infectious_diseases.csv

infectious_agent,common_name,diagnosis,treatment

Acinetobacter baumannii,Acinetobacter infections,Culture,Supportive care
"Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces gerencseriae and Propionibacterium propionicus",Actinomycosis,Histologic findings,"Penicillin, doxycycline, and sulfonamides"
Adenoviridae,Adenovirus infection,"Antigen detection, polymerase chain reaction assay, virus isolation, and serology",Most infections are mild and require no therapy or only symptomatic treatment.
Trypanosoma brucei,African sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis),Identification of trypanosomes in a sample by microscopic examination,Fexinidazole by mouth or pentamidine by injection for T. b. gambiense. Suramin by injection is used for T. b. rhodesiense
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus),AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome),"Antibody test, p24 antigen test, PCR",Treatment is typically a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) plus two nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Entamoeba histolytica,Amoebiasis,Microscopy,Those with symptoms require treatment with an amoebicidal tissue-active agent and a luminal cysticidal agent. Individuals that are asymptomatic only need a luminal cysticidal agent.
Anaplasma species,Anaplasmosis,indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay for IgG,"Tetracycline drugs (including tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, rolitetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline) and imidocarb"
Angiostrongylus,Angiostrongyliasis,"Lumbar puncture, brain imaging, serology",Albendazole
Anisakis,Anisakiasis,"Gastroscopic examination, or histopathologic examination",Albendazole
Bacillus anthracis,Anthrax,"Culture, PCR","Large doses of intravenous and oral antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), doxycycline, erythromycin, vancomycin, or penicillin"
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum,Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection,Culture in human blood agar plates,"erythromycin (proposed as the first-line drug), clindamycin, gentamicin, and cephalosporins"
Junin virus,Argentine hemorrhagic fever,,
Ascaris lumbricoides,Ascariasis,Fecal smear,"Albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole and pyrantel pamoate"
Aspergillus species,Aspergillosis,"Chest X-ray and CT, microscopy by silver stains",Voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin B in combination with surgical debridement
Astroviridae species,Astrovirus infection,"Electron microscopy, enzyme-immunoassay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, and polymerase chain reaction",Supportive care
Babesia species,Babesiosis,Giemsa-stained thin-film blood smear,"Atovaquone and azithromycin. In life-threatening cases, exchange transfusion is performed."
Bacillus cereus,Bacillus cereus infection,Culture,Vancomycin
multiple bacteria,Bacterial meningitis,"Lumbar puncture (contraindicated if there is a mass in the brain or the intracranial pressure is elevated), CT or MRI",Antibiotics
multiple bacteria,Bacterial pneumonia,"Sputum Gram stain and culture, Chest radiography",Antibiotics
List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota,Bacterial vaginosis,Gram stain and whiff test,Metronidazole or clindamycin
Bacteroides species,Bacteroides infection,,
Balantidium coli,Balantidiasis,"microscopic examination of stools, or colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy","Tetracycline, metronidazole or iodoquinol"

Bartonella,Bartonellosis,"microscopy, serology, and PCR",Antibiotics

Baylisascaris species,Baylisascaris infection,,

BK virus,BK virus infection,,

Piedraia hortae,Black piedra,Stain or culture,"Antifungal shampoos such as pyrithione zinc, formaldehyde and salicylic acid"

Blastocystis species,Blastocystosis,microscopic examination of a chemically preserved stool specimen,Lack of scientific study to support the efficacy of any particular treatment

Blastomyces dermatitidis,Blastomycosis,"KOH prep, cytology, or histology",Itraconazole or ketoconazole

Machupo virus,Bolivian hemorrhagic fever,,

Clostridium botulinum; Note: Botulism is not an infection by Clostridium botulinum but caused by the intake of botulinum toxin.,Botulism (and Infant botulism),"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), electrochemiluminescent (ECL) tests",Botulism antitoxin and supportive care

Sabiá virus,Brazilian hemorrhagic fever,,

Brucella species,Brucellosis,Culture,"Tetracyclines, rifampicin, and the aminoglycosides streptomycin and gentamicin"

Yersinia pestis,Bubonic plague,Culture,"Aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin, tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin"

usually Burkholderia cepacia and other Burkholderia species,Burkholderia infection,,

Mycobacterium ulcerans,Buruli ulcer,real-time PCR,The most widely used antibiotic regimen is once daily oral rifampicin plus twice daily oral clarithromycin.

