Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l

Snowflake's Arctic-embed-l

News | Models | Usage | Evaluation | Contact | FAQ License | Acknowledgement

News

04/16/2024: Release the ** snowflake-arctic-embed ** family of text embedding models. The releases are state-of-the-art for Retrieval quality at each of their representative size profiles. Technical Report is coming shortly. For more details, please refer to our Github: Arctic-Text-Embed.

Models

snowflake-arctic-embed is a suite of text embedding models that focuses on creating high-quality retrieval models optimized for performance.

The snowflake-arctic-embedding models achieve state-of-the-art performance on the MTEB/BEIR leaderboard for each of their size variants. Evaluation is performed using these scripts. As shown below, each class of model size achieves SOTA retrieval accuracy compared to other top models.

The models are trained by leveraging existing open-source text representation models, such as bert-base-uncased, and are trained in a multi-stage pipeline to optimize their retrieval performance. First, the models are trained with large batches of query-document pairs where negatives are derived in-batch—pretraining leverages about 400m samples of a mix of public datasets and proprietary web search data. Following pretraining models are further optimized with long training on a smaller dataset (about 1m samples) of triplets of query, positive document, and negative document derived from hard harmful mining. Mining of the negatives and data curation is crucial to retrieval accuracy. A detailed technical report will be available shortly.

Name	MTEB Retrieval Score (NDCG @ 10)	Parameters (Millions)	Embedding Dimension
snowflake-arctic-embed-xs	50.15	22	384
snowflake-arctic-embed-s	51.98	33	384
snowflake-arctic-embed-m	54.90	110	768
snowflake-arctic-embed-m-long	54.83	137	768
snowflake-arctic-embed-l	55.98	335	1024

Aside from being great open-source models, the largest model, snowflake-arctic-embed-l, can serve as a natural replacement for closed-source embedding, as shown below.

Model Name	MTEB Retrieval Score (NDCG @ 10)
snowflake-arctic-embed-l	55.98
Google-gecko-text-embedding	55.7
text-embedding-3-large	55.44
Cohere-embed-english-v3.0	55.00
bge-large-en-v1.5	54.29

snowflake-arctic-embed-xs

This tiny model packs quite the punch. Based on the all-MiniLM-L6-v2 model with only 22m parameters and 384 dimensions, this model should meet even the strictest latency/TCO budgets. Despite its size, its retrieval accuracy is closer to that of models with 100m paramers.

Model Name	MTEB Retrieval Score (NDCG @ 10)
snowflake-arctic-embed-xs	50.15
GIST-all-MiniLM-L6-v2	45.12
gte-tiny	44.92
all-MiniLM-L6-v2	41.95
bge-micro-v2	42.56

snowflake-arctic-embed-s

Based on the intfloat/e5-small-unsupervised model, this small model does not trade off retrieval accuracy for its small size. With only 33m parameters and 384 dimensions, this model should easily allow scaling to large datasets.

Model Name	MTEB Retrieval Score (NDCG @ 10)
snowflake-arctic-embed-s	51.98
bge-small-en-v1.5	51.68
Cohere-embed-english-light-v3.0	51.34
text-embedding-3-small	51.08
e5-small-v2	49.04

snowflake-arctic-embed-m

Based on the intfloat/e5-base-unsupervised model, this medium model is the workhorse that provides the best retrieval performance without slowing down inference.

Model Name	MTEB Retrieval Score (NDCG @ 10)
snowflake-arctic-embed-m	54.90
bge-base-en-v1.5	53.25
nomic-embed-text-v1.5	53.25
GIST-Embedding-v0	52.31
gte-base	52.31

snowflake-arctic-embed-m-long

Based on the nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v1-unsupervised model, this long-context variant of our medium-sized model is perfect for workloads that can be constrained by the regular 512 token context of our other models. Without the use of RPE, this model supports up to 2048 tokens. With RPE, it can scale to 8192!

Model Name	MTEB Retrieval Score (NDCG @ 10)
snowflake-arctic-embed-m-long	54.83
nomic-embed-text-v1.5	53.01
nomic-embed-text-v1	52.81

snowflake-arctic-embed-l

Based on the intfloat/e5-large-unsupervised model, this large model is a direct drop-in for closed APIs and delivers the most accurate retrieval experience.

Model Name	MTEB Retrieval Score (NDCG @ 10)
snowflake-arctic-embed-l	55.98
UAE-Large-V1	54.66
bge-large-en-v1.5	54.29
mxbai-embed-large-v1	54.39
e5-Large-v2	50.56

Usage

Using Sentence Transformers

You can use the sentence-transformers package to use an snowflake-arctic-embed model, as shown below.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

model = SentenceTransformer("Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l")

queries = ['what is snowflake?', 'Where can I get the best tacos?']
documents = ['The Data Cloud!', 'Mexico City of Course!']

query_embeddings = model.encode(queries, prompt_name="query")
document_embeddings = model.encode(documents)

scores = query_embeddings @ document_embeddings.T
for query, query_scores in zip(queries, scores):
    doc_score_pairs = list(zip(documents, query_scores))
    doc_score_pairs = sorted(doc_score_pairs, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
    # Output passages & scores
    print("Query:", query)
    for document, score in doc_score_pairs:
        print(score, document)

Query: what is snowflake?
0.28976774 The Data Cloud!
0.19071159 Mexico City of Course!
Query: Where can I get the best tacos?
0.38650584 Mexico City of Course!
0.25145516 The Data Cloud!

Using Huggingface transformers

You can use the transformers package to use an snowflake-arctic-embed model, as shown below. For optimal retrieval quality, use the CLS token to embed each text portion and use the query prefix below (just on the query).

import torch
from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l')
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l', add_pooling_layer=False)
model.eval()

query_prefix = 'Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: '
queries  = ['what is snowflake?', 'Where can I get the best tacos?']
queries_with_prefix = ["{}{}".format(query_prefix, i) for i in queries]
query_tokens = tokenizer(queries_with_prefix, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt', max_length=512)

documents = ['The Data Cloud!', 'Mexico City of Course!']
document_tokens =  tokenizer(documents, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt', max_length=512)

# Compute token embeddings
with torch.no_grad():
    query_embeddings = model(**query_tokens)[0][:, 0]
    doument_embeddings = model(**document_tokens)[0][:, 0]


# normalize embeddings
query_embeddings = torch.nn.functional.normalize(query_embeddings, p=2, dim=1)
doument_embeddings = torch.nn.functional.normalize(doument_embeddings, p=2, dim=1)

scores = torch.mm(query_embeddings, doument_embeddings.transpose(0, 1))
for query, query_scores in zip(queries, scores):
    doc_score_pairs = list(zip(documents, query_scores))
    doc_score_pairs = sorted(doc_score_pairs, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
    #Output passages & scores
    print("Query:", query)
    for document, score in doc_score_pairs:
        print(score, document)

Using Transformers.js

If you haven't already, you can install the Transformers.js JavaScript library from NPM by running:

npm i @xenova/transformers

You can then use the model to compute embeddings as follows:

import { pipeline, dot } from '@xenova/transformers';

// Create feature extraction pipeline
const extractor = await pipeline('feature-extraction', 'Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l', {
    quantized: false, // Comment out this line to use the quantized version
});

// Generate sentence embeddings
const sentences = [
    'Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Where can I get the best tacos?',
    'The Data Cloud!',
    'Mexico City of Course!',
]
const output = await extractor(sentences, { normalize: true, pooling: 'cls' });

// Compute similarity scores
const [source_embeddings, ...document_embeddings ] = output.tolist();
const similarities = document_embeddings.map(x => dot(source_embeddings, x));
console.log(similarities); // [0.25145517380846977, 0.3865060421197194]

FAQ

TBD

Contact

Feel free to open an issue or pull request if you have any questions or suggestions about this project. You also can email Daniel Campos(daniel.campos@snowflake.com).

License

Arctic is licensed under the Apache-2. The released models can be used for commercial purposes free of charge.

Acknowledgement

We want to thank the open-source community, which has provided the great building blocks upon which we could make our models. We thank our modeling engineers, Danmei Xu, Luke Merrick, Gaurav Nuti, and Daniel Campos, for making these great models possible. We thank our leadership, Himabindu Pucha, Kelvin So, Vivek Raghunathan, and Sridhar Ramaswamy, for supporting this work. We also thank the open-source community for producing the great models we could build on top of and making these releases possible. Finally, we thank the researchers who created BEIR and MTEB benchmarks. It is largely thanks to their tireless work to define what better looks like that we could improve model performance.