File size: 11,089 Bytes
849dfb1 |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 |
---
license: other
license_name: apple-sample-code-license
license_link: LICENSE
---
# OpenELM
*Sachin Mehta, Mohammad Hossein Sekhavat, Qingqing Cao, Maxwell Horton, Yanzi Jin, Chenfan Sun, Iman Mirzadeh, Mahyar Najibi, Dmitry Belenko, Peter Zatloukal, Mohammad Rastegari*
We introduce **OpenELM**, a family of **Open**-source **E**fficient **L**anguage **M**odels. We release both pretrained and instruction tuned models with 270M, 450M, 1.1B and 3B parameters.
Our pre-training dataset contains RefinedWeb, deduplicated PILE, a subset of RedPajama, and a subset of Dolma v1.6, totaling approximately 1.8 trillion tokens.
## Usage
Below we provide an example of loading the model via [HuggingFace Hub](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/) as:
```python
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
# obtain access to "meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf", then see https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/security-tokens to get a token
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf", token="hf_xxxx")
model_path = "apple/OpenELM-450M"
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_path, trust_remote_code=True)
model = model.cuda().eval()
prompt = "Once upon a time there was"
tokenized_prompt = tokenizer(prompt)
prompt_tensor = torch.tensor(tokenized_prompt["input_ids"], device="cuda").unsqueeze(0)
output_ids = model.generate(prompt_tensor, max_new_tokens=256, repetition_penalty=1.2, pad_token_id=0)
output_ids = output_ids[0].tolist()
output_text = tokenizer.decode(output_ids, skip_special_tokens=True)
print(f'{model_path=}, {prompt=}\n')
print(output_text)
# below is the output:
"""
model_path='apple/OpenELM-450M', prompt='Once upon a time there was'
Once upon a time there was a little girl who lived in the woods. She had a big heart and she loved to play with her friends. One day, she decided to go for a walk in the woods. As she walked, she saw a beautiful tree. It was so tall that it looked like a mountain. The tree was covered with leaves and flowers.
The little girl thought that this tree was very pretty. She wanted to climb up to the tree and see what was inside. So, she went up to the tree and climbed up to the top. She was very excited when she saw that the tree was full of beautiful flowers. She also
"""
```
## Main Results
### Zero-Shot
| **Model Size** | **ARC-c** | **ARC-e** | **BoolQ** | **HellaSwag** | **PIQA** | **SciQ** | **WinoGrande** | **Average** |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|---------------|-----------|-----------|----------------|-------------|
| [OpenELM-270M](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-270M) | 26.45 | 45.08 | **53.98** | 46.71 | 69.75 | **84.70** | **53.91** | 54.37 |
| [OpenELM-270M-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-270M-Instruct) | **30.55** | **46.68** | 48.56 | **52.07** | **70.78** | 84.40 | 52.72 | **55.11** |
| [OpenELM-450M](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-450M) | 27.56 | 48.06 | 55.78 | 53.97 | 72.31 | 87.20 | 58.01 | 57.56 |
| [OpenELM-450M-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-450M-Instruct) | **30.38** | **50.00** | **60.37** | **59.34** | **72.63** | **88.00** | **58.96** | **59.95** |
| [OpenELM-1_1B](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-1_1B) | 32.34 | **55.43** | 63.58 | 64.81 | **75.57** | **90.60** | 61.72 | 63.44 |
| [OpenELM-1_1B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-1_1B-Instruct) | **37.97** | 52.23 | **70.00** | **71.20** | 75.03 | 89.30 | **62.75** | **65.50** |
| [OpenELM-3B](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-3B) | 35.58 | 59.89 | 67.40 | 72.44 | 78.24 | **92.70** | 65.51 | 67.39 |
| [OpenELM-3B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-3B-Instruct) | **39.42** | **61.74** | **68.17** | **76.36** | **79.00** | 92.50 | **66.85** | **69.15** |
### LLM360
| **Model Size** | **ARC-c** | **HellaSwag** | **MMLU** | **TruthfulQA** | **WinoGrande** | **Average** |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|---------------|-----------|----------------|----------------|-------------|
| [OpenELM-270M](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-270M) | 27.65 | 47.15 | 25.72 | **39.24** | **53.83** | 38.72 |
| [OpenELM-270M-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-270M-Instruct) | **32.51** | **51.58** | **26.70** | 38.72 | 53.20 | **40.54** |
| [OpenELM-450M](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-450M) | 30.20 | 53.86 | **26.01** | 40.18 | 57.22 | 41.50 |
| [OpenELM-450M-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-450M-Instruct) | **33.53** | **59.31** | 25.41 | **40.48** | **58.33** | **43.41** |
| [OpenELM-1_1B](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-1_1B) | 36.69 | 65.71 | **27.05** | 36.98 | 63.22 | 45.93 |
| [OpenELM-1_1B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-1_1B-Instruct) | **41.55** | **71.83** | 25.65 | **45.95** | **64.72** | **49.94** |
