl on the street is like a daughter " to him and his wife and that people need to understand that sons need to be taught to respect women . Speaking on 5 March , Singh said :
My wife and I brought up our children with the sole intention of making them good citizens . I can proudly say that we have achieved that . Our daughter has shown society its true face . She has changed the lives of many young girls . She remains an inspiration even after her death . She fought back those devils . We are proud of our daughter .
= = = Literary works = = =
Motivated by Jyoti 's rape and murder , Ram Devineni , Lina Srivastava , and Dan Goldman released the comic book Priya 's Shakti . The storyline of the comic focuses on Priya , a human woman and ardent devotee of the Goddess Parvati , who has experienced a brutal rape and the social stigma and isolation resulting from it . Inspired by the goddess , Priya fights against gender @-@ based sexual violence in India and around the world , supporting the movement against patriarchy and misogyny .
A book on the Nirbhaya case titled Courting Injustice : The Nirbhaya Case and its Aftermath was authored by Rajesh Talwar , and published by Hay House in 2013
On 5 September 2014 , Bandaru Dattareya , a member of Parliament and BJP National Vice President , inaugurated " Wo Desh Ki Beti " ( Nation 's Daughter ) , a social event at Hyderabad showcasing a collection of sixteen poems authored by Sunil Kumar Verma which depicted the pain of a nation at the gang rape of its daughters .
= = = General = = =
= =
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winyguan family .
Wagiman is the ancestral language of the Wagiman people , Aboriginal Australians whose traditional land , before colonisation , extended for hundreds of square kilometres from the Stuart Highway , throughout the Mid @-@ Daly Basin , and across the Daly River . The land is highly fertile and well @-@ watered , and contains a number of cattle stations , on which many members of the ethnic group used to work . These stations include Claravale , Dorisvale , Jindare , Oolloo and Douglas .
The language region borders Waray to the north , Mayali ( Gunwinygu ) and Jawoyn on the east , Wardaman and Jaminjung on the south , and Murrinh @-@ Patha , Ngan 'giwumirri and Malak Malak on the west . Before colonisation , the lands surrounding Pine Creek , extending north to Brock 's Creek , were traditionally associated with another language group that is now extinct , believed to have been Wulwulam .
= = = Current situation = = =
The dominant language of the region is Mayali , a dialect of Bininj Gun @-@ Wok traditionally associated with the region surrounding Maningrida , in Western Arnhem Land . As it is a strong language with hundreds of speakers and a high rate of child acquisition , members of the Wagiman ethnic group gradually ceased teaching the Wagiman language to their children . As a result , many Wagiman people speak Mayali , while only a handful of elders , possibly no more than six , speak Wagiman .
The adults in the community are considered semi @-@ speakers as they have a passive understanding of Wagiman and generally only know a few basic words . Their children , the grandchildren of the elders , understand very little Wagiman and speak none . Apart from Mayali , Kriol , a creole language based on the vocabulary of English , is the lingua franca of the area . All members of the Wagiman ethnic group , as well as all other ethnic groups represented in the area , are native speakers of a moderate grade of Kriol .
The small number of Wagiman speakers are also partial speakers of a number of other languages besides Mayali , including Jaminjung , Wardaman and Dagoman .
= = = Dialects = = =
Wagiman speakers are conscious of a distinction between two dialects of Wagiman , which they refer to as matjjin no @-@ roh @-@ ma ' light language ' and matjjin gu @-@ nawutj @-@ jan ' heavy language ' . The differences are minor and speakers have no difficulty understanding one another .
= = Wagiman grammar = =
All grammatical information from Wilson , S. ( 1999 ) unless otherwise noted .
= = = Parts of speech = = =
The three most important parts of speech in Wagiman are verbs , coverbs and nominals . Apart from these , there are a multitude of verbal and nominal affixes , interjections and other particles . Pronouns class with nominals .
= = = = Nominals = = = =
Like many Australian languages , Wagiman does not categorially distinguish nouns from adjectives . These form one word class that is called nominals . Wagiman nominals take case suffixes ( see below ) that denote their grammatical or semantic role in the sentence . The grammatical cases are ergative and absolutive , and the semantic cases include instrumental ( using ) , allative ( towards ) , ablative ( from ) , locative ( at ) , comitative ( with , having ) , privative ( without , lacking ) , temporal ( at the time of ) and semblative ( resembling ) . The dative case can be either grammatical or semantic , depending on the syntactic requirements of the verb .
Demonstratives are similarly considered nominals in Wagiman , and take the same case suffixes depending on their semantic and syntactic roles ; their function within the sentence . That is , the demonstrative mahan ' this ' , or ' here ' ( root : mayh- ) , may take case just like any other nominal .
mayh @-@ yi this @-@ ERG ' this one ( did it ) '
mayh @-@ ga this @-@ ALL ' to here'
= = = = = Examples of nominals = = = = =
guda ' fire ' , ' wood ' [ ɡʊda ]
wirin ' tree ' , ' stick ' [ wɪɻɪn ]
lagiban ' man ' [ laɡɪban ]
gordal ' head ' [ ɡɔɖaɫ ]
lagiriny ' tail ' [ laɡɪɻɪɲ ]
manyngardal ' tongue ' [ maɲŋaɖaɫ ]
= = = = Pronouns = = = =
Pronouns are typologically nominals also , yet their morphosyntactic alignment is nominative – accusative rather than ergative – absolutive .
The 3rd person singular and plural nominative forms , ngonggega and bogo , are labeled ' rare ' because they are gradually becoming disused . Speakers prefer to use non @-@ personal pronouns such as gayh- ' that ' or gayh @-@ gorden ' those ' . Moreover , since the person and number of the subject is contained in the prefix of the verb , nominative free pronouns are often dropped .
= = = = = Tripartite alignment = = = = =
While the nominal case system distinguishes the ergative case from absolutive , the free pronouns distinguish nominative from accusative , as shown above . However , they inflect for ergative case as well , resulting in a tripartite case system , as in the following :
ngagun @-@ yi ngonggo ngany @-@ bu @-@ ng
1sg.NOM @-@ ERG 2sg.ACC 1sgA.2sgO @-@ hit @-@ PRF
'I hit you'
The nominative pronoun root in this instance , ngagun ' I ' , takes the ergative case suffix -yi to denote the fact that it is the agent of a transitive clause . Conversely , the same pronoun does not take the ergative case when acting as the argument of an intransitive clause :
ngagun maman nga @-@ yu
1sg.NOM good 1sg @-@ be.PRS
'I am good'
The accusative pronouns on the other hand , may be accusative or dative , depending on the syntactic requirements of the verb . In the traditional terminology , these pronouns can be either direct or indirect objects .
ngagun @-@ yi nga @-@ nanda @-@ yi nung
1sg.NOM @-@ ERG 1sgA.3sgO @-@ see @-@ PST 3sg.ACC
'I saw him / her'
nga @-@ nawu @-@ ndi wahan nung
1sgA.3sgO @-@ give @-@ PST water 3sg.ACC
'I gave the water to him / her'
For these reasons , the pronouns are also labeled base for nominative – ergative pronouns , and oblique for accusative – dative pronouns .
= = = = = Genitive pronouns = = = = =
In the table above , genitive pronouns all end with -gin , which is separated orthographically by a hyphen that normally divides morphemes . The -gin form here is not a separate morpheme and cannot be lexically segmented ; there is no such word as nganing that would be formed by removing -gin from nganing @-@ gin ' my / mine ' . The fact that the genitive forms have regular endings across the entire pronoun paradigm may have been a historical accident .
This cannot be a nominal suffix like those listed above , since it may not attach to other nominals ( * warren @-@ gin lari ' the child 's hand ' ) . Furthermore , the genitive pronouns may take a further case suffix , as in the example :
gorun nganing @-@ gin @-@ ba
house my @-@ ALL
'to my house'
This would be prohibited by the restriction against case stacking in Wagiman if the genitive -gin were a case suffix .
= = = = Verbs = = = =
Verbs are a class of word in Wagiman which contains fewer than 50 members . As it is a closed class , no more verbs are possible . They are often monosyllabic verb roots and all are vowel @-@ final . Wagiman verbs obligatorily inflect for person and number of core arguments , and for the tense and aspect of the clause . A small set of verbs may take a non @-@ finite suffix -yh , in which
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it may not be further inflected for person or tense . That non @-@ finite verb must then co @-@ occur with another auxiliary verb .
= = = = = Examples of verbs = = = = =
Each verb is listed with its past tense marker , which is the second morpheme . Pronunciation given where appropriate .
bu @-@ ni ' hit'
di @-@ nya ' come'
ra @-@ ndi ' throw'
rinyi @-@ ra ' fall'
nanda @-@ yi ' see ' [ nandaɪ ]
yu @-@ nginy ' be ' [ jʊŋɪɲ ]
= = = = Coverbs = = = =
There are so far over 500 recorded coverbs in Wagiman , and more are discovered with continuing research . Compared with verbs , coverbs are far more numerous and far more semantically rich . Verbs express simple , broad meanings such as yu- ' be ' , ya- ' go ' and di- ' come ' , while coverbs convey more specific , semantically narrow meanings such as barnhbarn @-@ na ' make footprints ' , lerdongh @-@ nga ' play ( a didjeridu ) ' or murr @-@ ma ' wade through shallow water using your feet to search for something ' .
Coverbs however , cannot inflect for person and cannot , in themselves , head finite clauses . If they are to act as the head of a clause , they must combine with a verb , thereby forming a bipartite verbal compound , commonly called a complex predicate .
= = = = = Examples of coverbs = = = = =
Each is listed with the -ma suffix ( or its allomorph ) , which signals aspectual unmarkedness .
liri @-@ ma ' swim ' [ lɪɻɪma ]
dabale @-@ ma ' ( go ) around ) ' [ dabalema ]
gorrh @-@ ma ' fish ' [ ɡɔrʔma ]
dippart @-@ ta ' jump ' [ dɪbˑaɖˑa ]
wirrnh @-@ na ' whistle ' [ wɪrʔna ]
= = = Phonology and orthography = = =
The Wagiman phonemic inventory is quite typical for a northern Australian language . It has six places of articulation with a stop and a nasal in each . There are also a number of laterals and approximants , a trill and a phonemic glottal stop ( represented in the orthography by ' h ' ) . Wagiman also has a vowel inventory that is standard for the north of Australia , with a system of 5 vowels .
= = = = Consonants = = = =
Stops that are fortis ( or ' strong ' ) are differentiated from those that are lenis ( or ' weak ' ) on the basis of length of closure , as opposed to the voice onset time ( VOT ) , the period after the release of the stop before the commencement of vocal fold activity ( or voice ) which normally differentiates fortis and lenis stops in English and most other languages .
