Train with PyTorch Trainer

🤗 Transformers provides a Trainer class optimized for training 🤗 Transformers models, making it easier to start training without manually writing your own training loop. The Trainer API supports a wide range of training options and features such as logging, gradient accumulation, and mixed precision.

Start by loading your model and specify the number of expected labels. From the Yelp Review dataset card, you know there are five labels.

By default, the weights are loaded in full precision (torch.float32) regardless of the actual data type the weights are stored in such as torch.float16. Set torch_dtype="auto" to load the weights in the data type defined in a model’s config.json file to automatically load the most memory-optimal data type.

>>> from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification

>>> model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("google-bert/bert-base-cased", num_labels=5, torch_dtype="auto")

Training hyperparameters

Next, create a TrainingArguments class which contains all the hyperparameters you can tune as well as flags for activating different training options. For this tutorial you can start with the default training hyperparameters, but feel free to experiment with these to find your optimal settings.

Specify where to save the checkpoints from your training:

>>> from transformers import TrainingArguments

>>> training_args = TrainingArguments(output_dir="test_trainer")

Evaluate

Trainer does not automatically evaluate model performance during training. You’ll need to pass Trainer a function to compute and report metrics. The 🤗 Evaluate library provides a simple accuracy function you can load with the evaluate.load (see this quicktour for more information) function:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> import evaluate

>>> metric = evaluate.load("accuracy")

Call compute on metric to calculate the accuracy of your predictions. Before passing your predictions to compute, you need to convert the logits to predictions (remember all 🤗 Transformers models return logits):

>>> def compute_metrics(eval_pred):
...     logits, labels = eval_pred
...     predictions = np.argmax(logits, axis=-1)
...     return metric.compute(predictions=predictions, references=labels)

If you’d like to monitor your evaluation metrics during fine-tuning, specify the eval_strategy parameter in your training arguments to report the evaluation metric at the end of each epoch:

>>> from transformers import TrainingArguments, Trainer

>>> training_args = TrainingArguments(output_dir="test_trainer", eval_strategy="epoch")

Trainer

Create a Trainer object with your model, training arguments, training and test datasets, and evaluation function:

>>> trainer = Trainer(
...     model=model,
...     args=training_args,
...     train_dataset=small_train_dataset,
...     eval_dataset=small_eval_dataset,
...     compute_metrics=compute_metrics,
... )

Then fine-tune your model by calling train():

>>> trainer.train()

Train a TensorFlow model with Keras

You can also train 🤗 Transformers models in TensorFlow with the Keras API!

Loading data for Keras

When you want to train a 🤗 Transformers model with the Keras API, you need to convert your dataset to a format that Keras understands. If your dataset is small, you can just convert the whole thing to NumPy arrays and pass it to Keras. Let’s try that first before we do anything more complicated.

First, load a dataset. We’ll use the CoLA dataset from the GLUE benchmark, since it’s a simple binary text classification task, and just take the training split for now.

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("glue", "cola")
dataset = dataset["train"]  # Just take the training split for now

Next, load a tokenizer and tokenize the data as NumPy arrays. Note that the labels are already a list of 0 and 1s, so we can just convert that directly to a NumPy array without tokenization!

from transformers import AutoTokenizer
import numpy as np

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("google-bert/bert-base-cased")
tokenized_data = tokenizer(dataset["sentence"], return_tensors="np", padding=True)
# Tokenizer returns a BatchEncoding, but we convert that to a dict for Keras
tokenized_data = dict(tokenized_data)

labels = np.array(dataset["label"])  # Label is already an array of 0 and 1

Finally, load, compile, and fit the model. Note that Transformers models all have a default task-relevant loss function, so you don’t need to specify one unless you want to:

from transformers import TFAutoModelForSequenceClassification
from tensorflow.keras.optimizers import Adam

# Load and compile our model
model = TFAutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("google-bert/bert-base-cased")
# Lower learning rates are often better for fine-tuning transformers
model.compile(optimizer=Adam(3e-5))  # No loss argument!

model.fit(tokenized_data, labels)

This approach works great for smaller datasets, but for larger datasets, you might find it starts to become a problem. Why? Because the tokenized array and labels would have to be fully loaded into memory, and because NumPy doesn’t handle “jagged” arrays, so every tokenized sample would have to be padded to the length of the longest sample in the whole dataset. That’s going to make your array even bigger, and all those padding tokens will slow down training too!

Loading data as a tf.data.Dataset

If you want to avoid slowing down training, you can load your data as a tf.data.Dataset instead. Although you can write your own tf.data pipeline if you want, we have two convenience methods for doing this:

• prepare_tf_dataset(): This is the method we recommend in most cases. Because it is a method on your model, it can inspect the model to automatically figure out which columns are usable as model inputs, and discard the others to make a simpler, more performant dataset.
• to_tf_dataset: This method is more low-level, and is useful when you want to exactly control how your dataset is created, by specifying exactly which columns and label_cols to include.