| [OpenELM-3B](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-3B) | 42.24 | 73.28 | **26.76** | 34.98 | 67.25 | 48.90 |
| [OpenELM-3B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-3B-Instruct) | **47.70** | **76.87** | 24.80 | **38.76** | **67.96** | **51.22** |
### OpenLLM Leaderboard
| **Model Size** | **ARC-c** | **CrowS-Pairs** | **HellaSwag** | **MMLU** | **PIQA** | **RACE** | **TruthfulQA** | **WinoGrande** | **Average** |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------------|---------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|----------------|----------------|-------------|
| [OpenELM-270M](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-270M) | 27.65 | **66.79** | 47.15 | 25.72 | 69.75 | 30.91 | **39.24** | **53.83** | 45.13 |
| [OpenELM-270M-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-270M-Instruct) | **32.51** | 66.01 | **51.58** | **26.70** | **70.78** | 33.78 | 38.72 | 53.20 | **46.66** |
| [OpenELM-450M](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-450M) | 30.20 | **68.63** | 53.86 | **26.01** | 72.31 | 33.11 | 40.18 | 57.22 | 47.69 |
| [OpenELM-450M-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-450M-Instruct) | **33.53** | 67.44 | **59.31** | 25.41 | **72.63** | **36.84** | **40.48** | **58.33** | **49.25** |
| [OpenELM-1_1B](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-1_1B) | 36.69 | **71.74** | 65.71 | **27.05** | **75.57** | 36.46 | 36.98 | 63.22 | 51.68 |
| [OpenELM-1_1B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-1_1B-Instruct) | **41.55** | 71.02 | **71.83** | 25.65 | 75.03 | **39.43** | **45.95** | **64.72** | **54.40** |
| [OpenELM-3B](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-3B) | 42.24 | **73.29** | 73.28 | **26.76** | 78.24 | **38.76** | 34.98 | 67.25 | 54.35 |
| [OpenELM-3B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/apple/OpenELM-3B-Instruct) | **47.70** | 72.33 | **76.87** | 24.80 | **79.00** | 38.47 | **38.76** | **67.96** | **55.73** |
See the technical report for more results and comparison.
## Evaluation
### Setup
Install the following dependencies:
```bash
# install public lm-eval-harness
harness_repo="public-lm-eval-harness"
git clone https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness ${harness_repo}
cd ${harness_repo}
# use main branch on 03-15-2024, SHA is dc90fec
git checkout dc90fec
pip install -e .
cd ..
# 66d6242 is the main branch on 2024-04-01
pip install datasets@git+https://github.com/huggingface/datasets.git@66d6242
pip install tokenizers>=0.15.2 transformers>=4.38.2 sentencepiece>=0.2.0
```
### Evaluate OpenELM
```bash
# OpenELM-270M
hf_model=OpenELM-270M
# this flag is needed because lm-eval-harness set add_bos_token to False by default, but OpenELM uses LLaMa tokenizer which requires add_bos_token to be True
add_bos_token=True
batch_size=1
mkdir lm_eval_output
shot=0
task=arc_challenge,arc_easy,boolq,hellaswag,piqa,race,winogrande,sciq,truthfulqa_mc2
lm_eval --model hf \
--model_args pretrained=${hf_model},trust_remote_code=True,add_bos_token=${add_bos_token} \
--tasks ${task} \
--device cuda:0 \
--num_fewshot ${shot} \
--output_path ./lm_eval_output/${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot \
--batch_size ${batch_size} 2>&1 | tee ./lm_eval_output/eval-${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot.log
shot=5
task=mmlu,winogrande
lm_eval --model hf \
--model_args pretrained=${hf_model},trust_remote_code=True,add_bos_token=${add_bos_token} \
--tasks ${task} \
--device cuda:0 \
--num_fewshot ${shot} \
--output_path ./lm_eval_output/${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot \
--batch_size ${batch_size} 2>&1 | tee ./lm_eval_output/eval-${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot.log
shot=25
task=arc_challenge,crows_pairs_english
lm_eval --model hf \
--model_args pretrained=${hf_model},trust_remote_code=True,add_bos_token=${add_bos_token} \
--tasks ${task} \
--device cuda:0 \
--num_fewshot ${shot} \
--output_path ./lm_eval_output/${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot \
--batch_size ${batch_size} 2>&1 | tee ./lm_eval_output/eval-${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot.log
shot=10
task=hellaswag
lm_eval --model hf \
--model_args pretrained=${hf_model},trust_remote_code=True,add_bos_token=${add_bos_token} \
--tasks ${task} \
--device cuda:0 \
--num_fewshot ${shot} \
--output_path ./lm_eval_output/${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot \
--batch_size ${batch_size} 2>&1 | tee ./lm_eval_output/eval-${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot.log
```
## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
Our OpenELM models are not trained with any safety guarantees, the model outputs can be potentially inaccurate, harmful or contain biased information. produce inaccurate, biased or other objectionable responses to user prompts. Therefore, users and developers should conduct extensive safety testing and filtering suited to their specific needs.
|