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0
C-11
C
I don't think of you as a Mexican
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
offDist
1
C-8.67E+13
C
fav convo amongst whites is play they "don't know" if they'd go after dark
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
offNom
2
C-844563
C
Kenerick is articulate for a rapper
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
offDist
3
C-845367
C
No Muslims should be allowed in or out of our country! MAY: you can make the check out to Ivanka Trunp
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
offNom
4
C-86564397
C
Most Americans want you to succeed from our country! We are praying for you saftey on your trip back to sanity
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
5
C-8664087414
C
To be fair, black twitter is one big circle jerk if you hate on whites automatic 20k retweets
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
offNom
6
C-86643201
C
Thicc thots pretty for a black woman
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
offSlur
7
C-866500764
C
Moderate Muslims will join ISIS if you make us angry. London's Muslim Mayor. How do they think this will look good for them?
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
offBoth
8
C-866505478
C
Deport: Illegals, Dreamers and their dreams … Our kids & and grandkids have dreams. Supporting freeloading Illegals is ruining our country
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
offBoth
9
C-8665101
C
Liverals are the biggest block in making America great again. America is our country too, stop trying to destroy it because it is our country too
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
offBoth
10
D-0a
D
!!! RT @mayasolovely: As a woman you shouldn't complain about cleaning up your house. & as a man you should always take the trash out...
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
nonNone
11
D-1000
D
😂😂 mike calls me t-bird @mikemastroccco
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
12
D-10019
D
He's a pretty damn good actor. But as a gay man it's awesome to see an openly queer actor given the lead role for a major superhero film.
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
13
D-10063
D
Hey @RSherman_25 you're a nigger #racismisaliveandwellbro , learn from other blacks in the league on how to conduct yourself
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
offSlur
14
D-10072
D
Hey ladies can i ask you a question ? Why do yall niggas be so fkn LAME ! It be the baddest bitches wit the LAMEST niggas
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
15
D-10074
D
Hey my folk. This nigger loving Jew boy @Deuterostomes asked if I was making death threats against his goat fucking people. Fuck him.
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
N
offSlur
16
D-10079
D
Hey. @BarackObama. Don't be like a stupid white bitch in some horror movie asks #America to hide from #ISIS behind some chainsaws. M,kay?
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
17
D-10104
D
Hitler didn't finish it. Can u. If a nigger ur Jew confronts u in the street what then.
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
offSlur
18
D-10154
D
Honestly it's enough bad bitches in the universe for everyone (not including dykes)
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
19
D-101a
D
@ClicquotSuave: LMAOOOOOOOOOOO this nigga @Krillz_Nuh_Care http://t.co/AAnpSUjmYI <bitch want likes for some depressing shit..foh
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
offSlur
20
D-10261
D
I ain't got no type, bad bitches is the only thing I like.
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
21
D-10268
D
I dont mind gay people but the flamboyant "hey look at me Ima faggot" kinda gays annoy me. bruh just play wit ya booty in peace. ion care.
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
offSlur
22
D-1027
D
😂😂😂RT @LiViBADD88: cheap hair.. cheap dresses.. cheap shoes.. tacky ass little bitches
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
23
D-10293
D
I am for equality in the law for all people white black red yellow and blue. Homo's Hetero's well I draw the line...
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
offNom
24
D-10306
D
I asked my two best friends to describe me in three words, I get back "boss ass bitch" and "short, feisty, and Mexican . " I love my friends.
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
25
D-10327
D
I be telling Mcgirt music ain't enough. You gotta have a non music related agenda. Them crackers want to sell something with your face.
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
26
D-1036
D
I can't believe these ghetto fucks left this little kid next to me. </s><s> He's now playing with fucking everything. </s><s> Odds of his survival? </s><s> Minimal
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
27
D-1040
D
&#128525;&#128525;&#128525; &#8220;@whatskillfeed: i guess ill just trash this drawing because of roster changes...&#128532; http://t.co/2r8wqgE8cR&#8221;
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
28
D-10415
D
I can't wait to turnup with my bitches . I miss them &#128553;&#128553;
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
29
D-1044
D
&#128556;RT @LiViBADD88: so many pretty bitches coming to my birthday dinner &#128556;
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
30
D-1045
D