Lenis stops in Wagiman sound like English voiced stops and are therefore written using the Roman alphabet letters b , d and g . Fortis stops , however , sound more like voiceless stops in English , but are slightly longer than lenis stops . They are written with two voiceless letters , pp , tt and kk when they occur between two vowels .
Since the length of closure is defined in terms of time between the closure of the vocal tract after the preceding vowel , and the release before the following vowel , stops at the beginning or end of a word do not have a fortis @-@ lenis contrast . Orthographically in Wagiman , word @-@ initial stops are written using the voiced Roman letters ( b , d and g ) , but at the end of a word , voiceless letters ( p , t and k ) are used instead .
= = = = Vowels = = = =
As with many languages of the top @-@ end , Wagiman has a standard five @-@ vowel system . However , a system of vowel harmony indicates that two sets of vowels are closely associated with each other . [ ɛ ] aligns closely with [ ɪ ] and similarly , [ ɔ ] merges with [ ʊ ] .
In this respect , it is possible to analyse Wagiman 's vowel inventory as historically deriving from a three @-@ vowel system common among the languages from further south , but with the phonetic influence of a typically northern five @-@ vowel system .
= = = = Phonotactics = = = =
Each syllable of Wagiman contains an onset , a nucleus and an optional coda . This may be generalised to the syllable template CV ( C ) . The coda may consist of any single consonant , a continuant and a glottal stop , or an approximant and any stop .
At the word level , Wagiman has a bimoraic minimum , meaning that if a word consists of a single syllable , it must have either a long vowel or a coda . Examples of monosyllabic words in Wagiman include yow [ jɒʊ ] ' yes ' , or jamh [ ɟʌmʔ ] ' eat.PERF ' .
The retroflex approximant ' r ' [ ɻ ] is not permitted word @-@ initially and instead becomes a lateral ' l ' . This only affects verb roots , as they are the only part
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@ 31 was able to make her way back to Cattaro on 6 October .
Over the next three weeks , U @-@ 31 patrolled between Cattaro and Antivari , Montenegro . After her arrival back at Cattaro on 26 October , she remained there until she was awarded to France as a war reparation in 1920 . U @-@ 31 was towed , along with sister boats U @-@ 29 and U @-@ 41 , from Cattaro for scrapping at Bizerta . In total , U @-@ 31 sank two ships with a combined tonnage of 4 @,@ 088 , and damaged one warship .
= = Ships sunk or damaged = =
* damaged but not sunk
= Adelaide Anne Procter =
Adelaide Anne Procter ( 30 October 1825 – 2 February 1864 ) was an English poet and philanthropist . She worked prominently on behalf of unemployed women and the homeless , and was actively involved with feminist groups and journals . Procter never married . She became unhealthy , possibly due to her charity work , and died of tuberculosis at the age of 38 .
Procter 's literary career began when she was a teenager ; her poems were primarily published in Charles Dickens 's periodicals Household Words and All the Year Round and later published in book form . Her charity work and her conversion to Roman Catholicism appear to have strongly influenced her poetry , which deals most commonly with such subjects as homelessness , poverty , and fallen women .
Procter was the favourite poet of Queen Victoria . Her poetry went through numerous editions in the 19th century ; Coventry Patmore called her the most popular poet of the day , after Alfred , Lord Tennyson . Her poems were set to music and made into hymns , and were published in the United States and Germany as well as in England . Nonetheless , by the early 20th century her reputation had diminished , and few modern critics have given her work attention . Those who have , however , argue that Procter 's work is significant , in part for what it reveals about how Victorian women expressed otherwise repressed feelings .
= = Life = =
Adelaide Anne Procter was born at 25 Bedford Square in the Bloomsbury district of London , on 30 October 1825 to the poet Bryan Waller Procter and his wife Anne ( née Skepper ) . The family had strong literary ties : novelist Elizabeth Gaskell enjoyed her visits to the Procter household , and Procter 's father was friends with poet Leigh Hunt , essayist Charles Lamb , and novelist Charles Dickens , as well as being acquainted with poet William Wordsworth and critic William Hazlitt . Family friend Bessie Rayner Belloc wrote in 1895 that " everybody of any literary pretension whatever seemed to flow in and out of the house . The Kembles , the Macreadys , the Rossettis , the Dickens [ sic ] , the Thackerays , never seemed to be exactly visitors , but to belong to the place . " Author and actress Fanny Kemble wrote that young Procter " looks like a poet 's child , and a poet ... [ with ] a preter @-@ naturally [ sic ] thoughtful , mournful expression for such a little child " .
Dickens spoke highly of Procter 's quick intelligence . By his account , the young Procter mastered without difficulty the subjects to which
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covers a surface area of 11 @.@ 333 km2 ( 4 @.@ 376 sq mi ) ; it was highly mobile considering the distances it reached from the volcano on all three sides of the younger crater . It contains large blocks and has long flow ridges . A second block @-@ and ash flow formed by the collapse of lava domes covers 0 @.@ 801 km2 ( 0 @.@ 309 sq mi ) . Its blocks are somewhat smaller and its ridges are poorly developed . Fissure eruptions have generated large lava flows from the flanks . The El Pozo ignimbrite covers a surface area of 0 @.@ 02 km2 ( 0 @.@ 0077 sq mi ) northwest of the volcano with a thickness of 50 m ( 160 ft ) , an approximate volume of 0 @.@ 001 km3 ( 0 @.@ 00024 cu mi ) and is probably linked to Irruputuncu , in which case it would be the volcano 's oldest unit .
Irruputuncu underwent a flank collapse that subdivides the volcano into two edifices , the older Irruputuncu I and the younger Irruputuncu II , about 140 ± 40 ka ago . This flank collapse extends 6 @.@ 3 km ( 3 @.@ 9 mi ) southwest from the older crater I and is about 10 m ( 33 ft ) thick . It was formed by the collapse of the southwestern flank and forms three distinct units formed by hummock @-@ forming lava blocks and flow ridges up to 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) long . Each stage is associated with an individual crater named Crater I and Crater II . The flank collapse was probably produced by oversteepening of the volcano or by asymmetric growth . Subsequent activity of the volcano has completely filled the scarp . The lack of ground deformation during eruptive activity suggests the magma chamber of Irruputuncu may be more than 7 – 15 km ( 4 @.@ 3 – 9 @.@ 3 mi ) deep , which may be linked to the thickness of the crust beneath the Central Andes , ranging 50 – 70 km ( 31 – 43 mi ) .
Irruputuncu displays vigorous fumarolic activity that occupies about half the summit crater and is visible within several 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) . The 200 m ( 660 ft ) high fumaroles have temperatures of 83 – 240 ° C ( 181 – 464 ° F ) and are composed mainly by sulfur dioxide , followed by minor amounts of hydrogen sulfide , hydrogen chloride , hydrogen fluoride , methane , nitrogen and oxygen . In addition , argon , carbon monoxide , helium , hydrogen and sulfur are found . The temperatures of the fumaroles are comparable with or exceed the boiling point at such altitudes . ASTER imagery indicates Irruputuncu 's fumarole field has a small surface area with high temperatures . Total sulfur dioxide flux from the volcano is between 21 – 50 t / d ( 0 @.@ 24 – 0 @.@ 57 long ton / ks ) . The fumarolic activity has left sulfur deposits on the volcano . Sulfur deposits are found in the youngest crater in an area of about 0 @.@ 011 km2 ( 0 @.@ 0042 sq mi ) , and also form small sulfur flows with pahoehoe @-@ type morphology . Deposits are generally yellow but close to the fumaroles they display different colours depending on their temperatures . Gravel and eolian deposits form sedimentary units around the volcano .
= = = Composition = = =
Irruputuncu 's rocks consist of andesite- and dacite @-@ containing hornblende and pyroxene . The El Pozo ignimbrite is pumice @-@ rich and has a composition between trachyandesite and trachydacite . Minerals amphibole , biotite , hornblende , quartz and plagioclase comprise the rocks . The Irruputuncu I lava flows are composed of trachyandesitic with biotite and plagioclase , while the Queñoas are composed of andesite and trachyandesite . The block @-@ and @-@ ash flows and Crater lavas consist of solely trachyandesitic . Overall , these rocks belong to the potassium @-@ rich calc @-@ alkaline series typical of CVZ volcanoes . The magmas are formed by plagioclase and clinopyroxene crystallization with some mixing . Irruputuncu 's rocks show minor evidence of crustal contamination , similar to other CVZ volcanoes located within transition zones .
Water is the most important component in the volcano 's fumarolic gases , comprising 96 @.@ 05 % to 97 @.@ 95 % by volume . Examinations of deuterium and oxygen @-@ 18 content of the water have determined that like the water of fumaroles in other Andean volcanic centres , Irruputuncu water is a mixture of weather @-@ related water and water contained in andesite . The helium isotope ratios indicate the magmatic component dominates the gasses at Irruputuncu , Much of the carbon dioxide comes from subducted and crustal carbonates . The gases escape from oxidizing magma at 491 – 781 ° C ( 916 – 1 @,@ 438 ° F ) and pass through a weakly developed hydrothermal system with temperatures of c . 340 ° C ( 644 ° F ) . Argon isotope ratios appear to be radiogenic .
= = Eruptive history = =
The oldest rocks at Irruputuncu are lavas that have been dated by potassium @-@ argon dating to 10 @.@ 8 ± 0 @.@ 6 mya . The oldest component clearly belonging to the volcano is the El Pozo ignimbrite that was erupted 258 @.@ 2 ± 48 @.@ 8 ka , forming a multi @-@ layered ignimbrite that was probably generated by the injection of new , hot magma into older , cooler magma . A lava dome on the upper flank on the western side of the volcano is 0 @.@ 14 ± 0 @.@ 04 mya old . The block @-@ and @-@ ash flow between 55 @.@ 9 ka and 140 ka old , but has not been pecisely dated . The Crater lavas are 55 @.@ 9 ± 26 @.@ 8 ka old . The block @-@ and @-@ ash flow on the southwestern flank was formed 1570 ± 900
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-@ Gower 's XI . During the last tour in 1938 , this team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit , but this time Bradman insisted that only six current England Test players be allowed to play for the hosts . Bradman then fielded a full @-@ strength team , with the only difference from the Fifth Test team being Johnson coming for Doug Ring . Tallon made two as Australia declared at 8 / 489 . He conceded seven byes and did not make a dismissal as the match ended in a draw after multiple rain delays .
