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---
language:
- en
- zh
- vi
- id
- th
- tl
- ta
- ms
- km
- lo
- my
license: gemma
---
# Gemma2 9B CPT SEA-LIONv3
SEA-LION is a collection of Large Language Models (LLMs) which has been pretrained and instruct-tuned for the Southeast Asia (SEA) region.
This is the card for the Gemma2 9B CPT SEA-LIONv3 base model which has undergone continued pre-training from the base [Gemma-2-9B](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-2-9b) model.
SEA-LION stands for <i>Southeast Asian Languages In One Network</i>.
## Model Details
### Model Description
The continued pre-training data for Gemma2 9B CPT SEA-LIONv3 base model encompasses approximately 48B tokens.
- **Developed by:** Products Pillar, AI Singapore
- **Funded by:** Singapore NRF
- **Model type:** Decoder
- **Languages:** English, Chinese, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Thai, Tagalog, Tamil, Malay, Khmer, Lao, Burmese
- **License:** [Gemma Community License](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/terms)
For tokenization, the model employs the default tokenizer used in Gemma-2-9B.
### Benchmark Performance
We evaluated Gemma2 9B CPT SEA-LIONv3 base model on general language capabilities.
#### General Language Capabilities
For the evaluation of general language capabilities in SEA languages, we employed the [BHASA evaluation benchmark](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.06085v2) across a variety of tasks.
These tasks include Question Answering (QA), Sentiment Analysis (Sentiment), Toxicity Detection (Toxicity), Translation in both directions (Eng>Lang & Lang>Eng), Abstractive Summarization (Summ), Causal Reasoning (Causal) and Natural Language Inference (NLI).
The evaluation was done **five-shot** with native prompts and only a sample of 100-1000 instances for each dataset was used as per the setting described in the paper.
For more details on Gemma2 9B CPT SEA-LIONv3 base benchmark performance, please refer to the SEA HELM leaderboard, https://leaderboard.sea-lion.ai/
## Training Details
### Data
Gemma2 9B CPT SEA-LIONv3 base model was continued pre-trained on 200B tokens of the following data:
| Data Source | Unique Tokens (B) | Multiplier | Total Tokens (B) | Percentage (%)|
|---------------------------------------|:-----------------:|:----------:|:----------------:|:-------------:|
| StackV2 | 40.0 | 1 | 40.0 | 20.00 |
| Wiki* + News* - English | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 2.50 |
| Fineweb-Edu | 7.5 | 1 | 7.5 | 3.75 |
| Dolma Project Gutenberg | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 2.50 |
| Dolma arXiv | 1.7 | 1 | 1.7 | 0.83 |
| Dolma StackExchange | 1.7 | 1 | 1.7 | 0.83 |
| Dolma Semantic Scholar | 1.7 | 1 | 1.7 | 0.83 |
| Dolma OpenWebMath | 2.5 | 1 | 2.5 | 1.25 |
| Dolma Algebraic Stack | 2.5 | 1 | 2.5 | 1.25 |
| Dolma Flan | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 2.50 |
| Dolma Reddit | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 2.50 |
| Dolma Megawika | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 2.50 |
| Dolma CC News | 7.5 | 1 | 7.5 | 3.75 |
| Wiki* + News* - Chinese | 3.5 | 4 | 14.0 | 7.00 |
| SEA-LION Pile - Chinese | 12.0 | 1 | 12.0 | 6.00 |
| Wiki* + News* - Vietnamese | 2.4 | 4 | 9.4 | 4.70 |
| VinBigData - Vietnamese | 2.1 | 4 | 8.2 | 4.10 |
| SEA-LION Pile - Vietnamese | 8.4 | 1 | 8.4 | 4.20 |
| Wiki* + News* - Indonesian | 1.3 | 4 | 5.2 | 2.60 |
| SEA-LION Pile - Indonesian | 20.8 | 1 | 20.8 | 10.40 |
| Wiki* + News* + WangChanBERTa - Thai | 1.3 | 4 | 5.2 | 2.60 |
| SEA-LION Pile - Thai | 14.8 | 1 | 14.8 | 7.40 |
| Wiki* + News - Tagalog | 0.2 | 4 | 0.9 | 0.43 |
| SEA-LION Pile - Tagalog | 2.1 | 1 | 2.1 | 1.07 |
| Wiki* + News - Tamil | 0.1 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.14 |
| SEA-LION Pile - Tamil | 0.7 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.36 |
| Wiki* + News - Malay | 0.1 | 4 | 0.6 | 0.29 |
| SEA-LION Pile - Malay | 1.4 | 1 | 1.4 | 0.71 |
| Wiki* + News - Khmer | 0.1 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.17 |
| SEA-LION Pile - Khmer | 2.3 | 1 | 2.3 | 1.13 |
| Wiki* + News - Lao | 0.0 | 4 | 0.1 | 0.03 |
| SEA-LION Pile - Lao | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.17 |
| Wiki* + News - Burmese | 0.1 | 4 | 0.4 | 0.20 |
| SEA-LION Pile - Burmese | 2.6 | 1 | 2.6 | 1.30 |
Note:
- All token counts are counted using Gemma2 tokenizer
- Wiki* sources includes Wikipedia, Wiki Books, Wiki Source, Wiki Voyage and Fandom Wiki
- News* sources includes VOA, Global Voices, MediaCorp, VinBigData-News
- Tamil news is sourced with permission from [Seithi](https://seithi.mediacorp.sg/)
### Infrastructure
Gemma2 9B CPT SEA-LIONv3 was trained using [MosaicML Composer](https://github.com/mosaicml/composer)
on the following hardware:
| Training Details | Gemma2 9B CPT SEA-LIONv3 |
|----------------------|:--------------------:|
| SingTel HGX-100 | 8+1 instances |
| Nvidia H100 80GB GPU | 64+8 |
| Training Duration | 10 days |
### Configuration
| HyperParameter | Gemma2 9B CPT SEA-LIONv3 |
|-------------------|:--------------------:|
| Precision | bfloat16 |
| Optimizer | decoupled_adamw |
| Scheduler | weight_stable_decay |
| Learning Rate | 1.0e-5 |
| Global Batch Size | 512 |
| Micro Batch Size | 1 |
## The Team
Chan Adwin, Choa Esther, Cheng Nicholas, Huang Yuli, Lau Wayne, Lee Chwan Ren, Leong Wai Yi, Leong Wei Qi, Limkonchotiwat Peerat, Liu Bing Jie Darius, Montalan Jann Railey, Ng Boon Cheong Raymond, Ngui Jian Gang, Nguyen Thanh Ngan, Ong Brandon, Ong Tat-Wee David, Ong Zhi Hao, Rengarajan Hamsawardhini, Siow Bryan, Susanto Yosephine, Tai Ngee Chia, Tan Choon Meng, Teo Eng Sipp Leslie, Teo Wei Yi, Tjhi William, Teng Walter, Yeo Yeow Tong, Yong Xianbin
## Acknowledgements
AI Singapore is a national programme supported by the National Research Foundation, Singapore and hosted by the National University of Singapore.
Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the views of National Research Foundation, Singapore.
## Contact
For more info, please contact us using this [SEA-LION Inquiry Form](https://forms.gle/sLCUVb95wmGf43hi6)
[Link to SEA-LION's GitHub repository](https://github.com/aisingapore/sealion)
## Disclaimer
This the repository for the base model.
The model has _not_ been aligned for safety.
Developers and users should perform their own safety fine-tuning and related security measures.
In no event shall the authors be held liable for any claim, damages, or other liability
arising from the use of the released weights and codes.
## References
### Thai Pre-Training Data Reference
```bibtex
@misc{lowphansirikul2021wangchanberta,
title={WangchanBERTa: Pretraining transformer-based Thai Language Models},
author={Lalita Lowphansirikul and Charin Polpanumas and Nawat Jantrakulchai and Sarana Nutanong},
year={2021},
eprint={2101.09635},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
``` |