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The Shawnee people of the Ohio and Cumberland Valleys gave the American elk its other name, wapiti. Yet when we think of elk today, we rarely envision them as eastern animals. If we want to see elk in their natural habitat, we travel to Colorado or Montana, where they still roam the mountainous terrain. Elk were, in fact, once found in the East, from Georgia north to New York and Connecticut. By the time of the Civil War, hunting and habitat destruction had caused their extinction in most eastern states. All of the eastern subspecies are now extinct. Elk County, Pennsylvania, and Elk County, Kansas, were without elk for more than a century. At the beginning of the 20th century, herds of elk in the Rocky Mountains faced death by starvation as encroaching farms depleted their winter feeding and finally the government decided to intercede. They gathered up elk from Yellowstone National Park and shipped 50 of them to Pennsylvania. The elk were to be protected, with no hunting of them allowed until eight years had passed. At that early date, 1913, there was little understanding of the kind of acclimatization required when moving large animals from one habitat to another. The elk were released from cattle cars and chased into the wild to fend for themselves. Two years later, 95 more elk were moved from Yellowstone to Pennsylvania. Elk are large animals with large ranges, and the damage these elk caused to cornfields was substantial. The elk tended to move toward farming areas because that was where the food was. Farmers and poachers took some elk illegally, but the herds still began to grow. During the 1920 s, several hunting seasons went by with harvests of one or two dozen elk, but then the numbers declined dramatically, and the elk were again put under protected status. No real census was taken until 50 years later, in 1971. According to the passage, where might you see elk today?
A. the Tennessee Valley
B. Georgia
C. the Adirondacks
D. Arkansas | instruction | 0 | 12,350 | 6 | 37,050 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,350 | 6 | 37,051 |
The correct answer is D. "At present," says the passage, "new herds are established in Arkansas, Kentucky, Michigan, and Wisconsin in addition to Pennsylvania." There is talk of moving herds to Tennessee (choiceA) and the Adirondacks (choice C) in the future. Georgia (choice B) is mentioned only as the original southernmost range of eastern elk; it is not a place where they might be seen today. | output | 2 | 12,350 | 6 | 37,052 |
Davis is arrested and tried for battery. At trial, the prosecution offers evidence that shows Davis punched Verne in the stomach. In which of the following situations is Davis most likely to be not guilty of battery?
A. Davis was heavily intoxicated and was attempting to swat at a fly when he punched Verne.
B. Davis, who had just awakened from a deep sleep, was not fully aware of what was happening and mistakenly thought Verne was attacking him.
C. Davis was suffering from an epileptic seizure and had no control over his motions.
D. Davis, angered by something Verne had said, punched him in retaliation. | instruction | 0 | 12,531 | 6 | 37,593 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,531 | 6 | 37,594 |
C | output | 2 | 12,531 | 6 | 37,595 |
A scientist suspects that the food in an ecosystem may have been contaminated with radioactive phosphates over a period of months. Which of the following substances could be examined for radioactive phosphate to test the hypothesis?
A. the carbohydrates produced by plants in the area
B. the DNA of the organisms in the area
C. the lipids produced by organisms living in the area
D. all of the above | instruction | 0 | 12,905 | 6 | 38,715 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,905 | 6 | 38,716 |
The correct answer is $\mathrm{B}$. This question relies on a knowledge of the basic chemical composition of the biologically important molecules. Carbohydrates and lipids are composed of C, O, and H. However, DNA is a nucleic acid and contains phosphate groups. | output | 2 | 12,905 | 6 | 38,717 |
The one principal effect not attributed to the hormone insulin is:
A. glycogen formation and storage
B. conversion of glycogen into glucose
C. carbohydrate oxidation
D. inhibition of gluconeogenesis | instruction | 0 | 12,909 | 6 | 38,727 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,909 | 6 | 38,728 |
The correct answer is $\mathrm{B}$. The pancreas is the source for two hormones: insulin and glucagon. Among its principal effects, insulin stimulates glycogen formation and storage, stimulates carbohydrate oxidation, and inhibits gluconeogenesis. All of these effects are described in choices A, C, and D. The other hormone, glucagon, stimulates conversion of glycogen into glucose. So choice B is the correct answer. | output | 2 | 12,909 | 6 | 38,729 |
Leukemia is a term that describes a wide variety of blood cell cancers. Most leukemia cases involve elevated leukocyte counts. In acute cases of leukemia, immature leukocytes proliferate quickly, which leads to many abnormal immature cells in the bone marrow. This inhibits the ability of the bone marrow to produce healthy new leukocytes. This form of the cancer progresses rapidly, and the cells metastasize easily as they move into the bloodstream from the bone marrow. It can be fatal within weeks or months if not treated promptly. In contrast, chronic cases of leukemia typically involve the proliferation of abnormal mature leukocytes. This form of the disease progresses more slowly, and treatment need not always be immediate.
