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--- |
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pipeline_tag: zero-shot-classification |
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license: apache-2.0 |
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language: |
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- en |
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tags: |
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- zero-shot |
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- text-classification |
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- science |
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- mag |
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widget: |
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- text: Leo Messi is the best player ever |
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candidate_labels: politics, science, sports, environment |
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multi_class: true |
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--- |
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# SCIroShot |
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## Overview |
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<details> |
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<summary>Click to expand</summary> |
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- **Model type:** Language Model |
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- **Architecture:** RoBERTa-large |
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- **Language:** English |
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- **License:** Apache 2.0 |
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- **Task:** Zero-Shot Text Classification |
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- **Data:** Microsoft Academic Graph |
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- **Additional Resources:** |
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- [Paper](https://aclanthology.org/2023.eacl-main.22/) |
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- [GitHub](https://github.com/bsc-langtech/sciroshot) |
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</details> |
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## Model description |
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SCIroShot is an entailment-based Zero-Shot Text Classification model that |
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has been fine-tuned using a self-made dataset composed of scientific articles |
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from [Microsoft Academic Graph](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/microsoft-academic-graph/) |
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(MAG). The resulting model achieves SOTA |
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performance in the scientific domain and very competitive results in other areas. |
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## Intended Usage |
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This model is intended to be used for zero-shot text classification in English. |
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## How to use |
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```python |
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from transformers import pipeline |
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zstc = pipeline("zero-shot-classification", model="BSC-LT/sciroshot") |
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sentence = "Leo Messi is the best player ever." |
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candidate_labels = ["politics", "science", "sports", "environment"] |
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template = "This example is {}" |
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output = zstc(sentence, candidate_labels, hypothesis_template=template, multi_label=False) |
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print(output) |
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print(f'Predicted class: {output["labels"][0]}') |
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``` |
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## Limitations and bias |
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No measures have been taken to estimate the bias and toxicity embedded in the model. |
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Even though the fine-tuning data (which is of a scientific nature) may seem harmless, it is important to note that the corpus used to pre-train the vanilla model is very likely to contain a lot of unfiltered content from the internet, as stated in the [RoBERTa-large model card](https://huggingface.co/roberta-large#limitations-and-bias). |
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## Training |
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### Training data |
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Our data builds on top of scientific-domain |
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annotated data from Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG). |
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This database consists of a heterogeneous |
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graph with billions of records from both scientific |
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publications and patents, in addition to metadata |
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information such as the authors, institutions, journals, |
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conferences and their citation relationships. |
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The documents are organized in a six-level hierarchical |
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structure of scientific concepts, where the two |
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top-most levels are manually curated in order to |
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guarantee a high level of accuracy. |
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To create the training corpus, a random sample of |
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scientific articles with a publication year between |
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2000 and 2021 were retrieved from MAG with their respective |
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titles and abstracts in English. This results in over 2M documents |
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with their corresponding Field Of Study, which was obtained from |
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the 1-level MAG taxonomy (292 possible classes, such as "Computational biology" |
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or "Transport Engineering"). |
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The fine-tuning dataset was constructed in a weakly supervised |
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manner by converting text classification data to the entailment format. |
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Using the relationship between scientific texts |
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and their matching concepts in the 1-level MAG |
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taxonomy we are able to generate the premise- |
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hypothesis pairs corresponding to the entailment |
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label. Conversely, we generate the pairs for the |
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neutral label by removing the actual relationship |
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between the texts and their scientific concepts and |
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creating a virtual relationship with those to which |
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they are not matched. |
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### Training procedure |
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The newly-created scientific dataset described in the previous section |
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was used to fine-tune a 355M parameters RoBERTa model on the entailment task. |
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To do so, the model has to compute the entailment score between every text that |
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is fed to it and all candidate labels. The final prediction would be the |
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highest-scoring class in a single-label classification setup, or the N classes |
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above a certain threshold in a multi-label scenario. |
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A subset of 52 labels from the training data were kept apart so that they |
