new_pdfs/10.4149_BLL_2017_017.txt

DOI: 10.4149/BLL_2017_017

Bratisl Med J 2017; 118 (2)

80 – 84

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Effects of sevofl urane on apoptosis, BDNF and cognitive functions in neonatal rats

Ozer AB1, Ceribasi S2, Ceribasi AO2, Demirel I1, Bayar MK3, Ustundag B4, Ileri A1, Erhan OL1

Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey. abelinozer@gmail.com

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the early and late effects of sevofl urane on the neonatal brain. BACKGROUND: Sevofl urane is the most used anaesthetics in neonatal subjects. METHODS: The study included 7-day-old male Wistar-Albino rats (n = 30), which were divided into the two groups according to the anaesthetic received: sevofl urane (S) and control group (C). Half of each group was sacrifi ced six hours after anaesthesia (early, E) while the remaining subjects were sacrifi ced six weeks later (late, L). The serum brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF), brain BDNF and caspase-3 were evaluated. In addition, elevated plus arm test and Morris water test were performed in the late group. RESULTS: BDNF levels were higher in the late groups than in the early ones (p < 0.05). BDNF levels in cere- bral cortex were higher in the Group CE than in the Group CL and SL (p < 0.05). There was a signifi cant nega- tive correlation between serum BDNF and cortex BDNF levels (p = 0.003, r = –0.425). Cortex caspase 3 levels were signifi cantly higher in the Groups SE and SL than in the Group CE and CL (p < 0.05). There was no sig- nifi cant difference between the groups in the terms of open arm index, locomotor activity and Morris water test. CONCLUSIONS: Although sevofl urane induced apoptosis, it didn’t affect BDNF levels and showed no long- term negative effects on learning and anxiety in neonatal rats (Tab. 1, Fig. 3, Ref. 26). Text in PDF www.elis.sk. KEY WORDS: anesthesia, neonatal, apoptosis, BDNF.

Introduction

neurotransmission, while in mature brains it occurs by a decrease in GABAergic neurotransmission (6, 7).

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has important im- plications in the survival, growth and differentiation of existing neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system (1, 2). At the same time, BDNF was shown to be active in the hippocam- pus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal forebrain, which are the areas that carry out vital functions such as learning, memory and thinking (3). BDNF shows its effect by the production of neurotransmitters, ion channel expression and by inducing long- term changes in synaptic composition (4, 5). In addition, BDNF enhances excitatory neurotransmission via its presynaptic and postsynaptic effects. Furthermore, it modulates excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission by gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)-A receptor-mediated inhibition of postsynaptic current. In immature brains, this effect occurs by an increase in GABAergic

Although general anaesthesia is considered safe, experimental studies have shown that it might have harmful effects on the de- veloping mammalian brain (8, 9). It was also shown that exposure to anaesthetics that antagonise N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors or stimulate GABA-A receptors during synaptogenesis in the developing brain may trigger common apoptotic neurode- generation (10).

The current study was planned to detect an acute phase brain damage that occurs due to the anaesthetics commonly used in pe- diatric patient population, to investigate the effects of anaesthesia on long-term behaviour, anxiety and impact on learning as well as to determine whether there is a correlation between these effects and serum BDNF, brain BDNF, amino acid levels and apoptosis.

Materials and methods

1Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey, 2Department of Pathology, Firat University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Elazig, Turkey, 3Department of Anesthesi- ology and Reanimation, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey, and 4Department of Biochemistry and Clinic Biochemistry, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey

Address for correspondence: A.B. Ozer, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Firat University Medical School, Department of Anes- thesiology and Reanimation, 23119, Elazig, Turkey. Phone/Fax: +90.533.4478924

The preclinical animal study was conducted at the Firat Uni- versity Experimental Research Centre in December 2012. After receiving approval from the institutional Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee, seven-day-old male Wistar-Albino rats were obtained from the Experimental Research Centre. The Helsinki Universal Declaration of Animal Rights was followed at every stage of the study. The rats were kept in the rooms with ambient temperature of 22–24 °C and with 12/12 hour day/night cycle. Except for the time it took for the experimental tests, the subjects

Funding: Firat University Scientifi c Research Projects Unit.

