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Tonight we shall hurl the gauntlet of science into the frightful face of death itself. Give my creation life! Wow, dark in here guys. Ah, light, enlightenment, scientific revolution. Welcome to Hip-Hue's History. I am your host, Mr. Hip-Hue. And what we're going to try to do in the next 10-15 minutes is give you a global, world history based kind of overview of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment era. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
Ah, light, enlightenment, scientific revolution. Welcome to Hip-Hue's History. I am your host, Mr. Hip-Hue. And what we're going to try to do in the next 10-15 minutes is give you a global, world history based kind of overview of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment era. Now these lectures are just going to remind everybody your designed not to really teach you all the facts, but just to give you kind of a comprehensive overview, broad, you know, kind of strokes of history, just so you feel comfortable taking your exams and maybe banging out, you know, a basic thematic essay. But please don't use these as your mainstay. So what we're going to look at is basically how we go from the Dark Ages, Middle Ages, into more of a modern civilization with science and human beings using reason. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
And what we're going to try to do in the next 10-15 minutes is give you a global, world history based kind of overview of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment era. Now these lectures are just going to remind everybody your designed not to really teach you all the facts, but just to give you kind of a comprehensive overview, broad, you know, kind of strokes of history, just so you feel comfortable taking your exams and maybe banging out, you know, a basic thematic essay. But please don't use these as your mainstay. So what we're going to look at is basically how we go from the Dark Ages, Middle Ages, into more of a modern civilization with science and human beings using reason. So really, let's just throw some vocab at you, maybe four scientists, four names that might pop up on the exam. And I would start with Sir Francis Bacon. Now, no relation to Kevin Bacon, so if you're playing six, seven degrees, six degrees of separation, you can't use Francis Sir Bacon. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
So what we're going to look at is basically how we go from the Dark Ages, Middle Ages, into more of a modern civilization with science and human beings using reason. So really, let's just throw some vocab at you, maybe four scientists, four names that might pop up on the exam. And I would start with Sir Francis Bacon. Now, no relation to Kevin Bacon, so if you're playing six, seven degrees, six degrees of separation, you can't use Francis Sir Bacon. But nevertheless, Francis Sir Francis Bacon is really the guy who invented or came up with the scientific method. So the scientific method, I know you know from all of your science classes, starts with kind of stating a problem, gathering facts, developing a hypothesis, and then testing that hypothesis and observing the results, and then doing it over and over again. And so you can come up with truth in the science, with science, with the natural world. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
Now, no relation to Kevin Bacon, so if you're playing six, seven degrees, six degrees of separation, you can't use Francis Sir Bacon. But nevertheless, Francis Sir Francis Bacon is really the guy who invented or came up with the scientific method. So the scientific method, I know you know from all of your science classes, starts with kind of stating a problem, gathering facts, developing a hypothesis, and then testing that hypothesis and observing the results, and then doing it over and over again. And so you can come up with truth in the science, with science, with the natural world. So this is really different from the way that things were done before the 1600s. This is right around 1600. In the Middle Ages, in the Dark Ages, in the 1300s, 1400s, really truth is set by the Catholic Church. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
And so you can come up with truth in the science, with science, with the natural world. So this is really different from the way that things were done before the 1600s. This is right around 1600. In the Middle Ages, in the Dark Ages, in the 1300s, 1400s, really truth is set by the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church determines that, for instance, we are a geocentric universe. Geo, geography of Earth, center of the universe. That Earth was the center of the universe and the sun revolved around Earth. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
In the Middle Ages, in the Dark Ages, in the 1300s, 1400s, really truth is set by the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church determines that, for instance, we are a geocentric universe. Geo, geography of Earth, center of the universe. That Earth was the center of the universe and the sun revolved around Earth. And of course, this is kind of metamorphic, metamorphical too, you know, the idea that we're the center of the universe, that we know everything, everything revolves around us. Whereas when, you know, we come up with the heliocentric principle, and we'll go into that in a second, you know, now we're not the center of the universe. Now we have to figure out where are we in relationship to the universe around us. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
That Earth was the center of the universe and the sun revolved around Earth. And of course, this is kind of metamorphic, metamorphical too, you know, the idea that we're the center of the universe, that we know everything, everything revolves around us. Whereas when, you know, we come up with the heliocentric principle, and we'll go into that in a second, you know, now we're not the center of the universe. Now we have to figure out where are we in relationship to the universe around us. But nevertheless, Sir Francis Bacon's scientific method, he turns the flashlight on and really starts that Enlightenment scientific revolution. So let me go find maybe three scientists and throw them at you and then we'll move on. I don't even have to go look for them. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
Now we have to figure out where are we in relationship to the universe around us. But nevertheless, Sir Francis Bacon's scientific method, he turns the flashlight on and really starts that Enlightenment scientific revolution. So let me go find maybe three scientists and throw them at you and then we'll move on. I don't even have to go look for them. There's one right there. I think that Cornupicus, if I'm saying his name correct, Galileo and Newton are probably the three that I would associate with that idea of the scientific revolution. I know, I'm pretty sure, you know, Hughes is a U.S. history teacher, so he's doing the best he can. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
I don't even have to go look for them. There's one right there. I think that Cornupicus, if I'm saying his name correct, Galileo and Newton are probably the three that I would associate with that idea of the scientific revolution. I know, I'm pretty sure, you know, Hughes is a U.S. history teacher, so he's doing the best he can. But Cornupicus, I'm saying his name wrong, and Galileo are really the people that really kind of zoned in on the heliocentric idea, figuring out through astronomy that there was a universe around and that Earth was definitely not the center of it. Galileo, I'm pretty sure, was forced to recant by the time he was a teacher. And then Isaac Newton, of course, is maybe the premier scientist in the concept of gravity and really figuring out how the world worked around us. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
I know, I'm pretty sure, you know, Hughes is a U.S. history teacher, so he's doing the best he can. But Cornupicus, I'm saying his name wrong, and Galileo are really the people that really kind of zoned in on the heliocentric idea, figuring out through astronomy that there was a universe around and that Earth was definitely not the center of it. Galileo, I'm pretty sure, was forced to recant by the time he was a teacher. And then Isaac Newton, of course, is maybe the premier scientist in the concept of gravity and really figuring out how the world worked around us. And these are important ideas because it really kind of breaks off into now that we know we can investigate and find out things, what else can we do? What else can we explore? And really the scientific method deals with the natural world, things that are proven, you know, science, astronomy, weather, geology, physics, chemistry, all the ominous. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