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could be used as a development set of fully-unseen classes. |
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As a novelty, the validation was not performed on the entailment task (which is used a proxy) |
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but directly on the target text classification task. This allows us to stop training at the right |
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time via early stopping, which prevents the model from "overfitting" to the training task. This method |
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was our way to counteract an effect that was empirically discovered during the experimentation period, where it was observed |
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that after a certain point the model can start to worsen in the target task (ZSTC) despite still continuing to |
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improve in the training task (RTE). The simple act of shortening the training time led to a boost in performance. |
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Read the paper for more details on the methodology and the analysis of RTE/ZSTC correlation. |
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## Evaluation |
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### Evaluation data |
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The model's performance was evaluated on a collection of disciplinary-labeled textual datasets, both from the scientific domain (closer to training data) and the general domain (to assess generalizability). |
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The following table provides an overview of the number of examples and labels for each dataset: |
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| Dataset | Labels | Size | |
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|------------------|--------|--------| |
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| arXiv | 11 | 3,838 | |
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| SciDocs-MeSH | 11 | 16,433 | |
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| SciDocs-MAG | 19 | 17,501 | |
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| Konstanz | 24 | 10,000 | |
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| Elsevier | 26 | 14,738 | |
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| PubMed | 109 | 5,000 | |
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| Topic Categorization (Yahoo! Answers) | 10 | 60,000 | |
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| Emotion Detection (UnifyEmotion) | 10 | 15,689 | |
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| Situation Frame Detection (Situation Typing) | 12 | 3,311 | |
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Please refer to the paper for further details on each particular dataset. |
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### Evaluation results |
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These are the official results reported in the paper: |
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#### Scientific domain benchmark |
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| Model | arXiv | SciDocs-MesH | SciDocs-MAG | Konstanz | Elsevier | PubMed | |
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|-------|-------|--------------|-------------|----------|----------|--------| |
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| [fb/bart-large-mnli](https://huggingface.co/facebook/bart-large-mnli) | 33.28 | **66.18**🔥 | 51.77 | 54.62 | 28.41 | **31.59**🔥 | |
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| SCIroShot | **42.22**🔥 | 59.34 | **69.86**🔥 | **66.07**🔥 | **54.42**🔥 | 27.93 | |
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#### General domain benchmark |
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| Model | Topic | Emotion | Situation | |
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|-------|-------|---------|-----------| |
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| RTE [(Yin et al., 2019)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.00161.pdf) | 43.8 | 12.6 | **37.2**🔥 | |
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| FEVER [(Yin et al., 2019)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.00161.pdf) | 40.1 | 24.7 | 21.0 | |
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| MNLI [(Yin et al., 2019)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.00161.pdf) | 37.9 | 22.3 | 15.4 | |
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| NSP [(Ma et al., 2021)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-short.99.pdf) | 50.6 | 16.5 | 25.8 | |
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| NSP-Reverse [(Ma et al., 2021)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-short.99.pdf) | 53.1 | 16.1 | 19.9 | |
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| SCIroShot | **59.08**🔥 | **24.94**🔥 | 27.42 |
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All the numbers reported above represent **label-wise weighted F1** except for the Topic classification dataset, which is evaluated in terms of **accuracy** following the notation from [(Yin et al., 2019)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.00161.pdf). |
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## Additional information |
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### Authors |
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- SIRIS Lab, Research Division of SIRIS Academic. |
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- Language Technologies Unit, Barcelona Supercomputing Center. |
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### Contact |
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For further information, send an email to either <langtech@bsc.es> or <info@sirisacademic.com>. |
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### License |
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This work is distributed under a [Apache License, Version 2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0). |
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### Funding |
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This work was partially funded by 2 projects under EU’s H2020 Research and Innovation Programme: |
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- INODE (grant agreement No 863410). |
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- IntelComp (grant agreement No 101004870). |
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### Citation |
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```bibtex |
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@inproceedings{pamies2023weakly, |
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title={A weakly supervised textual entailment approach to zero-shot text classification}, |
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author={P{\`a}mies, Marc and Llop, Joan and Multari, Francesco and Duran-Silva, Nicolau and Parra-Rojas, C{\'e}sar and Gonz{\'a}lez-Agirre, Aitor and Massucci, Francesco Alessandro and Villegas, Marta}, |
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booktitle={Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics}, |
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pages={286--296}, |
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year={2023} |
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} |
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``` |
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### Disclaimer |
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<details> |
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<summary>Click to expand</summary> |
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The model published in this repository is intended for a generalist purpose |
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and is made available to third parties under a Apache v2.0 License. |
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Please keep in mind that the model may have bias and/or any other undesirable distortions. |
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When third parties deploy or provide systems and/or services to other parties using this model |
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(or a system based on it) or become users of the model itself, they should note that it is under |
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their responsibility to mitigate the risks arising from its use and, in any event, to comply with |
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applicable regulations, including regulations regarding the use of Artificial Intelligence. |
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In no event shall the owners and creators of the model be liable for any results arising from the use made by third parties. |
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</details> |
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