Indexed and abstracted in Science Citation Index Expanded and in Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition

Ozer AB et al.Effects of sevofl urane on apoptosis, BDNF and cognitive functions in neonatal rats

The study’s primary outcomes were serum BDNF levels, cortex and hippocampal BDNF levels and neurocognitive status. Secondary outcomes were cortex and hippocampal caspase 3 lev- els. Blood samples were taken at decapitation phase into serum separator tube to evaluate serum BDNF. Blood samples were cen- trifuged at 1000 x g for 15 minute and stored at –20 °C. Serum BDNF levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosor- bent assay (ELISA) method (EK0308, Boster Biological Technol- ogy, Ltd.). Brain tissue samples were kept for 24 hours in 10 % formaldehyde prepared with phosphate buffer saline. Brain tissue samples were taken for routine tissue processing for immuno- histochemical (IHC) examination procedure following the sagittal reduction process. Brain tissue was divided at the midline on the sagittal plane. The BDNF levels (Abcam, ab108319, Cambridge, UK) and caspase 3 levels (Abcam, ab13847, Cambridge, UK) were assessed with IHC in brain hemispheres (0 – no staining, 1 – mild, 2 – moderate, 3 – severe).

Fig. 1. Serum brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels of groups.

were kept in the same cage with their mothers until postnatal day 21 (PN21). After the 21st day, the rats were put in separate cages and fed with standard rat chow and tap water.

Using permuted block randomisation methods, the subjects were divided into the two groups: Group C acted as the control and did not receive any anaesthesia, and in Group S, anaesthesia was achieved with 2.3 % sevofl urane in 50 % oxygen (O2)-air mixture. The concentration of sevofl urane was adjusted according to the tail test. The tail test was applied every 15 minutes. The middle 1/3 of the tail was clamped, and if there was response, sevofl u- rane concentration was increased 15 %. All subjects were put in a plastic, transparent anaesthesia chamber that was connected to the anaesthesia device and was ventilated with 4 L/min fl ow and 50 % O2-air mixture. Immediately after the six-hour administra- tion of anaesthesia, oxygen arterial blood gases were evaluated in 3 subjects from each group. At the end of the application period, half of the subjects were sacrifi ced to determine the early effects of sevofl urane (Group SE and Group CE), while the rest of the subjects were sacrifi ced 6 weeks after the application to determine the late effects of sevofl urane (Group SL and Group CL). In addi- tion, the levels of serum BDNF, brain tissue BDNF and caspase 3 were evaluated for all subjects. The anaesthesia chamber was heated from the outside during the entire experiment to prevent hypothermia. Glucose and saline were administered intradermally to prevent hypoglycaemia and hypovolaemia. Subjects that ex- perienced discolouration of the skin (cyanosis) or a decrease in respiratory rate that did not improve with stimuli, were excluded from the study.

The behaviour, anxiety states and spatial learning abilities of the subjects during the long-term period (6 weeks later) were evaluated by using the plus arm test and the Morris water test, respectively. Open arm avoidance index was calculated accord- ing to the formula 100 – ((% of the time spent in the open arms + % of the entrance to the open arms)/2), while the total locomotor activity was calculated based on line crossings + rearing. Swim- ming tests were done 4 times a day for a period of 4 days. The test was repeated 2 days after training and the time it took to reach the platform (latency) and the time spent in the platform quadrant after the platform was removed were recorded. The subjects that com- pleted the swimming test were put back into their heated cages. Those conducting the experiment knew, which group of sub- jects they were dealing with, but those evaluating biochemical, IHC and neurocognitive tests did not know, which samples and subjects belonged to which group.