And then Isaac Newton, of course, is maybe the premier scientist in the concept of gravity and really figuring out how the world worked around us. And these are important ideas because it really kind of breaks off into now that we know we can investigate and find out things, what else can we do? What else can we explore? And really the scientific method deals with the natural world, things that are proven, you know, science, astronomy, weather, geology, physics, chemistry, all the ominous. But now we can go into the social, psychology, sociology, and really that's going to be kicked off by, I'll give you some more names now, Descartes. And again, I'm a butcher of names, you can see D-E-S-C-A-R-T-E-S, Descartes. I remember him because I'm a vegetarian and he's the guy who said that animals were machines. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
And really the scientific method deals with the natural world, things that are proven, you know, science, astronomy, weather, geology, physics, chemistry, all the ominous. But now we can go into the social, psychology, sociology, and really that's going to be kicked off by, I'll give you some more names now, Descartes. And again, I'm a butcher of names, you can see D-E-S-C-A-R-T-E-S, Descartes. I remember him because I'm a vegetarian and he's the guy who said that animals were machines. But human beings, human beings have the power of reason and that is an important concept. He's taking the idea of the scientific revolution that explores the natural world and what he's basically saying is that we can do the same thing with human reason to figure out the world around us in terms of government or maybe how we think or how we relate to each other, more personal things. So this is big, this is really individualism. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
I remember him because I'm a vegetarian and he's the guy who said that animals were machines. But human beings, human beings have the power of reason and that is an important concept. He's taking the idea of the scientific revolution that explores the natural world and what he's basically saying is that we can do the same thing with human reason to figure out the world around us in terms of government or maybe how we think or how we relate to each other, more personal things. So this is big, this is really individualism. Before it was authority told you what the truth was and Descartes is saying that we can be the factors, that we can investigate and explore through our mind and our reason ideas that can spread like wildfire and affect the world around us. So instead of the world affecting us, we in fact are going to be affecting the world. We are the ones with the flashlight, that is the darkness out there of the middle ages and it's time for us to start doing it because the Catholic Church is certainly not going to be doing it. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
So this is big, this is really individualism. Before it was authority told you what the truth was and Descartes is saying that we can be the factors, that we can investigate and explore through our mind and our reason ideas that can spread like wildfire and affect the world around us. So instead of the world affecting us, we in fact are going to be affecting the world. We are the ones with the flashlight, that is the darkness out there of the middle ages and it's time for us to start doing it because the Catholic Church is certainly not going to be doing it. And then technology is going to aid and abet this revolution as well. This is a revolution, a revolution of ideas. But throw an invention at you, the guy in the middle. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
We are the ones with the flashlight, that is the darkness out there of the middle ages and it's time for us to start doing it because the Catholic Church is certainly not going to be doing it. And then technology is going to aid and abet this revolution as well. This is a revolution, a revolution of ideas. But throw an invention at you, the guy in the middle. I don't know, look at that, I think it's cool. The idea of the principle, the idea that we can now distribute publication papers and books. We can spread those ideas and not have to rely on the Catholic Church bringing you two Latin books and a Bible. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
But throw an invention at you, the guy in the middle. I don't know, look at that, I think it's cool. The idea of the principle, the idea that we can now distribute publication papers and books. We can spread those ideas and not have to rely on the Catholic Church bringing you two Latin books and a Bible. You can read it for yourself. That of course is going to lead to the Lutheran or Protestant revolution. So all of these ideas are going to spread like wildfire. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
We can spread those ideas and not have to rely on the Catholic Church bringing you two Latin books and a Bible. You can read it for yourself. That of course is going to lead to the Lutheran or Protestant revolution. So all of these ideas are going to spread like wildfire. Really, they are responsible, these scientists and the Scartes and the idea of human beings through individualism, exploring the world and investigating and changing it. Before the French Revolution, the American Revolution, capitalism, communism, everything comes from that idea that we can develop philosophy and truth and investigate and explore. So let's go through a couple of other Enlightenment thinkers and then we can probably do it for you. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
So all of these ideas are going to spread like wildfire. Really, they are responsible, these scientists and the Scartes and the idea of human beings through individualism, exploring the world and investigating and changing it. Before the French Revolution, the American Revolution, capitalism, communism, everything comes from that idea that we can develop philosophy and truth and investigate and explore. So let's go through a couple of other Enlightenment thinkers and then we can probably do it for you. I just have to cough really quick. And I would move on now and go to kind of our government philosophers. So Descartes is really the guy who said that we could do that. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
So let's go through a couple of other Enlightenment thinkers and then we can probably do it for you. I just have to cough really quick. And I would move on now and go to kind of our government philosophers. So Descartes is really the guy who said that we could do that. We can investigate how we are in relationship to our government and how that system might work rather than being told how it works. So we get different philosophers, different writers that are going to do just that. And they pop up on the exam, what do you know. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
So Descartes is really the guy who said that we could do that. We can investigate how we are in relationship to our government and how that system might work rather than being told how it works. So we get different philosophers, different writers that are going to do just that. And they pop up on the exam, what do you know. One of them would be Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes wrote a book and the book is called Levithan. And I know, I just remember in my mind, it's a big sea monster. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
And they pop up on the exam, what do you know. One of them would be Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes wrote a book and the book is called Levithan. And I know, I just remember in my mind, it's a big sea monster. Levithan is the idea that Hobbes believed that human beings were evil by nature. That they were greedy and selfish and warfare orientated and that they really couldn't be trusted. So Hobbes believed that human beings, because they couldn't be trusted, would basically have a social contract with a government that would be able to keep us safe from each other. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
And I know, I just remember in my mind, it's a big sea monster. Levithan is the idea that Hobbes believed that human beings were evil by nature. That they were greedy and selfish and warfare orientated and that they really couldn't be trusted. So Hobbes believed that human beings, because they couldn't be trusted, would basically have a social contract with a government that would be able to keep us safe from each other. And this would lead him to support absolute monarchism. Because the people give their power, their freedom in a sense, over to the king. So the king can have armies to protect them from invasion from each other. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
So Hobbes believed that human beings, because they couldn't be trusted, would basically have a social contract with a government that would be able to keep us safe from each other. And this would lead him to support absolute monarchism. Because the people give their power, their freedom in a sense, over to the king. So the king can have armies to protect them from invasion from each other. That's Thomas Hobbes. After Thomas Hobbes, we get his contender, the guy in the ring that doesn't like that idea, through John Locke. And John Locke writes that he agrees there's a social contract. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
