.venv/Lib/site-packages/huggingface_hub/_upload_large_folder.py

# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2024-present, the HuggingFace Inc. team.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import enum
import logging
import os
import queue
import shutil
import sys
import threading
import time
import traceback
from datetime import datetime
from pathlib import Path
from threading import Lock
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
from urllib.parse import quote

from . import constants
from ._commit_api import CommitOperationAdd, UploadInfo, _fetch_upload_modes
from ._local_folder import LocalUploadFileMetadata, LocalUploadFilePaths, get_local_upload_paths, read_upload_metadata
from .constants import DEFAULT_REVISION, REPO_TYPES
from .utils import DEFAULT_IGNORE_PATTERNS, filter_repo_objects, tqdm
from .utils._cache_manager import _format_size
from .utils._runtime import is_xet_available
from .utils.sha import sha_fileobj


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from .hf_api import HfApi

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

WAITING_TIME_IF_NO_TASKS = 10  # seconds
MAX_NB_FILES_FETCH_UPLOAD_MODE = 100
COMMIT_SIZE_SCALE: List[int] = [20, 50, 75, 100, 125, 200, 250, 400, 600, 1000]

UPLOAD_BATCH_SIZE_XET = 256  # Max 256 files per upload batch for XET-enabled repos
UPLOAD_BATCH_SIZE_LFS = 1  # Otherwise, batches of 1 for regular LFS upload

# Repository limits (from https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/repositories-recommendations)
MAX_FILES_PER_REPO = 100_000  # Recommended maximum number of files per repository
MAX_FILES_PER_FOLDER = 10_000  # Recommended maximum number of files per folder
MAX_FILE_SIZE_GB = 50  # Hard limit for individual file size
RECOMMENDED_FILE_SIZE_GB = 20  # Recommended maximum for individual file size


def _validate_upload_limits(paths_list: List[LocalUploadFilePaths]) -> None:
    """
    Validate upload against repository limits and warn about potential issues.

    Args:
        paths_list: List of file paths to be uploaded

    Warns about:
        - Too many files in the repository (>100k)
        - Too many entries (files or subdirectories) in a single folder (>10k)
        - Files exceeding size limits (>20GB recommended, >50GB hard limit)
    """
    logger.info("Running validation checks on files to upload...")

    # Check 1: Total file count
    if len(paths_list) > MAX_FILES_PER_REPO:
        logger.warning(
            f"You are about to upload {len(paths_list):,} files. "
            f"This exceeds the recommended limit of {MAX_FILES_PER_REPO:,} files per repository.\n"
            f"Consider:\n"
            f"  - Splitting your data into multiple repositories\n"
            f"  - Using fewer, larger files (e.g., parquet files)\n"
            f"  - See: https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/repositories-recommendations"
        )

    # Check 2: Files and subdirectories per folder
    # Track immediate children (files and subdirs) for each folder
    from collections import defaultdict

    entries_per_folder: Dict[str, Any] = defaultdict(lambda: {"files": 0, "subdirs": set()})

    for paths in paths_list:
        path = Path(paths.path_in_repo)
        parts = path.parts

        # Count this file in its immediate parent directory
        parent = str(path.parent) if str(path.parent) != "." else "."
        entries_per_folder[parent]["files"] += 1

        # Track immediate subdirectories for each parent folder
        # Walk through the path components to track parent-child relationships
        for i, child in enumerate(parts[:-1]):
            parent = "." if i == 0 else "/".join(parts[:i])
            entries_per_folder[parent]["subdirs"].add(child)

    # Check limits for each folder
    for folder, data in entries_per_folder.items():
        file_count = data["files"]
        subdir_count = len(data["subdirs"])
        total_entries = file_count + subdir_count

        if total_entries > MAX_FILES_PER_FOLDER:
            folder_display = "root" if folder == "." else folder
            logger.warning(
                f"Folder '{folder_display}' contains {total_entries:,} entries "
                f"({file_count:,} files and {subdir_count:,} subdirectories). "
                f"This exceeds the recommended {MAX_FILES_PER_FOLDER:,} entries per folder.\n"
                "Consider reorganising into sub-folders."
            )