Once classified as acute or chronic, leukemia can be further subdivided into lymphocytic or myelogenous. This distinction depends on which type of leukocyte is abnormal in the patient. In lymphocytic leukemia, the lymphoid cells, such as the lymphocytes, are abnormal. In the myelogenous form, the myeloid cells, such as basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils, are affected.
Chemotherapy drugs are often used in the management of leukemia cases. There are numerous categories of these drugs, and they have varied mechanisms of action. In treatment, several drugs are used in combination because some of the drugs are cell-cycle specific while others are not. Alkylating agents are capable of disrupting the function of DNA. Tubulin-binding agents are designed to interfere with microtubule formation. Other drugs are designed to interfere with DNA polymerase, DNA repair mechanisms, or protein synthesis, or to act as purine analogs. Many of these drugs cannot enter into the brain when injected or ingested, so if the cancer has spread to
this area, special methods must be used to introduce the drugs to the brain.
What is the most logical explanation for why certain drugs may NOT be able to reach the brain if they have been ingested or injected?
A. These drugs have a chemical nature that does not allow them to cross the blood-brain barrier.
B. These drugs are so toxic that they are broken down before they reach the brain.
C. Most of these drugs target only cancerous cells that normally would not be in the brain.
D. The drugs that have been ingested have likely been denatured by the acids in the stomach. | instruction | 0 | 12,911 | 6 | 38,733 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,911 | 6 | 38,734 |
The correct answer is $\mathrm{A}$. The blood-brain barrier is a change in the permeability of blood vessels leading to the brain. Depending on the chemical composition, some drugs can cross and some cannot. Of the choices listed, it seems that if the drugs cannot reach the brain, then they have not crossed the blood-brain barrier. While choice D might seem plausible if a drug was ingested, it would not make sense for a drug that was injected. | output | 2 | 12,911 | 6 | 38,735 |
Passage $\mathrm{V}$
For many years, researchers have been interested in developing edible vaccines that would provide protection against various bacterial and viral diseases. An edible vaccine is a genetically modified organism (GMO) that is created when genes from the bacteria or virus being vaccinated against are inserted into plant cells. As the plants grow, they produce proteins from the bacteria or virus that the researchers are attempting to vaccinate against. When a person eats the plant, the viral or bacteria proteins serve as antigens, which initiates a primary immune response.
Some of the plants that are of interest in edible vaccine development are bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, corn, rice, tobacco, and soybeans. While early research focused on growing crops that produced edible products such as bananas, the most recent research is focused on extracting material from the leaves and seeds of the plants, dehydrating it, and putting it into capsules that can be swallowed. This allows for a more predictable dosage of the vaccine and eliminates concerns that the crops containing the vaccine would be accidentally eaten by individuals who are not in need of the vaccine. The term edible vaccine has now been replaced with the term plantderived oral vaccine.
The development of plant-derived oral vaccines solves many problems associated with injectable vaccines. Because plant-derived oral vaccines are grown in crops, there is no problem with storage or refrigeration that is required of most traditional vaccines. These plant-derived vaccines also require no special training to administer. Additionally, when a vaccine is taken orally, it provides mucosal immunity due to the production of IgA antibodies by the immune system-in addition to systemic immunity. Since 90 percent of diseases enter the body through a mucus membrane, a vaccine that coerces mucosal immunity is of great benefit in the prevention of many diseases.
Plant-derived oral vaccines produce bacterial or viral proteins that serve as antigens in the body. Which of these events would occur first when a new antigen enters the body?