The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland . In the first match , Tallon played as a batsman while Saggers kept wicket . Tallon scored only six in Australia 's 236 and then took 0 / 10 in Scotland 's second innings and did not take a catch in the innings victory . In the second match in Aberdeen , Tallon kept wicket , conceding 26 byes and not taking a dismissal and he was not required to bat . When the match became safe , with Australia in an unassailable position in Scotland 's second innings , Bradman allowed Tallon to dispense with his wicket @-@ keeping pads and try his luck at bowling leg spin . Tallon never bowled in his Test career and only rarely in first @-@ class cricket , where he delivered 301 balls , the approximate workload of a specialist bowler in one match . Tallon took 2 / 15 as Australia finished the tour with another innings win .
= = Role = =
Tallon had had moderate success with his batting during the Test series , aggregating 114 runs at 28 @.@ 50 . He usually batted at No. 8 , and only had four innings as Australia 's batting strength was such that he did not need to bat in the second innings in any of the Tests . The Australian team strategy of primarily depending on fast bowling saw Tallon make 12 catches and no stumpings during the Tests . However , Bradman gave his lead pace bowlers Miller and Lindwall more rest during the tour games to save energy for the Tests , and relied more heavily on the off spin of Ian Johnson and the leg spin of McCool and Doug Ring in the county matches . Thus overall Tallon took 29 catches and 14 stumpings for the first @-@ class matches during the tour . Tallon scored 283 runs at 25 @.@ 72 for the season at an average higher than Saggers 's 23 @.@ 22 . In all his matches on tour , Tallon conceded 249 byes as Australia conceded 5331 runs , a bye percentage of 4 @.@ 67 % , compared to Saggers 's 221 byes from 6190 runs , a percentage of 3 @.@ 57 % .N-
During the tour , Tallon had few opportunities with the bat , generally batting between No. 8 and No. 9 , N- because Australia 's frontline bowlers included the likes of Ray Lindwall , Colin McCool , Ian Johnson and Doug Ring , who were all capable with the bat . Lindwall scored two Test centuries in his career , while McCool scored 18 first @-@ class centuries , including one in Tests . Johnson and Ring both scored more than 20 fifties at first @-@ class level . As Australia often won by an innings , and often declared in the first innings , Tallon only had 13 innings in his 14 first @-@ class fixtures and was not out two times as he ran out of partners .
Tallon 's performances during the English summer saw him named by Wisden as one of its five Cricketers of the Year .
= = = Statistical notes = = =
= Limp Bizkit =
Limp Bizkit is an American rap rock / nu metal band from Jacksonville , Florida , formed in 1994 . Their lineup consists of Fred Durst ( lead vocals ) , Sam Rivers ( bass guitar , backing vocals ) , John Otto ( drums , percussions ) , and Wes Borland ( guitars , backing vocals ) . Their work is marked by Durst 's abrasive , angry lyrics and Borland 's sonic experimentation and elaborate visual appearance , which includes face and body paint , masks and uniforms , as well as the band 's elaborate live shows . The band has been nominated for three Grammy Awards , have sold 40 million records worldwide and won several other awards .
Formed in 1994 , Limp Bizkit became popular playing in the Jacksonville , Florida underground music scene in the late 1990s , and signed with Flip Records , a subsidiary of Interscope , which released their debut album , Three Dollar Bill , Y 'all $ ( 1997 ) . The band achieved mainstream success with their second and third studio albums , Significant Other ( 1999 ) and Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water ( 2000 ) , although this success was marred by a series of controversies surrounding their performances at Woodstock ' 99 and the 2001 Big Day Out festival .
Borland left the group in 2001 , but Durst , Rivers , Otto and Lethal continued to record and tour with guitarist Mike Smith . Following the release of their album , Results May Vary ( 2003 ) , Borland rejoined the band and recorded The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) ( 2005 ) with Durst , Rivers , Lethal and drummer Sammy Siegler before entering a hiatus . In 2009 , the band reunited with Borland playing guitar and began touring , culminating with the recording of the album Gold Cobra ( 2011 ) , after which they left Interscope and later signed with Cash Money Records , but DJ Lethal was asked to leave the band soon after . They are currently recording their seventh studio album , Stampede of the Disco Elephants .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and early years ( 1994 – 96 ) = = =
Fred Durst grew up in Jacksonville ,
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Florida , where he took an interest in breakdancing , hip hop , punk rock and heavy metal . He began to rap , skate , beatbox and deejay . While mowing lawns and working as a tattoo artist , he developed an idea for a band that combined elements of rock and hip hop . Durst played with three other bands , Split 26 , Malachi Sage , which were unsuccessful , and 10 Foot Shindig , which Durst left to form a new band . Durst told Sam Rivers , the bassist for Malachi Sage , " You need to quit this band and start a band with me that 's like this : rappin ' and rockin ' . " Rivers suggested that his cousin , John Otto , who was studying jazz drumming at the Douglas Anderson School of the Arts and playing in local avant garde bands , become their drummer . Durst , Rivers and Otto jammed and wrote three songs together , and Wes Borland later joined as a guitarist .
Durst named the band Limp Bizkit , because he wanted a name that would repel listeners . According to Durst , " The name is there to turn people 's heads away . A lot of people pick up the disc and go , ' Limp Bizkit . Oh , they must suck . ' Those are the people that we don 't even want listening to our music . " Other names that were considered by Durst included Gimp Disco , Split Dickslit , Bitch Piglet , and Blood Fart . Every record label that showed an interest in the band pressured its members to change its name . Limp Bizkit developed a cult following in the underground music scene , particularly at the Milk Bar , an underground punk club in Jacksonville . The band 's local popularity was such that Sugar Ray , who had a major label contract , opened for a then @-@ unsigned Limp Bizkit at Velocity with hip hop group Funkdubious . Milkbar owner , Danny Wimmer , stated that Limp Bizkit " had the biggest draw for a local band . They went from playing [ for ] ten people to eight hundred within months . Fred [ ... ] was always marketing the band . He would go to record stores and get people involved , he was in touch with high schools . " However , the band knew that to achieve national success , they would have to distinguish themselves in their live performances . Attracting crowds by word of mouth , the band gave energetic live performances , covering George Michael 's " Faith " and Paula Abdul 's " Straight Up " , and featuring Borland in bizarre costumes . Borland 's theatrical rock style was the primary attraction for many concert attendees .
Durst unsuccessfully tried to attract attention from A & R representatives at various labels by pretending to be the band 's manager . Later , when Korn performed in town as the opening act for Sick of It All , Durst invited Korn to drink beer and tattoo them . Although Durst 's tattoos were unimpressive , he was able to persuade Reginald " Fieldy " Arvizu to listen to a demo , consisting of the songs " Pollution " , " Counterfeit " and " Stuck " . Korn added a then @-@ unsigned Limp Bizkit to two tours , which exposed the band to a new audience . The band attempted to expand their sound by auditioning an additional guitarist , but Borland soon determined that another guitarist was not the answer , and DJ Lethal , formerly of the hip hop group House of Pain , joined the band as a turntablist after a successful practice performance . Joining the band gave Lethal an opportunity to experiment with his turntable technique in ways that hip hop had not allowed him to do , helping shape the band 's style . However , Borland left the band due to creative differences .
= = = Three Dollar Bill , Yall ( 1997 – 98 ) = = =
After their performance opening for Korn at the Dragonfly in Hollywood was well received , Limp Biz
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than routes through Pakistan . Huge costs are associated with the Central Asian supply lines , and NATO 's supply line through Russia is already under a looming danger of closure due to friction over missile defence plans . Being a landlocked country , Afghanistan is highly dependent on Pakistan for its imports . According to figures released by The Pentagon in January 2012 , the United States was paying six times more to send supplies to troops in Afghanistan via alternative supply routes following the closure of Pakistani routes . The figures placed the new US costs at $ 104 million per month , roughly $ 87 million costlier per month than when the cargo was transported via Pakistan . The high costs were associated with the routes being lengthier .
= = = = Continued strife = = = =
In late March 2012 , a US military official stated that the United States would have to use routes through the Northern Distribution Network ( NDN ) for supplies to Afghanistan if Pakistan refused to reopen its supply lines . However , he conceded the expensiveness of these routes and noted that negotiations with Pakistan regarding the possibility of opening of the supply routes were ongoing . After reviewing United States @-@ Pakistan relations and outlining what was needed to repair bilateral relations , the Pakistani parliament turned the decision of reopening the NATO supply lines over to the government in April 2012 . Due to an upcoming general election in Pakistan , with widespread anti @-@ American sentiments in the country , the Pakistani government was reluctant to reopen the lines , and postponed its decision until the United States responded positively to Pakistani demands outlined in the parliamentary recommendations , such as a US apology for the November 2011 incident , the bringing of those involved in the strike to justice , and a stop to US drone airstrikes . Talks between Pakistan and the United States failed in April 2012 after Pakistan could not get an unconditional apology from the United States for the November 2011 incident . The White House refused to apologise after Taliban attacks in Kabul and other cities in Afghanistan on 15 April 2012 , which according to US military and intelligence officials came from the Haqqani network , an Afghan group working from a base in North Waziristan along the Afghanistan border in Pakistan 's tribal belt . Pakistani officials said they cannot open the NATO supply routes in Afghanistan without a US apology .
Later in May , Pakistan demanded the United States to pay stiff fees as a condition to open up NATO supply routes into Afghanistan . The United States , however , could not pay the required $ 5 @,@ 000 per truck due to budgetary restraints according to US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta . " Considering the financial challenges that we 're facing , that 's not likely , " Panetta said of the Pakistani demand of $ 5 @,@ 000 for each truck carrying supplies across its territory for NATO troops waging the Afghanistan war . Unnamed US officials said that US officials said they had hoped a meeting between Pakistani Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and US President Barack Obama as well as sharing the spotlight with President Obama and other global leaders during the 2012 NATO Chicago Summit might provide an incentive for a deal on resuming supply shipments . " The invitation was an inducement to get them back into the international fold , " said a senior US official , speaking anonymously because of the sensitive issues . " But the Pakistanis couldn 't get their own act together " in time for the summit . " The main issue , it seems , is money . "
The United States and Pakistan had nearly completed a deal to reopen crucial NATO supply routes into Afghanistan in June 2012 , when Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta said the US was " reaching the limits of our patience " over Islamabad 's failure to root out Afghan insurgents in its tribal areas . In the wake of Panettas comments deputy assistant secretary of Defense Peter Lavoy was not allowed to meet with the Pakistani Army Chief , General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani , and the Pentagon announced that it was bringing home a negotiating team that had worked in the Pakistani capital for nearly two months to end the bitter impasse over the supply routes . A senior US official disputed the notion that Panetta 's criticism of Pakistan had set back the talks . " The sticking point for a long time has been the apology issue , " the official said .
= = = = Supply lines reopening = = = =
Pakistan decided to reopen the supply lines after US Secretary of State apologised on 3 July 2012 for the Salala incident via a telephone call to Pakistani Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar . " Foreign Minister Khar and I acknowledged the mistakes that resulted in the loss of Pakistani military lives , " Clinton said in a statement . " We are sorry for the losses suffered by the Pakistani military . We are committed to working closely with Pakistan and Afghanistan to prevent this from ever happening again . " US Secretary of Defence Leon Panetta said in a separate statement that the US " remains committed to improving our partnership with Pakistan and to working closely together as our two nations confront common security challenges in the region " , US General John R. Allen said in a statement that the agreement is " a demonstration of Pakistan 's desire to help secure a brighter future for both Afghanistan and the region at large . " and NATO Secretary @-@ General Anders Fogh Rasmussen welcomed the
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s support to the United States in its war against militancy . " Enough is enough . The government will not tolerate any incident of spilling even a single drop of any civilian or soldier 's blood . Pakistan 's role in the War on Terror must not be overlooked . " She added that " the sacrifices rendered by Pakistan in the war on terror are more than any other country . But that does not mean we will compromise on our sovereignty . "
= = = Pakistan 's refusal to attend Bonn Conference = = =
In the wake of the NATO attacks , the Pakistani government refused to attend the Bonn conference scheduled on 5 December 2011 . The event in Bonn , Germany is an important international conference on Afghanistan . International pressure over Pakistan amounted as it refused to attend the Bonn conference . Secretary Hillary Clinton contacted the Pakistani Prime Minister but her plea was rejected because Pakistani public opinion prohibited attendance . The conference was generally regarded as a disappointment , partially because of Pakistan 's absence .
= = = Revision of western @-@ border rules of engagement = = =
Pakistan also strengthened its air defences and surveillance along the Afghanistan border as a precaution against any future incursions . DGMO Major General Ashaq Nadeem was quoted saying " We can expect more attacks from our supposed allies " . Pakistan 's army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani issued directions to commanders posted at the border to fire without permission if any further aggression is received . According to a Pakistani security official , Pakistan had upgraded to a " fully equipped air defence system " on the Afghan border which has the capability of detecting , tracing and shooting down any aircraft . These weapons notably include indigenous shoulder @-@ to @-@ air Anza Mk @-@ III missiles and anti @-@ aircraft guns . The Pakistan Air Force cancelled leave for all its air reconnaissance @-@ related personnel and deployed aircraft to start a round @-@ the @-@ clock combat air patrol over the Afghan border to prevent all intrusions including drone attacks .
= = Reaction = =
The already fractured relationship between Pakistan and the United States fell to a new low following the incident , with the Pakistani government and military establishment reassessing their diplomatic , political , military and intelligence relationship with the United States .
= = = Reaction in Pakistan = = =
= = = Government and military = = =
The Foreign Ministry of Pakistan promptly lodged a protest with US ambassador to Pakistan Cameron Munter following the attack . In an official phone call to the United States , Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar said that the attacks demonstrated " complete disregard for international law and human life " and were " in stark violation of Pakistani sovereignty . " Sentiments within the Pakistani military leadership suggested the attack as being a pre @-@ planned plot that was executed deliberately and intentionally .
Retired Brigadier Mahmood Shah , former chief of security in the tribal areas , said that so far the US has blamed Pakistan for all that is happening in Afghanistan and Pakistan 's point of view has not been shown in the international media , so the matter should be taken up by the United Nations Security Council . He advised Pakistani authorities to shoot down NATO aircraft should a similar event take place in the future , and to keep the supply lines closed , on the argument that the US cannot afford a war with Pakistan . The Inter Services Public Relations ( ISPR ) , a media wing of the Pakistani military , released a statement calling the attack unprovoked and said that chief of army staff , General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani had called the incident unacceptable and " directed that all necessary steps be under taken for an effective response to this irresponsible act " . One senior Pakistani military official said " the latest attack by NATO forces on our post will have serious repercussions as they , without any reasons , attacked on our post and killed soldiers asleep . "
The Pakistani Senate passed a unanimous resolution which denounced the attack and called it contrary to United Nations resolutions and international laws . Pakistan 's Interior Minister Rehman Malik commented on the issue clarifying that the supply lines have not been suspended , rather been permanently shut down and the trucks would not be allowed to cross the Pakistan @-@ Afghanistan border . The Minister of Information and Broadcasting Firdous Ashiq Awan urged the international community to condemn the incident to prevent such incidents in the future . The Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Masood Kausar , termed the air strike as " deliberate " and asserted that claims over the incident being accidental were untrue . He also blamed the instability in neighbouring Afghanistan as a cause of instability in Pakistan .
The televised funeral ceremony of the soldiers who died was held in Peshawar and was attended by several high @-@ level military and political figures , including the Chief of Army Staff . Afterwards , their bodies were dispatched to their native towns for burial . The soldiers hailed from various regions , including three from Azad Kashmir alone , while the Major was from Larkana and the Captain from Sahiwal . Family members of Major Mujahid Mirani and Captain Usman Ali said the soldiers " sacrificed their lives " for the country and that they were proud of those sacrifices . The Army Chief later also paid a visit to the injured soldiers , who had been transported to the Combined Military Hospital ( CMH ) in Peshawar .
On 28 November 2011 , referring to Pak @-@ US military , intelligence , political and diplomatic co @-@ operation , the Pakistani Prime Minister announced that there would be no more business with the US and the relations between the two countries would never be the same again . Later the Director General of ISPR , Abbas , announced that NATO 's apology was not accepted and the attack would have serious consequences . He said that NATO 's regret over the attack was not enough and such incidents had happened in the past , killing 72 soldiers and injuring more than 250 troops in three years . While addressing a gathering of journalists at a military headquarters , Pakistan Army Major @-@ General Ashfaq Nadeem described the Salala incident as a " deliberate act of aggression " and said it was " next to impossible " that NATO did not know they were attacking Pakistani forces .
The next day , Pakistan 's ambassador to the UN , Hussain Haroon wrote to a letter to the UN Secretary General Ban Ki @-@ moon to inform him of the situation and requested that the statement be forwarded to the 193 @-@ nation general assembly and the 15 @-@ nation security council ( UNSC ) as a UNSC document .
Commenting on drone attacks , a senior Pakistani official said that predator drones " will never be allowed back , at Shamsi or anywhere else " although he hinted that American military trainers may be allowed back into the country to train Pakistani security forces . Pakistan had previously dumped American security personnel out of the country , following a covert operation by US special forces that killed Osama bin Laden in the town of Abbottabad in May 2011 and strained Pakistan 's relations with the United States . As of January 2012 , foreign affairs minister Hina Rabbani Khar said Pakistan 's ties with the United States were " still on hold " over the NATO air @-@ attack and that until the re @-@ evaluation was not complete , Washington could not ask Islamabad to pursue militant groups or assist in the Afghan peace process .
In May 2012 , Bilawal Bhutto Zardari , son of President Zardari and chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party , toughened his stance when he called on President Obama to " show some courage " and " apologise to Pakistan " over the raid . Ridiculing US demands for Islamabad to " do more " in the Afghanistan war , Bilawal remarked " it is time for the US to do more " . He called US drone operations a " constant irritant " to Pakistani public opinion and questioned whether the United States " actually considered Pakistan a military ally " , citing other controversial events such as the Abbottabad operation and the Raymond Davis incident . He also remarked that while he understood Obama was facing a re @-@ election , " the future of the NATO mission in Afghanistan should be more important than poll numbers " .
= = = Opposition political parties = = =
A PML ( N ) politician remarked that the government 's incompetence had allowed the attack to be carried out . Imran Khan , a popular opposition politician and former cricketer who has been a long @-@ time staunch critic of the government 's foreign policy and its decision to join the American @-@ led War on Terror , called the attack unpardonable during a political rally in Multan , and said the Pakistani government had wasted $ 70 billion belonging to the Pakistani people , as well as the lives of 40 @,@ 000 people , on fighting a counter @-@ productive
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the frequency of its services , and later also using larger DC @-@ 9s . The McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 80 was first flown on the Finnmark route on 11 July 1986 .
SAS Commuter was established in 1988 and started operations in Northern Norway in May 1990 , making Alta its central hub for Finnmark . Lakselv Airport had been proposed by among others Finnmark County Council as the hub , but SAS and other found Alta better suited . For Banak this meant that the Oslo services were terminated and smaller Fokker 50 aircraft were flown to Alta and Tromsø , and passengers could continue to Oslo with direct flights from there . The runway was extended in 1992 and 1993 , including widening to 45 meters ( 148 ft ) and receiving new runway lighting . Lakselv Airport started using the brand " North Cape Airport " in 1996 , in an attempt to increase tourist traffic to the airport . Honningsvåg Airport , Valan in Nordkapp was already using the name , but the latter had a short runway only suitable for regional aircraft , and Banak is the closest airport serving jetliners . The Civil Aviation Administration followed up by investing NOK 21 million expanding the terminal to allow international passengers and Stolt Seafarm started export of fish via the airport . From 1997 , LTU started charter services from Düsseldorf to Lakselv , and Condor operated flights from Barcelona . Finnair started in June 2001 a scheduled service from Lakselv via Rovaniemi to Helsinki three times a week . North Cape Golf Club , located immediately next to the airport , opened in 2001 .
All SAS Commuter services in Northern Norway were taken over by Widerøe in October 2002 . Norwegian Air Shuttle took over the routes to Alta and Tromsø from 1 April 2003 , but already by the start of operations announced they would retire their fleet of Fokker 50 aircraft , resign from short @-@ haul routes and become a low @-@ cost airline . Widerøe won the subsequent tender and started operating to Lakselv from 1 January 2004 . SAS Braathens introduced low @-@ frequency summer services from Oslo from 2006 , which was kept for three seasons . SAS cited too low ridership from foreign tourists as the reason for the closure . Widerøe took over SAS Ground Services ' operations at Banak in 2008 . Norwegian introduced a new summer seasonal route from Oslo to Lakselv from 2011 . Outgoing charter services started in 2012 to Burgas and Antalya . Scandinavian Airlines operated one charter flight from Tokyo and back in 2011 .
= = Facilities = =
Lakselv Airport is equipped with a cafe and a duty @-@ free shop . The airport is manned with customs and police during international flights . It is located three to five minutes from Lakselv and 74 kilometers ( 46 mi ) by road to Karasjok . Taxis and an airport bus are available ; there are 172 paid parking spaces . The runway is 2 @,@ 788 by 45 meters ( 9 @,@ 147 by 148 ft ) and aligned 17 – 35 ( roughly north – south ) . It is mostly asphalt , although parts are concrete . There is instrument landing system category I in both directions . In 2012 , the airport had 71 @,@ 763 passengers , 3 @,@ 699 aircraft movements and 330 tonnes of cargo .
= = Airlines and destinations = =
Widerøe is the main airline operating at Banak , with daily flights to Alta and Tromsø using Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft . During the Weekdays , Norwegian Air Shuttle operates a twice @-@ weekly service to Oslo using their Boeing 737 aircraft .
= = Military = =
Station Group Banak , formerly Banak Air Station , comprises the airfield 's military activity . It is organizationally part of Bodø Main Air Station . The 330 Squadron has a detachment at Banak , which is responsible for operating the Westland
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UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004 as the " Greatest Artist of the 1990s " . Rolling Stone placed Nirvana at number 27 on their list of the " 100 Greatest Artists of All Time " in 2004 , and at number 30 on their updated list in 2011 . In 2003 , the magazine 's senior editor David Fricke picked Kurt Cobain as the 12th best guitarist of all time . Rolling Stone later ranked Cobain as the 45th greatest singer in 2008 and 73rd greatest guitarist of all time in 2011 . VH1 ranked Nirvana as the 42nd greatest artists of rock and roll in 1998 , the 7th greatest hard rock artists in 2000 , and the 14th greatest artists of all time in 2010 .
Nirvana 's contributions to music have also received recognition , with Nevermind and " Smells Like Teen Spirit " consistently being ranked as one of the greatest albums and songs of all time , respectively . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has inducted two of Nirvana 's recordings , " Smells Like Teen Spirit " and " All Apologies " , into its list of " The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll " . The museum also ranked Nevermind number 10 on its " The Definitive 200 Albums of All Time " list in 2007 . In 2005 , the Library of Congress added Nevermind to the National Recording Registry , which collects " culturally , historically or aesthetically important " sound recordings from the 20th century . In 2011 , four of Nirvana 's songs appeared on Rolling Stone 's updated list of " The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " , with " Smells Like Teen Spirit " ranking the highest at number 9 . Three of the band 's albums were ranked on the magazine 's 2012 list of " The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " , with Nevermind placing the highest at number 17 . The same three Nirvana albums were also placed on Rolling Stone 's 2011 list of " The 100 Best Albums of the Nineties " , with Nevermind ranking the highest at number 1 , making it the greatest album of the decade . Time included Nevermind on its list of " The All @-@ TIME 100 Albums " in 2006 , labeling it " the finest album of the 90s " . In 2011 , the magazine also added " Smells Like Teen Spirit " on its list of " The All @-@ TIME 100 Songs " , and " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " on its list of " The 30 All @-@ TIME Best Music Videos " .
Nirvana is one of the best @-@ selling bands of all time , having sold over 75 million records worldwide . With over 25 million RIAA @-@ certified units , the band is also the 80th best @-@ selling music artist in the United States . Two of the band 's studio albums and two of their live albums have reached the top spot on the Billboard 200 . Nirvana has been awarded one Diamond , three Multi @-@ Platinum , seven Platinum and one Gold certified albums in the United States by the RIAA , and four Multi @-@ Platinum , four Platinum , two Gold and one Silver certified albums in the UK by the BPI . Nevermind , the band 's most successful album , has sold over 30 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best @-@ selling albums ever . Their most successful song , " Smells Like Teen Spirit " , is among the best @-@ selling singles of all time , having sold 8 million copies .
Nirvana were announced in their first year of eligibility as being part of the 2014 class of inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on December 17 , 2013 . The induction ceremony was held April 10 , 2014 , in Brooklyn , New York , at the Barclays Center . However , Channing , who was informed of his omission by SMS , was not included in the induction , as the accolade was only applied to Cobain , Novoselic and Grohl .
= = Members = =
= = = Timeline = = =
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Bleach ( 1989 )
Nevermind ( 1991 )
In Utero ( 1993 )
= Oskar Gröning =
Oskar Gröning ( sometimes transliterated as Oscar Groening in English ; born 10 June 1921 ) is a German former SS junior squad leader who was stationed at Auschwitz concentration camp . His responsibilities included counting and sorting the money taken from prisoners , and he was in charge of the personal property prisoners had arrived with . On a few occasions he witnessed the procedures of mass @-@ killing in the camp . After being transferred from Auschwitz to a combat unit in October 1944 , Gröning was captured by the British on 10 June 1945 when his unit surrendered . He was eventually transferred to Britain as a prisoner of war and worked as a forced labourer .
Upon his return to Germany he led a normal life , reluctant to talk about his time in Auschwitz . However , more than 40 years later , he decided to make his activities at Auschwitz public after learning about Holocaust denial . He has since openly criticised those who deny the events that he witnessed , and the ideology to which he once subscribed . The recorded accounts he provided to the BBC , however , contributed to the decision and ability to prosecute him . His record as an activist against Holocaust deniers since 1985 was not taken into consideration . Groening has been notable as a German willing to make public statements about his experience as an SS soldier , which are self @-@ incriminating and have exposed his life to public scrutiny .
In September 2014 Gröning was charged by German prosecutors as an accessory to murder , in 300 @,@ 000 cases , for his role at the Auschwitz concentration camp . His trial began in April 2015 , after the court had ruled that , at the age of 93 , he was still fit to stand trial . The trial was held in Lüneburg , Germany . On 15 July 2015 he was found guilty of facilitating mass murder and sentenced to four years ' imprisonment .
= = Early life = =
Gröning was born in 1921 , in Lower Saxony , the son of a strict conservative and skilled textile worker . His mother died when he was four . His father , a proud nationalist , joined the Stahlhelm after Germany 's defeat in the First World War , and his anger at how Germany had been treated
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1979 . PSA presented the first production vehicle in 1980 and launched it commercially in 1981 . The Tagora fell short of sales expectations , described as a " showroom flop " just a year after its launch , and PSA cancelled the model two years later . Fewer than 20 @,@ 000 Tagora models were built , all of them at the former Simca factory in Poissy , near Paris , France .
= = Development = =
Chrysler Europe began development of the Tagora in 1976 , under the code name C9 , with the goal of replacing the unsuccessful Chrysler 180 series . Following the same development pattern as with the Horizon and Alpine models , the responsibility for the Tagora 's technical development remained in France , while the styling was devised at Chrysler 's design centre in the United Kingdom . An early proposal for the name of the car was " Simca 2000 " .
= = = Design = = =
The original C9 prototype was a modern @-@ styled saloon with a low beltline and large interior dimensions made possible by the long @-@ wheelbase . The British design team initially proposed some stylistic features inspired by the Citroën SM , including a front glass panel between the headlights to accommodate the number plate , round front wheelarches and rear spats . However , Chrysler management in the United States deemed these features too extravagant , so the design of the C9 became more conventional : front and rear wheelarches were squared off and the spats lost , and the license plate was placed on the front bumper as on most cars . To better balance the tall silhouette , the beltline was raised . Over the course of development , the C9 also lost its vertical taillights in favour of more " fashionable " horizontal ones .
= = = Engine dilemma = = =
The main competitors in the executive vehicle market offered engines bigger than the biggest two @-@ litre straight @-@ 4 used by Chrysler Europe , and a six @-@ cylinder engine was generally expected . Consequently , the company had to seek a new engine for the Tagora . One candidate was a straight @-@ six manufactured by Mitsubishi , but it proved unsuitable for a car of this class . The other proposal was the Douvrin V6 engine ( the " PRV " ) , a joint development of PSA , Renault and Volvo . Since the Tagora would be in direct competition with PSA models that used the PRV , it seemed unlikely that Chrysler would be able to procure that engine .
= = = Sales projections = = =
Chrysler Corporation approved the development of the model on the assumption that Chrysler Europe would sell 60 @,@ 000 C9 models per year , which translated into a projected 5 percent share of the executive car market . This estimate seemed achievable because Chrysler had a 7 percent market share in Europe overall . The projected sales would have covered the car 's tooling costs , with the development costs accounted for separately , as part of an independent annual budget .
= = = PSA takeover = = =
During the development of the C9 , the management of the bankruptcy @-@ threatened Chrysler Corporation decided to divest itself of its debt @-@ ridden European operations . The buyer was the French PSA Group , formed in 1976 after Peugeot took over Citroën . The deal was finalised in 1978 , in which the buyer paid US $ 1 @.@ 00 for the entirety of Chrysler Europe and its obligations . The take @-@ over was effective as of 1 January 1979 .
While the C9 project was well advanced , PSA already had a crowded lineup in the large vehicle segment , including the legendary Citroën CX , the slow @-@ selling Peugeot 604 and the newly launched Peugeot 505 . Nevertheless , PSA decided to move forward with the C9 project , making a few significant changes that enabled the use of their own parts . The Simca double wishbone front suspension gave way to MacPherson struts adopted from the Peugeot 505 and 604 , and the rear axle was replaced with that of the 505 , much narrower than the one originally planned , as it was designed with respect to the 505 body width . The C9 front end was extended to accommodate the optional PRV engine : now that the model belonged to PSA , using the PRV presented no problems .
= = Short market life = =
Following the renaming of Chrysler Europe 's models to the Talbot marque , the C9 was christened the Talbot Tagora , and the first batch of cars rolled out of the former Simca plant in Poissy in 1980 . The same year , PSA presented the Tagora at the Salon de l 'Automobile in Paris . Following a hands @-@ on demonstration of the model to the press in Morocco in March 1981 , the car went on sale in France in April and in the United Kingdom in May . The British billboard advertising campaign boasted " The new Talbot Tagora . Luxury and performance redefined . "
The Tagora was priced to overlap with high @-@ end Peugeot 505 and low @-@ end Citroën CX models , while slotting in beneath the Peugeot 604 . Its pricing was also comparable to the Renault 20 / 30 and Ford Granada . The Tagora was in the 20 @,@ 000 – 30 @,@ 000 Deutschmark bracket in Germany . During the first fifteen months of the car 's existence , in 1980 / 81 , a mere 16 @,@ 169 Tagoras were produced which was only one quarter of Chrysler 's initial projections . Sales proved insufficient even for this production level , and volumes plummeted by more than 80 percent in 1982 . In 1983 the
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sales figures prompted PSA to cancel the model altogether . By the time the Tagora was discontinued , only about 20 @,@ 000 had been built ; by comparison , over 116 @,@ 000 Peugeot 505s and 74 @,@ 000 Citroën CXs were made in 1981 alone .
In December 2010 , Practical Classics reported that 99 @.@ 09 percent of all UK @-@ registered Tagoras were no longer on the roads .
= = Powertrains and models = =
As with most large cars of its time , the Tagora was a rear @-@ wheel drive vehicle , with a longitudinally mounted engine . There were three engine choices , mated to four- and five @-@ speed manual transmissions or an optional three @-@ speed automatic in the case of the four @-@ cylinder engines .
The available models were :
2 @.@ 2 litre ( 2 @,@ 155 cc ) Type 180 OHC I4 , double @-@ barrel Solex carburettor , 115 metric horsepower ( 85 kW ) , 184 newton metres ( 136 lbf · ft ) .
The base engine was a version of the older Simca Type 180 2 @.@ 0 litre with increased displacement , as also featured in the Matra Murena . It was unrelated to either the American Chrysler K or PSA Douvrin 2 @.@ 2 litre engines . Available trim levels were designated GL and GLS . The GL was the only model to feature the four @-@ speed manual transmission , and have power steering as an option as opposed to standard . It was first to be dropped , for the 1983 model year .
2 @.@ 3 litre ( 2 @,@ 304 cc ) XD2S OHV turbodiesel I4 , 80 metric horsepower ( 59 kW ) , 188 newton metres ( 139 lbf · ft ) .
This Peugeot @-@ developed turbodiesel was primarily used in the Peugeot 505 and 604 . The diesel @-@ powered version of the Tagora was designated DT .
2 @.@ 7 litre ( 2 @,@ 664 cc ) PRV OHC V6 , two triple @-@ barrel Weber carburettors , 166 metric horsepower ( 122 kW ) , 234 newton metres ( 173 lbf · ft ) .
The V6 model , which was actually badged " 2 @.@ 6 " , came in the top SX trim level , loaded with extras , but was not available with automatic transmission . The PRV engine used in the Tagora was different from the one used in contemporary Peugeot vehicles in that it was fitted with triple @-@ barrel Weber carburettors rather than fuel injection , resulting in a higher power @-@ rating . This made it the most powerful French car of its time . Nevertheless , only 1 @,@ 083 V6 Tagora models were made .
= = = Tagora Présidence = = =
The Tagora Présidence was a concept car designed by stylist Sunny Atri at the Talbot design studio in Whitley , Coventry . The concept was created to generate interest in employing high @-@ end Tagoras as chauffeur @-@ driven limousines by users such as business executives and government officials . The donor model for the Présidence was the 2 @.@ 6 SX , which had an interior appointed with Connolly Leather upholstery and brass highlights , plus a host of electronics including a telephone , dictaphone , text @-@ message receiver , and television with VCR . Originally valued at £ 25 @,@ 000 , the Présidence now resides at a car museum in Poissy .
= = Critical appraisal = =
The Tagora was not greeted with much acclaim by the British motoring press . Autocar reviewed the Tagora in its 2 @.@ 2 litre GLS iteration , and summed it up as " excellent , if not a great advance " . L. J. K. Setright of Car magazine asked who could want one given the crowded market into which it came . Concluding a group test in Car , the Tagora was described as a " problematic newcomer " that did not exceed the standard set by the winner of the group test , the Volvo 244 GLE . However , Motor Sport considered the Tagora a " usefully effortless , uncomplicated , simple @-@ to @-@ drive and very comfortable car " .
The recurring theme of published tests was the Tagora ´ s lack of clear advantages or of a competitive edge . In comparing the car to its likely competitors , Autocar 's verdict was that " the new Talbot is highly comparable with the others , and deserves to sell as any of them , although it does not come out with any startling advantages which you might expect of the latest appearance on the scene " . Those cars against which the Tagora 2 @.@ 2 GLS was compared were the Ford Granada 2 @.@ 3 GL , Opel Rekord 2.0S , Renault 20TX , Rover 2300 and Volvo 244 GL . Of these cars , the Tagora was the second most expensive but did not have a superiority among the significant attributes of speed , acceleration , interior room or chassis design . Out of the comparison group the Tagora had the second highest top speed , was the third fastest to 60 mph though it had the best overall mpg ( by 0 @.@ 7 mpg ) . In terms of interior room , it had the fourth best legroom ( front / rear ) . Motor Sport also noted the car ´ s modest competence in comparison with the Rover 2300 ( launched 1976 ) , saying that the Tagora had more leisurely acceleration . LJK Setright noted the cars ´ s overall " adequacy " going on to say that if fitted with the correct type of tyre he would still opt for a Peugeot 604 instead . Car judged the chassis design to be one area " where [ the Tagora ] does not show the comparative youth of its design " .
The Tagora ´ s handling was deemed " on the good side " , wrote Autocar , and performance was described as " good but not outstanding " . As such the car lay " uneasily close to being listed as under @-@ engined " though the authors conceded that generally the Tagora did not feel under @-@ engined when in use . LJK Setright dissented saying the Tagora was as "
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Shueisha . The second novel series is titled Tales of Symphonia : Radiance of Time ( テイルズ オブ シンフォニア 久遠 の輝き , Teiruzu Obu Shinfonia Toki no Kagayaki ) and is written by Sera Yajima . It consists of four volumes released between December 20 , 2003 and June 19 , 2004 by Enterbrain . An after story by the same author was released on September 18 , 2004 .
Two strategy guides under the V Jump Books brand were published by Shueisha : the Gamecube guide was released on August 29 , 2003 and the PS2 on September 22 , 2004 . Namco Bandai Games released two official strategy guides on October 1 , 2003 and October 27 , 2004 for the Gamecube and PS2 respectively . Tales of Symphonia Illustration : Kosuke Fujishima 's Character Work is a book by the game 's designer , Kōsuke Fujishima , and was released on January 26 , 2004 by Ichijinsha . It provides details on the characters ' back story and how their design came to be . Tales of Symphonia Official Scenario Book was released on June 26 , 2008 by Namco Bandai . The book details the history of the world and characters . Tales of Symphonia The Animation Visual Complete Picture Book is an art book for the anime released on March 28 , 2013 by ASCII Media Works .
= = = Audio CDs = = =
Seven drama CDs based on the game 's plot were produced by Frontier Works . Drama CD : Tales of Symphonia ( A Long Time Ago ) 1 , 2 , and 3 are stories preceding the game . They were released between July 23 , 2004 and September 24 , 2004 . Drama CD : Tales of Symphonia Anthology 1 ( Rodeo Ride Tour ) First Part and Second Part follow Sheena Fujibayashi and Zelos Wilder as they tour the world a year after the events of the main game . The two CDs were released on May 25 , 2005 and June 24 , 2005 . Tales of Symphonia Comic Market 78 and Tales of Symphonia Comic Market 79 are side stories with guest characters from Tales of Vesperia and Tales of Graces , respectively .
Tales of Symphonia Original Soundtrack was published by DigiCube on October 1 , 2003 and consists of 4 discs . It debuted at 98 on Oricon 's charts . The soundtrack was re @-@ released on October 27 , 2004 by King Records ( Japan ) for the PS2 port of Tales of Symphonia .
= = = = Original Soundtrack listing = = = =
= = = Anime = = =
Tales of Symphonia The Animation ( テイルズ オブ シンフォニア The Animation , Teiruzu Obu Shinfonia The Animation ) was an OVA series animated by Ufotable and produced by Geneon Universal Entertainment and Frontier Works . It consists of four episodes which were released direct @-@ to @-@ video on four separate DVDs on June 8 , August 10 , October 24 , and December 21 of 2007 . They were later released in a Blu @-@ ray Disc collection on September 26 , 2008 . The series later rereleased on Universal Media Disc between June 25 and July 23 , 2010 . On May 8 , 2010 , the series were aired on AT @-@ X as a promotion to the sequel of the series . The episodes used three pieces of theme music : The opening theme is " Almateria " by Eri Kawai and the two ending themes were " Negai " ( 願い ? , lit . " Wish " ) by Kaori Hikita and Uchi e Kaerou ( うちへ帰ろう ? , lit . " Let 's Go Home " ) by Nana Mizuki .
The sequel series , Tales of Symphonia the Animation : Tethe 'alla Episode ( テイルズ オブ シンフォニア The Animation テセアラ編 , Teiruzu Obu Shinfonia The Animation : Teseara hen ) , was announced during Tales of Festival 2008 . It consists of four episodes which were released on March 25 , May 26 , September 23 , 2010 and February 25 , 2011 . All four episodes received an early screening : The first was screened on March 13 , 2010 in Fukuoka and was hosted by Music Plaza Indo ; The second on May 4 , 2010 in Tokushima , Tokushima by Ufotable ; the third on September 17 , 2010 in Yokohama by Animate ; and the fourth on February 20 , 2011 in Roppongi by Toho . The first two episodes were later aired on September 12 , 2010 on AT @-@ X. The episodes used the opening theme " Tenkuu no Canaria " ( 天空のカナリア ? , lit . " Canary in the Sky " ) by Nana Mizuki and the ending theme " Inori no Kanata " ( 祈りの彼方 ? , lit . " Beyond the Prayers " ) by Akiko Shikata .
The second sequel , Tales of Symphonia the Animation : The United World Episode ( テイルズ オブ シンフォニア The Animation 世界統合編 , Teiruzu Obu Shinfonia The Animation : Sekai Tōgō @-@ hen ) , concludes the anime 's plot . It consists of three episodes released directly to DVD and Blu @-@ ray on November 23 , 2011 , June 20 , 2012 , and October 24 , 2012 . All three episodes had early screenings : the first was screened between September 23 and September 25 , 2011 by Cinema Sunshine in Ikebukuro ; the second on May 3 , 2012 in Tokushima by Ufotable ; and the third is on September 29 , 2012 by Cinema Sunshine in
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of air units to aid artillery and infantry , Gordon P. Saville held to the concept of tactical air power through his time as ACTS instructor from 1934 to 1936 . Later , Saville successfully implemented his ideas in the Mediterranean Theater .
Captain Claire Lee Chennault , senior instructor in fighter tactics at ACTS , was a vocal Air Corps officer who challenged the bomber mafia for more than a decade ; he was forced into early retirement in 1937 , leaving the precision bombing advocates unopposed . The teaching of fighter ( " pursuit " ) tactics declined , though Earle E. Partridge and Hoyt S. Vandenberg continued to discuss the role of the fighter .
