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{ "normal_article_id": 3946593, "normal_article_title": "Tony Brown (Manx politician)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3946593", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3946593-0-0", "normal-3946593-1-0", "normal-3946593-1-1", "normal-3946593-1-2", "normal-3946593-1-3", "normal-3946593-2-0", "normal-3946593-2-1", "normal-3946593-2-2", "normal-3946593-2-3", "normal-3946593-2-4", "normal-3946593-2-5", "normal-3946593-2-6", "normal-3946593-3-0", "normal-3946593-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "James Anthony \"Tony\" Brown OBE (born 5 January 1950) is a Manx politician, former businessman and electrician who was the Chief Minister of the Isle of Man from 2006 until October 2011, when he stepped down from office following his decision to retire.", "Born on 5 January 1950, Brown was educated at Victoria Road Primary, Castletown and Castle Rushen High School and has since been an electrician, being the proprietor of Tony Brown Electrics in Castletown until its closure in 2010.", "He was elected as a member of Castletown Commissioners in 1976, becoming Chairman in 1980 before being elected as the Castletown MHK in 1981 at his first attempt.", "In 2000, he was defeated in his attempt to become Speaker of the House of Keys by David Cannan but instead became the Deputy Speaker.", "Following the 2001 General Election, he was elected Speaker and in January 2002, Deputy President of Tynwald.", "He was re-elected in November 2006 as MHK, beating Roy Redmayne by 915 votes to 335.", "He was again elected Speaker of the House of Keys after the General Election in 2006.", "There was a great deal of rumour that he might run for Chief Minister, but when nominations were put forward his name was not in the list.", "Then followed an unsuccessful round of voting with neither Steve Rodan, John Shimmin or David Cannan being elected.", "Nominations then reopened, with Tony Brown being the only candidate put forward.", "His nomination was confirmed by Tynwald on Thursday, 14 December 2006 receiving 27 votes and the Lieutenant Governor appointed him Chief Minister later in the day.", "He then resigned the Speakership of the House of Keys as required by law.", "Brown was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for public and political service.", "Brown has been married to Rachel (née Smith) since 1979, they have 2 children together and live in Brown's hometown of Castletown." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 288224, "simple_article_title": "James Anthony Brown", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=288224", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-288224-0-0", "simple-288224-0-1", "simple-288224-1-0", "simple-288224-1-1", "simple-288224-1-2", "simple-288224-1-3", "simple-288224-1-4", "simple-288224-2-0", "simple-288224-2-1", "simple-288224-2-2", "simple-288224-2-3", "simple-288224-2-4", "simple-288224-2-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "James Anthony \"Tony\" Brown (born 5 January 1950) is a Manx politician.", "He is the current Chief Minister of the Isle of Man and Member of the House of Keys for Castletown.", "Tony Brown was educated at Castle Rushen and was an electrician.", "He owned \"Tony Brown Electrics\" in Castletown until its closure in 2010.", "He was elected as a member of Castletown Commissioners (town council) in 1976, becoming Chairman in 1980 before being elected as the Castletown MHK in 1981 at his first attempt.", "In 2000, he was defeated in his attempt to become Speaker of the House of Keys by David Cannan but instead became the Deputy Speaker.", "Following the 2001 General Election, he was elected Speaker and in January 2002, Deputy President of Tynwald.", "He was reelected in November 2006 as MHK, beating Roy Redmayne by 915 votes to 335.", "There was a great deal of rumour that he might run for Chief Minister, but when nominations were put forward his name was not in the list.", "There was a round of voting with neither Steve Rodan, John Shimmin nor David Cannan being elected.", "Nominations then reopened, with Tony Brown being the only candidate put forward.", "His nomination was confirmed by Tynwald on Thursday, 14 December 2006 receiving 27 votes and the Lieutenant Governor appointed him Chief Minister later in the day.", "He then resigned the Speakership of the House of Keys as required by law." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1454694, "normal_article_title": "Sundre", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1454694", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1454694-0-0", "normal-1454694-0-1", "normal-1454694-1-0", "normal-1454694-2-0", "normal-1454694-2-1", "normal-1454694-3-0", "normal-1454694-3-1", "normal-1454694-4-0", "normal-1454694-5-0", "normal-1454694-5-1", "normal-1454694-6-0", "normal-1454694-7-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Sundre is a town in central Alberta, Canada.", "It is located in Mountain View County, 100 km northwest from Calgary, along the Cowboy Trail in the Canadian Rockies foothills.", "Sundre takes its name from a town in Norway, the original home of Nels T. Hagen, the town's first postmaster.", "Sundre's first postmaster, Nels T. Hagen, arrived in 1906.", "Sundre incorporated as a village in 1950 and then as a town in 1956.", "In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Sundre recorded a population of 2,729 living in 1,188 of its 1,256 total private dwellings, a % change from its 2011 population of 2,610.", "With a land area of 11.11 km2 , it had a population density of in 2016.", "The Town of Sundre's 2012 municipal census counted a population of 2,695.", "In the 2011 Census, the Town of Sundre had a population of 2,610 living in 1,144 of its 1,738 total dwellings, a 3.4% change from its 2006 adjusted population of 2,523.", "With a land area of 11.16 km2 , it had a population density of in 2011.", "Main industries in the area are petroleum production, forestry, agriculture, and ranching.", "Cultural venues within Sundre include the Sundre Municipal Library and the Sundre & District Pioneer Village Museum, which features \"Chester Mjolsness' World of Wildlife\" exhibit of 150 mounted animals from across the world." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 270344, "simple_article_title": "Sundre, Alberta", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=270344", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-270344-0-0", "simple-270344-0-1", "simple-270344-0-2", "simple-270344-0-3", "simple-270344-0-4", "simple-270344-0-5", "simple-270344-0-6" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Sundre, in Alberta, is a rural town of about 2,000 in population.", "It is a half hour drive east of the Rocky Mountains.", "The mayor of Sundre is Annette Clews.", "Sundre is home to the Pro Rodeo.", "Sundre has one public Kindergarten to grade 8 school called River Valley School with Chinooks Edge School Division.", "And there is one public high school called Sundre High School.", "Sundre became a village in 1950 and a town in 1956." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 26614508, "normal_article_title": "Hideki Nagai", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26614508", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-26614508-0-0", "normal-26614508-0-1", "normal-26614508-0-2", "normal-26614508-1-0", "normal-26614508-1-1", "normal-26614508-1-2", "normal-26614508-1-3", "normal-26614508-1-4", "normal-26614508-1-5", "normal-26614508-1-6", "normal-26614508-1-7", "normal-26614508-1-8", "normal-26614508-1-9", "normal-26614508-1-10", "normal-26614508-1-11", "normal-26614508-1-12", "normal-26614508-1-13", "normal-26614508-1-14", "normal-26614508-1-15", "normal-26614508-1-16", "normal-26614508-1-17", "normal-26614508-1-18", "normal-26614508-2-0", "normal-26614508-2-1", "normal-26614508-2-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hideki Nagai (永井 秀樹 , Nagai Hideki , born January 26, 1971) is a former Japanese football player and manager.", "He is current manager of Tokyo Verdy.", "His younger brother Atsushi Nagai is also a former footballer.", "Nagai was born in Kagoshima Prefecture on January 26, 1971.", "After dropped out from Kokushikan University, he joined Verdy Kawasaki (later \"Tokyo Verdy\") in 1992.", "Although he played many matches as offensive midfielder and the club won the champions 1993, 1994 J1 League, 1992, 1993 and 1994 J.League Cup, he could not become a regular behind Ruy Ramos, Tsuyoshi Kitazawa and Bismarck.", "In 1995, he moved to Japan Football League club Fukuoka Blux.", "The club won the champions in 1995 and was promoted to J1 League.", "In 1996, he moved to Shimizu S-Pulse.", "He played as regular player and the club won the champions 1996 J.League Cup their first title.", "He returned to Verdy in 1997 and he moved to Yokohama Flügels in 1998.", "He played as central player and the club won the champions 1998 Emperor's Cup.", "However the club was disbanded end of 1998 season due to financial strain, he moved to Yokohama F. Marinos in 1999.", "In 2000, he returned to Verdy and played 2002.", "After a year's blank, he joined Oita Trinita in 2004.", "However he could hardly play in the match.", "In 2005, he moved to Regional Leagues club FC Ryukyu.", "The club was promoted to Japan Football League (JFL) end of 2005 season.", "In 2006, he returned to Verdy and he played many matches as substitutes.", "In 2008, he moved to FC Ryukyu again.", "In 2014, he returned to Verdy.", "In November 2016, he announced his retirement end of 2016 season at the age of 45.", "After the retirement, Nagai started coaching career at Tokyo Verdy in 2017.", "He served as a manager for youth team from 2017.", "In July 2019, he became a manager for top team as Gary White successor." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 190483, "simple_article_title": "Hideki Nagai", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190483", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-190483-0-0", "simple-190483-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Hideki Nagai (永井 秀樹, Nagai Hideki, born January 26, 1971) is a Japanese football player.", "He plays for Ryukyu." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 38785, "normal_article_title": "Mariner 10", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38785", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-38785-0-0", "normal-38785-1-0", "normal-38785-1-1", "normal-38785-2-0", "normal-38785-2-1", "normal-38785-2-2", "normal-38785-3-0", "normal-38785-3-1", "normal-38785-3-2", "normal-38785-4-0", "normal-38785-4-1", "normal-38785-4-2", "normal-38785-4-3", "normal-38785-4-4", "normal-38785-4-5", "normal-38785-4-6", "normal-38785-4-7", "normal-38785-4-8", "normal-38785-4-9", "normal-38785-4-10", "normal-38785-4-11", "normal-38785-4-12", "normal-38785-5-0", "normal-38785-5-1", "normal-38785-5-2", "normal-38785-5-3", "normal-38785-5-4", "normal-38785-5-5", "normal-38785-5-6", "normal-38785-5-7", "normal-38785-5-8", "normal-38785-5-9", "normal-38785-6-0", "normal-38785-6-1", "normal-38785-6-2", "normal-38785-6-3", "normal-38785-6-4", "normal-38785-6-5", "normal-38785-6-6", "normal-38785-6-7", "normal-38785-6-8", "normal-38785-6-9", "normal-38785-6-10", "normal-38785-6-11", "normal-38785-6-12", "normal-38785-7-0", "normal-38785-7-1", "normal-38785-7-2", "normal-38785-7-3", "normal-38785-8-0", "normal-38785-8-1", "normal-38785-8-2", "normal-38785-8-3", "normal-38785-8-4", "normal-38785-8-5", "normal-38785-9-0", "normal-38785-9-1", "normal-38785-9-2", "normal-38785-9-3", "normal-38785-10-0", "normal-38785-10-1", "normal-38785-10-2", "normal-38785-11-0", "normal-38785-11-1", "normal-38785-11-2", "normal-38785-11-3", "normal-38785-11-4", "normal-38785-11-5", "normal-38785-11-6", "normal-38785-11-7", "normal-38785-12-0", "normal-38785-12-1", "normal-38785-12-2", "normal-38785-13-0", "normal-38785-13-1", "normal-38785-13-2", "normal-38785-13-3", "normal-38785-13-4", "normal-38785-14-0", "normal-38785-14-1", "normal-38785-14-2", "normal-38785-14-3", "normal-38785-14-4", "normal-38785-15-0", "normal-38785-15-1", "normal-38785-15-2", "normal-38785-15-3", "normal-38785-15-4", "normal-38785-15-5", "normal-38785-15-6", "normal-38785-16-0", "normal-38785-16-1", "normal-38785-16-2", "normal-38785-16-3", "normal-38785-17-0", "normal-38785-17-1", "normal-38785-17-2", "normal-38785-17-3", "normal-38785-18-0", "normal-38785-18-1", "normal-38785-18-2", "normal-38785-18-3", "normal-38785-18-4", "normal-38785-19-0", "normal-38785-19-1", "normal-38785-20-0", "normal-38785-20-1", "normal-38785-20-2", "normal-38785-21-0", "normal-38785-21-1", "normal-38785-21-2", "normal-38785-21-3", "normal-38785-21-4", "normal-38785-21-5", "normal-38785-21-6", "normal-38785-21-7", "normal-38785-22-0", "normal-38785-22-1", "normal-38785-22-2", "normal-38785-22-3", "normal-38785-22-4", "normal-38785-23-0", "normal-38785-23-1", "normal-38785-23-2", "normal-38785-24-0", "normal-38785-24-1", "normal-38785-24-2", "normal-38785-24-3", "normal-38785-24-4", "normal-38785-24-5", "normal-38785-24-6", "normal-38785-24-7", "normal-38785-24-8", "normal-38785-24-9", "normal-38785-25-0", "normal-38785-25-1", "normal-38785-26-0", "normal-38785-26-1", "normal-38785-26-2", "normal-38785-26-3", "normal-38785-26-4", "normal-38785-26-5", "normal-38785-26-6", "normal-38785-26-7", "normal-38785-26-8", "normal-38785-26-9", "normal-38785-26-10", "normal-38785-27-0", "normal-38785-27-1", "normal-38785-27-2", "normal-38785-27-3", "normal-38785-27-4", "normal-38785-27-5", "normal-38785-27-6", "normal-38785-27-7", "normal-38785-27-8", "normal-38785-27-9", "normal-38785-27-10", "normal-38785-28-0", "normal-38785-28-1", "normal-38785-28-2", "normal-38785-28-3", "normal-38785-28-4", "normal-38785-29-0", "normal-38785-29-1", "normal-38785-30-0", "normal-38785-30-1", "normal-38785-30-2", "normal-38785-31-0", "normal-38785-31-1", "normal-38785-31-2", "normal-38785-32-0", "normal-38785-32-1", "normal-38785-33-0", "normal-38785-33-1", "normal-38785-33-2", "normal-38785-33-3", "normal-38785-33-4", "normal-38785-34-0", "normal-38785-34-1", "normal-38785-35-0", "normal-38785-36-0", "normal-38785-36-1", "normal-38785-37-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Mariner 10 was an American robotic space probe launched by NASA on November 3, 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus.", "\"Mariner 10\" was launched approximately two years after \"Mariner 9\" and was the last spacecraft in the Mariner program.", "(Mariner 11 and 12 were allocated to the Voyager program and redesignated \"Voyager 1\" and \"Voyager 2\".)", "The mission objectives were to measure Mercury's environment, atmosphere, surface, and body characteristics and to make similar investigations of Venus.", "Secondary objectives were to perform experiments in the interplanetary medium and to obtain experience with a dual-planet gravity assist mission.", "\"Mariner 10\"' s science team was led by Bruce C. Murray at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.", "\"Mariner 10\" was the first spacecraft to make use of an interplanetary gravitational slingshot maneuver, using Venus to bend its flight path and bring its perihelion down to the level of Mercury's orbit.", "This maneuver, inspired by the orbital mechanics calculations of the Italian scientist Giuseppe Colombo, put the spacecraft into an orbit that repeatedly brought it back to Mercury.", "\"Mariner 10\" used the solar radiation pressure on its solar panels and its high-gain antenna as a means of attitude control during flight, the first spacecraft to use active solar pressure control.", "The components on \"Mariner 10\" can be categorized into four groups based on their common function.", "The solar panels, power subsystem, attitude control subsystem, and computer kept the spacecraft operating properly during the flight.", "The navigational system, including the hydrazine rocket, would keep \"Mariner 10\" on track to Venus and Mercury.", "Several scientific instruments would collect data at the two planets.", "Finally, the antennas would transmit this data to the Deep Space Network back on Earth, as well as receive commands from Mission Control.", "\"Mariner 10\"' s various components and scientific instruments were attached to a central hub, which was roughly the shape of an octagonal prism.", "The hub stored the spacecraft's internal electronics.", "The Mariner 10 spacecraft was manufactured by Boeing.", "NASA set a strict limit of $98 million for Mariner 10's total cost, which marked the first time the agency subjected a mission to an inflexible budget constraint.", "No overruns would be tolerated, so mission planners carefully considered cost efficiency when designing the spacecraft's instruments.", "Cost control was primarily accomplished by executing contract work closer to the launch date than was recommended by normal mission schedules, as reducing the length of available work time increased cost efficiency.", "Despite the rushed schedule, very few deadlines were missed.", "The mission ended up about $1 million under budget.", "Attitude control is needed to keep a spacecraft's instruments and antennas aimed in the correct direction.", "During course maneuvers, a spacecraft may need to rotate so that its rocket faces the proper direction before being fired.", "\"Mariner 10\" determined its attitude using two optical sensors, one pointed at the Sun, and the other at a bright star, usually Canopus; additionally, the probe's three gyroscopes provided a second option for calculating the attitude.", "Nitrogen gas thrusters were used to adjust \"Mariner 10\"s orientation along three axes.", "The spacecraft's electronics were intricate and complex: it contained over 32,000 pieces of circuitry, of which resistors, capacitors, diodes, microcircuits, and transistors were the most common devices.", "Commands for the instruments could be stored on \"Mariner 10\"s computer, but were limited to 512 words.", "The rest had to be broadcast by the Mission Sequence Working Group from Earth.", "Supplying the spacecraft components with power required modifying the electrical output of the solar panels.", "The power subsystem used two redundant sets of circuitry, each containing a booster regulator and an inverter, to convert the panels' DC output to AC and alter the voltage to the necessary level.", "The subsystem could store up to 20 ampere hours of electricity on a 39 volt nickel-cadmium battery.", "The flyby past Mercury posed major technical challenges for scientists to overcome.", "Due to Mercury's proximity to the Sun, \"Mariner 10\" would have to endure 4.5 times more solar radiation than when it departed Earth—compared to previous Mariner missions, spacecraft parts needed extra shielding against the heat.", "Thermal blankets and a sunshade were installed on the main body.", "After evaluating different choices for the sunshade cloth material, mission planners chose beta cloth, a combination of aluminized Kapton and glass-fiber sheets treated with Teflon.", "However, solar shielding was unfeasible for some of \"Mariner 10\"' s other components.", "\"Mariner 10\"' s two solar panels needed to be kept under 115 °C.", "Covering the panels would defeat their purpose of producing electricity.", "The solution was to add an adjustable tilt to the panels, so the angle at which they faced the sun could be changed.", "Engineers considered folding the panels toward each other, making a V-shape with the main body, but tests found this approach had the potential to overheat the rest of the spacecraft.", "The alternative chosen was to mount the solar panels in a line and tilt them along that axis, which had the added benefit of increasing the efficiency of the spacecraft's nitrogen jet thrusters, which could now be placed on the panel tips.", "The panels could be rotated a maximum of 76 degrees.", "Additionally, \"Mariner 10\"' s hydrazine rocket nozzle had to face the Sun to function properly, but scientists rejected covering the nozzle with a thermal door as an undependable solution.", "Instead, a special paint was applied to exposed parts on the rocket so as to reduce heat flow from the nozzle to the delicate instruments on the spacecraft.", "Accurately performing the gravity assist at Venus posed another hurdle.", "If \"Mariner 10\" was to maintain a course to Mercury, its trajectory could deviate no more than 200 km from a critical point in the vicinity of Venus.", "To ensure that the necessary course corrections could be made, mission planners tripled the amount of hydrazine fuel Mariner 10 would carry, and also equipped the spacecraft with more nitrogen gas for the thrusters than the previous Mariner mission had held.", "These upgrades proved crucial in enabling the second and third Mercury flybys.", "The mission still lacked the ultimate safeguard: a sister spacecraft.", "It was common for probes to be launched in pairs, with complete redundancy to guard against the failure of one or the other.", "The budget constraint ruled this option out.", "Even though mission planners stayed sufficiently under budget to divert some funding for constructing a backup spacecraft, the budget did not permit both to be launched at the same time.", "In the event that Mariner 10 failed, NASA would only allow the backup to be launched if the fatal error was diagnosed and fixed—this would have to be completed in the two-and-a-half weeks between the scheduled launch on November 3 and the last possible launch date of November 21.", "(The unused backup was sent to the Smithsonian museum)", "\"Mariner 10\" conducted seven experiments at Venus and Mercury.", "Six of these experiments had a dedicated scientific instrument to collect data.", "The experiments and instruments were designed by research laboratories and educational institutions from across the United States.", "Out of forty-six submissions, JPL selected seven experiments on the basis of maximizing science return without exceeding cost guidelines: together, the seven scientific experiments cost 12.6 million dollars, about one-eighth of the total mission budget.", "The imaging system, the Television Photography Experiment, consisted of two 15 cm (5.9′′) Cassegrain telescopes feeding vidicon tubes.", "The main telescope could be bypassed to a smaller wide angle optic, but using the same tube.", "It had an 8-position filter wheel, with one position occupied by a mirror for the wide-angle bypass.", "The entire imaging system was imperiled when electric heaters attached to the cameras failed to turn on immediately after launch.", "To avoid the Sun's damaging heat, the cameras were deliberately placed on the spacecraft side facing away from the Sun.", "Consequently, the heaters were needed to prevent the cameras from losing heat and become so cold that they would become damaged.", "JPL engineers found that the vidicons could generate enough heat through normal operation to stay just above the critical temperature of -40 °C; therefore they advised against turning off the cameras during the flight.", "Test photos of the Earth and Moon showed that image quality had not been significantly affected.", "The mission team was pleasantly surprised when the camera heaters started working on January 17, two months after launch.", "Later investigation concluded that a short circuit in a different location on the probe had prevented the heater from turning on.", "This allowed the vidicons to be turned off as needed.", "Of the six main scientific instruments, the 43.6 kg cameras were by far the most massive device.", "Requiring 67 watts of electricity, the cameras consumed more power than the other five instruments combined.", "The system returned about 7000 photographs of Mercury and Venus during Mariner 10's flybys.", "The infrared radiometer detected infrared radiation given off by Mercury's surface and Venus' atmosphere, from which the temperature could be calculated.", "How quickly the surface lost heat as it rotated into the planet's dark side revealed aspects about the surface's composition, such as whether it was made out of rocks, or out of finer particles.", "The infrared radiometer contained a pair of Cassegrain telescopes fixed at an angle of 120 degrees to each other, and a pair of detectors made from antimony-bismuth thermopiles.", "The instrument was designed to measure temperatures as cold as -193 °C and as hot as 427 °C.", "Stillman C. Chase, Jr. of the Santa Barbara Research Center headed the infrared radiometer experiment.", "Two ultraviolet spectrometers were involved in this experiment, one to measure UV absorption, the other to sense UV emissions.", "The occultation spectrometer scanned Mercury's edge as it passed in front of the Sun, and detected whether solar ultraviolet radiation was absorbed at certain wavelengths, which would indicate the presence of gas particles, and therefore an atmosphere.", "The airglow spectrometer detected extreme ultraviolet radiation emanating from atoms of gaseous hydrogen, helium, carbon, oxygen, neon, and argon.", "Unlike the occultation spectrometer, it did not require backlighting from the Sun, and could move along with the rotatable scan platform on the spacecraft.", "The experiment's most important goal was to ascertain whether Mercury had an atmosphere, but would also gather data at Earth and Venus and study the interstellar background radiation.", "The plasma experiment's goal was to study the ionized gases (plasma) of the solar wind, the temperature and density of its electrons, and how the planets affected the velocity of the plasma stream.", "The experiment contained two components, facing in opposite directions.", "The Scanning Electrostatic Analyzer was aimed toward the Sun, and could detect positive ions and electrons, which were separated by a set of three concentric hemispherical plates.", "The Scanning Electron Spectrometer was aimed away from the Sun, and detected only electrons, using just one hemispherical plate.", "The instruments could be rotated about 60 degrees to either side.", "By gathering data on the solar wind's movement around Mercury, the plasma experiment could be used to verify the magnetometer's observations of Mercury's magnetic field.", "Using the plasma detectors, Mariner 10 gathered the first \"in situ\" solar wind data from inside Venus' orbit.", "Shortly after launch, scientists found that the Scanning Electrostatic Analyzer had failed because a door shielding the analyzer did not open.", "An unsuccessful attempt was made to forcibly unfasten the door with the first course correction maneuver.", "The experiment operators had planned to observe the directions taken by positive ions prior to the ions' collision with the Analyzer, but this data was lost.", "The experiment was still able to collect some data using the properly functioning Scanning Electron Spectrometer.", "The goal of the charged particles experiment was to observe how the heliosphere interacted with cosmic radiation.", "In connection with the plasma detectors and magnetometers, this experiment had the potential to provide additional evidence of a magnetic field around Mercury, by showing whether such a field had captured charged particles.", "Two telescopes were used to collect highly energetic electrons and atomic nuclei, specifically oxygen nuclei or less massive.", "These particles then passed through a set of detectors and were counted.", "Two fluxgate magnetometers were entrusted with discerning whether Mercury produced a magnetic field, and studying the interplanetary magnetic field between flybys.", "In designing this experiment, scientists had to account for interference from the magnetic field generated by Mariner 10's many electronic parts.", "For this reason, the magnetometers had to be situated on a long boom, one closer to the octagonal hub, the other one further away.", "Data from the two magnetometers would be cross-referenced to filter out the spacecraft's own magnetic field.", "Drastically weakening the probe's magnetic field would have increased costs.", "This experiment investigated the mass and gravitational characteristics of Mercury.", "It was of particular interest because of the planet's closeness to the Sun, large orbital eccentricity, and unusual spin-orbit resonance.", "As the spacecraft passed behind Mercury on the first encounter there was an opportunity to probe the atmosphere and to measure the radius of the planet.", "By observing phase changes in the S-band radio signal, measurements of the atmosphere could be made.", "The atmosphere was assessed as having a density of about .", "Boeing finished building the spacecraft at the end of June 1973, and \"Mariner 10\" was delivered from Seattle to JPL's headquarters in California, where JPL comprehensively tested the integrity of the spacecraft and its instruments.", "After the tests were finished, the probe was transported to the Eastern Test Range in Florida, the launch site.", "Technicians filled a tank on the spacecraft with 29 kg of hydrazine fuel so that the probe could make course corrections, and attached squibs, whose detonation would signal \"Mariner 10\" to exit the launch rocket and deploy its instruments.", "The planned gravity assist at Venus made it feasible to use an Atlas-Centaur rocket instead of a more powerful but more expensive Titan IIIC.", "The probe and the Atlas-Centaur were attached together ten days prior to liftoff.", "Launch posed one of the largest risks of failure for the \"Mariner 10\" mission—Mariner 1, Mariner 3, and Mariner 8 all failed minutes after lift-off due to either engineering failures or Atlas rocket malfunctions.", "The mission had a launch period of about a month in length, from October 16, 1973, to November 21.", "NASA chose November 3 as the launch date because it would optimize imaging conditions when the spacecraft arrived at Mercury.", "On November 3 at 12:45 am Eastern Time, the Atlas-Centaur carrying \"Mariner 10\" lifted off from pad SLC-36B.", "The Atlas stage burned for around four minutes, after which it was jettisoned, and the Centaur stage took over for an additional five minutes, propelling \"Mariner 10\" to a parking orbit.", "The temporary orbit took the spacecraft one-third of the distance around Earth: this maneuver was needed to reach the correct spot for a second burn by the Centaur engines, which set \"Mariner 10\" on a path towards Venus.", "The probe then separated from the rocket; subsequently, the Centaur stage diverted away to avoid the possibility of future collision.", "Never before had a planetary mission depended upon two separate rocket burns during the launch, and even with \"Mariner 10\", scientists initially viewed the maneuver as too risky.", "During its first week of flight, the \"Mariner 10\" camera system was tested by taking five photographic mosaics of the Earth and six of the Moon.", "It also obtained photographs of the north polar region of the Moon where prior coverage was poor.", "These photographs provided a basis for cartographers to update lunar maps and improve the lunar control net.", "Far from being an uneventful cruise, \"Mariner 10\"s three-month journey to Venus was fraught with technical malfunctions, which kept mission control on edge.", "Donna Shirley recounted her team's frustration: \"It seemed as if we were always just patching Mariner 10 together long enough to get it on to the next phase and next crisis.\"", "A trajectory correction maneuver was made on November 13, 1973.", "Immediately afterwards, the star-tracker locked onto a bright flake of paint which had come off the spacecraft and lost tracking on the guide star Canopus.", "An automated safety protocol recovered Canopus, but the problem of flaking paint recurred throughout the mission.", "The on-board computer also experienced unscheduled resets occasionally, which necessitated reconfiguring the clock sequence and subsystems.", "Periodic problems with the high-gain antenna also occurred during the cruise.", "On January 8, a malfunction thought to be caused by a short-circuited diode occurred in the power subsystem.", "As a result, the main booster regulator and inverter failed, leaving the spacecraft dependent on the redundant regulator.", "Mission planners feared that the same problem could recur in the redundant system and cripple the spacecraft.", "In January 1974, \"Mariner 10\" made ultraviolet observations of Comet Kohoutek.", "Another mid-course correction was made on January 21, 1974.", "The spacecraft passed Venus on February 5, 1974, the closest approach being 5,768 km at 17:01 UT.", "It was the twelfth spacecraft to reach Venus and the eighth to return data from the planet, as well as the first mission to succeed in broadcasting images of Venus back to Earth.", "\"Mariner 10\" built upon observations made by \"Mariner 5\" six years earlier; importantly, \"Mariner 10\" had a camera whereas the prior mission lacked one.", "As \"Mariner 10\" veered around Venus, from the planet's night side to daylight, the cameras snapped the probe's first image of Venus, showing an illuminated arc of clouds over the north pole emerging from darkness.", "Engineers initially feared that the star-tracker could mistake the much brighter Venus for Canopus, repeating the mishaps with flaking paint.", "However, the star-tracker did not malfunction.", "Earth occultation occurred between 17:07 UT and 17:11 UT, during which the spacecraft transmitted X-band radio waves through Venus' atmosphere, gathering data on cloud structure and temperature.", "Although Venus's cloud cover is nearly featureless in visible light, it was discovered that extensive cloud detail could be seen through Mariner's ultraviolet camera filters.", "Earth-based ultra-violet observation had shown some indistinct blotching even before \"Mariner 10\", but the detail seen by Mariner was a surprise to most researchers.", "The probe continued photographing Venus until February 13.", "Among the encounter's 4,165 acquired photographs, one resulting series of images captured a thick and distinctly patterned atmosphere making a full revolution every four days, just as terrestrial observations had suggested.", "The mission revealed the composition and meteorological nature of Venus’ atmosphere.", "Data from the radio science experiment measured the extent to which radio waves passing through the atmosphere were refracted, which was used to calculate the density, pressure, and temperature of the atmosphere at any given altitude.", "Overall, atmospheric temperature is higher closer to the planet's surface, but \"Mariner 10\" found four altitudes where the pattern was reversed, which could signify the presence of a layer of clouds.", "The inversions occurred at the 56, 61, 63, and 81 km levels, confirming previous observations made by the \"Mariner 5\" encounter.", "The ultraviolet spectrometers identified the chemical substances that comprise Venus’ atmosphere.", "The elevated concentration of atomic oxygen in the upper atmosphere showed that the atmosphere is stratified into upper and lower layers that do not mix with each other; photographs of the upper and lower cloud layers corroborated this hypothesis.", "\"Mariner 10\"s ultraviolet photographs were an invaluable information source for studying the churning clouds of Venus’ atmosphere.", "The mission researchers believed the cloud features they photographed were located in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, created by condensation; they also concluded that the contrast between darker and lighter features was due to differences in the cloud's absorptivity of UV light.", "The subsolar region was of particular interest: as the sun is straight overhead, it imparts more solar energy to this area than other part of the planet.", "Compared to the rest of the planet's atmosphere, the subsolar region was highly active and irregular.", "\"Cells\" of air lifted by convection, each up to 500 km wide, were observed forming and dissipating within the span of a few hours; some had polygonal outlines.", "The gravity assist was also a success, coming well within the acceptable margin for error.", "In the four hours between 16:00 UT and 20:00 UT on February 5, \"Mariner 10\"' s heliocentric velocity dropped from 82,785 mph to 72,215 mph .", "This changed the shape of the spacecraft's elliptical orbit around the Sun, so that the perihelion now coincided with the orbit of Mercury.", "The spacecraft flew past Mercury three times.", "The first Mercury encounter took place at 20:47 UT on March 29, 1974, at a range of 703 km , passing on the shadow side.", "After looping once around the Sun while Mercury completed two orbits, \"Mariner 10\" flew by Mercury again on September 21, 1974, at a more distant range of 48,069 km below the southern hemisphere.", "After losing roll control in October 1974, a third and final encounter, the closest to Mercury, took place on March 16, 1975, at a range of 327 km , passing almost over the north pole.", "With its maneuvering gas just about exhausted, \"Mariner 10\" started another orbit of the Sun.", "Engineering tests were continued until March 24, 1975, when final depletion of the nitrogen supply was signaled by the onset of an un-programmed pitch turn.", "Commands were sent immediately to the spacecraft to turn off its transmitter, and radio signals to Earth ceased.", "\"Mariner 10\" is presumably still orbiting the Sun, although its electronics have probably been damaged by the Sun's radiation.", "\"Mariner 10\" has not been spotted or tracked from Earth since it stopped transmitting.", "The only way it would not be orbiting would be if it had been hit by an asteroid or gravitationally perturbed by a close encounter with a large body.", "During its flyby of Venus, \"Mariner 10\" discovered evidence of rotating clouds and a very weak magnetic field.", "Using a near-ultraviolet filter, it photographed Venus's chevron clouds and performed other atmospheric studies.", "The spacecraft flew past Mercury three times.", "Owing to the geometry of its orbit – its orbital period was almost exactly twice Mercury's – the same side of Mercury was sunlit each time, so it was only able to map 40–45% of Mercury's surface, taking over 2,800 photos.", "It revealed a more or less Moon-like surface.", "It thus contributed enormously to our understanding of Mercury, whose surface had not been successfully resolved through telescopic observation.", "The regions mapped included most or all of the Shakespeare, Beethoven, Kuiper, Michelangelo, Tolstoj, and Discovery quadrangles, half of Bach and Victoria quadrangles, and small portions of Solitudo Persephones (later Neruda), Liguria (later Raditladi), and Borealis quadrangles.", "\"Mariner 10\" also discovered that Mercury has a tenuous atmosphere consisting primarily of helium, as well as a magnetic field and a large iron-rich core.", "Its radiometer readings suggested that Mercury has a night time temperature of −183 °C (−297 °F) and maximum daytime temperatures of 187 °C (369 °F).", "Planning for \"MESSENGER\", a spacecraft that surveyed Mercury until 2015, relied extensively on data and information collected by \"Mariner 10\".", "In 1975, the US Post Office issued a commemorative stamp featuring the \"Mariner 10\" space probe.", "The 10-cent \"Mariner 10\" commemorative stamp was issued on April 4, 1975, at Pasadena, California.", "Since the backup spacecraft was never launched, it was put on exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 79988, "simple_article_title": "Mariner 10", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=79988", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-79988-0-0", "simple-79988-0-1", "simple-79988-0-2", "simple-79988-0-3", "simple-79988-0-4", "simple-79988-0-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Mariner 10 was a robotic NASA space probe.", "It was launched on November 3, 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus.", "It passed Mercury three times and photographed much of it.", "Mariner 10 is no longer working today but is still orbiting the Sun.", "It was launched about two years after Mariner 9 and was the last spacecraft in the Mariner program.", "Mariner 10 was the first space probe sent to Mercury." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4148375, "normal_article_title": "Vince Boryla", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4148375", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4148375-0-0", "normal-4148375-0-1", "normal-4148375-0-2", "normal-4148375-0-3", "normal-4148375-0-4", "normal-4148375-1-0", "normal-4148375-1-1", "normal-4148375-1-2", "normal-4148375-1-3", "normal-4148375-2-0", "normal-4148375-2-1", "normal-4148375-2-2", "normal-4148375-2-3", "normal-4148375-3-0", "normal-4148375-3-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Vincent Joseph Boryla (March 11, 1927 – March 27, 2016) was an American basketball player, coach and executive.", "His nickname was \"Moose\".", "He graduated from East Chicago Washington High School in 1944.", "He played basketball at the University of Notre Dame and the University of Denver, where he was named a consensus All-American in 1949.", "Boryla was part of the U.S team that won the gold medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.", "Boryla played for the New York Knicks in the early 1950s.", "In 1951, Boryla scored nine points in the inaugural NBA All-Star Game and played in the NBA Finals in 1951 and 1953.", "Boryla did not participate in the 1952 playoffs.", "He later became the Knicks' coach from 1956 to 1958, and had an 80-85 record with them.", "Later in his career, Boryla became the general manager of the American Basketball Association's Denver Nuggets early in their history when they were first the Kansas City ABA team and then the Denver Larks.", "He was also the general manager of the ABA's Utah Stars.", "Boryla later rejoined the Nuggets when the franchise joined the NBA.", "He won the NBA Executive of the Year Award with the Nuggets in 1984.", "Boryla was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame, and in 1984 into the National Polish-American Hall of Fame.", "Boryla died in Denver, Colorado on March 27, 2016 from complications of pneumonia, aged 89." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 537174, "simple_article_title": "Vince Boryla", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537174", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-537174-0-0", "simple-537174-0-1", "simple-537174-1-0", "simple-537174-1-1", "simple-537174-1-2", "simple-537174-1-3", "simple-537174-2-0", "simple-537174-2-1", "simple-537174-2-2", "simple-537174-2-3", "simple-537174-2-4", "simple-537174-3-0", "simple-537174-3-1", "simple-537174-3-2", "simple-537174-3-3", "simple-537174-4-0", "simple-537174-5-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Vincent Joseph Boryla (March 11, 1927 – March 27, 2016) was an American basketball player, coach and executive.", "His nickname was \"Moose\".", "Boryla was born in East Chicago, Indiana.", "He studied at East Chicago Washington High School in 1944.", "He played basketball at the University of Notre Dame and the University of Denver.", "Boryla was part of the U.S team that won the gold medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.", "Boryla played for the New York Knicks in the early 1950s.", "In 1951, Boryla scored nine points in the 1951 NBA All-Star Game.", "He played in the NBA Finals in 1951 and 1953.", "Boryla was not in the 1952 playoffs.", "He later became the Knicks' coach from 1956 to 1958, and had an 80-85 record with them.", "Later in his career, Boryla became the general manager of the American Basketball Association's Denver Nuggets early in their history when they were first the Kansas City ABA team and then the Denver Larks.", "He was also the general manager of the ABA's Utah Stars.", "Boryla later rejoined the Nuggets when the franchise joined the NBA.", "He won the NBA Executive of the Year Award with the Nuggets in 1984.", "Boryla died in Denver, Colorado on March 27, 2016 from complications of pneumonia, aged 89.", "Boryla was added into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame, and in 1984 into the National Polish-American Hall of Fame." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1471350, "normal_article_title": "Fritz Weaver", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1471350", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1471350-0-0", "normal-1471350-0-1", "normal-1471350-0-2", "normal-1471350-0-3", "normal-1471350-1-0", "normal-1471350-1-1", "normal-1471350-1-2", "normal-1471350-2-0", "normal-1471350-2-1", "normal-1471350-3-0", "normal-1471350-3-1", "normal-1471350-3-2", "normal-1471350-3-3", "normal-1471350-4-0", "normal-1471350-4-1", "normal-1471350-4-2", "normal-1471350-5-0", "normal-1471350-5-1", "normal-1471350-5-2", "normal-1471350-5-3", "normal-1471350-5-4", "normal-1471350-6-0", "normal-1471350-6-1", "normal-1471350-6-2", "normal-1471350-7-0", "normal-1471350-7-1", "normal-1471350-7-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Fritz William Weaver (January 19, 1926 − November 26, 2016) was an American actor in television, stage, and motion pictures, perhaps best known for his role as Dr. Josef Weiss in the 1978 epic television drama, \"Holocaust\".", "In cinema, he is best recognized from his debut film \"Fail Safe\" (1964), as well as \"Marathon Man\" (1976), \"Creepshow\" (1982) and \"The Thomas Crown Affair\" (1999).", "Among many television roles, he performed in two seminal projects: the movie \"The Legend of Lizzie Borden\" (1975) and the mini-series \"Holocaust\" (1978), for which Weaver was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award.", "He was further known for his work in science fiction and fantasy, especially in television series and movies like \"The Twilight Zone\", \"'Way Out\", \"Night Gallery\", \"The X-Files\", \"The Martian Chronicles\" and \"Demon Seed\", and also narrated educational TV programs.", "Weaver was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on January 19, 1926, the son of Elsa W. (née Stringaro) Weaver and John Carson Weaver.", "His mother was of Italian descent and his father was a social worker from Pittsburgh with deep American roots.", "His younger sister was art director Mary Dodson.", "Weaver attended the Fanny Edel Falk Laboratory School at the University of Pittsburgh as a child, followed by Peabody High School.", "He served in Civilian Public Service as a conscientious objector during World War II.", "Following the war, Weaver worked at various jobs before turning to acting in the early 1950s.", "His first acting role for television came in 1956 for an episode of \"The United States Steel Hour\".", "Weaver continued to act in television during the next four decades.", "He also appeared in the made-for-TV movies \"The Legend of Lizzie Borden\" (1975) and \"Holocaust\" (1978), earning an Emmy nomination for the latter; the award went to his co-star Michael Moriarty.", "Weaver won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance for the Broadway play \"Child's Play\" (1970).", "His other Broadway credits included \"The Chalk Garden\" (Tony nomination and Theatre World Award win), \"All American\", \"Baker Street\", \"Absurd Person Singular\", \"Love Letters\", and \"The Crucible\".", "He appeared in the off-Broadway play \"Burnt Piano\" for the HB Playwrights Theatre, and with Uta Hagen in a television adaptation of Norman Corwin's play \"The World of Carl Sandburg\".", "Weaver also acted in motion pictures, generally as a supporting player.", "He appeared in such movies as \"Fail-Safe\" (1964; as a jingoist and increasingly unstable U.S. Air Force colonel, ashamed of his foreign-born and alcoholic parents, whom he refers to as \"those people\"), \"Marathon Man\" (1976; as a professor advising the protagonist, a graduate student), \"Black Sunday\" (1977; as the lead FBI agent in an anti-terrorism effort) and \"Creepshow\" (1982); as a scientist who discovers a monster in a crate, and John McTiernan's remake of \"The Thomas Crown Affair\" (1999).", "He also had roles in \"The Day of the Dolphin\" (1973), \"Demon Seed\" (1977), \"The Big Fix\" (1978), and Sidney Lumet's \"Power\" (1986).", "Beginning in 1995, Weaver worked primarily as a voice actor, providing narration for programs on the History Channel.", "After making his third guest appearance on \"Law & Order\" in 2005, Weaver made a \"secret decision to retire\".", "In 2010, Weaver was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.", "Shortly thereafter, he came out of retirement to make an uncredited cameo in \"This Must Be the Place\" (2011), voicing the deceased father of Sean Penn's protagonist.", "He went on to give prominent supporting performances in the Emmy-nominated television film \"Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight\" (2013) and the theatrically-released \"We'll Never Have Paris\" (2014), \"The Cobbler\" (2014) and \"The Congressman\" (2016).", "Weaver's second marriage was to actress Rochelle Oliver in 1997.", "His first marriage ended in divorce.", "He died at his home in Manhattan on November 26, 2016." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 389766, "simple_article_title": "Fritz Weaver", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=389766", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-389766-0-0", "simple-389766-0-1", "simple-389766-0-2", "simple-389766-0-3", "simple-389766-1-0", "simple-389766-1-1", "simple-389766-1-2", "simple-389766-1-3", "simple-389766-1-4", "simple-389766-1-5", "simple-389766-2-0", "simple-389766-3-0", "simple-389766-3-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Fritz William Weaver (January 19, 1926 – November 26, 2016) was an American actor.", "He was known for his guest-star roles in \"The Twilight Zone\", \"Night Gallery\", \"The X-Files\", \"Matlock\", and \"Demon Seed\".", "He was also known for his role as Dexter in \"Creepshow\".", "He won a Tony Award in 1970.", "Weaver was born on January 19, 1926 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "He was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "Weaver studied at Peabody High School.", "He was married to Sylvia Short from 1953 until they divorced in 1979.", "Then he married Rochelle Oliver in 1997.", "Weaver had two children with Short.", "From 1995 until his death, Weaver has worked primarily as a voice actor, providing narration for programs on the History Channel.", "Weaver died at his home in Manhattan on November 26, 2016, aged 90.", "No cause of death was immediately available." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 134946, "normal_article_title": "Salem, South Dakota", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=134946", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-134946-0-0", "normal-134946-0-1", "normal-134946-0-2", "normal-134946-1-0", "normal-134946-1-1", "normal-134946-1-2", "normal-134946-2-0", "normal-134946-3-0", "normal-134946-4-0", "normal-134946-5-0", "normal-134946-5-1", "normal-134946-5-2", "normal-134946-5-3", "normal-134946-5-4", "normal-134946-6-0", "normal-134946-6-1", "normal-134946-6-2", "normal-134946-7-0", "normal-134946-7-1", "normal-134946-7-2", "normal-134946-8-0", "normal-134946-8-1", "normal-134946-8-2", "normal-134946-8-3", "normal-134946-8-4", "normal-134946-9-0", "normal-134946-9-1", "normal-134946-9-2", "normal-134946-10-0", "normal-134946-10-1", "normal-134946-10-2", "normal-134946-10-3", "normal-134946-11-0", "normal-134946-11-1", "normal-134946-11-2", "normal-134946-11-3", "normal-134946-11-4", "normal-134946-12-0", "normal-134946-12-1", "normal-134946-13-0", "normal-134946-13-1", "normal-134946-13-2", "normal-134946-13-3", "normal-134946-13-4", "normal-134946-13-5", "normal-134946-13-6" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Salem is a city in and the county seat of McCook County, South Dakota, United States.", "The population was 1,347 at the 2010 census.", "The current mayor is Robin Rayman.", "Salem was founded in 1880 and named after the postmaster's hometown of Salem, Massachusetts.", "Salem at one time was called Melas ('Melas' is Salem spelled backwards).", "This was to prevent confusion with the now non-existent community of Salena, South Dakota.", "Salem is located at (43.725989, −97.386533).", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.24 sqmi , all of it land.", "Salem has been assigned the ZIP code 57058 and the FIPS place code 57340.", "As of the census of 2010, there were 1,347 people, 567 households, and 362 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1086.3 PD/sqmi .", "There were 667 housing units at an average density of 537.9 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the city was 98.8% White, 0.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.6% from other races, and 0.4% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.", "There were 567 households of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.2% were non-families.", "33.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.90.", "The median age in the city was 44.3 years.", "24.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.4% were from 25 to 44; 23.8% were from 45 to 64; and 25.4% were 65 years of age or older.", "The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 1,371 people, 588 households, and 372 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1,346.3 people per square mile (519.0/km).", "There were 640 housing units at an average density of 628.5 per square mile (242.3/km).", "The racial makeup of the city was 98.69% White, 0.07% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.29% Asian, and 0.51% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.51% of the population.", "Of the 588 households, 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families.", "34.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.6% consisted of a lone resident 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.85.", "In the city, the population was spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 25.7% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 43 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.", "As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $34,500, and the median income for a family was $44,167.", "Males had a median income of $29,350 versus $20,227 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $19,596.", "3.4% of the population and 1.9% of families were below the poverty line.", "2.9% of those under the age of 18 and 4.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.", "Salem, South Dakota is home to one public school and one private school.", "Public school McCook Central teaches students from kindergarten to high school, while Saint Mary's private school teaches kindergarten to eighth grade.", "McCook Central High School had a student to teacher ratio of 13:1 and had 111 students enrolled in the 2013–14 school year.", "The high school's student body makeup for the 2013–14 school year was 49% male and 51% female.", "The public school has been under construction for over a year and its $7.1 million building project will soon be completed.", "The new building will house the middle school and high school students at the school.", "The new building will be replacing the original school which was built in 1924.", "The new school will have a stage, performing arts center, commons areas, classrooms, offices, and bathrooms.", "The most-popular student activities at the public school are FFA, band, chorus, and sports." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 50408, "normal_article_title": "Computer engineering", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50408", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-50408-0-0", "normal-50408-0-1", "normal-50408-0-2", "normal-50408-0-3", "normal-50408-1-0", "normal-50408-1-1", "normal-50408-2-0", "normal-50408-2-1", "normal-50408-3-0", "normal-50408-3-1", "normal-50408-3-2", "normal-50408-3-3", "normal-50408-4-0", "normal-50408-4-1", "normal-50408-4-2", "normal-50408-4-3", "normal-50408-4-4", "normal-50408-4-5", "normal-50408-5-0", "normal-50408-5-1", "normal-50408-5-2", "normal-50408-5-3", "normal-50408-5-4", "normal-50408-5-5", "normal-50408-5-6", "normal-50408-6-0", "normal-50408-6-1", "normal-50408-6-2", "normal-50408-6-3", "normal-50408-7-0", "normal-50408-8-0", "normal-50408-8-1", "normal-50408-8-2", "normal-50408-9-0", "normal-50408-9-1", "normal-50408-9-2", "normal-50408-9-3", "normal-50408-9-4", "normal-50408-9-5", "normal-50408-9-6", "normal-50408-10-0", "normal-50408-11-0", "normal-50408-11-1", "normal-50408-12-0", "normal-50408-12-1", "normal-50408-13-0", "normal-50408-13-1", "normal-50408-13-2", "normal-50408-14-0", "normal-50408-14-1", "normal-50408-14-2", "normal-50408-15-0", "normal-50408-15-1", "normal-50408-15-2", "normal-50408-16-0", "normal-50408-16-1", "normal-50408-16-2", "normal-50408-17-0", "normal-50408-18-0", "normal-50408-18-1", "normal-50408-18-2", "normal-50408-19-0", "normal-50408-19-1", "normal-50408-19-2", "normal-50408-19-3", "normal-50408-20-0", "normal-50408-20-1", "normal-50408-20-2", "normal-50408-21-0", "normal-50408-21-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Computer engineering is a branch of engineering that integrates several fields of computer science and electronic engineering required to develop computer hardware and software.", "Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or electrical engineering), software design, and hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering.", "Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing, from the design of individual microcontrollers, microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design.", "This field of engineering not only focuses on \"how\" computer systems themselves work but also how they integrate into the larger picture.", "Usual tasks involving computer engineers include writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing VLSI chips, designing analog sensors, designing mixed signal circuit boards, and designing operating systems.", "Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors.", "In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior year because the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree.", "Other institutions may require engineering students to complete one or two years of general engineering before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus.", "Computer engineering began in 1939 when John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry began developing the world's first electronic digital computer through physics, mathematics, and electrical engineering.", "John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University and Clifford Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics.", "Together, they created the Atanasoff-Berry computer, also known as the ABC which took 5 years to complete.", "While the original ABC was dismantled and discarded in the 1940s a tribute was made to the late inventors, a replica of the ABC was made in 1997 where it took a team of researchers and engineers four years and $350,000 to build.", "The first computer engineering degree program in the United States was established in 1971 at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.", "s of 2015 , there were 250 ABET-accredited computer engineering programs in the U.S.", "In Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by a variety of agencies part of the EQANIE network.", "Due to increasing job requirements for engineers who can concurrently design hardware, software, firmware, and manage all forms of computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around the world offer a bachelor's degree generally called computer engineering.", "Both computer engineering and electronic engineering programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curriculum.", "As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of mathematics and science is necessary for computer engineers.", "Computer engineering is referred to as computer science and engineering at some universities.", "Most entry-level computer engineering jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in computer engineering (or computer science and engineering).", "Typically one must learn an array of mathematics such as calculus, algebra and trigonometry and some computer science classes.", "Sometimes a degree in electronic engineering is accepted, due to the similarity of the two fields.", "Because hardware engineers commonly work with computer software systems, a strong background in computer programming is necessary.", "According to BLS, \"a computer engineering major is similar to electrical engineering but with some computer science courses added to the curriculum\".", "Some large firms or specialized jobs require a master's degree.", "It is also important for computer engineers to keep up with rapid advances in technology.", "Therefore, many continue learning throughout their careers.", "This can be helpful, especially when it comes to learning new skills or improving existing ones.", "For example, as the relative cost of fixing a bug increases the further along it is in the software development cycle, there can be greater cost savings attributed to developing and testing for quality code as soon as possible in the process, and particularly before release.", "There are two major specialties in computer engineering: hardware and software.", "According to the BLS, Job Outlook employment for computer hardware engineers, the expected ten-year growth from 2014 to 2024 for computer hardware engineering was an estimated 3% and there was a total of 77,700 jobs that same year.", "(\"Slower than average\" in their own words when compared to other occupations)\" and is down from 7% for the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate and is further down from 9% in the BLS 2010 to 2020 estimate.\"", "Today, computer hardware is somehow equal to electronic and computer engineering (ECE) and has been divided into many subcategories; the most significant is embedded system design.", "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), \"computer applications software engineers and computer systems software engineers are projected to be among the faster than average growing occupations\" The expected ten-year growth as of 2014 for computer software engineering was an estimated seventeen percent and there was a total of 1,114,000 jobs that same year.", "This is down from the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate of 22% for software developers.", "And, further down from the 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate.", "In addition, growing concerns over cybersecurity add up to put computer software engineering high above the average rate of increase for all fields.", "However, some of the work will be outsourced in foreign countries.", "Due to this, job growth will not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead go to computer software engineers in countries such as India.", "In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, 2014–24 has an −8% (a decline, in their words) for those who program computers (i.e. embedded systems) who are not computer application developers.", "There are many specialty areas in the field of computer engineering.", "Computer engineers work in coding, cryptography, and information protection to develop new methods for protecting various information, such as digital images and music, fragmentation, copyright infringement and other forms of tampering.", "Examples include work on wireless communications, multi-antenna systems, optical transmission, and digital watermarking.", "Those focusing on communications and wireless networks, work advancements in telecommunications systems and networks (especially wireless networks), modulation and error-control coding, and information theory.", "High-speed network design, interference suppression and modulation, design, and analysis of fault-tolerant system, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this specialty.", "This specialty focuses on compilers and operating systems design and development.", "Engineers in this field develop new operating system architecture, program analysis techniques, and new techniques to assure quality.", "Examples of work in this field include post-link-time code transformation algorithm development and new operating system development.", "Computational Science and Engineering is a relatively new discipline.", "According to the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center, individuals working in this area, \"computational methods are applied to formulate and solve complex mathematical problems in engineering and the physical and the social sciences.", "Examples include aircraft design, the plasma processing of nanometer features on semiconductor wafers, VLSI circuit design, radar detection systems, ion transport through biological channels, and much more\".", "In this specialty, engineers build integrated environments for computing, communications, and information access.", "Examples include shared-channel wireless networks, adaptive resource management in various systems, and improving the quality of service in mobile and ATM environments.", "Some other examples include work on wireless network systems and fast Ethernet cluster wired systems.", "Engineers working in computer systems work on research projects that allow for reliable, secure, and high-performance computer systems.", "Projects such as designing processors for multi-threading and parallel processing are included in this field.", "Other examples of work in this field include development of new theories, algorithms, and other tools that add performance to computer systems.", "Computer architecture includes CPU design, cache hierarchy layout, memory organization and load balancing.", "In this specialty, computer engineers focus on developing visual sensing technology to sense an environment, representation of an environment, and manipulation of the environment.", "The gathered three-dimensional information is then implemented to perform a variety of tasks.", "These include improved human modeling, image communication, and human-computer interfaces, as well as devices such as special-purpose cameras with versatile vision sensors.", "Individuals working in this area design technology for enhancing the speed, reliability, and performance of systems.", "Embedded systems are found in many devices from a small FM radio to the space shuttle.", "According to the Sloan Cornerstone Career Center, ongoing developments in embedded systems include \"automated vehicles and equipment to conduct search and rescue, automated transportation systems, and human-robot coordination to repair equipment in space.\"", "s of 2018 , computer embedded computer engineering specializations include system-on-chip design, architecture of edge computing and the Internet of things.", "This specialty of computer engineering requires adequate knowledge of electronics and electrical systems.", "Engineers working in this area work on enhancing the speed, reliability, and energy efficiency of next-generation very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits and microsystems.", "An example of this specialty is work done on reducing the power consumption of VLSI algorithms and architecture.", "Computer engineers in this area develop improvements in human-computer interaction, including speech recognition and synthesis, medical and scientific imaging, or communications systems.", "Other work in this area includes computer vision development such as recognition of human facial features." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 24970, "simple_article_title": "Computer engineering", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24970", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-24970-0-0", "simple-24970-0-1", "simple-24970-0-2", "simple-24970-0-3", "simple-24970-0-4", "simple-24970-0-5", "simple-24970-0-6", "simple-24970-0-7", "simple-24970-0-8", "simple-24970-0-9", "simple-24970-1-0", "simple-24970-1-1", "simple-24970-2-0", "simple-24970-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Computer engineering is the practice of making computers and their parts.", "Computer engineers are always trying to make new parts smaller and better.", "They can also work on software, especially software for embedded systems (specialized electronics like cell-phones and satellite receivers, not a general-purpose computer).", "Computers are electrical machines that run programs.", "So Computer engineering has parts of both electrical engineering and computer science/software engineering.", "In Computer engineering classes, students learn about the hardware and software of computers.", "This starts with learning how transistors and computer chips are made and how they work (which uses quantum mechanics).", "Then the student learns how the chips talk to each other and how to make a complete printed circuit board (PCB).", "This is the electrical part.", "They also learn how to program the ROM or Flash memory so the computer can do something useful.", "Because Computer engineering is closely related to electrical engineering and computer science, the fields are found in the same department at many universities.", "Students also need to learn fundamental science subjects and mathematics, such as calculus and differential equations.", "Computer engineering is difficult to learn, but computer engineers are needed.", "Software engineering companies, telecommunications firms, designers of digital hardware, and many other companies hire computer engineering majors upon graduation and pay them well." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 7318955, "normal_article_title": "Paul Webley", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7318955", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-7318955-0-0", "normal-7318955-0-1", "normal-7318955-0-2", "normal-7318955-1-0", "normal-7318955-1-1", "normal-7318955-1-2", "normal-7318955-1-3", "normal-7318955-2-0", "normal-7318955-3-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Paul Webley CBE (19 November 1953 – 2 March 2016) was director and principal of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London from 2006 to 2015.", "From 2010 until his death in 2016, he was Deputy Vice-Chancellor of the University of London.", "He was a member of the editorial board of the \"Journal of Economic Psychology\" and a former president of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology.", "Webley received his BSc and PhD from the London School of Economics.", "After a brief period at the University of Southampton he moved to the University of Exeter, where he remained for 26 years, rising from lecturer to professor of economic psychology.", "He was head of the Department and School of Psychology from 1993 to 2003, and from 2003 to 2006 he was one of the university's deputy vice-chancellors (Senior Deputy VC, 2005-6).", "His major research interests were economic socialization, the psychology of money, and the psychology of taxation, though he also worked on environmental psychology and the general issue of the social psychology underlying rule compliance.", "Webley was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to higher education.", "Webley wrote 10 books, 58 chapters in books, 68 journal articles, and more than a dozen papers for newsletters, magazines, and miscellaneous professional and academic publications." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 534700, "simple_article_title": "Paul Webley", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534700", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-534700-0-0", "simple-534700-0-1", "simple-534700-0-2", "simple-534700-1-0", "simple-534700-1-1", "simple-534700-1-2", "simple-534700-2-0", "simple-534700-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Professor Paul Webley CBE (19 November 1953 – 2 March 2016) was a British educator.", "He was the Director and Principal of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London from 2006 to 2015.", "From 2010 until his death in 2016, he served as Deputy Vice-Chancellor of the University of London.", "He was a member of the Editorial Board of the \"Journal of Economic Psychology\".", "He was the former President of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology.", "Webley was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to higher education.", "Webley died in London, England on 2 March 2016 from cancer.", "He was aged 62." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 12009929, "normal_article_title": "Two-Minute Warning", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12009929", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-12009929-0-0", "normal-12009929-0-1", "normal-12009929-0-2", "normal-12009929-1-0", "normal-12009929-1-1", "normal-12009929-1-2", "normal-12009929-2-0", "normal-12009929-3-0", "normal-12009929-3-1", "normal-12009929-4-0", "normal-12009929-4-1", "normal-12009929-4-2", "normal-12009929-5-0", "normal-12009929-5-1", "normal-12009929-6-0", "normal-12009929-6-1", "normal-12009929-6-2", "normal-12009929-7-0", "normal-12009929-7-1", "normal-12009929-7-2", "normal-12009929-7-3", "normal-12009929-7-4", "normal-12009929-7-5", "normal-12009929-7-6", "normal-12009929-8-0", "normal-12009929-8-1", "normal-12009929-8-2", "normal-12009929-9-0", "normal-12009929-9-1", "normal-12009929-10-0", "normal-12009929-10-1", "normal-12009929-11-0", "normal-12009929-12-0", "normal-12009929-12-1", "normal-12009929-12-2", "normal-12009929-12-3", "normal-12009929-12-4", "normal-12009929-12-5", "normal-12009929-12-6", "normal-12009929-13-0", "normal-12009929-14-0", "normal-12009929-14-1", "normal-12009929-14-2", "normal-12009929-14-3", "normal-12009929-14-4", "normal-12009929-14-5", "normal-12009929-14-6", "normal-12009929-14-7", "normal-12009929-14-8", "normal-12009929-14-9" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Two-Minute Warning is a 1976 thriller/action film directed by Larry Peerce and starring Charlton Heston, John Cassavetes, Martin Balsam, Beau Bridges, Jack Klugman, Gena Rowlands, and David Janssen.", "It was based on the novel of the same name written by .", "The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Film Editing.", "An unknown sniper (Warren Miller) positions himself at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum prior to a professional football championship dubbed as \"Championship X\" (Ten) between Baltimore and Los Angeles similar to the Super Bowl.", "He is spotted by a Goodyear Blimp camera.", "Police and SWAT team are immediately called in by the stadium manager Sam McKeever (Martin Balsam).", "Police Captain Peter Holly (Charlton Heston), working with SWAT team Sergeant Chris Button (John Cassavetes), devises a plan to capture the sniper before the conclusion of the game.", "Many of the fans attending the game are introduced.", "They include Steve and Janet (David Janssen and Gena Rowlands), an argumentative middle-aged couple; Stu Sandman (Jack Klugman), a gambling addict; a Catholic priest (Mitchell Ryan), who is a friend of quarterback Charlie Tyler; young married couple Mike and Peggy Ramsay (Beau Bridges and Pamela Bellwood); an elderly pickpocket (Walter Pidgeon) and his young accomplice (Juli Bridges, the then-wife of Beau Bridges); and football fan Al (David Groh), who begins flirting with Lucy (Marilyn Hassett) when he notices her date (Jon Korkes) is more interested in the game than in her.", "The stadium's maintenance director, named Paul (Brock Peters), discovers the sniper's presence and attempts to confront him.", "The sniper strikes Paul with the butt of his rifle, and, undetected by fans, causes Paul to fall several stories, leaving him severely injured.", "SWAT team members position themselves on stadium light towers to take aim on the sniper's nest.", "Mike Ramsay spots the sniper with his binoculars.", "He reports it to the police, but rather than thank him, they question him suspiciously and then physically overpower him.", "Shortly after the game's two-minute warning, the SWAT team is given the green light to go after the sniper.", "Seeing that he is surrounded, the sniper opens fire, shooting randomly into the crowd.", "His shots cause a massive riot in which the panicked fans spill onto the field.", "Many security men, Coliseum personnel, and spectators are killed or wounded.", "Marksmen perched atop stadium light towers fall or hang by their tethers after getting shot.", "Fleeing spectators are crushed or trampled underfoot while rushing towards exit tunnels.", "A few lose their footing while climbing down wall-ivy trestles.", "Steve, Stu, Chris, Peggy, and the pickpocket are among those shot (Chris and Peggy survive).", "Mike escapes from police custody during the riot and is reunited with Peggy and their children once the stadium empties of people.", "Ultimately, the sniper is killed by Peter, Chris, and other members of the SWAT team.", "Searching through his wallet, the officers learn the sniper's name: Carl Cook.", "Cook dies, revealing nothing about his intent.", "Button points out that although they know nothing about Cook, over the next few weeks, the media will discover every irrelevant detail about Cook's life and question why the officers had to kill him.", "When released in 1976, \"Two-Minute Warning\" was promoted as an entry into the disaster film genre, complete with an all-star cast attempting to survive an immense riot created by the sniper.", "Joe Kapp, a former NFL quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings and Boston Patriots, plays Baltimore's veteran quarterback Charlie Tyler.", "The majority of the movie was filmed following the 1975 football season at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.", "The game footage for the full stadium shots of the L.A. Coliseum was from the Pac-8 college football game between Stanford and USC, played on November 8.", "Universal Studios devised a gimmick where moviegoers were not allowed to enter the theater at the moment the football game's two-minute warning began in the film.", "Due to the film's explicit violence and uncomfortable detail of a homicidal sniper acting alone and without apparent motivation, NBC negotiated with Universal Studios to film additional scenes for its television premiere in 1978.", "The new scenes would detail an art theft, with the sniper serving as a decoy so robbers could escape without detection.", "The additional scenes, totaling 40 minutes in length, were added for the film's TV showing while 45 minutes of the original version were removed.", "Director Larry Peerce disowned the TV version, which credits the pseudonymous \"Gene Palmer\" as director and Francesca Turner (who also helped doctor David Lynch's \"Dune\" for TV) for the \"teleplay\".", "When shown on network television, this version of \"Two-Minute Warning\" is often shown rather than the original theatrical release.", "The television version had never been released to video and DVD; however it did finally appear as an extra on the Blu-ray from Shout!", "Factory on June 28, 2016.", "\"Two-Minute Warning\" received negative reviews from critics, as it holds a 30% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.", "Roger Ebert gave the film a rating of one star out of four, writing, \"I knew going in what the movie was about (few films have such blunt premises) and I knew \"Two-Minute Warning\" was supposed to be a thriller, not a social statement.", "But I thought perhaps the movie would at least include a little pop sociology to soften its blood-letting.", "It's a cheerfully unashamed exploitation of two of our great national preoccupations, pro football and guns.\"", "Richard Eder of \"The New York Times\" wrote that since the viewer is told nothing about the sniper's character, \"the efforts of the police to catch the sniper—all their ladder-climbing and maneuvering—are no more exciting than watching a group of linesmen at work up a telephone pole.\"", "Gene Siskel of the \"Chicago Tribune\" gave the film two stars out of four and wrote, \"I'm sure the fast-buck artists who made this film justify it as a mirror of society and its faceless killers.", "But that's just an excuse to make a picture that will hold appeal only for those who like to see other people blown away by high-powered rifles.", "This is a contemptible motion picture.\"", "Arthur D. Murphy of \"Variety\" noted \"above-average plotting, acting and direction, including one of the better mob scenes filmed in many a year.\"", "Kevin Thomas of the \"Los Angeles Times\" called it \"a taut and terrific thriller\" and \"an example of superb film craftsmanship.\"", "Gary Arnold of \"The Washington Post\" called it \"a middling suspense thriller\" with characters \"so sketchy and arbitrary that the victims and survivors might as well be determined by flips of the coin.\"" ] } }

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"normal-20502020-50-0", "normal-20502020-50-1", "normal-20502020-50-2", "normal-20502020-51-0", "normal-20502020-51-1", "normal-20502020-51-2", "normal-20502020-52-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Percy Bysshe Shelley ( ; 4 August 17928 July 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets, who is regarded by some as among the finest lyric and philosophical poets in the English language, and one of the most influential.", "A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not see fame during his lifetime, but recognition of his achievements in poetry grew steadily following his death.", "Shelley was a key member of a close circle of visionary poets and writers that included Lord Byron, John Keats, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Love Peacock and his own second wife, Mary Shelley, the author of \"Frankenstein\".", "Shelley is perhaps best known for classic poems such as \"Ozymandias\", \"Ode to the West Wind\", \"To a Skylark\", \"Music, When Soft Voices Die\", \"The Cloud\" and \"The Masque of Anarchy\".", "His other major works include a groundbreaking verse drama, \"The Cenci\" (1819), and long, visionary, philosophical poems such as \"Queen Mab\" (later reworked as \"The Daemon of the World\"), \"Alastor\", \"The Revolt of Islam\", \"Adonais\", \"Prometheus Unbound\" (1820) – widely considered to be his masterpiece –, \"Hellas: A Lyrical Drama\" (1821) and his final, unfinished work, \"The Triumph of Life\" (1822).", "Shelley's close circle of friends included some of the most important progressive thinkers of the day, including his father-in-law, the philosopher William Godwin, and Leigh Hunt.", "Though Shelley's poetry and prose output remained steady throughout his life, most publishers and journals declined to publish his work for fear of being arrested for either blasphemy or sedition.", "Shelley's poetry sometimes had only an underground readership during his day, but his poetic achievements are widely recognized today, and his political and social thought had an impact on the Chartist and other movements in England, and reach down to the present day.", "Shelley's theories of economics and morality, for example, had a profound influence on Karl Marx; his early – perhaps first – writings on nonviolent resistance influenced Leo Tolstoy, whose writings on the subject in turn influenced Mahatma Gandhi, and through him Martin Luther King Jr. and others practicing nonviolence during the American civil rights movement.", "Shelley became a lodestar to the subsequent three or four generations of poets, including important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets such as Robert Browning and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.", "He was admired by Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Leo Tolstoy, Bertrand Russell, W. B. Yeats, Upton Sinclair and Isadora Duncan.", "Henry David Thoreau's \"Civil Disobedience\" was apparently influenced by Shelley's writings and theories on nonviolence in protest and political action.", "Shelley's popularity and influence has continued to grow in contemporary poetry circles.", "Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at Field Place, Broadbridge Heath, near Horsham, West Sussex, England.", "He was the eldest legitimate son of Sir Timothy Shelley (1753–1844), a Whig Member of Parliament for Horsham from 1790–1792 and for Shoreham between 1806–1812, and his wife, Elizabeth Pilfold (1763–1846), a Sussex landowner.", "He had four younger sisters and one much younger brother.", "He received his early education at home, tutored by the cleric Evan Edwards of nearby Warnham.", "His cousin and lifelong friend Thomas Medwin, who lived nearby, recounted his early childhood in his \"The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley\".", "It was a happy and contented childhood spent largely in country pursuits such as fishing and hunting.", "In 1802 he entered the Syon House Academy of Brentford, Middlesex.", "In 1804, Shelley entered Eton College, where he fared poorly, and was subjected to an almost daily mob torment at around noon by older boys, who aptly called these incidents \"Shelley-baits\".", "Surrounded, the young Shelley would have his books torn from his hands and his clothes pulled at and torn until he cried out madly in his high-pitched \"cracked soprano\" of a voice.", "This daily misery could be attributed to Shelley's refusal to take part in fagging and his indifference towards games and other youthful activities.", "Because of these peculiarities he acquired the nickname \"Mad Shelley\".", "Shelley possessed a keen interest in science at Eton, which he would often apply to cause a surprising amount of mischief for a boy considered to be so sensible.", "Shelley would often use a frictional electric machine to charge the door handle of his room, much to the amusement of his friends.", "His friends were particularly amused when his gentlemanly tutor, MrBethell, in attempting to enter his room, was alarmed at the noise of the electric shocks, despite Shelley's dutiful protestations.", "His mischievous side was again demonstrated by \"his last bit of naughtiness at school\", which was to blow up a tree on Eton's South Meadow with gunpowder.", "Despite these jocular incidents, a contemporary of Shelley, W.H. Merie, recalled that Shelley made no friends at Eton, although he did seek a kindred spirit without success.", "On 10 April 1810 he matriculated at University College, Oxford.", "Legend has it that Shelley attended only one lecture while at Oxford, but frequently read sixteen hours a day.", "His first publication was a Gothic novel, \"Zastrozzi\" (1810), in which he vented his early atheistic worldview through the villain Zastrozzi; this was followed at the end of the year by \"St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian: A Romance\" (dated 1811).", "In the same year, Shelley, together with his sister Elizabeth, published \"Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire\" and, while at Oxford, he issued a collection of verses (ostensibly burlesque but quite subversive), \"Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson\", with Thomas Jefferson Hogg.", "In 1811 Shelley anonymously published a pamphlet called \"The Necessity of Atheism\", which was brought to the attention of the university administration, and he was called to appear before the college's fellows, including the Dean, George Rowley.", "His refusal to repudiate the authorship of the pamphlet resulted in his expulsion from Oxford on 25March 1811, along with Hogg.", "The rediscovery in mid-2006 of Shelley's long-lost \"Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things\"—a long, strident anti-monarchical and anti-war poem printed in 1811 in London by Crosby and Company as \"by a gentleman of the University of Oxford\" and dedicated to Harriet Westbrook—gives a new dimension to the expulsion, reinforcing Hogg's implication of political motives (\"an affair of party\").", "Shelley was given the choice to be reinstated after his father intervened, on the condition that he would have to recant his avowed views.", "His refusal to do so led to a falling-out with his father.", "Four months after being sent down from Oxford, on 28 August 1811, the 19-year-old Shelley eloped to Scotland with the 16-year-old Harriet Westbrook, a pupil at the same boarding school as Shelley's sisters, whom his father had forbidden him to see.", "Harriet Westbrook had been writing Shelley passionate letters threatening to kill herself because of her unhappiness at the school and at home.", "Shelley, heartbroken after the failure of his romance with his cousin, Harriet Grove, cut off from his mother and sisters, and convinced he had not long to live, impulsively decided to rescue Westbrook and make her his beneficiary.", "Westbrook's 28-year-old sister Eliza, to whom Harriet was very close, appears to have encouraged the young girl's infatuation with the future baronet.", "The Westbrooks pretended to disapprove but secretly encouraged the elopement.", "Sir Timothy Shelley, however, outraged that his son had married beneath him (Harriet's father, though prosperous, had kept a tavern), revoked Shelley's allowance and refused ever to receive the couple at Field Place.", "Harriet also insisted that her sister Eliza, whom Shelley detested, live with them.", "Shelley invited his friend Hogg to share his ménage but asked him to leave when Hogg made advances to Harriet.", "Shelley was also at this time increasingly involved in an intense platonic relationship with Elizabeth Hitchener, a 28-year-old unmarried schoolteacher of advanced views, with whom he had been corresponding.", "Hitchener, whom Shelley called the \"sister of my soul\" and \"my second self\", became his muse and confidante in the writing of his philosophical poem \"Queen Mab\", a Utopian allegory.", "During this period, Shelley travelled to Keswick in England's Lake District, where he visited the poet Robert Southey, under the mistaken impression that Southey was still a political radical.", "Southey, who had himself been expelled from the Westminster School for opposing flogging, was taken with Shelley and predicted great things for him as a poet.", "He also informed Shelley that William Godwin, author of \"Political Justice\", which had greatly influenced him in his youth, and which Shelley also admired, was still alive.", "Shelley wrote to Godwin, offering himself as his devoted disciple and informing Godwin that he was \"the son of a man of fortune in Sussex\" and \"heir by entail to an estate of £6,000.\"", "Godwin, who supported a large family and was chronically penniless, immediately saw in Shelley a source of his financial salvation.", "He wrote asking for more particulars about Shelley's income and began advising him to reconcile with Sir Timothy.", "Meanwhile, Sir Timothy's patron, the Duke of Norfolk, a former Catholic who favoured Catholic Emancipation, was also vainly trying to reconcile Sir Timothy and his son, whose political career the Duke wished to encourage.", "A maternal uncle ultimately supplied money to pay Shelley's debts, but Shelley's relationship with the Duke may have influenced his decision to travel to Ireland.", "In Dublin, Shelley published his \"Address to the Irish People\", priced at fivepence, \"the lowest possible price\" to \"awaken in the minds of the Irish poor a knowledge of their real state, summarily pointing out the evils of that state and suggesting a rational means of remedy—Catholic Emancipation and a repeal of the Union Act\" (the latter \"the most successful engine that England ever wielded over the misery of fallen Ireland\").", "His activities earned him the unfavourable attention of the British government.", "Shelley was increasingly unhappy in his marriage to Harriet and particularly resented the influence of her older sister Eliza, who discouraged Harriet from breastfeeding their baby daughter (Ianthe Elizabeth Shelley 1813–1876).", "Shelley accused Harriet of having married him for his money.", "Craving more intellectual female companionship, he began spending more time away from home, among other things, studying Italian with Cornelia Turner and visiting the home and bookshop of William Godwin.", "Eliza and Harriet moved back with their parents.", "Shelley's mentor Godwin had three highly educated daughters, two of whom, Fanny Imlay and Claire Clairmont, were his adopted step-daughters.", "Godwin's first wife, the celebrated feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, author of \"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman\", had died shortly after giving birth to Godwin's biological daughter Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, named after her mother.", "Fanny was the illegitimate daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft and her lover, the diplomat speculator and writer, Gilbert Imlay.", "Claire was the illegitimate daughter of Godwin's second wife, Mary Jane Clairmont Godwin (c.1766-1841), whom Shelley considered a vulgar woman—\"not a proper person to form the mind of a young girl\", he is supposed to have said—and Sir John Lethbridge.", "The brilliant Mary was being educated in Scotland when Shelley first became acquainted with the Godwin family.", "When she returned, Shelley fell madly in love with her, repeatedly threatening to commit suicide if she did not return his affections.", "On 28 July 1814 Shelley abandoned Harriet, now pregnant with their son Charles (November 18141826) and (in imitation of the hero of one of Godwin's novels) he ran away to Switzerland with Mary, then 16, inviting her stepsister Claire Clairmont (also 16) along because she could speak French.", "The older sister Fanny was left behind, to her great dismay, for she, too, may have fallen in love with Shelley.", "The three sailed to Europe, and made their way across France to Switzerland on foot, reading aloud from the works of Rousseau, Shakespeare, and Mary's mother, Mary Wollstonecraft (an account of their travels was subsequently published by the Shelleys).", "After six weeks, homesick and destitute, the three young people returned to England.", "The enraged William Godwin refused to see them, though he still demanded money, to be given to him under another name, to avoid scandal.", "In late 1815, while living in a cottage in Bishopsgate, Surrey, with Mary and avoiding creditors, Shelley wrote \"Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude.\"", "It attracted little attention at the time, but has now come to be recognised as his first major achievement.", "At this point in his writing career, Shelley was deeply influenced by the poetry of Wordsworth.", "In mid-1816 Shelley and Mary made a second trip to Switzerland.", "They were prompted to do this by Mary's stepsister Claire Clairmont, who, in competition with her sister, had initiated a liaison with Lord Byron the previous April just before his self-exile on the continent.", "Byron's interest in her had waned, and Claire used the opportunity of introducing him to Mary and Shelley to act as bait to lure him to Geneva.", "The couple and Byron rented neighbouring houses on the shores of Lake Geneva.", "Regular conversation with Byron had an invigorating effect on Shelley's output of poetry.", "While on a boating tour the two took together, Shelley was inspired to write his \"Hymn to Intellectual Beauty\", often considered his first significant production since \"Alastor\".", "A tour of Chamonix in the French Alps inspired \"Mont Blanc\", a poem in which Shelley claims to have pondered questions of historical inevitability (determinism) and the relationship between the human mind and external nature.", "Shelley also encouraged Byron to begin an epic poem on a contemporary subject, advice that resulted in Byron's composition of \"Don Juan\".", "In 1817 Claire gave birth to a daughter by Byron, Alba, later renamed Allegra, whom Shelley offered to support, making provisions for her and for Claire in his will.", "After Shelley's and Mary's return to England, Fanny Imlay, Mary's half-sister and Claire's stepsister, despondent over her exclusion from the Shelley household and perhaps unhappy at being omitted from Shelley's will, travelled from Godwin's household in London to kill herself in Wales in early October.", "On 10December 1816 the body of Shelley's estranged wife Harriet was found in an advanced state of pregnancy, drowned in the Serpentine in Hyde Park, London.", "Shelley had made generous provision for Harriet and their children in his will and had paid her a monthly allowance as had her father.", "Many years later, in 1875, Claire Clairmont claimed to Edward John Trelawny, a biographer of Shelley, that just before her death Harriet left her children with her sister Elizabeth, and believed herself to have been abandoned by a new lover, 36-year-old Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Maxwell, who had been deployed abroad, after a landlady refused to forward his letters to her.", "However, Shelley himself never alluded to Harriet's alleged affair with Maxwell, and he offered no proof to the courts during his custody battle with Harriet's family that Harriet had been unfaithful to him with anyone, even though rumors about Harriet's alleged other lovers had been promoted by William Godwin and others, and even though such a claim would have helped his case.", "On 30December 1816, barely three weeks after Harriet's body was recovered, Shelley and Mary Godwin were married.", "The marriage was intended partly to help secure Shelley's custody of his children by Harriet and partly to placate Godwin, who had coldly refused to speak to his daughter for two years, and who now received the couple.", "The courts, however, awarded custody of Shelley and Harriet's children to foster parents, on the grounds that Shelley had abandoned his first wife for Mary without cause and was an atheist.", "The Shelleys took up residence in the village of Marlow, Buckinghamshire, where a friend of Percy's, Thomas Love Peacock, lived.", "Shelley took part in the literary circle that surrounded Leigh Hunt, and during this period he met John Keats.", "Shelley's major production during this time was \"Laon and Cythna; or, The Revolution of the Golden City\", a long narrative poem in which he attacked religion and featured a pair of incestuous lovers.", "It was hastily withdrawn after only a few copies were published.", "It was later edited and reissued as \"The Revolt of Islam\" in 1818.", "Shelley wrote two revolutionary political tracts under the \"nom de plume\" \"The Hermit of Marlow\".", "On Boxing Day 1817, presumably prompted by travellers' reports of Giovanni Battista Belzoni's success (where the French had failed) in removing the \"half sunk and shattered visage\" of the so-called \"Young Memnon\" from the Ramesseum at Thebes, Shelley and his friend Horace Smith began a poem each about the Memnon or \"Ozymandias\", Diodorus's \"King of Kings\", who in an inscription on the base of his statue challenged all comers to \"surpass my works\".", "Within four months of the publication of \"Ozymandias\" (or RamesesII), his seven-and-a-quarter ton bust arrived in London, just too late for Shelley to have seen it.", "On 11 March 1818 the Shelleys and Claire left England to take Claire's daughter, Allegra, to her father Byron, who had taken up residence in Venice.", "Two days before they left, William, Clara and Allegra were all baptised at the church of St Giles in the Fields.", "Contact with the older and more established poet encouraged Shelley to write once again.", "During the latter part of the year, he wrote \"Julian and Maddalo\", a lightly disguised rendering of his boat trips and conversations with Byron in Venice, finishing with a visit to a madhouse.", "This poem marked the appearance of Shelley's \"urbane style\".", "He then began the long verse drama \"Prometheus Unbound\", a re-writing of the lost play by the ancient Greek poet Aeschylus, which features talking mountains and a petulant spirit who overthrows Jupiter.", "Tragedy struck, however, first in 1818 when Shelley's infant daughter Clara Everina died during yet another household move, and then in 1819 when his son Will died of fever (most likely malaria) in Rome.", "A baby girl, Elena Adelaide Shelley, was born on 27 December 1818 in Naples, Italy, and registered there as the daughter of Shelley and a woman named \"Marina Padurin\".", "However, the identity of the mother is an unsolved mystery.", "Some scholars speculate that her true mother was actually Claire Clairmont or Elise Foggi, a nursemaid for the Shelley family.", "Other scholars postulate that she was a foundling Shelley adopted in hopes of distracting Mary after the death of Clara.", "Shelley referred to Elena in letters as his \"Neapolitan ward\".", "However, Elena was placed with foster parents a few days after her birth and the Shelley family moved on to yet another Italian city, leaving her behind.", "Elena died 17 months later, on 10June 1820.", "The Shelleys moved between various Italian cities during these years; in later 1818 they were living in Florence, in a pensione on the Via Valfonda.", "This street now runs alongside Florence's railway station, and the building now on the site, the original having been destroyed in World WarII, carries a plaque recording the poet's stay.", "Here they received two visitors, a Sophia Stacey and her much older travelling companion, Corbet Parry-Jones (to be described by Mary as \"an ignorant little Welshwoman\").", "Sophia had for three years in her youth been ward of the poet's aunt and uncle.", "The pair moved into the same pensione and stayed for about two months.", "During this period Mary gave birth to another son; Sophia is credited with suggesting that he be named after the city of his birth, so he became Percy Florence Shelley, later Sir Percy.", "Shelley also wrote his \"Ode to Sophia Stacey\" during this time.", "They then moved to Pisa, largely at the suggestion of its resident Margaret King, who, as a former pupil of Mary Wollstonecraft, took a maternal interest in the younger Mary and her companions.", "This \"no nonsense \"grande dame\"\" and her common-law husband George William Tighe inspired the poet with \"a new-found sense of radicalism\".", "Tighe was an agricultural theorist, and provided the younger man with a great deal of material on chemistry, biology and statistics.", "Shelley completed \"Prometheus Unbound\" in Rome, and he spent mid-1819 writing a tragedy, \"The Cenci\", in Leghorn (Livorno).", "In this year, prompted among other causes by the Peterloo Massacre, he wrote his best-known political poems: \"The Masque of Anarchy\" and \"Men of England.\"", "These were probably his best-remembered works during the 19thcentury.", "Around this time period, he wrote the essay \"The Philosophical View of Reform\", which was his most thorough exposition of his political views to that date.", "In 1820, hearing of John Keats's illness from a friend, Shelley wrote him a letter inviting him to join him at his residence at Pisa.", "Keats replied with hopes of seeing him, but instead, arrangements were made for Keats to travel to Rome with the artist Joseph Severn.", "Inspired by the death of Keats, in 1821 Shelley wrote the elegy \"Adonais\".", "In 1821 Shelley met Edward Ellerker Williams, a British naval officer, and his wife Jane Williams.", "Shelley developed a very strong affection towards Jane and addressed a number of poems to her.", "In the poems addressed to Jane, such as \"With a Guitar, To Jane\" and \"One Word is Too Often Profaned\", he elevates her to an exalted position worthy of worship.", "In 1822 Shelley arranged for Leigh Hunt, the British poet and editor who had been one of his chief supporters in England, to come to Italy with his family.", "He meant for the three of them—himself, Byron and Hunt—to create a journal, which would be called \"The Liberal\".", "With Hunt as editor, their controversial writings would be disseminated, and the journal would act as a counter-blast to conservative periodicals such as \"Blackwood's Magazine\" and \"The Quarterly Review\".", "Leigh Hunt's son, the editor Thornton Leigh Hunt, was later asked by John Bedford Leno whether he preferred Shelley or Byron as a man.", "On 8 July 1822, less than a month before his 30th birthday, Shelley drowned in a sudden storm on the Gulf of Spezia while returning from Leghorn (Livorno) to Lerici in his sailing boat, the \"Don Juan\".", "He was returning from having set up \"The Liberal\" with the newly arrived Leigh Hunt.", "The name \"Don Juan\", a compliment to Byron, was chosen by Edward John Trelawny, a member of the Shelley–Byron Pisan circle.", "However, according to Mary Shelley's testimony, Shelley changed it to \"Ariel\", which annoyed Byron, who forced the painting of the words \"Don Juan\" on the mainsail.", "The vessel, an open boat, was custom-built in Genoa for Shelley.", "It did not capsize but sank; Mary Shelley declared in her \"Note on Poems of 1822\" (1839) that the design had a defect and that the boat was never seaworthy.", "In fact the \"Don Juan\" was seaworthy; the sinking was due to a severe storm and poor seamanship of the three men on board.", "Some believed his death was not accidental, that Shelley was depressed and wanted to die; others suggested he simply did not know how to navigate.", "More fantastical theories, including the possibility of pirates mistaking the boat for Byron's, also circulated.", "There is a small amount of material, though scattered and contradictory, suggesting that Shelley may have been murdered for political reasons: previously, at Plas Tan-Yr-Allt, the Regency house he rented at Tremadog, near Porthmadog, north-west Wales, from 1812 to 1813, he had allegedly been surprised and attacked during the night by a man who may have been, according to some later writers, an intelligence agent.", "Shelley, who was in financial difficulty, left forthwith leaving rent unpaid and without contributing to the fund to support the house owner, William Madocks; this may provide another, more plausible explanation for this story.", "Two other Englishmen were with Shelley on the boat.", "One was a retired naval officer, Edward Ellerker Williams; the other was a boatboy, Charles Vivien.", "The boat was found 10 mi offshore, and it was suggested that one side of the boat had been rammed and staved in by a much stronger vessel.", "However, the liferaft was unused and still attached to the boat.", "The bodies were found completely clothed, including boots.", "In his \"Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron\", Trelawny noted that the shirt in which Williams's body was clad was \"partly drawn over the head, as if the wearer had been in the act of taking it off ... and he was missing one boot, indicating also that he had attempted to strip.\"", "Trelawny also relates a supposed deathbed confession by an Italian fisherman who claimed to have rammed Shelley's boat to rob him, a plan confounded by the rapid sinking of the vessel.", "Shelley's body was washed ashore and later, in keeping with quarantine regulations, was cremated on the beach near Viareggio.", "In Shelley's pocket was a small book of Keats' poetry.", "Upon hearing this, Byron (never one to give compliments) said of Shelley: \"I never met a man who wasn't a beast in comparison to him\" .", "The day after the news of his death reached England, the Tory newspaper \"The Courier\" printed: \"Shelley, the writer of some infidel poetry, has been drowned; \"now\" he knows whether there is God or no.\"", "A reclining statue of Shelley's body, depicted as washed up on the shore, created by sculptor Edward Onslow Ford at the behest of Shelley's daughter-in-law, Jane, Lady Shelley, is the centrepiece of the Shelley Memorial at University College, Oxford.", "An 1889 painting by Louis Édouard Fournier, \"The Funeral of Shelley\" (also known as \"The Cremation of Shelley\"), contains inaccuracies.", "In pre-Victorian times it was English custom that women would not attend funerals for health reasons.", "Mary Shelley did not attend but was featured in the painting, kneeling at the left-hand side.", "Leigh Hunt stayed in the carriage during the ceremony but is also pictured.", "Also, Trelawny, in his account of the recovery of Shelley's body, records that \"the face and hands, and parts of the body not protected by the dress, were fleshless,\" and by the time that the party returned to the beach for the cremation, the body was even further decomposed.", "In his graphic account of the cremation, he writes of Byron being unable to face the scene, and withdrawing to the beach.", "Shelley's ashes were interred in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome, near an ancient pyramid in the city walls.", "His grave bears the Latin inscription, \"Cor Cordium\" (Heart of Hearts), and, in reference to his death at sea, a few lines of \"Ariel's Song\" from Shakespeare's \"The Tempest\": \"Nothing of him that doth fade / But doth suffer a sea-change / Into something rich and strange.\"", "The grave site is the second in the cemetery.", "Some weeks after Shelley's ashes had been buried, Trelawny had come to Rome, had not liked his friend's position among a number of other graves, and had purchased what seemed to him a better plot near the old wall.", "The ashes were exhumed and moved to their present location.", "Trelawny had purchased the adjacent plot, and over 60 years later his remains were placed there.", "A memorial was eventually created for Shelley at the Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey, along with his old friends Lord Byron and John Keats.", "Shelley's widow Mary bought a cliff-top home at Boscombe, Bournemouth, in 1851.", "She intended to live there with her son, Percy, and his wife Jane, and had the remains of her own parents moved from their London burial place at St Pancras Old Church to an underground mausoleum in the town.", "The property is now known as Shelley Manor.", "When Lady Jane Shelley was to be buried in the family vault, it was discovered that in her copy of \"Adonais\" was an envelope containing ashes, which she had identified as belonging to her father-in-law.", "The family had preserved the story that when Shelley's body had been burned, his friend Edward Trelawny had snatched the whole heart from the pyre.", "These same accounts claim that the heart had been buried with Shelley's son, Percy.", "All accounts agree, however, that the remains now lie in the vault in the churchyard of St Peter's Church, Bournemouth.", "For several years in the 20th century some of Trelawny's collection of Shelley ephemera, including a painting of Shelley as a child, a jacket, and a lock of his hair, were on display in \"The Shelley Rooms\", a small museum at Shelley Manor.", "When the museum finally closed in 2001, these items were returned to Lord Abinger, who descends from a niece of Lady Jane Shelley.", "Henry Shelley became father to younger Henry Shelley.", "This younger Henry had at least three sons.", "The youngest of them, Richard Shelley was born in 1583, and baptized 17November 1583 in Warminghurst, Sussex, England.", "Richard later married on 3February 1601 in Itchingfield to Jonne (aka Joane) Feste/Feest/Fuste, daughter of John Feest/Fuste from Itchingfield, near Horsham, West Sussex.", "Their grandson, John Shelley of Fen Place, Turners Hill, West Sussex, was married himself to Helen Bysshe, daughter of Roger Bysshe.", "Their son Timothy Shelley of Fen Place (born c.1700) married widow Johanna Plum from New York City.", "Timothy and Johanna were the great-grandparents of Percy.", "Percy was born to Sir Timothy Shelley (1753–1844) and his wife Elizabeth Pilfold following their marriage in October 1791.", "His father was son and heir to Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet of Castle Goring (1731–1815) by his wife Mary Catherine Michell (d.1760).", "His mother was daughter of Charles Pilfold of Effingham.", "Through his paternal grandmother, Percy was a great-grandson to Reverend Theobald Michell of Horsham.", "Through his maternal and paternal lineage, he was a cousin of Thomas Medwin—a childhood friend and Shelley's biographer.", "Percy was the eldest of six children.", "Shelley's uncle, brother to his mother Elizabeth Pilfold, was Captain John Pilfold, a famous Naval Commander who served under Admiral Nelson during the Battle of Trafalgar.", "Three children survived Shelley: Ianthe and Charles, his daughter and son by Harriet; and Percy Florence Shelley, his son by Mary.", "Charles, who suffered from tuberculosis, died in 1826 after being struck by lightning during a rainstorm.", "Percy Florence, who eventually inherited the baronetcy in 1844, died without children \"of his body\", as the old legal phrase went.", "Several members of the Scarlett family were born at Percy Florence's seaside home \"Boscombe Manor\" in Bournemouth.", "They were descendants of Percy Florence's and Jane Gibson's adopted daughter, Bessie Florence Gibson.", "The 1891 census shows Lady Jane Shelley, Percy Florence Shelley's widow, living at Boscombe Manor with several great-nephews.", "Percy Florence Shelley died in 1889, and his widow, the former Jane St. John (born Gibson), died in 1899.", "The only lineal descendants of the poet are therefore the children of Ianthe.", "Ianthe Eliza Shelley was married in 1837 to Edward Jeffries Esdaile of Cothelstone Manor, grandson of the banker William Esdaile of Lombard Street, London.", "The marriage resulted in the birth of three daughters, Ianthe Harriet Shelley (1839–1849), Eliza Margaret (1841–1930), and Mary Emily Sydney (1848–1854), and three sons, Charles Edward (1842–1842), Charles Edward Jeffries (1845–1922), and William (1846–1915).", "Ianthe died in 1876, and her only descendants result from the marriage of Charles Edward Jeffries Esdaile and Marion Maxwell Sandbach.", "Mike Rutherford, bass player/guitarist of progressive rock band Genesis, is a descendant of Shelley's maternal aunt.", "Shelley's unconventional life and uncompromising idealism, combined with his strong disapproving voice, made him an authoritative and much-denigrated figure during his life and afterward.", "He became an idol of the next two or three or even four generations of poets, including the important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Algernon Charles Swinburne, as well as Lord Byron, Henry David Thoreau, W. B. Yeats, Aleister Crowley and Edna St. Vincent Millay, and poets in other languages such as Jan Kasprowicz, Rabindranath Tagore, Jibanananda Das and Subramanya Bharathy.", "Henry David Thoreau's \"Civil Disobedience\", the writings of Leo Tolstoy, and Mahatma Gandhi's passive resistance were all influenced and inspired by Shelley's theories of nonviolent resistance, in protest and political action.", "It is known that Gandhi would often quote Shelley's \"The Masque of Anarchy\", which has been called \"perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of nonviolent resistance\".", "Shelley wrote several essays on the subject of vegetarianism, the more prominent of which were \"A Vindication of Natural Diet\" (1813) and \"On the Vegetable System of Diet\".", "Shelley's eagerness for vegetarianism is connected with India.", "In 1812 he was converted to vegetarianism by his friend John Frank Newton, who had himself been converted while living in India.", "Shelley's mainstream following did not develop until a generation after his death, unlike Lord Byron, who was popular among all classes during his lifetime despite his radical views.", "For decades after his death, Shelley was mainly appreciated by only the major Victorian poets, the pre-Raphaelites, the socialists, and the labour movement.", "One reason for this was the extreme discomfort with Shelley's political radicalism, which led popular anthologists to confine Shelley's reputation to the relatively sanitised \"magazine\" pieces such as \"Ozymandias\" or \"Lines to an Indian Air\".", "He was admired by C. S. Lewis, Karl Marx, Robert Browning, Henry Stephens Salt, Gregory Corso, George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, Isadora Duncan, Constance Naden, Upton Sinclair, Gabriele d'Annunzio, Aleister Crowley, and W. B. Yeats.", "Shelley had an enduring and profound influence on the Dutch poets of \"De nieuwe Gids\" (Kloos, Van Eeden e.a.).", "Samuel Barber, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Roger Quilter, Howard Skempton, John Vanderslice, and Ralph Vaughan Williams composed music based on his poems.", "Critics such as Matthew Arnold endeavoured to rewrite Shelley's legacy to make him seem a lyricist and a dilettante who had no serious intellectual position and whose longer poems were not worthy of study.", "Arnold famously described Shelley as a \"beautiful and ineffectual angel\".", "This position contrasted strongly with the judgement of the previous generation who knew Shelley as a sceptic and a radical.", "Many of Shelley's works remained unpublished or little known after his death, with longer pieces such as \"A Philosophical View of Reform\" existing only in manuscript until the 1920s.", "This contributed to the Victorian idea of him as a minor lyricist.", "With the inception of formal literary studies in the early twentieth century and the slow rediscovery and re-evaluation of his \"œuvre\" by scholars such as Kenneth Neill Cameron, Donald H. Reiman, and Harold Bloom, the modern idea of Shelley could not be more different.", "Paul Foot, in his \"Red Shelley\", has documented the pivotal role Shelley's works—especially \"Queen Mab\"—have played in the genesis of British radicalism.", "Although Shelley's works were banned from respectable Victorian households, his political writings were pirated by men such as Richard Carlile who regularly went to jail for printing \"seditious and blasphemous libel\" (i.e. material proscribed by the government), and these cheap pirate editions reached hundreds of activists and workers throughout the nineteenth century.", "Shelley's poem \"To the Queen of My Heart\" was allegedly forged and falsely attributed to Shelley by James Augustus St John, who took over as editor of the \"London Weekly Review\" when Carlile was imprisoned in 1827.", "In other countries, such as India, Shelley's works both in the original and in translation have influenced poets such as Rabindranath Tagore and Jibanananda Das.", "A pirated copy of \"Prometheus Unbound\" dated 1835 is said to have been seized in that year by customs at Bombay.", "Paul Johnson, in his book \"Intellectuals\", describes Shelley in a chapter titled \"Shelley or the Heartlessness of Ideas\".", "In the book, Johnson describes Shelley as an amoral person, who by borrowing money which he did not intend to return, and by seducing young innocent women who fell for him, destroyed the lives of everybody with whom he had interacted, including his own.", "In 2005 the University of Delaware Press published an extensive two-volume biography by James Bieri.", "In 2008 the Johns Hopkins University Press published Bieri's 856-page one-volume biography, \"Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography\".", "The rediscovery in mid-2006 of Shelley's long-lost \"Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things\", as noted above, was slow to be followed up until the only known surviving copy was acquired by the Bodleian Library in Oxford as its 12-millionth book in November 2015 and made available online.", "An analysis of the poem by the only person known to have examined the whole work at the time of the original discovery appeared in the \"Times Literary Supplement\": H.R. Woudhuysen, \"Shelley's Fantastic Prank\", 12 July 2006.", "In 2007 John Lauritsen published \"The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein\", in which he argued that Percy Bysshe Shelley's contributions to the novel were much more extensive than had previously been assumed.", "It has been known and not disputed that Shelley wrote the Preface—although uncredited—and that he contributed at least 4,000–5,000 words to the novel.", "Lauritsen sought to show that Shelley was the primary author of the novel.", "In 2008 Percy Bysshe Shelley was credited as the co-author of \"Frankenstein\" by Charles E. Robinson in a new edition of the novel entitled \"The Original Frankenstein\" published by the Bodleian Library in Oxford and by Random House in the US.", "Robinson determined that Percy Bysshe Shelley was the co-author of the novel: \"He made very significant changes in words, themes and style.", "The book should now be credited as 'by Mary Shelley with Percy Shelley'.\"", "In late 2014 Shelley's work led lecturers from the University of Pennsylvania and New York University to produce a massive open online course (MOOC) on the life of Percy Shelley and \"Prometheus Unbound\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 102448, "simple_article_title": "Percy Bysshe Shelley", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102448", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-102448-0-0", "simple-102448-0-1", "simple-102448-0-2", "simple-102448-1-0", "simple-102448-1-1", "simple-102448-1-2", "simple-102448-1-3", "simple-102448-1-4", "simple-102448-1-5", "simple-102448-2-0", "simple-102448-2-1", "simple-102448-2-2", "simple-102448-3-0", "simple-102448-3-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Percy Bysshe Shelley (4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English poet of the early nineteenth century.", "He is widely thought of as one of most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature.", "Some of his poems, like \"Ozymandias\" and \"Ode to the West Wind\", are among the most famous in English.", "Shelley was born in Horsham, Sussex.", "He was the son of a member of Parliament.", "He attended the University of Oxford, for only one year; he was expelled for being an atheist.", "In his own time Shelley was very unpopular for his political and religious views and for his personal conduct.", "He married young, but left his wife to run away with Mary Godwin.", "After Shelley's first wife committed suicide, Shelley married Mary Godwin; she later became famous as Mary Shelley, the author of the novel \"Frankenstein\".", "Shelley left England and spent much of his life travelling in Europe, especially in Italy.", "He became a close friend of poet Lord Byron, who also left England and travelled in Europe because of sexual controversy at home.", "Shelley continued to write poetry throughout this time; he wrote several major works, like the verse drama \"The Cenci\" and long poems like \"Alastor\" and \"Adonais\", as well as many shorter poems.", "About a month before his 30th birthday, Shelley drowned in a boating accident off the coast of Italy.", "He was one of three important English Romantic poets of the same generation who died young; the other two were Lord Byron and John Keats." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2000420, "normal_article_title": "Cessna 188", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2000420", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2000420-0-0", "normal-2000420-1-0", "normal-2000420-2-0", "normal-2000420-2-1", "normal-2000420-2-2", "normal-2000420-3-0", "normal-2000420-3-1", "normal-2000420-3-2", "normal-2000420-4-0", "normal-2000420-4-1", "normal-2000420-5-0", "normal-2000420-5-1", "normal-2000420-6-0", "normal-2000420-7-0", "normal-2000420-8-0", "normal-2000420-9-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Cessna 188 is a family of light agricultural aircraft produced between 1966 and 1983 by the Cessna Aircraft Company.", "The various versions of the 188 — the AGwagon, AGpickup, AGtruck and AGhusky, along with the AGcarryall variant of the 185, constituted Cessna's line of agricultural aircraft.", "In the early 1960s Cessna decided to expand their already wide line of light aircraft by entering the agricultural aircraft market.", "They surveyed pilots and operators of other brands of agricultural aircraft to see what features and capabilities these operators were looking for.", "The resulting aircraft was a conventional single-seat, piston-engined, strut-braced low-wing agricultural airplane.", "The Cessna 188 borrowed heavily from the Cessna 180, the initial version using the same tail cone and fin structure as well as the same Continental O-470-R 230 hp (170 kW) powerplant.", "The 188's airframe is predominantly built from 2024-T3 aluminum, with the chemical hopper constructed from fibreglass.", "The fuselage is of semi-monocoque construction and is pressurized on later models (using the dynamic pressure resulting from the aircraft's forward speed) to reduce induction of chemicals into the airframe.", "The Cessna 188 was first flown on 19 February 1965.", "The aircraft was certified and entered production in February 1966, with 241 aircraft delivered the first year.", "The initial design of the Cessna 188 was so successful that over its 17-year production run the basic airframe remained unchanged.", "Only the engines and the agricultural products dispensing systems were upgraded, other than some minor changes to the ventilation systems.", "The main use for the Cessna 188 series was for agricultural purposes, but many examples were later acquired for use as glider and sailplane tugs.", "A total of 3976 Cessna 188s of all four variants were built during its production run, made up of 53 AGpickups, 1589 AGwagons, 1949 AGtrucks and 385 AGhuskies.", "\"Data from\" Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77General characteristics * Crew: 1* Capacity: Hopper: 280 USgal * Airfoil: NACA 2412 modified * Fuel capacity: 56 USgal Performance * Maximum speed: Mach *Takeoff distance to 50 ft (15m): 1090 ft", "Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 408897, "simple_article_title": "Cessna 188", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=408897", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-408897-0-0", "simple-408897-0-1", "simple-408897-0-2", "simple-408897-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Cessna 188 is a single-engine agricultural aircraft.", "It was designed and built in USA between 1966 and 1983.", "It is used for crop dusting.", "More than 3900 examples were built." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1898165, "normal_article_title": "Maria Bethânia", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1898165", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1898165-0-0", "normal-1898165-0-1", "normal-1898165-0-2", "normal-1898165-1-0", "normal-1898165-1-1", "normal-1898165-1-2", "normal-1898165-2-0", "normal-1898165-3-0", "normal-1898165-4-0", "normal-1898165-4-1", "normal-1898165-4-2", "normal-1898165-4-3", "normal-1898165-4-4", "normal-1898165-4-5", "normal-1898165-4-6", "normal-1898165-5-0", "normal-1898165-5-1", "normal-1898165-6-0", "normal-1898165-6-1", "normal-1898165-6-2", "normal-1898165-7-0", "normal-1898165-7-1", "normal-1898165-8-0", "normal-1898165-8-1", "normal-1898165-8-2", "normal-1898165-8-3", "normal-1898165-8-4", "normal-1898165-8-5", "normal-1898165-8-6", "normal-1898165-8-7", "normal-1898165-8-8", "normal-1898165-8-9", "normal-1898165-9-0", "normal-1898165-9-1", "normal-1898165-9-2", "normal-1898165-9-3", "normal-1898165-9-4", "normal-1898165-10-0", "normal-1898165-10-1", "normal-1898165-11-0", "normal-1898165-12-0", "normal-1898165-13-0", "normal-1898165-13-1", "normal-1898165-14-0", "normal-1898165-15-0", "normal-1898165-15-1", "normal-1898165-15-2", "normal-1898165-15-3", "normal-1898165-16-0", "normal-1898165-17-0", "normal-1898165-18-0", "normal-1898165-18-1", "normal-1898165-19-0", "normal-1898165-20-0", "normal-1898165-20-1", "normal-1898165-20-2", "normal-1898165-20-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Maria Bethânia Viana Telles Veloso (] ; born June 18, 1946), known by her stage name Maria Bethânia, is a Brazilian singer and songwriter.", "Born in Santo Amaro, Bahia, she started her career in Rio de Janeiro in 1964 with the show \"Opinião\" (\"Opinion\").", "Due to its popularity, with performances all over the country, and the popularity of her 1965 single \"Carcará\", the artist became a star in Brazil.", "Bethânia is the sister of the singer-songwriter Caetano Veloso and of the writer-songwriter Mabel Velloso, as well as being aunt of the singers Belô Velloso and Jota Velloso.", "The singer has released 50 studio albums in 47 years of career, and is among the , having sold more than 26 million records.", "Bethânia was ranks in 2012, by \"Rolling Stone Brasil\" magazine, as the fifth biggest voice of Brazilian music.", "Bethânia is the sixth out of eight children born into the family of José Telles Veloso (\"Seu Zeca\"), a government official, and Claudionor Viana Telles Veloso (\"Dona Canô\"), a housewife.", "The name \"Maria Bethânia\" was chosen by her brother Caetano Veloso after the homonymous hit song written by composer Capiba and famous at the time in the voice of Nélson Gonçalves.", "In her childhood, she had aspirations to become an actress.", "However, her mother was a musician, so music was prevalent in the Veloso household.", "Though Bethânia was born in Santo Amaro da Purifição, her family moved to Salvador, Bahia when she was 13.", "The move allowed her to experience the bohemian, intellectual circles of the city as well as to visit theaters.", "When she was 16, her brother Caetano Veloso invited her to sing in a film for which he was producing the soundtrack, but she refused.", "Nevertheless, the film's director, Álvaro Guimarães, liked her voice and invited the young musician to perform in the 1963 Nélson Rodrigues's musical \"Boca de Ouro\".", "This time Bethânia accepted, and for the first time in her life she went on stage to sing for an audience, opening the play performing a samba by Ataulfo Alves.", "That same year, Bethãnia and her sister met singers Gilberto Gil and Gal Costa; Caetano had been invited to put on an MPB show to inaugurate the Teatro Vila Velha.", "The four artists got together and, in 1964, staged \"Nós, por exemplo\" (\"We, for example\").", "The show was a success and was presented again twenty months later, with the participation of singer-songwriter Tom Zé.", "That same year, the group mounted another show called \"Nova Bossa Velha e Velha Bossa Nova\" (\"New Old Bossa and Old New Bossa\").", "Still in that year, directed by Caetano and Gil, Bethânia performed another musical, this time on her own, called \"Mora na Filosofia\" (\"Lives in Philosophy\").", "She began performing again with her brother, as well as Gilberto Gil, Gal Costa, and Tom Zé, at the opening of the Vila Velha Theater in the next year.", "During one of these performances, the bossa nova musician Nara Leão offered her an opportunity to take her place in a series of performances titled \"Opinião\".", "She released her first single, a protest song called \"Carcará\", in 1965, the same year that her brother released his first recording.", "After releasing \"Carcará\" Bethânia returned from Rio de Janeiro, where she had gone to attend college, to Bahia.", "This was to only be a brief visit, as around that time she was performing at nightclubs and other venues throughout Brazil.", "This song also got her an offer from an RCA Records representative to record for the company.", "However Bethânia continually changed record labels throughout the 1970s.", "In 1973 Bethânia released \"Drama, Luz Da Noite\", in which she performed traditional Brazilian songs, as well as incorporating literary elements.", "In 1977 Bethânia went on tour and released a gold-certified album, both with the name of \"Pássaro da Manhã\".", "She released \"Álibi\" a year later which was also gold-certified with over a million copies sold.", "Around the end of the 1970s, Bethânia became more artistically conservative, moving away from the Tropicalismo music her frequent collaborators, including Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, had been playing.", "During the 1980s and '90s Bethânia continued to record and perform, with 1993's \"As Canções Que Você Fez Para Mim\" becoming the year's most successful album in Brazil.", "In 1976, she released a live album with Doces Bárbaros, a Música popular brasileira supergroup.", "It was recorded June 24 of that year at Anhembi Stadium in São Paulo.", "Its members were Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso, Maria Bethânia and Gal Costa, four of the biggest names in the history of the Music of Brazil.", "The band was the subject of a 1977 documentary directed by Jom Tob Azulay.", "In 1994, they performed a tribute concert to Mangueira school of samba.", "French filmmaker Georges Gachot completed a documentary film \"Musica é perfume\" about her which was worldwide distributed.", "In 2008 she recorded an album with the Cuban singer Omara Portuondo which was followed by a Live DVD", "In 2015, her album \"Meus Quintais\" was nominated for the 16th Latin Grammy Awards in the Best MPB Album category.", "In March 2011, Bethânia found herself in the midst of a controversy after receiving permission from the Ministry of Culture of Brazil to make a poetry blog budgeted for $1.3 million tax free Reais ($783,000 USD).", "The financing of the project would fall under the so-called \"Lei Rouanet\" (English: \"Rouanet Law\"), which is designed as an incentive to promote Brazilian culture.", "The law allows companies and individuals to invest part of their income tax in cultural projects.", "The singer, considered one of the greats in Brazilian music and who has a track record of working with poets and reading bits of her favorite poetry, would use the platform to interpret poetry, both of her own and from other authors, in song through a daily series of videos, 365 in total, for the blog \"O Mundo Precisa de Poesia\" (English: \"The World Needs Poetry\").", "Much of the criticisms surrounds on the project's cost and the fact that a rich and well-known artist like Bethânia can rely on such a process to get sponsored, while hundreds of other minor artists cannot find ways to survive.", "Pablo Villaça, from the blog \"Cinema em Cena\" (\"Movie Theater at Home\") estimated that, taking out the amount that would go to the collectors, around R$1.17 million would go toward the blog's production.", "Each video, then, would cost about R$3,200.", "He stated that this cost would not be compatible with videos of 3–5 minutes length consisting of just one person reciting poetry.", "\"(...) the imbroglio involving the baiana singer revealed the problems of the “Rouanet Law”, a tool that, shortly after being created, played a key role in the survival of certain artistic areas during the neoliberal autumn, but as the episode in question shows, it eventually lead to serious distortions in relations between economy, ideology and cultural production.\"", "To mock the whole situation, a satirical blog entitled \"Bethania: 1 million reasons for you to access\" was created by blogger Raphael Quatroci.", "On March 16, the Ministry of Culture released a statement affirming the legality of the process and reiterating that the approval had strictly followed the rules.", "It said that \"the criteria in the CNIC (National Commission on Cultural Incentives) are technical and legal, so to reject an applicant because she/he is famous, or not, would set up obvious and untenable discrimination.\"", "Then, on March 27, Caetano Veloso, Bethânia's brother, came out to defend his sister, noting that other projects by many other artists, both known and unknown, were authorized to raise larger amounts.", "She moved to Rio de Janeiro alone, at age 17, in 1963, where she lives today, willing to fight for her musical career.", "Very discreet, is not often seen in social events.", "Currently she lives alone in a residence that she bought in a neighborhood far away, close to the nature and bush, far from the bustle of Rio.", "The singer does not have children, and is adept to Brazilian religions of African origin, such as the Candomblés." ] } }

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"normal-72857-86-5", "normal-72857-86-6", "normal-72857-86-7", "normal-72857-86-8", "normal-72857-87-0", "normal-72857-87-1", "normal-72857-87-2", "normal-72857-87-3", "normal-72857-87-4", "normal-72857-87-5", "normal-72857-88-0", "normal-72857-88-1", "normal-72857-88-2", "normal-72857-89-0", "normal-72857-89-1", "normal-72857-90-0", "normal-72857-90-1", "normal-72857-91-0", "normal-72857-91-1", "normal-72857-92-0", "normal-72857-92-1", "normal-72857-92-2", "normal-72857-92-3", "normal-72857-92-4", "normal-72857-93-0", "normal-72857-93-1", "normal-72857-93-2", "normal-72857-93-3", "normal-72857-94-0", "normal-72857-94-1", "normal-72857-94-2", "normal-72857-94-3", "normal-72857-94-4", "normal-72857-95-0", "normal-72857-95-1", "normal-72857-96-0", "normal-72857-97-0", "normal-72857-97-1", "normal-72857-97-2", "normal-72857-97-3", "normal-72857-98-0", "normal-72857-99-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Philadelphia 76ers (also commonly known as the Sixers) are an American professional basketball team based in the Philadelphia metropolitan area.", "The 76ers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division and play at Wells Fargo Center.", "Founded in 1946 and originally known as the Syracuse Nationals, they are one of the oldest franchises in the NBA, and one of only eight (out of 23) to survive the league's first decade.", "The 76ers have had a prominent history, with many of the greatest players in NBA history having played for the organization, including Wilt Chamberlain, Hal Greer, Billy Cunningham, Julius Erving, Andrew Toney, Moses Malone, Charles Barkley, and Allen Iverson.", "They have won three NBA championships, with their first coming as the Syracuse Nationals in 1955.", "The second title came in 1967, a team which was led by Chamberlain.", "The third title came in 1983, won by a team led by Erving and Malone.", "The 76ers have only been back to the NBA Finals once since then: in 2001, where they were led by Iverson and lost to the Los Angeles Lakers in five games.", "In 1946, Italian immigrant Daniel Biasone sent a $5,000 check to the National Basketball League offices in Chicago, and the Syracuse Nationals became the largely Midwest-based league's easternmost team, based in the Upstate New York city of Syracuse.", "The Syracuse Nationals began play in the NBL in the same year professional basketball was finally gaining some legitimacy with the rival Basketball Association of America that was based in large cities like New York and Philadelphia.", "While in the NBL with teams largely consisting of small Midwestern towns, the Nationals put together a 21–23 record, finishing in fourth place.", "In the playoffs, the Nationals would be beaten by the fellow upstate neighbor Rochester Royals in four games.", "In their second season, 1947–48, the Nationals would struggle, finishing in fifth place with a 24–36 record.", "Despite their struggles, the Nationals would make the playoffs, getting swept by the Anderson Duffey Packers in 3 straight games.", "Several teams began to leave the NBL for the BAA as the foundation for an absorption was laid.", "The Nationals \"recipe for success\" began by recruiting Leo Ferris.", "Staying in the NBL, Ferris signed Al Cervi to be player coach and outbid the New York Knicks for the services of Dolph Schayes who made his professional debut, leading the Nationals to a winning record for the first time with a record of 40-23.", "In the playoffs the Nationals would make quick work of the Hammond Calumet Buccaneers, winning the series in 2 straight games.", "However, in the semifinals the Nationals would fall to the Anderson Duffey Packers for the second straight season in four games.", "In 1949, the Nationals were one of seven NBL teams that were absorbed by the Basketball Association of America to form the NBA.", "The Nationals were an instant success in the NBA, winning the Eastern Division in the 1949–50 season, with a league best record of 51–13.", "In the playoffs the Nationals continued to play solid basketball, beating the Philadelphia Warriors in 2 straight.", "Moving on to the Eastern Finals, the Nationals battled the New York Knickerbockers, beating their big city rivals in a 3-game series.", "In the NBA Finals, the Nationals faced fellow NBL alums the Minneapolis Lakers.", "In Game 1 of the Finals the Nationals lost just their second home game of the season 68–66.", "The Nationals did not recover, as they fell behind 3–1 before falling in six games.", "Despite several teams leaving the NBA for the National Professional Basketball League before the 1950–51 season, the Nationals decided to stay put.", "In their second NBA season, 1950–51, the Nationals played mediocre basketball all season, finishing in fourth place with a record of 32–34.", "However, in the playoffs the Nationals played their best basketball of the season as they stunned the first place Warriors in two straight, taking Game 1 on the road in overtime 91–89.", "In the Eastern Finals the Nationals were beaten by the New York Knickerbockers in a hard-fought 5-game series, losing the finale by just 2 points.", "Cervi, playing less and coaching more, emphasized a patient offense and a scrappy defense, which led the league in the 1951–52 season by yielding a stingy 79.5 points per game as the Nationals won the Eastern Division with a solid 40–26 record.", "In the playoffs the Nationals knocked off the Warriors again in a 3-game series.", "However, in the Eastern Finals the Nationals fell to the Knickerbockers again, dropping the series in four games.", "The Nationals would finish in second place in a hard-fought 3-way battle for first place in the Eastern Division for the 1952–53 season, with a record of 47–24.", "In the playoffs the Nationals would face the Boston Celtics dropping Game 1 at home 87–81.", "Needing a win in Boston to keep their hopes alive, the Nationals would take the Celtics deep into overtime before losing in quadruple OT 111–105, in what remains the longest playoff game in NBA history.", "The Nationals acquired Alex Groza, and Ralph Beard as the Indianapolis Olympians folded leaving the NBA with just 9 teams for the 1953–54 season.", "Once again the Nationals would battle for the Division title falling two games short with a 42–30 record.", "In the playoffs the Nationals would win all four games of a round robin tournament involving the three playoff teams from the East.", "In the Eastern Finals the Nationals would stay hot beating the Celtics in 2 straight games.", "However, in the NBA Finals the Nationals would lose to the Lakers in a hard-fought 7-game series where the 2 teams alternated wins throughout.", "With the NBA struggling financially and down to just 8 teams Nationals owner during the 1954–55 season, Biasone suggested the league limit the amount of time taken for a shot thus speeding up a game that often ended with long periods of teams just holding the ball and playing keep away.", "Biasone and Nationals' general manager Ferris calculated a 24-second shot clock would allow at least 30 shots per quarter speeding up the game and increasing scoring.", "The Shot Clock was an instant success as scoring was up 14 points per game league wide.", "In the first season of the shot clock the Nationals would take first place in the East with a 43–29 record.", "After a first round bye the Nationals would beat the Celtics in four games to reach the NBA Finals for the second straight season.", "In the finals the Nationals would get off to a fast start, led by forward Schayes, taking the first two games at home against the Fort Wayne Pistons.", "However, as the series moved to Fort Wayne the Pistons would spark back to life taking all three games to take a 3–2 series lead.", "Back in Syracuse for Game 6 on the Nationals kept Championship hopes alive by beating the Pistons 109–104 to force a seventh game at home.", "Game 7 would be as tight as the series as George King sank a free throw to give the Nationals a 92–91 lead in the final seconds.", "King would then steal the inbound pass to clinch the NBA Championship for the Nationals.", "Coming off their NBA Championship the Nationals struggled during the 1955–56 season, needing a tiebreaker over the Knickerbockers to avoid finishing in last place and make the playoffs with a 35–37 record.", "However, in the playoffs the Nationals would stun the Celtics winning the first round series in three games by taking the final two games.", "In the Eastern Finals the Nationals played solid basketball again as they pushed the Warriors to a decisive fifth game.", "However, the Nationals' reign as champions would end with a 109–104 loss in Philadelphia.", "The Nationals would get off to a slow start as coach Cervi was fired and replaced by Paul Seymour.", "Under Seymour the Nationals would rebound and finish the 1956–57 season in second place with a record of 38–34.", "In the playoffs the Nationals would have trouble knocking off the defending champion Warriors advancing to the Eastern Finals with 2 straight wins.", "However, the Nationals would be swept in 3 straight games by the eventual champions, the Celtics.", "Fort Wayne and Rochester had moved on to Detroit and Cincinnati for the 1957–58 season, leaving the Syracuse Nationals as the last small town team in the big city NBA.", "That would not matter on the court as the Nationals held their own finishing in second place with a 41–31 record.", "However, in the playoffs the Nationals would fall in the first round as they lost a 3-game series to the Philadelphia Warriors.", "Despite a mediocre 35–37 record for the 1958–59 season the Nationals would make the playoffs again by finishing in third place.", "In the playoffs the Nationals would once again rise to the occasion sweeping the Knickerbockers in 2 straight to reach the Eastern Finals, where they gave the eventual champion Celtics all they could handle, alternating wins before falling by 5 points in Game 7.", "Playing in a league now dominated by superstars like Bill Russell of the Celtics, Wilt Chamberlain of the Warriors and Bob Pettit of the St. Louis Hawks, the Nationals held their own posting a solid 45–30 record, while finishing in third place after the 1959–60 regular season.", "However, in the playoffs the Nationals would lose a 3-game series to Chamberlain and the Warriors.", "With the Lakers relocating from Minneapolis to Los Angeles before the 1960–61 season, the Syracuse Nationals became the last old NBL team to still be playing in their original city in the NBA.", "The Nationals would go on to make the playoffs again by finishing in third place with a 38–41 record.", "The Nationals would prove to be dangerous in the playoffs as they stunned the Warriors in 3 straight games.", "However, in the Eastern Finals the Nationals would be knocked off once again by the eventual champion Celtics in five games.", "Schayes missed 24 games during the 1961–62 season and failed to lead the team in scoring for the first time in 14 years, as Hal Greer led the way with 22.8 points per game.", "The Nationals would go on to finish in third place again with a 41–39 record.", "In the playoffs the Nationals would drop their first two games to the Warriors on the road.", "Facing elimination the Nationals would win the next two games to force a fifth game in Philadelphia.", "However, in Game 5 the Warriors would prove to be too strong as they ended the Nationals' season with a 121–104 victory.", "With an aging team the Nationals were expected to fade; however, with the scrappy play of Johnny Kerr, the Nationals remained a strong contender, finishing in second place for the 1962–63 season, with a record of 48–32.", "In the playoffs the Nationals would face the Cincinnati Royals, getting off to a 2–1 series lead.", "However, needing a win to advance to the Eastern Finals again the Nationals would lose 2 straight dropping the decisive fifth game at home in overtime 131–127.", "The playoff overtime loss on March 26, 1963, would prove to be the last game for the Syracuse Nationals, as investors Irv Kosloff and Ike Richman purchased the team from Danny Biasone and moved the team to Philadelphia, filling the void left by the Warriors.", "Syracuse was the last of the medium-sized cities housing an NBA team, but by then it was apparent that central New York was no longer large enough to support it.", "The NBA thus returned to Philadelphia one year after the Warriors had left for San Francisco.", "A contest was held to decide on a new name for the team.", "The winning name, chosen by Walter Stalberg, was the \"76ers\".", "The name comes from the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia in 1776.", "Newspaper writers liked the name because it was easily shortened to \"Sixers\" in headlines.", "The shorter name was quickly accepted by the team for marketing purposes, and for most of the last half-century \"76ers\" and \"Sixers\" have been officially interchangeable.", "For their first four years in Philadelphia, the 76ers played mostly at the Philadelphia Arena and Civic Center-Convention Hall, with an occasional game at The Palestra at the University of Pennsylvania.", "Schayes was named head coach, a post he held for four years (the first as player-coach).", "In the 1964–65 season, the 76ers acquired the legendary Wilt Chamberlain from the Warriors; Chamberlain had been a high school legend at Overbrook High School in Philadelphia and began his career with the Warriors while they still played in Philadelphia.", "The 76ers would push the Celtics to seven games in the semifinals, with the 76ers trailing 110–109 in Game 7.", "After Hal Greer's pass was stolen by John Havlicek, the Celtics went on to beat the Los Angeles Lakers and win the NBA Championship.", "On December 3, 1965, in the midst of a game at the Boston Garden, co-owner Richman suffered a heart attack and died courtside.", "Led by head coach Alex Hannum, the 76ers had a dream season as they started 46–4, en route to a record of 68–13, the best record in league history at the time.", "Chamberlain, Billy Cunningham, and Greer, along with all-stars Chet Walker, Lucious Jackson and Wali Jones led the team to the semifinals.", "This time the 76ers beat the Celtics in five games.", "In Game Five of that series, as the 76ers went to victory and the NBA Finals, Philadelphia fans chanted \"Boston is dead!\"—", "—a symbol that the Celts' eight-year reign as NBA champion had ended.", "The Finals were almost anticlimactic, with the Sixers ousting the Warriors in six games to give them their second NBA Championship.", "The 1966–67 Sixers were voted the best team in league history during the NBA's 35th anniversary celebration.", "In the 1967–68 season, with a new home court in the form of The Spectrum to defend their championship, once again the 76ers made it back to the NBA Playoffs and in the rematch of the previous year's semifinals, the 76ers held a 3–1 series lead over the Celtics, before the Celtics staged a dramatic comeback to beat the Sixers in seven games.", "At the end of the season, the 76ers dealt Chamberlain to the Los Angeles Lakers for Archie Clark, Darrall Imhoff and Jerry Chambers.", "At the time, the trade appeared to make some sense from the 76ers' perspective.", "Chamberlain was making noises about jumping to the American Basketball Association, and general manager Jack Ramsay did not want to risk letting Chamberlain walk away for nothing.", "Nonetheless, the Sixers did not get nearly enough in return.", "The man who was in position to take over as the center, Lucious Jackson, suffered a severe injury in 1969 and was never the same player after that.", "The Chamberlain trade sent the Sixers into a freefall, which Ramsay accelerated by subsequent divestiture of All Star forward Chet Walker to the Chicago Bulls.", "While the rapidly declining 76ers continued to contend for the next three seasons, they never got past the second round.", "In 1971–72, only five years after winning the title, the 76ers finished 30–52 and missed postseason play for the first time in franchise history.", "The bottom fell out in the 1972–73 season.", "For all intents and purposes, the season ended when Cunningham bolted to the ABA, leaving the Sixers with a roster of Greer and little else.", "The 76ers lost their first 15 games of the season, and a few months later set a then-record 20-game losing streak in a single season.", "Their record following the 20-game losing streak was 4–58, and the team at that point had just lost 34 of 35 games.", "The 76ers finished the season with a 9–73 record, leading the skeptical Philadelphia press to call them the \"Nine and 73-ers\".", "Under coach Roy Rubin the 76ers went 4–47.", "It was his first and, as it turned out, his last NBA coaching job.", "He was succeeded by player-coach Kevin Loughery, who went 5–26 the rest of the way.", "The 76ers finished an NBA-record 59 games behind the Atlantic Division champion Boston Celtics.", "The nine wins by the 1972–73 squad is the fourth fewest in NBA history, and remains the fewest for a full 82-game season.", "The 73 losses, although threatened several times, remains the all-time low-water mark for any NBA franchise.", "The 76ers’ 0.110 winning percentage was a record worst at the time, and is still the second lowest in NBA history, broken only by the 2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats, who finished 7–59 for a .106 winning percentage in a season shortened due to a lockout.", "Only six seasons earlier, the 76ers had set the NBA record for most wins in a season.", "The 76ers of 1972–73 are generally considered to be the worst team an NBA franchise has ever put on the court – although NBA historian Kyle Wright argued in a 2007 study that owing to weaker schedules the 1992–93 Mavericks and 1997–98 Nuggets, both of whom won eleven games, plus the inaugural Cleveland Cavaliers who played an extremely weak schedule, were actually poorer teams.", "The next year, the 76ers would hire Gene Shue as their head coach and they slowly came back.", "In the 1975–76 season, the 76ers acquired George McGinnis from the Indiana Pacers of the ABA (after the Knicks tried to sign him, not knowing that the 76ers owned his rights).", "With him, the 76ers were back in the playoffs after a five-year absence, and even though they lost to the Buffalo Braves in three games, a \"Doctor\" would come along and get the team healthy enough to stay in perennial contention.", "During this period, however, one last personnel misjudgment had effects when the team used the fifth pick overall in the 1975 draft to select Darryl Dawkins directly from high school.", "The immensely talented and physically imposing Dawkins seldom, if ever, lived up to his great potential in part because of a perpetual adolescence.", "The Sixers finally came all the way back in 1976–77, in large part due to a byproduct of the ABA–NBA merger.", "The ABA's last champions, the New York Nets, were facing having to pay almost $5 million to the Knicks for \"invading\" the New York area on top of the $3.2 million expansion fee for joining the NBA.", "When the Sixers offered to buy the contract of the Nets' franchise player, Julius Erving, for $3 million—roughly the cost of NBA membership—the Nets had little choice but to accept.", "A few months before that trade, Kosloff had sold the Sixers to local philanthropist Fitz Eugene Dixon Jr., grandson of George Dunton Widener and heir to the Widener fortune.", "Led by Erving, the 76ers began an exciting ride for the fans of Philadelphia, beating their long-time rival from Boston in a seven-game playoff to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals.", "There, they defeated the Houston Rockets, led by future 76er Moses Malone, in six games to advance to the NBA Finals.", "In the Finals, they sprinted to a 2–0 series lead over the Bill Walton-led Portland Trail Blazers—who were coached by former 76ers' coach/general manager Jack Ramsay—only to drop the next four games in a row to give the Blazers the title.", "That led to the 1977–78 motto of \"We owe you one\", which would ultimately backfire when they lost in the conference finals that season to the Washington Bullets, who went on to win the NBA championship.", "In the next four seasons, the 76ers would fall short of the NBA Championship, even after Shue handed the coaching reins to former great Billy Cunningham.", "In the 1980 NBA Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers, they lost 4–2.", "In Game Six, rookie Magic Johnson played center for the Lakers in place of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (who was out because of a sprained ankle sustained in Game Five) and scored 42 points.", "In the 1981 Eastern Conference Finals, the 76ers opened a 3–1 series lead over the Celtics only to see Boston come back and win the series in seven games.", "The following season, the 76ers again faced the Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals, and again jumped to a 3–1 series lead only to see Boston forge a 3–3 series tie.", "The 76ers were given little chance of winning as they faced the Celtics in Game Seven at Boston Garden.", "This time, they played angry but inspired basketball, pulling away to a 120–106 victory and becoming the third NBA road team to win Game 7 after leading series 3–1.", "In the game's closing moments, the Boston Garden fans began chanting \"\"Beat L.A., Beat L.A.\"\", as they realized their team would lose the playoff series to a hated opponent (Philadelphia 76ers), nonetheless openly wished that opponent good luck in the next round against a more hated opponent (the Los Angeles Lakers).", "The team lost the 1982 Finals in six games against the Los Angeles Lakers.", "Harold Katz bought the 76ers from Dixon in 1981.", "On his watch, the final piece of the championship puzzle was completed before the 1982–83 season when they acquired center Moses Malone from the Houston Rockets.", "Led by Hall of Famers Julius Erving, Maurice Cheeks, and All-Star, Andrew Toney and Bobby Jones they dominated the regular season, winning 65 games in what is still the second most winning year in franchise history.", "Malone was named League MVP, and when reporters asked how the playoffs would run, he answered, \"four, four, four\"—in other words, saying that the 76ers needed to win four games in each of the 3 rounds.", "The media misinterpreted this and assumed Moses was predicting that the 76ers would sweep all three rounds to win the title, with the minimum 12 games.", "Malone's accent made his boast sound like \"fo', fo', fo'.\"", "However, the 76ers backed up Malone's boast.", "They made a mockery of the Eastern Conference playoffs, first sweeping the New York Knicks and then beating the Milwaukee Bucks in five games.", "The 76ers went on to win their third NBA championship (and second in Philadelphia) with a four-game sweep of the Los Angeles Lakers, who had defeated them the season before.", "Malone was named the playoffs' MVP.", "The 76ers did not quite fulfill Malone's prediction, as their run was actually \"fo', fi', fo\" (\"four, five, four\") – a loss to the Bucks in game four of the Eastern finals being the only blemish on their playoff run.", "Nonetheless, their 12–1 playoff record is tied for the fewest losses in league history with the 2000–01 Lakers, who went 15–1 en route to the NBA title, coincidentally beating the 76ers in the Finals (after suffering their only defeat that postseason in Game 1), and also with the 2016-2017 Golden State Warriors, who won the title with a 16–1 playoff record.", "The Philadelphia-based group Pieces Of A Dream had a minor hit in 1983 with the R&B song \"Fo-Fi-Fo\", which title was prompted by Malone's quip.", "This also marked the last championship in Philadelphia until the Phillies won the 2008 World Series.", "After a disappointing 1983–84 season, which ended with a five-game loss to the upstart New Jersey Nets in the first round of the playoffs, Charles Barkley arrived in Philadelphia for the 1984–85 season.", "For the next eight seasons, Barkley brought delight to the Philadelphia fans thanks to his humorous and sometimes controversial ways.", "The Sixers returned to the Eastern Conference Finals in Barkley's rookie season, but lost to the Boston Celtics in five games.", "As it turned out, they would never again advance as far during Barkley's tenure in Philadelphia.", "Following the 1984–85 season, Matt Guokas replaced Billy Cunningham as head coach.", "Guokas led the 76ers to a 54–28 record and the second round of the 1986 playoffs, where they were defeated by the Milwaukee Bucks in seven games.", "On June 16, 1986, Katz made two of the most controversial and highly criticized personnel moves in franchise history, trading Moses Malone to Washington and the first overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft (which had been obtained from the San Diego Clippers in a 1979 trade for Joe Bryant) to the Cleveland Cavaliers.", "In return, the 76ers received Roy Hinson, Jeff Ruland, and Cliff Robinson, none of whom played more than three seasons with the team.", "Cleveland, meanwhile, turned their acquired pick into future All-Star Brad Daugherty.", "On the night of the 1986–87 season opener, Julius Erving announced he would retire after the season, which was subsequently filled with tributes in each arena the Sixers visited.", "On the court, the team suffered through an injury-plagued campaign, but still managed to make the playoffs with a 45–37 record.", "Their season would end at the hands of the Bucks again, this time in a best-of-five first round series that went the distance.", "In 1987–88, with the team's record at 20–23, Guokas was fired and replaced by assistant coach Jim Lynam.", "Lynam finished the season 16–23, to bring Philadelphia's overall mark to 36–46.", "For the first time since the 1974–75 season, the Sixers failed to reach the playoffs.", "Philadelphia selected Charles Smith with its first pick (third overall) in the 1988 NBA draft, then traded his rights to the Los Angeles Clippers for their first pick (sixth overall), and Hersey Hawkins.", "In five seasons with the 76ers, Hawkins would average 19 points per game, and was the team's all-time leader in three-point field goals attempted and made when he was traded to the Charlotte Hornets for Dana Barros, Sidney Green and draft picks in 199", "In 1988–89, Philadelphia returned to the playoffs after a one-year absence, but was swept in the first round by the New York Knicks.", "In 1989–90, Barkley finished second in the league's MVP voting, as the Sixers won the Atlantic Division title with a 53–29 record.", "After defeating Cleveland in the first round of the playoffs, Philadelphia faced Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls in the second round.", "The 76ers fell to the Chicago Bulls in five games, and would do the same in 1991 after sweeping the Bucks in the first round.", "In the 1991–92 season, the 76ers went 35–47 and missed the playoffs for the just the second time during Barkley's eight seasons in Philadelphia.", "On June 17, 1992, Barkley was traded to the Phoenix Suns for Jeff Hornacek, Tim Perry, and Andrew Lang, a deal that was met with harsh criticism.", "Lynam relinquished his head coaching position to become general manager following the 1991–92 season, and hired Doug Moe to fill the vacancy.", "Moe's tenure lasted just 56 games, with the Sixers posting a 19–37 record.", "Popular former player and longtime assistant coach Fred Carter succeeded Moe as head coach in March 1993, but could only manage a 32–76 record at the helm.", "Following the 1993–94 season, the 76ers hired John Lucas in the dual role of head coach and general manager.", "The enthusiastic Lucas had been successful as a head coach for the San Antonio Spurs, and Philadelphia hoped he could breathe new life into the 76ers.", "It proved disastrous, as the team went 42–122 in its two seasons under Lucas.", "The acquisition of unproductive free agents such as Scott Williams and Charles Shackleford, players at the end of their careers such as LaSalle Thompson, Orlando Woolridge, and Scott Skiles along with stunningly unwise high draft picks such as Shawn Bradley and Sharone Wright were also factors in the team's decline.", "In fact, Wright would only play four seasons in the NBA while Temple product Eddie Jones—drafted 4 slots below Wright in 1994 by the L.A. Lakers—had 16 productive seasons as an NBA player.", "Starting with the 1990–91 season, and ending with the 1995–96 season, the 76ers had the dubious distinction of seeing their win total decrease each year.", "The nadir was the 1995–96 season, when they finished with an 18–64 record, the second-worst in franchise history at the time.", "It was also the second-worst record in the league that year, ahead of only the expansion Vancouver Grizzlies but behind the Toronto Raptors, who were also in their inaugural season.", "That season would turn out to be their last in The Spectrum.", "Katz, unpopular among fans since the 1986 trades, sold the team to Comcast Spectacor, a consortium of Philadelphia Flyers owner Ed Snider and Comcast Corporation, at the end of the 1995–96 season.", "Snider had been the 76ers' landlord since gaining control of the Spectrum in 1971.", "Pat Croce, a former trainer for the Flyers and Sixers, took over as president.", "Many 76ers fans call these years \"The Dark Ages\".", "However, after many years of misfortune, there was a bright spot.", "The team won the lottery for the top pick in the 1996 NBA draft.", "Questions remained, but with the first pick, the Sixers found their \"Answer\": Allen Iverson.", "With new ownership, Iverson in place, and the 76ers moving into the CoreStates Center, things seemed to finally be heading in a positive direction.", "Croce fired Lucas as both coach and general manager.", "Johnny Davis was named head coach, while Brad Greenberg took over as general manager.", "Iverson was named Rookie of the Year, but Philadelphia's overall improvement was minimal, as they finished with a 22–60 record.", "Changes had to be made, and after the 1996–97 season, Davis and Greenberg were both fired and the unveiling of a new 76ers team logo and jerseys marked a new era.", "To replace Davis, Larry Brown was hired as head coach.", "Known for a defense-first approach and transforming unsuccessful teams into winners by \"playing the right way\", Brown faced perhaps his toughest coaching challenge.", "He often clashed with Iverson, but the 76ers improved to 31 wins in 1997–98.", "Early in the 1997–98 season, the Sixers traded Jerry Stackhouse, who had been the third overall pick in the 1995 NBA draft, to the Detroit Pistons.", "In exchange, Philadelphia received Aaron McKie and Theo Ratliff, defensive standouts who would have an impact in the team's resurgence.", "Another key figure in the team's rise, Eric Snow, was added in a trade with the Seattle SuperSonics in January 1998.", "Prior to the 1998–99 season, the 76ers signed George Lynch and Matt Geiger, but a lockout delayed the start of the season, which was shortened to 50 games.", "During the season, Philadelphia acquired Tyrone Hill in a trade with Milwaukee.", "The team began its resurgence during this lockout-shortened season, finishing with a 28–22 record and the sixth seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs, marking the first time since 1991 the team reached the postseason.", "In the first round, Philadelphia upset the Orlando Magic 3–1, before being swept by the Indiana Pacers.", "The following season, the Sixers improved to 49–33, fifth in the Eastern Conference.", "Again, the Sixers won their first round series in four games, this time defeating the Charlotte Hornets.", "For the second straight year, they were defeated by Indiana in the second round, this time in six games.", "Though the team was moving in a positive direction, Iverson and Brown continued to clash, and their relationship deteriorated to the point where it seemed certain Iverson would be traded.", "A rumored trade to the Los Angeles Clippers fell through, but a complicated four-team deal that would've seen Iverson sent to Detroit was agreed upon, only to see it dissolve due to salary cap problems.", "When it became clear Iverson was staying in Philadelphia, he and Brown worked to patch things up, and the team would reap the benefits in 2000–01.", "During the 2000–01 season, the 76ers got off to a hot start by winning their first ten games and were never seriously challenged in the Atlantic Division.", "Larry Brown coached the Eastern Conference All-Stars, and Allen Iverson was named MVP of the All-Star Game.", "Shortly before the All-Star break, Theo Ratliff was lost for the season with a wrist injury, one that would later prove to be devastating to his future career.", "Despite holding a 41–14 record and a comfortable lead atop both the Atlantic Division and Eastern Conference standings at the time of the February 22 trade deadline, management felt the team needed an established center to advance deep into the playoffs.", "On that day, Philadelphia acquired Dikembe Mutombo from the Atlanta Hawks in a deal that sent the injured Ratliff along with Nazr Mohammed, Toni Kukoč, and Pepe Sánchez to Atlanta (Sánchez was reacquired later in the season after the Hawks waived him).", "The 76ers went on to finish 56–26, good enough for their first Atlantic Division title since 1989–90 and top seed in the Eastern Conference Playoffs.", "In the first round of the playoffs, Philadelphia faced Indiana yet again.", "In Game One, the 76ers wasted an 18-point lead and lost, 79–78, when Reggie Miller hit a three-pointer in the closing seconds.", "Philadelphia fought back, however, and took the next three games to win the series.", "In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, the Sixers squared off against the Toronto Raptors and their superstar, Vince Carter.", "The teams alternated wins in the first four games, with Iverson scoring 54 points in Philadelphia's Game Two victory.", "A Game Five win (with Iverson scoring 52 in a 121–88 rout) and Game Six loss set up a decisive Game Seven, which the 76ers survived as Carter missed a long jump shot at the buzzer for an 88–87 victory that sent the Sixers to the Eastern Conference Finals against the Milwaukee Bucks.", "After the teams split the first two games of the series in Philadelphia, it was learned Iverson would miss Game Three due to various nagging injuries that had plagued him late in the season.", "Though most predicted a Milwaukee cakewalk, the 76ers kept the game close before falling, 80–74.", "Philadelphia seemed to gain momentum despite the loss, and they would win Games Four and Five.", "Milwaukee put any Sixer celebration plans on hold by building up a 33-point lead in the third quarter of Game Six, but the 76ers would make a furious fourth-quarter rally before falling 110–100.", "Struggling in the series up to that point, Iverson scored 26 points in the final quarter to finish with 46 on the night and appeared to have gotten a second wind.", "In Game Seven, the Bucks jumped out to a 34–25 second quarter advantage before seldom-used reserve Raja Bell scored 10 points to spark a 23–4 run that gave Philadelphia the lead for good.", "Iverson scored 44 points and the 76ers pulled away in the second half, winning by a 108–91 score to put them in the NBA Finals for the first time since 1983.", "As had been the case in their three previous Finals appearances, their opponent would be the Los Angeles Lakers, who had run up an 11–0 record in the first three rounds of the playoffs and were expected by many to make quick work of a worn-down 76ers squad.", "Because of a seemingly meaningless loss to the lowly Chicago Bulls in the regular season finale (both the Sixers and the Lakers finished with identical 56–26 records, but Los Angeles was awarded a higher seed based on tiebreakers), the NBA Finals marked the first time in the 2001 playoffs in which the 76ers had to start a series on the road.", "In Game One, the Lakers jumped out to an 18–5 lead, but the 76ers stormed back to take a 15-point lead in the second half.", "Los Angeles rallied to force a 94–94 tie at the end of regulation before scoring the first five points of the overtime period, but the 76ers closed the game on a 13–2 run for a 107–101 triumph.", "Iverson hit a go-ahead three-pointer with 1:19 to go in the extra period, and followed that with a jump shot after which he infamously stepped over Tyronn Lue after making the basket.", "Eric Snow hit a running jump shot in the waning seconds with the shot clock expiring to clinch the stunning victory.", "The series would come back to Philadelphia even as Los Angeles took Game Two, 98–89.", "In Game Three, Shaquille O'Neal fouled out late in the fourth quarter, and the Sixers pulled to within a point with less than a minute to play after trailing by 12 earlier in the second half.", "Robert Horry, however, hit a clutch three-pointer in that final minute, and the Lakers prevailed, 96–91.", "Los Angeles wrapped up the second of what would be three consecutive NBA titles with a 100–86 win in Game Four and a 108–96 victory in Game Five.", "In addition to their Atlantic Division and Eastern Conference titles, the 2000–01 76ers featured the NBA's MVP (Iverson), Coach of the Year (Brown), Defensive Player of the Year (Mutombo), and Sixth Man of the Year (Aaron McKie).", "The 76ers went into the 2001–02 season with high expectations, but were able to produce only a 43–39 record, sixth in the Eastern Conference.", "In the first round of the playoffs, Philadelphia was defeated 3–2 by the Boston Celtics.", "In the 2002–03 season, the 76ers sprinted to a 15–4 start, but a 10–20 swoon left them 25–24 at the All-Star break.", "After the break, the 76ers caught fire, winning nine in a row at one point, and 23 of their last 33 to finish at 48–34, earning the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs.", "Iverson scored 55 points in the playoff opener against the New Orleans Hornets and the Sixers went on to win the series in six games.", "In the second round, the Detroit Pistons ended Philadelphia's playoff run in a frustrating six-game series that saw the 76ers lose twice in overtime, and once on a last-second shot in regulation.", "It would be nine years before the Sixers won another playoff series.", "On Memorial Day, 2003, Brown abruptly resigned as head coach, taking over the reins in Detroit a few days later.", "Brown's Pistons would win the 2004 NBA Championship over the Los Angeles Lakers, in some ways avenging his loss to them in 2001.", "After being turned down by Jeff Van Gundy and Eddie Jordan, the 76ers hired Randy Ayers, an assistant coach under Brown, as their new head coach.", "Ayers lasted only 52 games and was fired with the team's record at 21–31.", "Chris Ford took over, but the 76ers finished the 2003–04 season at 33–49, missing the playoffs for the first time in six years.", "Iverson, who was at odds with Ford throughout the interim coach's tenure, played only 48 games in a stormy, injury-plagued season.", "For the 2004–05 season, Philadelphia native Jim O'Brien was named head coach.", "Iverson was moved back to point guard and flourished, having arguably his finest season.", "He also impressed many with his willingness to get other players involved in the offense.", "During this season, Philadelphia acquired Chris Webber in a trade with the Sacramento Kings, with the hopes that the team had at long last found a consistent second scoring option to compliment Iverson.", "Andre Iguodala, Philadelphia's first-round pick in the 2004 NBA draft, was named to the All-Rookie First Team, and the 76ers returned to the postseason with a 43–39 record.", "In the first round, they were defeated in five games by the defending NBA Champion Pistons, coached by Larry Brown.", "Though in the 2004–05 season the 76ers exceeded many on-court expectations, there was a great deal of behind-the-scenes tension between O'Brien, his players, and the front office.", "Shortly after the season ended, O'Brien was fired and replaced by the popular Maurice Cheeks, who played for the team from 1978 to 1989, and was the starting point guard for the 1983 NBA Champions.", "However, the coaching change did not help team's fortunes for the 2005–06 season.", "A 2–10 stretch in March doomed them to missing the playoffs for the second time in three years with a 38–44 record.", "With the opening of the 2006–07 season, the 76ers started out hot, going 3–0 for the first time since making it to the Finals five years previously.", "However, they stumbled through the first half of the season and could not quite recover, finishing 35–47, good for third in the Atlantic Division, and ninth in the Eastern Conference (tied with Indiana).", "On December 5, 2006, disappointed with the direction the team was headed, Allen Iverson gave the 76ers management an ultimatum: \"find players who will help support me or trade me.