Caliciviridae species,Calicivirus infection (Norovirus and Sapovirus),,

Campylobacter species,Campylobacteriosis,Stool culture,"Erythromycin can be used in children, and tetracycline in adults."

usually Candida albicans and other Candida species,Candidiasis (Moniliasis; Thrush),"oral candidiasis, the person's mouth for white patches and irritation. vaginal candidiasis, vaginal itching or soreness, pain during sexual intercourse",Antifungal medications

"Intestinal disease by Capillaria philippinensis, hepatic disease by Capillaria hepatica and pulmonary disease by Capillaria aerophila",Capillariasis,,

Streptococcus mutans,Dental caries,,

Bartonella bacilliformis,Carrion's disease,"Peripheral blood smear with Giemsa stain, Columbia blood agar cultures, immunoblot, indirect immunofluorescence, and PCR",Fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin) or chloramphenicol in adults and chloramphenicol plus beta-lactams in children

Bartonella henselae,Cat-scratch disease,Polymerase chain reaction,Azithromycin

usually Group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus,Cellulitis,history and physical examination,Penicillinase-resistant semisynthetic penicillin or a first-generation cephalosporin

Trypanosoma cruzi,Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis),"Microscopic examination of fresh anticoagulated blood, or its buffy coat, for motile parasites; or by preparation of thin and thick blood smears stained with Giemsa.",Benznidazole and nifurtimox (though benznidazole is the only drug available in most of Latin America)
Haemophilus ducreyi,Chancroid,Clinical diagnosis,"The CDC recommendation is either a single oral dose (1 gram) of azithromycin, a single IM dose (250 mg) of ceftriaxone, oral (500 mg) of erythromycin three times a day for seven days, or oral (500 mg) of ciprofloxacin twice a day for three days."

Varicella zoster virus (VZV),Chickenpox,"The diagnosis of chickenpox is primarily based on the signs and symptoms, with typical early symptoms followed by a characteristic rash.",Aciclovir

Alphavirus,Chikungunya,"Laboratory criteria include a decreased lymphocyte count consistent with viremia. Definitive laboratory diagnosis can be accomplished through viral isolation, RT-PCR, or serological diagnosis.",Supportive care
Chlamydia trachomatis,Chlamydia,"Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transcription mediated amplification (TMA), and the DNA strand displacement amplification (SDA)","azithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, levofloxacin or ofloxacin"
Chlamydophila pneumoniae,Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection (Taiwan acute respiratory agent or TWAR),,
Vibrio cholerae,Cholera,A rapid dipstick test is available.,oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

usually Fonsecaea pedrosoi,Chromoblastomycosis,microscopy (KOH scrapings),"Itraconazole, an antifungal azole, is given orally, with or without flucytosine."

Batrachochytrium dendrabatidis,Chytridiomycosis,,

Clonorchis sinensis,Clonorchiasis,,

Clostridium difficile,Clostridium difficile colitis,"Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, cytotoxicity assay, toxin ELISA",Vancomycin or fidaxomicin by mouth

Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii,Coccidioidomycosis,,

Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV),Colorado tick fever (CTF),,

usually rhinoviruses and coronaviruses,Common cold (Acute viral rhinopharyngitis; Acute coryza),Based on symptoms,Supportive care

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),,

Coxsackie B virus,Coxsackie B virus infection,Enterovirus infection is diagnosed mainly via serological tests such as ELISA and from cell culture.,There is no well-accepted treatment for the Coxsackie B group of viruses.

PRNP,Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD),,

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus,Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF),,

Cryptococcus neoformans,Cryptococcosis,India ink of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),Intravenous Amphotericin B combined with flucytosine by mouth

Cryptosporidium species,Cryptosporidiosis,,

usually Ancylostoma braziliense; multiple other parasites,Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM),,

Cyclospora cayetanensis,Cyclosporiasis,,

Taenia solium,Cysticercosis,,

Cytomegalovirus,Cytomegalovirus infection,"Blood and urine tests, biopsy","Cidofovir, foscarnet, ganciclovir, valganciclovir"

"Dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) – Flaviviruses",Dengue fever,Clinical diagnosis,Treatment depends on the symptoms.

Green algae Desmodesmus armatus,Desmodesmus infection,,

Dientamoeba fragilis,Dientamoebiasis,,

Corynebacterium diphtheriae,Diphtheria,"Laboratory criteria Isolation of C. diphtheriae culture
 Histopathologic diagnosis
 Toxin demonstration 
 In vivo tests (guinea pig inoculation)
 In vitro test: Elek's gel precipitation test, PCR, ELISA, ICA
 Clinical criteria 
 URT illness with sore throat
 Low-grade fever
 An adherent, dense, grey pseudomembrane covering the posterior aspect of the pharynx","Metronidazole, Erythromycin, Procaine penicillin G"

Diphyllobothrium,Diphyllobothriasis,,

Dracunculus medinensis,Dracunculiasis,,

Eastern equine encephalitis virus,Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE),Blood tests,"Corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, and supportive measures (treating symptoms)"

Ebolavirus (EBOV),Ebola hemorrhagic fever,,

Echinococcus species,Echinococcosis,"Imaging, Serology test",Surgical removal of the cysts combined with chemotherapy

Ehrlichia species,Ehrlichiosis,,

Enterobius vermicularis,Enterobiasis (Pinworm infection),,

Enterococcus species,Enterococcus infection,,

Enterovirus species,Enterovirus infection,,

Rickettsia prowazekii,Epidemic typhus,,

Parvovirus B19,Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease),,

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7),Exanthem subitum (Sixth disease),,

Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica,Fasciolasis,,

Fasciolopsis buski,Fasciolopsiasis,,

PRNP,Fatal familial insomnia (FFI),,

Filarioidea superfamily,Filariasis,,

Clostridium perfringens,Food poisoning by Clostridium perfringens,Stool test,Supportive care

multiple,Free-living amebic infection,,

Fusobacterium species,Fusobacterium infection,,

usually Clostridium perfringens; other Clostridium species,Gas gangrene (Clostridial myonecrosis),,

Geotrichum candidum,Geotrichosis,,

PRNP,Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS),,

Giardia lamblia,Giardiasis,Detection of antigens on the surface of organisms in stool,"Treatment is not always necessary. If medications are needed, a nitroimidazole medication is used such as metronidazole, tinidazole, secnidazole or ornidazole."

Burkholderia mallei,Glanders,,

Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma hispidum,Gnathostomiasis,,

Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Gonorrhea,Gram stain and culture,Ceftriaxone by injection and azithromycin by mouth

Klebsiella granulomatis,Granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis),,

Streptococcus pyogenes,Group A streptococcal infection,Culture,Penicillin

Streptococcus agalactiae,Group B streptococcal infection,Gram stain,Penicillin and ampicillin

Haemophilus influenzae,Haemophilus influenzae infection,Gram stain,"In severe cases, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone delivered into the bloodstream, and for the less severe cases, an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones are preferred."

"Enteroviruses, mainly Coxsackie A virus and enterovirus 71 (EV71)","Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD)","A diagnosis usually can be made by the presenting signs and symptoms alone. If the diagnosis is unclear, a throat swab or stool specimen may be taken.","Medications are usually not needed as hand, foot, and mouth disease is a viral disease that typically resolves on its own."

Sin Nombre virus,Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS),,

Heartland virus,Heartland virus disease,,

Helicobacter pylori,Helicobacter pylori infection,,

"Escherichia coli O157:H7, O111 and O104:H4",Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS),"First diagnosis of aHUS is often made in the context of an initial, complement-triggering infection, and Shiga-toxin has also been implicated as a trigger that identifies patients with aHUS.","Treatment involves supportive care and may include dialysis, steroids, blood transfusions, and plasmapheresis."

Bunyaviridae species,Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS),HFRS is difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds alone and serological evidence is often needed.,There is no cure for HFRS. Treatment involves supportive therapy including renal dialysis.