Other opposition was more subtle . USAAC Fighter Projects officer Lieutenant Benjamin S. Kelsey appreciated that a large bomber fleet would be able to perform many military tasks , not just strategic bombing , and felt that the force 's doctrine should remain flexible to meet any demand . Because of his lower rank , he was in no position to challenge the bomber mafia , and instead strove to work around their restrictions on pursuit aircraft . Kelsey formulated a new " interceptor " class of aircraft in order to sustain his idea that a well @-@ armed fighter aircraft could successfully attack enemy bombers , and that , given drop tanks for long range , it could defend friendly bombers all the way to the target and back .
The bomber mafia , through a " failure of imagination " in not expanding the doctrine to include establishing air superiority as a prerequisite for success , would not accept either of these concepts — they believed the heavy bomber fleet could protect itself , and thus they contributed to the delay in the development of a long @-@ range escort fighter until two years into the war . However , the doctrine nonetheless became the foundation for the separation of the Air Force from the Army , and the basis for modern airpower theory . ACTS graduate , instructor , and " Bomber Mafia " member Haywood S. Hansell concurred that both the theorists and the authors of the AWPD @-@ 1 war plan ( of which he was both ) made a serious mistake in neglecting long @-@ range fighter escort in their ideas . Hansell wrote :
It was recognized that fighter escort was inherently desirable , but no one could quite conceive how a small fighter could have the range of the bomber yet retain its combat maneuverability . Failure to see this issue through proved one of the Air Corps Tactical School 's major shortcomings .
= = Advocates = =
= = = Instructors = = =
Harold L. George , leading theorist
John F. Curry , ACTS commander 1931 – 1935
George Kenney
Thomas DeWitt Milling , first school Officer @-@ In @-@ Charge
Odas Moon
Robert Olds
Kenneth N. Walker
Robert M. Webster
Donald Wilson
= = = Graduates = = =
Frank M. Andrews
Henry H. " Hap " Arnold
Jimmy Doolittle
Ira C. Eaker
Oliver P. Echols
Muir S. Fairchild ( also an ACTS instructor )
Barney M. Giles
Haywood S. Hansell , Jr . ( also an ACTS instructor )
Laurence S. Kuter ( also an ACTS instructor )
Curtis LeMay
Emmett " Rosie " O 'Donnell , Jr .
Carl A. Spaatz
Hoyt S. Vandenberg
= = Legacy = =
In World War II , the bomber mafia 's theory of the primacy of unescorted daylight strategic bombing was proved wrong . Fleets of heavy bombers were not able to achieve victory without the cooperation of the Army and Navy , and required the protection of long @-@ range fighters for deep penetration missions . Overall casualties in the war were not minimal , and victory did not come significantly quicker . Precision in bombing was not achieved until long @-@ range fighter escorts became available and air superiority was achieved , as opponents had warned . The strategic bombing concept , however , was a major factor in the eventual victory and became the first
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core doctrine of the independent United States Air Force . Its proponents continued to promote the doctrine into the nuclear age , forming the Strategic Air Command to carry out a vision modified to fit the needs of the Cold War and the threat of nuclear warfare . The bomber mafia was gradually replaced in the 1950s and 1960s by advocates of intercontinental ballistic missile warfare .
= M @-@ 71 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 71 is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . It serves as a connector between M @-@ 21 in Owosso to Interstate 69 ( I @-@ 69 ) southwest of Flint . The highway runs along a rail line in a northwest @-@ to @-@ southeast direction in rural Shiawassee County connecting a few small towns along its path .
The highway dates back to the start of the state highway system in 1919 . There were some changes made to the routing in the 1930s which increased its length . Two adjacent highways have been rerouted which affected the locations of M @-@ 71 's termini . The last such change was made in the 1960s when the M @-@ 78 freeway ( now I @-@ 69 ) was completed near Durand .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 71 starts in downtown Owosso at the corner of Main Street ( M @-@ 21 ) and Water Street . It follows Water Street southeasterly until it reaches Washington Street . The highway follows Washington Street south and over the Shiawassee River and turns southeasterly on Corunna Avenue . M @-@ 71 runs parallel to , and in between , the river and a branch line of the Canadian National Railway . Corunna Avenue continues this way through the community of Middletown and into Corunna . M @-@ 71 turns south through downtown Corunna on Shiawassee Street to McNeil Street . It is along this stretch of the highway that the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) measured the highest traffic volumes for M @-@ 71 . In their 2009 survey , MDOT calculated that 10 @,@ 577 vehicles used this section of roadway in a measurement called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . This value is a count for the average traffic in a day for any average day of the year .
From that junction , M @-@ 71 turns easterly and then southeasterly out of town . The highway continues to run alongside the rail line through farmland to the outskirts of Vernon . M @-@ 71 crosses the Shiawassee River for a second time . The rail line and the highway diverge and run on opposite sides of town ; the highway rounds the northeast side and the rail line runs along the southwest side . This section of trunkline through Vernon had the lowest AADT value in 2009 with 4 @,@ 371 vehicles . M @-@ 71 continues to the interchange with I @-@ 69 at exit
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Admiralty sold the land to the British army for £ 2800 ( £ 204 @,@ 081 as of 2010 ) for use as a military prison . The first 70 prisoners arrived in 1856 . At this time , flogging was gradually being phased out as a punishment for military members , who were instead imprisoned under the Mutiny Act of 1844 ; the purchase of Melville Island allowed these prisoners to be removed from the overcrowded Halifax Citadel . A 22 @-@ man military guard supervised the prisoners , who were subjected to hard labour : the chief warder imported 500 tonnes ( 492 long tons ; 551 short tons ) of granite from Purcell 's Cove for them to break . Punishments included solitary confinement or " shot drill " , where an inmate was made to carry 11 @-@ kilogram ( 24 lb ) cannonballs from one end of the yard to the other . A new 34 @-@ cell prison building was constructed in 1884 to alleviate overcrowding . There were some escape attempts during this period , the most violent of which involved the stone hammers used to break stone being repurposed as projectiles and weapons .
British officers from the Halifax garrison conducted inspections of the prison four times per year , and maintenance was carried out either by the prisoners themselves or by soldiers from the Halifax garrison . The prison also housed a schoolroom and chapel , both staffed by army personnel . A new stone prison was built before 1905 next to the older wooden barracks , as well as housing for warders and their families . The new building alleviated reported problems with lack of lighting and ventilation in the previous structure . In December of that year , the Canadian Permanent Force took over wardenship of the prison , at which time there were three remaining prisoners . The land was granted to the Canadian Government as the British left Nova Scotia in 1907 . The name was changed in 1909 from " military prison " to " detention barracks " , reflecting a shift in attitude towards incarcerated military personnel : inmates were known as detainees , not prisoners , and after their discharge from the military they maintained no permanent criminal record .
= = First and Second World Wars = =
When the First World War began in 1914 , Canadian police were given the ability to detain German and Austro @-@ Hungarian nationals , and incarcerate any who refused to agree not to support their homelands in the war . In September , a Spanish ship carrying a large number of men en route to Germany to report for military service was intercepted by the HMS Glory , which brought the ship to Halifax Harbour . Once there , the Germans aboard were taken to Melville Island with a garrison guard , interrogated , and imprisoned under the supervision of the detention barracks staff . Over the next several months , more German nationals were brought to Melville , detained either by British ships or by Canadian police forces . Escape attempts began in October , and a procedure to count prisoners twice daily was instituted in an attempt to prevent them . The anglophone guards often could not communicate with the prisoners or even pronounce their names , resorting to nicknames and complicating efforts in prisoner management . Repairs were made to the prison buildings after several inmates escaped by sawing a hole through the floor of the wooden barracks .
Initially there was no system in place to allow prisoners to send letters ; censorship arrangements were made through the Dominion Police in Ottawa , and the American Consul was designated a representative for prisoner welfare . As the war progressed , groups of detainees were transferred to and from other prisons according to their behaviour or level of risk and the number of inmates per institution . After the 1917 Halifax Explosion , prisoners were transferred to the 800 @-@ man Amherst Internment Camp at Amherst , Nova Scotia . One of the prisoners transferred may have been Leon Trotsky , although this is disputed .
On 10 April 1935 , a fire completely destroyed the old wooden prison barracks , so when the Second World War began in 1939 , the remaining prisoners and guards were sent to McNab 's Island . Melville Island was used first to confine deserters from the army , then from 1941 as a temporary storage facility for Canadian Army ammunition depots . When VE Day caused riots in downtown Halifax , there were rumours of a plan to break into the depots and deploy hand grenades ; a trooper squad was sent to guard against this possibility , but no " invasion " occurred .
= = 1945 – present = =
After the end of the Second World War , military activities on Melville ended ; the land was initially awarded to the Naval Sailors Association , a decision that prompted some disagreement among members of Parliament . Haligonians pushed for the area to be repurposed for recreation , partially due to anxieties about its use as a storage facility for potentially toxic chemicals . In 1947 , the Canadian Army leased Melville Island to the Armdale Yacht Club for C
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the company into semi @-@ autonomous divisions that function around a product , industry or customer , rather than a function or expertise . In the 1980s , AT & T reduced investments in cell towers due to McKinsey 's prediction that there would only be 900 @,@ 000 cell phone subscribers by 2000 . According to The Firm this was " laughably off the mark " from the 109 million cellular subscribers by 2000 . At the time cell phones were bulky and expensive . The firm helped the Dutch government facilitate a turnaround for Hoogovens , the world 's largest steel company as of 2013 , through a $ 1 billion bankruptcy bailout . It also implemented a turnaround for the city of Glasgow , which had problems with unemployment and crime . McKinsey created the corporate structure for NationsBank , when it was still a small company known as North Carolina National Bank . McKinsey was hired by General Motors to do a large @-@ scale re @-@ organization to help it compete with Japanese auto @-@ makers . The book The Firm said it was an " unmitigated disaster " because McKinsey focused on corporate structure , whereas GM needed to compete with Japanese automakers through manufacturing process improvement . A McKinsey consultant said GM did not follow their advice .
A 2002 article in BusinessWeek said that a series of bankruptcies of McKinsey clients , such as Swissair , Kmart , and Global Crossing , in the 1990s raised questions as to whether McKinsey was responsible or had a lapse in judgement . McKinsey recommended that Swissair avoid high operating costs in its home country by developing partnerships with airlines based in other regions . In order to attract partners , Swissair acquired more than $ 1 billion in shares of other airlines , many of which were failing . This led to huge losses for Swissair .
Prior to the Enron scandal , McKinsey helped it shift from an oil and gas production company into an electric commodities trader , which led to significant growth in profits and revenues . According to The Independent , there was " no suggestion that McKinsey was complicit in the subsequent scandal , [ but ] critics say the arrogance of Enron 's leaders is emblematic of the McKinsey culture . " The government did not investigate McKinsey , who said they did not provide advice on Enron 's accounting , but some questioned whether McKinsey knew about Enron 's accounting problems or ignored warning signs .