A. production of antibodies from plasma cells
B. presentation of the antigen by a macrophage
C. secretion of interleukin-2 from helper T cells
D. attack of the antigen by cytotoxic $T$ cells | instruction | 0 | 12,913 | 6 | 38,739 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,913 | 6 | 38,740 |
The correct answer is $\mathrm{B}$. This question requires an understanding of the specific defenses of the immune system. The ultimate goal of the specific defenses is to allow for the production of antibodies from plasma cells and the production of cytotoxic $\mathrm{T}$ cells. However, neither of these things can occur without the activation of a helper $\mathrm{T}$ cell. In order to activate the helper $\mathrm{T}$ cell, macrophages must phagocytize foreign antigens. The fragments of these antigens will be displayed on the surface of the macrophage. This antigen presenting cell will then activate the helper $\mathrm{T}$ cell. | output | 2 | 12,913 | 6 | 38,741 |
An endocrinologist has been studying an enzyme that she suspects is the rate-limiting step in the conversion of cholesterol to estrogen. It is reported in the literature that female mice with a mutation in the gene coding for this enzyme reach sexual maturity earlier than mice without the mutation. Controlled experiments are completed using breeding pairs of wild-type mice and the mutant strain of mice. The plasma estrogen concentration is measured in female offspring at 3 weeks of age, prior to sexual maturity, which typically occurs by 6 weeks of age. The results, in estrogen $\mathrm{pg} / \mathrm{mL}$ of plasma, are seen in the following table. \begin{tabular}{ccc} line Trial & Wild Type* & Mutant Strain* \\ line 1 & $2.3$ & $8.5$ \\ 2 & $8.1$ & $4.5$ \\ 3 & $4.4$ & $16.2$ \\ 4 & $7.6$ & $5.5$ \\ 5 & $3.2$ & $3.8$ \\ 6 & $8.2$ & $12.5$ \\ 7 & $5.5$ & $10.7$ \\ 8 & $6.3$ & $8.6$ \\ \hline \end{tabular}. The rate-limiting step in a metabolic pathway:
A. A. requires the lowest activation energy
B. B. is the fastest step in a metabolic pathway
C. C. is always the last reaction in the pathway
D. D. is the slowest step in a metabolic pathway | instruction | 0 | 12,915 | 6 | 38,745 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,915 | 6 | 38,746 |
Rate-limiting steps generally require the highest activation energies and are the slowest steps in a metabolic pathway. | output | 2 | 12,915 | 6 | 38,747 |
With which theoretical paradigm is the German political philosopher Karl Marx MOST associated?
A. conflict theory
B. functionalism
C. symbolic interactionism
D. avoidance theory | instruction | 0 | 12,918 | 6 | 38,754 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,918 | 6 | 38,755 |
The correct answer is A. Conflict theory states that society is fundamentally in conflict when there is an uneven distribution of resources, and that power struggles between groups of people create divisiveness across gender, race, and socioeconomic status. | output | 2 | 12,918 | 6 | 38,756 |
Which of the following explanations could account for the fact that dominant alleles that cause fatal disorders are less common than recessive alleles that cause fatal disorders?
A. Every person carrying a single fatal dominant allele dies, whereas most individuals who carry a single recessive lethal allele live and reproduce.
B. Recessive fatal alleles must cause sterility.
C. Dominant alleles that cause fatal disorders are more serious than recessive lethal disorders.
D. Dominant alleles are generally less common than recessive alleles. | instruction | 0 | 12,921 | 6 | 38,763 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,921 | 6 | 38,764 |
The correct answer is A. This question relies on a knowledge of dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance. Dominant alleles are expressed, even in the heterozygous individual. In this case, our example is a dominant allele that causes a fatal condition. Since every individual carrying a single allele of this type would likely not survive, we would expect the frequency of the allele to decrease over time. In contrast, disorders that follow recessive patterns of inheritance require two copies of the allele for expression. Those who are heterozygous do not express the disorder and thus would survive. | output | 2 | 12,921 | 6 | 38,765 |
A geneticist allows a cell to replicate in the presence of radioactive nucleotides. Which of the following would occur?
A. The DNA in one of the daughter cells would be radioactive but not in the other daughter cell.
B. The mRNA made by the daughter cells would be radioactive.
C. The DNA in each of the daughter cells would be radioactive.
D. The DNA would not be radioactive in either of the daughter cells. MCAT | instruction | 0 | 12,925 | 6 | 38,775 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,925 | 6 | 38,776 |
The correct answer is C. This question relies on your knowledge of semiconservative DNA replication where a single double helix is separated in order for both strands of the double helix to serve as templates for the production of new strands. | output | 2 | 12,925 | 6 | 38,777 |
The kidneys are responsible for filtering certain components of blood and producing urine from them. In an adult, the kidneys are typically capable of processing about 1 to $1.5$ liters of water per hour depending on the individual and conditions within the body. In a condition known as water intoxication, a person ingests more water (usually 3 or more liters in a single sitting) in a shorter period of time than the kidneys can process. In a child, the amount of water required to induce water intoxication is much less. Of the options listed, what would be the best treatment for someone suffering from water intoxication?