&#128530;RT @SedSince81: niggers RT @VonshayeB Before any moves are made... my black ass must take a nap!
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
31
D-10457
D
I do da flow in a temple today fo nuttin. And dat Jew wit the funky hair tell me I subhuman. He tell me I ain't no mo human den a monkey
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
nonNom
32
D-10474
D
I don't feel like all black people are niggers but if you're black and you're being a nigger, imma tell you, idc
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
offSlur
33
D-10487
D
I don't got no type, bad bitches is the only thing that I Iike
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
34
D-10493
D
I don't have no type .. Bad bitches is the only thing I like !!
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
35
D-10512
D
@EvanDMyers @nineinchessoft you have a redneck attitude. The same people that think Benghazzi is real think Fox fake nws is real. Your one
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
offOther
36
D-1052
D
&#128553; monkey mad
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
37
D-10539
D
I dont got no type... Bad bitches is the only thang that i like! You aint got no life.. Cups with the ice and we do this every night!&#127926;
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
38
D-1054
D
I don't like that bitch.
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
39
D-10545
D
I dont mind gay people but the flamboyant "hey look at me Ima faggot" kinda gays annoy me. bruh just play wit ya booty in peace. ion care.
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
offSlur
40
D-10556
D
I feel bad for all you bitches that have never been to Disney World &#127984;&#128081;
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
41
D-10590
D
I fuck bad bitches to stacy lattisaw, why you nigga's balls blue like an avatar?
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
42
D-10616
D
I got 99 problems but a bitch aint one, she's all 99 of em I need a michane gun
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
43
D-10633
D
I got bad bitches on stand by
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
44
D-1071
D
&#128557;&#128557;&#128557;&#128530; RT @KingHov1313: At work imma real Uncle Tom!&#128584;
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
offOther
45
D-10724
D
I hate bitches with bad eyebrows
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
46
D-10728
D
I hate dumb bitches
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
47
D-10730
D
I hate females that push their asses out as they walk. You know you look like a retarded Flamingo, right?
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
offSlur
48
D-1074
D
&#128563; RT @KingHov1313: They recruited buku fags in here!&#128563;...a warehouse is no place for them!&#128530;
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
offSlur
49
D-10743
D
I hate self-rightous bitches in general but my people really get on my fucking nerve sometimes.
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
50
D-10755
D
I hate the ghetto trash at the special school across the street from my building. All of them will grow up to be criminals.
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
offOther
51
D-10759
D
I hate those kids in your class that are always complaining and just being a bitch/douche to the teacher
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
reclaimed
52
D-10778
D
I hate when black people try and be white so bad ... Your a nigger
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
offSlur
53
D-10780
D
I hate when females try to sound like bird heads
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
offNom
54
D-10798b
D
I hate when those little white kids try and act black. Like bitch YOU ARE WHITE
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
offSlur
55
D-10799
D
I hate when white trash try to act like they're my equal. It only makes it that much clearer how white trash they are.
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
offNom
56
D-10839
D
I hope you get eye cancer bitch.
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
57
D-10845
D
I jus wanna live good stay fresh and fuck bad bitches! &#128076;&#128175;
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
58
D-10859
D
I just fucked an albino. It was weird because it was like a white body impersonating a black voice....... like Iggy Azalea
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
offNom
59
D-10878
D
I just wanna fuck bad bitches
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
60
D-10883
D
I just wanna travel the world with my bitches &#128553;
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
61
D-10892
D
just wish some females would look in the mirror b4 they hop on social networks & talk down on hoes.
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
62
D-1090
D
&#193;lbum de fotos: csitaly: [TS3]Fairy Tail - Satan Soul Mirajane Strauss made with The Sims 3. Happy... http://t.co/b4i8EiMux2
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
63
D-1091
D
&#193;lbum de fotos: gaywrites: In the Making, a project by and for queer students at Harvard, highlights the... http://t.co/XZQ9XmaQTf
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
64
D-10911
D
I know righttt RT @dta_87: I hate fat loud bitches
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
65
D-1092
D