Former Financial Times journalist Duff McDonald , said McKinsey 's confidentiality policy often prevents the public from becoming informed about the firm 's work , except after it is exposed through lawsuits or investigations . 13 @,@ 000 McKinsey documents were released as part of a lawsuit against Allstate , which showed that McKinsey recommended the company reduce payouts to insurance claimants by offering low settlements , delaying processing to wear out claimants through attrition , and fighting customers that protest in court . Allstate 's profits doubled over ten years after adopting McKinsey 's strategy , but it also led to lawsuits alleging they were cheating claimants out of legitimate insurance claims .
= Georgetown University =
Georgetown University is a private research university in Washington , D.C. Founded in 1789 , it is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit institution of higher education in the United States . Located in Washington 's historic Georgetown neighborhood , the university 's main campus is noted for Healy Hall , a National Historic Landmark . Georgetown 's law school is located on Capitol Hill , and the university has auxiliary campuses in Italy , Turkey , and Qatar .
Georgetown 's founding by John Carroll , America 's first Catholic bishop , realized efforts dating from the settlement of the province of Maryland in 1634 to establish a local Roman Catholic college in the face of religious persecution . The university expanded after the American Civil War under the leadership of Patrick Francis Healy , who came to be known as Georgetown 's " second founder " despite having been born into slavery . Jesuits have participated in the university 's administration since 1805 , a heritage Georgetown celebrates , but the university has always been governed independently of the Society of Jesus and of
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, The Clue of the New Pin . This , billed as " the first British full @-@ length talkie " , was an adaptation of an Edgar Wallace mystery story ; Gielgud played a young scoundrel who commits two murders and very nearly a third before he himself is killed .
= = = Old Vic = = =
In 1929 Harcourt Williams , newly appointed as director of productions at the Old Vic , invited Gielgud to join the company for the forthcoming season . The Old Vic , in an unfashionable area of London south of the Thames , was run by Lilian Baylis to offer plays and operas to a mostly working @-@ class audience at low ticket prices . She paid her performers very modest wages , but the theatre was known for its unrivalled repertory of classics , mostly Shakespeare , and Gielgud was not the first West End star to take a large pay cut to work there . It was , in Morley 's words , the place to learn Shakespearean technique and try new ideas .
During his first season at the Old Vic , Gielgud played Romeo to the Juliet of Adele Dixon , Antonio in The Merchant of Venice , Cleante in The Imaginary Invalid , the title role in Richard II , and Oberon in A Midsummer Night 's Dream . His Romeo was not well reviewed , but as Richard II Gielgud was recognised by critics as a Shakespearean actor of undoubted authority . The reviewer in The Times commented on his sensitiveness , strength and firmness , and called his performance " work of genuine distinction , not only in its grasp of character , but in its control of language . " Later in the season he was cast as Mark Antony in Julius Caesar , Orlando in As You Like It , the Emperor in Androcles and the Lion and the title role in Pirandello 's The Man with the Flower in His Mouth .
In April 1930 Gielgud finished the season playing Hamlet . Williams 's production used the complete text of the play . This was regarded as a radical innovation ; extensive cuts had been customary for earlier productions . A running time of nearly five hours did not dampen the enthusiasm of the public , the critics or the acting profession . Sybil Thorndyke said , " I never hoped to see Hamlet played as in one 's dreams ... I 've had an evening of being swept right off my feet into another life – far more real than the life I live in , and moved , moved beyond words . " The production gained such a reputation that the Old Vic began to attract large numbers of West End theatregoers . Demand was so great that the cast moved to the Queen 's Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue , where Williams staged the piece with the text discreetly shortened . The effect of the cuts was to give the title role even more prominence . Gielgud 's Hamlet was richly praised by the critics . Ivor Brown called it " a tremendous performance ... the best Hamlet of [ my ] experience . " James Agate wrote , " I have no hesitation whatsoever in saying that it is the high water @-@ mark of English Shakespearean acting of our time . "
Hamlet was a role with which Gielgud was associated over the next decade and more . After the run at the Queen 's finished he turned to another part for which he became well known , John Worthing in The Importance of Being Earnest . Gielgud 's biographer Jonathan Croall comments that the two roles illustrated two sides of the actor 's personality : on the one hand the romantic and soulful Hamlet , and on the other the witty and superficial Worthing . The formidable Lady Bracknell was played by his aunt , Mabel Terry @-@ Lewis . The Times observed , " Mr Gielgud and Miss Terry @-@ Lewis together are brilliant ... they have the supreme grace of always allowing Wilde to speak in his own voice . "
Returning to the Old Vic for the 1930 – 31 season , Gielgud found several changes to the company . Donald Wolfit , who loathed him and was himself disliked by his colleagues , was dropped , as was Adele Dixon . Gielgud was uncertain of the suitability of the most prominent new recruit , Ralph Richardson , but Williams was sure that after this season Gielgud would move on ; he saw Richardson as a potential replacement . The two actors had little in common . Richardson recalled , " He was a kind of brilliant butterfly , while I was a very gloomy sort of boy " , and " I found his clothes extravagant , I found his conversation flippant . He was the New Young Man of his time and I didn 't like him . " The first production of the season was Henry IV , Part 1 , in which Gielgud as Hotspur had the best of the reviews . Richardson 's notices , and the relationship of the two leading men , improved markedly when Gielgud , who was playing Prospero in The Tempest , helped Richardson with his performance as Caliban :
He gave me about two hundred ideas , as he usually does , twenty @-@ five of which I eagerly seized on , and when I went away I thought , " This chap , you know , I don 't like him very much but by God he knows something about this here play . " ... And then out of that we formed a friendship .
The friendship and professional association lasted for more than fifty years , until the end of Richardson 's life . Gielgud 's other roles in this season were Lord Trinket in The Jealous Wife , Richard II again , Antony in Antony and Cleopatra , Malvolio in Twelfth Night , Sergius in Arms and the Man , Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing – another role for which he became celebrated – and he concluded the season as King Lear . His performance divided opinion . The Times commented , " It is a mountain of a part , and at the end of the evening the peak remains unscaled " ; in The Manchester Guardian , however , Brown wrote that Gielgud " is a match for the thunder , and at length takes the Dover road with a broken tranquillity that allowed every word of the King 's agony to be clear as well as poignant . "
= = = West End star = = =
Returning to the West End , Gielgud starred in J B Priestley 's The Good Companions , adapted for the stage by the author and Edward Knoblock . The production ran from May 1931 for 331 performances , and Gielgud described it as his first real taste of commercial success . He played Inigo Jollifant , a young schoolmaster who abandons teaching to join a travelling theatre troupe . This crowd @-@ pleaser drew disapproval from the more austere reviewers , who felt Gielgud should be doing something more demanding , but he found playing a conventional juvenile lead had challenges of its own and helped him improve his technique . During the run of the play he made another film , Insult ( 1932 ) , a melodrama about the French Foreign Legion , and he starred in a cinema version of The Good Companions in 1933 , with Jessie Matthews . A letter to a friend reveals Gielgud 's view of film acting : " There is talk of my doing Inigo in the film of The Good Companions , which appals my soul but appeals to my pocket . " In his first volume of memoirs , published in 1939 , Gielgud devoted two pages to describing the things about filming that he detested . Unlike his contemporaries Richardson and Laurence Olivier , he made few films until after the Second World War , and did not establish himself as a prominent film actor until many years after that . As he put it in 1994 , " I was stupid enough to toss my head and stick to the stage while watching Larry and Ralph sign lucrative Korda contracts . "
In 1932 Gielgud turned to directing . At the invitation of George Devine , the president of the Oxford University Dramatic Society , Gielgud took charge of a production of Romeo and Juliet by the society , featuring two guest stars : Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet and Edith Evans as the Nurse . The rest of the cast were students , led by Christopher Hassall as Romeo , and included Devine , William Devlin and Terence Rattigan . The experience was satisfactory to Gielgud : he enjoyed the attentions of the undergraduates , had a brief affair with one of them , James Lees
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union
Rosary , a traditional Catholic devotion to Christ and to Mary
The Preces ( the common prayer of Opus Dei )
Angelus , a Marian prayer which recalls Christian belief in God 's becoming man
Memorare prayer to the Blessed Virgin Mary offered for the Opus Dei member in most need at that exact moment
Visit to the Blessed Sacrament , a Catholic practice of greeting Jesus in the Eucharist
Examination of conscience at the end of the day
Three Hail Marys before bed to pray for the virtue of purity
Short , spontaneous prayers throughout the day , offering up to God one 's work , sufferings etc .
Weekly norms :
Confession , in pursuit of the Catholic recommendation on frequent confession
a group meeting of spiritual formation ( " the Circle " )
the praying of a Marian antiphon on Saturdays
making Psalm 2 the basis of mental prayer on Tuesdays
making the Adoro te devote the basis of mental prayer on Thursdays
Additionally , members should participate yearly in a spiritual retreat ; a three @-@ week seminar every year is obligatory for numeraries , and a one @-@ week seminar for supernumeraries . Also members are expected to make a day @-@ trip pilgrimage where they recite 3 5 @-@ decade rosaries on the month of May in honour of Mary .
= = = Mortification = = =
Much public attention has focused on Opus Dei 's practice of mortification — the voluntary offering up of discomfort or pain to God ; this includes fasting , or in some circumstances self @-@ inflicted pain such as self @-@ flagellation . Mortification has a long history in many world religions , including the Catholic Church . It has been endorsed by Popes as a way of following Christ , who died in a bloody crucifixion and who gave this advice : " let him deny himself , take up his cross daily and follow me . " ( Lk 9 : 23 ) Supporters say that opposition to mortification is rooted in having lost ( 1 ) the " sense of the enormity of sin " or offense against God , and the consequent penance , both interior and exterior , ( 2 ) the notions of " wounded human nature " and of concupiscence or inclination to sin , and thus the need for " spiritual battle , " and ( 3 ) a spirit of sacrifice for love and " supernatural ends , " and not only for physical enhancement .
As a spirituality for ordinary people , Opus Dei focuses on performing sacrifices pertaining to normal duties and to its emphasis on charity and cheerfulness . Additionally , Opus Dei celibate members practise " corporal mortifications " such as sleeping without a pillow or sleeping on the floor , fasting or remaining silent for certain hours during the day .
= = Organization and activities = =
= = = Governance = = =
In Pope John Paul II 's 1982 decree known as the Apostolic constitution Ut Sit , Opus Dei was established as a personal prelature ,
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