So the king can have armies to protect them from invasion from each other. That's Thomas Hobbes. After Thomas Hobbes, we get his contender, the guy in the ring that doesn't like that idea, through John Locke. And John Locke writes that he agrees there's a social contract. That there needs to be permission, that the government exists and that permission needs to come from the people. You think of it like a chicken and the egg. John Locke would say, you know what came first? | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
And John Locke writes that he agrees there's a social contract. That there needs to be permission, that the government exists and that permission needs to come from the people. You think of it like a chicken and the egg. John Locke would say, you know what came first? The chicken came first. And the chicken are the people. Because the people lay the government and the egg would be the government. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
John Locke would say, you know what came first? The chicken came first. And the chicken are the people. Because the people lay the government and the egg would be the government. And you know that chickens do not lay eggs that are fertilized governments without having intercourse, bird intercourse, with roosters. That would be consent of the governed. You know, the idea that you have to, this is maybe inappropriate, but you have to consent to do that in order to create the egg. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
Because the people lay the government and the egg would be the government. And you know that chickens do not lay eggs that are fertilized governments without having intercourse, bird intercourse, with roosters. That would be consent of the governed. You know, the idea that you have to, this is maybe inappropriate, but you have to consent to do that in order to create the egg. That's the social contract. And then that egg becomes what protects your rights. And that's really the magic of John Locke is natural rights. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
You know, the idea that you have to, this is maybe inappropriate, but you have to consent to do that in order to create the egg. That's the social contract. And then that egg becomes what protects your rights. And that's really the magic of John Locke is natural rights. John Locke would argue that, you know, when people say, oh, the government needs to give me my freedom. He would say, nonsense! You already had your freedom. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
And that's really the magic of John Locke is natural rights. John Locke would argue that, you know, when people say, oh, the government needs to give me my freedom. He would say, nonsense! You already had your freedom. The government took it away. You're born with that freedom. You're born with the ability to become who you want to be. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
You already had your freedom. The government took it away. You're born with that freedom. You're born with the ability to become who you want to be. To pray the way you want to pray. To think the way that you want to think. As long as you're not hampering on somebody else's natural rights. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
You're born with the ability to become who you want to be. To pray the way you want to pray. To think the way that you want to think. As long as you're not hampering on somebody else's natural rights. So, you know, you could do what you want in this world. And the government exists not to protect you from other people, but in a sense to protect you from itself. The government's number one job is protection of life, liberty, and the, you know what to say, no, the protection of private property. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
As long as you're not hampering on somebody else's natural rights. So, you know, you could do what you want in this world. And the government exists not to protect you from other people, but in a sense to protect you from itself. The government's number one job is protection of life, liberty, and the, you know what to say, no, the protection of private property. And a part of this is a wealth thing, too, that, you know, the elite, those that are in power, John Locke's not a grubber. He's not homeless. He's got property. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
The government's number one job is protection of life, liberty, and the, you know what to say, no, the protection of private property. And a part of this is a wealth thing, too, that, you know, the elite, those that are in power, John Locke's not a grubber. He's not homeless. He's got property. And he doesn't want the people to come and take his property. And the government needs to protect his right to own that property, as well as his freedom of speech and those things. So his book is Two Treaties on Government, and those are these ideas that are kind of the opposite in a sense, similarities to the Social Contract, but opposite in the sense of the role of government and how we see the nature of human beings, right? | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
He's got property. And he doesn't want the people to come and take his property. And the government needs to protect his right to own that property, as well as his freedom of speech and those things. So his book is Two Treaties on Government, and those are these ideas that are kind of the opposite in a sense, similarities to the Social Contract, but opposite in the sense of the role of government and how we see the nature of human beings, right? Thomas Hodge, people are bad, need government to protect us, you get a king. John Locke, people are good, you're born with natural rights, you need a government to protect those natural rights. So I'm going to move on now. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
So his book is Two Treaties on Government, and those are these ideas that are kind of the opposite in a sense, similarities to the Social Contract, but opposite in the sense of the role of government and how we see the nature of human beings, right? Thomas Hodge, people are bad, need government to protect us, you get a king. John Locke, people are good, you're born with natural rights, you need a government to protect those natural rights. So I'm going to move on now. I'm going to give you maybe three other names that pop up on the exam, just so you've heard them and you can kind of know that they're coming at you and maybe you'll recognize them. One of them would be Montesquieu. Yeah, I don't know first names very well, but you don't need to know it. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
So I'm going to move on now. I'm going to give you maybe three other names that pop up on the exam, just so you've heard them and you can kind of know that they're coming at you and maybe you'll recognize them. One of them would be Montesquieu. Yeah, I don't know first names very well, but you don't need to know it. Montesquieu is a philosopher, I think a French philosopher, that really is now going to write about the nature of that government we've created through Social Contract. So Montesquieu would be a fan of John Locke. You know who else is a fan of John Locke? | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
Yeah, I don't know first names very well, but you don't need to know it. Montesquieu is a philosopher, I think a French philosopher, that really is now going to write about the nature of that government we've created through Social Contract. So Montesquieu would be a fan of John Locke. You know who else is a fan of John Locke? Thomas Jefferson. Locke's ideas are all over the Declaration of Independence. The idea that the King of England was taking away natural rights, so therefore we had a right to overthrow the government in order to create a social contract that was honest and true and open. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
You know who else is a fan of John Locke? Thomas Jefferson. Locke's ideas are all over the Declaration of Independence. The idea that the King of England was taking away natural rights, so therefore we had a right to overthrow the government in order to create a social contract that was honest and true and open. But nevertheless, Montesquieu is still worried. He's still worried about that big bad government, and he comes up with some theology or ideology that is going to keep us even more safe from that entity because his idea is that one power is just too corrupting. That power, government power, is corrupting because eventually the government's going to try to save itself rather than save the people. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