SPSS 15 was used for a statistical evaluation. Nonparametric methods were used for all variables because the sample size was small. Kruskal–Wallis test was used for one-way analysis of vari- ance (ANOVA) of nonparametric data, therefore median values were calculated instead of mean. When it was determined not to the equal of medians with Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney U test was used for post-hoc multiple comparisons. The escape latency within the group was evaluated by Wilcoxon test. The correlation between parameters was assessed by Spearman correlation test and p < 0.05 was considered signifi cant.

Results

Tab. 1. Brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and caspase 3 levels in cortex and hippocampus (median [min-max]).

Group CE Group SE Group CL Group SL

BDNF cortex 1.5 (1–3) 1.5 (0–2) 1 (0–1) 0.5 (0–1)

BDNF hippocampus 1.5 (0–3) 1.5 (1–2) 1 (0–2) 1 (0–2)

Caspase 3 cortex 0.5 (0–1) 2 (1–2) 0 (0–1) 1 (1–2)

Caspase 3 hippocampus 0.5 (0–1) 1 (0–1) 0.5 (0–1) 1 (0–2)

The 30 rats in the study were divided into groups C and S of 15 (50 %) each that were further divided into the early and late subgroups. BDNF levels in the late period groups were higher than in the early period groups (p < 0.05) (Fig. 1). While there was no signifi cant difference in the BDNF levels in the cerebral hippo- campus, the BDNF levels in cerebral cortex were higher in the Group CE than the Group CL and the Group SL (p < 0.05) (Tab. 1). In cerebral cortex of all rats, most signifi cant release of BDNF was present in large neurons in the outer granular layer and the

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A

B

E

F

C

D

G

H

Fig. 2. Brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunohistochemistry staining in the cortex (200 μm) (A – Group CE, B – Group SE, E – Group CL, F – Group SL); in the hippocampus (C – Group CE, D – Group SE, G – Group CL, H – Group SL).

outer pyramidal layer. Release of BDNF was detected in all layers of neocortex. Between all groups, the release of BDNF in multi- formed layer was prominent in the Group CE (Fig. 2). There was a signifi cant negative correlation between serum BDNF levels and the cortex BDNF levels (p = 0.003; r = –0.425). Cortex caspase 3 levels were signifi cantly higher in the Groups SE and SL than in the Group CE and the Group CL, especially outer granulary, outer pyramidal layer and pyramidal layer (p < 0.05) (Fig. 3).

There was no signifi cant difference between the groups in terms of open arm index and locomotor activity (p > 0.05). Four- day and last-day Morris water test showed no signifi cant difference between groups in terms of time to reach the platform (p > 0.05). There was a negative correlation between serum BDNF and time to reach the platform (p = 0.022, r = –0.509). It was observed that in all groups the time to reach the platform became shorter with time (p < 0.05). When the platform was removed, the time spent in the quadrant with the platform was not signifi cantly different between the groups (p > 0.05).

Discussion

Sevofl urane is the most commonly used inhalational anaesthet- ic for pediatric surgical cases due to its minimal airway reactivity

and low blood/gas partition coeffi cient. Therefore, we evaluated sevofl urane’s effect on the brain of neonatal rat in our study. We have found that serum levels of BDNF increased and brain levels decreased over time. There could be two explanations. Firstly, se- rum BDNF levels are known to increase with age (11). Secondly, it has been reported that hypoxia increases BDNF levels and that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment decreases BDNF levels (12–14). In our study, seven-day-old rats were ex- posed to oxygen for 6 hours. Therefore, BDNF levels may also be measured so low in the early stages.

