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<!DOCTYPE html>
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        content="Deformable Neural Radiance Fields creates free-viewpoint portraits (nerfies) from casually captured videos.">
  <meta name="keywords" content="Nerfies, D-NeRF, NeRF">
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  <title>Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fields</title>

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          <h1 class="title is-1 publication-title">Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fields</h1>
          <div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
            <span class="author-block">
              <a href="https://keunhong.com">Keunhong Park</a><sup>1</sup>,</span>
            <span class="author-block">
              <a href="https://utkarshsinha.com">Utkarsh Sinha</a><sup>2</sup>,</span>
            <span class="author-block">
              <a href="https://jonbarron.info">Jonathan T. Barron</a><sup>2</sup>,
            </span>
            <span class="author-block">
              <a href="http://sofienbouaziz.com">Sofien Bouaziz</a><sup>2</sup>,
            </span>
            <span class="author-block">
              <a href="https://www.danbgoldman.com">Dan B Goldman</a><sup>2</sup>,
            </span>
            <span class="author-block">
              <a href="https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~seitz/">Steven M. Seitz</a><sup>1,2</sup>,
            </span>
            <span class="author-block">
              <a href="http://www.ricardomartinbrualla.com">Ricardo Martin-Brualla</a><sup>2</sup>
            </span>
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          <div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
            <span class="author-block"><sup>1</sup>University of Washington,</span>
            <span class="author-block"><sup>2</sup>Google Research</span>
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                type="video/mp4">
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      <h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
        <span class="dnerf">Nerfies</span> turns selfie videos from your phone into
        free-viewpoint
        portraits.
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<section class="section">
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    <!-- Abstract. -->
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      <div class="column is-four-fifths">
        <h2 class="title is-3">Abstract</h2>
        <div class="content has-text-justified">
          <p>
            We present the first method capable of photorealistically reconstructing a non-rigidly
            deforming scene using photos/videos captured casually from mobile phones.
          </p>
          <p>
            Our approach augments neural radiance fields
            (NeRF) by optimizing an
            additional continuous volumetric deformation field that warps each observed point into a
            canonical 5D NeRF.
            We observe that these NeRF-like deformation fields are prone to local minima, and
            propose a coarse-to-fine optimization method for coordinate-based models that allows for
            more robust optimization.
            By adapting principles from geometry processing and physical simulation to NeRF-like
            models, we propose an elastic regularization of the deformation field that further
            improves robustness.
          </p>
          <p>
            We show that <span class="dnerf">Nerfies</span> can turn casually captured selfie
            photos/videos into deformable NeRF
            models that allow for photorealistic renderings of the subject from arbitrary
            viewpoints, which we dub <i>"nerfies"</i>. We evaluate our method by collecting data
            using a
            rig with two mobile phones that take time-synchronized photos, yielding train/validation
            images of the same pose at different viewpoints. We show that our method faithfully
            reconstructs non-rigidly deforming scenes and reproduces unseen views with high
            fidelity.
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <!--/ Abstract. -->

    <!-- Paper video. -->
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        <h2 class="title is-3">Video</h2>
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      <!-- Visual Effects. -->
      <div class="column">
        <div class="content">
          <h2 class="title is-3">Visual Effects</h2>
          <p>
            Using <i>nerfies</i> you can create fun visual effects. This Dolly zoom effect
            would be impossible without nerfies since it would require going through a wall.
          </p>
          <video id="dollyzoom" autoplay controls muted loop playsinline height="100%">
            <source src="./static/videos/dollyzoom-stacked.mp4"
                    type="video/mp4">
          </video>
        </div>
      </div>
      <!--/ Visual Effects. -->

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        <h2 class="title is-3">Matting</h2>
        <div class="columns is-centered">
          <div class="column content">
            <p>
              As a byproduct of our method, we can also solve the matting problem by ignoring
              samples that fall outside of a bounding box during rendering.
            </p>
            <video id="matting-video" controls playsinline height="100%">
              <source src="./static/videos/matting.mp4"
                      type="video/mp4">
            </video>
          </div>