\"", "This was confirmed via an in-game interview with team owner, Ed Snider.", "On December 19, 2006, Allen Iverson, along with Ivan McFarlin, were sent to the Denver Nuggets in exchange for guard Andre Miller, forward Joe Smith, and two first-round draft picks.", "Then, on January 11, the 76ers' general manager Billy King announced that the Sixers and aging forward Chris Webber had agreed to a buyout of the remainder of his contract.", "The Sixers would pay Webber $36 million over the next 11⁄2 seasons, which is $7 million less than he would have been paid to play.", "After the buyout, the Sixers waived Webber, making him a free agent.", "Webber signed with the Detroit Pistons shortly thereafter.", "The moves allowed the 76ers to make Iguodala the unquestioned leader of the team, and evaluate whether they saw him as a franchise player.", "The Sixers had started the year 3–0, then went 5–10 before Iverson left the team.", "They would stumble out to an eight-game losing streak with Iverson deactivated; however, they were able to finish the season on a high note, going 30–29 for the remainder of the season.", "They finished the year 35–47.", "The Sixers drafted Georgia Tech small forward Thaddeus Young with the 12th pick, traded with the Miami Heat for 21st pick Colorado State power forward Jason Smith, traded with the Portland Trail Blazers for 42nd pick Vanderbilt guard-forward Derrick Byars, and then finally traded with the Utah Jazz for Providence power forward Herbert Hill.", "On December 4, 2007, the Sixers fired King and replaced him with Nets' general manager Ed Stefanski.", "With Iguodala, the Sixers clinched a playoff berth with a win over the Atlanta Hawks on April 4, 2008.", "It was their first postseason appearance since 2005, as well as the first in the post-Iverson era.", "However, they were eliminated by the Pistons in six games, with Detroit winning the series 4–2.", "Even with this elimination, many fans considered this to be a successful season, considering that the Sixers were 12 games under .500 in early February and went on to have a run that led them to the playoffs and a 40–42 record.", "On July 9, 2008, the 76ers signed power forward Elton Brand to a five-year, $79.795 million contract, after trading Rodney Carney and renouncing their rights to all their unrestricted free agents.", "Brand had originally opted out of his contract with the Los Angeles Clippers, looking to re-sign with them.", "But the 76ers offered him more money (he regarded their offer as the \"Philly-Max\") and a better chance at winning an NBA championship by playing in the Eastern Conference.", "This move has been the subject of controversy since there were rumors that he and Baron Davis had made a friendly agreement to play together for the Clippers.", "The team later signed free agent point guard Royal Ivey of the Milwaukee Bucks, Kareem Rush from the Indiana Pacers, and then signed former Sixer Theo Ratliff after Jason Smith's injury.", "Donyell Marshall was signed on September 2, 2008, after he stated to his agent that he wanted to go back home and end his career in Philadelphia.", "Rush, Ivey, Ratliff and Marshall were all paid the veteran's minimum salary, but they were to be contributors to a team on the rise.", "During the off-season, they also re-signed restricted free agents Lou Williams and Andre Iguodala for five years/$25 million and six years/$80 million, respectively.", "However, the Sixers could not find the form that pushed them to the playoffs last year.", "The Sixers started the year with a 9–14 record before firing head coach Maurice Cheeks on December 13.", "Assistant general manager Tony DiLeo took over and the Sixers gradually improved.", "They finished the season with a 41–41 record, with a 32–27 record under DiLeo.", "Brand's first season with the Sixers ended early with a right shoulder injury that required surgery.", "Despite the loss of Brand, the Sixers earned a playoff berth with a 95–90 win against the Detroit Pistons on April 4, 2009, at home.", "In the first round, they faced the Orlando Magic.", "Three of the first four games of the series provided late-game heroics.", "Iguodala and Young made game-winning shots in Games 1 and 3, respectively, while Orlando's Hedo Türkoğlu provided the game-winner in Game 4.", "Just like in the previous year's playoffs, the Sixers led 2–1 after three games, but the Magic won three straight to eliminate the Sixers from the playoffs.", "It was also during the season that the Sixers played one home game at their old home, the Wachovia Spectrum.", "The Sixers won 104–101 over the Chicago Bulls on March 13, 2009.", "The game was played to provide the final curtain call on the Spectrum, which was scheduled to be imploded on New Year's Eve 2009.", "Following the playoff loss, Tony DiLeo returned to his front office job, creating a head coaching vacancy.", "Former Washington Wizards coach Eddie Jordan was introduced as the 76ers' new coach on June 1, 2009.", "In the 2009 off-season, the Sixers drafted UCLA point guard Jrue Holiday with the 17th pick.", "The Sixers also traded power forward Reggie Evans to the Toronto Raptors for a three-point specialist, small forward Jason Kapono, who had won back-to-back three-point shootouts in 2007 and 2008.", "The off-season also marked the return of the 1977–97 76ers logo, along with a redesigned court and new uniforms updating the 1980s ones.", "On December 2, 2009, the Philadelphia 76ers announced that they had signed Iverson to a one-year prorated $1.3 million non-guaranteed contract.", "The 76ers were 5–13 at the time and had lost Williams for at least 30 games to injury.", "Iverson made his \"re-debut\" for the 76ers against the team he was traded to, the Denver Nuggets, to a thunderous ovation from the sell-out crowd, scoring 11 points, with six assists and five rebounds.", "However, the euphoria that greeted Iverson's return to the 76ers faded quickly.", "On February 22, Iverson announced he was leaving the 76ers indefinitely to attend to his daughter's illness, and a few weeks later the 76ers announced that Iverson would not be returning for the rest of the season.", "The 76ers finished the season with a record of 27–55, their first 50-loss season since 1998.", "Most cited the reason behind this as the players' inability to play within Eddie Jordan's Princeton offense, with several players unhappy with his system.", "Hours after the 76ers' last game at Orlando on April 14, the team fired Jordan after one season.", "He was the fourth coach to be fired after one season or less since Larry Brown left the team in 2003.", "On May 20, 2010, TNT analyst Doug Collins was named head coach of the 76ers.", "Collins played for the Sixers for his entire NBA career after being the first overall pick in the 1973 draft, and had previously coached the Chicago Bulls, Detroit Pistons, and the Washington Wizards.", "The 76ers had the sixth-best odds at receiving the top pick in the 2010 draft, and they managed to land the second overall pick, beating out the Warriors, Kings, Timberwolves, and Nets, who all had better odds.", "They used that draft pick to select Ohio State University's Evan Turner.", "The Sixers started the season with an uninspiring 3–13 mark, but started turning things around, to finish with a 41–41 record.", "They clinched a playoff berth on April 1, 2011, their third in the last four years.", "The 76ers faced the heavily favored Heat in the first round, and ultimately fell to them in five games.", "Although they lost the series, Collins was praised for turning around a lottery team in his first season, as well as winning a playoff game when many pundits predicted that the Sixers would be swept.", "Collins also finished second in Coach of the Year voting.", "On July 13, 2011, Comcast-Spectacor reached an agreement to sell the 76ers to an investment group led by Apollo Global Management co-founder Joshua Harris.", "Harris' group paid $280 million for the franchise.", "The sale did not include any ownership stake in the Flyers or in Comcast Sportsnet.", "The Sixers will continue to play their home games at the Wells Fargo Center for the foreseeable future.", "Actor Will Smith (a Philadelphia native) and his wife Jada Pinkett Smith are notable minority owners.", "The new ownership group decided to retain head coach Doug Collins and president of basketball operations Rod Thorn.", "Ed Stefanski, who served as the team's general manager since 2007, was relieved of his duties.", "The 2011–12 season was delayed into December due to the lockout.", "The Sixers did not play their home opener until January 6, 2012.", "The home opener marked the debut of an improved in-game presentation at the Wells Fargo Center.", "The Sixers had their best start since the 2000–01 season with a 20–9 record, battling for the Eastern Conference's best record and taking a firm division lead.", "However, they finished the rest of the season 15–22, giving them a 35–31 record.", "Attributed to their lack of a true go-to scorer, the 76ers lost hold of the top-three seed and division championship that they held for most of the season, by going on the losing streak.", "Nevertheless, they clinched their fourth playoff berth in the last five years on the penultimate play date of the season.", "Philadelphia earned the eighth seed in the 2012 NBA playoffs, facing the first-seeded Bulls.", "Philadelphia improved from their struggles in the second half of the regular season, beating Chicago 4–2 to win their first series since 2003.", "This was the fifth time in NBA history that an eight seed has beaten a one seed.", "They then faced their rival, the Boston Celtics, in the second round, and were eliminated 4–3.", "The Sixers once again faced criticism for their lack of a true scorer, as they were not able to keep pace with the Celtics' scoring.", "They were, however, given credit for winning the regular-season series against Boston and forcing the playoff series to seven games against the Celtics, who had won the last four division championships.", "In an effort to re-tool for the upcoming season, The 76ers selected Maurice Harkless, and Arnett Moultrie (via trade with Miami) in the 2012 NBA draft.", "The Sixers then used their amnesty clause on Brand, traded for Dorell Wright, signed Nick Young, Kwame Brown, and Ivey, and re-signed Spencer Hawes, while Lavoy Allen, Williams, and Jodie Meeks left through free agency.", "On August 9, 2012, the 76ers agreed to a four-team trade with the Los Angeles Lakers, the Magic, and the Nuggets.", "In the trade that sent six-time All-Star Dwight Howard to the Lakers, Philadelphia agreed to send 2011 first-round pick Nikola Vučević, 2012 first-round draft pick Harkless, and a future first-round draft pick to Orlando, as well as All-Star swingman Iguodala to Denver.", "In exchange, they received Jason Richardson from the Magic and All-Star center Andrew Bynum from the Los Angeles Lakers.", "The Sixers started the 2012–13 season with high expectations with the help of Bynum and the growth of the young Sixers.", "However, Bynum's debut with the 76ers took a hit when he was sidelined for precautionary reasons, in relation to the Orthokine knee procedure he received during the off-season.", "At first it looked like Bynum would be out only shortly, but little success in healing and setbacks pushed Bynum's return date further and further.", "As a result of many setbacks, on March 19, the Sixers announced that Bynum would have season-ending surgery on both knees.", "Bynum was not the only Sixer to suffer through injuries.", "On February 8, Richardson also went through a season-ending knee surgery.", "Holiday, Thaddeus Young, Nick Young, and Ivey also had injuries that sidelined them for weeks.", "By the end of the season, Turner and Hawes were the only Sixers to play in every game during the season.", "The Sixers started the season 12–9 but stumbled through a tough stretch and could not recover.", "The Sixers finished the season 34–48, missing the playoffs for the first time since Collins had taken over as head coach.", "On April 18, Collins resigned as 76ers coach, citing his declining health and need to spend time with his grandchildren.", "He stayed with the team as an adviser.", "Soon after, general manager DiLeo had \"cut ties\" with the team.", "On May 11, it was announced that Sam Hinkie, who had previously worked for the Houston Rockets, would replace DiLeo as general manager.", "On July 8, it was announced that Adam Aron had stepped down as CEO, and was being replaced by Scott O'Neil.", "Aron maintained his position as co-owner of the team.", "Following the 2012–13 season, the Sixers, led by Hinkie, chose to shift in the direction of rebuilding the franchise.", "In an interview, Sixers guard Tony Wroten would refer to the major rebuilding culture surrounding Philadelphia as \"The Process\".", "The first move of this new plan was executed during the 2013 draft, when the Sixers agreed in principle to trade Jrue Holiday and the 42nd pick in the draft, Pierre Jackson, to the New Orleans Pelicans for Nerlens Noel and the Pelicans' 2014 first-round pick.", "The trade was later made official on July 12.", "The trade was seen by some as somewhat surprising, as Holiday had been the team's marquee player and was coming off a season that saw him make his first NBA All-Star Game.", "Additionally, Noel was recovering from an anterior cruciate ligament injury suffered while in college, strongly indicating that he would not be able to make an immediate impact for the Sixers as he would be inactive to start the season.", "The Sixers used the 11th pick in the draft to select Michael Carter-Williams as Holiday's replacement as the starting point guard.", "The Sixers chose Arsalan Kazemi with the 54th overall pick, making Kazemi the first Iranian chosen in the NBA draft.", "Following the Holiday trade, many of the team's returning players were either waived or left the team in free agency, most notably Andrew Bynum; of the 15 players on the team's roster during their final game of the 2012–13 season, only six remained with the team by January 1, 2014.", "In their place were a number of young prospects, many coming from the NBA Development League or signing with the Sixers after playing limited roles on other teams.", "Further moves at the trade deadline on February 20, 2014, saw the exits of veterans Spencer Hawes, Evan Turner, and Lavoy Allen, all of whom were key rotational players.", "The 76ers, predicted by many to finish with the worst record in the league, had a 3–0 start that included wins over the two-time defending champion Miami Heat and a Chicago Bulls team with high expectations.", "However, the Sixers struggled heavily after that, at one point posting a 26-game losing streak which set a franchise record, and tied the all-time NBA record for most consecutive losses in a single-season.", "The Sixers finished the season with a 19–63 record, the third-worst in franchise history.", "Despite that, the Sixers did not have the worst win/loss record in the overall NBA standings: the Milwaukee Bucks finished worse with a 15–67 record.", "Carter-Williams led all rookies in points, rebounds, assists, and steals, joining Magic Johnson and Oscar Robertson as the only rookies to do such a feat.", "He also won the player of the week award in his first week, being the second rookie after Shaquille O'Neal to accomplish that.", "He went on to win the Rookie of the Year award, becoming the first rookie drafted 10th or later to win the award since Mark Jackson in 1987 for the New York Knicks.", "In the 2014 NBA draft, the Sixers selected Joel Embiid with the third overall pick, and traded with the Orlando Magic for Croatian prospect Dario Šarić, the twelfth pick of the draft.", "Neither prospect was expected to make an immediate impact for the Sixers, as Embiid was recovering from a stress fracture in the navicular bone, while Šarić will likely spend one or more years playing in the Turkish Basketball League.", "In the second round, the Sixers selected K. J. McDaniels, Jerami Grant, Jordan McRae, and Serbian prospect Vasilije Micić.", "The Sixers also traded a second-round pick to re-acquire Jackson from the Pelicans.", "In the 2014 off-season, the Sixers traded Thaddeus Young to Minnesota in the Kevin Love to Cleveland trade, and received the Heat's 2015 first-round draft pick, Luc Mbah a Moute and Alexey Shved, leaving only two players with three years of experience on the Sixers remaining.", "In June 2014 the it was announced that the team would move their practice facility and home offices to the Camden Waterfront, across the Delaware River from Philadelphia in Camden, New Jersey.", "On November 29, 2014, the 76ers lost to the Dallas Mavericks 103–110 and set a franchise record for losses to start the season, as they fell to a record of 0–16.", "After losing their next game against the San Antonio Spurs to make it 0–17, the 76ers were on the verge of tying the NBA record of 18 straight losses to start a season if they lost to the Minnesota Timberwolves on December 3, but they broke their losing streak and won their first game of the 2014–15 season with an 85–77 victory at Minnesota.", "In three deals at the 2015 NBA trade deadline, the 76ers traded Carter-Williams and McDaniels for JaVale McGee, Isaiah Canaan, and three draft picks, including a protected 2015 first round pick originally owned by the Los Angeles Lakers.", "The Sixers finished the season with an 18–64 record, tied with the second-worst in franchise history since 1995–96.", "Despite that, the Sixers did not have the worst win/loss record in the overall NBA standings: the Timberwolves fared worse with a 16–66 record and Knicks fared second with 17–65 record.", "On May 19, the 76ers were awarded the third overall pick in the 2015 NBA draft, where they selected Duke center Jahlil Okafor with the third overall pick.", "The 76ers also signed JP Tokoto with the 58th overall pick.", "On November 27, the 76ers lost to the Houston Rockets 116–114, giving them a 27-game losing streak dating back to the previous season, which became the longest losing streak in professional sports.", "During the same game the Sixers set a franchise record of 16 three pointers made during the losing effort.", "On December 1, the 76ers beat the Lakers at home by a score of 103–91, but not before setting a league record 28 consecutive losses dating to the 2014–15 season.", "In doing so, the 76ers also managed to avoid setting a new NBA record of most losses to begin a season.", "They instead tied the old record of 18 losses set by the then-New Jersey Nets in the 2009–10 season.", "On December 8, the 76ers announced that they would hire Jerry Colangelo, Chairman of the Board of Directors for USA Basketball, as the Special Advisor to the Managing General Partner and Chairman of Basketball Operations.", "In the first move the team made after hiring Colangelo, they traded two second-round draft picks to the Pelicans in return for point guard Ish Smith.", "After starting 1–30, the 76ers went 7–25 following the trade.", "On March 1, 2016, the 76ers, at the time with a record of 8–51, missed the playoffs for the fourth straight season.", "The 76ers finished the season 10–72.", "On April 6, 2016, Sam Hinkie resigned by way of a 7,000 word letter of resignation.", "On April 10, 2016, Bryan Colangelo, the son of Jerry Colangelo, was named president of basketball operations.", "In the NBA Draft Lottery, the Philadelphia 76ers earned the first pick in the draft, after they had a 25% chance of earning the spot.", "On June 23, 2016, following the 2015–16 season, and after the 76ers were awarded the first overall pick in the 2016 draft, the team selected LSU Point Forward Ben Simmons first overall.", "The Sixers also selected French basketball player Timothé Luwawu-Cabarrot and Turkish basketball player Furkan Korkmaz with the 24th and 26th picks in the 2016 NBA draft respectively.", "Many consider the 2016 NBA Draft a turning point for the 76ers after their three seasons of not being competitive resulted in the franchise garnering the first overall pick, the first time the team owned the first since 1996 when the 76ers selected point guard Allen Iverson first overall.", "The Sixers subsequently traded for another number one pick in the 2017 NBA draft, choosing Markelle Fultz.", "The 2017–18 season was the most successful season since the 2011–12 season as the team finished the regular season in third place in the Eastern Conference with a 52–30 winning record and clinched a playoff spot.", "The season also saw the 76ers reaching a franchise record 16-game winning streak.", "In the First Round of the playoffs, the Sixers defeated the Heat in five games, to win their first playoff series since the 2011–12 season.", "Following a controversy involving fake Twitter accounts, the 76ers parted ways with general manager Bryan Colangelo on June 7, 2018.", "The team promoted Elton Brand from executive vice president of basketball operations to fill the vacant general manager role on September 18, 2018.", "On November 12, 2018, the 76ers traded Šarić, Robert Covington, Jerryd Bayless and a 2022 second-round draft pick to the Minnesota Timberwolves in exchange for Jimmy Butler and Justin Patton.", "On February 6, 2019, the 76ers acquired forward Tobias Harris, as well as Boban Marjanović and Mike Scott, in a trade with the Los Angeles Clippers, sending Wilson Chandler, Mike Muscala, Landry Shamet, a protected 2020 first-round pick, Miami's unprotected 2021 first-round pick and Detroit's 2021 and 2023 second-round picks to the Clippers.", "While team colors have changed somewhat over the years, with emphasis alternating between blue, white, red, and even black and gold, the 76ers have always been closely identified with the logo featuring the number 76 with 13 stars arranged in a circle above the number 7 to represent the original 13 American colonies.", "The logo portrays the patriotic nature of the United States, prominently featuring the colors red, blue and white, and Philadelphia's reputation as the birthplace of American independence.", "The logo was used from 1963 to 1977, after which it was slightly modified to feature the full team nickname and a basketball adorning the logo.", "This iteration was used from 1977 to 1997.", "The 76ers also had an alternate logo with the '76' wordmark inside the silhouette of the Liberty Bell with 'Philadelphia' on top.", "Uniforms during this era varied between blue and red.", "During much of the 1960s, the abbreviated city name 'PHILA' adorned the uniforms, ranging from fancy and contemporary two-tone script to classic block lettering, the latter of which was used during their 1967 title run.", "Blue was the primary road color for most of the 1960s (except the 1965–66 season), but for the 1968–69 season, red became the primary away color, with the away uniform featuring 'PHILA' and the block numbers in white with blue trim (later switching color designations in the 1970–71 season).", "Player names were also added as part of the NBA mandate.", "A uniquely designed home uniform was used in the second half of the 1970–71 season, featuring a script 'Seventy 76ers' wordmark in red with blue trim, the only time the full team name was used on the uniform.", "From 1971 to 1978 they returned to blue as the primary road color, with the more popular moniker 'SIXERS' written in Art Deco lettering.", "With various adjustments from block lettering to Bookman Old Style font, this version with stars in side stripes stayed until 1978.", "The uniforms from 1978 to 1991 were a classic nod to their 1967 uniforms, except that the road color is red and the home lettering is blue with red trim.", "The name 'SIXERS' was featured in block lettering.", "This uniform was used in their 1983 title run.", "From 1991 to 1994, the Sixers followed other teams in designing more graphic-laden uniforms by featuring a streaking blue splash with tricolored stars heading up to the word 'SIXERS' in Helvetica and in either red (home) or white (away).", "In addition, the word 'PHILADELPHIA' was added atop the team name.", "From 1994 to 1997, the Sixers return to a more basic uniform design, featuring a more ornate lettering.", "The team name is in red (home) and white (away), with numbers in blue.", "In the 1997–98 season, the Sixers drastically changed their logo and colors in an effort to appeal to a more youthful, hip-hop oriented culture.", "The iconic 76 logo was dropped, and a new logo was introduced, featuring a bigger 76ers script, with a single star behind the number 7 and a streaking basketball below.", "More controversially, gold and black were introduced to the color scheme, in addition to the traditional red, white and blue.", "Uniforms were primarily white (home), and black (away), with slight adjustments in the home logo lettering (gold 1997–2000, black 2000–2009), trim and piping.", "Until the 2006–07 season, player names featured a red trim, before dropping it altogether and shrunk the font size in the 2007–08 season; the alternates adopted this design that season, with the regular uniforms following suit that same season.", "A blue alternate uniform was worn 1999–2006, while a red alternate uniform, featuring a return to the 'PHILA' script in then-current lettering, was worn 2006–09.", "This logo, black and gold were used until the 2008–09 season.", "During the 2008–09 season, while the previous logo was still in use, the original 'Stars and Stripes' 76 logo was revived to coincide with the team's 60th anniversary (counting the Syracuse years).", "The previous 1977–97 logo was reintroduced, with the addition of a red square and 'Philadelphia' inside a blue rectangle below it, although the partial logo without the square, city name and rectangles was also used.", "Uniform colors for this anniversary edition were white only, using the 1978–91 design.", "The anniversary uniforms proved so popular that they inspired the team to return to the old logo and color scheme full-time for the 2009–10 season, with red away uniforms completing the ensemble.", "This variation featured different striping patterns, team name in blue and numbers in red on the home uniforms, and monotone script.", "This combination continues to represent the 76ers to the present.", "A blue alternate uniform, which mirrors that of the red away uniform, was unveiled before the 2012–13 season.", "For the 2013–14 season, the blue uniforms became the primary while the red uniforms became the alternate, marking the first season since the 1977–78 season that the 76ers wore blue as a primary away uniform.", "The red uniform was retired prior to the 2014–15 season.", "A new version of the classic 76ers logo was unveiled for the 2015–16 season, featuring a slight tilt to the white basketball and a roundel featuring the city name and six stars.", "A secondary \"Dribbling Ben Franklin\" logo was also introduced.", "The home white, away blue and red alternate uniforms featured a mix of classic styles used in previous uniforms.", "The home white and away blue uniforms featured the 'PHILA' wordmark as homage to the late 1960s uniforms, while the red alternates featured the 'SIXERS' wordmark in tribute to the 1980s uniforms.", "Side stripes featuring seven stars on one side and six on the other pay homage to the 1970s uniforms, while the shoulder piping was a callback to the 1980s uniforms.", "The inscription 'PHILA TOUGH' is sewed on the bottom of all uniforms.", "The switch to Nike saw the Sixers make some slight tweaks to their uniform set.", "The blue \"Icon\" uniform and the white \"Association\" uniform now feature a red drop shadow on the lettering, and the inscription 'Brotherly Love' replaced 'PHILA TOUGH' near the manufacturer's tag.", "The Sixers also released their new red \"Statement\" uniform, featuring a script \"Sixers\" wordmark, off-centered numbers and blue drop shadows.", "The team's first annual \"City\" uniform features an ornate \"Phila\" lettering, blue numbers with red drop shadows, and other elements inspired from the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.", "Their second \"City\" uniform, inspired by the 1976 film \"Rocky\", shows thirteen stars to represent the thirteen colonies.", "By virtue of qualifying for the 2018 playoffs, the Sixers were also given an \"Earned\" uniform in the 2018–19 season.", "The Sixers' \"Earned\" uniforms were similar to the \"Rocky\" \"City\" uniforms, except that the base was white and the lettering and stars were in blue.", "On February 10, 2015, Franklin the Dog was introduced as the new Philadelphia 76ers mascot to 400 fans and media at The Franklin Institute.", "After spending the weekend in New York City for the 2015 NBA All-Star Game as the newest NBA mascot, he then was introduced at the Wells Fargo Center in his first game on February 19, 2015.", "The rivalry between the 76ers and Boston Celtics is the earliest dated rivalry in the NBA.", "The two teams have the most meetings in the NBA Playoffs, playing each other in nineteen series, of which the Celtics have won twelve.", "It is considered to be the second-greatest rivalry in the NBA, next to the Celtics–Lakers rivalry.", "The rivalry first peaked when Wilt Chamberlain and Bill Russell of the Celtics played each other from 1965 to 1968.", "The 1966–67 Sixers, voted the best team in league history during the NBA's 35th anniversary, set a then-record by winning 68 games in the 81-game season (a record since broken by the Lakers, Bulls and Warriors) and ending Boston's eight-year title reign which led to the infamous \"Boston's Dead!\"", "The 76ers went through a rebuilding period through the early 1970s, and came back to relevance during the 1976–77 season, in which they defeated the Celtics en route to a Finals appearance.", "Both teams would peak in the 1980s, with every single Eastern Conference Championship between 1980 and 1987 belonging to either the 76ers or Celtics.", "The Larry Bird-led Celtics won five of them, while the Julius Erving-led 76ers won the other three.", "The Charles Barkley-led Sixers of the later 1980s took the fight to the Celtics; however, neither team experienced much playoff success in the late 1980s, and both took steep nosedives in the Eastern Conference rankings throughout the 1990s.", "The rivalry was reborn in the new millennium.", "The first time, the Allen Iverson-led defending-Eastern Conference champions 76ers were defeated in the first round of the 2002 playoffs by the Paul Pierce-led Celtics 3–2.", "The second time, exactly ten years later, the Big Three Celtics (Kevin Garnett, Paul Pierce and Ray Allen) defeated the valiant eight seed 76ers team 4–3.", "In the ten years in between, the Sixers would experience limited success whereas the Celtics won a championship and contended for most of that span.", "In a memorable 2006 regular-season meeting between the two, the 76ers defeated the Celtics 125–124 in triple overtime, with Iverson leading the way with 33 points and 10 assists.", "The 76ers' training facility and headquarters for basketball operations are located at the Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex in Camden, New Jersey.", "In 2014, the 76ers announced their plans to construct a new training complex, which was officially opened on September 23, 2016.", "The team previously practiced at the campus of the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.", "The 76ers hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA.", "A drafted player, either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams.", "In this case, the team retains the player's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player's contract with the non-NBA team ends.", "This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams.", "All of the 76ers' retired numbers are hanging on the rafters in the Wells Fargo Center", "In September 2016, the 76ers acquired both Team Dignitas and Apex Gaming and merged them under the Dignitas brand, becoming the first North American professional sports team to own an eSports team." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 112659, "simple_article_title": "Philadelphia 76ers", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=112659", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-112659-0-0", "simple-112659-0-1", "simple-112659-0-2", "simple-112659-0-3", "simple-112659-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Philadelphia 76ers (or Sixers for short) are a professional basketball team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "They play in the National Basketball Association.", "They started in the year 1946 as the Syracuse Nationals.", "They joined the NBA in 1949.", "The 76ers have won three NBA championships." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 11849814, "normal_article_title": "Reza Alinejad", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11849814", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-11849814-0-0", "normal-11849814-1-0", "normal-11849814-1-1", "normal-11849814-1-2", "normal-11849814-1-3", "normal-11849814-1-4", "normal-11849814-2-0", "normal-11849814-2-1", "normal-11849814-2-2", "normal-11849814-2-3", "normal-11849814-2-4", "normal-11849814-3-0", "normal-11849814-3-1", "normal-11849814-4-0", "normal-11849814-5-0", "normal-11849814-5-1", "normal-11849814-6-0", "normal-11849814-6-1", "normal-11849814-6-2", "normal-11849814-6-3", "normal-11849814-7-0", "normal-11849814-7-1", "normal-11849814-7-2", "normal-11849814-8-0", "normal-11849814-9-0", "normal-11849814-10-0", "normal-11849814-11-0", "normal-11849814-11-1", "normal-11849814-12-0", "normal-11849814-12-1", "normal-11849814-12-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Reza Alinejad (born September 21, 1985) was a 17-year old Iranian man accused of killing another man in self defence and sentenced to death by hanging.", "In December 2002, while eating at a local marketplace in Fasa, Iran, Reza and his friend were confronted by a group of older men who verbally assaulted the two teenagers.", "The verbal altercation escalated, and one member of the group that had initiated the confrontation with Reza and his friend pulled out a weapon and began to beat the teens.", "In an attempt to defend himself and his friend against the attack, Reza pulled out a pocket knife, and while covering his face and eyes from the blows with his left hand, he attempted to ward off his attackers with the knife in his right hand.", "As Reza struggled with his attackers in this manner, he stabbed one of them with the knife.", "The stabbing ultimately led to the attacker's death, and Reza was arrested on charges of murder and was sentenced to death by hanging.", "During the initial investigation of this case, a number of exculpatory facts were established for the record, including the testimony of the decedent’s friend, who was present when the altercation took place.", "The eyewitness admitted that he and his friend were the ones who had started the altercation, and without provocation from Reza and his friend, they had attacked the two teenagers with their weapons.", "The eyewitness testified that the teenagers did not have any way of escaping the altercation as they were surrounded and overpowered.", "They were severely beaten, leaving them with serious injuries that required them to be hospitalized.", "As such, the eyewitness admitted that the attacks that he and his by-then deceased friend's actions were so aggressive that he could understand why Reza and his friend had acted as they had to defend their lives.", "Another eyewitness—who was not a participant in the altercation—confirmed these facts.", "His testimony, in addition to other evidence in the case, left little doubt that Reza had engaged in self-defense, and that he had no choice but to use necessary force to save his own life as well as that of his younger friend.", "Despite evidence supporting Reza's claim that he stabbed the man in self-defense, as well as the fact that he was a minor at the time of the incident, Reza Alinejad was sentenced to qesas- retribution- for murder by Section 6 of the Criminal Court in Fasa on October 4, 2003.", "When the case reached Iran's highest court for review in December 2004, this death sentence was rejected by the judge, who accepted that the teenager had acted in self-defence.", "The judge acknowledged that the instigators of the dispute were the dead man and his friend, that they had attacked Reza Alinejad and his friend with the nunchaku and had injured them, and that the stabbing by Reza Alinejad had not been intentional.", "The Supreme Court remanded the case to another lower court for review.", "The case was heard for a second time by branch 101 of Fasa Criminal Court.", "On June 15, 2005, the lower court sentenced Reza to death again, concluding that he could have fled the scene and had therefore acted unreasonably.", "On May 9, 2006, Iran's Supreme Court upheld the death sentence.", "According to Lily Mazahery, an Iranian-American human rights lawyer and a human rights advocate who has worked on a number of similar cases, the rulings in Reza's case violated international law and standards.", "This is because at the time of the incident, Reza was a minor.", "Article 37 of the Convention on the Right of the Child, to which the Islamic Republic of Iran is a signatory, prohibits the execution of individuals for acts or crimes committed before the age of majority.", "Reza's death sentence drew widespread criticism from human rights organizations and advocates around the world, including the issuance of Urgent Action Alerts by Amnesty International to stop the execution.", "Reza's case was transferred to Iran's Head of Judiciary Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi for review.", "Reza's brother, Meghada Alinejad, along with other members of Reza's family, have pleaded for international help.", "In December 2007, in a letter to Nazanin Afshin-Jam, Reza's brother, Ali Alinejad sent the copy of the mediation order by Iran's head of judiciary that stated: \"Considering the age of the convicted and the unintentional circumstances that he was faced, the file is ordered to be returned to judiciary court in (city of) Fasa.", "Through Mediation council or by any other means; more efforts and attempts must be made in order to bring a resolution between parents of the victim and the murder convict.\"", "Reza was released on December 3, 2008 after the victim's family (Dooroodi) demanded and accepted financial compensation (diyeh, blood money).", "The Alinejad family spoke to SCE (Stop Child Executions) President Nazanin Afshin-Jam shortly after his release to thank the team for all efforts to help save Reza.", "Reza maintains his innocence and says that the death of Esmail Dooroodi was as a result of defending himself against him and the other attacker Mohammad Firouzi." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 62171, "simple_article_title": "Reza Alinejad", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62171", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-62171-0-0", "simple-62171-1-0", "simple-62171-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Reza Alinejad (رضا علی نژاد, born September 21, 1985) is an Iranian at risk of execution for accidentally killing a man in self-defense when he was 17 years old.", "He is subject of several human rights campaigns, who protesting against his sentence, because of evidence that his act was a self-defense and he was under age if 18 - his death sentence is a violation of international law, Tehran had signed.", "Recently, his case was transferred to Tehran for Head of Judiciary Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi review." ] } }

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{ "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-11849814-0-0", "normal-11849814-9-0" ], "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-62171-0-0", "simple-62171-2-0" ] }

{ "normal_article_id": 18935619, "normal_article_title": "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18935619", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-18935619-0-0", "normal-18935619-0-1", "normal-18935619-0-2", "normal-18935619-1-0", "normal-18935619-1-1", "normal-18935619-2-0", "normal-18935619-2-1", "normal-18935619-2-2", "normal-18935619-2-3", "normal-18935619-3-0", "normal-18935619-3-1", "normal-18935619-3-2", "normal-18935619-3-3", "normal-18935619-4-0", "normal-18935619-4-1", "normal-18935619-4-2", "normal-18935619-4-3", "normal-18935619-5-0", "normal-18935619-5-1", "normal-18935619-5-2", "normal-18935619-5-3", "normal-18935619-6-0", "normal-18935619-6-1", "normal-18935619-7-0", "normal-18935619-7-1", "normal-18935619-8-0", "normal-18935619-9-0", "normal-18935619-10-0", "normal-18935619-10-1", "normal-18935619-11-0", "normal-18935619-12-0", "normal-18935619-12-1", "normal-18935619-12-2", "normal-18935619-13-0", "normal-18935619-13-1", "normal-18935619-13-2", "normal-18935619-13-3", "normal-18935619-13-4", "normal-18935619-14-0", "normal-18935619-14-1", "normal-18935619-14-2", "normal-18935619-14-3", "normal-18935619-15-0", "normal-18935619-15-1", "normal-18935619-15-2", "normal-18935619-15-3", "normal-18935619-16-0", "normal-18935619-16-1", "normal-18935619-16-2", "normal-18935619-16-3", "normal-18935619-16-4", "normal-18935619-16-5", "normal-18935619-16-6", "normal-18935619-16-7", "normal-18935619-17-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984), also known as the “Betamax case”, is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States which ruled that the making of individual copies of complete television shows for purposes of time shifting does not constitute copyright infringement, but is fair use.", "The Court also ruled that the manufacturers of home video recording devices, such as Betamax or other VCRs (referred to as VTRs in the case), cannot be liable for infringement.", "The case was a boon to the home video market, as it created a legal safe haven for the technology.", "The broader legal consequence of the Court's decision was its establishment of a general test for determining whether a device with copying or recording capabilities ran afoul of copyright law.", "This test has created some interpretative challenges to courts in applying the case to more recent file sharing technologies available for use on home computers and over the Internet.", "In the 1970s, Sony developed the Betamax video tape recording format.", "Universal Studios and the Walt Disney Company were among the film industry members who were wary of this development, but were also aware the U.S. Congress was in the final stages of a major revision of copyright law and would likely be hesitant to undertake any new protections for the film industry.", "The companies therefore opted to sue Sony and its distributors in California District Court in 1976, alleging that because Sony was manufacturing a device that could be used for copyright infringement, they were thus liable for any infringement committed by its purchasers.", "The complaint additionally included an unfair competition claim under the Lanham Act, but this was dismissed early in the course of the lawsuit.", "Two years later, the District Court ruled for Sony, on the basis that noncommercial home use recording was considered fair use, that access to free public information is a First Amendment public interest served by this use.", "However, this ruling was reversed in part by the Ninth Circuit Court, which held Sony liable for contributory infringement.", "The court also held Betamax was not a staple article because its main purpose was copying.", "It went on to suggest damages, injunctive relief, and compulsory licenses in lieu of other relief.", "After hearing oral arguments in the case, the Supreme Court was conflicted as to the outcome.", "The papers of Justice Thurgood Marshall, released nearly a decade later, reveal that a majority of justices were initially inclined to affirm the Ninth Circuit.", "Justice Harry Blackmun was assigned to write a majority opinion to that effect, while Justice John Paul Stevens drafted a dissenting opinion.", "Sensing that some members of the Court might be persuaded to change their votes, Stevens wrote a dissent that read like a majority opinion, and could be changed to one with the substitution of a few words.", "Stevens, in his initial draft, expressed great concern with the possibility that an individual might be liable for copyright infringement for copying a single program in his own home, and for his own use.", "At the same time, Justice Brennan was wavering on affirming based on the presence of non-infringing uses of the technology—but Brennan was not prepared to say that making home copies for repeated personal use did not constitute an infringement.", "Justice White, noting Brennan's position, suggested that Stevens shift the basis of his opinion away from arguments about whether home-use was, in fact, an infringement.", "White pointed out that the issue need not be resolved, because the suit was not against home-users, but against the producers of the technology that enabled them.", "Justice O'Connor, also initially inclined to affirm the Ninth Circuit, had concerns about the potential to shift the burden of proving harm away from the plaintiff.", "The District Court had found that the plaintiffs had failed to prove that they were harmed; O'Connor was unable to come to terms with Blackmun's reluctance to agree that the actual harm must be provable.", "Stevens therefore adjusted his draft to accommodate the positions taken by Brennan and O'Connor.", "In so doing, he shifted the vote of the Court from a 6-3 majority for affirming the Ninth Circuit to a 5-4 majority for reversing the Ninth Circuit.", "The Court's 5-4 ruling to reverse the Ninth Circuit in favor of Sony hinged on the possibility that the technology in question had significant non-infringing uses, and that the plaintiffs were unable to prove otherwise.", "Combined with the noncommercial, nonprofit nature of time-shifting, he concluded that it was indeed a fair use.", "Children's television personality Mr. Rogers' testimony supporting the manufacturers of VCRs before the District Court was taken into consideration for the decision.", "The Court stated that his views were a notable piece of evidence \"that many television producers are willing to allow private time-shifting to continue\" and even quoted his testimony in a footnote.", "Justice Harry Blackmun dissented, joined by Justices Marshall, Powell, and Rehnquist.", "Immediately after their loss in the Supreme Court, the plaintiffs lobbied Congress to pass legislation that would protect them from the effects of home copying.", "However, in the eight years that had passed since the suit was initially filed, the use of home recording devices had become so widespread that Congress was not prepared to take any actions to the detriment of the significant population of VCR owners.", "The film industry lobbied Congress to impose a small statutory royalty on the sale of blank videotapes, but Congress would not do so, noting the increased profits for film studios in the home video rental and sales market.", "Rather than destroying film studios, videotape sales became increasingly important to their revenue.", "The press discussed the VCR \"and the viewing habits it has engendered — the Saturday night trip down to the tape rental store to pick out for a couple of bucks the movie you want to see when you want to see it\".", "Film studios opened new divisions to produce prerecorded tapes, and by 1985 their sales were about the same as box office revenue; the Associated Press reported that \"because of the VCR, even a bad movie can make money\".", "Although the VCR received blame for a 25% decline in the summer 1985 box office compared to 1984's, and closing movie theaters, by 1987 it was credited with causing a record-high box office, as videotapes' popularity encouraged consumers' interest in films and watching them in theaters.", "Cable movie channels worried about VCRs affecting subscriptions, but began to offer more films for owners who wanted to build a home library, even encouraging time shifting by broadcasting the movies during the night so VCRs could record them while their owners slept.", "In 1989 Sony purchased Columbia Pictures and became owner of its own Hollywood studio.", "By 1995 more than half of Hollywood's American revenue came from home video compared to less than a quarter from movie theaters.", "\"Forbes\" wrote in 2001 that the VCR was no longer \"arguably believed to be the death knell of the movie business.", "Instead it became arguably its savior\" because consumers much preferred buying or renting films to recording their own onto blank tapes.", "Pamela Samuelson has remarked that \"the Sony decision is the most significant legacy of Justice Stevens in the field of intellectual property law and its significance is likely to continue in mediating disputes between copyright industries and creative information technology developers and users of information technology.\"", "The DMCA modified the law that the \"Sony\" decision was based upon in several ways, and new interpretations are still being handed down.", "Many of the same points of law that were litigated in this case are still being argued in various cases, particularly in light of recent peer-to-peer lawsuits; for example, in \"A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.\", the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected a fair use \"space shifting\" argument raised as an analogy to the time-shifting argument that prevailed in \"Sony\".", "The Ninth Circuit further distinguished the cases because the \"Napster\" defendants operated a system that allowed them to monitor and control the potentially infringing activities of its users.", "In August 2004, in the case of \"MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.\", the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in Grokster's favor due to its \"substantial noninfringing uses\".", "The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case on March 29, 2005.", "The Supreme Court decision of June 27, 2005 reversed the decision of the Ninth Court of Appeals \"Because substantial evidence supports MGM on all elements, summary judgment for the respondents was error.", "On remand, reconsideration of MGM's summary judgment motion will be in order.\"", "pp. 23–24 380 F.3d 1154, vacated and remanded.", "The Supreme Court unanimously concurred that Grokster could be liable for inducing copyright infringement.", "In the opinion, Justice Souter stated that the rule on inducement of infringement as developed in the early cases is no different today.", "Advertising an infringing use or instructing how to engage in an infringing use, show an affirmative intent that the product be used to infringe, and a showing that infringement was encouraged overcomes the law's reluctance to find liability when a defendant merely sells a commercial product suitable for some lawful use...", "is available from: Cornell CourtListener Google Scholar Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio)" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 664810, "simple_article_title": "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=664810", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-664810-0-0", "simple-664810-1-0", "simple-664810-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984), also known as the “Betamax case”, is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States which ruled that the making of individual copies of complete television shows for purposes of time shifting does not constitute copyright infringement, but is fair use.", "The Court also ruled that the manufacturers of home video recording devices, such as Betamax or other VCRs cannot be found guilty for infringement.", "The case was a boon to the home video market, as it created a legal safe haven for the technology." ] } }