The idea that the King of England was taking away natural rights, so therefore we had a right to overthrow the government in order to create a social contract that was honest and true and open. But nevertheless, Montesquieu is still worried. He's still worried about that big bad government, and he comes up with some theology or ideology that is going to keep us even more safe from that entity because his idea is that one power is just too corrupting. That power, government power, is corrupting because eventually the government's going to try to save itself rather than save the people. So what Montesquieu says is if we develop a separation of powers and then we give each of those powers different powers to check each other so they can balance that power out, then we'll have even more safety in our natural rights. So he comes up with checks and balances and separation of powers, which most Western nations and even other nations around the world that aren't dictatorships or absolute monarchs have. In England they have a parliament, and then they elect the leader of England. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
That power, government power, is corrupting because eventually the government's going to try to save itself rather than save the people. So what Montesquieu says is if we develop a separation of powers and then we give each of those powers different powers to check each other so they can balance that power out, then we'll have even more safety in our natural rights. So he comes up with checks and balances and separation of powers, which most Western nations and even other nations around the world that aren't dictatorships or absolute monarchs have. In England they have a parliament, and then they elect the leader of England. How could I not know that? The prime minister. And they also have a judicial system. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
In England they have a parliament, and then they elect the leader of England. How could I not know that? The prime minister. And they also have a judicial system. In America we have the president, we have Congress. We even split our Congress into the House of Representation and the Senate, and we have a judicial system. But that's the way it works, so nobody can screw you. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
And they also have a judicial system. In America we have the president, we have Congress. We even split our Congress into the House of Representation and the Senate, and we have a judicial system. But that's the way it works, so nobody can screw you. So nobody can mess with your natural rights. And if they do, you have recourse. If Congress passes a law or Parliament passes a law that says we're taking your rights away, you have a court system, that judicial review that reviews that law, and you have a president that can argue against it or go to the bully pulpit and argue in front of Americans, whatever. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
But that's the way it works, so nobody can screw you. So nobody can mess with your natural rights. And if they do, you have recourse. If Congress passes a law or Parliament passes a law that says we're taking your rights away, you have a court system, that judicial review that reviews that law, and you have a president that can argue against it or go to the bully pulpit and argue in front of Americans, whatever. So that's the main idea. All right, I have a couple other guys. I'm going to do Voltaire and Rousseau. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
If Congress passes a law or Parliament passes a law that says we're taking your rights away, you have a court system, that judicial review that reviews that law, and you have a president that can argue against it or go to the bully pulpit and argue in front of Americans, whatever. So that's the main idea. All right, I have a couple other guys. I'm going to do Voltaire and Rousseau. I kind of want to know first names. Let me cough real quick. So for Rousseau, Jacques Rousseau, he also wrote a book called The Social Contract, and his main idea is a little bit different but relatable. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
I'm going to do Voltaire and Rousseau. I kind of want to know first names. Let me cough real quick. So for Rousseau, Jacques Rousseau, he also wrote a book called The Social Contract, and his main idea is a little bit different but relatable. I think his idea is more of a communist idea, but I don't think we're going to use that word. Rousseau really argued that for democracy, in a sense, which isn't communism, it could be. I take that back. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
So for Rousseau, Jacques Rousseau, he also wrote a book called The Social Contract, and his main idea is a little bit different but relatable. I think his idea is more of a communist idea, but I don't think we're going to use that word. Rousseau really argued that for democracy, in a sense, which isn't communism, it could be. I take that back. Nevertheless, he argued that the biggest problem in society was the distribution of wealth, that people who were born poor were always poor, and that people who were born rich did everything to get richer and protect that richdom. I don't think richdom is a word, nevertheless. He argued that government should be run by the will of the majority, the will of the people, that that social contract was run by the majority. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
I take that back. Nevertheless, he argued that the biggest problem in society was the distribution of wealth, that people who were born poor were always poor, and that people who were born rich did everything to get richer and protect that richdom. I don't think richdom is a word, nevertheless. He argued that government should be run by the will of the majority, the will of the people, that that social contract was run by the majority. And his idea was probably that there was probably more of a majority of peasants than there were rich nobles, and that then they could run the country in the betterment for everybody. So that would be Rousseau. Voltaire is the freedom of speech guy. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
He argued that government should be run by the will of the majority, the will of the people, that that social contract was run by the majority. And his idea was probably that there was probably more of a majority of peasants than there were rich nobles, and that then they could run the country in the betterment for everybody. So that would be Rousseau. Voltaire is the freedom of speech guy. So I always kind of see his face on fire with yelling. I don't know why that helps me. He was being persecuted by the Catholic Church for his beliefs, and he stood on the bedrock principle that, you know, I will not always agree with what you have to say, but I will die to protect your right to say it. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
Voltaire is the freedom of speech guy. So I always kind of see his face on fire with yelling. I don't know why that helps me. He was being persecuted by the Catholic Church for his beliefs, and he stood on the bedrock principle that, you know, I will not always agree with what you have to say, but I will die to protect your right to say it. So Voltaire is freedom of speech. So we're going to stop all of this right now. Scientific revolution, right? | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
He was being persecuted by the Catholic Church for his beliefs, and he stood on the bedrock principle that, you know, I will not always agree with what you have to say, but I will die to protect your right to say it. So Voltaire is freedom of speech. So we're going to stop all of this right now. Scientific revolution, right? Enlightenment, starting with Bacon and the scientific method, and then flowing into the political world of Hobbes and Locke, and then going into how government should work under Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire. And that will pretty much do it. But this is the theme of change, the theme of changing points in world history. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
Scientific revolution, right? Enlightenment, starting with Bacon and the scientific method, and then flowing into the political world of Hobbes and Locke, and then going into how government should work under Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire. And that will pretty much do it. But this is the theme of change, the theme of changing points in world history. So basically, if we're going to turn the wheel, we're turning it with a scientific revolution, and we're driving away from the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages into the Enlightenment and to the modern era. So where attention goes, energy flows. Make sure that you study with 100% of your energy, and don't take a break, because it's probably not working. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
