README.md

---
license: apache-2.0
datasets:
- tatsu-lab/alpaca
language:
- en
library_name: transformers
---


# Model Card for `dlite-v1-1.5b`

<!-- Provide a quick summary of what the model is/does. -->

AI Squared's `dlite-v1-1.5b` ([blog post](https://medium.com/ai-squared/introducing-dlite-a-lightweight-chatgpt-like-model-based-on-dolly-deaa49402a1f)) is a large language 
model which is derived from OpenAI's large [GPT-2](https://huggingface.co/gpt2) model and fine-tuned on a single GPU on a corpus of 50k records
([Stanford Alpaca](https://crfm.stanford.edu/2023/03/13/alpaca.html)) to help it exhibit chat-based capabilities.

While `dlite-v1-1.5b` is **not a state-of-the-art model**, we believe that the level of interactivity that can be achieved on such a small model that is trained so cheaply
is important to showcase, as it continues to demonstrate that creating powerful AI capabilities may be much more accessible than previously thought. 


### Model Description

<!-- Provide a longer summary of what this model is. -->

- **Developed by:** AI Squared, Inc.
- **Shared by:** AI Squared, Inc.
- **Model type:** Large Language Model
- **Language(s) (NLP):** EN
- **License:** Apache v2.0
- **Finetuned from model:** GPT-2


## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->

**`dlite-v1-1.5b` is not a state-of-the-art language model.** `dlite-v1-1.5b` is an experimental technology and is not designed for use in any
environment other than for research purposes. Furthermore, the model can sometimes exhibit undesired behaviors. Some of these behaviors include,
but are not limited to: factual inaccuracies, biases, offensive responses, toxicity, and hallucinations.
Just as with any other LLM, we advise users of this technology to exercise good judgment when applying this technology.


## Usage

The code below shows how to use `dlite-v1-1.5b` in the way which it was trained.  While the model can be used "out of the box" using the
`transformers` library, using the function defined below to create a response from the model will achieve better results.

### Load Model and Tokenizer from this Repository Using the `transformers` Package

```python
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import numpy as np
import re

model_id = 'aisquared/dlite-v1-1.5b'

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id, padding_side = 'left')
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, trust_remote_code = True, device_map = 'auto')
```


### Create the Prompt Format and Other Variables

```python
PROMPT = """Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
{instruction}

### Response:
"""

END_KEY = '### End'
RESPONSE_KEY = '### Response:\n'
```


### Create a Function to Retrieve a Response

```python
def create_response(
        instruction,
        model,
        tokenizer,
        do_sample = True,
        max_new_tokens = 256,
        top_p = 0.92,
        top_k = 0,
        **kwargs
):
    """
    Create a response from the model by using a formatted prompt
    """
    input_ids = tokenizer(
        PROMPT.format(instruction=instruction), return_tensors="pt"
    ).input_ids

    gen_tokens = model.generate(
        input_ids,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.pad_token_id,
        do_sample=do_sample,
        max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens,
        top_p=top_p,
        top_k=top_k,
        **kwargs,
    )
    decoded = tokenizer.batch_decode(gen_tokens)[0]

    # The response appears after "### Response:".  The model has been trained to append "### End" at the end.
    m = re.search(r"#+\s*Response:\s*(.+?)#+\s*End", decoded, flags=re.DOTALL)

    response = None
    if m:
        response = m.group(1).strip()
    else:
        # The model might not generate the "### End" sequence before reaching the max tokens.  In this case, return
        # everything after "### Response:".
        m = re.search(r"#+\s*Response:\s*(.+)", decoded, flags=re.DOTALL)
        if m:
            response = m.group(1).strip()
        else:
            pass
    return response
```

### Model Performance Metrics

We present the results from various model benchmarks on the EleutherAI LLM Evaluation Harness for all models in the DLite family.
Model results are sorted by mean score, ascending, to provide an ordering. These metrics serve to further show that none of the DLite models are
state of the art, but rather further show that chat-like behaviors in LLMs can be trained almost independent of model size.

| model         |   openbookqa |   arc_easy |   winogrande |   hellaswag |   arc_challenge |     piqa |    boolq |
|:--------------|-------------:|-----------:|-------------:|------------:|----------------:|---------:|---------:|
| gpt2          |        0.164 |   0.438131 |     0.51618  |    0.289185 |        0.190273 | 0.628945 | 0.487156 |
| dlite-v2-124m |        0.174 |   0.44697  |     0.502762 |    0.291974 |        0.192833 | 0.631665 | 0.520183 |
| dlite-v1-124m |        0.17  |   0.462542 |     0.494081 |    0.293268 |        0.223549 | 0.622416 | 0.502446 |
| gpt2-medium   |        0.186 |   0.490741 |     0.531176 |    0.333101 |        0.215017 | 0.676279 | 0.585933 |
| dlite-v2-355m |        0.206 |   0.493687 |     0.524073 |    0.334993 |        0.226109 | 0.670838 | 0.582263 |
| dlite-v1-355m |        0.216 |   0.507576 |     0.496448 |    0.338478 |        0.234642 | 0.664309 | 0.600306 |
| gpt2-large    |        0.194 |   0.531566 |     0.553275 |    0.363971 |        0.216724 | 0.703482 | 0.604893 |
| dlite-774m-v2 |        0.212 |   0.539562 |     0.5588   |    0.365565 |        0.234642 | 0.700218 | 0.60367  |
| dlite-774m-v1 |        0.218 |   0.545875 |     0.562747 |    0.375124 |        0.250853 | 0.698041 | 0.614985 |
| gpt2-xl       |        0.224 |   0.582912 |     0.583268 |    0.400418 |        0.25     | 0.708379 | 0.617737 |
| dlite-v1-1.5b |        0.226 |   0.588384 |     0.584846 |    0.401414 |        0.268771 | 0.708379 | 0.624159 |
| dlite-v2-1.5b |        0.226 |   0.59596  |     0.581689 |    0.40719  |        0.273891 | 0.705114 | 0.630887 |