A. administering a saline solution that is more concentrated than the cells
B. administering an isotonic solution
C. administering a solution low in solute concentration
D. performing dialysis to remove excess water from the plasma | instruction | 0 | 12,928 | 6 | 38,784 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,928 | 6 | 38,785 |
The correct answer is $\mathrm{A}$. In this case, administering a solution that is hypertonic to the cells would help. A hypertonic extracellular solution would draw water out of the swollen cells to counteract the effects of water intoxication. An isotonic solution would not help. A solution low in solute concentration would be high in water relative to the cells making the solution hypotonic, which would cause more water to enter the cells. A saline solution would be high in solutes and hypertonic to the cells. | output | 2 | 12,928 | 6 | 38,786 |
According to the bystander effect, which is MOST likely to be true in an emergency?
A. the greater the number of people present, the slower the response because of increased diffusion of responsibility
B. the greater the number of people present, the slower the response because of decreased diffusion of responsibility
C. the greater the number of people present, the faster the response because of increased diffusion of responsibility
D. the greater the number of people present, the faster the response because of decreased diffusion of responsibility | instruction | 0 | 12,931 | 6 | 38,793 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,931 | 6 | 38,794 |
The correct answer is A. The bystander effect is characterized by slowness in response due to diffusion of responsibility. The more people who are present, the less an individual is likely to feel responsible to respond to the emergency because of the collective presence of other individuals. | output | 2 | 12,931 | 6 | 38,795 |
Which of the following statements BEST explains why your body prefers to perform aerobic respiration as opposed to anaerobic respiration?
A. Anaerobic respiration does not allow for NADH to be recycled to NAD+.
B. Aerobic respiration requires less of an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) investment than anaerobic respiration does.
C. Aerobic respiration produces far more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
D. Aerobic respiration is easier for cells to perform than anaerobic respiration. | instruction | 0 | 12,932 | 6 | 38,796 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,932 | 6 | 38,797 |
The correct answer is $\mathrm{C}$. The primary difference between aerobic and anaerobic No Passage cellular respiration is the amount of ATP generated. Anaerobic respiration generates far less ATP per glucose molecule than does aerobic respiration. | output | 2 | 12,932 | 6 | 38,798 |
The kidneys are responsible for filtering certain components of blood and producing urine from them. In an adult, the kidneys are typically capable of processing about 1 to $1.5$ liters of water per hour depending on the individual and conditions within the body. In a condition known as water intoxication, a person ingests more water (usually 3 or more liters in a single sitting) in a shorter period of time than the kidneys can process. In a child, the amount of water required to induce water intoxication is much less. The regulation of water and sodium levels in the nephrons is adjusted in two regions of the kidneys where water and sodium can be reabsorbed from the nephron and returned to circulation. Those regions are the:
A. proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule
B. the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule
C. the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct
D. the proximal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle | instruction | 0 | 12,935 | 6 | 38,805 |
Choose A, B, C or D as your solution. | input | 1 | 12,935 | 6 | 38,806 |
The correct answer is $\mathrm{B}$. In the proximal convoluted tubule, the primary events are the reabsorption of nutrients and water. There are two regions in the nephron where large amounts of sodium and water are reabsorbed. In the loop of Henle, the countercurrent multiplier system is used, which leads to the reabsorption of salts (sodium and chloride) and water. In the distal convoluted tubule, the hormone aldosterone influences the reabsorption of salts and water followed by osmosis. | output | 2 | 12,935 | 6 | 38,807 |
Complete the statement. Assume that the sled's mass did not change.
The gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth () as Michelle rode down the hill.
A: stayed the same
B: decreased
C: increased | instruction | 0 | 13,024 | 6 | 39,072 |
input | 1 | 13,024 | 6 | 39,073 |
|
Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.
The bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Michelle started sledding. As Michelle rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Michelle rode down the hill. | output | 2 | 13,024 | 6 | 39,074 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
Eating meat can't be wrong. After all, a majority of people in the United States eat meat.
A: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct
B: straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against
C: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other | instruction | 0 | 13,045 | 6 | 39,135 |
input | 1 | 13,045 | 6 | 39,136 |
|
The text argues that eating meat must not be wrong because many people eat meat. However, the fact that a practice is widespread does not necessarily make it morally or ethically correct. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. | output | 2 | 13,045 | 6 | 39,137 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
Everyone I know is making fruit smoothies for quick, portable meals, so smoothies must be really good for you.