But this is the theme of change, the theme of changing points in world history. So basically, if we're going to turn the wheel, we're turning it with a scientific revolution, and we're driving away from the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages into the Enlightenment and to the modern era. So where attention goes, energy flows. Make sure that you study with 100% of your energy, and don't take a break, because it's probably not working. Could you imagine driving a car at 30%? That's not a good idea. You'll die. | Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a |
It was made up of many city-states led by Athens and Sparta. But despite its fragmentation, it's made innumerable contributions to not just Western civilization, but civilization as a whole. And those are contributions in terms of forms of governance, like democracy, contributions in medicine, contributions in the arts, in mathematics, in the sciences. But perhaps their most famous contribution is in terms of philosophy. And if you're going to talk about philosophy in ancient Greece, the most famous three philosophers are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Now before we get into the first of them, and really the teacher of Plato, who was then the teacher of Aristotle, let's get a little bit of context on this time period. So as we enter into the fifth century BCE, a couple of things are emerging. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
But perhaps their most famous contribution is in terms of philosophy. And if you're going to talk about philosophy in ancient Greece, the most famous three philosophers are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Now before we get into the first of them, and really the teacher of Plato, who was then the teacher of Aristotle, let's get a little bit of context on this time period. So as we enter into the fifth century BCE, a couple of things are emerging. First, you have a new Athenian democracy. Then as you get into that century, the Persians invade, try to conquer Greece several times, but unsuccessfully. But then the Greeks start fighting amongst themselves, led on one side by Athens and on the other side by Sparta, and that's the Peloponnesian War, which ends with Sparta being victorious, but all of the Greek city-states being weakened dramatically. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
So as we enter into the fifth century BCE, a couple of things are emerging. First, you have a new Athenian democracy. Then as you get into that century, the Persians invade, try to conquer Greece several times, but unsuccessfully. But then the Greeks start fighting amongst themselves, led on one side by Athens and on the other side by Sparta, and that's the Peloponnesian War, which ends with Sparta being victorious, but all of the Greek city-states being weakened dramatically. Now between the end, especially the first part of the Greco-Persian Wars, and the end of the Peloponnesian War, it was actually a time of Athenian prosperity. They were leading this semi-empire. They were investing in the arts. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
But then the Greeks start fighting amongst themselves, led on one side by Athens and on the other side by Sparta, and that's the Peloponnesian War, which ends with Sparta being victorious, but all of the Greek city-states being weakened dramatically. Now between the end, especially the first part of the Greco-Persian Wars, and the end of the Peloponnesian War, it was actually a time of Athenian prosperity. They were leading this semi-empire. They were investing in the arts. And it's often called the Golden Age of Athens. And that's the world in which Socrates emerged. Like many philosophers, Socrates led a very interesting life and it's worth noting what we know about him does not come directly from his writing. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
They were investing in the arts. And it's often called the Golden Age of Athens. And that's the world in which Socrates emerged. Like many philosophers, Socrates led a very interesting life and it's worth noting what we know about him does not come directly from his writing. We don't have surviving accounts of his writing. It comes mainly through the writing of his students, Xenophon and most notably Plato. We also get some parody of Socrates from Aristophanes that Socrates himself did not appreciate much. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Like many philosophers, Socrates led a very interesting life and it's worth noting what we know about him does not come directly from his writing. We don't have surviving accounts of his writing. It comes mainly through the writing of his students, Xenophon and most notably Plato. We also get some parody of Socrates from Aristophanes that Socrates himself did not appreciate much. But what we know is that he started in life, he was a stonemason, he even acted as a soldier, a hoplite during the Peloponnesian War. But he's of course most famous for being a philosopher and for being a teacher. And his teaching style, the Socratic method, is still viewed as something of a best practice today. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
We also get some parody of Socrates from Aristophanes that Socrates himself did not appreciate much. But what we know is that he started in life, he was a stonemason, he even acted as a soldier, a hoplite during the Peloponnesian War. But he's of course most famous for being a philosopher and for being a teacher. And his teaching style, the Socratic method, is still viewed as something of a best practice today. Rather than lecturing students to instead ask incisive questions that force a student to deepen their thinking and get closer to the root of an issue and to learn how to think rather than just having knowledge transmitted to them. Now what's also notable about Socrates and his many students including Plato and Aristotle is that they took a departure of how to think about the world from most of the ancient world. Most of the ancient world was focused on the gods and the metaphysical explaining everything. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And his teaching style, the Socratic method, is still viewed as something of a best practice today. Rather than lecturing students to instead ask incisive questions that force a student to deepen their thinking and get closer to the root of an issue and to learn how to think rather than just having knowledge transmitted to them. Now what's also notable about Socrates and his many students including Plato and Aristotle is that they took a departure of how to think about the world from most of the ancient world. Most of the ancient world was focused on the gods and the metaphysical explaining everything. And while the ancient Greeks did have a large pantheon of gods, Socrates and his fellow philosophers tried to figure out how the world works, why we are here somewhat independent of the gods. They tried to reason it through. They tried to talk it through, think about it from a rational point of view. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Most of the ancient world was focused on the gods and the metaphysical explaining everything. And while the ancient Greeks did have a large pantheon of gods, Socrates and his fellow philosophers tried to figure out how the world works, why we are here somewhat independent of the gods. They tried to reason it through. They tried to talk it through, think about it from a rational point of view. And to get a flavor of that, here's a quote. True wisdom comes to each of us when we realize how little we understand about life, ourselves, and the world around us. So unlike many ancient societies that just tried to explain everything through the metaphysical or through the gods, here you have Socrates saying no, an ideal, true wisdom is when you appreciate how little we know, this form of intellectual humility. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
They tried to talk it through, think about it from a rational point of view. And to get a flavor of that, here's a quote. True wisdom comes to each of us when we realize how little we understand about life, ourselves, and the world around us. So unlike many ancient societies that just tried to explain everything through the metaphysical or through the gods, here you have Socrates saying no, an ideal, true wisdom is when you appreciate how little we know, this form of intellectual humility. Now Socrates lived during this golden age of Athens, a time when democracy was flourishing, the age of Pericles. But he himself was a little bit skeptical of unfettered or pure democracy. He was worried, well, what if the people voting aren't educated to make the types of decisions? | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
So unlike many ancient societies that just tried to explain everything through the metaphysical or through the gods, here you have Socrates saying no, an ideal, true wisdom is when you appreciate how little we know, this form of intellectual humility. Now Socrates lived during this golden age of Athens, a time when democracy was flourishing, the age of Pericles. But he himself was a little bit skeptical of unfettered or pure democracy. He was worried, well, what if the people voting aren't educated to make the types of decisions? Maybe they can be manipulated by a demagogue, someone who just tells them exactly what they want to hear. And so he was a bit of a controversial figure, especially as you get to the end of the Peloponnesian War. Remember, Athens loses the Peloponnesian War. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