    # Check 3: File sizes
    large_files = []
    very_large_files = []

    for paths in paths_list:
        size = paths.file_path.stat().st_size
        size_gb = size / 1_000_000_000  # Use decimal GB as per Hub limits

        if size_gb > MAX_FILE_SIZE_GB:
            very_large_files.append((paths.path_in_repo, size_gb))
        elif size_gb > RECOMMENDED_FILE_SIZE_GB:
            large_files.append((paths.path_in_repo, size_gb))

    # Warn about very large files (>50GB)
    if very_large_files:
        files_str = "\n  - ".join(f"{path}: {size:.1f}GB" for path, size in very_large_files[:5])
        more_str = f"\n  ... and {len(very_large_files) - 5} more files" if len(very_large_files) > 5 else ""
        logger.warning(
            f"Found {len(very_large_files)} files exceeding the {MAX_FILE_SIZE_GB}GB hard limit:\n"
            f"  - {files_str}{more_str}\n"
            f"These files may fail to upload. Consider splitting them into smaller chunks."
        )

    # Warn about large files (>20GB)
    if large_files:
        files_str = "\n  - ".join(f"{path}: {size:.1f}GB" for path, size in large_files[:5])
        more_str = f"\n  ... and {len(large_files) - 5} more files" if len(large_files) > 5 else ""
        logger.warning(
            f"Found {len(large_files)} files larger than {RECOMMENDED_FILE_SIZE_GB}GB (recommended limit):\n"
            f"  - {files_str}{more_str}\n"
            f"Large files may slow down loading and processing."
        )

    logger.info("Validation checks complete.")


def upload_large_folder_internal(
    api: "HfApi",
    repo_id: str,
    folder_path: Union[str, Path],
    *,
    repo_type: str,  # Repo type is required!
    revision: Optional[str] = None,
    private: Optional[bool] = None,
    allow_patterns: Optional[Union[List[str], str]] = None,
    ignore_patterns: Optional[Union[List[str], str]] = None,
    num_workers: Optional[int] = None,
    print_report: bool = True,
    print_report_every: int = 60,
):
    """Upload a large folder to the Hub in the most resilient way possible.

    See [`HfApi.upload_large_folder`] for the full documentation.
    """
    # 1. Check args and setup
    if repo_type is None:
        raise ValueError(
            "For large uploads, `repo_type` is explicitly required. Please set it to `model`, `dataset` or `space`."
            " If you are using the CLI, pass it as `--repo-type=model`."
        )
    if repo_type not in REPO_TYPES:
        raise ValueError(f"Invalid repo type, must be one of {REPO_TYPES}")
    if revision is None:
        revision = DEFAULT_REVISION

    folder_path = Path(folder_path).expanduser().resolve()
    if not folder_path.is_dir():
        raise ValueError(f"Provided path: '{folder_path}' is not a directory")

    if ignore_patterns is None:
        ignore_patterns = []
    elif isinstance(ignore_patterns, str):
        ignore_patterns = [ignore_patterns]
    ignore_patterns += DEFAULT_IGNORE_PATTERNS

    if num_workers is None:
        nb_cores = os.cpu_count() or 1
        num_workers = max(nb_cores - 2, 2)  # Use all but 2 cores, or at least 2 cores

    # 2. Create repo if missing
    repo_url = api.create_repo(repo_id=repo_id, repo_type=repo_type, private=private, exist_ok=True)
    logger.info(f"Repo created: {repo_url}")
    repo_id = repo_url.repo_id
    # 2.1 Check if xet is enabled to set batch file upload size
    is_xet_enabled = (
        is_xet_available()
        and api.repo_info(
            repo_id=repo_id,
            repo_type=repo_type,
            revision=revision,
            expand="xetEnabled",
        ).xet_enabled
    )
    upload_batch_size = UPLOAD_BATCH_SIZE_XET if is_xet_enabled else UPLOAD_BATCH_SIZE_LFS

    # 3. List files to upload
    filtered_paths_list = filter_repo_objects(
        (path.relative_to(folder_path).as_posix() for path in folder_path.glob("**/*") if path.is_file()),
        allow_patterns=allow_patterns,
        ignore_patterns=ignore_patterns,
    )
    paths_list = [get_local_upload_paths(folder_path, relpath) for relpath in filtered_paths_list]
    logger.info(f"Found {len(paths_list)} candidate files to upload")

    # Validate upload against repository limits
    _validate_upload_limits(paths_list)

    logger.info("Starting upload...")