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"normal-32616-138-0", "normal-32616-138-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Venice ( , ; ] ; , ] ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.", "It is situated on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges.", "The islands are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers (more exactly between the Brenta and the Sile).", "In 2018, 260,897 people resided in the Comune di Venezia, of whom around 55,000 live in the historical city of Venice (\"centro storico\").", "Together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE), which is considered a statistical metropolitan area, with a total population of 2.6 million.", "The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC.", "The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice.", "The 697–1797 Republic of Venice was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as an important center of commerce (especially silk, grain, and spice) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century.", "The city-state of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center, emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century.", "This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history.", "After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna, the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire, until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, following a referendum held as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence.", "Venice has been known as \"La Dominante\", \"La Serenissima\", \"Queen of the Adriatic\", \"City of Water\", \"City of Masks\", \"City of Bridges\", \"The Floating City\", and \"City of Canals\".", "The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, and artwork.", "Venice is known for several important artistic movements—especially during the Renaissance period—has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi.", "Although the city is facing some major challenges (including financial difficulties, pollution, an excessive number of tourists and problems caused by cruise ships sailing close to the buildings), Venice remains a very popular tourist destination, an iconic Italian city, and has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world.", "The name of the city, deriving from Latin forms \"Venetia\" and \"Venetiae\", is most likely taken from \"Venetia et Histria\", the Roman name of \"Regio X\" of Roman Italy, but applied to the coastal part of the region that remained under Roman Empire outside of Gothic, Lombard, and Frankish control.", "The name \"Venetia\", however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks \"Enetoi\" (Ἐνετοί).", "The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti and the Slavic Vistula Veneti.", "Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *\"wen\" (\"love\"), so that *\"wenetoi\" would mean \"beloved\", \"lovable\", or \"friendly\".", "A connection with the Latin word \"venetus\", meaning the color 'sea-blue', is also possible.", "Supposed connections of \"Venetia\" with the Latin verb \"venire\" (to come), such as Marin Sanudo's \"veni etiam\" (\"Yet, I have come!\"),", ", the supposed cry of the first refugees to the Venetian lagoon from the mainland, or even with \"venia\" (\"forgiveness\") are fanciful.", "The alternative obsolete form is \"Vinegia\" ] ; (Venetian: \"Venèxia\" ] ; ; ; ).", "Although no surviving historical records deal directly with the founding of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees—from nearby Roman cities such as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino, and Concordia (modern Portogruaro), as well as from the undefended countryside—who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions.", "This is further supported by the documentation on the so-called \"apostolic families\", the twelve founding families of Venice who elected the first doge, who in most cases trace their lineage back to Roman families.", "Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen, on the islands in the original marshy lagoons, who were referred to as \"incolae lacunae\" (\"lagoon dwellers\").", "The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto (\"Rivoalto\", \"High Shore\")—said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421 (the Feast of the Annunciation).", "Beginning as early as AD 166–168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the main Roman town in the area, present-day Oderzo.", "This part of Roman Italy was again overrun in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led by Attila.", "The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the Lombards in 568, left the Eastern Roman Empire only a small strip of coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice.", "The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the Exarchate of Ravenna, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the Exarch) appointed by the Emperor in Constantinople.", "Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes, and with the Venetians' isolated position came increasing autonomy.", "New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon.", "The \"tribuni maiores\" formed the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the lagoon, dating from c. 568.", "The traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the oldest chronicle by John, deacon of Venice 1008 .", "Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the Exarch Paul, and Paul's successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Paul's \"magister militum\" (or \"general\", literally \"master of soldiers\").", "In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the iconoclastic controversy, at the urging of Pope Gregory II.", "The exarch, held responsible for the acts of his master, Byzantine Emperor Leo III, was murdered and many officials put to flight in the chaos.", "At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own independent leader for the first time, although the relationship of this to the uprisings is not clear.", "Ursus was the first of 117 \"doges\" (\"doge\" is the Venetian dialectal equivalent of the Latin \"dux\" (\"leader\"); the corresponding word in English is duke, in standard Italian \"duca\", also see duce.)", "Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo III's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships.", "In recognition of this, Venice was \"granted numerous privileges and concessions\" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as \"dux\" and given the added title of \"hypatus\" (from the Greek for \"consul\".)", "In 751, the Lombard King Aistulf conquered most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost.", "During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the \"duke/dux\", later \"doge\"), was at Malamocco.", "Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories, as refugees sought asylum there.", "In 775/6, the episcopal seat of Olivolo (San Pietro di Castello; Helipolis ) was created.", "During the reign of duke Agnello Particiaco (811–827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the more protected Rialto, within present-day Venice.", "The monastery of St. Zachary and the first ducal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (\"civitatis murus\") between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here.", "Charlemagne sought to subdue the city to his rule.", "He ordered the pope to expel the Venetians from the Pentapolis along the Adriatic coast; and Charlemagne's own son Pepin of Italy, king of the Lombards, under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself.", "This, however, proved a costly failure.", "The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw in 810.", "A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there.", "In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast.", "In 828 the new city's prestige increased with the acquisition from Alexandria of the relics claimed to be of St Mark the Evangelist, which were placed in the new basilica; winged lions, visible throughout Venice, are the emblem of St Mark.", "The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto.", "As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, its autonomy grew, leading to eventual independence.", "From the 9th to the 12th century, Venice developed into a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or \"repubblica marinara\"; the other three being Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi).", "Its strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable.", "With the elimination of pirates along the Dalmatian coast, the city became a flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the Byzantine Empire and Asia), with its navy protecting sea routes against piracy.", "The Republic of Venice seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based there were a menace to trade.", "The doge already possessed the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria.", "Later mainland possessions, which extended across Lake Garda as far west as the Adda River, were known as the \"Terraferma\"; and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee Alpine trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat on which the city depended.", "In building its maritime commercial empire, Venice dominated the trade in salt, acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Crete, and Cyprus in the Mediterranean, and became a major power-broker in the Near East.", "By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia, and Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.", "Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called golden bulls or \"chrysobulls\", in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions.", "In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the empire; but not in the second, reflecting the decline of Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power.", "Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking Constantinople and establishing the Latin Empire.", "As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice.", "This plunder included the gilt bronze horses from the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were originally placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice, St Mark's Basilica, although the originals have been replaced with replicas and are now stored within the basilica.", "After the fall of Constantinople, the former Eastern Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians.", "Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and captured Crete.", "The seizure of Constantinople proved as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the Anatolian themes after Manzikert.", "Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half-century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self until Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror took the city in 1453.", "Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world.", "By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe.", "At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce.", "Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists.", "The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice.", "The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals.", "Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a Council of Ten (also called the Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city.", "One member of the great council was elected \"doge\", or duke, the chief executive, who usually held the title until his death; although several Doges were forced by pressure from their oligarchical peers to resign and retire into monastic seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by political failure.", "The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and the general citizenry with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected doge.", "Church and various private properties were tied to military service, although there was no knight tenure within the city itself.", "The \"Cavalieri di San Marco\" was the only order of chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent.", "Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military.", "War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early employment of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce).", "Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism, and executed nobody for religious heresy during the Counter-Reformation.", "This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the papacy.", "In this context, the writings of the Anglican divine William Bedell are particularly illuminating.", "Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition.", "The second, most noted, occasion was in 1606, by order of Pope Paul V.", "Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians.", "The newly invented German printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it.", "By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world; and the leading printer was Aldus Manutius, who invented paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag.", "His \"Aldine Editions\" included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.", "Venice's long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold Thessalonica against the Ottomans (1423–1430).", "It also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks (1453).", "After Constantinople fell to Sultan Mehmet II, he declared the first of a series of Ottoman-Venetian wars that cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions.", "Even more decisive than the Columbian exchange and the beginning of Atlantic trade following Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492 was Vasco da Gama's first voyage of 1497–99, which opened a sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope and destroyed Venice's monopoly.", "France, England, and the Dutch Republic quickly followed Spain and Portugal, but Venice's oared galleys were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing the great oceans, and therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies.", "The Black Death devastated Venice in 1348, and once again between 1575 and 1577.", "In three years, the plague killed some 50,000 people.", "In 1630, the Italian plague of 1629–31 killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens.", "Venice began to lose its position as a center of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth; while France and Spain fought for hegemony over Italy in the Italian Wars, marginalising its political influence.", "However, the Venetian empire remained a major exporter of agricultural products, and until the mid-18th century, a significant manufacturing center.", "During the 18th century, Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture, and literature.", "But the Republic lost its independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the War of the First Coalition.", "Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population, although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice than elsewhere.", "He removed the gates of the Ghetto and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.", "Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797.", "The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798.", "Venice was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy.", "It was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.", "In 1848 and 1849, a revolt briefly re-established the Venetian republic under Daniele Manin.", "In 1866, after the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy.", "During the Second World War, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being Operation Bowler, a successful Royal Air Force precision strike on the German naval operations in the city in March 1945.", "The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage inflicted on the city itself.", "However, the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste, and Trento were repeatedly bombed.", "On 29 April 1945, a force of British and New Zealand troops of the British Eighth Army, under Lieutenant General Freyberg, liberated Venice, which had been a hotbed of anti-Mussolini Italian partisan activity.", "Venice sits atop alluvial silt washed into the sea by the rivers flowing eastward from the alps across the Veneto plain, with the silt being stretched into long banks, or \"lidi\", by the action of the current flowing around the head of the Adriatic Sea from east to west.", "Subsidence, the gradual lowering of the surface of Venice, has led to the seasonal \"Acqua alta\" (\"high water\") when much of the city's surface is occasionally covered at high tide.", "Those fleeing Barbarian invasions who found refuge on the sandy islands of Torcello, Iesolo, and Malamocco, in this coastal lagoon, learned to build by driving closely spaced piles consisting of the trunks of alder trees, a wood noted for its water resistance, into the mud and sand, until they reached a much harder layer of compressed clay.", "Building foundations rested on plates of Istrian limestone placed on top of the piles.", "Between autumn and early spring, the city is often threatened by flood tides pushing in from the Adriatic.", "Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city.", "This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment.", "In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a \"stamp tax\".", "When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper, with the superscription \"AQ\" and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for \"letters to officials\".", "At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797.", "Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.", "During the 20th century, when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside.", "It was realized that extraction of water from the aquifer was the cause.", "The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s.", "However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods—the \"Acqua alta\", that rise to a height of several centimetres over its quays—regularly following certain tides.", "In many old houses, staircases once used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.", "Studies indicate that the city continues sinking at a relatively slow rate of 1–2mm per annum; therefore, the state of alert has not been revoked.", "In May 2003, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE Project (\"Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico\"), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates; the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow pontoons to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon.", "When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea.", "This engineering work is due to be completed by 2018.", "The project is not guaranteed to be successful and the cost has been very high, according to a spokesman for the FAI (similar to the National Trust).", "Mose is a pharaonic project that should have cost €800m £675m but will cost at least €7bn £6bn.", "If the barriers are closed at only 90cm of high water, most of St Mark's will be flooded anyway; but if closed at very high levels only, then people will wonder at the logic of spending such sums on something that didn't solve the problem.", "And pressure will come from the cruise ships to keep the gates open.", "Approximately €2 billion of the cost has been lost to corruption.", "According to the Köppen climate classification, Venice has a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\"), with cool winters and hot, humid summers.", "The 24-hour average temperature in January is 3.3 C , and for July this figure is 23.0 C .", "Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages 748 mm .", "The city was one of the largest in Europe in the High Middle Ages, with a population of 60,000 in AD 1000; 80,000 in 1200; and rising up to 110,000–180,000 in 1300.", "In the mid 1500s the city's population was 170,000, and by 1600 almost 200,000.", "In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in the Comune of Venice (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico), 176,000 in Terraferma (the mainland); and 31,000 on other islands in the lagoon); 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female.", "Minors (ages 18 and younger) were 14.36% of the population compared to pensioners who numbered 25.7%.", "This compared with the Italian average of 18.06% and 19.94%, respectively.", "The average age of Venice residents was 46 compared to the Italian average of 42.", "In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Venice declined by 0.2%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%.", "The population in the historic old city declined much faster: from about 120,000 in 1980 to about 60,000 in 2009, and to below 55,000 in 2016.", "s of 2009 , 91% of the population was Italian.", "The largest immigrant groups include: Romanians, 3%; South Asia, 1.3%; and East Asia, 0.9%.", "Venice is predominantly Roman Catholic (92.7% of the resident population in the area of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Venice in 2012), but because of the long-standing relationship with Constantinople, there is also a noticeable Orthodox presence; and as a result of immigration, there are now some Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist inhabitants.", "Since 1991, the Church of San Giorgio dei Greci in Venice has become the see of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta and Exarchate of Southern Europe, a Byzantine-rite diocese under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.", "There is also a historic Jewish community in Venice.", "The Venetian Ghetto was the area in which Jews were compelled to live under the Venetian Republic.", "The word \"ghetto\", originally Venetian, is now found in many languages.", "Shakespeare's play \"The Merchant of Venice\", written in the late 16th century, features Shylock, a Venetian Jew.", "The first complete and uncensored printed edition of the Talmud was printed in Venice by Daniel Bomberg in 1523.", "During World War II, Jews were rounded up in Venice and deported to extermination camps.", "Since the end of the war, the Jewish population of Venice has declined from 1500 to about 500.", "Only around 30 Jews live in the former ghetto which houses the city's major Jewish institutions.", "In modern times, Venice has an eruv, used by the Jewish community.", "The whole \"pensolon\" (municipality) is divided into 6 boroughs.", "One of these (the historic city) is divided into six areas called \"sestieri\": Cannaregio (including San Michele), San Polo, Dorsoduro (including Giudecca and Sacca Fisola), Santa Croce, San Marco (including San Giorgio Maggiore) and Castello (including San Pietro di Castello and Sant'Elena).", "Each sestiere was administered by a procurator and his staff.", "Now, each \"sestiere\" is a statistical and historical area without any degree of autonomy.", "The six fingers or phalanges of the \"ferro\" on the bow of a gondola represent the six \"sestieri\".", "The \"sestieri\" are divided into parishes – initially 70 in 1033, but reduced under Napoleon and now numbering just 38.", "These parishes predate the \"sestieri\", which were created in about 1170.", "Each parish exhibited unique characteristics but also belonged to an integrated network.", "Each community chose its own patron saint, staged its own festivals, congregated around its own market center, constructed its own bell towers, and developed its own customs.", "Other islands of the Venetian Lagoon do not form part of any of the \"sestieri\", having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.", "Each \"sestiere\" has its own house numbering system.", "Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.", "The legislative body of the Comune is the Consiglio Comunale (\"city council\"), which is composed of 45 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, contextually to the mayoral elections.", "The executive body is the City Committee (\"Giunta Comunale\"), composed of 12 assessors nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor.", "Venice was governed by center-left parties from the 1990s until the 2010s, when the mayor started to be elected directly.", "Its region Veneto has long been a conservative stronghold, with the coalition between the regionalist Lega Nord and the center-right Forza Italia winning absolute majorities of the electorate in many elections at communal, national, and regional levels.", "In June 2015, after a corruption scandal that forced the center-left mayor Giorgio Orsoni to resign, Venice voted for the first time for a conservative directly-elected mayor: the center-right businessman Luigi Brugnaro won the election in the second round of voting, with 53% of the votes against the leftist magistrate, and member of the Italian Senate, Felice Casson, who led in the first round with 38% of the votes.", "The municipality of Venice is subdivided into six administrative boroughs (\"municipalità\").", "Each borough is governed by a council (\"Consiglio\") and a president, elected contextually to the city Mayor.", "The urban organisation is dictated by Article 114 of the Italian constitution.", "The boroughs have the power to advise the mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics (environment, construction, public health, local markets) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the city council; in addition, they are supplied with autonomous funding to finance local activities.", "After the 2015 elections, five of the six boroughs are governed by the Democratic Party and its allies, and one by the center-right mayoral majority: Venice's economy has changed throughout history.", "Although there is little specific information about the earliest years, it is likely that an important source of the city's prosperity was the trade in slaves, captured in central Europe and sold to North Africa and the Levant.", "Venice's location at the head of the Adriatic, and directly south of the terminus of the Brenner Pass over the Alps, would have given it a distinct advantage as a middleman in this important trade.", "In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major center for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became an extremely wealthy European city and a leader in political and economic affairs.", "From the 11th century until the 15th century, pilgrimages to the Holy Land were offered in Venice.", "Other ports such as Genoa, Pisa, Marseille, Ancona, and Dubrovnik were hardly able to compete with the well organized transportation of pilgrims from Venice.", "This all changed by the 17th century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by countries such as Portugal, and its importance as a naval power was reduced.", "In the 18th century, then, it became a major agricultural and industrial exporter.", "The 18th century's biggest industrial complex was the Venice Arsenal, and the Italian Army still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical and cultural productions, and as spaces for art).", "Since World War II, many Venetians have moved to the neighboring cities of Mestre and Porto Marghera, seeking employment as well as affordable housing.", "Today, Venice's economy is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly in Mestre and Porto Marghera), services, trade, and industrial exports.", "Murano glass production in Murano and lace production in Burano are also highly important to the economy.", "The city is facing financial challenges.", "In late 2016, it had a major deficit in its budget and debts in excess of €400 million.", "\"In effect, the place is bankrupt\", according to a report by The Guardian.", "Many locals are leaving the historic center due to rapidly increasing rents.", "The declining native population affects the character of the city, as an October 2016 National Geographic article pointed out in its subtitle: \"Residents are abandoning the city, which is in danger of becoming an overpriced theme park\".", "The city is also facing other challenges, including erosion, pollution, subsidence, an excessive number of tourists in peak periods, and problems caused by oversized cruise ships sailing close to the banks of the historical city.", "In June 2017, Italy was required to bail out two Venetian banks—the Banca Popolare di Vicenza and Veneto Banca—to prevent their bankruptcies.", "Both banks would be wound down and their assets that have value taken over by another Italian bank, Intesa Sanpaolo, which would receive €5.2 billion as compensation.", "The Italian government would be responsible for losses from any uncollectible loans from the closed banks.", "The cost would be €5.2 billion, with further guarantees to cover bad loans totaling €12 billion.", "Venice is an important destination for tourists who want to see its celebrated art and architecture.", "The city hosts up to 60,000 tourists per day (2017 estimate).", "Estimates of the annual number of tourists vary from 22 million to 30 million.", "This \"overtourism\" creates overcrowding and environmental problems for Venice's ecosystem.", "By 2017, UNESCO was considering the addition of Venice to its \"In-Danger\" list, which includes historical ruins in war-torn countries.", "To reduce the number of visitors, who are causing irreversible changes in Venice, the agency supports limiting the number of cruise ships as well as implementing a strategy for more sustainable tourism.", "Tourism has been a major part of the Venetian economy since the 18th century, when Venice—with its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness, and rich musical and artistic cultural heritage—was a stop on the Grand Tour.", "In the 19th century, Venice became a fashionable centre for the \"rich and famous\", who often stayed and dined at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the Caffè Florian, and continued to be a fashionable city into the early 20th century.", "In the 1980s, the Carnival of Venice was revived; and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious Venice Biennale and the Venice Film Festival, which attract visitors from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic, and musical productions.", "Today, there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as St Mark's Basilica, the Doge's Palace, the Grand Canal, and the Piazza San Marco.", "The Lido di Venezia is also a popular international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics, celebrities, and others in the cinematic industry.", "The city also relies heavily on the cruise business.", "The Cruise Venice Committee has estimated that cruise ship passengers spend more than 150 million euros (US$193 million) annually in the city, according to a 2015 report.", "Other reports, however, point out that such day-trippers spend relatively little in the few hours of their visits to the city.", "Venice is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a \"living museum\".", "Unlike most other places in Western Europe, and the world, Venice has become widely known for its element of elegant decay.", "The competition for foreigners to buy homes in Venice has made prices rise so high that numerous inhabitants are forced to move to more affordable areas of Veneto and Italy.", "The need to protect the city's historic environment and fragile canals, in the face of a possible loss of jobs produced by cruise tourism, has seen the Italian Transport Ministry attempt to introduce a ban on large cruise ships visiting the city.", "A 2013 ban would have allowed only cruise ships smaller than 40,000-gross tons to enter the Giudecca Canal and St Mark's basin.", "In January, a regional court scrapped the ban, but some global cruise lines indicated that they would continue to respect it until a long-term solution for the protection of Venice is found.", "For example, P&O Cruises removed Venice from its summer schedule, Holland America moved one of its ships from this area to Alaska, and Cunard is reducing (in 2017 and further in 2018) the number of visits by its ships.", "As a result, the Venice Port Authority estimated an 11.4 per cent drop in cruise ships arriving in 2017 versus 2016, leading to a similar reduction in income for Venice.", "Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the city switched to a new strategy in mid-2017, banning the creation of any additional hotels.", "Currently, there are over 24,000 hotel rooms.", "The ban does not affect short-term rentals in the historic center which are causing an increase in the cost of living for the native residents of Venice.", "The city had already banned any additional fast food \"take-away\" outlets, to retain the historic character of the city, which was another reason for freezing the number of hotel rooms.", "Fewer than half of the millions of annual visitors stay overnight, however.", "The city also considered a ban on wheeled suitcases, but settled for banning hard plastic wheels for transporting cargo from May 2015.", "In addition to accelerating erosion of the ancient city's foundations and creating some pollution in the lagoon, cruise ships dropping an excessive number of day trippers can make St. Marks Square and other popular attractions too crowded to walk through during the peak season.", "Government officials see little value to the economy from the \"eat and flee\" tourists who stay for less than a day, which is typical of those from cruise ships.", "Some locals continued to aggressively lobby for new methods that would reduce the number of cruise ship passengers; their estimate indicated that there are up to 30,000 such sightseers per day at peak periods, while others concentrate their effort on promoting a more responsible way of visiting the city.", "An unofficial referendum to ban large cruise ships was held in June 2017.", "More than 18,000 people voted at 60 polling booths set up by activists, and 17,874 favored banning large ships from the lagoon.", "The population of Venice at the time was about 50,000.", "The organizers of the referendum backed a plan to build a new cruise ship terminal at one of the three entrances to the Venetian Lagoon.", "Passengers would be transferred to the historic area in smaller boats.", "In the last week of 2018, Mayor Luigi Brugnaro announced that, under a new Italian law, day-trippers visiting the historic centre would be required to pay a new tax, whose extra revenue would be used for cleaning, maintaining security, reducing the financial burden on residents of Venice, and to \"allow Venetians to live with more decorum\".", "The new tax had not yet been set, but the mayor was considering an amount somewhere between €2.50 and €10 per person, with exemptions for a few types of travelers, including students.", "Overnight visitors, who already pay a \"stay\" tax but account for only one-fifth of Venice's yearly total of 30 million visitors, would also be exempted.", "The plan to charge day-trippers an entrance fee into the city of up to €10 was expected come into effect in September 2019, an attempt to reduce their numbers.", "Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the Italian inter-ministerial \"Comitatone\" overseeing Venice's lagoon released an official directive in November 2017 to keep the largest cruise ships away from the Piazza San Marco and the entrance to the Grand Canal.", "Ships over 55,000 tons will be required to follow a specific route through the Vittorio Emmanuele III Canal to reach Marghera, an industrial area of the mainland, where a passenger terminal would be built.", "In 2014, the United Nations warned the city that it may be placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger sites unless cruise ships are banned from the canals near the historic centre.", "According to the officials, the plan to create an alternate route for ships would require extensive dredging of the canal and the building of a new port, which would take four years, in total, to complete.", "However, the activist group \"No Grandi Navi\" (No big Ships), argued that the effects of pollution caused by the ships would not be diminished by the re-routing plan.", "On 2 June 2019, the cruise ship \"MSC Opera\" rammed a tourist riverboat, the \"River Countess\", which was docked on the Giudecca Canal, injuring five people, in addition to causing property damage.", "The incident immediately led to renewed demands to ban large cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, including a Twitter message to that effect posted by the environment minister.", "The city's mayor urged authorities to accelerate the steps required for cruise ships to begin using the alternate Vittorio Emanuele canal.", "Italy's transport minister spoke of a \"solution to protect both the lagoon and tourism ... after many years of inertia\" but specifics were not reported.", "s of 2019 , the 2017 plan to establish an alternative route for large ships, preventing them from coming near the historic area of the city, has not yet been approved.", "Nonetheless, the Italian government released an announcement on 7 August 2019 that it would begin rerouting cruise ships larger than 1000 tonnes away from the historic city's Giudecca Canal.", "For the last four months of 2019, all heavy vessels will dock at the Fusina and Lombardia terminals which are still on the lagoon but away from the central islands.", "By 2020, one-third of all cruise ships will be rerouted, according to Danilo Toninelli, the minister for Venice.", "Preparation work for the Vittorio Emanuele Canal needed to begin soon for a long-term solution, according to the Cruise Lines International Association.", "In the long-term, space for ships would be provided at new terminals, perhaps at Chioggia or Lido San Nicolo.", "That plan was not imminent however, since public consultations had not yet begun.", "Over 1.5 million people per year arrive in Venice on cruise ships.", "Venice is built on an archipelago of 118 islands in a shallow, 550 km2 lagoon, connected by 400 bridges over 177 canals.", "In the 19th century, a causeway to the mainland brought the railroad to Venice.", "The adjoining Ponte della Libertà road causeway and terminal parking facilities in Tronchetto island and Piazzale Roma were built during the 20th century.", "Beyond these rail and road terminals on the northern edge of the city, transportation within the city's historic centre remains, as it was in centuries past, entirely on water or on foot.", "Venice is Europe's largest urban car-free area and is unique in Europe in having remained a sizable functioning city in the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks.", "The classic Venetian boat is the \"gondola\", (plural: \"gondole\") although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies, or as \"traghetti\" (sing.: traghetto) to cross the Grand Canal in lieu of a nearby bridge.", "The traghetti are operated by two oarsmen.", "For some years there were seven such boats; but by 2017, only three remained.", "There are approximately 400 licensed gondoliers in Venice, in their distinctive livery, and a similar number of boats, down from 10,000 two centuries ago.", "Many gondolas are lushly appointed with crushed velvet seats and Persian rugs.", "At the front of each gondola that works in the city, there is a large piece of metal called the \"fèro\" (iron).", "Its shape has evolved through the centuries, as documented in many well-known paintings.", "Its form, topped by a likeness of the Doge's hat, became gradually standardized, and was then fixed by local law.", "It consists of six bars pointing forward representing the sestieri of the city, and one that points backwards representing the Giudecca.", "A lesser-known boat is the smaller, simpler, but similar, sandolo.", "Venice's small islands were enhanced during the Middle Ages by the dredging of soil to raise the marshy ground above the tides.", "The resulting canals encouraged the flourishing of a nautical culture which proved central to the economy of the city.", "Today those canals still provide the means for transport of goods and people within the city.", "The maze of canals threading through the city requires more than 400 bridges to permit the flow of foot traffic.", "In 2011, the city opened the Ponte della Costituzione, the fourth bridge across the Grand Canal, which connects the Piazzale Roma bus-terminal area with the Venezia Santa Lucia railway station.", "The other bridges are the original Ponte di Rialto, the Ponte dell'Accademia, and the Ponte degli Scalzi.", "Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano (ACTV) is a public company responsible for public transportation in Venice.", "The main means of public transportation consists of motorised waterbuses (\"vaporetti\") which ply regular routes along the Grand Canal and between the city's islands.", "Private motorised water taxis are also active.", "The only gondole still in common use by Venetians are the \"traghetti\", foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points where there aren't convenient bridges.", "Other gondole are rented by tourists on an hourly basis.", "The Venice People Mover is an elevated shuttle train public transit system connecting Tronchetto island with its car parking facility with Piazzale Roma where visitors arrive in the city by bus taxi, or automobile.", "The train makes a stop at the Marittima cruise terminal at the Port of Venice.", "Lido and Pellestrina are two islands forming a barrier between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea.", "On those islands, road traffic, including bus service, is allowed.", "Vaporetti link them with other islands (Venice, Murano, Burano) and with the peninsula of Cavallino-Treporti.", "The mainland of Venice is composed of 5 boroughs: Mestre-Carpenedo, Marghera, Chirignago-Zelarino, and Favaro Veneto.", "Mestre is the center and the most populous urban area of the mainland.", "There are several bus routes and two Translohr tramway lines.", "Several bus routes and one of the tramway lines link the mainland with \"Piazzale Roma\", the main bus station in Venice, via Ponte della Libertà, the road bridge connecting the mainland with the group of islands that comprise the historic center of Venice.", "The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Venice, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 52 min.", "Only 12.2% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day.", "The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min, while 17.6% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day.", "The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km , while 12% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.", "Venice is serviced by regional and national trains, including trains to Florence (1h53), Milan (2h13), Turin (3h10), Rome (3h33), and Naples (4h50).", "In addition there are international day trains to Zurich, Innsbruck, Munich, and Vienna, plus overnight sleeper services, to Paris and Dijon on Thello trains, and to Munich and Vienna via ÖBB.", "Both stations are managed by Grandi Stazioni; they are linked by the \"Ponte della Libertà\" (Liberty Bridge) between the mainland and the city center.", "Other stations in the municipality are Venezia Porto Marghera, Venezia Carpenedo, Venezia Mestre Ospedale, and Venezia Mestre Porta Ovest.", "The Port of Venice is the eighth-busiest commercial port in Italy and is one of the most important in the Mediterranean concerning the cruise sector, as a major hub for cruise ships.", "It is one of the major Italian ports and is included in the list of the leading European ports which are located on the strategic nodes of trans-European networks.", "In 2002, the port handled 262,337 containers.", "In 2006, 30,936,931 tonnes passed through the port, of which 14,541,961 was commercial traffic, and saw 1,453,513 passengers.", "Venice is served by the Marco Polo International Airport (\"Aeroporto di Venezia Marco Polo\"), named in honor of its noted citizen.", "The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast.", "Some airlines market Treviso Airport in Treviso, 30 km from Venice, as a Venice gateway.", "Some simply advertise flights to \"Venice\", while naming the actual airport only in small print.", "There are public buses from this airport to Venice.", "Venezia-Lido \"Giovanni Nicelli\", a public airport suitable for smaller aircraft, is at the NE end of Lido di Venezia.", "It has a 994 m grass runway.", "The most Venetian sport is probably \"\" (\"Venetian-style rowing\"), also commonly called \"voga veneta\".", "A technique invented in the Venetian Lagoon, Venetian rowing is unusual in that the rower(s), one or more, row standing, looking forward.", "Today, \"Voga alla Veneta\" is not only the way the gondoliers row tourists around Venice but also the way Venetians row for pleasure and sport.", "Many races called \"regata(e)\" happen throughout the year.", "The culminating event of the rowing season is the day of the \"Regata Storica\", which occurs on the first Sunday of September each year.", "The main football club in the city is Venezia F.C., founded in 1907, which currently plays in the Serie B.", "Their ground, the Stadio Pierluigi Penzo, situated in Sant'Elena, is one of the oldest venues in Italy.", "The local basketball club is Reyer Venezia, founded in 1872 as the gymnastics club \"Società Sportiva Costantino Reyer\", and in 1907 as the basketball club.", "Reyer currently plays in the Lega Basket Serie A.", "The men's team were the Italian champions in 1942, 1943, and 2017.", "Their arena is the Palasport Giuseppe Taliercio, situated in Mestre.", "Luigi Brugnaro is both the president of the club and the mayor of the city.", "Venice is a major international centre for higher education.", "The city hosts the Ca' Foscari University of Venice, founded in 1868; the Università Iuav di Venezia, founded in 1926; Venice International University, an international research center, founded in 1995 and located on the island of San Servolo; and the EIUC-European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation, located on the island of Lido di Venezia.", "Other Venetian institutions of higher education are: the \"Accademia di Belle Arti\" (Academy of Fine Arts), established in 1750, whose first chairman was Giovanni Battista Piazzetta; and the Benedetto Marcello Conservatory of Music, which was first established in 1876 as a high school and musical society, later (1915) became \"Liceo Musicale\", and finally (1940), when its director was Gian Francesco Malipiero, the State Conservatory of Music.", "Venice has long been a source of inspiration for authors, playwrights, and poets, and at the forefront of the technological development of printing and publishing.", "Two of the most noted Venetian writers were Marco Polo in the Middle Ages and, later, Giacomo Casanova.", "Polo (1254–1324) was a merchant who voyaged to the Orient.", "His series of books, co-written with Rustichello da Pisa and titled \"Il Milione\" provided important knowledge of the lands east of Europe, from the Middle East to China, Japan, and Russia.", "Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798) was a prolific writer and adventurer best remembered for his autobiography, \"Histoire De Ma Vie\" (\"Story of My Life\"), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice.", "Venetian playwrights followed the old Italian theatre tradition of \"Commedia dell'arte\".", "Ruzante (1502–1542), Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793), and Carlo Gozzi (1720–1806) used the Venetian dialect extensively in their comedies.", "Venice has also inspired writers from abroad.", "Shakespeare set \"Othello\" and \"The Merchant of Venice\" in the city, as did Thomas Mann his novel, \"Death in Venice\" (1912).", "The French writer Philippe Sollers spent most of his life in Venice and published \" A Dictionary For Lovers of Venice\" in 2004.", "The city features prominently in Henry James's \"The Aspern Papers\" and \"The Wings of the Dove\".", "It is also visited in Evelyn Waugh's \"Brideshead Revisited\" and Marcel Proust's \"In Search of Lost Time\".", "Perhaps the best-known children's book set in Venice is \"The Thief Lord\", written by the German author Cornelia Funke.", "The poet Ugo Foscolo (1778–1827), born in Zante, an island that at the time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a revolutionary who wanted to see a free republic established in Venice following its fall to Napoleon.", "Venice also inspired the poetry of Ezra Pound, who wrote his first literary work in the city.", "Pound died in 1972, and his remains are buried in Venice's cemetery island of San Michele.", "Venice is also linked to the technological aspects of writing.", "The city was the location of one of Italy's earliest printing presses called Aldine Press, established by Aldus Manutius in 1494.", "From this beginning Venice developed as an important typographic center.", "Around fifteen percent of all printing of the fifteenth century came from Venice, and even as late as the 18th century was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books.", "The city is a particularly popular setting for essays, novels, and other works of fictional or non-fictional literature.", "Additionally, Thomas Mann's novella, \"Death in Venice\" (1912), was the basis for Benjamin Britten's eponymous opera (1973).", "Some words with a Venetian etymology include arsenal, ciao, ghetto, gondola, imbroglio, lagoon, lazaret, lido, Montenegro, and regatta.", "By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, having 417 printers by 1500, and being one of the first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press, after those established in Germany.", "The most important printing office was the Aldine Press of Aldus Manutius; which in 1497 issued the first printed work of Aristotle; in 1499 printed the \"Hypnerotomachia Poliphili\", considered the most beautiful book of the Renaissance; and established modern punctuation, page format, and italic type.", "Venice, especially during the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and Baroque periods, was a major centre of art and developed a unique style known as the Venetian School.", "In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice, along with Florence and Rome, became one of the most important centres of art in Europe, and numerous wealthy Venetians became patrons of the arts.", "Venice at the time was a rich and prosperous Maritime Republic, which controlled a vast sea and trade empire.", "In the 16th century, Venetian painting was developed through influences from the Paduan School and Antonello da Messina, who introduced the oil painting technique of the Van Eyck brothers.", "It is signified by a warm colour scale and a picturesque use of colour.", "Early masters were the Bellini and Vivarini families, followed by Giorgione and Titian, then Tintoretto and Veronese.", "In the early 16th century, there was rivalry in Venetian painting between the \"disegno\" and \"colorito\" techniques.", "Canvases (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early Renaissance.", "These early canvases were generally rough.", "In the 18th century, Venetian painting had a revival with Tiepolo's decorative painting and Canaletto's and Guardi's panoramic views.", "Venice is built on unstable mud-banks, and had a very crowded city centre by the Middle Ages.", "On the other hand, the city was largely safe from riot, civil feuds, and invasion much earlier than most European cities.", "These factors, with the canals and the great wealth of the city, made for unique building styles.", "Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most prominent of which is the Gothic style.", "Venetian Gothic architecture is a term given to a Venetian building style combining the use of the Gothic lancet arch with the curved ogee arch, due to Byzantine and Ottoman influences.", "The style originated in 14th-century Venice, with a confluence of Byzantine style from Constantinople, Islamic influences from Spain and Venice's eastern trading partners, and early Gothic forms from mainland Italy.", "Chief examples of the style are the Doge's Palace and the Ca' d'Oro in the city.", "The city also has several Renaissance and Baroque buildings, including the Ca' Pesaro and the Ca' Rezzonico.", "Venetian taste was conservative and Renaissance architecture only really became popular in buildings from about the 1470s.", "More than in the rest of Italy, it kept much of the typical form of the Gothic \"palazzi\", which had evolved to suit Venetian conditions.", "In turn the transition to Baroque architecture was also fairly gentle.", "This gives the crowded buildings on the Grand Canal and elsewhere an essential harmony, even where buildings from very different periods sit together.", "For example, round-topped arches are far more common in Renaissance buildings than elsewhere.", "It can be argued that Venice produced the best and most refined rococo designs.", "At the time, the Venician economy was in decline.", "It had lost most of its maritime power, was lagging behind its rivals in political importance, and its society had become decadent, with tourism increasingly the mainstay of the economy.", "But Venice remained a centre of fashion.", "Venetian rococo was well known as rich and luxurious, with usually very extravagant designs.", "Unique Venetian furniture types included the \"divani da portego\", and long rococo couches and \"pozzetti\", objects meant to be placed against the wall.", "Bedrooms of rich Venetians were usually sumptuous and grand, with rich damask, velvet, and silk drapery and curtains, and beautifully carved rococo beds with statues of putti, flowers, and angels.", "Venice was especially known for its beautiful girandole mirrors, which remained among, if not the, finest in Europe.", "Chandeliers were usually very colourful, using Murano glass to make them look more vibrant and stand out from others; and precious stones and materials from abroad were used, since Venice still held a vast trade empire.", "Lacquer was very common, and many items of furniture were covered with it, the most noted being \"lacca povera\" (poor lacquer), in which allegories and images of social life were painted.", "Lacquerwork and Chinoiserie were particularly common in bureau cabinets.", "Venice is known for its ornate glass-work, known as Venetian glass, which is world-renowned for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made.", "Many of the important characteristics of these objects had been developed by the 13th century.", "Toward the end of that century, the center of the Venetian glass industry moved to Murano, an offshore island in Venice.", "The glass made there is known as Murano glass.", "Byzantine craftsmen played an important role in the development of Venetian glass.", "When Constantinople was sacked in the Fourth Crusade in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice.", "This happened again when the Ottomans took Constantinople in 1453, supplying Venice with still more glassworkers.", "By the 16th century, Venetian artisans had gained even greater control over the color and transparency of their glass, and had mastered a variety of decorative techniques.", "Despite efforts to keep Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other countries of Europe.", "Some of the most important brands of glass in the world today are still produced in the historical glass factories on Murano.", "They are: Venini, Barovier & Toso, Pauly, Millevetri, and Seguso.", "Barovier & Toso is considered one of the 100 oldest companies in the world, formed in 1295.", "The Carnival of Venice is held annually in the city, It lasts for around two weeks and ends on Shrove Tuesday.", "Venetian masks are worn.", "The Venice Biennale is one of the most important events in the arts calendar.", "In 1895 an \"Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale\" (biennial exhibition of Italian art) was inaugurated.", "In September 1942, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted by the war, but resumed in 1948.", "The Festa del Redentore is held in mid-July.", "It began as a feast to give thanks for the end of the plague of 1576.", "A bridge of barges is built connecting Giudecca to the rest of Venice, and fireworks play an important role.", "The Venice Film Festival (Italian Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia) is the oldest film festival in the world.", "Founded by Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata in 1932 as the \"Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica\", the festival has since taken place every year in late August or early September on the island of the Lido.", "Screenings take place in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi.", "It is one of the world's most prestigious film festivals and is part of the Venice Biennale.", "The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the music of Italy.", "The Venetian state – i.e., the medieval Maritime Republic of Venice – was often popularly called the \"Republic of Music\", and an anonymous Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that \"In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing.", "There is music everywhere.\"", "During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centers of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the Venetian school) and the development of the Venetian polychoral style under composers such as Adrian Willaert, who worked at St Mark's Basilica.", "Venice was the early center of music printing; Ottaviano Petrucci began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and Flanders.", "By the end of the century, Venice was known for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the \"colossal style\" of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli, which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups.", "Venice was also the home of many noted composers during the baroque period, such as Antonio Vivaldi, Ippolito Ciera, Giovanni Picchi, and Girolamo Dalla Casa, to name but a few.", "Venice is the home of numerous symphony orchestras such as, the Orchestra della Fenice, Rondò Veneziano, Interpreti Veneziani, and Venice Baroque Orchestra.", "Venice has been the setting or chosen location of numerous films, games, works of fine art and literature (including essays, fiction, non-fiction, and poems), music videos, television shows, and other cultural references.", "The city has been the setting for music videos of such songs as Madonna's \"Like a Virgin\" and Siouxsie and the Banshees' \"Dear Prudence\" .", "The city is the setting for parts of such video games as \"Assassin's Creed II\" and \"Tomb Raider II\".", "It has also served as inspiration for the fictional city of Altissia, in \"Final Fantasy XV\".", "The city also serves as a setting for \"The House of the Dead 2\".", "The city appears as the first main level in \"\".", "It is also featured in Valve's first-person shooter \"\" as the inspiration for the multiplayer map \"Canals\".", "Venice was the base theme for Soleanna, one of the hub worlds in \"Sonic the Hedgehog\".", "One of the nine playable characters, Silver the Hedgehog, was once a mink named \"Venice\" during development.", "The idea was ultimately scrapped.", "In April 2018, \"Overwatch\" released the map Rialto, based on the city center.", "Its splendid architecture, artworks, landscapes, gondolas, the alternance of high and low tides, the reflections of light and colors, and the unusual daily scenes in a city living on water, make of Venice and its islands a paradise for photographers both professional and amateur.", "Fulvio Roiter has probably been the pioneer in artistic photography in Venice, followed by a number of photographers whose works are often reproduced on postcards, thus reaching a widest international popular exposure.", "Venetian cuisine is characterized by seafood, but also includes garden products from the islands of the lagoon, rice from the mainland, game, and polenta.", "Venice is not known for a peculiar cuisine of its own: it combines local traditions with influences stemming from age-old contacts with distant countries.", "These include \"sarde in saór\" (sardines marinated to preserve them for long voyages); \"bacalà mantecato\" (a recipe based on Norwegian stockfish and extra-virgin olive oil); \"bisàto\" (marinated eel); \"risi e bisi\" – rice, peas and (unsmoked) bacon; \"fegato alla veneziana\", Venetian-style veal liver; \"risòto col néro de sépe\" (risotto with cuttlefish, blackened by their own ink); \"cichéti\", refined and delicious tidbits (akin to \"tapas\"); \"antipasti\" (appetizers); and \"prosecco\", an effervescent, mildly sweet wine.", "In addition, Venice is known for the golden, oval-shaped cookies called \"baìcoli\", and for other types of sweets, such as: \"pan del pescaór\" (bread of the fisherman); cookies with almonds and pistachio nuts; cookies with fried Venetian cream, or the \"bussolài\" (butter biscuits and shortbread made in the shape of a ring or an \"S\") from the island of Burano; the \"galàni\" or \"cróstoli\" (angel wings); the \"frìtole\" (fried spherical doughnuts); the \"fregolòtta\" (a crumbly cake with almonds); a milk pudding called \"rosàda\"; and cookies called \"zaléti\", whose ingredients include yellow maize flour.", "The dessert tiramisù is generally thought to have been invented in Treviso in the 1970s, and is popular in the Veneto area.", "In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs on which indicated the \"Compagnie della Calza\" (\"Trouser Club\") to which they belonged.", "The Venetian Senate passed sumptuary laws, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law.", "Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colours resulting in the spread of men's \"slashed\" fashions in the 15th century.", "Today, Venice is a major fashion and shopping centre; not as important as Milan, Florence, and Rome, but on a par with Verona, Turin, Vicenza, Naples, and Genoa.", "Roberta di Camerino is the only major Italian fashion brand to be based in Venice.", "Founded in 1945, it is renowned for its innovative handbags featuring hardware by Venetian artisans and often covered in locally woven velvet, and has been credited with creating the concept of the easily recognisable status bag.", "Many of the fashion boutiques and jewelry shops in the city are located on or near the Rialto Bridge and in the Piazza San Marco.", "In January 2000, the City of Venice and the Central Association of Cities and Communities of Greece (KEDKE) established, in pursuance to EC Regulation No. 2137/85, the Marco Polo System European Economic Interest Grouping (E.E.I.G.), to promote and realise European projects within transnational cultural and tourist fields, particularly in reference to the preservation and safeguarding of artistic and architectural heritage.", "In 2013, Venice ended the sister city relationship with St. Petersburg in opposition to laws Russia had passed against homosexuals and those who support gay rights.", "Venice has cooperation agreements with the Greek city of Thessaloniki; the German city of Nuremberg, signed on 25 September 1999; and the Turkish city of Istanbul, signed on 4 March 1993, within the framework of the 1991 Istanbul Declaration.", "It is also a Science and Technology Partnership City with Qingdao, China.", "The name \"Venezuela\" is a Spanish diminutive of Venice (\"Veneziola\").", "Many additional places around the world are named after Venice: e.g., Venice, Los Angeles, home of Venice Beach; Venice, Alberta, in Canada; Venice, Florida, a city in Sarasota County; Venice, New York." ] } }

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"simple-5198-8-1", "simple-5198-8-2", "simple-5198-8-3", "simple-5198-8-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Venice is a city in Italy.", "It is the capital of the Veneto region, which is in the north-east of the country.", "The population of the 'Comune di Venezia', which is Venice, its lagoon and its mainland is 271,367.", "Area is 412 km2.", "The population of Venice itself keeps on shrinking at an alarming rate and is now under 55000 locals.", "Venice is built on 118 small islands that are separated by 150 canals.", "People cross the canals by many small bridges.", "They can also navigate across the city on boats, both rowing boats and motor boats.", "The most famous Venetian type of boat called a \"gondolas\".", "The buildings in Venice are very old and attractive, and tourists come from all over the world to see them and the canals.", "This has made Venice one of the most famous cities in the world.", "The most famous sights are the Rialto Bridge, St Mark's Basilica and the Doge's Palace.", "It is important to remember that Venice is much more than few landmarks and that we owe the city a lot: from words to objects or services of our daily life.", "Its lifestyle and culture are unique in the world and it can get confusing at first.", "There are several problems in Venice, but it is still the most popular tourist attraction in northeast Italy.", "Every year the city sinks a few millimeters because the ground is made from mud.", "Eventually, the city might be completely underwater, but that would take decades.", "Because of this, the Italian government is building the MOSE Project, a state-of-the-art defense against the sea-water flooding, that will safely protect Venice indefinitely.", "The city was founded by people from the greater Veneto region as a refuge from the Barbarian invasions, when the Western Roman Empire fell.", "During the Middle Ages, Venice slowly grew to become an important commercial city.", "Around the year 1000 AD the Republic of Venice started to create an empire in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.", "It lasted until 1797, when it was annexed by Napoleon's France.", "It then changed hands a few times, becoming a part of Austria two times, before becoming part of Italy during the Italian unification.", "Venice deeply influenced the Venetian, Istrian and Dalmatian coasts for one thousand years.", "Venice started to lose population after its conquest by Napoleon, but with the unification of Italy the city returned to be an important city.", "It is actually one of the most visited places on Earth by tourists from all around the globe.", "There are several ways to get around in Venice.", "The most common is walking and using the vaporetto, which is a water bus which carries lots of people around the city.", "The vaporetto goes around the City and on the Grand Canal, it does not enter the small canals of the city.", "To see Venice from the small canals, most tourists use the gondola.", "Taxi boats can also be used to move around the city and its lagoon.", "The Grand Canal is long and can be crossed only on a few bridges.", "A simple way to cross it is to take one of the traghetti (ferries).", "The streets, Vaporetti, and traghetti are used by the locals, it is important to remember that they are their ways to move around the city to go to school, work and do their errands.", "Usually, the warmest month is July and the coolest month is January.", "The maximum average precipitation occurs in November.", "The season of the acqua alta, high waters, are generally November to February.", "During the acqua alta season, the city can be partially flooded for a couple of hours on certain days.", "Venice has incredible crafts, culture, and tradition.", "Shopping for handmade goods such as masks, Murano glass jewels, etc. is a must.", "These days, however, mass tourism led Venice to be invaded by many shops selling low-quality souvenirs.", "Buying from the authentic local businesses has never been more important as it is essential to the future of the Venetians and is also the only guarantee for you to get a quality product.", "It is not easy, though.", "Thankfully, there is a social enterprise based in Venice, which works closely with the Venetian business owners, shops, restaurants, and bars included.", "They have a certification process where the local artisan shops attest and commit to selling products that are both authentic and sustainable as well as to give a 10% discount to the customers carrying a \"Venezia Autentica Friends' Pass\" ( buyable online for only 10 euros).", "The shops are part of the program are easy to spot thanks to a sticker on their door." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 46426025, "normal_article_title": "Hermann Schweppenhäuser", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46426025", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-46426025-0-0", "normal-46426025-0-1", "normal-46426025-0-2", "normal-46426025-0-3", "normal-46426025-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hermann Schweppenhäuser (12 March 1928 – 8 April 2015) was a German philosopher and publisher.", "He was a professor at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.", "He publisher over 100 books about world peace and socialism.", "He was born in Frankfurt am Main.", "Schweppenhäuser died in Deutsch Evern, Germany at the age of 87." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 42497983, "normal_article_title": "Riina Gerretz", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42497983", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-42497983-0-0", "normal-42497983-0-1", "normal-42497983-0-2", "normal-42497983-0-3", "normal-42497983-1-0", "normal-42497983-1-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Riina Gerretz (8 July 1939 – 22 March 2014) was an Estonian pianist.", "She was best known for performing with artists such as Georg Ots, Tiit Kuusik, Hendrik Krumm, Ivo Kuusk, Anu Kaal, Margarita Voites, Jüri Gerretz, Ivo Juul, Yolanda Hernandez, Artur Rinne, Hannes Altrov, Pille Lill and Heidy Tamme.", "She worked mostly in her native Estonia as well as Finland.", "During her life, she had the surnames Põder (1939–1958), Villum (1958–1961), Mikiver (1969–1971), Viljanen 1983–2002, Gerretz (until 2014).", "Gerretz died after a long illness on 22 March 2014 in Tallinn.", "She was 74 years old." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 446476, "simple_article_title": "Riina Gerretz", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=446476", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-446476-0-0", "simple-446476-0-1", "simple-446476-0-2", "simple-446476-0-3", "simple-446476-1-0", "simple-446476-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Riina Gerretz (8 July 1939 – 22 March 2014) was an Estonian pianist.", "She was best known for performing with artists such as Georg Ots, Tiit Kuusik, Hendrik Krumm, Ivo Kuusk, Anu Kaal, Margarita Voites, Jüri Gerretz, Ivo Juul, Yolanda Hernandez, Artur Rinne, Hannes Altrov, Pille Lill and Heidy Tamme.", "She worked mostly in her native Estonia as well as Finland.", "During her life, she had the surnames Põder (1939–1958), Villum (1958–1961), Mikiver (1969–1971), Viljanen 1983–2002, Gerretz (until 2014).", "Gerretz died after a long illness on 22 March 2014 in Tallinn.", "She was 74 years old." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 42392622, "normal_article_title": "Urs Widmer", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42392622", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-42392622-0-0", "normal-42392622-1-0", "normal-42392622-1-1", "normal-42392622-1-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Urs Widmer (21 May 1938 – 2 April 2014) was a Swiss novelist, playwright, an essayist, and a short story writer.", "Widmer was born in Basel in 1938, and for many years lived in Zurich.", "Widmer studied German, French, and history at the universities of Basel and Montpellier.", "After completing his PhD, he worked briefly as an editor at \"Suhrkamp Verlag\", but left the publishing house during the Lektoren-Aufstand (\"Editors' Revolt\") of 1968." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 501765, "normal_article_title": "List of tallest buildings in Melbourne", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=501765", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-501765-0-0", "normal-501765-0-1", "normal-501765-0-2", "normal-501765-0-3", "normal-501765-1-0", "normal-501765-1-1", "normal-501765-1-2", "normal-501765-2-0", "normal-501765-2-1", "normal-501765-2-2", "normal-501765-2-3", "normal-501765-2-4", "normal-501765-2-5", "normal-501765-2-6", "normal-501765-3-0", "normal-501765-3-1", "normal-501765-3-2", "normal-501765-3-3", "normal-501765-3-4", "normal-501765-4-0", "normal-501765-5-0", "normal-501765-5-1", "normal-501765-5-2", "normal-501765-5-3", "normal-501765-6-0", "normal-501765-6-1", "normal-501765-6-2", "normal-501765-6-3", "normal-501765-6-4", "normal-501765-6-5", "normal-501765-7-0", "normal-501765-7-1", "normal-501765-7-2", "normal-501765-8-0", "normal-501765-8-1", "normal-501765-8-2", "normal-501765-8-3", "normal-501765-8-4", "normal-501765-9-0", "normal-501765-9-1", "normal-501765-10-0", "normal-501765-10-1", "normal-501765-10-2", "normal-501765-11-0", "normal-501765-12-0", "normal-501765-12-1", "normal-501765-12-2", "normal-501765-13-0", "normal-501765-13-1", "normal-501765-14-0", "normal-501765-14-1", "normal-501765-15-0", "normal-501765-15-1", "normal-501765-16-0", "normal-501765-16-1", "normal-501765-16-2", "normal-501765-16-3", "normal-501765-16-4", "normal-501765-16-5", "normal-501765-17-0", "normal-501765-17-1", "normal-501765-17-2", "normal-501765-17-3", "normal-501765-17-4", "normal-501765-17-5", "normal-501765-17-6", "normal-501765-18-0", "normal-501765-19-0", "normal-501765-20-0", "normal-501765-20-1", "normal-501765-20-2", "normal-501765-21-0", "normal-501765-21-1", "normal-501765-21-2", "normal-501765-21-3", "normal-501765-22-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Melbourne, the second-largest city in Australia, is home to approximately 758 completed high-rise buildings.", "Of those completed and or topped-out, 49 buildings are defined as \"skyscrapers\" (buildings which reach a height of at least 150 m ); more than any other city in Australia.", "Of the ten tallest buildings in Australia, six are located in Melbourne.", "Most of Melbourne's tallest skyscrapers are concentrated in the City Centre precinct; however, other locations of prominent skyscrapers and tall buildings in Melbourne include Carlton, Docklands, Southbank, South Melbourne, South Yarra and St Kilda Road.", "Geographically, Melbourne's central business district comprises a western skyline and an eastern skyline.", "Buildings are more densely packed in the west than the east, although the east has two of the city's tallest buildings to architectural feature—120 Collins Street and 101 Collins Street, respectively, whilst the Rialto Towers (located on the west side) is tallest by roof.", "As a whole, the city overtook Sydney in 2011 as having the tallest skyline in the country and the 24th–tallest in the world, when the heights of the top ten tallest buildings in the city are combined.", "Historically, Melbourne has represented several \"firsts\" and been the holder of various records, both in Australia and internationally.", "The city is notable for being one of the first cities in the world to build numerous tall office buildings, alongside New York City and Chicago in the United States, though Melbourne's first skyscraper boom was very short lived.", "Melbourne was the location for Australia's first high–rise, the APA Building, constructed during this boom in 1889.", "Melbourne was also the location for the first modern post-WW2 high-rise, ICI House built in 1958.", "From 1986 to 2005, three of Melbourne's skyscrapers held the title of tallest building in Australia, with the Rialto Towers (1986–91), 101 Collins Street (1991) and 120 Collins Street (1991–2005).", "Since 2006, the city has been home to the second-tallest building in the country, the Eureka Tower; surpassed only by the Gold Coast's Q1, the Eureka Tower still maintains the title of tallest building in Australia to roof.", "Several other skyscraper projects have since emerged, such as Australia 108—which when completed in 2020, will surpass the Eureka Tower in height, and become the tallest building in Australia to roof.", "The late 1880s 'land boom' saw the construction of approximately a dozen 'lofty edifices' of 8 to 10 storeys, made possible by the introduction of a pressurised hydraulic power network to operate lifts, and taking load bearing brickwork to great heights.", "The APA Building (Australian Building) at 12 storeys plus spire, was by far the tallest, and can claim to be Australia's first 'skyscraper' and amongst the tallest building in the world when completed in 1889.", "Aside from the APA Building, a total of 11 'skyscrapers' were located in the Melbourne city centre during this period, including the Finks Building and the Prell's Building.", "Many of the high-rises of this era were constructed in a Victorian or Queen Anne architecture, which led to the Miles Lewis comment that Melbourne had become a \"Queen Anne Chicago\".", "None of them, however, were preserved and most were torn down between the 1960s and early 70s.", "Melbourne was the first city in Australia to undergo a post-war high-rise boom beginning in the late 1950s, though Sydney in the following decades built more, with over 50 high-rise buildings constructed between the 1970s–90s.", "In 1972, 140 William Street (formerly BHP House) became Melbourne's first skyscraper to surpass the height of 150 metres.", "The William Street building was the city's tallest for a few years, and remains one of the few heritage registered skyscrapers in Melbourne.", "Slightly taller, the Optus Centre was completed in 1975; and then in 1977 Nauru House was crowned the tallest building in Melbourne, at a height of 182 metres.", "In 1978, what would be the first of two Collins Place towers was opened, at a height of 188 metres.", "By the early 1980s, Melbourne had a total of 6 buildings above 150 metres, with the completion of the Wentworth (later Regent then Sofitel) Hotel at Collins Place in 1980.", "In 1986, the Rialto Towers surpassed Sydney's MLC Centre as the tallest building not only in Australia but in the Southern Hemisphere, with a height of 251 metres.", "At the time of its opening it was the 23rd–tallest building in the world.", "The 1990s brought Melbourne another 9 buildings over 150 metres; 5 of which exceed heights of 200 metres.", "Specifically, 1991 saw the construction of the 260 m 101 Collins Street, which was crowned the tallest building in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere; it was surpassed in height later that year with the completion of the nearby 120 Collins Street.", "The skyscraper, which stands at 265 metres in height, held the titles for tallest building in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere for fourteen years, until the completion of the Gold Coast's Q1 in 2005.", "During the 2000s, over 20 high-rise structures were completed, including the Eureka Tower, which overtook 120 Collins Street as the tallest building in Melbourne, and further became the second-tallest in Australia (although tallest to its roof).", "Eureka Tower was also the tallest residential building in the world, until surpassed by Ocean Heights and the HHHR Tower in Dubai.", "It is currently the 15th-tallest apartment building in the world.", "Such trend has continued throughout the 2010s, with Prima Pearl, Victoria One, 568 Collins Street and Vision Apartments being constructed, all of which stand above 220 m in height.", "This feat has been described as the \"Manhattanization of Melbourne\".", "From the beginning of the decade, the city has experienced an \"unprecedented\" high-rise construction boom; of buildings expected to reach 150 metres (or above) in height, 6 have topped-out, 17 are under-construction, 30 have received approval, and another few have been proposed—more than any other city in Australia.", "Of those currently under construction, three projects will surpass 250 m in height; Aurora Melbourne Central, West Side Place Tower 1, and Australia 108.", "The latter will be the tallest; reaching 317 m in height, Australia 108 will become the tallest building in Melbourne upon completion in 2020, the tallest building to roof in Australia, Australia's first skyscraper to comprise at least 100 floors, and Melbourne's first building to be defined as a \"supertall\" skyscraper (buildings which reach heights of 300 metres to 600 metres).", "The proliferation of skyscrapers in Australia over the past decades has also contributed to the city rivalry between Sydney and Melbourne.", "Whilst the first skyscraper in Australia was constructed in Sydney in 1967 (Australia Square), Melbourne has had the most skyscrapers above 150 metres in the country and indeed within Oceania, for almost 33 years in total; from 1972 to 1989 (equal first with Sydney during 1972–74 and 1976–77), from 1991 to 1999, in 2006 (shared with Sydney), and again since 2015 (equal to Sydney from 2015 to 2016).", "Following much discussion, a 40 m height limit was introduced to Melbourne in 1916, along with regulations concerning fire-proof construction.", "This is often said to have been the limit of fire ladders at the time, but this was an idea the then fire chief allowed to be widely circulated even though the tallest ladder rose to only 82 feet, in order to ensure that fire safety was paramount.", "The main reasons for the limit as well as fire proofing were the preservation of light and air to the streets, avoiding congestion, and the influence of the City Beautiful movement, preferring evenly scaled streetscapes over those with buildings of varying heights.", "The height limit was discontinued in the 1950s, which enabled the construction of ICI House at a height of 81 metres (266 ft), and Melbourne therefore became the first city in Australia to change its height controls.", "In September 2015, the Minister for Planning, Richard Wynne, introduced a 12-month height limit of approximately 229 metres (750 ft) for all buildings proposed in the City Centre and segments of Southbank, as part of interim planning laws set to be reviewed and made permanent in September 2016.", "Should projects exceed the height limit, developers will need to make a special case to the Minister, outlining the proposal's state significance.", "Buildings proposed prior to the height limit, are exempt from the new law.", "The central business district skyline is broken down into two distinct sections: the east and west, divided by the Swanston Street.", "The tallest buildings on the eastern side of the skyline are 120 Collins Street and 101 Collins Street, while the tallest on the western side are the Rialto Towers, 568 Collins Street and Bourke Place.", "Significant new skylines have emerged outside of the Melbourne City Centre, especially within the inner-city suburb of Southbank.", "This precinct, located adjacent to the City Centre, includes some of the tallest buildings in Melbourne, such as Eureka Tower, Prima Pearl and Freshwater Place North.", "St Kilda Road, a locality adjacent to the City Centre, and the inner-city suburb Carlton, each comprise a skyscraper above 150 metres in height.", "Other inner-city suburbs, such as Docklands, South Melbourne and South Yarra each have skyscrapers (of heights reaching at least 150 metres) in proposed/approved or construction stages of development.", "Most of Melbourne's skyscrapers constructed by the 1990s were built for commercial purposes—specifically, used as offices.", "Exceptions to this, include the mixed-use building Sofitel Hotel (1980) on Collins Place, and the all-hotel Crown Towers (1997) in Southbank.", "2005 ushered in the first residential skyscrapers in Melbourne, with two built that year.", "By 2010, 72% of skyscrapers built in Melbourne were of commercial use, 12% residential, 12% mixed-use, and 4% hotel.", "The trend towards residential skyscrapers has continued significantly; in 2015, 58% of skyscrapers present within the city were of commercial use, 26% residential, 13% mixed-use and 3% hotel.", "These figures are set to change dramatically by 2020; when factoring those buildings still under-construction (but to be completed by 2020), 40% of the city's skyscrapers will be of residential use, 33% commercial, 23% mixed-use, 2% hotel, and 2% government.", "Melbourne comprises 49 skyscrapers completed or topped out within the city, which stand at least 150 m tall, based on standard height measurement.", "Such measurement includes spires and architectural details, but does not include antenna masts.", "An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings.", "An asterisk (*) indicates that the building is still under construction, but has topped out.", "The \"built\" column indicates the year in which a building was completed.", "Height: S = Spire, R = Roof.", "Height is measured to the nearest metre.", "This lists the tallest building in each precinct of Melbourne based on standard height measurement.", "This lists the tallest buildings in Melbourne by their respective functions—office, hotel, residential and mixed-use—based on standard height measurement.", "Melbourne comprises 15 skyscrapers (completed or topped-out) which reach a height of at least 200 m —more than any other city within Australia and Oceania.", "Of those, twelve skyscrapers are located within the City Centre, and three are located within Southbank.", "Another eight skyscrapers are currently under construction, five of which are to be built in the City Centre, two in Southbank, and one in Carlton.", "This section lists the ten tallest buildings in Melbourne for every decade since 1990.", "By 1980, all buildings within the top-10 listing reached a height of 100 m ; in 1995, the threshold increased to 150 m ; and again in 2015, to 200 m .", "This lists buildings that once held the title of \"tallest building in Melbourne\".", "This is a list of currently Topped Out, Under Construction, Approved and Proposed highrise / skyscrapers set for Melbourne.", "This is a list of cancelled, revised or vision skyscraper proposals that were previously set for Melbourne." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3174020, "normal_article_title": "Corruption Perceptions Index", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3174020", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3174020-0-0", "normal-3174020-0-1", "normal-3174020-1-0", "normal-3174020-1-1", "normal-3174020-2-0", "normal-3174020-2-1", "normal-3174020-2-2", "normal-3174020-2-3", "normal-3174020-3-0", "normal-3174020-3-1", "normal-3174020-4-0", "normal-3174020-5-0", "normal-3174020-5-1", "normal-3174020-6-0", "normal-3174020-6-1", "normal-3174020-6-2", "normal-3174020-7-0", "normal-3174020-8-0", "normal-3174020-8-1", "normal-3174020-9-0", "normal-3174020-9-1", "normal-3174020-9-2", "normal-3174020-10-0", "normal-3174020-11-0", "normal-3174020-11-1", "normal-3174020-12-0", "normal-3174020-13-0", "normal-3174020-13-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index published annually by Transparency International since 1995 which ranks countries \"by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys.\"", "The CPI generally defines corruption as \"the misuse of public power for private benefit\".", "The CPI currently ranks 176 countries \"on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)\".", "Denmark and New Zealand are perceived as the least corrupt countries in the world, ranking consistently high among international financial transparency, while the most perceived corrupt country in the world is Somalia, ranking at 9-10 out of 100 since 2017.", "Transparency International commissioned the University of Passau's to produce the CPI.", "The 2012 CPI takes into account 16 different surveys and assessments from 12 different institutions.", "The 13 surveys/assessments are either business people opinion surveys or performance assessments from a group of analysts.", "Early CPIs used public opinion surveys.", "Countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.", "The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption.", "A study published in 2002 found a \"very strong significant correlation\" between the Corruption Perceptions Index and two other proxies for corruption: black market activity and overabundance of regulation.", "All three metrics also had a highly significant correlation with real gross domestic product per capita (RGDP/Cap); the Corruption Perceptions Index correlation with RGDP/Cap was the strongest, explaining over three fourths of the variance.", "(Note that a lower index on this scale reflects greater corruption, so that countries with higher RGDPs generally had less corruption.)", "Research papers published in 2007 and 2008 examined the economic consequences of corruption perception, as defined by the CPI.", "The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher long-term economic growth, as well as an increase in GDP growth of 1.7% for every unit increase in a country's CPI score.", "Also shown was a power-law dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country.", "The Index has been criticized on the basis of its methodology.", "According to political scientist Dan Hough, three flaws in the Index include: Media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance, without clarifying what the numbers mean.", "The local Transparency International chapter in Bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the country's scores to increase; media reported it as an \"improvement\".", "In a 2013 article in \"Foreign Policy\", Alex Cobham suggested that CPI should be dropped for the good of Transparency International.", "It argues that the CPI embeds a powerful and misleading elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption, potentially contributing to a vicious cycle and at the same time incentivizing inappropriate policy responses.", "Cobham writes, \"the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that it's hard to see a justification for its continuing publication.\"", "However, recent econometric analyses that have exploited the existence of natural experiments on the level of corruption and compared the CPI with other subjective indicators have found that, while not perfect, the CPI is argued to be broadly consistent with one-dimensional measures of corruption.", "In the United States, many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the CPI when attempting to measure the risk of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations in different nations.", "This practice has been criticized by the \"Minnesota Journal of International Law\", which wrote that since the CPI may be subject to perceptual biases it therefore should not be considered by lawyers to be a measure of actual national corruption risk.", "Transparency International also publishes the Global Corruption Barometer, which ranks countries by corruption levels using direct surveys instead of perceived expert opinions, which has been under criticism for substantial bias from the powerful elite.", "Transparency International has warned that a country with a clean CPI score may still be linked to corruption internationally.", "For example, while Sweden had the 3rd best CPI score in 2015, one of its state-owned companies, TeliaSonera, was facing allegations of bribery in Uzbekistan." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 8250985, "normal_article_title": "Siegfried Rauch", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8250985", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-8250985-0-0", "normal-8250985-0-1", "normal-8250985-1-0", "normal-8250985-1-1", "normal-8250985-1-2", "normal-8250985-2-0", "normal-8250985-2-1", "normal-8250985-2-2", "normal-8250985-2-3", "normal-8250985-3-0", "normal-8250985-3-1", "normal-8250985-4-0", "normal-8250985-4-1", "normal-8250985-4-2", "normal-8250985-5-0", "normal-8250985-5-1", "normal-8250985-5-2", "normal-8250985-6-0", "normal-8250985-6-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Siegfried Rauch (2 April 1932 – 11 March 2018) was a German film and television actor.", "In a career spanning over 60 years, he appeared in several international film productions and had leading roles in numerous German television productions.", "Siegfried Rauch was born in Landsberg am Lech, Upper Bavaria.", "He studied drama at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and also attended private drama lessons.", "He began performing in theatres in 1958, beginning with Bremen (until 1962), and followed by Berlin, Munich and Hamburg.", "In the 1970s, Rauch appeared in the 1970 Hollywood film \"Patton\" as Captain Steiger.", "In \"Le Mans\" (1971), Rauch played the race driver Erich Stahler who is Steve McQueen's rival.", "In Samuel Fuller's \"The Big Red One\", Rauch played a German army sergeant, the counterpart of Lee Marvin's character, who experiences the same events as Marvin only from a German perspective.", "Other Hollywood productions in which Rauch appeared were \"The Eagle Has Landed\" (1976) and \"Escape to Athena\" (1979).", "His most famous leading role on 1970s German television was \"Thomas Lieven\" in \"Es muss nicht immer Kaviar sein\" (It Can't Always Be Caviar), based on the spy novel by Johannes Mario Simmel.", "His various other roles on television propelled his career as an actor in Germany.", "From 1999 to 2013 Rauch had one of the leading roles as the captain on \"Das Traumschiff\", one of the most-watched television series in Germany.", "In this role he was preceded by Heinz Weiss and succeeded by Sascha Hehn.", "He also appeared regularly in other German TV productions, including \"Der Bergdoktor\", and remained active until his death.", "Siegfried Rauch, also known as \"Sigi\", lived near Weilheim in the Bavarian Alps.", "Rauch was married to Karin and had two sons.", "Steve McQueen was the godfather of his son Jakob.", "Rauch died on 11 March 2018 from sudden heart failure which caused him to fall down stairs at a fire station near his home in Obersöchering near Munich.", "He was 85 years old." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 395365, "normal_article_title": "Nasi lemak", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395365", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-395365-0-0", "normal-395365-0-1", "normal-395365-0-2", "normal-395365-0-3", "normal-395365-0-4", "normal-395365-0-5", "normal-395365-0-6", "normal-395365-1-0", "normal-395365-1-1", "normal-395365-1-2", "normal-395365-1-3", "normal-395365-2-0", "normal-395365-2-1", "normal-395365-2-2", "normal-395365-2-3", "normal-395365-3-0", "normal-395365-3-1", "normal-395365-3-2", "normal-395365-3-3", "normal-395365-3-4", "normal-395365-3-5", "normal-395365-3-6", "normal-395365-3-7", "normal-395365-3-8", "normal-395365-4-0", "normal-395365-5-0", "normal-395365-5-1", "normal-395365-5-2", "normal-395365-5-3", "normal-395365-6-0", "normal-395365-6-1", "normal-395365-6-2", "normal-395365-7-0", "normal-395365-7-1", "normal-395365-7-2", "normal-395365-7-3", "normal-395365-8-0", "normal-395365-8-1", "normal-395365-8-2", "normal-395365-8-3", "normal-395365-8-4", "normal-395365-8-5", "normal-395365-8-6", "normal-395365-8-7", "normal-395365-8-8", "normal-395365-8-9", "normal-395365-8-10", "normal-395365-8-11", "normal-395365-9-0", "normal-395365-9-1", "normal-395365-9-2", "normal-395365-9-3", "normal-395365-9-4", "normal-395365-10-0", "normal-395365-10-1", "normal-395365-10-2", "normal-395365-10-3", "normal-395365-11-0", "normal-395365-11-1", "normal-395365-11-2", "normal-395365-11-3", "normal-395365-12-0", "normal-395365-12-1", "normal-395365-13-0", "normal-395365-13-1", "normal-395365-13-2", "normal-395365-13-3", "normal-395365-13-4", "normal-395365-13-5", "normal-395365-13-6", "normal-395365-14-0", "normal-395365-14-1", "normal-395365-14-2", "normal-395365-14-3", "normal-395365-15-0", "normal-395365-15-1", "normal-395365-15-2", "normal-395365-15-3", "normal-395365-15-4", "normal-395365-15-5", "normal-395365-16-0", "normal-395365-16-1", "normal-395365-16-2", "normal-395365-16-3", "normal-395365-17-0", "normal-395365-17-1", "normal-395365-17-2", "normal-395365-17-3", "normal-395365-18-0", "normal-395365-19-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Nasi lemak is a Malay fragrant rice dish cooked in coconut milk and pandan leaf.", "It is commonly found in Malaysia, where it is considered the national dish; it is also the native dish in neighbouring areas with significant Malay populations such as Singapore; Brunei, and Southern Thailand.", "In Indonesia it can be found in several parts of Sumatra; especially Malay realm of Riau, Riau Islands and Medan.", "\"Nasi lemak\" can also be found in the Bangsamoro region of Mindanao prepared by Filipino Moro.", "It is considered one of the most famous dishes for a Malay-style breakfast.", "It is not to be confused with \"nasi dagang\", sold in the Malaysian east coast states of Terengganu and Kelantan (and its kindred region in Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat in Thailand and Natuna in Indonesia), although both dishes are often served for breakfast.", "However, because nasi lemak can be served in a variety of ways, it is often eaten throughout the day.", "\"Nasi lemak\" was mentioned in a book \"The Circumstances of Malay Life\", written by Sir Richard Olof Winstedt in 1909.", "With roots in Malay culture and Malay cuisine, its name in Malay literally means \"oily or fatty rice\", but is taken in this context to mean \"rich\" or \"creamy\".", "The name is derived from the cooking process whereby rice is soaked in coconut cream and then the mixture steamed.", "The rice is normally cooked with pandan leaves that gives it a distinctive flavour.", "Traditionally, nasi lemak is served with a hot spicy sauce (\"sambal\"), and usually includes various garnishes, including fresh cucumber slices, small fried anchovies (\"ikan bilis\"), roasted peanuts, and hard-boiled or fried egg.", "As a more substantial meal, \"nasi lemak\" may also be served with an additional protein dish such as \"ayam goreng\" (fried chicken), \"sambal sotong\" (cuttlefish in chili), small fried fish, cockles, and on special occasions rendang daging (beef) stewed in coconut milk and spices).", "Other accompaniments include stir fried water convolvulus (\"kangkong\"), and spicy pickled vegetables salad acar.", "Traditionally most of these accompaniments are spicy in nature.", "Nasi lemak is widely eaten in Malaysia and Singapore.", "More commonly consumed as breakfast in both countries, it is commonly sold at hawker food centres and roadside stalls in Malaysia and Singapore.", "In Indonesia, nasi lemak is a favourite local breakfast fare; especially in Eastern Sumatra (Riau Islands, Riau and Jambi provinces).", "In Palembang, it is also a favourite local dish with the name \"nasi gemuk\".", "In palembangnese Malay, \"gemuk\" has the same meaning as \"lemak\".", "This unique dish often comes wrapped in banana leaves, newspaper or brown paper, or in some shops is served on a plate.", "However, owing to its popularity there are restaurants which serve it as a noon or evening meal, making it possible for the dish to be eaten all day.", "\"Nasi lemak kukus\" which means \"steamed nasi lemak\" is another name given to nasi lemak served with steamed rice.", "In Malaysia, nasi lemak can also be found in a \"pasar malam\" (night market) with a variety of dishes.", "On 31 January 2019, Google released a Google Doodle celebrating nasi lemak.", "In March 2016, \"nasi lemak\" was mentioned as one of the 10 healthy international breakfast foods by TIME magazine.", "However, this opinion may be misleading as the writer might have been referring to the dish's \"healthier\" and smaller version, and comparing it to the larger American breakfast (fried bacon, eggs, pancakes/hash browns).", "A single, full size serving of \"nasi lemak\" with additional fried chicken, meat or fish, can be between 800 and well over 1,000 calories.", "The savoury coconut milk-infused rice also contains saturated fat, an ingredient connected to health problems, including diabetes.", "In Malaysia and Singapore, nasi lemak comes in many variations as they are prepared by different chefs from different cultures.", "The original nasi lemak in Malaysia is arguably a typical Southern and Central Peninsular Malaysia breakfast, and is considered of Malay origin.", "However, due to the popularity of the dish, it is regarded as a national dish.", "The rice cooked in coconut milk is actually common in Southeast Asia.", "This is the same process used to make similar rice dishes from their neighbouring country Indonesia, which are \"nasi uduk\" from Jakarta, \"nasi gurih\" from Aceh and Javanese \"nasi liwet\".", "However, there are differences in taste because knotted leaves of Pandan screwpine are steamed with the rice to impart flavour and fragrance.", "Less often other spices such as ginger and occasionally herbs like lemon grass may be added for additional fragrance.", "Nasi lemak in the Northern West Peninsular tends to include curry.", "The sambal tends to range from fiery hot to mildly hot with a sweet under taste.", "Nasi lemak is not as popular as the indigenous \"nasi berlauk\", \"nasi dagang\", and \"nasi kerabu\" in North East Peninsular Malaysia.", "It is regarded as a speciality imported dish in Sabah and Sarawak.", "Hotels often feature nasi lemak on their menu with elaborate dishes, such as beef rendang and the addition of other seafood.", "Hawker centres in Singapore and Malaysia usually wrap them in banana leaves to enhance the flavour.", "Roadside stalls sell them ready packed, known as \"nasi lemak bungkus\", with minimal additions that cost between RM 1.50 – 6.00 per pack.", "Seafood outlets often serve the basic nasi lemak to accompany barbecued seafood.", "There are Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Indian versions, and Singaporean Malay and Singaporean Chinese versions.", "Some people suggest that sambal is the most important part of a nasi lemak meal.", "If not prepared properly, it could ruin the dish, since Malaysians love food that is hot and spicy.", "A good deal of spirited and good-natured debate exists around this point.", "This traditional favourite offers sambal, \"ikan bilis\" (anchovies), peanuts and boiled egg.", "This is the most traditional version.", "Nasi lemak stalls can be found serving them with fried egg, \"sambal kerang\" (cockles) - a local favourite, sambal squids, sambal fish, chicken or chicken/beef rendang, squid fritters or even fried chicken or fish.", "It can be consumed for breakfast, brunch, lunch, tea, dinner and even supper.", "(In Malaysia this meal is usually consumed during morning, nasi lemak hawkers can be seen anywhere nearby schools, offices etc..)", "The special part about it is the rice.", "The rice can be cooked with fresh coconut milk, and sometimes with pandanus leaf (screwpine) thrown in.", "The rice is served on banana leaves, so it smells naturally fragrant when eaten.", "This traditional serving style has been inherited for many generations—from a little stall at road side to commercials, it seems like a simple way fulfill the crave towards this traditional food in cities.", "The Malaysian Indian variation is similar to the original version.", "However, many Malaysian Indians are Hindus, and thus do not eat beef.", "Nasi lemak in the Malaysian Indian version is served with curry, such as chicken curry, fish curry or lamb curry.", "Moreover, Malaysian Indians also serve a rendition of the dish alongside their very own version of Rendang.", "Although it is not common to see Malaysian Chinese stalls and restaurants selling nasi lemak, there is a non-halal version that contains pork, sold in towns and cities such as Malacca and certain parts of Kuala Lumpur.", "Some Malaysian Chinese hawkers are known to make minced pork sambal.", "Right across the Malacca Strait, the Malay Indonesians of Sumatran east coast shares close kinship and common Malay cuisine heritage with their Malaysian counterpart.", "As the result, nasi lemak is also native cuisine to Riau Island and Riau province.", "In archipelagic region like Riau Islands province of Indonesia, usually seafood are used to accompany nasi lemak, such as \"ikan bilis\" (anchovy), \"ikan tamban\" (\"Sardinella longiceps\"), \"ikan selar kuning\" (\"Selaroides leptolepis\"), \"sotong\" or \"cumi-cumi\" (squid) or small prawns.", "The Riau islands traditional nasi lemak is quite similar to Malaysian version; it comes as a platter of coconut rice wrapped in banana leaf, with cucumber slices, small dried anchovies (\"ikan bilis\"), roasted peanuts, hard boiled egg, and hot spicy sauce (\"sambal\").", "The Riau islands version however, comes with an addition of small fish locally known as \"ikan tamban\", usually fried with \"sambal\" chili paste and very crispy, the whole fish is edible.", "Prawns and squids are also commonly stir-fried in chili paste as \"sambal udang\" or \"sambal cumi\".", "In Indonesia, nasi lemak is often sprinkled with \"bawang goreng\" (crispy fried shallot granules).", "In Pekanbaru city in Sumatran province of Riau however, freshwater river fishes are commonly used as \"lauk\" to accompany nasi lemak.", "The freshwater fishes includes \"ikan selais\" (\"Kryptopterus cryptopterus\") and \"ikan patin\" (\"Pangasius\").", "Other fish such as \"ikan lomek\" (\"Harpadon nehereus\") is also commonly used.", "These fishes are usually cooked in Minang style \"lado ijo\" (green chili pepper), minced and fried as \"perkedel ikan\", or just plainly fried.", "Medan \"Melayu Deli\" \"nasi lemak\" version usually served with choice of side dishes either \"rendang\" (beef or chicken) or \"balado\" (egg or shrimp in chili sauce).", "A set of complete Medan's \"nasi lemak\" includes sprinkle of crispy fried shallot, slices of omelette, \"kripik kentang balado\" (spicy potato chips), \"tempe orek\" (seasoned fried tempeh), \"perkedel\" (fried potato patties), \"sambal\" chili paste, slices of cucumber, and slightly bitter \"emping\" cracker.", "Some traditional restaurant chains have dedicated their business to serving \"nasi lemak Medan\".", "Next to \"rendang\" and \"balado\", vegetable dish \"sayur masak lemak\" (vegetables including long beans, cabbage, and long green chilies in coconut milk) is also offered.", "It is a popular street food in Medan sold in humble tarp tent \"warung\", and usually sold together with \"Lontong Medan\".", "Since Medan is located near Aceh border, and there are numbers of Aceh people resides in the city, the term \"nasi lemak\" and \"nasi gurih\" are often used interchangeably in the city, since the terms refer to a similar coconut rice dish.", "For most of the Singaporean Malay variation, the sambal of the nasi lemak has more of a sweeter and less spicy taste when compared to other variations.", "As the sambal is a crucial portion of the nasi lemak, it is preferred to be less spicy so as not to overpower the taste of the coconut based rice and the other ingredients.", "The sides to this dish includes ikan bilis (anchovies), peanuts and an omelette or fried egg, which is rather similar to the Malaysian version, although the use of a boiled egg as with the Malaysian version is somewhat less common.", "Occasionally, a variant using the long grain basmati rice may also be found.", "Retaining the familiar aroma of pandan leaves, the Singaporean Chinese variation comes with a variety of sides that includes deep fried drumstick, chicken franks, fish cake, curried vegetables and tongsan luncheon meat.", "There is also the traditional way of serving it with just the ikan bilis (anchovies), peanuts and fried egg similar to the Malaysian version.", "Sometimes the rice is also coloured emerald green with the use of screwpine leaf extract or essence, commonly called pandan leaves, that perfumes the rice with a nice fragrance when added to the rice with the coconut milk as well as giving it its bright green colour.", "The use of the colour may have arisen as a gimmick to entice customers.", "In certain parts of Malaysia, hawkers also offer vegetarian nasi lemak in which the dried anchovies are substituted with vegetarian mock anchovies.", "In the Southern Thailand town of Betong, the nasi lemak is served with tom yam sauce." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 277181, "simple_article_title": "Nasi lemak", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=277181", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-277181-0-0", "simple-277181-0-1", "simple-277181-0-2", "simple-277181-0-3", "simple-277181-0-4", "simple-277181-0-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Nasi Lemak is a commonly found food in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore.", "It is also an unofficial national food in Malaysia.", "It is traditionally wrapped up in banana leaves.", "The rice is usually cooked in coconut cream.", "Sometimes spices such as ginger are added for their aroma (good smell).", "Nasi lemak is sold in hawker centres in Singapore and other ingredients like fried egg, fried chicken wings and \"belacan\" chilli (made from chilli and shrimp) are added." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 138359, "normal_article_title": "Zillah, Washington", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=138359", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-138359-0-0", "normal-138359-1-0", "normal-138359-1-1", "normal-138359-1-2", "normal-138359-1-3", "normal-138359-1-4", "normal-138359-1-5", "normal-138359-1-6", "normal-138359-2-0", "normal-138359-3-0", "normal-138359-4-0", "normal-138359-4-1", "normal-138359-4-2", "normal-138359-4-3", "normal-138359-4-4", "normal-138359-5-0", "normal-138359-5-1", "normal-138359-5-2", "normal-138359-6-0", "normal-138359-6-1", "normal-138359-6-2", "normal-138359-7-0", "normal-138359-7-1", "normal-138359-7-2", "normal-138359-7-3", "normal-138359-7-4", "normal-138359-8-0", "normal-138359-8-1", "normal-138359-8-2", "normal-138359-9-0", "normal-138359-9-1", "normal-138359-9-2", "normal-138359-9-3", "normal-138359-10-0", "normal-138359-10-1", "normal-138359-10-2", "normal-138359-10-3", "normal-138359-10-4", "normal-138359-11-0", "normal-138359-11-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Zillah is a city in Yakima County, Washington, United States, with a population of 2,964 as of 2010 census.", "Zillah was founded in 1891 following the completion of the Sunnyside Canal project, an irrigation scheme delivering water from the Yakima River to the arid lower Yakima Valley.", "Walter Granger, superintendent of the canal company, chose the town site in 1892.", "The town was named for Miss Zillah Oakes, daughter of Thomas Fletcher Oakes, who, as president of the Northern Pacific Railway, had backed the building of the canal.", "The town was named after Miss Zillah because she would scream and cry on the way to the new town, while on the trip her father promised to name the town after her if she would stop.", "Granger housed the headquarters of the Washington Irrigation Company in Zillah, giving it economical advantages for a time.", "He also made his residency in Zillah, becoming its mayor after retiring from the irrigation company.", "Zillah was officially incorporated on January 5, 1911.", "Zillah is located on Interstate 82 about 15 mi southeast of Yakima.", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.78 sqmi , all of it land.", "As of the census of 2010, there were 2,964 people, 1,033 households, and 741 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1665.2 PD/sqmi .", "There were 1,105 housing units at an average density of 620.8 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the city was 63.8% White, 0.3% African American, 3.8% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 27.1% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 42.5% of the population.", "There were 1,033 households of which 43.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.3% were non-families.", "23.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.40.", "The median age in the city was 31.9 years.", "31.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.3% were from 25 to 44; 22.9% were from 45 to 64; and 9.3% were 65 years of age or older.", "The gender makeup of the city was 49.8% male and 50.2% female.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 2,198 people, 792 households, and 591 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1,807.9 inhabitants per square mile (695.6/km2).", "There were 837 housing units at an average density of 688.4 per square mile (264.9/km2).", "The racial makeup of the city was 73.25% White, 0.82% African American, 2.14% Native American, 0.77% Asian, 0.36% Pacific Islander, 18.29% from other races, and 4.37% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26.07% of the population.", "There were 792 households out of which 40.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families.", "21.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.22.", "In the city, the population was spread out with 31.2% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 and up.", "The median age was 33 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $38,214, and the median income for a family was $44,688.", "Males had a median income of $33,819 versus $23,603 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $16,415.", "13.8% of the population and 9.0% of families were below the poverty line.", "Out of the total population, 16.4% of those under the age of 18 and 16.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.", "The Zillah School District is a small rural district of approximately 1250 students, housed in four buildings.", "Zillah is one of the smallest districts in area in Yakima County (estimated 44 square miles)." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 130387, "simple_article_title": "Zillah, Washington", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=130387", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-130387-0-0", "simple-130387-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Zillah is a city of Yakima County in the state of Washington in the United States.", "2,198 people were living in Zillah as of 2000." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 27527671, "normal_article_title": "2012 Arab Nations Cup", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27527671", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-27527671-0-0", "normal-27527671-1-0", "normal-27527671-1-1", "normal-27527671-1-2", "normal-27527671-2-0", "normal-27527671-3-0", "normal-27527671-4-0", "normal-27527671-4-1", "normal-27527671-4-2", "normal-27527671-5-0", "normal-27527671-5-1", "normal-27527671-6-0", "normal-27527671-6-1", "normal-27527671-6-2", "normal-27527671-6-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The 2012 Arab Cup was the tenth edition of the Arab Nations Cup, also referred to as the Arab Cup for national football teams affiliated with the Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA).", "The tournament was hosted by Saudi Arabia between 22 June and 6 July 2012.", "It is the second time that the nation has hosted the tournament, the first being in 1985.", "This edition witnessed the return of Iraq – the most successful team and record holder of the Arab Nations Cup with four titles – after a 25-year absence due to the Gulf War.", "The tournament's lead sponsor was Singaporean company World Sport Group who describe themselves as \"Asia's leading sports marketing, media and event management company.\"", "The winner received USD$1million, the runner-up will receive $600,000, the third placed team will receive $300,000, while the other participating football associations will receive $200,000 each.", "The official draw was held on 6 May 2012 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.", "The remaining 11 teams were ranked based on the FIFA World Rankings of May 2012 before the draw.", "The United Arab Emirates withdrew from the competition after the group draw had been made; they were initially drawn into group A.", "It will be played as tournament with three groups made of four teams each.", "The organizer country, Saudi Arabia was assigned to Group A.", "The team that finish highest of all group runners-up will also proceed to the semi-final stage.", "Due to Group A only having three teams in their group, results against teams finishing fourth will not be counted.", "The best runners-up will face the winner of group A in the semifinals while the winner of group B will face the winner of group C.", "The semi-final winners proceed to the final and those who lost compete in the third place playoff." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 592133, "simple_article_title": "2012 Arab Nations Cup", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=592133", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-592133-0-0", "simple-592133-0-1", "simple-592133-0-2", "simple-592133-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The 2012 Arab Nations Cup (Arabic: ) was the 10th Arab Nations Cup tournament.", "It was hosted in Saudi Arabia from 22 June to 6 July 2012.", "Morocco won the tournament after defeating Libya in the final.", "The best second-place team will advance to the knockout stage." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 92031, "normal_article_title": "Interstate 49", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=92031", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-92031-0-0", "normal-92031-0-1", "normal-92031-0-2", "normal-92031-0-3", "normal-92031-1-0", "normal-92031-1-1", "normal-92031-1-2", "normal-92031-1-3", "normal-92031-1-4", "normal-92031-1-5", "normal-92031-2-0", "normal-92031-2-1", "normal-92031-2-2", "normal-92031-2-3", "normal-92031-2-4", "normal-92031-2-5", "normal-92031-3-0", "normal-92031-3-1", "normal-92031-3-2", "normal-92031-3-3", "normal-92031-3-4", "normal-92031-4-0", "normal-92031-4-1", "normal-92031-4-2", "normal-92031-4-3", "normal-92031-5-0", "normal-92031-5-1", "normal-92031-6-0", "normal-92031-6-1", "normal-92031-7-0", "normal-92031-7-1", "normal-92031-7-2", "normal-92031-7-3", "normal-92031-7-4", "normal-92031-8-0", "normal-92031-8-1", "normal-92031-9-0", "normal-92031-9-1", "normal-92031-9-2", "normal-92031-10-0", "normal-92031-10-1", "normal-92031-10-2", "normal-92031-11-0", "normal-92031-12-0", "normal-92031-12-1", "normal-92031-12-2", "normal-92031-12-3", "normal-92031-12-4", "normal-92031-12-5", "normal-92031-13-0", "normal-92031-13-1", "normal-92031-13-2", "normal-92031-13-3", "normal-92031-13-4", "normal-92031-13-5", "normal-92031-14-0", "normal-92031-14-1", "normal-92031-14-2", "normal-92031-14-3", "normal-92031-14-4", "normal-92031-14-5", "normal-92031-15-0", "normal-92031-15-1", "normal-92031-15-2", "normal-92031-15-3", "normal-92031-16-0", "normal-92031-16-1", "normal-92031-16-2", "normal-92031-16-3", "normal-92031-17-0", "normal-92031-17-1", "normal-92031-17-2", "normal-92031-18-0", "normal-92031-18-1", "normal-92031-18-2", "normal-92031-19-0", "normal-92031-19-1", "normal-92031-19-2", "normal-92031-19-3", "normal-92031-19-4", "normal-92031-19-5", "normal-92031-19-6", "normal-92031-19-7", "normal-92031-20-0", "normal-92031-20-1", "normal-92031-21-0", "normal-92031-22-0", "normal-92031-23-0", "normal-92031-24-0", "normal-92031-24-1", "normal-92031-25-0", "normal-92031-26-0", "normal-92031-26-1", "normal-92031-26-2", "normal-92031-26-3", "normal-92031-26-4", "normal-92031-26-5", "normal-92031-27-0", "normal-92031-27-1", "normal-92031-27-2", "normal-92031-27-3", "normal-92031-28-0", "normal-92031-28-1", "normal-92031-28-2", "normal-92031-28-3", "normal-92031-29-0", "normal-92031-29-1", "normal-92031-29-2", "normal-92031-29-3", "normal-92031-30-0", "normal-92031-30-1", "normal-92031-30-2", "normal-92031-31-0", "normal-92031-31-1", "normal-92031-31-2", "normal-92031-31-3", "normal-92031-31-4", "normal-92031-31-5", "normal-92031-31-6", "normal-92031-32-0", "normal-92031-32-1", "normal-92031-32-2", "normal-92031-33-0", "normal-92031-33-1", "normal-92031-33-2", "normal-92031-34-0", "normal-92031-34-1", "normal-92031-34-2", "normal-92031-34-3", "normal-92031-34-4", "normal-92031-35-0", "normal-92031-35-1", "normal-92031-35-2", "normal-92031-36-0", "normal-92031-36-1", "normal-92031-36-2", "normal-92031-36-3", "normal-92031-36-4", "normal-92031-36-5", "normal-92031-36-6", "normal-92031-37-0", "normal-92031-38-0", "normal-92031-38-1", "normal-92031-39-0", "normal-92031-39-1", "normal-92031-39-2", "normal-92031-39-3", "normal-92031-39-4", "normal-92031-39-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Interstate 49 (I-49) is a north–south Interstate Highway that exists in multiple segments: the original portion entirely within the state of Louisiana with an additional signed portion extending from Interstate 220 (I-220) in Shreveport to the Arkansas state line, four newer sections in Arkansas, and a new section that opened in Missouri.", "Its southern terminus is in Lafayette, Louisiana, at Interstate 10 while its northern terminus is in Kansas City, Missouri at Interstate 435 and Interstate 470.", "Portions of the remaining roadway in Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, and Texas, which will link Kansas City with New Orleans, are in various stages of planning or construction.", "When Interstate 49 is complete, the goal of the Association will have been accomplished, with only a brief gap (served by other Interstates or US 71) and name change in Kansas City.", "Although not part of the original 1957 interstate highway plan, residents of Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana began campaigning for the highway in 1965 via the \"US 71 - I-29 Association.\"", "The campaign called for Interstate 29 to be extended south from Kansas City to New Orleans following much of the route along US 71.", "The plan called for creating a limited access expressway from New Orleans to the Canadian border and on to Winnipeg (via Manitoba Highway 75).", "The highway is not named Interstate 29 because of interstate naming rules.", "The rules state that north-south roads are odd numbered and the highways are named in increasing order from west to east.", "Since there are an Interstate 35 and an Interstate 45 to the west and an Interstate 55 to the east Interstate 49 was chosen for the name.", "The current southern terminus of I-49 is located at a cloverleaf interchange with I-10 and US 167 in the southern Louisiana city of Lafayette.", "Southbound motorists continue through the interchange onto the Evangeline Thruway, which transitions from a limited-access portion of US 167 to a major divided thoroughfare that picks up the US 90 corridor heading through the heart of Lafayette.", "I-49 begins its journey concurrent with US 167 as it travels northward through Carencro, Sunset, Grand Coteau, and Opelousas.", "US 167 departs from the interstate's alignment at exit 23 between Opelousas and Washington, and I-49 begins to take a northwesterly path through the heavily wooded rural terrain.", "Various state highways provide access to the small towns and cities located along the parallel US 71 and US 167 corridors, such as Lebeau, Ville Platte, Bunkie, and Cheneyville.", "After crossing US 167, I-49 travels between US 71 and US 165 into the Alexandria metropolitan area in central Louisiana.", "I-49 travels through downtown Alexandria doubling as US 71 Byp.", "and is also concurrent with portions of US 167 and LA 28.", "Major interchanges with US 167 and US 71 lead to bridges that cross the Red River into the neighboring city of Pineville.", "Continuing northwest from Alexandria, I-49 parallels the Red River and LA 1 through Boyce and passes just west of the historic city of Natchitoches, which is reached via LA 6 at exit 138.", "Between Natchitoches and Shreveport, I-49 travels between LA 1 and US 171 and has junctions with US 371 and US 84, connecting with Coushatta and Mansfield, respectively.", "In Shreveport, the interstate heads directly into the downtown area and terminates at I-20, a route which facilitates eastbound traffic.", "However, through traffic bound for I-20 west and the northern segment of I-49 is directed to transfer onto LA 3132 at an interchange located about 5.5 mi south of this terminus.", "LA 3132 is a western freeway bypass of Shreveport known as the Inner Loop Expressway that becomes I-220 upon intersecting I-20.", "On the north side of town, motorists may exit I-220 and follow the next segment of I-49, which parallels US 71 into Arkansas.", "The heaviest traffic on I-49 occurs within the cities of Shreveport and Opelousas.", "The stretch of freeway in Shreveport sees an average of 70,000 vehicles per day, while the stretch of freeway between Lafayette and Carencro sees an average of 55,000 vehicles per day, and the stretch of freeway through Opelousas sees an average of 45,000 vehicles per day between the Judson Walsh Drive and Creswell Lane exits.", "The southern segment of I-49 enters Arkansas from Louisiana.", "It progresses northward to a temporary terminus at US 71 and US 59 at the Texas state line north of Texarkana.", "The northern segment of I-49 in Arkansas, formerly signed as part of I-540, begins at I-40 in Alma and runs north to Northwest Arkansas through the Boston Mountains.", "The freeway passes through steep, sparsely populated terrain before entering the Bobby Hopper Tunnel in Washington County.", "Entering Northwest Arkansas, I-49 has seven exits for Fayetteville and three exits for Springdale before entering Benton County.", "The route serves as the boundary between Bentonville and Rogers, with seven exits for the two cities before terminating at US 71.", "The roadway continues as a divided highway with stoplights into Bella Vista, although a bypass is under construction.", "I-49 is designated as the Boston Mountains Scenic Loop between Alma and Fayetteville.", "The I-49 designation replaced the I-540 designation through Northwest Arkansas in March 2014.", "I-49 begins in Pineville.", "It passes through several smaller communities before reaching Neosho shortly before Joplin.", "In Joplin, I-49 junctions with I-44 and begins a short concurrency with I-44 for exits 11 through 18.", "Just a few miles east of Joplin, I-49 leaves I-44 and heads north and enters Carthage.", "I-49 then passes through Nevada and other communities before reaching the Kansas City area.", "I-49 intersects with I-470 and I-435, which provides connection to I-70 and I-35 and I-29.", "In south Kansas City, at Bannister Road just north of the Grandview Triangle, the I-49 designation ends, and the expressway continues as US 71, which proceeds into downtown Kansas City as Bruce R. Watkins Memorial Drive.", "The original plans for the Interstate Highway System did not include a north–south connection between Interstates 10 and 20 within Louisiana.", "In 1965, Governor John McKeithen proposed a toll road to perform this function and extend to New Orleans as well, but the idea was never carried out.", "In the mid-1970s, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) approved an Interstate Highway to run between US 190 in Opelousas and I-20 in Shreveport, a route that was designated as I-49 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in the summer of 1977.", "The mileage was gained from mileage released from other highways the states did not build as well as 153 mi from a supplemental reserve.", "In 1981, AASHTO approved a slight extension of the designation along the existing route of US 167 from Opelousas south to I-10 in Lafayette.", "In its early history, I-49 was commonly referred to as the North–South Expressway.", "Construction of I-49 began in 1981 between Opelousas and the small town of Washington.", "This segment joined the portion running concurrent with US 167, an existing limited-access highway, and was completed by 1983.", "By the following year, virtually all remaining rural portions of the route were under construction, and 95% of this mileage was completed and opened to traffic between late 1987 and late 1989.", "The remaining portions running through the urban centers of Alexandria and Shreveport required a much greater expenditure of time and funding.", "The entire length of the 212 mi road was completed on May 1, 1996 with the opening of a 16.6 mi section in downtown Alexandria named the Martin Luther King Jr.", "The total cost of I-49's construction was about $1.38 billion.", "\"Interstate 49 North\" is a 36-mile (58 km) construction project that will extend the highway from I-20 in Shreveport to the Arkansas state line, and is divided into 11 segments.", "On November 27, 2013, the first 18.9-mile (30.4 km) section between LA 1 and US 71 opened to traffic, and the extension to a point just south of the Arkansas state line opened in March 2014.", "On May 31, 2017, a 4.25 mi portion between LA 3194 (Martin Luther King, Jr.", "Drive) and LA 1 in Shreveport was opened to northbound traffic, with the section and interchange with I-220 scheduled to be completed in the spring of 2018.", "On June 15, 2018, the entire 5.25 mi portion of I-49 between I-220 and LA 1, including an interchange with I-220, was opened to traffic, with the remaining interchange ramps expected to be completed in the late summer or early fall of 2018.", "On October 17, 2018, the remaining interchange ramps were opened to traffic.", "Arkansas and Missouri have been pursuing an I-49 designation for U.S. 71 and I-540 for a number of years.", "In the early-2000s, there were plans by both states to rename the roadway as such between Interstate 44 west of Joplin and Interstate 40 at Fort Smith, once new roadway had been completed around Bella Vista, Arkansas and north to Pineville, Missouri.", "However, the AASHTO Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbers and Interstate Highways denied the I-49 designation at their annual meeting in September 2007 because none of the new roadway was under construction.", "During this time, there was also some debate as to whether the Interstate 29 designation should be extended farther south from its current terminus in Kansas City, to either Joplin or all the way to Fort Smith.", "The I-49 designation, consisting of 180 mi in Missouri, became official at noon on December 12, 2012.", "The designation applies to current US 71 between I-435 in south Kansas City and Route H at Pineville (McDonald County), which was upgraded to Interstate standards beginning in 2010.", "The last of the upgrade projects was completed in December 2012.", "I-49 also runs concurrently with I-44 between interchanges 11 and 18 east of Joplin.", "MoDOT began installing I-49 trailblazer signage (without shields) plus gantry signs and mile markers, about 1200 signs in all, in February 2012.", "Signage bearing I-49 shields was covered or turned from view until the I-49 designation received final approval by FHWA.", "This includes mile markers at 0.2 mi intervals along the entire alignment apart from I-44.", "The US 71 upgrade involved removing all at-grade intersections and constructing interchanges and overpasses at 15 sites between Harrisonville and Lamar.", "The two-year project represented a shift in funding priorities for MoDOT which in 2007, announced indefinite postponement of its portion of the Bella Vista bypass project, citing a $139-million dollar funding gap in Arkansas between construction costs and toll revenues, and Arkansas' commitment to only a two-lane bypass constructed over six years.", "MoDOT announced the Joplin-to-Kansas City upgrade of US 71 in August 2010, to be done with the intention of bringing the I-49 designation to Missouri.", "Most of the 10.2-mile corridor, constructed between 1990 and 2001, was built to Interstate standards.", "However, three at-grade intersections—at Gregory Boulevard (71st Street), 59th Street and 55th Street—prevent the I-49 designation from being extended all the way to downtown.", "All three of these intersections were on the Kansas City Police Department's 2010 list of \"Top 20 Crash Sites in Kansas City\", at #9, #6 and #4 respectively and Watkins Drive has the reputation among commuters as \"one of the city's most accident-prone stretches of road\".", "Many neighborhood associations in Kansas City have historically objected to upgrading Watkins Drive to a freeway.", "MoDOT has gone on record stating a court order keeps them from removing the stoplights, making conversion of this stretch unlikely.", "As for any future upgrade, a MoDOT blog post says \"Ample right of way was acquired to someday allow MoDOT to reconstruct the three signal-controlled, at-grade intersections to grade-separated interchanges, allowing traffic on Bruce R. Watkins Drive to flow unimpeded.", "Neither MoDOT nor the city of Kansas City can initiate this change.", "It is up to the citizens, who must raise the issue again through the court system to amend the class-action agreement.\"", "The I-49 designation carries through the Three Trails Crossing (aka the Grandview Triangle) interchange to guide motorists onto US 71 north of I-435 and terminates north of I-435 and south of Bannister Road (Route W) around the 190.0 mile marker.", "From this point north, US 71 follows Bruce R. Watkins Drive, a parkway which directly connects the I-70 / I-670 interchange in downtown Kansas City, as well as the I-35 / I-29 / I-70 interchange just to the north, to south Kansas City and I-435, I-470 and I-49.", "I-130, the former designation from 1999-2000, was removed and no longer exists as part of the Texarkana Loop.", "Arkansas 549 between AR-72 and County Road 34 opened on August 22, 2015.", "A temporary designation of Highway 549 had been assigned to I-49 between US 71 north of Texarkana and Doddridge, 5 mi from the state line.", "I-49 has now been completed to the state line.", "\"Future I-49\" segments extending northward from Texarkana, Arkansas plus segments from Doddridge south into Louisiana are shown on the official Arkansas 2013 Highway Map.", "The route was completed and signed as I-49 in late 2014.", "The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (La DOTD) is working to extend I-49 from Lafayette southeast to New Orleans along the route of US 90, which is a divided four-lane highway between the two cities.", "Some portions, such as the freeway between Morgan City and the Raceland area, are already built to interstate standards.", "In the Lafayette area, the project is divided into two projects, the I-49 Lafayette Connector and the upgrade of US 90 from Lafayette Regional Airport to the LA 88 interchange.", "The I-49 Lafayette Connector is currently undergoing a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement study and Conceptual Design Study due to refinements to the alignment originally approved in the February 2003 Record of Decision.", "It is planned to be a six-lane elevated freeway, mostly utilizing the Evangeline Thruway corridor, except for a segment paralleling the BNSF/Union Pacific railroad line in order to serve the downtown area.", "The rest of the freeway from the airport to LA 88 will be an at-grade six-lane freeway with a 2 mi segment of eight-lane elevated freeway through the suburb of Broussard.", "Much of US 90 between LA 88 and the Wax Lake Outlet bridge west of Patterson is already upgraded to interstate standards, except for an at-grade intersection with LA 318 south of Jeanerette.", "Construction is now underway to convert that intersection to a grade-separated interchange with frontage roads for local access.", "From Wax Lake to the Atchafalaya River bridge at Morgan City, US 90 is a four-lane divided at-grade expressway.", "A Supplemental EIS is ongoing to upgrade that segment to interstate standards.", "The Raceland—New Orleans segment of the proposed I-49 South was originally approved in 2008 with a Record of Decision for a fully elevated freeway on a mostly new alignment along the entire length.", "However, in 2014, La DOTD launched a study to consider less expensive alternatives and to expedite design and construction of that segment.", "The resulting design changes greatly reduced costs by incorporating much of the existing US 90 corridor, save for bypasses of Des Allemands and Paradis, as well as a revised connection with I-310/LA 3127.", "A Supplemental EIS is ongoing for that segment to finalize these changes.", "In the immediate New Orleans area, I-49 is planned to follow the route of US 90 Bus., much of which is an elevated freeway.", "follows the Westbank Expressway through Westwego, Gretna, and Algiers.", "It then crosses Crescent City Connection over the Mississippi River into Downtown New Orleans and continues onto the Pontchartrain Expressway to an interchange with I-10.", "\"Future I-49\" signage is visible along US 90 and US 90 Bus., although as of 2017, construction has yet to begin.", "In addition to the southern extension, Louisiana officials are also working on the completion of I-49 from Shreveport to the Arkansas line.", "Options for the remaining gap between I-20 and I-220 in Shreveport include the proposed Inner-City Connector, a 3.6 mi direct connection between the completed portions of I-49.", "A no-build proposal is to reroute I-49 onto existing portions of LA 3132 (Inner Loop Expressway) and I-220 through Shreveport.", "The 180-mile (289.7 km) section between Texarkana and Fort Smith remains largely incomplete.", "Right-of-way has been acquired and engineering has been completed, but construction is contingent upon allocating funding to the corridor.", "After applying for and receiving assistance from the 2012 Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) grant program, ArDot has begun construction on a new highway location for I-49 between the current I-40/I-540 interchange and US 71 south of Fort Smith, bypassing Van Buren and Fort Smith.", "Work is now complete between US 71 and Highway 22 near Fort Chaffee as the first and southernmost phase of the extension of I-49 south of I-540.", "The project is explicitly mentioned as an effort to complete I-49 in the TIGER grant application.", "Colloquially referred to as \"Chaffee Crossing\", this first phase was completed on July 15, 2015 at 10:00am at the AR-549 and AR-22 Interchange.", "I-49 is planned to follow the general route of US 71 through the state between Interstates 30 and 40.", "North of I-40, Interstate 49 ends south of Bella Vista, about 8 mi south of the Missouri state line.", "Here, motorists continue north 15 mi of four-lane US 71 with intersections, traffic signals, lower speed limits and congestion before the present northern segment of I-49 begins at Pineville, Missouri.", "Motorists are eager to see completion of the 19-mile (30.6 km) \"Bella Vista Bypass\" between Bella Vista, Arkansas and Pineville, Missouri.", "A major hurdle to construction of the bypass over the years has been funding.", "The 2010 TIGER grant application submitted by the Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) estimated total cost for completion in Arkansas as $291.8 million.", "The document states the portion of the bypass in Arkansas is \"proposed to be constructed as a toll facility, while the Missouri portion of the Bypass will be constructed as a free route\".", "On August 11, 2010, the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) announced $10 million in Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) grant funding to construct a portion of the new four-lane bypass, though the funding covers only a two-lane segment 2.5 mi long.", "Groundbreaking occurred on July 8, 2011 with a public ceremony that included Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood, Arkansas Governor Mike Beebe, and Senator Mark Pryor.", "The USDOT news release refers to the project as part of the \"I-49 corridor\", effectively ending questions about how the new highway would be numbered.", "The following year, the segment between Highway 72 north and County Road 34 was let.", "As of March 2014, AHTD anticipates completion of this first segment between Highway 72 north and Highway 72 south in spring 2014, and the next section in fall 2014.", "Following the passing of a ten-year half-cent sales tax measure in 2012, AHTD had acquired sufficient additional revenue to fund the southbound half of the Bella Vista Bypass without tolls.", "Since design work had been completed prior to passing the measure, AHTD was able to let the segment between Highway 72 and US 71B in February 2014 as the first job of the Connecting Arkansas Program.", "AHTD anticipates completion of this project in 2016.", "The only Arkansas project remaining for a fully operational two-lane bypass is the 7.6 mile (12.2 km) section between County Road 34 and the Missouri state line; however, it is listed as TBD by AHTD.", "Design work is complete for the roadway project, and is anticipated to be complete in 2015 for the interchange.", "Construction of the roadway is anticipated to be complete in 2017, assuming a one-year delay related to Missouri funding.", "Construction on the interchange is tentatively scheduled to be complete in 2018.", "Missouri DOT is responsible for a segment between the Missouri state line and I-49, with no clear path to funding at present.", "The Bella Vista Bypass is now on hold again because on August 5, 2014, an amendment bill intended to raise the sales tax failed at the ballot box.", "Not wanting to build a destination-less stub road, the Arkansas State Highway Commission officially postponed the construction of the segment between the Missouri state line and County Road 34 in September 2013 pending Missouri acquiring funding.", "On May 10, 2017, a 6.4 mile (10.3 km) segment of the bypass between the existing 5 mile segment near Hiwasse, Arkansas and a new temporary roundabout interchange with I-49 and US 71 near Bentonville, Arkansas opened after three years of construction, and costing over $50 million to complete.", "North of Texarkana, Interstate 49 will briefly venture into Texas for about 5 miles before turning northwest and crossing the Red River of the South to reenter Arkansas.", "How the mileposts and the exits will be numbered once the Interstate returns to Arkansas have yet to be determined.", "In 2012, Missouri still had $40 million available for construction of its portion of the Bella Vista bypass from Pineville to the Arkansas state line.", "MoDOT's I-49 project manager said in an interview that \"MoDOT has told Arkansas that whatever schedule it sets, we will meet them at the state line.\"", "However, once Arkansas began building toward the state line it was revealed that Missouri was $25 million short of the necessary funds to complete their section.", "A ballot initiative was defeated in August 2014 in Missouri, which put the project on hold for nearly five years.", "In March 2019, the Missouri Highways and Transportation Commission approved funding for completion of the Bella Vista Bypass.", "Bids will be let in 2020 with the project scheduled for completion in summer 2022." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 220352, "simple_article_title": "Interstate 49", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=220352", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-220352-0-0", "simple-220352-0-1", "simple-220352-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Interstate 49 is an Interstate Highway in the state of Louisiana in the United States.", "It goes from Lafayette north to Kansas City.", "The route is 208.25 mi long." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9944233, "normal_article_title": "Shabono", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9944233", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9944233-0-0", "normal-9944233-1-0", "normal-9944233-2-0", "normal-9944233-2-1", "normal-9944233-2-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A shabono (also xapono, shapono, or yano) is a hut used by the Yanomami, an indigenous peoples in extreme southern Venezuela and extreme northern Brazil.", "Used as temporary homes, traditionally constructed mainly of thatched palm leaves and wood, shabonos are built in clearings in the jungle, using the wood cleared to build a palisade with a thatched roof that has a hole in the middle.", "In traditional villages, multiple shabonos, each conical or rectangular in shape, surround a central open space.", "Each family unit has its own area within a given shabono separated by a wooden post.", "These would be a home for around 50 people." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 125589, "simple_article_title": "Shabono", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=125589", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-125589-0-0", "simple-125589-0-1", "simple-125589-0-2", "simple-125589-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A shabono (also called \"xapono\" or \"yano\") is a hut used by the Yanomami indios, who live in southeastern Venezuela and in northern Roraima, Brazil.", "This hut is used as temporary shelter and is made with palm leaves and wood.", "Shabonos are built in clear parts of the jungle.", "Each family unit has a personal area in the shabono." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3599165, "normal_article_title": "Chesalles-sur-Moudon", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3599165", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3599165-0-0", "normal-3599165-0-1", "normal-3599165-1-0", "normal-3599165-2-0", "normal-3599165-2-1", "normal-3599165-2-2", "normal-3599165-3-0", "normal-3599165-3-1", "normal-3599165-3-2", "normal-3599165-4-0", "normal-3599165-5-0", "normal-3599165-6-0", "normal-3599165-6-1", "normal-3599165-6-2", "normal-3599165-6-3", "normal-3599165-7-0", "normal-3599165-7-1", "normal-3599165-8-0", "normal-3599165-8-1", "normal-3599165-9-0", "normal-3599165-9-1", "normal-3599165-9-2", "normal-3599165-9-3", "normal-3599165-9-4", "normal-3599165-10-0", "normal-3599165-10-1", "normal-3599165-10-2", "normal-3599165-10-3", "normal-3599165-11-0", "normal-3599165-11-1", "normal-3599165-12-0", "normal-3599165-12-1", "normal-3599165-12-2", "normal-3599165-12-3", "normal-3599165-13-0", "normal-3599165-13-1", "normal-3599165-13-2", "normal-3599165-13-3", "normal-3599165-13-4", "normal-3599165-14-0", "normal-3599165-14-1", "normal-3599165-14-2", "normal-3599165-14-3", "normal-3599165-14-4", "normal-3599165-14-5", "normal-3599165-15-0", "normal-3599165-15-1", "normal-3599165-15-2", "normal-3599165-16-0", "normal-3599165-16-1", "normal-3599165-16-2", "normal-3599165-16-3", "normal-3599165-16-4", "normal-3599165-17-0", "normal-3599165-17-1", "normal-3599165-17-2", "normal-3599165-17-3", "normal-3599165-18-0", "normal-3599165-18-1", "normal-3599165-18-2", "normal-3599165-19-0", "normal-3599165-19-1", "normal-3599165-19-2", "normal-3599165-20-0", "normal-3599165-20-1", "normal-3599165-21-0", "normal-3599165-21-1", "normal-3599165-21-2", "normal-3599165-21-3", "normal-3599165-21-4", "normal-3599165-21-5", "normal-3599165-22-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Chesalles-sur-Moudon is a former municipality in the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.", "In 2017 the former municipalities of Chesalles-sur-Moudon, Brenles, Cremin, Forel-sur-Lucens and Sarzens merged into the municipality of Lucens.", "Chesalles-sur-Moudon is first mentioned in 1273 as \"Chesales\".", "Chesalles-sur-Moudon had an area, as of 2009 , of 1.67 km2 .", "Of this area, 1.3 km2 or 77.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.19 km2 or 11.4% is forested.", "Of the rest of the land, 0.17 km2 or 10.2% is settled (buildings or roads).", "Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 6.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.6%.", "Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests.", "Of the agricultural land, 58.1% is used for growing crops and 17.4% is pastures, while 2.4% is used for orchards or vine crops.", "The former municipality was part of the Moudon District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Chesalles-sur-Moudon became part of the new district of Broye-Vully.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Per bend Gules and Argent, overall behind a Lion passant guardant holding a Scimitar a rising Sun all of Or.\"", "Corcelles-sur-Chavornay had a population (as of 2015 ) of 353.", "s of 2008 , 4.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals.", "Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -7.2%.", "It has changed at a rate of -9% due to migration and at a rate of 1.2% due to births and deaths.", "Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks French (149 or 93.7%), with German being second most common (3 or 1.9%) and Dutch being third (2 or 1.3%).", "There is 1 person who speaks Romansh.", "Of the population in the municipality 58 or about 36.5% were born in Chesalles-sur-Moudon and lived there in 2000.", "There were 61 or 38.4% who were born in the same canton, while 17 or 10.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 18 or 11.3% were born outside of Switzerland.", "In 2008 there were 2 live births to Swiss citizens and .", "Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population remained the same.", "There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland and 1 Swiss woman who immigrated back to Switzerland.", "The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 4 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 2 people.", "This represents a population growth rate of 1.3%.", "The age distribution, as of 2009 , in Chesalles-sur-Moudon is; 8 children or 5.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 26 teenagers or 16.8% are between 10 and 19.", "Of the adult population, 22 people or 14.2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old.", "16 people or 10.3% are between 30 and 39, 28 people or 18.1% are between 40 and 49, and 22 people or 14.2% are between 50 and 59.", "The senior population distribution is 14 people or 9.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 10 people or 6.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 8 people or 5.2% who are between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is 90 and older.", "s of 2000 , there were 75 people who were single and never married in the municipality.", "There were 80 married individuals, 1 widows or widowers and 3 individuals who are divorced.", "s of 2000 , there were 54 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.9 persons per household.", "There were 12 households that consist of only one person and 10 households with five or more people.", "Out of a total of 55 households that answered this question, 21.8% were households made up of just one person.", "Of the rest of the households, there are 14 married couples without children, 26 married couples with children There were 2 single parents with a child or children.", "In 2000 there were 19 single-family homes (or 48.7% of the total) out of a total of 39 inhabited buildings.", "There were 8 multi-family buildings (20.5%), along with 10 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (25.6%) and 2 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.1%).", "Of the single-family homes 3 were built before 1919, while 8 were built between 1990 and 2000.", "The greatest number of single-family homes (8) were built between 1991 and 1995.", "The most multi-family homes (3) were built before 1919 and the next most (2) were built between 1961 and 1970.", "In 2000 there were 60 apartments in the municipality.", "The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 18.", "There were 1 single-room apartment and 26 apartments with five or more rooms.", "Of these apartments, a total of 53 apartments (88.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 5 apartments (8.3%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (3.3%) were empty.", "s of 2009 , the construction rate of new housing units was 6.5 new units per 1000 residents.", "The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010 , was 0%.", "The historical population is given in the following chart: In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 39.45% of the vote.", "The next three most popular parties were the SP (19.2%), the Green Party (12.24%) and the Other (9.7%).", "In the federal election, a total of 53 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.3%.", "s of 2010 , Chesalles-sur-Moudon had an unemployment rate of 2.4%.", "s of 2008 , there were 23 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector.", "1 person was employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business in this sector.", "2 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 1 business in this sector.", "There were 71 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.4% of the workforce.", "In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 16.", "The number of jobs in the primary sector was 14, all of which were in agriculture.", "The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1, in construction.", "The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1, in education.", "In 2000 , there were 3 workers who commuted into the municipality and 49 workers who commuted away.", "The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 16.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.", "Of the working population, 8.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 63.4% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census , 17 or 10.7% were Roman Catholic, while 116 or 73.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.", "Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church who belonged.", "18 (or about 11.32% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 7 individuals (or about 4.40% of the population) did not answer the question.", "In Chesalles-sur-Moudon about 49 or (30.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 22 or (13.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\").", "Of the 22 who completed tertiary schooling, 54.5% were Swiss men, 27.3% were Swiss women.", "In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 23 students in the Chesalles-sur-Moudon school district.", "In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.", "During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 155 children of which 83 children (53.5%) received subsidized pre-school care.", "The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years.", "There were 8 students in the municipal primary school program.", "The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 15 students in those schools.", "s of 2000 , there were 8 students in Chesalles-sur-Moudon who came from another municipality, while 35 residents attended schools outside the municipality." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 39160527, "normal_article_title": "Erwin Waldner", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39160527", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-39160527-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Erwin Waldner (24 January 1933 – 18 April 2015) was a German footballer." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 500622, "simple_article_title": "Erwin Waldner", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=500622", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-500622-0-0", "simple-500622-0-1", "simple-500622-1-0", "simple-500622-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Erwin Waldner (24 January 1933 – 18 April 2015) was a German footballer.", "He played for five teams between 1952 and 1967, including VfB Stuttgart.", "Walder was born in Nürtingen, Baden-Württemberg.", "He died there on 18 April 2015, aged 82." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5817707, "normal_article_title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1986)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5817707", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5817707-0-0", "normal-5817707-0-1", "normal-5817707-1-0", "normal-5817707-1-1", "normal-5817707-1-2", "normal-5817707-1-3", "normal-5817707-1-4", "normal-5817707-1-5", "normal-5817707-2-0", "normal-5817707-2-1", "normal-5817707-2-2", "normal-5817707-3-0", "normal-5817707-3-1", "normal-5817707-4-0", "normal-5817707-4-1", "normal-5817707-4-2", "normal-5817707-4-3", "normal-5817707-5-0", "normal-5817707-5-1", "normal-5817707-5-2", "normal-5817707-5-3", "normal-5817707-5-4", "normal-5817707-5-5", "normal-5817707-5-6", "normal-5817707-5-7", "normal-5817707-6-0", "normal-5817707-6-1", "normal-5817707-6-2", "normal-5817707-6-3", "normal-5817707-7-0", "normal-5817707-8-0", "normal-5817707-8-1", "normal-5817707-8-2", "normal-5817707-8-3", "normal-5817707-8-4", "normal-5817707-8-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Peyton List (born August 8, 1986) is an American actress and professional model, known for roles on \"Mad Men\", \"FlashForward\", \"The Tomorrow People\" and \"Frequency\".", "She began her career on daytime television, playing Lucy Montgomery on the CBS soap opera \"As the World Turns\" from 2001 to 2005, before she went to primetime with regular roles on the short-lived dramas \"Windfall\" (2006) and \"Big Shots\" (2007).", "From 2008 to 2013, List had a recurring role as Jane Siegel in the AMC period drama \"Mad Men\".", "In film, she has appeared in \"The Greatest Game Ever Played\" (2005), \"Shuttle\" (2009) and \"Meeting Evil\" (2012).", "List also starred in the short-lived science fiction dramas \"FlashForward\" (ABC, 2009–2010), and \"The Tomorrow People\" (The CW, 2013–2014).", "During the 2016–17 television season, she starred as the lead character in The CW drama series \"Frequency\".", "In 2018, she had a recurring role in season 3 of the science fiction series \"Colony\".", "She also starred on a recurring basis as Ivy Pepper/Poison Ivy in the Fox crime drama series \"Gotham\" (2018–2019).", "List was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Douglas List and wife Sherri Anderson but grew up in Baltimore, Maryland, with her sister Brittany List.", "She began her education at Cedarcroft pre-school and Calvert School, and then went to the Roland Park Country School in Baltimore.", "She studied ballet at the School of American Ballet in New York City.", "At the age of nine, she began a career as a model.", "Her first significant commercial appearance was as one of the \"daughters next door\" (together with her sister) in \"Washington Square\".", "List had a minor role in the HBO television series \"Sex and the City\" in 2000.", "The following year, she played a small part in an episode of \"\", and started a three-year run as Lucy Montgomery on the CBS soap opera \"As the World Turns\".", "She left the soap opera in 2005 and later appeared as Lucy Lane in an episode of \"Smallville\", and reprised her role on the final season in 2010.", "In the same year, she guest-starred on \"Without a Trace\", \"\", \"\", and \"One Tree Hill\".", "In 2006, List was a series regular on the NBC drama \"Windfall\", as Tally Reida.", "The series was canceled after one season, and List had a recurring role on the short-lived ABC drama \"Day Break\".", "During the 2007 pilot season, List was cast in another ABC series, \"Big Shots\", in which she played the role of Cameron Collinsworth, daughter of Dylan McDermott's character.", "The series also was canceled after one season.", "List also guest-starred on several television shows, including \"Moonlight\", \"Ghost Whisperer\", \"\", \"Monk\", \"Hawaii Five-0\", and \"House of Lies\".", "From 2008 to 2013, List appeared in a recurring role on the AMC series \"Mad Men\", playing Don Draper's fill-in secretary who later became Roger Sterling's second wife.", "From 2009 to 2010, List starred on another ABC series \"FlashForward\", as Nicole Kirby.", "In film, she appeared in \"The Greatest Game Ever Played\" (2005), \"Shuttle\" (2008), and \"Meeting Evil\" (2011).", "In 2013, List was cast in the female lead role of Cara Coburn on The CW series \"The Tomorrow People\".", "The series was cancelled after single season.", "The following year, she had the recurring roles in the CW series \"The Flash\", and ABC short-lived prime time soap opera \"Blood & Oil\".", "In 2016, she was cast as lead character in the CW science fiction police drama \"Frequency\".", "In October 2017, she was cast as Ivy Pepper, also known as Poison Ivy, in the Fox drama series \"Gotham\", taking over the role from previous portrayers Maggie Geha and Clare Foley.", "List shares exactly the same name with a fellow actress, Peyton List (born 1998).", "The younger List was interviewed by \"Access Hollywood\", saying she uses Peyton R. List to avoid confusion.", "Union SAG-AFTRA's policy avoids actors with the same name; this instance went unnoticed.", "They appeared in the same scene — when the older List starred on \"As the World Turns\" as Lucy Montgomery.", "Years later, the younger List cited confusion when they stayed at the same hotel — they received daily call sheets and voicemails for each other.", "\"IndieWire\" noted the confusion appeared on the website Wikipedia, where both actresses's articles started out with exactly the same introduction text verbatim of: \"Peyton List is an American actress and model.\"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 650603, "simple_article_title": "Peyton List (actress, born 1986)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=650603", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-650603-0-0", "simple-650603-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Peyton List (born August 8, 1986) is an American actress and model.", "Her Disney roles include Sarah Wallis in \"The Greatest Game Ever Played\", Lorelei/Georgina Kent in the CBS/ABC Studios TV show \"Ghost Whisperer\", Tanya Adams in the ABC Studios TV show \"Monk\", Nicole Kirby in the ABC TV show \"FlashFoward\", and Emma Lundergren in the ABC TV show \"Blood & Oil\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1070521, "normal_article_title": "Kay Kyser", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1070521", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1070521-0-0", "normal-1070521-1-0", "normal-1070521-1-1", "normal-1070521-1-2", "normal-1070521-1-3", "normal-1070521-2-0", "normal-1070521-2-1", "normal-1070521-2-2", "normal-1070521-3-0", "normal-1070521-3-1", "normal-1070521-3-2", "normal-1070521-4-0", "normal-1070521-4-1", "normal-1070521-4-2", "normal-1070521-4-3", "normal-1070521-5-0", "normal-1070521-5-1", "normal-1070521-6-0", "normal-1070521-6-1", "normal-1070521-7-0", "normal-1070521-7-1", "normal-1070521-8-0", "normal-1070521-8-1", "normal-1070521-8-2", "normal-1070521-9-0", "normal-1070521-9-1", "normal-1070521-10-0", "normal-1070521-10-1", "normal-1070521-11-0", "normal-1070521-11-1", "normal-1070521-11-2", "normal-1070521-12-0", "normal-1070521-12-1", "normal-1070521-12-2", "normal-1070521-12-3", "normal-1070521-12-4", "normal-1070521-13-0", "normal-1070521-13-1", "normal-1070521-14-0", "normal-1070521-14-1", "normal-1070521-14-2", "normal-1070521-15-0", "normal-1070521-15-1", "normal-1070521-15-2", "normal-1070521-16-0", "normal-1070521-16-1", "normal-1070521-16-2", "normal-1070521-16-3", "normal-1070521-16-4", "normal-1070521-17-0", "normal-1070521-18-0", "normal-1070521-18-1", "normal-1070521-18-2", "normal-1070521-18-3", "normal-1070521-18-4", "normal-1070521-18-5", "normal-1070521-19-0", "normal-1070521-20-0", "normal-1070521-20-1", "normal-1070521-21-0", "normal-1070521-21-1", "normal-1070521-22-0", "normal-1070521-23-0", "normal-1070521-24-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "James Kern Kyser (June 18, 1905 – July 23, 1985), known as Kay Kyser, was an American bandleader and radio personality of the 1930s and 1940s.", "James Kern Kyser was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, the son of pharmacists Emily Royster (née Howell) and Paul Bynum Kyser.", "Journalist and newspaper editor Vermont C. Royster was his cousin.", "Kyser graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a Bachelor of Arts degree.", "He was also senior class president.", "Owing to his popularity and enthusiasm as a cheerleader, he was invited by Hal Kemp to take over as bandleader when Kemp ventured north to further his career.", "He began taking clarinet lessons but was better as an entertaining announcer than a musician.", "He adopted the initial of his middle name as part of his stage name, for its alliterative effect.", "Long before his national success, Kyser recorded two sessions for Victor in the late 1920s (Camden, New Jersey in November 1928 and Chicago in early 1929).", "These were issued on Victor's V-40000 series devoted to country music and regional dance bands.", "Following graduation, Kyser and his band, which included Sully Mason on saxophone and arranger George Duning, toured Midwest restaurants and night clubs and gradually built a following.", "They were popular at Chicago's Blackhawk restaurant, where Kyser came up with an act combining a quiz with music which became \"Kay Kyser's Kollege of Musical Knowledge.\"", "The act was broadcast on the Mutual Broadcasting System in 1938 and then moved to NBC Radio from 1939 to 1949.", "The show rose in the ratings and spawned many imitators.", "Kyser led the band as \"The Ol' Perfessor,\" spouting catchphrases, some with a degree of Southern American English terms: \"That's right—you're wrong\", \"Evenin' folks, how y'all?\"", "Although Kyser and his orchestra gained fame through the \"Kollege of Musical Knowledge,\" they were a successful band in their own right.", "They had 11 number one records, including some of the most popular songs of the late 1930s and early 1940s.", "Unlike most other big bands of the era, which centered on only the bandleader, individual members of Kyser's band became stars in their own right and would often receive the spotlight.", "Some of the more popular members included vocalist Harry Babbitt, cornetist Merwyn Bogue (a.k.a. Ish Kabibble), trombonist Bruce King, saxophonist Jack Martin (who sang lead vocal on the number one hit, \"Strip Polka\"), Ginny Simms (who had her own successful acting and singing career after leaving Kyser's band), Sully Mason, Mike Douglas (years before he became a popular TV talk show host) and Georgia Carroll.", "Carroll, a blond fashion model and actress whose best-known role was Betsy Ross in \"Yankee Doodle Dandy\", was dubbed \"Gorgeous Georgia Carroll\" when she joined the group in 1943.", "Within a year, she and Kyser married.", "Kyser was also known for singing song titles, a device copied by Sammy Kaye and Blue Barron.", "When the song began, one of the band's lead singers (usually Babbitt) sang the title phrase, and then the first verse or two of the song was performed instrumentally before the lyrics resumed.", "Several of his recordings spawned catch phrases, such as \"Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition\".", "His group had a major hit with the novelty tune, \"Three Little Fishes\".", "It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.", "During the Swing Era, Kyser, Hal Kemp and Tal Henry often performed in or near New York City, making possible a reunion of North Carolina musicians.", "Later, after retirement, Kyser and Henry got together to share music world memories.", "During the late 1930s and early 1940s, Kyser's band appeared in several motion pictures, usually as themselves, beginning with the successful \"That's Right - You're Wrong\" (1939), \"You'll Find Out\" (1940), \"Playmates\" and \"My Favorite Spy\".", "Some of the films built a plot around the band.", "\"Around the World\" (1943) fictionalized the band's international tours of military camps.", "In \"Carolina Blues\" (1944), Kyser has to replace his lead singer (Carroll) who has run off to get married.", "Caught in a jam, he reluctantly hires the daughter of a powerful defense plant owner, played by Ann Miller.", "Two of the band's best-known performance appearances were in 1943 when they appeared in the wartime films \"Stage Door Canteen\" and \"Thousands Cheer\".", "Kyser appeared as a light comedian; he acted with (and was billed above) John Barrymore in John Barrymore's final film \"Playmates\" (1941).", "Kyser is the dupe in a scam where Barrymore pretends to teach him how to act in Shakespearean drama.", "Kyser also appeared in a Porky Pig cartoon, \"Africa Squeaks\" (1940).", "In the cartoon, he voiced a caricature of himself called \"Cake-Icer,\" at the request of director Bob Clampett.", "After the war, Kyser's band continued to record hit records, including two featuring Jane Russell as vocalist.", "\"It's All Up to You\" features vocals by Frank Sinatra and Dinah Shore, although Kyser's participation in this recording is disputed, record label showing Axel Stordahl as conductor.", "Kyser had intended to retire following the end of the war, but performance and recording contracts kept him in show business for another half decade.", "During this time, Kyser made a cameo appearance in a \"Batman\" comic book.", "Kyser was first to introduce the new sonic audio process called the 'sonovox', a singing electronic voice triggered by music.", "The Sonovox would be used by Jingle Companies such as PAMS and JAM Creative Productions, and said jingles would be used in heavy rotation by rock radio stations such as WABC, WMEX, WXYZ, KONO, WKDA, and WHTZ.", "In 1949 and 1950, \"Kay Kyser's Kollege of Musical Knowledge\" aired on NBC-TV.", "In addition to Kyser, the TV show featured Ish Kabibble and vocalists Mike Douglas, Sue Bennett and Liza Palmer, plus The Honeydreamers vocal group and the dance team of Diane Sinclair and Ken Spaulding.", "Ben Grauer was the announcer during the first season.", "Always the businessman, Kyser reunited his band especially for this series and just as quickly disbanded it when the show ended.", "After a four-year hiatus, the \"Kollege of Musical Knowledge\" was revived by Tennessee Ernie Ford, prior to the launching of his own NBC program, \"The Ford Show\", which ran from 1956-61.", "Kyser and Ginny Simms co-starred in \"Niagara to Reno\" (described as \"an original comedy\") on CBS radio's \"Silver Theater\" April 6, 1941.", "Kyser converted to the Church of Christ, Scientist sometime between 1944 and 1946, despite the fact his mother had been the first female pharmacist in his home county.", "Nevertheless, he had become interested in Christian Science when conventional medicine did not relieve his problems with arthritis.", "It was this arthritis which is often cited as one of the reasons he retired from performing in 1950.", "In the 1970s, Kyser ran the film and television department of the Christian Science Church in Boston.", "In 1983, he became its President, a one-year position.", "He referred to it as \"honorary\", joking that he hadn't \"been elected Pope or anything\".", "In the early 1960s, several members of the Kay Kyser team (including Kabibble and Simms but not Kyser himself) reunited to record an album of new versions of Kyser's greatest hits.", "Kyser and Georgia Carroll remained married until his death.", "They had three children.", "Kyser died of a heart attack in Chapel Hill, North Carolina on July 23, 1985.", "He was buried at Old Chapel Hill Cemetery in Chapel Hill.", "Kyser was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 1999.", "The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is custodian of a large archive of documents and material about Kyser which was donated by his widow and made available to the public on April 8, 2008.", "His version of the song, \"Jingle Jangle Jingle\", was featured in the 2010 Role-playing video game ." ] } }