He was worried, well, what if the people voting aren't educated to make the types of decisions? Maybe they can be manipulated by a demagogue, someone who just tells them exactly what they want to hear. And so he was a bit of a controversial figure, especially as you get to the end of the Peloponnesian War. Remember, Athens loses the Peloponnesian War. It went from being this powerful head of this Delian League, something of an empire, this wealthy city, and now it's a subjugated state. It's tired from war. And so you can imagine there's a lot of political infighting and Socrates ends up being one of the casualties. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Remember, Athens loses the Peloponnesian War. It went from being this powerful head of this Delian League, something of an empire, this wealthy city, and now it's a subjugated state. It's tired from war. And so you can imagine there's a lot of political infighting and Socrates ends up being one of the casualties. He is actually put on trial by his fellow Athenians. This is a depiction of the trial of Socrates and it shows Socrates defending himself from the accusations brought against him. Refusing to recognize the gods acknowledged by the state, importing strange divinities of his own, corrupting the young. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And so you can imagine there's a lot of political infighting and Socrates ends up being one of the casualties. He is actually put on trial by his fellow Athenians. This is a depiction of the trial of Socrates and it shows Socrates defending himself from the accusations brought against him. Refusing to recognize the gods acknowledged by the state, importing strange divinities of his own, corrupting the young. And his defense, which both Xenophon and Plato write about, called the Apology, he's bewildered. He says, where is all of this coming from? Now, it is true he did not invoke the gods when he's trying to explain the universe. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Refusing to recognize the gods acknowledged by the state, importing strange divinities of his own, corrupting the young. And his defense, which both Xenophon and Plato write about, called the Apology, he's bewildered. He says, where is all of this coming from? Now, it is true he did not invoke the gods when he's trying to explain the universe. And yes, he was trying to teach the young to think, but by no means, if you look at what he was doing, or at least our modern accounts coming through Plato and Xenophon, does it seem like he was trying to undermine the state in some way. But needless to say, it comes to a vote and maybe he's a victim of his own fears of a pure democratic process, but amongst the 500 Athenians voting, 280 say that he is guilty and 220 say that he is not guilty. He's given a chance to think about what his penalty should be. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Now, it is true he did not invoke the gods when he's trying to explain the universe. And yes, he was trying to teach the young to think, but by no means, if you look at what he was doing, or at least our modern accounts coming through Plato and Xenophon, does it seem like he was trying to undermine the state in some way. But needless to say, it comes to a vote and maybe he's a victim of his own fears of a pure democratic process, but amongst the 500 Athenians voting, 280 say that he is guilty and 220 say that he is not guilty. He's given a chance to think about what his penalty should be. And the charges, at least in the Athenians' minds, were quite serious. But Socrates famously says, an unexamined life is not worth living. And so even though many historians think that he might have been able to get exile if he asked for it, he was sentenced to death. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
He's given a chance to think about what his penalty should be. And the charges, at least in the Athenians' minds, were quite serious. But Socrates famously says, an unexamined life is not worth living. And so even though many historians think that he might have been able to get exile if he asked for it, he was sentenced to death. And this is a painting done much, much later of what that death of Socrates might have looked like. But you see here Socrates about to, or maybe he just drank the hemlock, which is the poison, which will kill him. So even though he had to die for these pretty spurious allegations, his legacy lives on. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And so even though many historians think that he might have been able to get exile if he asked for it, he was sentenced to death. And this is a painting done much, much later of what that death of Socrates might have looked like. But you see here Socrates about to, or maybe he just drank the hemlock, which is the poison, which will kill him. So even though he had to die for these pretty spurious allegations, his legacy lives on. And it lives on most famously in his student Plato. Now Plato is famous for many things. There's this notion of a platonic ideal form that whether you're talking about a circle or a ball or a dog or a chair, that there's an ideal form that is independent of what your senses are telling you or what the chair in front of you might be. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
So even though he had to die for these pretty spurious allegations, his legacy lives on. And it lives on most famously in his student Plato. Now Plato is famous for many things. There's this notion of a platonic ideal form that whether you're talking about a circle or a ball or a dog or a chair, that there's an ideal form that is independent of what your senses are telling you or what the chair in front of you might be. But that's an imperfect version of that ideal form. The word platonic in general, you'll hear, applied to many different concepts, some of the meanings having changed over time. The other thing that Plato is famous for is the notion of an academy, the place where he taught his students was a little field outside the walls of Athens named for the Athenian hero Akademos. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
There's this notion of a platonic ideal form that whether you're talking about a circle or a ball or a dog or a chair, that there's an ideal form that is independent of what your senses are telling you or what the chair in front of you might be. But that's an imperfect version of that ideal form. The word platonic in general, you'll hear, applied to many different concepts, some of the meanings having changed over time. The other thing that Plato is famous for is the notion of an academy, the place where he taught his students was a little field outside the walls of Athens named for the Athenian hero Akademos. And so that area became known as Plato's Academy. And ever since then, places of learning have often been referred to as academies, just like Khan Academy. But Plato was also concerned, like his teacher Socrates, with the nature of how we should be ruled. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
The other thing that Plato is famous for is the notion of an academy, the place where he taught his students was a little field outside the walls of Athens named for the Athenian hero Akademos. And so that area became known as Plato's Academy. And ever since then, places of learning have often been referred to as academies, just like Khan Academy. But Plato was also concerned, like his teacher Socrates, with the nature of how we should be ruled. There will be no end to the troubles of states or indeed of humanity itself till philosophers become rulers in this world or till those we now call kings and rulers really and truly become philosophers and political power and philosophy thus come into the same hands. So like Socrates, he's wary of how they have been governed. And remember, we're now after the period of the Peloponnesian War. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
But Plato was also concerned, like his teacher Socrates, with the nature of how we should be ruled. There will be no end to the troubles of states or indeed of humanity itself till philosophers become rulers in this world or till those we now call kings and rulers really and truly become philosophers and political power and philosophy thus come into the same hands. So like Socrates, he's wary of how they have been governed. And remember, we're now after the period of the Peloponnesian War. The city-states of Greece, especially Athens, have been dramatically weakened. So a lot of people might be thinking, including Plato, well, is there a better way to govern ourselves? Well, now Plato's most famous student is Aristotle. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And remember, we're now after the period of the Peloponnesian War. The city-states of Greece, especially Athens, have been dramatically weakened. So a lot of people might be thinking, including Plato, well, is there a better way to govern ourselves? Well, now Plato's most famous student is Aristotle. And like his teacher, Aristotle is famous for many things and explored many dimensions of the universe. But he is probably most famous for being the tutor of Alexander the Great when Alexander the Great was young. Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great's father, as he conquers the weakened city-states after the Peloponnesian War, he also conquers Aristotle's hometown of Stagira and he enslaves the population. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Well, now Plato's most famous student is Aristotle. And like his teacher, Aristotle is famous for many things and explored many dimensions of the universe. But he is probably most famous for being the tutor of Alexander the Great when Alexander the Great was young. Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great's father, as he conquers the weakened city-states after the Peloponnesian War, he also conquers Aristotle's hometown of Stagira and he enslaves the population. And so when he goes to Aristotle to tutor his young son, who ends up being called Alexander the Great eventually, Aristotle says, okay, my fee will be free the people of my town. His town is freed. He tutors a young Alexander when Alexander's in his early teens. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great's father, as he conquers the weakened city-states after the Peloponnesian War, he also conquers Aristotle's hometown of Stagira and he enslaves the population. And so when he goes to Aristotle to tutor his young son, who ends up being called Alexander the Great eventually, Aristotle says, okay, my fee will be free the people of my town. His town is freed. He tutors a young Alexander when Alexander's in his early teens. And he also gets support for a center of learning. He creates a Lyceum, which is his version of Plato's Academy. And just like you saw with Socrates and you see with Plato, Aristotle continued this tradition of a focus on learning and a humble acceptance of all that there might be in the world, this rationality that we now see in modern science that you didn't see from a lot of the ancients who were focused on the metaphysics and the gods. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
He tutors a young Alexander when Alexander's in his early teens. And he also gets support for a center of learning. He creates a Lyceum, which is his version of Plato's Academy. And just like you saw with Socrates and you see with Plato, Aristotle continued this tradition of a focus on learning and a humble acceptance of all that there might be in the world, this rationality that we now see in modern science that you didn't see from a lot of the ancients who were focused on the metaphysics and the gods. It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it. And I'll leave you there, but the big takeaway is, going from Socrates to Plato to Aristotle, and there were many other Greek philosophers, you have the seed of what you could call modern rationality. Roughly 2,000 years later, you have the European Renaissance that starts reemerging many of these same ideas, all the way providing a bridge into the Enlightenment and now our modern, hopefully fairly rational view of the world. | Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a |
They would provide fresh water for crops and for the people who would live near them. Later on, the rivers could be useful for transporting things like crops. And so it's not surprising that our first significant civilizations also emerged where the first agriculture emerged. And our first civilizations we'll see in ancient Egypt along the Nile. We will see it in the Indus Valley along the Indus River. We'll see it in China along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. And we'll also see it in Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And our first civilizations we'll see in ancient Egypt along the Nile. We will see it in the Indus Valley along the Indus River. We'll see it in China along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. And we'll also see it in Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. And what we're gonna focus on in this video in particular is Mesopotamia. Now the word Mesopotamia literally comes from mesos, between, and patmos, I'm probably not pronouncing it right, rivers. So it's the area between rivers is literally what Mesopotamia is referring to. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And we'll also see it in Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. And what we're gonna focus on in this video in particular is Mesopotamia. Now the word Mesopotamia literally comes from mesos, between, and patmos, I'm probably not pronouncing it right, rivers. So it's the area between rivers is literally what Mesopotamia is referring to. And it's primarily modern-day Iraq. Now the reason why this is particularly interesting, and it's called the cradle of civilization, is not only is it one of, or perhaps the first place that agriculture developed, it was at the crossroads of many other early civilizations. Notice it's right in between the Indus Valley civilization here, and then the ancient Egyptians, and other civilizations that were emerging in the area. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
So it's the area between rivers is literally what Mesopotamia is referring to. And it's primarily modern-day Iraq. Now the reason why this is particularly interesting, and it's called the cradle of civilization, is not only is it one of, or perhaps the first place that agriculture developed, it was at the crossroads of many other early civilizations. Notice it's right in between the Indus Valley civilization here, and then the ancient Egyptians, and other civilizations that were emerging in the area. And so it's not surprising that this was a geography that had significant developments in terms of technology, in terms of architecture, in terms of religion, in terms of writing. And the first civilization we believe that emerged in Mesopotamia are the Sumerians. Sumerians. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Notice it's right in between the Indus Valley civilization here, and then the ancient Egyptians, and other civilizations that were emerging in the area. And so it's not surprising that this was a geography that had significant developments in terms of technology, in terms of architecture, in terms of religion, in terms of writing. And the first civilization we believe that emerged in Mesopotamia are the Sumerians. Sumerians. And Sumer and Sumerians, it's most associated with this region right over here of, let me circle it, this region right over here of southern Mesopotamia. And we currently think that this civilization started to emerge around 4000 BCE, you can see it on this timeline here in orange. And they developed things as basic as the wheel. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Sumerians. And Sumer and Sumerians, it's most associated with this region right over here of, let me circle it, this region right over here of southern Mesopotamia. And we currently think that this civilization started to emerge around 4000 BCE, you can see it on this timeline here in orange. And they developed things as basic as the wheel. The first wheel that was ever discovered was 3500 BCE in Sumeria. They are famous for their architectural structure. This is a picture here of a ziggurat, which was at the center of many of the Sumerian, and as we'll see, Mesopotamian cities. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And they developed things as basic as the wheel. The first wheel that was ever discovered was 3500 BCE in Sumeria. They are famous for their architectural structure. This is a picture here of a ziggurat, which was at the center of many of the Sumerian, and as we'll see, Mesopotamian cities. This would have required an incredible amount of labor to produce. And at the top of these, they had temples to their gods. And their gods, they had a polytheistic religion. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
This is a picture here of a ziggurat, which was at the center of many of the Sumerian, and as we'll see, Mesopotamian cities. This would have required an incredible amount of labor to produce. And at the top of these, they had temples to their gods. And their gods, they had a polytheistic religion. And their gods took human form. Also, amongst the Sumerians, is where we think one of the first written languages developed. It wasn't the first, you also have the Egyptian hieroglyphics and we think written language emerged amongst the Harappans and the Indus Valley civilization and amongst the Chinese. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And their gods, they had a polytheistic religion. And their gods took human form. Also, amongst the Sumerians, is where we think one of the first written languages developed. It wasn't the first, you also have the Egyptian hieroglyphics and we think written language emerged amongst the Harappans and the Indus Valley civilization and amongst the Chinese. But it was one of the first languages, this right over here is an example of a cuneiform tablet. This is a cuneiform tablet written in the script, cuneiform, developed by these ancient Sumerians. Now, when you talk about Mesopotamia, you'll talk about Sumerians, but we'll also talk about other civilizations that emerge. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
