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<s>[INST] DATA ANALYSIS FOR NETWORK CYBER-SECURITY [/INST] p919hc_9781783263745_tp.indd 1 17/1/14 10:26 amMay </s>

<s>[INST] 2, 2013 14:6 BC: 8831 [/INST] - Probability and Statistical Theory </s>

<s>[INST] PST˙ws This page intentionally left [/INST] blankThis page intentionally left blankImperial </s>

<s>[INST] College PressICPDATA ANALYSIS FOR NETWORK [/INST] CYBER-SECURITY editors Niall Adams • </s>

<s>[INST] Nicholas Heard Imperial College London [/INST] Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research, </s>

<s>[INST] University of Bristol p919hc_9781783263745_tp.indd 2 [/INST] 17/1/14 10:26 amPublished byImperial College </s>

<s>[INST] Press57 Shelton StreetCovent GardenLondon WC2H [/INST] 9HEDistributed byWorld Scientific Publishing Co. </s>

<s>[INST] Pte. Ltd.5 Toh Tuck Link, [/INST] Singapore 596224USA office: 27 Warren </s>

<s>[INST] Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ [/INST] 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton </s>

<s>[INST] Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H [/INST] 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA </s>

<s>[INST] catalogue record for this book [/INST] is available from the British </s>

<s>[INST] Library. DATA ANALYSIS FOR NETWORK [/INST] CYBER-SECURITYCopyright © 2014 by Imperial </s>

<s>[INST] College PressAll rights reserved. This [/INST] book, or parts thereof, may </s>

<s>[INST] not be reproduced in any [/INST] form or by any means,electronic </s>

<s>[INST] or mechanical, including photocopying, recording [/INST] or any information storage and </s>

<s>[INST] retrievalsystem now known or to [/INST] be invented, without written permission </s>

<s>[INST] from the Publisher.For photocopying of [/INST] material in this volume, please </s>

<s>[INST] pay a copying fee through [/INST] the Copyright ClearanceCenter, Inc., 222 </s>

<s>[INST] Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [/INST] USA. In this case permission </s>

<s>[INST] to photocopyis not required from [/INST] the publisher.ISBN 978-1-78326-374-5Typeset by Stallion </s>

<s>[INST] PressEmail: enquiries@stallionpress.comPrinted in SingaporeJanuary 17, [/INST] 2014 17:33 9in x 6in </s>

<s>[INST] Data Analysis for Network Cyber [/INST] Security b1711-fm Preface The contents </s>

<s>[INST] of this volume are contributions [/INST] from invited speakers at aworkshop </s>

<s>[INST] entitled “Data Analysis for Cyber-Security”, [/INST] hosted by the Uni-versity of </s>

<s>[INST] Bristol in March 2013. We [/INST] are grateful for the generous </s>

<s>[INST] support ofthe Heilbronn Institute for [/INST] Mathemat ical Research, an academic </s>

<s>[INST] research unit of the Universisty [/INST] of Bristol with in terests </s>

<s>[INST] related to cyber-security. Cyber-security – [/INST] the task of defending computers </s>

<s>[INST] and people from elec- tronic [/INST] attack – is a pressing </s>

<s>[INST] concern. For example, a report [/INST] sponsored bythe UK government in </s>

<s>[INST] 2012 estimated the cost of [/INST] cyber-attack to the UKeconomy as </s>

<s>[INST] £29 billion. This cost is [/INST] attributed to various types of </s>

<s>[INST] attack, including extortion, fiscal fraud [/INST] and identity theft. Notably, the </s>

<s>[INST] largest cat-egory, intellectual property theft, [/INST] accounted for around £9 billion. </s>

<s>[INST] The scale of cyber-attack provoked [/INST] the UK gover nment to </s>

<s>[INST] highlight cyber-security as a top [/INST] priority for national security in </s>

<s>[INST] 2013. From a UK point [/INST] of view, basedon recent figures, </s>

<s>[INST] the problem is increa sing: [/INST] 78% of large organisations were </s>

<s>[INST] subject to external attack in [/INST] 2012, up from 73% in </s>

<s>[INST] the previous year, while63% of [/INST] small business were subject to </s>

<s>[INST] such attack over the same [/INST] period, anincrease of 41% on </s>

<s>[INST] the previous year. Cyber-security is [/INST] a broad discipline, covering a </s>

<s>[INST] range of academic dis- ciplines [/INST] including computer science, computer and </s>

<s>[INST] netwo rk architecture, and statistics. [/INST] This volume is concerned with </s>

<s>[INST] network cyber-security, and particularly, analysis [/INST] of data that are observed </s>

<s>[INST] in relation to a network [/INST] ofeither computers or people. As </s>

<s>[INST] an exem plar, consider an [/INST] institutional com- puter network, in </s>

<s>[INST] which communicating devices (computers, printers, [/INST] etc.)arenodes and communications between devices </s>

<s>[INST] are events that occur on [/INST] edges between nodes. Numerous types </s>

<s>[INST] of cyber-attack have been observed [/INST] in this context. A variety </s>