While low doses of ketamine did not result in changes in hippocampal BDNF levels, higher doses were shown to increase them (15). Nine hours of 20 mg/kg ketamine treatment was re- ported to increase total BDNF protein levels in the brain (16). In 10-day-old mice 24 hours after propofol administration, BDNF protein levels were reported to decrease in the parietal cortex, but increased in the frontal cortex and hippocampus (17). The BDNF levels in the hippocampus were increased by ketamine, but remained unchanged when treated with propofol alone or in combination with ketamine (18). Yu et al evaluated BDNF lev- els in hippocampal cornus ammonis 3 (CA3) area of seven-day- old that were exposed to 3.6 % sevofl urane during six hours at postnatal 21 days (19). It demonstrated no signifi cant differences

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Ozer AB et al.Effects of sevofl urane on apoptosis, BDNF and cognitive functions in neonatal rats

A

B

E

F

C

D

G

H

Fig. 3. Caspase 3 immunohistochemistry staining in the cortex (200 μm) (A – Group CE, B – Group SE, E – Group CL, F – Group SL); in the hippocampus (C – Group CE, D – Group SE, G – Group CL, H – Group SL).

between sevofl urane group and control group, when BDNF lev- els were evaluated with IHC. However, BDNF messenger ribo- nucleic acid (mRNA) expression, evaluated by reverse transcrip- tion polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and BDNF protein level was evaluated by Western Blot, decreased in sevofl urane group (19). In our study, we found that BDNF levels were not differ- ent between the groups. The study evaluated effects of sequen- tial exposures to sevofl urane on hippocampal BDNF levels of neonatal rats (postnatal six, seven and eight days). On postnatal 21 day, the subjects were divided into the two groups according to different environments. While BDNF levels decreased in the only remaining subjects in the cage, they did not change in pair subjects in the cage (20). In our study, BDNF levels did not de- crease because the subjects were not left alone in a cage except for the experimental protocol. In our study, the cerebral cortex BDNF levels were higher in the Group CE than in the Group CL and the Group SL.

In studies with seven-day-old rats where loss of pyramidal neurons was induced, levels of caspase 3 were increased in the hippocampus upon administration of sevofl urane, propofol and ketamine (17, 21–24). In our study, cortex caspase 3 levels were found to be signifi cantly higher in the sevofl urane group compared to the control group.

In our study, there was no signifi cant difference between the groups in terms of open-arm avoidance index and locomo- tor activity. In the study, where sevofl urane was applied for six hours to seven-day-old rats, the battery fox test did not cause any signifi cant changes (25). In our study, there was no signifi cant difference between the groups in terms of time to reach the plat- form in the Morris water maze (MWM) test. When the platform was removed, the time subjects spent in the platform quadrant was not signifi cantly different in Group SL compared to Group CL. There was no signifi cant difference in the MWM test of the seven-day-old rats treated with sevofl urane for six hours (25). Moreover, the administration of a high concentration of isofl u- rane during the intrauterine period resulted in a decrease in the time spent to reach the platform in MWM test in neonatal rats, but this time was not signifi cantly different when isofl urane was administered at low concentrations (26). In the study where sevo- fl urane was applied for six hours to seven-day-old rats, latency duration of MWM test increased (19). Differences of this study from our study are the applied sevofl urane dose (3.6 % to 2.3 %) and timing of MWM test (PN21 to PN49–53). Zhang et al demonstrated no differences in terms of neuro-behavioural tests in the subjects that were provided the same conditions as in our study (20).

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The major limitation of our study was the small number of subjects. For the statement “sevofl urane might be a reliable an- aesthetic in a pediatric patient”, more detailed studies are needed. Serum BDNF levels increased over time, but the opposite was found to be correlated with brain BDNF levels. Sevofl urane did not cause signifi cant changes in the serum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus BDNF levels, but signifi cantly more in the cortex. Sevofl urane caused more apoptosis. Sevofl urane did not cause a reduction in spatial learning and anxiety. And, although sevofl u- rane induced apoptosis, it did not affect the levels of BDNF and showed no long-term negative effects on learning and anxiety in neonatal rats.

Learning point

Anaesthesia is applied to millions of children for surgery, im- aging and other invasive procedures, the issue is very serious and concerns. Sevofl urane, is the most used inhalation anaesthetic, which does not affect spatial learning and anxiety, even if it in- creases neuro-apoptosis.

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Received October 2, 2016. Accepted November 18, 2016.