A: hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence
B: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct | instruction | 0 | 13,123 | 6 | 39,369 |
input | 1 | 13,123 | 6 | 39,370 |
|
The text argues that fruit smoothies are good for you, because many people are drinking them. However, even though some people are drinking them, that doesn't necessarily mean that smoothies are necessarily healthful. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. | output | 2 | 13,123 | 6 | 39,371 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
My dentist recommends this toothpaste brand, but I'm reluctant to take the advice of someone with such bad taste. He has truly ugly art on the office walls, and the upholstery in his waiting room is atrocious.
A: hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations
B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good
C: ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself | instruction | 0 | 13,127 | 6 | 39,381 |
input | 1 | 13,127 | 6 | 39,382 |
|
The text argues that the dentist's professional recommendation is questionable because of his taste in art and furniture. This is a personal attack on the dentist that isn't relevant to whether his professional advice is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem. | output | 2 | 13,127 | 6 | 39,383 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
My opponent argues that we should abolish the soda tax. It's a shame that he wants to encourage people to eat and drink unhealthily. I say we keep it.
A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good
B: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something
C: straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | instruction | 0 | 13,193 | 6 | 39,579 |
input | 1 | 13,193 | 6 | 39,580 |
|
The text argues that the speaker's opponent wants to encourage unhealthy habits. However, this misrepresents the opponent's argument. The speaker's opponent only wants to remove the soda tax. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man. | output | 2 | 13,193 | 6 | 39,581 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
Don't be deceived by Amy Pena's articles on rural, blue-collar workers. Her husband is a fancy investment banker, so she can't possibly understand their situation.
A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good
B: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something
C: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct | instruction | 0 | 13,203 | 6 | 39,609 |
input | 1 | 13,203 | 6 | 39,610 |
|
The text argues that Amy Pena can't understand rural, blue-collar workers because she is associated with an urban newspaper. However, where Amy works doesn't necessarily indicate anything about her ability to empathize. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. | output | 2 | 13,203 | 6 | 39,611 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
How could the Harry Potter movies not have won even one Academy Award? It's one of the most popular franchises of all time!
A: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other
B: slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences
C: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct | instruction | 0 | 13,287 | 6 | 39,861 |
input | 1 | 13,287 | 6 | 39,862 |
|
The text argues that the Harry Potter franchise should have won an award because it's popular. However, the fact that a movie franchise is popular doesn't necessarily mean it's deserving of an award. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. | output | 2 | 13,287 | 6 | 39,863 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
My favorite band signed with this huge record label, and then their next album was terrible. Basically, signing with a big label ruined their music.
A: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself
B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good
C: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other | instruction | 0 | 13,299 | 6 | 39,897 |
input | 1 | 13,299 | 6 | 39,898 |
|
The text argues that the band's music was ruined because they signed with a big record label. However, this isn't necessarily true. For instance, the causation could go the other way: the band's music changed, which led to a big record label signing them. In this case, the change in the music came first. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. | output | 2 | 13,299 | 6 | 39,899 |
A recent news story said a healthy diet is the key to living longer. It said people should eat less meat and more vegetables. What will probably happen to the overall supply of vegetables over the next year?
A: The supply will probably go down.
B: The supply will probably go up. | instruction | 0 | 13,304 | 6 | 39,912 |
input | 1 | 13,304 | 6 | 39,913 |
|
Most people want to live longer, healthier lives. The news story said that it is healthier to eat less meat and more vegetables. So, there is an expected change in demand for vegetables. Producers will want to sell as many vegetables as they can. So, the supply of vegetables will probably go up. | output | 2 | 13,304 | 6 | 39,914 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
Don't try to tell me that you only watch educational programming, Wanda! I know for a fact that your sister only watches reality television.
A: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself
B: guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something | instruction | 0 | 13,320 | 6 | 39,960 |
input | 1 | 13,320 | 6 | 39,961 |
|
The text argues that Wanda must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Wanda's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Wanda does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association. | output | 2 | 13,320 | 6 | 39,962 |
Complete the statement. Assume that the motorcycle's mass did not change.
The gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth () as Josiah rode up the hill.
A: increased
B: stayed the same
C: decreased | instruction | 0 | 13,348 | 6 | 40,044 |
input | 1 | 13,348 | 6 | 40,045 |
|
Think about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.