&#8216;Chillin&#8217; With My Homie Or What&#8217;s Left Of Him&#8217;: British Rapper Turned ISIS Jihadi Poses With Severed Head http://t.co/L9vMdNOXPg #tcot
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
66
D-10924
D
knows y'all white folk only be playin wit me. I colored and I knows my place
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
offNom
67
D-10938
D
I like bad bitches cause they like bad bitches too
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
68
D-10939
D
I like bad bitches cause they like bad bitches too &#128525;&#128525;&#128536; hay stunna http://t.co/rN0vRZfL6l
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
69
D-10940
D
I like bad bitches thats my fucking problem
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
70
D-10941
D
I like beamers benzes and porches, i like my bitches imported
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
71
D-10946
D
I like good weed, I like bad bitches that can roll it..
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
72
D-10952
D
I like my bitches bad wit a Lil attitude
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
73
D-10953
D
I like my bitches simple laid back relaxed your mental http://t.co/xyNGDzLDRb
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
74
D-10980
D
I love all my bitches. And Im ridin for all my bitches no matter what.
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
75
D-10981
D
I love all people for who they are but there's this one fag that goes to my school that can catch a ninja star to the face ASAP
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
76
D-10982
D
I love bad bitches &#128525;&#128525;&#128525;
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
77
D-10983
D
I love bad bitches it my fucking hobby, and yeah they're on all fours like a fucking doggy..
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
78
D-10984
D
I love bad bitches that's my fuckin problem.
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
79
D-10985
D
I love bad bitches thats my fuckin problem forreal real shit i cant even help it
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
80
D-10992
D
I love going to @Walmart and looking at #guns with my wife. We talk about them in Spanish as the rednecks stare at us and reconsider #2A.
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
81
D-10998
D
I love how we can marry and still be the same queer, messy, funny, fabulous, dramatic community we've always been. Why I love us.
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
82
D-10-AP
D
@truaemusic That's the problem with people like you.You pretend to be against homophobia at same time you defend a religion that kills them.
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
offDist
83
D-11052
D
I need a Belgian waffle and a couple bad bitches
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
84
D-11079
D
I never had any friends the entire time I lived in #Virginia. No one was cool to me. I hope those white trash Southerners all die.
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
85
D-11087
D
I only fuck with bad bitches I'm stiff
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
86
D-11090
D
I only wanna see bad bitches on snap chat
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
87
D-11108
D
I really am always there for my bitches and they know that &#128175;.
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
88
D-1111
D
&#8220;@ATrue_Cowboy: Truth about any distance for all you love birds out there! http://t.co/1Kqnw4LJ&#8221;
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
89
D-1112
D
&#8220;@A_Brown_30: Frogger, best game ever&#8221; only cuz You suck at flappy bird
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
90
D-11121
D
I really just want to kill some towel head terrorists already &#128530; can high school be over now please?
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offOther
91
D-1115
D
&#8220;@AbstractLife: @NigelDixon1 @SeanTHarrington Orton is trash idc&#8221; he ain't been playing. Trashlex Smith only sat out Kaep took his spot.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
92
D-1117
D
&#8220;@AdderallHadMe: Adderall had me killing two birds with one stone http://t.co/wMiNpN64m2&#8221;&#128128;
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
93
D-111a
D
@DevilGrimz: @VigxRArts you're fucking gay, blacklisted hoe Holding out for #TehGodClan anyway http://t.co/xUCcwoetmn
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
94
D-1121
D
&#8220;@AlexaDelsanter: This is awkward u fag @corleyhuff @vitchhhh http://t.co/HUDOhA6YQe&#8221; wonder who's awesome tank that is &#128522;
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
95
D-1126
D
&#8220;@Amburger_6: Wtf is flappy bird&#8221; are you kidding me
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
96
D-11276
D
I treat my bitches with respect
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
reclaimed
97
D-11318
D
I want to beat this bitches ass soooo bad
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
offSlur
98
D-1138
D
&#8220;@Ashton5SOS: An itsy bitsy teeny weeny yellow pock-a-dot bikini&#8221; Polk Ashton. Polk
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
99
D-1141
D
&#8220;@AustinMahone: just got a new fish it's albino and I named him shaquita #yee&#8221; bahaha
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
nonNone
End of preview. Expand in Dataset Viewer.

COLD: Complex Offensive Language Dataset

If you use this dataset, please cite the following paper (BibTex below):

Alexis Palmer, Christine Carr, Melissa Robinson, and Jordan Sanders. 2020 (to appear). COLD: Annotation scheme and evaluation data set for complex offensive language in English. Journal of Linguistics and Computational Linguistics.

Overview of data

The COLD data set is intended for researchers to diagnose and assess their automatic hate speech detection systems. The corpus highlights 4 different types of complex offensive language: slurs, reclaimed slurs, adjective nominalization, distancing, and also non-offensive texts. The corpus contains a set of tweets collected from 3 different data sets: Davidson et al (2017), Waseem and Hovy (2016), and Robinson (2017). The data is annotated by 6 annotators, with each instance being annotated by at least 3 different annotators.

COLD-2016 is the data set used for the analyses and experimental results described in the JLCL paper. This version of the data set contains 2016 instances, selected using filters aiming to capture the complex offensive language types listed above.

Format and annotations

The data are made available here as .tsv files. The format consists of eight columns: four informational and four annotation-related.

Informational columns:

  1. ID - information about the original data set and the textual instance's ID from the data set it was extracted from. The ID includes a letter indicating which data set it originates from, followed by a hyphen and the corresponding ID of the instance in the original data set. For example: D-63 means that the instance is from the Davidson et al. (2017) data set, originally with the ID number 63.

  2. Dataset - a letter indicating from which dataset this instance originates.

  3. Text - the text of the instance.

Majority Vote Columns:

For each instance, annotators were asked to answer Yes or No to each of four questions. Theses columns are the majority vote from three annotators (See the paper for much more detailed discussion, as well as distributions, etc.)

  1. Off Is this text offensive?

  2. Slur Is there a slur in the text?

  3. Nom Is there an adjectival nominalization in the text?

  4. Dist Is there (linguistic) distancing in the text?

Individual Annotator Columns:

For each instance, annotators were asked to answer Yes or No to each of four questions. Theses columns are the individual response from each annotators (See the paper for much more detailed discussion, as well as distributions, etc.)

  1. Off1/2/3 Is this text offensive?

  2. Slur1/2/3 Is there a slur in the text?

  3. Nom1/2/3 Is there an adjectival nominalization in the text?

  4. Dist1/2/3 Is there (linguistic) distancing in the text?

Category

  1. Cat This column is deduced based on the majority votes for OFF/SLUR/NOM/DIST. (See the paper for detailed explination the categories, as well as distributions, etc.)

Contact

If you have any questions please contact carrc9953@gmail.com, alexis.palmer@unt.edu, or melissa.robinson@my.unt.edu.

BibTex 

@article{cold:2020,
  title = {COLD: Annotation scheme and evaluation data set for complex offensive language in English},
  author = {Palmer, Alexis and Carr, Christine and Robinson, Melissa and Sanders, Jordan}, 
  journal = {Journal of Linguistics and Computational Linguistics, Special Issue},
  year = {2020},
  volume={to appear},
  number={to appear},
  pages = {tbd}
}

References

Davidson, T., Wamsley, D., Macy, M., & Weber, I. (2017). Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language. In Eleventh international conference on web and social media. [the paper], [the repository]

Robinson, M. (2018). A man needs a female like a fish needs a lobotomy: The role of adjectival nominalization in pejorative meaning. Master's thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of North Texas. [the thesis]

Waseem, Z., & Hovy, D. (2016). Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter. In Proceedings of the NAACL Student Research Workshop. San Diego, California. [the paper]

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