It wasn't the first, you also have the Egyptian hieroglyphics and we think written language emerged amongst the Harappans and the Indus Valley civilization and amongst the Chinese. But it was one of the first languages, this right over here is an example of a cuneiform tablet. This is a cuneiform tablet written in the script, cuneiform, developed by these ancient Sumerians. Now, when you talk about Mesopotamia, you'll talk about Sumerians, but we'll also talk about other civilizations that emerge. In particular, let me write them all down. You have the Sumerians, you'll also hear something called Akkadian. And as we'll see, Akkadian is both a language and an empire that will emerge. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Now, when you talk about Mesopotamia, you'll talk about Sumerians, but we'll also talk about other civilizations that emerge. In particular, let me write them all down. You have the Sumerians, you'll also hear something called Akkadian. And as we'll see, Akkadian is both a language and an empire that will emerge. In Mesopotamia, over the roughly 3,000 years BCE, the two primary languages are Akkadian, which is considered a Semitic language. It's related to modern Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew. And the reason why they're called Semitic is because they're spoken or they're purported to be spoken by the descendants of Shem, who was Noah's son in the Hebrew Bible. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And as we'll see, Akkadian is both a language and an empire that will emerge. In Mesopotamia, over the roughly 3,000 years BCE, the two primary languages are Akkadian, which is considered a Semitic language. It's related to modern Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew. And the reason why they're called Semitic is because they're spoken or they're purported to be spoken by the descendants of Shem, who was Noah's son in the Hebrew Bible. So you have the language Akkadian, which is Semitic, and then you have the other language, which is Sumerian. And as we get into the third millennium BCE, the Sumerians start to have a lot of interaction with Akkadian-speaking people. And Akkadian-speaking people are initially associated primarily with northern Mesopotamia. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And the reason why they're called Semitic is because they're spoken or they're purported to be spoken by the descendants of Shem, who was Noah's son in the Hebrew Bible. So you have the language Akkadian, which is Semitic, and then you have the other language, which is Sumerian. And as we get into the third millennium BCE, the Sumerians start to have a lot of interaction with Akkadian-speaking people. And Akkadian-speaking people are initially associated primarily with northern Mesopotamia. And we believe the first empire, true empire, perhaps the first empire in the world emerged from Akkadia, and it was called the Akkadian Empire. And if we scroll down over here, we can see how the Akkadian Empire spread. We believe that the town of Akkad, which the Akkadian Empire is named for, is someplace in this region right over here. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And Akkadian-speaking people are initially associated primarily with northern Mesopotamia. And we believe the first empire, true empire, perhaps the first empire in the world emerged from Akkadia, and it was called the Akkadian Empire. And if we scroll down over here, we can see how the Akkadian Empire spread. We believe that the town of Akkad, which the Akkadian Empire is named for, is someplace in this region right over here. And the first significant ruler who really spread that empire was Sargon, often referred to as Sargon the Great. And you can see, you can see that that would've been established around the middle of the 23rd, or actually the 24th century BCE. So around 2350, you have Sargon establishing what might be the first dynastic empire in the world, the Akkadian Empire. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
We believe that the town of Akkad, which the Akkadian Empire is named for, is someplace in this region right over here. And the first significant ruler who really spread that empire was Sargon, often referred to as Sargon the Great. And you can see, you can see that that would've been established around the middle of the 23rd, or actually the 24th century BCE. So around 2350, you have Sargon establishing what might be the first dynastic empire in the world, the Akkadian Empire. And he was able to take control of both northern and southern Mesopotamia. So even the Sumerians were under the control of the Akkadians. And as we'll see over time, you have a lot of mixing between the Akkadian language, the Sumerian language. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
So around 2350, you have Sargon establishing what might be the first dynastic empire in the world, the Akkadian Empire. And he was able to take control of both northern and southern Mesopotamia. So even the Sumerians were under the control of the Akkadians. And as we'll see over time, you have a lot of mixing between the Akkadian language, the Sumerian language. Akkadian gets written in the cuneiform script. And starting at around this period, Sumerian starts to die as a spoken language, and Akkadian really becomes dominant. Now, the Akkadians rule for a little over 100 years. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
And as we'll see over time, you have a lot of mixing between the Akkadian language, the Sumerian language. Akkadian gets written in the cuneiform script. And starting at around this period, Sumerian starts to die as a spoken language, and Akkadian really becomes dominant. Now, the Akkadians rule for a little over 100 years. And then you have several other empires. And it can get confusing. The way I've structured this timeline is this top line right over here is southern Mesopotamia, and this bottom line right over here is northern Mesopotamia. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
Now, the Akkadians rule for a little over 100 years. And then you have several other empires. And it can get confusing. The way I've structured this timeline is this top line right over here is southern Mesopotamia, and this bottom line right over here is northern Mesopotamia. So this orange shows you where the Sumerians were reigning. Some people think that they might have been the first empire. This bottom line here, you can see the Akkadian speakers, but they were fragmented until you have Sargon the Great establishing the Akkadian Empire. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
The way I've structured this timeline is this top line right over here is southern Mesopotamia, and this bottom line right over here is northern Mesopotamia. So this orange shows you where the Sumerians were reigning. Some people think that they might have been the first empire. This bottom line here, you can see the Akkadian speakers, but they were fragmented until you have Sargon the Great establishing the Akkadian Empire. Now, you briefly then have a short-term Neo-Sumerian Empire. But the next significant empire that's often talked about when associated with Mesopotamia is the Babylonian Empire. So Babylon, Babylonian Empire was centered at Babylon, right over here. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
This bottom line here, you can see the Akkadian speakers, but they were fragmented until you have Sargon the Great establishing the Akkadian Empire. Now, you briefly then have a short-term Neo-Sumerian Empire. But the next significant empire that's often talked about when associated with Mesopotamia is the Babylonian Empire. So Babylon, Babylonian Empire was centered at Babylon, right over here. And it really became a significant empire under the ruler, Humurabi. And Humurabi is perhaps most known. You can see how he was able to spread the empire. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
So Babylon, Babylonian Empire was centered at Babylon, right over here. And it really became a significant empire under the ruler, Humurabi. And Humurabi is perhaps most known. You can see how he was able to spread the empire. The dark brown is what he had with his empire when he took rule, and the light brown is what he was able to spread it to. So once again, both north and south. And he's perhaps most famous for his famous Code of Humurabi which is depicted here. | Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a |
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