Question
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126
| Query
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976
| Answer
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20.9M
⌀ |
|---|---|---|
What is the population of Central Greece? | SELECT DISTINCT ?population WHERE { <http://yago-knowledge.org/resource/Central_Greece_(region)> y2geoo:hasGAG_Population ?population } | population
570922
|
Where is the Dorset county located? | SELECT DISTINCT ?wkt WHERE { yago:Dorset geo:hasGeometry ?geo . ?geo geo:asWKT ?wkt } | "wkt\r\n\"POLYGON ((-2.65268492035382 50.6698994657011,-2.65323975338168 50.6701130221075,-2.6552250(...TRUNCATED) |
Where is Lough Ramor located? | SELECT DISTINCT ?wkt WHERE { yago:Lough_Ramor geo:hasGeometry ?geo . ?geo geo:asWKT ?wkt } | "wkt\r\n\"POLYGON ((-7.1289069000000005 53.8247057, -7.1291311 53.8245694, -7.129264300000001 53.824(...TRUNCATED) |
What is the population of the Municipality of Moschato Tavros? | SELECT ?population WHERE { yago:Moschato-Tavros y2geoo:hasGAG_Population ?population } | population
38116
|
Where is Oxfordshire located? | SELECT ?WKT WHERE { yago:Oxfordshire geo:hasGeometry ?o . ?o geo:asWKT ?WKT } | "WKT\r\n\"POLYGON ((-1.6028258490004 51.5182943464847,-1.60298880449156 51.5186176894698,-1.60308748(...TRUNCATED) |
What is the total area of County Galway? | "SELECT (strdf:area(?WKT) AS ?area) WHERE { yago:County_Galway geo:hasGeometry ?o . ?o geo:asWKT ?WK(...TRUNCATED) | area
6.825249626356275E-3
|
Where is Liverpool located? | SELECT ?geoWKT WHERE { yago:Liverpool geo:hasGeometry ?o . ?o geo:asWKT ?geoWKT } | "geoWKT\r\n\"POLYGON ((-2.86057742430994 53.3117675204974,-2.86080168251862 53.3117254631795,-2.8610(...TRUNCATED) |
Where is Kilkenny located? | "SELECT ?geoWKT WHERE { yago:geoentity_Kilkenny_10130170 geo:hasGeometry ?o . ?o geo:asWKT ?geoWKT }(...TRUNCATED) | "geoWKT\r\n\"POLYGON ((-9.27202439610083 53.8479576159464, -9.26996114324765 53.847809324619, -9.263(...TRUNCATED) |
Where is Glyfada located? | SELECT ?geoWKT WHERE { yago:Glyfada geo:hasGeometry ?o . ?o geo:asWKT ?geoWKT } | "geoWKT\r\n\"MULTIPOLYGON (((23.761011217210353 37.89547679044903, 23.76105050037787 37.895639104132(...TRUNCATED) |
What is the population of Aegina ? | SELECT ?pop WHERE { yago:Aegina y2geoo:hasGAG_Population ?pop } | pop
13552
|
Overview
GeoQuestions1089 is a crowdsourced geospatial question-answering dataset that targets the Knowledge Graph YAGO2geo. It contains 1089 triples of geospatial questions, their answers, and the respective SPARQL/GeoSPARQL queries.
It has been used to benchmark two state of the art Question Answering engines, GeoQA2 and the engine of Hamzei et al.
Repository information
The official code repository for this dataset is located on GitHub.
Dataset
The dataset is described in the following paper (also used to cite the dataset):
@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-031-47243-5_15,
title = {Benchmarking Geospatial Question Answering Engines Using the Dataset GeoQuestions1089},
author = {Sergios-Anestis Kefalidis, Dharmen Punjani, Eleni Tsalapati,
Konstantinos Plas, Mariangela Pollali, Michail Mitsios,
Myrto Tsokanaridou, Manolis Koubarakis and Pierre Maret},
booktitle = {The Semantic Web - {ISWC} 2023 - 22nd International Semantic Web Conference,
Athens, Greece, November 6-10, 2023, Proceedings, Part {II}},
year = {2023}
}
Shortly, the GeoQuestions1089 dataset consists of two parts, which we will refer to as GeoQuestions_c and GeoQuestions_w both of which target the union of YAGO2 and YAGO2geo.
GeoQuestions_c consits of 1017 entries and GeoQuestions_w of 72 entries. The difference between the two is that the natural language questions of GeoQuestions_w contain grammatical, syntactical and spelling mistakes.
| Description | Range |
|---|---|
| Triples targeting YAGO2geo (GeoQuestions_c) | 1-895 |
| Triples targeting YAGO2 + YAGO2geo (GeoQuestions_c) | 896-1017 |
| Triples with questions that contain mistakes (GeoQuestions_w) | 1018-1089 |
Current version of the dataset
The aforementioned paper describes version 1.0. The latest available version is 1.1.
Version 1.1 includes several enhancements:
- Uniform query format and variable naming
- Fixes in natural language capitalization
- Corrections in query categorization
- Replacement of stSPARQL functions with GeoSPARQL functions where applicable
- Minor improvements in query correctness of existing queries
- A few triples that were erroneous (resulting from incorrect file modifications and text editing) have been replaced by correct ones.
These updates ensure greater consistency and accuracy in the dataset, making it a more reliable resource for geospatial QA research.
Categories
The questions of the dataset are split into 9 categories:
- Asking for a thematic or a spatial attribute of a feature, e.g., Where is Loch Goil located?
- Asking whether a feature is in a geospatial relation with another feature or features, e.g., Is Liverpool east of Ireland?
- Asking for features of a given class that are in a geospatial relation with another feature, e.g., Which counties border county Lincolnshire?