    # Read metadata for each file
    items = [
        (paths, read_upload_metadata(folder_path, paths.path_in_repo))
        for paths in tqdm(paths_list, desc="Recovering from metadata files")
    ]

    # 4. Start workers
    status = LargeUploadStatus(items, upload_batch_size)
    threads = [
        threading.Thread(
            target=_worker_job,
            kwargs={
                "status": status,
                "api": api,
                "repo_id": repo_id,
                "repo_type": repo_type,
                "revision": revision,
            },
        )
        for _ in range(num_workers)
    ]

    for thread in threads:
        thread.start()

    # 5. Print regular reports
    if print_report:
        print("\n\n" + status.current_report())
    last_report_ts = time.time()
    while True:
        time.sleep(1)
        if time.time() - last_report_ts >= print_report_every:
            if print_report:
                _print_overwrite(status.current_report())
            last_report_ts = time.time()
        if status.is_done():
            logging.info("Is done: exiting main loop")
            break

    for thread in threads:
        thread.join()

    logger.info(status.current_report())
    logging.info("Upload is complete!")


####################
# Logic to manage workers and synchronize tasks
####################


class WorkerJob(enum.Enum):
    SHA256 = enum.auto()
    GET_UPLOAD_MODE = enum.auto()
    PREUPLOAD_LFS = enum.auto()
    COMMIT = enum.auto()
    WAIT = enum.auto()  # if no tasks are available but we don't want to exit


JOB_ITEM_T = Tuple[LocalUploadFilePaths, LocalUploadFileMetadata]


class LargeUploadStatus:
    """Contains information, queues and tasks for a large upload process."""

    def __init__(self, items: List[JOB_ITEM_T], upload_batch_size: int = 1):
        self.items = items
        self.queue_sha256: "queue.Queue[JOB_ITEM_T]" = queue.Queue()
        self.queue_get_upload_mode: "queue.Queue[JOB_ITEM_T]" = queue.Queue()
        self.queue_preupload_lfs: "queue.Queue[JOB_ITEM_T]" = queue.Queue()
        self.queue_commit: "queue.Queue[JOB_ITEM_T]" = queue.Queue()
        self.lock = Lock()

        self.nb_workers_sha256: int = 0
        self.nb_workers_get_upload_mode: int = 0
        self.nb_workers_preupload_lfs: int = 0
        self.upload_batch_size: int = upload_batch_size
        self.nb_workers_commit: int = 0
        self.nb_workers_waiting: int = 0
        self.last_commit_attempt: Optional[float] = None

        self._started_at = datetime.now()
        self._chunk_idx: int = 1
        self._chunk_lock: Lock = Lock()

        # Setup queues
        for item in self.items:
            paths, metadata = item
            if metadata.sha256 is None:
                self.queue_sha256.put(item)
            elif metadata.upload_mode is None:
                self.queue_get_upload_mode.put(item)
            elif metadata.upload_mode == "lfs" and not metadata.is_uploaded:
                self.queue_preupload_lfs.put(item)
            elif not metadata.is_committed:
                self.queue_commit.put(item)
            else:
                logger.debug(f"Skipping file {paths.path_in_repo} (already uploaded and committed)")

    def target_chunk(self) -> int:
        with self._chunk_lock:
            return COMMIT_SIZE_SCALE[self._chunk_idx]

    def update_chunk(self, success: bool, nb_items: int, duration: float) -> None:
        with self._chunk_lock:
            if not success:
                logger.warning(f"Failed to commit {nb_items} files at once. Will retry with less files in next batch.")
                self._chunk_idx -= 1
            elif nb_items >= COMMIT_SIZE_SCALE[self._chunk_idx] and duration < 40:
                logger.info(f"Successfully committed {nb_items} at once. Increasing the limit for next batch.")
                self._chunk_idx += 1