        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <!--/ Matting. -->

    <!-- Animation. -->
    <div class="columns is-centered">
      <div class="column is-full-width">
        <h2 class="title is-3">Animation</h2>

        <!-- Interpolating. -->
        <h3 class="title is-4">Interpolating states</h3>
        <div class="content has-text-justified">
          <p>
            We can also animate the scene by interpolating the deformation latent codes of two input
            frames. Use the slider here to linearly interpolate between the left frame and the right
            frame.
          </p>
        </div>
        <div class="columns is-vcentered interpolation-panel">
          <div class="column is-3 has-text-centered">
            <img src="./static/images/interpolate_start.jpg"
                 class="interpolation-image"
                 alt="Interpolate start reference image."/>
            <p>Start Frame</p>
          </div>
          <div class="column interpolation-video-column">
            <div id="interpolation-image-wrapper">
              Loading...
            </div>
            <input class="slider is-fullwidth is-large is-info"
                   id="interpolation-slider"
                   step="1" min="0" max="100" value="0" type="range">
          </div>
          <div class="column is-3 has-text-centered">
            <img src="./static/images/interpolate_end.jpg"
                 class="interpolation-image"
                 alt="Interpolation end reference image."/>
            <p class="is-bold">End Frame</p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <br/>
        <!--/ Interpolating. -->

        <!-- Re-rendering. -->
        <h3 class="title is-4">Re-rendering the input video</h3>
        <div class="content has-text-justified">
          <p>
            Using <span class="dnerf">Nerfies</span>, you can re-render a video from a novel
            viewpoint such as a stabilized camera by playing back the training deformations.
          </p>
        </div>
        <div class="content has-text-centered">
          <video id="replay-video"
                 controls
                 muted
                 preload
                 playsinline
                 width="75%">
            <source src="./static/videos/replay.mp4"
                    type="video/mp4">
          </video>
        </div>
        <!--/ Re-rendering. -->

      </div>
    </div>
    <!--/ Animation. -->


    <!-- Concurrent Work. -->
    <div class="columns is-centered">
      <div class="column is-full-width">
        <h2 class="title is-3">Related Links</h2>

        <div class="content has-text-justified">
          <p>
            There's a lot of excellent work that was introduced around the same time as ours.
          </p>
          <p>
            <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.09125">Progressive Encoding for Neural Optimization</a> introduces an idea similar to our windowed position encoding for coarse-to-fine optimization.
          </p>
          <p>
            <a href="https://www.albertpumarola.com/research/D-NeRF/index.html">D-NeRF</a> and <a href="https://gvv.mpi-inf.mpg.de/projects/nonrigid_nerf/">NR-NeRF</a>
            both use deformation fields to model non-rigid scenes.
          </p>
          <p>
            Some works model videos with a NeRF by directly modulating the density, such as <a href="https://video-nerf.github.io/">Video-NeRF</a>, <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/~zl548/NSFF/">NSFF</a>, and <a href="https://neural-3d-video.github.io/">DyNeRF</a>
          </p>
          <p>
            There are probably many more by the time you are reading this. Check out <a href="https://dellaert.github.io/NeRF/">Frank Dellart's survey on recent NeRF papers</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/yenchenlin/awesome-NeRF">Yen-Chen Lin's curated list of NeRF papers</a>.
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <!--/ Concurrent Work. -->

  </div>
</section>


<section class="section" id="BibTeX">
  <div class="container is-max-desktop content">
    <h2 class="title">BibTeX</h2>
    <pre><code>@article{park2021nerfies,
  author    = {Park, Keunhong and Sinha, Utkarsh and Barron, Jonathan T. and Bouaziz, Sofien and Goldman, Dan B and Seitz, Steven M. and Martin-Brualla, Ricardo},
  title     = {Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fields},
  journal   = {ICCV},
  year      = {2021},
}</code></pre>
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