- Asking for features of a given class that are in a geospatial relation with any features of another class, e.g., Which churches are near castles?
- Asking for features of a given class that are in a geospatial relation with an unspecified feature of another class, and either one or both, is/are in another geospatial relation with a feature specified explicitly, e.g., Which churches are near a castle in Scotland?
- As in categories C, D and E above, plus more thematic and/or geospatial characteristics of the features expected as answers, e.g., Which mountains in Scotland have height more than 1000 meters?
- Questions with quantities and aggregates, e.g., What is the total area of lakes in Monaghan? or How many lakes are there in Monaghan?
- Questions with superlatives or comparatives, e.g., Which is the largest island in Greece?
- Questions with quantities, aggregates, and superlatives/comparatives, e.g., Which city in the UK has the most hospitals?
| Category | GeoQuestions1089_c | GeoQuestions1089_w |
|---|---|---|
| A | 173 | 16 |
| B | 139 | 11 |
| C | 176 | 14 |
| D | 22 | 1 |
| E | 138 | 6 |
| F | 24 | 2 |
| G | 174 | 11 |
| H | 145 | 9 |
| I | 26 | 2 |
You can read more about these categories in the paper.
Benchmark (Version 1.1)
We have used the dataset to evaluate the engines GeoQA2 and the engine of Hamzei et al.. We present the results of the evaluation:
GeoQA2
Combined Table: Evaluation of GeoQA2 over GeoQuestions_C and GeoQuestions_W
| Category | Executable Queries (C) | Correct Answers (C) | Correct Answers*(1) (C) | Executable Queries (W) | Correct Answers (W) | Correct Answers*(1) (W) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 83.81% | 50.86% | 60.68% | 75.00% | 50.00% | 66.67% | |
| B | 74.82% | 60.43% | 80.76% | 81.81% | 45.45% | 55.56% | |
| C | 81.25% | 45.45% | 55.94% | 85.71% | 50.00% | 58.34% | |
| D | 54.54% | 9.09% | 16.67% | 100.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| E | 76.08% | 24.63% | 32.38% | 50.00% | 33.33% | 66.67% | |
| F | 58.33% | 25.00% | 42.85% | 50.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| G | 73.56% | 33.33% | 45.31% | 36.36% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| H | 66.89% | 18.62% | 27.83% | 66.67% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| I | 80.76% | 19.23% | 23.80% | 50.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| Total | 75.61% | 37.75% | 49.93% | 68.05% | 30.55% | 44.89% |
(1) Corrent Answers* is the percentage of correct answers calculated over the number of Executable Queries generated by the engines.
System of Hamzei et al.
Combined Table: Evaluation of the system of Hamzei et al. over GeoQuestions_C and GeoQuestions_W
| Category | Executable Queries (C) | Correct Answers (C) | Correct Answers* (C) | Executable Queries (W) | Correct Answers (W) | Correct Answers* (W) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 82.08% | 23.12% | 28.16% | 93.75% | 6.25% | 6.67% | |
| B | 94.96% | 53.23% | 56.06% | 100.00% | 54.54% | 54.54% | |
| C | 81.81% | 26.13% | 31.94% | 100.00% | 14.28% | 14.28% | |
| D | 81.81% | 4.54% | 5.55% | 100.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| E | 92.75% | 6.52% | 7.03% | 83.34% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| F | 62.50% | 12.50% | 20.00% | 90.90% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| G | 80.45% | 10.34% | 12.85% | 100.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| H | 77.93% | 26.89% | 34.51% | 77.78% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| I | 84.61% | 7.96% | 9.09% | 50.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
| Total | 83.97% | 22.81% | 27.28% | 93.05% | 12.50% | 13.43% |
Additional benchmark results exist and we are working on publishing them. Until then, if you want to see more please send a message at:
s[dot]kefalidis[at]di[dot]uoa[dot]gr
Materialization and Transpiler
To improve the time performance of query execution, we pre-computed and materialized certain relations between entities in the YAGO2geo KG.
The geospatial relations within, crosses, intersects and borders (and their extensions, e.g., overlaps and covers) are the most expensive ones to be computed. While north, south, east and west are easily computed. Hence, we materialized these relations.
To easily utilize these materialized relations, please see the GitHub repository.
RDF Store
To run the experiments and generate the answers for the gold and generated queries we used GraphDB. Because GraphDB does not support stSPARQL functions, we have extended the GeoSPARQL plugin of GraphDB.
Notes
About the definition of near for distance calculations
We decided to define near based on the concept used. This is consistent with the definition of near in GeoQuestions201.
| Near to | Distance |
|---|---|
| Near to a City: | 5km |
| Near to a Town: | 5km |
| Near to a Bay: | 1km |
| Near to a Beach: | 1km |
| Near to a Forest: | 1km |
| Near to a Hotel: | 1km |
| Near to a Lake: | 1km |
| Near to a Landmark: | 1km |
| Near to a Village: | 1km |
| Near to a Restaurant: | 500 meters |
| Near to a Park: | 500 meters |
Prefixes used in GeoQuestions1089:
PREFIX geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#>
PREFIX geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/>
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
PREFIX yago: <http://yago-knowledge.org/resource/>
PREFIX y2geor: <http://kr.di.uoa.gr/yago2geo/resource/>
PREFIX y2geoo: <http://kr.di.uoa.gr/yago2geo/ontology/>
PREFIX strdf: <http://strdf.di.uoa.gr/ontology#>
PREFIX uom: <http://www.opengis.net/def/uom/OGC/1.0/>
PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
License
Released under the CC0 Attribution 4.0 International license.
Copyright © 2024 AI-Team, University of Athens
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