            self._chunk_idx = max(0, min(self._chunk_idx, len(COMMIT_SIZE_SCALE) - 1))

    def current_report(self) -> str:
        """Generate a report of the current status of the large upload."""
        nb_hashed = 0
        size_hashed = 0
        nb_preuploaded = 0
        nb_lfs = 0
        nb_lfs_unsure = 0
        size_preuploaded = 0
        nb_committed = 0
        size_committed = 0
        total_size = 0
        ignored_files = 0
        total_files = 0

        with self.lock:
            for _, metadata in self.items:
                if metadata.should_ignore:
                    ignored_files += 1
                    continue
                total_size += metadata.size
                total_files += 1
                if metadata.sha256 is not None:
                    nb_hashed += 1
                    size_hashed += metadata.size
                if metadata.upload_mode == "lfs":
                    nb_lfs += 1
                if metadata.upload_mode is None:
                    nb_lfs_unsure += 1
                if metadata.is_uploaded:
                    nb_preuploaded += 1
                    size_preuploaded += metadata.size
                if metadata.is_committed:
                    nb_committed += 1
                    size_committed += metadata.size
            total_size_str = _format_size(total_size)

            now = datetime.now()
            now_str = now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            elapsed = now - self._started_at
            elapsed_str = str(elapsed).split(".")[0]  # remove milliseconds

            message = "\n" + "-" * 10
            message += f" {now_str} ({elapsed_str}) "
            message += "-" * 10 + "\n"

            message += "Files:   "
            message += f"hashed {nb_hashed}/{total_files} ({_format_size(size_hashed)}/{total_size_str}) | "
            message += f"pre-uploaded: {nb_preuploaded}/{nb_lfs} ({_format_size(size_preuploaded)}/{total_size_str})"
            if nb_lfs_unsure > 0:
                message += f" (+{nb_lfs_unsure} unsure)"
            message += f" | committed: {nb_committed}/{total_files} ({_format_size(size_committed)}/{total_size_str})"
            message += f" | ignored: {ignored_files}\n"

            message += "Workers: "
            message += f"hashing: {self.nb_workers_sha256} | "
            message += f"get upload mode: {self.nb_workers_get_upload_mode} | "
            message += f"pre-uploading: {self.nb_workers_preupload_lfs} | "
            message += f"committing: {self.nb_workers_commit} | "
            message += f"waiting: {self.nb_workers_waiting}\n"
            message += "-" * 51

            return message

    def is_done(self) -> bool:
        with self.lock:
            return all(metadata.is_committed or metadata.should_ignore for _, metadata in self.items)


def _worker_job(
    status: LargeUploadStatus,
    api: "HfApi",
    repo_id: str,
    repo_type: str,
    revision: str,
):
    """
    Main process for a worker. The worker will perform tasks based on the priority list until all files are uploaded
    and committed. If no tasks are available, the worker will wait for 10 seconds before checking again.

    If a task fails for any reason, the item(s) are put back in the queue for another worker to pick up.

    Read `upload_large_folder` docstring for more information on how tasks are prioritized.
    """
    while True:
        next_job: Optional[Tuple[WorkerJob, List[JOB_ITEM_T]]] = None

        # Determine next task
        next_job = _determine_next_job(status)
        if next_job is None:
            return
        job, items = next_job

        # Perform task
        if job == WorkerJob.SHA256:
            item = items[0]  # single item
            try:
                _compute_sha256(item)
                status.queue_get_upload_mode.put(item)
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                raise
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Failed to compute sha256: {e}")
                traceback.format_exc()
                status.queue_sha256.put(item)

            with status.lock:
                status.nb_workers_sha256 -= 1

        elif job == WorkerJob.GET_UPLOAD_MODE:
            try:
                _get_upload_mode(items, api=api, repo_id=repo_id, repo_type=repo_type, revision=revision)
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                raise
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Failed to get upload mode: {e}")
                traceback.format_exc()

            # Items are either:
            # - dropped (if should_ignore)
            # - put in LFS queue (if LFS)
            # - put in commit queue (if regular)
            # - or put back (if error occurred).
            for item in items:
                _, metadata = item
                if metadata.should_ignore:
                    continue
                if metadata.upload_mode == "lfs":
                    status.queue_preupload_lfs.put(item)
                elif metadata.upload_mode == "regular":
                    status.queue_commit.put(item)
                else:
                    status.queue_get_upload_mode.put(item)

            with status.lock:
                status.nb_workers_get_upload_mode -= 1

        elif job == WorkerJob.PREUPLOAD_LFS:
            try:
                _preupload_lfs(items, api=api, repo_id=repo_id, repo_type=repo_type, revision=revision)
                for item in items:
                    status.queue_commit.put(item)
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                raise
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Failed to preupload LFS: {e}")
                traceback.format_exc()
                for item in items:
                    status.queue_preupload_lfs.put(item)

            with status.lock:
                status.nb_workers_preupload_lfs -= 1

        elif job == WorkerJob.COMMIT:
            start_ts = time.time()
            success = True
            try:
                _commit(items, api=api, repo_id=repo_id, repo_type=repo_type, revision=revision)
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                raise
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Failed to commit: {e}")
                traceback.format_exc()
                for item in items:
                    status.queue_commit.put(item)
                success = False
            duration = time.time() - start_ts
            status.update_chunk(success, len(items), duration)
            with status.lock:
                status.last_commit_attempt = time.time()
                status.nb_workers_commit -= 1

        elif job == WorkerJob.WAIT:
            time.sleep(WAITING_TIME_IF_NO_TASKS)
            with status.lock:
                status.nb_workers_waiting -= 1


def _determine_next_job(status: LargeUploadStatus) -> Optional[Tuple[WorkerJob, List[JOB_ITEM_T]]]:
    with status.lock:
        # 1. Commit if more than 5 minutes since last commit attempt (and at least 1 file)
        if (
            status.nb_workers_commit == 0
            and status.queue_commit.qsize() > 0
            and status.last_commit_attempt is not None
            and time.time() - status.last_commit_attempt > 5 * 60
        ):
            status.nb_workers_commit += 1
            logger.debug("Job: commit (more than 5 minutes since last commit attempt)")
            return (WorkerJob.COMMIT, _get_n(status.queue_commit, status.target_chunk()))

        # 2. Commit if at least 100 files are ready to commit
        elif status.nb_workers_commit == 0 and status.queue_commit.qsize() >= 150:
            status.nb_workers_commit += 1
            logger.debug("Job: commit (>100 files ready)")
            return (WorkerJob.COMMIT, _get_n(status.queue_commit, status.target_chunk()))

        # 3. Get upload mode if at least 100 files
        elif status.queue_get_upload_mode.qsize() >= MAX_NB_FILES_FETCH_UPLOAD_MODE:
            status.nb_workers_get_upload_mode += 1
            logger.debug(f"Job: get upload mode (>{MAX_NB_FILES_FETCH_UPLOAD_MODE} files ready)")
            return (WorkerJob.GET_UPLOAD_MODE, _get_n(status.queue_get_upload_mode, MAX_NB_FILES_FETCH_UPLOAD_MODE))

        # 4. Preupload LFS file if at least `status.upload_batch_size` files and no worker is preuploading LFS
        elif status.queue_preupload_lfs.qsize() >= status.upload_batch_size and status.nb_workers_preupload_lfs == 0:
            status.nb_workers_preupload_lfs += 1
            logger.debug("Job: preupload LFS (no other worker preuploading LFS)")
            return (WorkerJob.PREUPLOAD_LFS, _get_n(status.queue_preupload_lfs, status.upload_batch_size))

        # 5. Compute sha256 if at least 1 file and no worker is computing sha256
        elif status.queue_sha256.qsize() > 0 and status.nb_workers_sha256 == 0:
            status.nb_workers_sha256 += 1
            logger.debug("Job: sha256 (no other worker computing sha256)")
            return (WorkerJob.SHA256, _get_one(status.queue_sha256))

        # 6. Get upload mode if at least 1 file and no worker is getting upload mode
        elif status.queue_get_upload_mode.qsize() > 0 and status.nb_workers_get_upload_mode == 0:
            status.nb_workers_get_upload_mode += 1
            logger.debug("Job: get upload mode (no other worker getting upload mode)")
            return (WorkerJob.GET_UPLOAD_MODE, _get_n(status.queue_get_upload_mode, MAX_NB_FILES_FETCH_UPLOAD_MODE))

        # 7. Preupload LFS file if at least `status.upload_batch_size` files
        #    Skip if hf_transfer is enabled and there is already a worker preuploading LFS
        elif status.queue_preupload_lfs.qsize() >= status.upload_batch_size and (
            status.nb_workers_preupload_lfs == 0 or not constants.HF_HUB_ENABLE_HF_TRANSFER
        ):
            status.nb_workers_preupload_lfs += 1
            logger.debug("Job: preupload LFS")
            return (WorkerJob.PREUPLOAD_LFS, _get_n(status.queue_preupload_lfs, status.upload_batch_size))

        # 8. Compute sha256 if at least 1 file
        elif status.queue_sha256.qsize() > 0:
            status.nb_workers_sha256 += 1
            logger.debug("Job: sha256")
            return (WorkerJob.SHA256, _get_one(status.queue_sha256))

        # 9. Get upload mode if at least 1 file
        elif status.queue_get_upload_mode.qsize() > 0:
            status.nb_workers_get_upload_mode += 1
            logger.debug("Job: get upload mode")
            return (WorkerJob.GET_UPLOAD_MODE, _get_n(status.queue_get_upload_mode, MAX_NB_FILES_FETCH_UPLOAD_MODE))

        # 10. Preupload LFS file if at least 1 file
        elif status.queue_preupload_lfs.qsize() > 0:
            status.nb_workers_preupload_lfs += 1
            logger.debug("Job: preupload LFS")
            return (WorkerJob.PREUPLOAD_LFS, _get_n(status.queue_preupload_lfs, status.upload_batch_size))

        # 11. Commit if at least 1 file and 1 min since last commit attempt
        elif (
            status.nb_workers_commit == 0
            and status.queue_commit.qsize() > 0
            and status.last_commit_attempt is not None
            and time.time() - status.last_commit_attempt > 1 * 60
        ):
            status.nb_workers_commit += 1
            logger.debug("Job: commit (1 min since last commit attempt)")
            return (WorkerJob.COMMIT, _get_n(status.queue_commit, status.target_chunk()))

        # 12. Commit if at least 1 file all other queues are empty and all workers are waiting
        #     e.g. when it's the last commit
        elif (
            status.nb_workers_commit == 0
            and status.queue_commit.qsize() > 0
            and status.queue_sha256.qsize() == 0
            and status.queue_get_upload_mode.qsize() == 0
            and status.queue_preupload_lfs.qsize() == 0
            and status.nb_workers_sha256 == 0
            and status.nb_workers_get_upload_mode == 0
            and status.nb_workers_preupload_lfs == 0
        ):
            status.nb_workers_commit += 1
            logger.debug("Job: commit")
            return (WorkerJob.COMMIT, _get_n(status.queue_commit, status.target_chunk()))

        # 13. If all queues are empty, exit
        elif all(metadata.is_committed or metadata.should_ignore for _, metadata in status.items):
            logger.info("All files have been processed! Exiting worker.")
            return None

        # 14. If no task is available, wait
        else:
            status.nb_workers_waiting += 1
            logger.debug(f"No task available, waiting... ({WAITING_TIME_IF_NO_TASKS}s)")
            return (WorkerJob.WAIT, [])


####################
# Atomic jobs (sha256, get_upload_mode, preupload_lfs, commit)
####################


def _compute_sha256(item: JOB_ITEM_T) -> None:
    """Compute sha256 of a file and save it in metadata."""
    paths, metadata = item
    if metadata.sha256 is None:
        with paths.file_path.open("rb") as f:
            metadata.sha256 = sha_fileobj(f).hex()
    metadata.save(paths)


def _get_upload_mode(items: List[JOB_ITEM_T], api: "HfApi", repo_id: str, repo_type: str, revision: str) -> None:
    """Get upload mode for each file and update metadata.