Before you can use prepare_tf_dataset(), you will need to add the tokenizer outputs to your dataset as columns, as shown in the following code sample:

def tokenize_dataset(data):
    # Keys of the returned dictionary will be added to the dataset as columns
    return tokenizer(data["text"])


dataset = dataset.map(tokenize_dataset)

Remember that Hugging Face datasets are stored on disk by default, so this will not inflate your memory usage! Once the columns have been added, you can stream batches from the dataset and add padding to each batch, which greatly reduces the number of padding tokens compared to padding the entire dataset.

>>> tf_dataset = model.prepare_tf_dataset(dataset["train"], batch_size=16, shuffle=True, tokenizer=tokenizer)

Note that in the code sample above, you need to pass the tokenizer to prepare_tf_dataset so it can correctly pad batches as they’re loaded. If all the samples in your dataset are the same length and no padding is necessary, you can skip this argument. If you need to do something more complex than just padding samples (e.g. corrupting tokens for masked language modelling), you can use the collate_fn argument instead to pass a function that will be called to transform the list of samples into a batch and apply any preprocessing you want. See our examples or notebooks to see this approach in action.

Once you’ve created a tf.data.Dataset, you can compile and fit the model as before:

model.compile(optimizer=Adam(3e-5))  # No loss argument!

model.fit(tf_dataset)

Trainer takes care of the training loop and allows you to fine-tune a model in a single line of code. For users who prefer to write their own training loop, you can also fine-tune a 🤗 Transformers model in native PyTorch.

At this point, you may need to restart your notebook or execute the following code to free some memory:

from accelerate.utils.memory import clear_device_cache
del model
del trainer
clear_device_cache()

Next, manually postprocess tokenized_dataset to prepare it for training.

1. Remove the text column because the model does not accept raw text as an input:

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   >>> tokenized_datasets = tokenized_datasets.remove_columns(["text"])

2. Rename the label column to labels because the model expects the argument to be named labels:

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   >>> tokenized_datasets = tokenized_datasets.rename_column("label", "labels")

3. Set the format of the dataset to return PyTorch tensors instead of lists:

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   >>> tokenized_datasets.set_format("torch")

Then create a smaller subset of the dataset as previously shown to speed up the fine-tuning:

>>> small_train_dataset = tokenized_datasets["train"].shuffle(seed=42).select(range(1000))
>>> small_eval_dataset = tokenized_datasets["test"].shuffle(seed=42).select(range(1000))

DataLoader

Create a DataLoader for your training and test datasets so you can iterate over batches of data:

>>> from torch.utils.data import DataLoader

>>> train_dataloader = DataLoader(small_train_dataset, shuffle=True, batch_size=8)
>>> eval_dataloader = DataLoader(small_eval_dataset, batch_size=8)

Load your model with the number of expected labels:

>>> from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification

>>> model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("google-bert/bert-base-cased", num_labels=5)

Optimizer and learning rate scheduler

Create an optimizer and learning rate scheduler to fine-tune the model. Let’s use the AdamW optimizer from PyTorch:

>>> from torch.optim import AdamW

>>> optimizer = AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=5e-5)

Create the default learning rate scheduler from Trainer:

>>> from transformers import get_scheduler

>>> num_epochs = 3
>>> num_training_steps = num_epochs * len(train_dataloader)
>>> lr_scheduler = get_scheduler(
...     name="linear", optimizer=optimizer, num_warmup_steps=0, num_training_steps=num_training_steps
... )

Lastly, specify device to use a GPU if you have access to one. Otherwise, training on a CPU may take several hours instead of a couple of minutes.

>>> import torch
>>> from accelerate.test_utils.testing import get_backend

>>> device, _, _ = get_backend() # automatically detects the underlying device type (CUDA, CPU, XPU, MPS, etc.)
>>> model.to(device)

Great, now you are ready to train! 🥳

Training loop

To keep track of your training progress, use the tqdm library to add a progress bar over the number of training steps:

>>> from tqdm.auto import tqdm

>>> progress_bar = tqdm(range(num_training_steps))

>>> model.train()
>>> for epoch in range(num_epochs):
...     for batch in train_dataloader:
...         batch = {k: v.to(device) for k, v in batch.items()}
...         outputs = model(**batch)
...         loss = outputs.loss
...         loss.backward()

...         optimizer.step()
...         lr_scheduler.step()
...         optimizer.zero_grad()
...         progress_bar.update(1)

Evaluate

Just like how you added an evaluation function to Trainer, you need to do the same when you write your own training loop. But instead of calculating and reporting the metric at the end of each epoch, this time you’ll accumulate all the batches with add_batch and calculate the metric at the very end.

>>> import evaluate

>>> metric = evaluate.load("accuracy")
>>> model.eval()
>>> for batch in eval_dataloader:
...     batch = {k: v.to(device) for k, v in batch.items()}
...     with torch.no_grad():
...         outputs = model(**batch)

...     logits = outputs.logits
...     predictions = torch.argmax(logits, dim=-1)
...     metric.add_batch(predictions=predictions, references=batch["labels"])

>>> metric.compute()