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Swallow-7b-hf

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metadata
language:
  - en
  - ja
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
license: llama2
model_type: llama

Swallow

Our Swallow model has undergone continuous pre-training from the Llama 2 family, primarily with the addition of Japanese language data. The tuned versions use supervised fine-tuning (SFT). Links to other models can be found in the index.

Swallow Model Index

Model Swallow-hf Swallow-instruct-hf
7B Link Link
7B-Plus Link Coming Soon
13B Link Link
70B Link Link

Swallow Model Index NVE (No Vocabulary Expansion)

Model Swallow-NVE-hf Swallow-NVE-instruct-hf
7B Link Link
13B Link Coming Soon
70B Link Link

We released the 7B and 70B models without vocabulary expansion on January 26th, 2024. The 13B model was released on February 4th, 2024, and its instruction-tuned version is coming soon. Swallow-7B-Plus is a model that has been trained with a larger number of Japanese tokens compared to Swallow-7B and its release date is March 2nd, 2024.

logo

This repository provides large language models developed by TokyoTech-LLM. Read our blog post or our paper

Model Details

  • Model type: Please refer to LLaMA-2 technical report for details on the model architecture.
  • Language(s): Japanese English
  • Library: Megatron-LM
  • Tokenizer: This model employs a tokenizer that features a broadened vocabulary based on Japanese data. This allows for a more efficient representation of text using fewer tokens, leading to a notably faster inference process.
  • Contact: swallow[at]nlp.c.titech.ac.jp

Base Model Performance

Japanese tasks

Model Size JCommonsenseQA JEMHopQA NIILC JSQuAD XL-Sum MGSM WMT20-en-ja WMT20-ja-en
4-shot 4-shot 4-shot 4-shot 1-shot 4-shot 4-shot 4-shot
Llama 2 7B 0.3852 0.4240 0.3410 0.7917 0.1905 0.0760 0.1783 0.1738
Swallow 7B 0.4808 0.5078 0.5968 0.8573 0.1830 0.1240 0.2510 0.1511
Swallow-Plus 7B 0.5478 0.5493 0.6030 0.8544 0.1806 0.1360 0.2568 0.1441
Swallow-NVE 7B 0.5433 0.5425 0.5729 0.8684 0.2117 0.1200 0.2405 0.1512
Llama 2 13B 0.6997 0.4415 0.4170 0.8533 0.2139 0.1320 0.2146 0.1982
Swallow 13B 0.7837 0.5063 0.6398 0.9005 0.2168 0.2040 0.2720 0.1771
Swallow-NVE 13B 0.7712 0.5438 0.6351 0.9030 0.2294 0.2120 0.2735 0.1817
Llama 2 70B 0.8686 0.4656 0.5256 0.9080 0.2361 0.3560 0.2643 0.2398
Swallow 70B 0.9348 0.6290 0.6960 0.9176 0.2266 0.4840 0.3043 0.2298
Swallow-NVE 70B 0.9410 0.5759 0.7024 0.9254 0.2758 0.4720 0.3042 0.2322

English tasks

Model Size OpenBookQA TriviaQA HellaSwag SQuAD2.0 XWINO GSM8K
8-shot 8-shot 8-shot 8-shot 8-shot 8-shot
Llama 2 7B 0.3580 0.6265 0.5860 0.3207 0.9049 0.1410
Swallow 7B 0.3180 0.4836 0.5308 0.3125 0.8817 0.1130
Swallow-Plus 7B 0.3280 0.4558 0.5259 0.3134 0.8929 0.1061
Swallow-NVE 7B 0.3180 0.5079 0.5329 0.2919 0.8817 0.0986
Llama 2 13B 0.3760 0.7255 0.6148 0.3681 0.9140 0.2403
Swallow 13B 0.3500 0.5852 0.5660 0.3406 0.9075 0.2039
Swallow-NVE 13B 0.3460 0.6025 0.5700 0.3478 0.9006 0.1751
Llama 2 70B 0.4280 0.8239 0.6742 0.3770 0.9290 0.5284
Swallow 70B 0.4220 0.7756 0.6458 0.3745 0.9204 0.4867
Swallow-NVE 70B 0.4240 0.7817 0.6439 0.3451 0.9256 0.4943

Evaluation Benchmarks

Japanese evaluation benchmarks

We used llm-jp-eval(v1.0.0) and JP Language Model Evaluation Harness(commit #9b42d41). The details are as follows:

  • Multiple-choice question answering (JCommonsenseQA [Kurihara+, 2022])
  • Open-ended question answering (JEMHopQA [Ishii+, 2023])
  • Open-ended question answering (NIILC [Sekine, 2003])
  • Machine reading comprehension (JSQuAD [Kurihara+, 2022])
  • Automatic summarization (XL-Sum [Hasan+, 2021])
  • Machine translation (WMT2020 ja-en [Barrault+, 2020])
  • Machine translation (WMT2020 en-ja [Barrault+, 2020])
  • Mathematical reasoning (MGSM [Shi+, 2023])

English evaluation benchmarks

We used the Language Model Evaluation Harness(v.0.3.0). The details are as follows:

  • Multiple-choice question answering (OpenBookQA [Mihaylov+, 2018])
  • Open-ended question answering (TriviaQA [Joshi+, 2017])
  • Machine reading comprehension (SQuAD 2.0 [Rajpurkar+, 2018])
  • Commonsense reasoning (XWINO [Tikhonov & Ryabinin, 2021])
  • Natural language inference (HellaSwag [Zellers+, 2019])
  • Mathematical reasoning (GSM8k [Cobbe+, 2021])

Usage

First install additional dependencies in requirements.txt:

pip install -r requirements.txt

Use the instruct model 

import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

model_name = "tokyotech-llm/Swallow-7b-instruct-hf"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, low_cpu_mem_usage=True, device_map="auto")


PROMPT_DICT = {
    "prompt_input": (
        "以下に、あるタスクを説明する指示があり、それに付随する入力が更なる文脈を提供しています。"
        "リクエストを適切に完了するための回答を記述してください。\n\n"
        "### 指示:\n{instruction}\n\n### 入力:\n{input}\n\n### 応答:"

    ),
    "prompt_no_input": (
        "以下に、あるタスクを説明する指示があります。"
        "リクエストを適切に完了するための回答を記述してください。\n\n"
        "### 指示:\n{instruction}\n\n### 応答:"
    ),
}

def create_prompt(instruction, input=None):
    """
    Generates a prompt based on the given instruction and an optional input.
    If input is provided, it uses the 'prompt_input' template from PROMPT_DICT.
    If no input is provided, it uses the 'prompt_no_input' template.

    Args:
        instruction (str): The instruction describing the task.
        input (str, optional): Additional input providing context for the task. Default is None.

    Returns:
        str: The generated prompt.
    """
    if input:
        # Use the 'prompt_input' template when additional input is provided
        return PROMPT_DICT["prompt_input"].format(instruction=instruction, input=input)
    else:
        # Use the 'prompt_no_input' template when no additional input is provided
        return PROMPT_DICT["prompt_no_input"].format(instruction=instruction)

# Example usage
instruction_example = "以下のトピックに関する詳細な情報を提供してください。"
input_example = "東京工業大学の主なキャンパスについて教えてください"
prompt = create_prompt(instruction_example, input_example)

input_ids = tokenizer.encode(
    prompt,
    add_special_tokens=False,
    return_tensors="pt"
)

tokens = model.generate(
    input_ids.to(device=model.device),
    max_new_tokens=128,
    temperature=0.99,
    top_p=0.95,
    do_sample=True,
)

out = tokenizer.decode(tokens[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
print(out)

Use the base model 

import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

model_name = "tokyotech-llm/Swallow-7b-hf"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, device_map="auto")

prompt = "東京工業大学の主なキャンパスは、"
input_ids = tokenizer.encode(
    prompt,
    add_special_tokens=False,
    return_tensors="pt"
)
tokens = model.generate(
    input_ids.to(device=model.device),
    max_new_tokens=128,
    temperature=0.99,
    top_p=0.95,
    do_sample=True,
)

out = tokenizer.decode(tokens[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
print(out)

Training Datasets

Continual Pre-Training

The following datasets were used for continual pre-training.

Instruction Tuning

The following datasets were used for the instruction tuning.

Risks and Limitations

The models released here are still in the early stages of our research and development and have not been tuned to ensure outputs align with human intent and safety considerations.

Acknowledgements

We thank Meta Research for releasing Llama 2 under an open license for others to build on.

Our project is supported by the ABCI Large-scale Language Model Building Support Program of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.

License

Llama 2 is licensed under the LLAMA 2 Community License, Copyright © Meta Platforms, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Authors

Here are the team members: