document/management/Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers conv.txt



International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2014, 4(2), 150-152
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© 2014 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare


Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers

Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore

The manager's come across challenging situations in there day to day working environment. The demanding conditions produces lot of variations in their mood profile, which in turn leads to stress and strain and end up in physical illness. Solution to tackle the mood fluctuation is a need of hour. To evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. A single pre-post pilot study was conducted on seventy seven managers recruited from Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). The negative moods sub-scale of POMS was significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive mood sub-scale improved but there was non-significant. Intense five days yoga based SMETprogram shown enhanced of profile of mood in manages.

Keywords: yoga managers POMS SMET


Organizational performance depends on multi-factors. In corporate sectors major components of human recourses development are entrepreneur, managers, and workers. They play a measure role in the developments of organization/industry/corporate/business worlds. They were commonly met with targets to achieve their goal in deadlines. In the long run unconsciously psychological strain were accumulated which led to hamper individuals' and professional growth. There were many programs which deal with management stress at various institutions using life-style modification, mind-body training, yoga, meditation, Tai-chi, and Qigong technique.
Current  study  explored  the  effect  of  Self-Management  of Excessive  Tension  a  yoga  based  Stress  management  program developed by Swami Vivekanada Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA). The SMETconsists of two major component theory and practical sessions. Detail description of the program is presented in the Table 1.  Previous studies on SMET has shown improvement in emotional well-being (Kumari, Nath, Nagendra, & Sharma, 2007), and general health (Ganpat & Nagendra, 2011). The core practical component of SMET is Cyclic Meditation (CM). CM has been scientifically explored extensively. A review on Cyclic Meditation suggested that single sessions of CM provide deep rest to individual physiological   arousal   measured   through   metabolic   cost   and autonomic arousal (HRV). Further, studies has shown enhancement of attention and memory. Furthermore, CM has shown significant improvement in the quality of sleep (Subramanya & Telles, 2009). Hence, a single armed pre-post study has evaluated the effect of SMETprogram on ONGC managers' profile of mood.
Method

Participants


participation. Calculated sample for current study was fifty four based on previous study. The sample size was calculated based on previous study setting effect size (0.45), alpha = 0.05 and power = 0.95  using  the  G*Power  (a  general  power  analysis  program) 3.1(Faul, Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang, 2009). The sample size of present  study  was  seventy  seven  managers.  Both  the  gender included based on general medical routine health check up by residential doctors. Further those who were unwilling to volunteer for  the  study  were  excluded. The  informed  consent  form  was obtained from them with prior information regarding the study. Each participant read and signed an informed consent document. All procedures  were  reviewed  and  accepted  by  the  appropriate institutional review board. Participants were given questionnaire packets including demographic details and profile of mood state. After participants completed the packet of questionnaires, they were debriefed about the study. Masking has been implemented through not involving researcher in the part of intervention, assessment, scoring and analysis of data.
Interventions
Cyclic Meditation: Cyclic Meditation is vital part of SMET is a 30 minute practice which is very different from any other form of meditation. It comprises of a set of asanas (yogic postures) followed by  relaxation  techniques;  Instant  Relaxation  Technique  (IRT), Quick relaxation Technique (QRT) and Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT). The  key  features  of  cyclic  meditation  are  (i)  postures interspersed  with  relaxation,  (ii)  slowness  in  movements,  (iii) continuity, (iv) inner watchful awareness, (v) feeling of changes in breathing, heartbeat, blood flow and the resonance of sound, and (vi) recognition of linear, surface, three-dimensional and all pervasive awareness.



Seventy  seven  managers  affiliated  to  Oil  and  Natural  Gas Corporation (ONGC), India were recruited for this study. Sample consisted of 10 females and 67 males. Participants age ranged from 29  to  61  years  with  a  mean  age  of  52.25  years  (SD=5.94). Participants  were  not  provided  with  any  incentives  for  their

Correspondence should be sent to Rabindra M.A.
Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore


Table 1: SMETProgram details

SMETTheory

Theory
1.   Introduction to Yoga 2.   Introduction to SMET
2. Concept & Physiology of Stress
3. Stress & it's Release



SMETPractices


Practice session: Cyclic Meditation Instant Relaxation Technique Täòäsana (Tree posture)
Centering in Täòäsana

151	International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2014, 4(2), 150-152


3. Stress & it's Release 4. Executive Growth 5. Group Dynamic
6. SMET& Yoga Therapy Research 7. Integrated Approach of Yoga
therapy
8. Pranayama and Health
9. Yoga for Mastery over Emotion (Bhakti Yoga)
10. Action in Relaxation (Karma Yoga)
11.Concept and Basis of Yoga
(Happiness Analysis)


Ardhakaöicakräsana (Half wheel posture)
Pädahastäsana( Forward bending posture)
Ardhacakräsana (Backward bending posture)
QRT Ustrasana Shashankasana
Deep Relaxation Technique
(DRT)

activity sub-scale (Shacham, 1983; Spinella, 2007).
Data analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 16.0).Data were analyzed using paired 't' test for evaluating the effect of SMET intervention within the group. The results are summarized in Table 2.
Results

Profile   of   Mood   State   (POMS):   There   were   significant improvements in the sub-scale profile of mood state in post anger (8.09±3.38) compared to pre anger (9.64±4.24), p<0.001, ES = 0.39, 16.08%); post confusion (6.4±2.86) compared to pre confusion

Variables studied
Profile of Mood State: Profile of Mood States (POMS) test, which has been used extensively to measure mood states in a variety of situations. The POMS test consists of 37 adjectives describing mood, rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The POMS is divided into 6 factors describing six mood dimensions  that  include:  tension,  depression,  anger,  fatigue, confusion, and vigor. Following standard procedure, general distress was calculated by summing scores on the tension, depression, anger,
fatigue, and confusion subscales and subtracting scores on the vigor-

(8±3.62), p<0.001, ES = 0.45, 20%); post depression (9.23±3.61) compared to pre depression (10.71±3.98), p<0.001, ES = 0.33, 13.82%); post fatigue (6.31±2.87) compared to pre fatigue (8±3.69), p = 0.005, ES = 0.46, 21.13%); post tension (8±3.37) compared to pre tension (10.25±4.16), p<0.001, ES = 0.46, 21.95%); post vigor (20.42±6.69) compared to pre vigor (18.91±5.6), p=0.133, ES = -0.21,  -7.99%);  post  Tmp  (38.04±14.6)  compared  to  pre  Tmp (46.6±17.1), p<0.001, ES = 0.48, 18.37%); post Tem variation (17.62±14.52)  compared  to  pre  Tem  Variation  (27.69±17.29), p<0.001, ES = 0.61, 36.37%).


Table 2: Mean±SD of pre and post Profile of Mood State
Variable	PRE	POST	n	ES	Percentage   p value


Anger Confusion Depression Fatigue Tension Vigor
Tmp
Tem variation

9.64±4.24 8±3.62 10.71±3.98 8±3.69 10.25±4.16 18.91±5.6 46.6±17.1
27.69±17.29

8.09±3.38***         77             0.39 6.4±2.86***           77             0.45 9.23±3.61**           77             0.33 6.31±2.87***         77             0.46 8±3.37***              77             0.46 20.42±6.69             77             -0.21 38.04±14.6***       77             0.48
17.62±14.52***	77	0.61

16.08	<0.001 20.00	<0.001 13.82              0.005 21.13	<0.001 21.95	<0.001 -7.99             0.067 18.37	<0.001
36.37	<0.001

Legend: Profile of Mood State (POMS).
***p< 0.001, paired t-test; post score compared with respective pre score.















Fig. 2. Comparison of six scales of the POMS Pre and post SMET program. Blue bar, five negative moods and one positive mood pre SMET program; red bar, five negative moods post SMET program; green bar, one positive mood post SMETprogram. Significance was found in POMS scales of anger (A), confusion (C), depression (D), fatigue  (F),  tension  (T)  post  SMET  program.  No  significant difference was found in POMS scale V(vigor) post SMETprogram.

Discussion
Few   published   studies   have   explored   the   effect   of   Stress management and Integrated yoga technique in executive (Adhia, Nagendra, & Mahadevan, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c). The present study shown that a short duration intense yoga based self-management of excessive tension has enhanced the mood state of ONGC manager. The study found significant reduction in five negative mood sub-scale measures of POMS. Current study was in line with previous study evaluated the effect of short duration of meditation training program, Forty Chinese students had participated in a 5 days of meditation practice with the integrative body-mind training for 20-min(Tang, et al., 2007) shown enhancement of mood. Further, four training sessions of meditation has showed improvement on the POMS scale (Zeidan, Johnson, Diamond, David, & Goolkasian, 2010).
The implications of these findings will help for policy making. Hence with support of scientific investigation on effect of SMETon profile  of  mood  state  give  better  understating  and  to  manage
excessive stress of a managers.

RABINDRA ETAL./ EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM YOGA BASED STRESS	152


There are some limitations to this study that need to be considered. The sample consisting entirely ONGC managers only from a large public sector unit may limit the generalization. Further, there was no control group and only subjective variables were measured, short term in a residential set-up. Future research should examine our findings in more diverse populations. Further self-report measures may  be  compromised  by  response  biases.  Future  work  should explore on large sample size with a follow up and the use of comprehensive behavioral and physiological measures of mood. Despite these limitations, the present study confirmed our primary hypothesis; five days of intense SMET program enhances profile of Mood. Future exploration is necessary to reconnoiter the outcome of SMETprogram with randomized control trial.

References
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