The top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Josiah rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Josiah rode up the hill. | output | 2 | 13,348 | 6 | 40,046 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
I ate kielbasa right before my favorite football team won the championship back in 2006. Now, I always eat kielbasa before their games to carry them to victory.
A: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself
B: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other | instruction | 0 | 13,350 | 6 | 40,050 |
input | 1 | 13,350 | 6 | 40,051 |
|
The text argues that eating kielbasa before games makes the team win. However, even though the writer ate kielbasa before his or her team won in 2006, that doesn't necessarily mean that the kielbasa was responsible for the team's success. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. | output | 2 | 13,350 | 6 | 40,052 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
We can't let Governor Merritt impose regulations on gas-guzzling cars! Soon enough, he'll start trying to ban all cars!
A: slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences
B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good
C: ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself | instruction | 0 | 13,362 | 6 | 40,086 |
input | 1 | 13,362 | 6 | 40,087 |
|
The text argues that banning cars with low fuel efficiency would lead to a ban on all cars. However, this argument offers only an extreme outcome and ignores other possible outcomes. For instance, the law may be limited to cars with low fuel efficiency. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy. | output | 2 | 13,362 | 6 | 40,088 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
This fast food chain claims that they've served five billion people, so they must have the best hamburger in town. Five billion people can't be wrong!
A: bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct
B: circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself | instruction | 0 | 13,366 | 6 | 40,098 |
input | 1 | 13,366 | 6 | 40,099 |
|
The text argues that the fast food chain has the best hamburger, because they've served five billion people. However, even though they've served five billion people, that doesn't necessarily mean that they have the best hamburger. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy. | output | 2 | 13,366 | 6 | 40,100 |
Suppose Owen decides to plant the daffodils. Which result would be a cost?
A: He will save some space. The daffodils will use up less space than the elm tree would have used up.
B: Owen will give up the chance to look at the elm tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the daffodils. | instruction | 0 | 13,397 | 6 | 40,191 |
input | 1 | 13,397 | 6 | 40,192 |
|
This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Owen wants or needs:
Owen will give up the chance to look at the elm tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the daffodils. | output | 2 | 13,397 | 6 | 40,193 |
Complete the statement. Assume that Anthony's mass did not change.
The gravitational potential energy stored between Anthony and Earth () as he hiked toward the summit.
A: increased
B: decreased
C: stayed the same | instruction | 0 | 13,444 | 6 | 40,332 |
input | 1 | 13,444 | 6 | 40,333 |
|
Think about how the distance between Anthony and the center of Earth changed.
The summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Anthony started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Anthony and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Anthony and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit. | output | 2 | 13,444 | 6 | 40,334 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
This herbal supplement is made from a plant that grows in Zambia. It must be healthier than taking that medication, which is full of chemicals I can't pronounce.
A: hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence
B: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good | instruction | 0 | 13,492 | 6 | 40,476 |
input | 1 | 13,492 | 6 | 40,477 |
|
The text argues that an herbal supplement is healthier than a medication, because the supplement is made from a plant. However, even though something is made from a plant, that doesn't necessarily mean that it is healthy. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature. | output | 2 | 13,492 | 6 | 40,478 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
Last year, the city of Greenpoint allocated more money to public parks. This year, however, littering increased, so the increase in park funding must have been responsible.
A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good
B: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other | instruction | 0 | 13,507 | 6 | 40,521 |
input | 1 | 13,507 | 6 | 40,522 |
|
The text argues that increased park funding was responsible for an increase in littering. However, even though littering increased after funding to parks was increased, that doesn't necessarily mean that the funding was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation. | output | 2 | 13,507 | 6 | 40,523 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
Mom, of course you can trust me to stay home alone while you go out of town. I mean, did you raise a good kid, or one who can't be trusted?
A: appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good
B: false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist
C: slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences | instruction | 0 | 13,528 | 6 | 40,584 |
input | 1 | 13,528 | 6 | 40,585 |
|
The text argues that the speaker's mom raised either a good child or one who can't be trusted. However, it's not a black-and-white situation. For instance, a good kid can still make mistakes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy. | output | 2 | 13,528 | 6 | 40,586 |
Which logical fallacy is used in the text?
Why should I listen to your thoughts about lowering my cholesterol? You eat terribly, so what do you know?
A: ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself
B: false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other
C: hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations | instruction | 0 | 13,535 | 6 | 40,605 |
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