Hendra virus,Hendra virus infection,,

Hepatitis A virus,Hepatitis A,Blood tests,"Supportive care, liver transplantation"

Hepatitis B virus,Hepatitis B,Blood tests,"Antiviral medication (tenofovir, interferon), liver transplantation"

Hepatitis C virus,Hepatitis C,Blood testing for antibodies or viral RNA,"Antivirals (sofosbuvir, simeprevir, others)"

Hepatitis D Virus,Hepatitis D,Immunoglobulin G,"Antivirals, pegylated interferon alpha"

Hepatitis E virus,Hepatitis E,Hepatitis E virus (HEV),"Rest, ribavirin (if chronic)"

Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2),Herpes simplex,"Based on symptoms, PCR, viral culture","Aciclovir, valaciclovir, paracetamol (acetaminophen), topical lidocaine"

Histoplasma capsulatum,Histoplasmosis,"Histoplasmosis can be diagnosed by samples containing the fungus taken from sputum (via bronchoalveolar lavage), blood, or infected organs.","In the majority of immunocompetent individuals, histoplasmosis resolves without any treatment. Typical treatment of severe disease first involves treatment with amphotericin B, followed by oral itraconazole."

Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus,Hookworm infection,,

Human bocavirus (HBoV),Human bocavirus infection,,

Ehrlichia ewingii,Human ewingii ehrlichiosis,The diagnosis can be confirmed by using PCR. A peripheral blood smear can also be examined for intracytoplasmic inclusions called morulae.,Doxycycline

Anaplasma phagocytophilum,Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA),PCR,Doxycycline

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV),Human metapneumovirus infection,,

Ehrlichia chaffeensis,Human monocytic ehrlichiosis,PCR,Doxycycline

One of the human papillomaviruses,Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection,,

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV),Human parainfluenza virus infection,,

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1),Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection,,

Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta,Hymenolepiasis,Examination of the stool for eggs and parasites,"Praziquantel, niclosamide"

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV),Epstein–Barr virus infectious mononucleosis (Mono),"Diagnostic modalities for infectious mononucleosis include: Person's age, with highest risk at 10 to 30 years.
 Medical history, such as close contact with other people with infectious mononucleosis
 Physical examination, including palpation of any enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, or enlarged spleen.
 The heterophile antibody test is a screening test that gives results.
 Serological tests take longer time, but are more accurate.","Infectious mononucleosis is generally self-limiting, so only symptomatic or supportive treatments are used."

Orthomyxoviridae species,Influenza (flu),"Diagnostic methods that can identify influenza include viral cultures, antibody- and antigen-detecting tests, and nucleic acid-based tests.","Treatment of influenza in cases of mild or moderate illness is supportive and includes anti-fever medications such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen, adequate fluid intake to avoid dehydration, and resting at home."

Orthomyxoviridae species,Influenza (flu),"Diagnostic methods that can identify influenza include viral cultures, antibody- and antigen-detecting tests, and nucleic acid-based tests.","Treatment of influenza in cases of mild or moderate illness is supportive and includes anti-fever medications such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen, adequate fluid intake to avoid dehydration, and resting at home."

Isospora belli,Isosporiasis,Microscopic demonstration of the large typically shaped oocysts is the basis for diagnosis.,Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Japanese encephalitis virus,Japanese encephalitis,"Available tests detecting JE virus-specific IgM antibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid, for example by IgM capture ELISA.",Supportive

unknown; evidence supports that it is infectious,Kawasaki disease,"Based on symptoms, ultrasound of the heart","Aspirin, immunoglobulin"

multiple,Keratitis,,"Infectious keratitis generally requires urgent antibacterial, antifungal, or antiviral therapy to eliminate the pathogen."

Kingella kingae,Kingella kingae infection,,

PRNP,Kuru,Autopsy,None

Lassa virus,Lassa fever,Laboratory testing,Supportive

Legionella pneumophila,Legionellosis (Legionnaires' disease),"Urinary antigen test, sputum culture","Effective antibiotics include most macrolides, tetracyclines, ketolides, and quinolones."

Legionella pneumophila,Pontiac fever,,

Leishmania species,Leishmaniasis,Hematology laboratory by direct visualization of the amastigotes (Leishman–Donovan bodies).,"For visceral leishmaniasis in India, South America, and the Mediterranean, liposomal amphotericin B is the recommended treatment and is often used as a single dose."

Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis,Leprosy,"In countries where people are frequently infected, a person is considered to have leprosy if they have one of the following two signs: Skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with definite sensory loss.
 Positive skin smears.","Rifampicin, dapsone, clofazimine"

Leptospira species,Leptospirosis,Testing blood for antibodies against the bacterium or its DNA,"Doxycycline, penicillin, ceftriaxone"
Listeria monocytogenes,Listeriosis,Culture of blood or spinal fluid,"Ampicillin, gentamicin"
"Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia afzelii",Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis),"Based on symptoms, tick exposure, blood tests","Doxycycline, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime"

Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi,Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis),Microscopic examination of blood,Albendazole with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV),Lymphocytic choriomeningitis,Blood test,Symptomatic and supportive

Plasmodium species,Malaria,"Examination of the blood, antigen detection tests",Antimalarial medication

Marburg virus,Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF),Blood test,Supportive

Measles virus,Measles,"Onset of fever and malaise about 10 days after exposure to the measles virus, followed by the emergence of cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis that worsen in severity over 4 days of appearing. Observation of Koplik's spots is also diagnostic.",Supportive care

Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus,Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS),rRT-PCR testing,Symptomatic and supportive

Burkholderia pseudomallei,Melioidosis (Whitmore's disease),Growing the bacteria in culture mediums,"Ceftazidime, meropenem, co-trimoxazole"
multiple,Meningitis,Lumbar puncture,"Antibiotics, antivirals, steroids"
Neisseria meningitidis,Meningococcal disease,,"Treatment in primary care usually involves intramuscular administration of benzylpenicillin. Once in the hospital, the antibiotics of choice are usually IV broad spectrum 3rd generation cephalosporins."

usually Metagonimus yokagawai,Metagonimiasis,Metagonimiasis is diagnosed by eggs seen in feces.,Praziquantel

Microsporidia phylum,Microsporidiosis,PCR,Fumagillin has been used in the treatment. Another agent used is albendazole.

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV),Molluscum contagiosum (MC),Based on appearance,"Cimetidine, podophyllotoxin"

Monkeypox virus,Mpox,Testing for viral DNA,"Supportive, antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin"

Mumps virus,Mumps,"Antibody testing, viral cultures, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction",Supportive

Rickettsia typhi,Murine typhus (Endemic typhus),Early diagnosis continued to be based on clinical suspicion.,The most effective antibiotics include tetracycline and chloramphenicol.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae,Mycoplasma pneumonia,"Chest X-Ray, Chest CT, blood test","Erythromycin, doxycycline"

Mycoplasma genitalium,Mycoplasma genitalium infection,Nucleic acid amplification test,"Azithromycin, moxifloxacin"

numerous species of bacteria (Actinomycetoma) and fungi (Eumycetoma),Mycetoma,"Ultrasound, fine needle aspiration",Antibiotics or antifungal medication

parasitic dipterous fly larvae,Myiasis,Examination and serologic testing,Petroleum jelly over the central punctum

most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Neonatal conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia neonatorum),,"Antibiotic ointment (erythromycin, tetracycline, or rarely silver nitrate or Argyrol)"

Nipah virus,Nipah virus infection,,

Norovirus,Norovirus,Based on symptoms,Supportive care

PRNP,"(New) Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD, nvCJD)",,

usually Nocardia asteroides and other Nocardia species,Nocardiosis,"chest x-ray to analyze the lungs, a bronchoscopy, a brain/lung/skin biopsy, or a sputum culture.",trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or high doses of sulfonamides

Onchocerca volvulus,Onchocerciasis (River blindness),,

Opisthorchis viverrini and Opisthorchis felineus,Opisthorchiasis,,

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis,Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis),,

usually Paragonimus westermani and other Paragonimus species,Paragonimiasis,,

Pasteurella species,Pasteurellosis,,

Pediculus humanus capitis,Pediculosis capitis (Head lice),,

Pediculus humanus corporis,Pediculosis corporis (Body lice),,

Pthirus pubis,"Pediculosis pubis (pubic lice, crab lice)",,

multiple,Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),"Based on symptoms, ultrasound, laparoscopic surgery","Typical regimens include cefoxitin or cefotetan plus doxycycline, and clindamycin plus gentamicin."