    Also receive info if the file should be ignored.
    """
    additions = [_build_hacky_operation(item) for item in items]
    _fetch_upload_modes(
        additions=additions,
        repo_type=repo_type,
        repo_id=repo_id,
        headers=api._build_hf_headers(),
        revision=quote(revision, safe=""),
        endpoint=api.endpoint,
    )
    for item, addition in zip(items, additions):
        paths, metadata = item
        metadata.upload_mode = addition._upload_mode
        metadata.should_ignore = addition._should_ignore
        metadata.remote_oid = addition._remote_oid
        metadata.save(paths)


def _preupload_lfs(items: List[JOB_ITEM_T], api: "HfApi", repo_id: str, repo_type: str, revision: str) -> None:
    """Preupload LFS files and update metadata."""
    additions = [_build_hacky_operation(item) for item in items]
    api.preupload_lfs_files(
        repo_id=repo_id,
        repo_type=repo_type,
        revision=revision,
        additions=additions,
    )

    for paths, metadata in items:
        metadata.is_uploaded = True
        metadata.save(paths)


def _commit(items: List[JOB_ITEM_T], api: "HfApi", repo_id: str, repo_type: str, revision: str) -> None:
    """Commit files to the repo."""
    additions = [_build_hacky_operation(item) for item in items]
    api.create_commit(
        repo_id=repo_id,
        repo_type=repo_type,
        revision=revision,
        operations=additions,
        commit_message="Add files using upload-large-folder tool",
    )
    for paths, metadata in items:
        metadata.is_committed = True
        metadata.save(paths)


####################
# Hacks with CommitOperationAdd to bypass checks/sha256 calculation
####################


class HackyCommitOperationAdd(CommitOperationAdd):
    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
        if isinstance(self.path_or_fileobj, Path):
            self.path_or_fileobj = str(self.path_or_fileobj)


def _build_hacky_operation(item: JOB_ITEM_T) -> HackyCommitOperationAdd:
    paths, metadata = item
    operation = HackyCommitOperationAdd(path_in_repo=paths.path_in_repo, path_or_fileobj=paths.file_path)
    with paths.file_path.open("rb") as file:
        sample = file.peek(512)[:512]
    if metadata.sha256 is None:
        raise ValueError("sha256 must have been computed by now!")
    operation.upload_info = UploadInfo(sha256=bytes.fromhex(metadata.sha256), size=metadata.size, sample=sample)
    operation._upload_mode = metadata.upload_mode  # type: ignore[assignment]
    operation._should_ignore = metadata.should_ignore
    operation._remote_oid = metadata.remote_oid
    return operation


####################
# Misc helpers
####################


def _get_one(queue: "queue.Queue[JOB_ITEM_T]") -> List[JOB_ITEM_T]:
    return [queue.get()]


def _get_n(queue: "queue.Queue[JOB_ITEM_T]", n: int) -> List[JOB_ITEM_T]:
    return [queue.get() for _ in range(min(queue.qsize(), n))]


def _print_overwrite(report: str) -> None:
    """Print a report, overwriting the previous lines.

    Since tqdm in using `sys.stderr` to (re-)write progress bars, we need to use `sys.stdout`
    to print the report.

    Note: works well only if no other process is writing to `sys.stdout`!
    """
    report += "\n"
    # Get terminal width
    terminal_width = shutil.get_terminal_size().columns

    # Count number of lines that should be cleared
    nb_lines = sum(len(line) // terminal_width + 1 for line in report.splitlines())

    # Clear previous lines based on the number of lines in the report
    for _ in range(nb_lines):
        sys.stdout.write("\r\033[K")  # Clear line
        sys.stdout.write("\033[F")  # Move cursor up one line

    # Print the new report, filling remaining space with whitespace
    sys.stdout.write(report)
    sys.stdout.write(" " * (terminal_width - len(report.splitlines()[-1])))
    sys.stdout.flush()