Bordetella pertussis,Pertussis (whooping cough),Nasopharyngeal swab,"erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin"

Yersinia pestis,Plague,"Finding the bacterium in a lymph node, blood, sputum",Gentamicin and a fluoroquinolone

Streptococcus pneumoniae,Pneumococcal infection,Culture,"cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin and moxifloxacin"

Pneumocystis jirovecii,Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP),chest X-ray and an arterial oxygen level,trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

multiple,Pneumonia,"Based on symptoms, chest X-ray","Antibiotics, antivirals, oxygen therapy"

Poliovirus,Poliomyelitis,Finding the virus in the feces or antibodies in the blood,supportive care

Prevotella species,Prevotella infection,,

usually Naegleria fowleri,Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM),flagellation test,"Miltefosine, fluconazole, amphotericin B, posaconazole, voriconazole, targeted temperature management"

JC virus,Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy,"finding JC virus DNA in spinal fluid, brain CT",

Chlamydophila psittaci,Psittacosis,Culture,tetracyclines and chloramphenicol

Coxiella burnetii,Q fever,Based on serology,"doxycycline, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin"

Rabies virus,Rabies,fluorescent antibody test (FAT),Supportive care

"Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia recurrentis, and other Borrelia species",Relapsing fever,blood smear,Tetracycline-class antibiotics

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),Respiratory syncytial virus infection,A variety of laboratory tests,Treatment for RSV infection is focused primarily on supportive care.

Rhinosporidium seeberi,Rhinosporidiosis,,

Rhinovirus,Rhinovirus infection,,

Rickettsia species,Rickettsial infection,,

Rickettsia akari,Rickettsialpox,,

Rift Valley fever virus,Rift Valley fever (RVF),,

Rickettsia rickettsii,Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF),,

Rotavirus,Rotavirus infection,,

Rubella virus,Rubella,,

Salmonella species,Salmonellosis,,

SARS coronavirus,Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),,

Sarcoptes scabiei,Scabies,,

Group A Streptococcus species,Scarlet fever,,

Schistosoma species,Schistosomiasis,,

multiple,Sepsis,,

Shigella species,Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery),,

Varicella zoster virus (VZV),Shingles (Herpes zoster),,

Variola major or Variola minor,Smallpox (variola),,

Sporothrix schenckii,Sporotrichosis,,

Staphylococcus species,Staphylococcal food poisoning,,

Staphylococcus species,Staphylococcal infection,,

Strongyloides stercoralis,Strongyloidiasis,,

Measles virus,Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis,,

Treponema pallidum,"Bejel, Syphilis, and Yaws",,

Taenia species,Taeniasis,,

Clostridium tetani,Tetanus (lockjaw),,

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV),Tick-borne encephalitis,,

usually Trichophyton species,Tinea barbae (barber's itch),,

usually Trichophyton tonsurans,Tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp),,

usually Trichophyton species,Tinea corporis (ringworm of the body),,

"usually Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes",Tinea cruris (Jock itch),,

Trichophyton rubrum,Tinea manum (ringworm of the hand),,

usually Hortaea werneckii,Tinea nigra,,

usually Trichophyton species,Tinea pedis (athlete's foot),,

usually Trichophyton species,Tinea unguium (onychomycosis),,

Malassezia species,Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis versicolor),,

Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes,Toxic shock syndrome (TSS),,

Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati,Toxocariasis (ocular larva migrans (OLM)),,

Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati,Toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans (VLM)),,

Toxoplasma gondii,Toxoplasmosis,,

Chlamydia trachomatis,Trachoma,,

Trichinella spiralis,Trichinosis,,

Trichomonas vaginalis,Trichomoniasis,,

Trichuris trichiura,Trichuriasis (whipworm infection),,

usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Tuberculosis,,

Francisella tularensis,Tularemia,,

"Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, serovar typhi",Typhoid fever,,

Rickettsia,Typhus fever,,

Ureaplasma urealyticum,Ureaplasma urealyticum infection,,

Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii.[41],Valley fever,,

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus,Venezuelan equine encephalitis,,

Guanarito virus,Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever,,

Vibrio vulnificus,Vibrio vulnificus infection,,

Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Vibrio parahaemolyticus enteritis,,

multiple viruses,Viral pneumonia,,

West Nile virus,West Nile fever,,

Trichosporon beigelii,White piedra (tinea blanca),,

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis,Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection,,

Yersinia enterocolitica,Yersiniosis,,

Yellow fever virus,Yellow fever,,

Zeaspora fungus,Zeaspora,,

Zika virus,Zika fever,,

Mucorales order (Mucormycosis) and Entomophthorales order (Entomophthoramycosis),Zygomycosis,,