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"normal-539716-58-1", "normal-539716-58-2", "normal-539716-59-0", "normal-539716-59-1", "normal-539716-60-0", "normal-539716-60-1", "normal-539716-61-0", "normal-539716-61-1", "normal-539716-62-0", "normal-539716-62-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Landing craft are small and medium seagoing watercraft, such as boats and barges, used to convey a landing force (infantry and vehicles) from the sea to the shore during an amphibious assault.", "The term excludes landing ships, which are larger.", "Production of landing craft peaked during World War II, with a significant number of different designs produced in large quantities by the United Kingdom and United States.", "Because of the need to run up onto a suitable beach, World War II landing craft were flat-bottomed, and many designs had a flat front, often with a lowerable ramp, rather than a normal bow.", "This made them difficult to control and very uncomfortable in rough seas.", "The control point (too rudimentary to call a bridge on LCA and similar craft) was normally at the extreme rear of the vessel, as were the engines.", "In all cases, they were known by an abbreviation derived from the official name rather than by the full title.", "In the days of sail, the ship's boats were used as landing craft.", "These rowing boats were sufficient, if inefficient, in an era when marines were effectively light infantry, participating mostly in small-scale campaigns in far-flung colonies against less well-equipped indigenous opponents.", "In order to support amphibious operations during the landing in Pisagua (1879) by carrying significant quantities of cargo, and landing troops directly onto an unimproved shore, the Government of Chile built flat-bottomed landing craft, called \"Chalanas\".", "They transported 1,200 men in the first landing and took on board 600 men in less than 2 hours for the second landing.", "During World War I, the mass mobilization of troops equipped with rapid-fire weapons quickly rendered such boats obsolete.", "Initial landings during the Gallipoli campaign took place in unmodified rowing boats that were extremely vulnerable to attack from the Turkish shore defenses.", "In February 1915, orders were placed for the design of purpose built landing craft.", "A design was created in four days resulting in an order for 200 'X' \"Lighters\" with a spoon-shaped bow to take shelving beaches and a drop down frontal ramp.", "The first use took place after they had been towed to the Aegean and performed successfully in the 6 August landing at Suvla Bay of IX Corps, commanded by Commander Edward Unwin.", "'X' \"Lighters\", known to the soldiers as 'Beetles', carried about 500 men, displaced 135 tons and were based on London barges being 105 feet 6 inches long, 21 feet wide, and 7 ft 6 inches deep ( deep).", "The engines mainly ran on heavy oil and ran at a speed of approximately 5 kn .", "The boats had bulletproof sides and a ramp at the bow for disembarkation.", "A plan was devised to land British heavy tanks from pontoons in support of the Third Battle of Ypres, but this was abandoned.", "The Imperial Russian Navy soon followed suit, building a series of similar landing motor barges of the so-called \"Bolinder\"-class, named after the supplier of the diesels installed in them.", "These, however, proved too small and unseaworthy for their intended Black sea theater — they were intended for the planned Marmara Sea landings.", "Instead, a new class was designed, based on the widespread pattern of the Black sea merchant steamers.", "These were typically very light at the bow, having all their machinery concentrated at the stern, which allowed easy beaching on any gently sloping coast, and often were equipped with a bow ramp for fast unloading.", "This resulted in a 1300-ton, 1500 hp \"Elpidifor\"-class, named after the Rostov-on-Don merchant Elpidifor Paramonov, whose eponymous grain carrier served as a pattern on which they were based.", "With a 1.8 m loaded draft, and equipped with the ballast tanks and reinforced hull for safe beaching, they were able to land 1000 troops with their train at virtually any available beach.", "While the landings for which they were created never happened, the ships themselves turned out quite useful and had a long career, supporting the Caucasus Campaign and later as minesweepers, gunboats and utility transports.", "During the inter-war period, the combination of the negative experience at Gallipoli and economic stringency contributed to the delay in procuring equipment and adopting a universal doctrine for amphibious operations in the Royal Navy.", "Despite this outlook, the British produced the Motor Landing Craft in 1920, based on their experience with the early 'Beetle' armoured transport.", "The craft could put a medium tank directly onto a beach.", "From 1924, it was used with landing boats in annual exercises in amphibious landings.", "A prototype motor landing craft, designed by J. Samuel White of Cowes, was built and first sailed in 1926.", "It weighed 16 tons and had a box-like appearance, having a square bow and stern.", "To prevent fouling of the propellers in a craft destined to spend time in surf and possibly be beached, a crude waterjet propulsion system was devised by White's designers.", "A Hotchkiss petrol engine drove a centrifugal pump which produced a jet of water, pushing the craft ahead or astern, and steering it, according to how the jet was directed.", "Speed was 5-6 knots and its beaching capacity was good.", "By 1930, three MLC were operated by the Royal Navy.", "The United States revived and experimented in their approach to amphibious warfare between 1913 and mid-1930s, when the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps became interested in setting up advanced bases in opposing countries during wartime; the prototype advanced base force officially evolved into the Fleet Marine Force (FMF) in 1933.", "In 1939, during the annual Fleet Landing Exercises, the FMF became interested in the military potential of Andrew Higgins's design of a powered, shallow-draught boat.", "These LCPL, dubbed the 'Higgins Boats', were reviewed and passed by the U.S. Naval Bureau of Construction and Repair.", "Soon, the Higgins boats were developed to a final design with a ramp - the LCVP, and were produced in large numbers.", "The boat was a more flexible variant of the LCPR with a wider ramp.", "It could carry 36 troops, a small vehicle such as a jeep, or a corresponding amount of cargo.", "In the run-up to WWII, many specialized landing craft, both for infantry and vehicles, were developed.", "In November 1938, the British Inter-Service Training and Development Centre proposed a new type of landing craft.", "Its specifications were to weigh less than ten long tons, to be able to carry the thirty-one men of a British Army platoon and five assault engineers or signallers, and to be so shallow drafted as to be able to land them, wet only up to their knees, in eighteen inches of water.", "All of these specifications made the Landing Craft Assault; a separate set of requirements were laid down for a vehicle and supplies carrier, although previously the two roles had been combined in the Motor Landing Craft.", "J. S. White of Cowes built a prototype to the Fleming design.", "Eight weeks later the craft was doing trials on the River Clyde.", "All landing craft designs must find a compromise between two divergent priorities; the qualities that make a good sea boat are opposite to those that make a craft suitable for beaching.", "The craft had a hull built of double-diagonal mahogany planking.", "The sides were plated with \"10lb.", "DHT\" armour, a heat treated steel based on D1 steel, in this case Hadfield’s Resista 1⁄4”.", "The Landing Craft Assault remained the most common British and Commonwealth landing craft of World War II, and the humblest vessel admitted to the books of the Royal Navy on D-Day.", "Prior to July 1942, these craft were referred to as \"Assault Landing Craft\" (ALC), but \"Landing Craft; Assault\" (LCA) was used thereafter to conform with the joint US-UK nomenclature system.", "The Landing Craft Infantry was a stepped up amphibious assault ship, developed in response to a British request for a vessel capable of carrying and landing substantially more troops than the smaller Landing Craft Assault (LCA).", "The result was a small steel ship that could land 200 troops, traveling from rear bases on its own bottom at a speed of up to 15 knots .", "The original British design was envisioned as being a \"one time use\" vessel which would simply ferry the troops across the English Channel, and were considered an expendable vessel.", "As such, no troop sleeping accommodations were placed in the original design.", "This was changed shortly after initial use of these ships, when it was discovered that many missions would require overnight accommodations.", "The first LCI(L)s entered service in 1943 chiefly with the Royal Navy (RN) and United States Navy.", "Some 923 LCI were built in ten American shipyards and 211 provided under lend-lease to the Royal Navy.", "Following the Inter-Service Training and Development Centre ’s (ISTDC) successful development of the infantry carrying LCA, attention turned to the means of efficiently delivering a tank to a beach in 1938.", "Enquiries were made of the army as to the heaviest tank that might be employed in a landing operation.", "The army wanted to be able to land a 12-ton tank, but the ISTDC, anticipating weight increases in future tank models specified 16 tons burthen for Mechanised Landing Craft designs.", "Another limit on any design was the need to land tanks and other vehicles in less than approximately .", "Design work began at John I. Thornycroft Ltd. in May 1938 with trials completing in February 1940.", "Constructed of steel and selectively clad with armour plate, this shallow-draft, barge-like boat with a crew of 6, could ferry a tank of 16 long tons to shore at 7 knots (13 km/h).", "Depending on the weight of the tank to be transported the craft might be lowered into the water by its davits already loaded or could have the tank placed in it after being lowered into the water.", "Although the Royal Navy had the Landing Craft Mechanised at its disposal, in 1940, Prime Minister Winston Churchill demanded an amphibious vessel capable of landing at least three 36-ton heavy tanks directly onto a beach, able to sustain itself at sea for at least a week, and inexpensive and easy to build.", "Admiral Maund, Director of the Inter-Service Training and Development Centre (which had developed the Landing Craft Assault), gave the job to naval architect Sir Roland Baker, who within three days completed initial drawings for a 152 ft landing craft with a 29 ft beam and a shallow draft.", "Ship builders Fairfields and John Brown agreed to work out details for the design under the guidance of the Admiralty Experimental Works at Haslar.", "Tank tests with models soon determined the characteristics of the craft, indicating that it would make 10 kn on engines delivering about 700 hp .", "Designated the LCT Mark 1, 20 were ordered in July 1940 and a further 10 in October 1940.", "The first LCT Mark 1 was launched by Hawthorn Leslie in November 1940.", "It was an all-welded 372-ton steel-hulled vessel that drew only 3 ft of water at the bow.", "Sea trials soon proved the Mark 1 to be difficult to handle and almost unmanageable in some sea conditions.", "The designers set about correcting the faults of the Mark 1 in the LCT Mark 2.", "Longer and wider, with 15 and armoured shielding added to the wheelhouse and gun tubs.", "The Mark 3 had an additional 32 ft midsection that gave it a length of 192 ft and a displacement of 640 tons.", "Even with this extra weight, the vessel was slightly faster than the Mark 1.", "The Mk.3 was accepted on 8 April 1941.", "The Mark 4 was slightly shorter and lighter than the Mk.3, but had a much wider beam (38 ft ) and was intended for cross channel operations as opposed to seagoing use.", "When tested in early assault operations, like the ill-fated Allied raid on Dieppe in 1942, the lack of manoeuvring ability led to the preference for a shorter overall length in future variants, most of which were built in the United States.", "When the United States entered the war in December 1941, the U.S. Navy had no amphibious vessels at all, and found itself obliged to consider British designs already in existence.", "One of these, advanced by K.C. Barnaby of Thornycroft, was for a double-ended LCT to work with landing ships.", "The Bureau of Ships quickly set about drawing up plans for landing craft based on Barnaby's suggestions, although with only one ramp.", "The result, in early 1942, was the LCT Mark 5, a 117 ft craft that could accommodate five 30-ton or four 40-ton tanks or 150 tons of cargo.", "This 286-ton landing craft could be shipped to combat areas in three separate water-tight sections aboard a cargo ship or carried pre-assembled on the flat deck of a Landing Ship, Tank (LST).", "The Mk.5 would be launched by heeling the LST on its beam to let the craft slide off its chocks into the sea, or cargo ships could lower each of the three sections into the sea where they were joined together.", "A further development was the Landing Ship, Tank designation, built to support amphibious operations by carrying significant quantities of vehicles, cargo, and landing troops directly onto an unimproved shore.", "The British evacuation from Dunkirk in 1940 demonstrated to the Admiralty that the Allies needed relatively large, ocean-going ships capable of shore-to-shore delivery of tanks and other vehicles in amphibious assaults upon the continent of Europe.", "The first purpose-built LST design was .", "To carry 13 Churchill infantry tanks, 27 vehicles and nearly 200 men (in addition to the crew) at a speed of 18 knots, it could not have the shallow draught that would have made for easy unloading.", "As a result, each of the three (\"Boxer\", \"Bruiser\", and \"Thruster\") ordered in March 1941 had a very long ramp stowed behind the bow doors.", "In November 1941, a small delegation from the British Admiralty arrived in the United States to pool ideas with the United States Navy's Bureau of Ships with regard to development of ships and also including the possibility of building further \"Boxer\"s in the US.", "During this meeting, it was decided that the Bureau of Ships would design these vessels.", "The LST(2) design incorporated elements of the first British LCTs from their designer, Sir Rowland Baker, who was part of the British delegation.", "This included sufficient buoyancy in the ships' sidewalls that they would float even with the tank deck flooded.", "The LST(2) gave up the speed of HMS \"Boxer\" at only 10 knots but had a similar load while drawing only 3 feet forward when beaching.", "Congress provided the authority for the construction of LSTs along with a host of other auxiliaries, destroyer escorts, and assorted landing craft.", "The enormous building program quickly gathered momentum.", "Such a high priority was assigned to the construction of LSTs that the previously laid keel of an aircraft carrier was hastily removed to make room for several LSTs to be built in her place.", "The keel of the first LST was laid down on 10 June 1942 at Newport News, Va., and the first standardized LSTs were floated out of their building dock in October.", "Twenty-three were in commission by the end of 1942.", "Lightly armored, they could steam cross the ocean with a full load on their own power, carrying infantry, tanks and supplies directly onto the beaches.", "Together with 2,000 other landing craft, the LSTs gave the troops a protected, quick way to make combat landings, beginning in summer 1943.", "Nine-ton \"Landing Craft Navigation (LCN)\" were used by British \"Combined Operations Assault Pilotage Parties\" (Royal Marine and Special Boat Service crew) for surveying landing sites.", "The \"Landing Craft Control (LCC)\" were 56 ft U.S. Navy vessels, carrying only the crew (Scouts and Raiders) and newly developed radar.", "Their main job was to find and follow the safe routes in to the beach, which were lanes that had been cleared of obstacles and mines.", "There were eight in the entire Normandy invasion (two per beach).", "After leading in the first wave, they were to head back out and bring in the second wave.", "After that, they were used as all-purpose command and control assets during the invasion.", "Very small landing craft, or amphibians, were designed.", "The U.S.-designed \"Landing Vehicle Tracked\", was an amphibious (and sometimes armored) personnel carrier.", "These were operated by Army personnel, not naval crews and had a capacity of about three tons.", "The British introduced their own amphibian, the \"Terrapin\".", "A \"Landing Craft Utility\" (LCU) was used to transport equipment and troops to the shore.", "It was capable of transporting tracked or wheeled vehicles and troops from amphibious assault ships to beachheads or piers.", "The \"\"Landing Ship Dock\"\", came as a result of a British requirement for a vessel that could carry large landing craft across the seas at speed.", "The first LSD came from a design by Sir Roland Baker and was an answer to the problem of launching small craft rapidly.", "The \"Landing Ship Stern Chute\", which was a converted train ferry, was an early attempt.", "Thirteen Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM) could be launched from these ships down the chute.", "The Landing Ship Gantry was a converted tanker with a crane to transfer its cargo of landing craft from deck to sea - 15 LCM in a little over half an hour.", "The design was developed and built in the US for the USN and the Royal Navy.", "The LSD could carry 36 LCM at 16 knots.", "It had a large open compartment at the back.", "Opening a stern door and flooding special compartments opened this area to the sea so that LCI-sized vessels could enter or leave.", "It took one and a half hours for the dock to be flooded down and two and half to pump it out.", "When flooded they could also be used as docks for repairs to small craft.", "Due to their small size, most amphibious ships were not given names and were just given serial numbers, e.g., \"LCT 304\".", "The LSTs were an exception to this, since they were similar in size to a small cruiser.", "In addition, three British-built LSTs were named: , and ; these were all larger than the U.S. design and had proper funnels.", "It was soon realized that battleships, cruisers and destroyers could not necessarily provide all the fire support (including suppressive fire) that an amphibious assault might need.", "Therefore, specialized vessels were developed that incorporated various direct and indirect fire weapons.", "These included guns and rockets which could be mounted on landing craft and landing ships.", "As part of the final barrage before an assault, the landing area would be plastered by these types.", "Amphibious landing craft of WWII were generally fitted out with minimal weaponry.", "LCA crews were issued with .303 inch Lewis Guns, which were mounted in a light machine gun shelter on the forward-port side of the craft; these could be used both as anti-aircraft protection and against shore targets.", "Later models were fitted with two 2-inch mortars, and two Lewis or .303 Bren light machine guns.", "LCM 1 crews were issued with Lewis guns, and many LCM 3s had .50 in (12.7 mm) Browning machine guns mounted for anti-aircraft protection.", "Opportunities for troops on board to use their own weapons presented themselves.", "LCIs and LCTs carried heavier weapons, such as the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, on each side of the bridge structure.", "LSTs had a somewhat heavier armament.", "Some landing craft were converted for special purposes either to provide defence for the other landing craft in the attack or as support weapons during the landing.", "The LCA(HR) was a converted British LCA.", "It carried a battery of 24 spigot mortars, the Royal Navy's Hedgehog anti-submarine weapon, instead of personnel.", "The mortars were fired as a barrage onto the beach to clear mines and other obstructions.", "Having discharged its mortars and its duty, the LCA(HR) would leave the beach area.", "They were towed to the beach by larger craft, such as the LCTs that carried the Royal Engineer assault teams with their specialist vehicles and equipment, who would complete the beach clearance.", "Three flotillas (of 18, 18 and 9 craft) were used at Juno, Gold and Sword beaches.", "The Landing Craft Flak (LCF) was a conversion of the LCT that was intended to give anti-aircraft support to the landing.", "They were first used in the Dieppe Raid early in 1942.", "The ramp was welded shut, and a deck built on top of the Tank deck.", "They were equipped with several light anti-aircraft guns—a typical fitting was eight 20 mm Oerlikons and four QF 2 pdr \"pom-poms\" and had a crew of 60.", "On British examples, the operation of the craft was the responsibility of RN crew and the guns were manned by Royal Marines.", "They carried two naval officers and two marine officers.", "The Landing Craft Gun (LCG) was another LCT conversion intended to give supporting fire to the landing.", "Apart from the Oerlikon armament of a normal LCT, each LCG(Medium) had two British Army 25 pounder gun-howitzers in armoured mountings, while LCG(L)3 and LCG(L)4 both had two 4.7-inch naval guns .", "Crewing was similar to the LCF.", "LCGs played a very important part in the Walcheren operations in October 1944.", "The Landing Craft Tank (Rocket), LCT(R), was an LCT modified to carry a large set of launchers for the British RP-3 \"60 lb\" rockets mounted on the covered-over tank deck.", "The full set of launchers was \"in excess of\" 1,000 and 5,000 reloads were kept below.", "The firepower was claimed to be equivalent to 80 light cruisers or 200 destroyers.", "The method of operation was to anchor off the target beach, pointing towards the shore.", "The distance to the shore was then measured by radar and the elevation of the launchers set accordingly.", "The crew then vanished below (apart from the commanding officer who retreated to a special cubby hole to control things) and the launch was then set off electrically.", "The launch could comprise the entire set or individual ranks of rockets.", "A full reload was a very labor-intensive operation and at least one LCT(R) went alongside a cruiser and got a working party from the larger ship to assist in the process.", "The Landing Craft Support was used to give some firepower close in.", "The Landing Craft Support (Medium) (LCS(M)), Mark 2 and Mark 3 were used by the British forces at Normandy.", "The crew was Royal Navy, with Royal Marines to operate the weapons: two 0.5 inch Vickers machine guns and a 4-inch mortar to fire smoke shells.", "The Fairmile H Landing Craft Support (Large) had armour added to its wooden hull and a turret with an anti-tank gun fitted.", "The LCS(L) Mark 1 had a Daimler armoured car turret with its QF 2–pdr (40 mm) gun.", "The Mark 2 had a QF 6–pdr (57 mm) anti–tank gun.", "The American Landing Craft Support was larger, each was armed with a 3-inch gun , various smaller guns, and ten MK7 rocket launchers.", "Inflatable boats were often used to transport amphibious troops from high speed transports and submarines.", "The United States used a 7-man Landing Craft, Rubber (Small) (LCR-S) and a 10-man Landing Craft, Rubber (Large) (LCR-L).", "The first and last instances of the large use of rubber boats in amphibious operations in World War II were the Makin Island raid in 1942 and the landing of the 1st Battalion 6th Marines Battle of Tarawa in 1943 where the Battalion commander Major William K. Jones was nicknamed \"Admiral of the Condom Fleet\".", "After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. Army and Navy began intense planning for the transport of millions of men into combat and the training for amphibious operations.", "By June 1942, Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet (AFAF) established headquarters at Norfolk (Virginia) under the command of Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt.", "Temporary headquarters for a transport command were set up in an old American Export Line transport ship that had been built for the Army in World War I. Within the transport command, a Landing Craft Group was created to prepare the crews of landing ships.", "\"The training of landing craft crews under the direction of Captain W.P.O. Clarke began at the end of June 1942,\" according to Naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison.", "Clarke was given orders to \"secure, organize, and train crews for approximately 1,800 landing craft\" including LSTs and LCIs, which at that time were still in the design phase.", "To man and support such landing craft, the Navy ordered that 30,000 men and 3,000 officers be trained in a matter of months, but initially the Landing Craft Group consisted only of Capt. Clarke, two officers and a yeoman.", "In creating training programs, Clarke studied blueprints for the new craft and \"from these paper drawings he prepared ship's organizations for each type.", "This was the first textbook for crews assigned to the large landing craft.", "From this, they were to be trained in what their duties were to be, what the ship would be like, and how it would be expected to operate.\"", "In August 1942, Capt. Clarke was told about Operation Torch and secret plans to invade North Africa the following November.", "He had only a few months to train thousands of men, most of whom were just out of indoctrination school.", "\"They were the butchers, the bakers, and the light bulb makers of American youth.", "War was new to them, and organized Navy life was strange,\" observed Lt. Eric Burton, a Naval officer who wrote \"By Sea and By Land\", a semi-official account published during the War about amphibious combat.", "Capt. Clarke created hydrographic, maintenance, medical, and communications training programs, and a section to train Army shore parties how to unload landing craft.", "He set up a training facility at Solomons Island, and held exercises on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay around the clock, day and night.", "On 1 September 1942, the Amphibious Force and its Landing Craft Group rented the Nansemond Hotel, a popular resort hotel on Virginia Beach near Norfolk, to use as a headquarters building.", "Eventually, 40 major amphibious operations would be planned at the old hotel.", "For several weeks, Gen. George S. Patton worked on plans for the invasion of North Africa out of the Nansemond.", "\"Captain Clarke had less than two months, about one-third of what had been considered the minimum, to train these men to conduct night ship-to-shore landings,\" wrote Samuel Eliot Morison about the preparations for Operation Torch.", "\"Considering the time limitations, his performance was remarkable.\"", "Clarke was awarded the Legion of Merit for the accomplishment.", "According to the Presidential citation, he and the Landing Craft Group \"brought these ships and craft to a high state of readiness for combat operations in all subsequent major amphibious operations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Mediterranean theatres.", "Despite all the progress that was seen during World War II, there were still fundamental limitations in the types of coastline that were suitable for assault.", "Beaches had to be relatively free of obstacles, and have the right tidal conditions and the correct slope.", "However, the development of the helicopter fundamentally changed the equation.", "The first use of helicopters in an amphibious assault came during the Anglo-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956 (the Suez War).", "Two British light fleet carriers were pressed into service to carry helicopters, and a battalion-sized airborne assault was made.", "Two of the other carriers involved, and \"Albion\" (R07), were converted in the late 1950s into dedicated \"commando carriers.\"", "The US Navy built five \"Iwo Jima\" class Landing Platform Helicopter vessels in the 1950s and 1960s, and various converted fleet and escort carriers for the purpose of providing a helicopter amphibious assault capability.", "The first of the type envisaged was the escort aircraft carrier USS \"Block Island\" (CVE-106/LPH-1), which never actually saw service as an amphibious assault ship.", "Delays in the construction of the \"Iwo Jima\" class saw other conversions made as a stopgap measure; three \"Essex\"-class aircraft carriers (USS \"Boxer\" (CV-21/LPH-4), \"Princeton\" (CV-37/LPH-5), and \"Valley Forge\" (CV-45/LPH-8)) and one \"Casablanca\" class escort carrier (USS \"Thetis Bay\" (CVE-90/CVHA-1/LPH-6)) were converted into \"Boxer\" and \"Thetis Bay\" class amphibious assault vessels.", "Helicopter amphibious assault techniques were developed further by American forces in the Vietnam War and refined during training exercises.", "Mechanized utility and landing craft were the kind used during the second world war and, while the mechanized landing craft of today are similar in construction, many improvements have been made.", "For example, landing craft (such as the LCM-8 of the US Navy) are capable of a military lift of 183 MT at a speed of , carrying even heavy equipment, such as M1 Abrams tanks.", "Landing craft can mount several machine guns or similar weapons for the defense of troops and/or vehicle crews inside.", "The air-cushioned landing craft (Landing Craft Air Cushion, or LCAC in the US Navy) is based on small to mid-sized multi-purpose hovercraft, Also known as \"over the beach\" (\"OTB\") craft, they allow troops and material to access more than 70 percent of the world's coastline, while only approximately 15 percent of that coastline is available to conventional landing craft.", "Like the mechanized landing craft, they are usually equipped with mounted machine guns, although they also support grenade launchers and heavy weapons.", "These vehicles are commonly used in the United States Navy, the Royal Navy, the Russian Navy, and the Hellenic Navy.", "Landing barges were adaptations of British Thames barges and lighters as landing craft.", "In size, they came between the landing craft and landing ships.", "They were used at all beaches during the landings at Normandy and were manned by British crews.", "Some were fitted with engines, while others were towed to the beach.", "They were used for defence, transportation, supply (food, water and oil) and repair (fitted out with workshops).", "Those fitted for vehicle carrying had a ramp fitted in place at the rear and they had to back onto beaches.", "They would work from ships and coasters to the shore and back.", "Two flotillas were made up of \"flak barges\" to provide defence of the beaches.", "Like landing craft, flak barges carried A/A guns: two 40 mm Bofors and two 20 mm Oerlikon, with army gunners and naval crew.", "The Landing Barge, Kitchen (LBK) was fitted with a large superstructure containing the galley.", "With a crew of 20 plus, they could carry food for 800 for a week and provide 1,600 hot and 800 cold meals a day, including freshly baked bread." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 675393, "simple_article_title": "Landing craft", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675393", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-675393-0-0", "simple-675393-0-1", "simple-675393-0-2", "simple-675393-0-3", "simple-675393-0-4", "simple-675393-1-0", "simple-675393-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Landing craft are small or medium sized boats.", "These boats help military troops move from their transport ships to the beach.", "They are also used to deliver supplies and vehicles to support troops.", "To get onto a beach, the landing craft has to be flat-bottomed.", "The lack of a proper keel makes them pretty uncomfortable in rough seas.", "Boats are often used to deliver passengers from large ships to port areas.", "These are not called 'landing craft'." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1622957, "normal_article_title": "Culture of Pakistan", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1622957", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1622957-0-0", "normal-1622957-0-1", "normal-1622957-0-2", "normal-1622957-1-0", "normal-1622957-1-1", "normal-1622957-1-2", "normal-1622957-1-3", "normal-1622957-2-0", "normal-1622957-2-1", "normal-1622957-2-2", "normal-1622957-3-0", "normal-1622957-3-1", "normal-1622957-3-2", "normal-1622957-3-3", "normal-1622957-3-4", "normal-1622957-3-5", "normal-1622957-3-6", "normal-1622957-4-0", "normal-1622957-5-0", "normal-1622957-5-1", "normal-1622957-6-0", "normal-1622957-7-0", "normal-1622957-7-1", "normal-1622957-7-2", "normal-1622957-8-0", "normal-1622957-8-1", "normal-1622957-8-2", "normal-1622957-9-0", "normal-1622957-9-1", "normal-1622957-9-2", "normal-1622957-9-3", "normal-1622957-9-4", "normal-1622957-9-5", "normal-1622957-10-0", "normal-1622957-10-1", "normal-1622957-10-2", "normal-1622957-10-3", "normal-1622957-10-4", "normal-1622957-10-5", "normal-1622957-10-6", "normal-1622957-11-0", "normal-1622957-11-1", "normal-1622957-11-2", "normal-1622957-12-0", "normal-1622957-12-1", "normal-1622957-13-0", "normal-1622957-13-1", "normal-1622957-13-2", "normal-1622957-13-3", "normal-1622957-13-4", "normal-1622957-14-0", "normal-1622957-14-1", "normal-1622957-14-2", "normal-1622957-15-0", "normal-1622957-15-1", "normal-1622957-15-2", "normal-1622957-15-3", "normal-1622957-16-0", "normal-1622957-16-1", "normal-1622957-16-2", "normal-1622957-16-3", "normal-1622957-16-4", "normal-1622957-17-0", "normal-1622957-17-1", "normal-1622957-17-2", "normal-1622957-17-3", "normal-1622957-18-0", "normal-1622957-18-1", "normal-1622957-18-2", "normal-1622957-18-3", "normal-1622957-18-4", "normal-1622957-18-5", "normal-1622957-18-6", "normal-1622957-18-7", "normal-1622957-19-0", "normal-1622957-20-0", "normal-1622957-20-1", "normal-1622957-20-2", "normal-1622957-20-3", "normal-1622957-20-4", "normal-1622957-21-0", "normal-1622957-21-1", "normal-1622957-22-0", "normal-1622957-22-1", "normal-1622957-23-0", "normal-1622957-23-1", "normal-1622957-23-2", "normal-1622957-23-3", "normal-1622957-24-0", "normal-1622957-24-1", "normal-1622957-25-0", "normal-1622957-25-1", "normal-1622957-25-2", "normal-1622957-25-3", "normal-1622957-26-0", "normal-1622957-26-1", "normal-1622957-26-2", "normal-1622957-26-3", "normal-1622957-26-4", "normal-1622957-27-0", "normal-1622957-27-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Culture of Pakistan is intertwined with the culture of the broader Indian subcontinent and Central Asia.", "Comprises numerous ethnic groups: the Punjabis, Saraikis, Pothwaris, Kashmiris, Sindhis, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south; Baloch, Hazaras and Pashtuns in the west; and the Dards, Wakhi, Baltis, Shinaki and Burusho communities in the north.", "The culture of these Pakistani ethnic groups have been greatly influenced by many of its neighbours, such as the other South Asian, Iranic, Turkic as well as the peoples of Central Asia and West Asia.", "The region has formed a distinct unit within the main geographical complex of Indian subcontinent, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest times, and is analogous to the intermediary position of Afghanistan.", "There are differences among the ethnic groups in cultural aspects such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices.", "Their cultural origins also reveal influences from far afield and indigenous, including ancient India and Central Asia.", "Pakistan was the first region of the Indian subcontinent to be fully impacted by Islam and has thus developed a distinct Islamic identity, historically different from areas further east.", "Pakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its independence as a sovereign state in 1947.", "The common and shared tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of Greater India was inherited by the new state.", "Over a period of time, a body of literature unique to Pakistan emerged, written in nearly all major Pakistani languages, including Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pashto, Seraiki, Baloch, and Sindhi.", "Poetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan.", "The pre-eminent form of poetry in Pakistan almost always originates in Persian, due in part to the long-standing affiliation and heavy admiration the region's rulers once had for certain aspects of foreign Persian culture.", "The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy.", "Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is written in that language as well.", "The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and includes the famous poets Muhammad Iqbal (national poet), Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ahmad Faraz, Habib Jalib, Jazib Qureshi, and Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi.", "Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages.", "Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi, Seraiki, and Pashto poetry have all incorporated and influenced Pakistani poetry.", "The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali which is played by men clapping, singing and playing drums and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and Western music.", "Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab.", "The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has rekindled Dari music and established Peshawar as a hub for Afghan musicians and a distribution center for Afghani music abroad.", "Kathak -the classical dance that developed in the royal courts of the Mughals.", "These are very similar to stage plays in theatres.", "They are performed by well-known actors and actresses in the Lollywood industry.", "The dramas and plays often deal with themes from everyday life, often with a humorous touch.", "During the 16th to 18th centuries, Mughal painting developed, heavily influenced by Persian miniatures.", "Abdul Rehman Chughtai, Sughra Rababi, Ustad Allah Baksh, Aboo B. Rana, Ajaz Anwar, Ismail Gulgee, Jamil Naqsh, Ahmed Pervez, and Sadequain are prominent and outstanding creative painters of Pakistan.", "Pakistani vehicle art is a popular folk art.", "The architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be traced to four distinct periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial.", "With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C., an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day.", "Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era settlements.", "The rise of Buddhism, Guptas, Mouryas, and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE.", "The high point of this era was reached with the culmination of the Gandhara style.", "An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.", "The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan introduced the classical Islamic construction techniques into Pakistan's architectural landscape.", "However, a smooth transition to predominantly picture-less Islamic architecture occurred.", "The town of Uch Sharif contains the tombs of Bibi Jawindi, Baha'is-Halim, and Jalaluddin Bukhari, which are considered some of the earliest examples of Islamic architecture in Pakistan and are on the UNESCO Tentative World Heritage Site list since 2004.", "One of the most important of the few examples of the Persian style of architecture is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan.", "During the Mughal era, design elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were fused with, and often produced playful forms of, local art, resulting in the establishment of Mughal Architecture.", "Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among them the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, still strongly Mughal-influenced Wazir Khan Mosque as well as numerous other mosques and mausoleums.", "The Shahjahan Mosque of Thatta in Sindh also originates from the epoch of the Mughals, as does the Mohabbat Khan Mosque in Peshawar.", "In the British colonial age, the buildings developed were predominantly of European styles such as gothic, baqroue and neoclassical.", "The Indo-Saracenic style, with a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components, also developed during this period.", "Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, Pakistan Monument, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.", "The official national sport of Pakistan is field hockey, but cricket and squash are the most popular sports.", "The Pakistan national field hockey team has won the Hockey World Cup a record four times, 1971, 1978, 1982 and 1994.", "The Pakistan national cricket team won the Cricket World Cup in 1992, were runners-up in 1999, and co-hosted the games in 1987 and 1996.", "Additionally, they have also won the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009 and were runners-up in 2007.", "The team has also won the Austral-Asia Cup in 1986, 1990, and 1994.", "In 2017, Pakistan won the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy against their rival India.", "The women's team is yet to win a world cup.", "At the international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting.", "Hockey is the sport in which Pakistan has been most successful at the Olympics, winning three gold medals (1960, 1968, and 1984).", "Pakistan has hosted several international competitions, including the South Asian Federation Games in 1989 and 2004.", "A1 Grand Prix racing is also becoming popular with the entry of a Pakistani team in the 2005 season.", "The Tour de Pakistan, modeled on the Tour de France, is an annual cycling competition that covers the length and breadth of Pakistan.", "Recently, football has grown in popularity across the country, where traditionally it had been played almost exclusively in the western province of Balochistan.", "FIFA has recently teamed up with the government to bring football closer to the northern areas.", "Culinary art in Pakistan is mainly a mix of Indian cuisines with Middle Eastern, Central Asian and Afghan influence.", "There are variations of cooking practices across the country, mostly from spicy in Punjab and Sindh to steamed and boiled in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan.", "Urban centers of the country offer an amalgamation of recipes from all parts of the country, while food with specific local ingredients and tastes is available in rural areas and villages.", "Different specialties exist throughout the country mostly different type of rice like Biryani, Pulao or Boiled rice with vegetables and meat are used with Korma and desserts.", "There are also local forms of grilled meat or kebabs, Kheer desserts, and a variety of hot and cold drinks.", "The consumption of tea in Pakistan, where it is called \"chai\" , its name in Urdu, is of central significance to Pakistani culture.", "It is one of the most consumed beverages in Pakistani cuisine.", "Pakistan does produce its own limited tea in Chinkiari (KP)farms, however it ranks as the third largest importer of tea in the world.", "In 2003, as much as 109,000 tonnes of tea were consumed in Pakistan, ranking it at seven on the list of tea-consuming countries in the world.", "While green tea has been an ancient tradition in Pakistan for thousands of years, \"black\" tea was originally introduced and popularized during the colonial British era in South Asia.", "Cities such as Lahore had one of the most vibrant tea cultures, as the drink quickly absorbed into local culture.", "The shield on the State emblem of Pakistan notably features a tea crop in one of its quarters.", "Tea is usually consumed at breakfast, during lunch breaks at the workplace, and in the evening at home.", "Evening tea may be consumed with typically something sweet such as biscuits or cake but can also be served with a savory snack such as samosas, depending on the amount of time one has.", "Guests are typically offered a choice between tea and soft drinks.", "It is common practice for homeowners to offer tea breaks to hired labour, and sometimes even provide them with tea during the breaks.", "Tea offered to labour is typically strong and has more sugar in it.", "High teas are common at hotels and restaurants, and are usually buffet-style meals with light snacks.", "Tea making techniques vary from home to home, and person to person, but tea is typically made from loose tea leaves and steeped for a couple of minutes before serving.", "A teapot and tea cosy may be used, if time permits, or tea may be steeped directly in the kettle off the heat.", "After steeping, the tea is poured into cups through a strainer.", "Milk may be added before or after the tea, but sugar is typically offered separately so that each individual may add sugar according to his or her own taste.", "Teabags are usually reserved for when time constraints do not enable one to prepare tea from loose tea leaves.", "Tea served is typically black, with milk, although green tea is becoming increasingly popular.", "While black tea is very rarely consumed without milk, green tea is never served with milk.", "Most of the tea consumed in Pakistan is imported from Kenya.", "After 1995, the Pakistani government began to implement a tea plantation project, which established green tea estates in Pakistan and achieved good performance.", "Different regions throughout the country have their own different flavors and varieties, giving Pakistani tea culture a diverse blend.", "In Karachi, the Black tea and Masala chai (Spiced tea) are popular while the thick and milky Doodh Pati Chai is more preferred in Punjab.", "Biscuits and paan are common delicacies and staples enjoyed with tea.", "In the northern and western parts of the country, including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and much of Kashmir, the popular green tea called \"kahwah\" is predominant.", "In Kashmir, Kashmiri chai or \"Noon Chai\", a pink, milky tea with pistachios and cardamom, is consumed primarily at special occasions, weddings, and during the winter months when it is sold in many kiosks.", "In the further north Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan regions, Central Asian variants such as salty buttered Tibetan style tea are consumed.", "Ramadan, the holiest month of the Islamic calendar, is a month of fasting from dawn to sunset.", "It is widely observed by Pakistan's Muslim majority.", "Muslims during this month will fast, attend mosques with increased frequency, and offer \"Namaz-traveeh\" every day with Isha prayer and recite Qur'an.", "Special foods are cooked in greater quantities, parties are held, and special accommodation is made by workplaces and educational institutes.", "Chand Raat is the \"Moon night\" when crescent moon is sighted on last day of Islamic month of Ramadan and next day is Eid ul-Fitr.", "In the night known as Chand Raat, people celebrate by various means, such as girls putting henna on their hands.", "People buy gifts and sweets that will be given to friends and families who come over to celebrate the end of Ramadan.", "The streets, major buildings, and landmarks, even outside of malls and plazas, put on displays of elaborate decorations and colorful light shows.", "There are large crowds in the city center to celebrate the beginning of Eid, and it is usually a boom time for business.", "The two Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, commemorate the passing of the month of fasting, Ramadan, and the willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Ismael for Allah.", "On these days, there are national holidays and many festival events that take place to celebrate Eid." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 124752, "simple_article_title": "Culture of Pakistan", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=124752", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-124752-0-0", "simple-124752-0-1", "simple-124752-0-2", "simple-124752-0-3", "simple-124752-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The society of Pakistan has many different cultures.", "The east of country is mainly Punjabi, the south is mainly Sindhi in the east are the tribal cultures.", "In many areas the tribes and cultures are mixed, most Pakistanis are Punjabi and most of the nation are Sunni Muslim.", "Clothing is usually the \"Shalwar Kameez' in the country.", "Pakistan is also host for 'Desi' food." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 24615415, "normal_article_title": "Embassy of Russia in Copenhagen", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24615415", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-24615415-0-0", "normal-24615415-0-1", "normal-24615415-1-0", "normal-24615415-1-1", "normal-24615415-1-2", "normal-24615415-2-0", "normal-24615415-2-1", "normal-24615415-2-2", "normal-24615415-3-0", "normal-24615415-3-1", "normal-24615415-4-0", "normal-24615415-5-0", "normal-24615415-5-1", "normal-24615415-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Embassy of Russia in Copenhagen is the diplomatic mission of the Russian Federation to the Kingdom of Denmark.", "The chancery is located at Kristianiagade 5 in Indre Østerbro, Copenhagen, and is a heritage listed building.", "In 1897, Otto Mønsted, a Danish entrepreneur and margarine magnate, purchased three parcels of land in Østerbro, Copenhagen and commissioned architect Vilhelm Dahlerup to design a villa on the site.", "Dahlerup, who specialised in Italian Renaissance style design had previously designed the Hotel D’Angleterre, the Jesus Church in Valby, the National Gallery, and the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, amongst others.", "Completed in 1899, the building of the mansion cost Mønsted half a million krone.", "The entrance was decorated with a monogram with the initials AOM (for Anna-Otto-Mønsted).", "The Mønsteds kept a large staff in their mansion, with gardeners creating a large garden, and in the garage Mønsted kept Copenhagen's most expensive car.", "The Mønsteds also bred Scottish hunting dogs and kept race horses in the barn.", "In 1934, Anna Mønsted sold the mansion for 265,000 kroner to Countess Musse Scheel, a Danish actress, who became the last private owner of the mansion.", "Scheel, an animal lover, who was widely regarded as being eccentric, kept a hen house in the yard and sold eggs to her neighbours.", "During the occupation of Denmark by Nazi Germany, the mansion was the headquarters of the \"Northern Society\" which promoted cultural co-operation between Nazi Germany and the Nordic countries.", "In 1950, the Soviet Union signed a contract leasing the mansion for 20,000 kroner per year.", "In 1982, the mansion, as well as Kristianiagade 3 (consulate) and Bergensgade 11 (embassy school), were granted to the Soviets, on the basis of reciprocity, free of charge for the purpose of embassy requirements for a period of 70 years, until 31 December 2051.", "The building and garage are heritage listed buildings, having entered the register of the Danish Heritage Agency on 3 December 1991." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 204964, "simple_article_title": "Embassy of Russia in Copenhagen", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=204964", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-204964-0-0", "simple-204964-0-1", "simple-204964-0-2", "simple-204964-1-0", "simple-204964-1-1", "simple-204964-1-2", "simple-204964-2-0", "simple-204964-2-1", "simple-204964-2-2", "simple-204964-2-3", "simple-204964-2-4", "simple-204964-3-0", "simple-204964-3-1", "simple-204964-3-2", "simple-204964-3-3", "simple-204964-4-0", "simple-204964-4-1", "simple-204964-5-0", "simple-204964-5-1", "simple-204964-6-0", "simple-204964-6-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Embassy of Russia in Copenhagen is the embassy of Russia to Denmark.", "The embassy building is located at Kristianiagade 5 in Indre Østerbro, Copenhagen.", "The building is heritage listed.", "In 1897, Otto Mønsted, a Danish businessman and margarine magnate, purchased three pieces of land in Østerbro, Copenhagen and hired architect Vilhelm Dahlerup to design a villa.", "Dahlerup, who specialised in Italian Renaissance style design had previously designed the Hotel D’Angleterre, Jesus Church in Valby, National Gallery, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, amongst others.", "Completed in 1899, the building of the mansion cost Mønsted half a million krone.", "The entrance was decorated with a monogram with the initials AOM (for Anna-Otto-Mønsted).", "The Mønsteds kept a large staff in their mansion.", "Gardeners creating a large garden.", "In the garage Mønsted kept Copenhagen's most expensive car.", "The Mønsteds also bred Scottish hunting dogs and kept race horses in the barn.", "In 1934 Anna Mønsted sold the mansion for 265,000 krone to Countess Musse Scheel.", "Scheel was a Danish actress and became the last private owner of the mansion.", "Scheel was an animal lover and was regarded as being eccentric.", "Scheel kept a hen house in the yard and sold eggs to her neighbours.", "During the occupation of Denmark by Nazi Germany the mansion was the headquarters of the \"Northern Society\".", "The Northern Society promoted cultural co-operation between Nazi Germany and the Nordic countries.", "In 1950, the Soviet Union signed a contract leasing the mansion for 20,000 krone per year.", "In 1982, the mansion, as well as Kristianiagade 3 (consulate) and Bergensgade 11 (embassy school), were granted to the Soviets, on the basis of reciprocity, free of charge for the purpose of embassy requirements for a period of 70 years, until 31 December 2051.", "The building and garage are heritage listed buildings.", "The both were placed on the register of the Heritage Agency of Denmark on 3 December 1991." ] } }

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"normal-2364430-33-0", "normal-2364430-33-1", "normal-2364430-33-2", "normal-2364430-34-0", "normal-2364430-34-1", "normal-2364430-34-2", "normal-2364430-34-3", "normal-2364430-34-4", "normal-2364430-34-5", "normal-2364430-35-0", "normal-2364430-35-1", "normal-2364430-36-0", "normal-2364430-37-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Air France Flight 358 was a regularly scheduled international flight from Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, France, to Toronto Pearson International Airport in Ontario, Canada.", "On the afternoon of 2 August 2005, while landing at Pearson Airport, the Airbus A340-313E operating the route crashed into nearby Etobicoke Creek, approximately 300 m beyond the end of the runway.", "All 309 passengers and crew on board the Airbus survived, but twelve people sustained serious injuries.", "The accident highlighted the vital role played by highly trained flight attendants during an emergency.", "Due to inclement weather, 540 flights departing and arriving at Pearson were cancelled.", "Many small and mid-sized aircraft due to arrive were diverted to other Canadian airports in Ottawa, London, Hamilton, and Winnipeg.", "Most of the larger aircraft were diverted to Montreal, Syracuse, New York, and Buffalo, New York.", "Flights from Vancouver were turned back.", "The crash of Air France Flight 358 was the biggest crisis to hit Toronto Pearson since the airport's involvement in Operation Yellow Ribbon.", "Jean Lapierre, the Canadian Minister of Transport, referred to Flight 358 as a \"miracle\" because all of the passengers survived.", "Other press sources described the accident as the \"Miracle in Toronto\", the \"Toronto Miracle\", the \" 'Miracle' Escape\", and the \"Miracle of Runway 24L\".", "The accident was investigated by the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB), with a final report issued on 13 December 2007.", "The unfavorable weather conditions, and the poor landing decisions made by the flight crew, were found to be major factors leading to the crash.", "The aircraft operating Flight 358 was an Airbus A340-313E, with Manufacturer's Serial Number (MSN) 289 and registration F-GLZQ; it was powered by four CFM International CFM56 engines.", "The aircraft made its first flight on 3 August 1999, and was delivered to Air France on 7 September 1999.", "It had made 3,711 flights for a total of 28,426 flight hours.", "Its last maintenance check was carried out in France on 5 July 2005.", "There were twelve crew members on board the Airbus.", "The pilot on the flight was 57-year-old Captain Alain Rosaye, a seasoned pilot with 15,411 total flight hours.", "The co-pilot was 43-year-old Frédéric Naud, who had accrued 4,834 hours of flight time.", "Of the 297 passengers on board the Airbus, there were 168 adult males, 118 adult females, eight children and three infants.", "There was a mix of different nationalities, including 104 Canadian citizens, 101 French, 19 Italian, 14 American, 8 Indian, and 7 British.", "The passengers consisted of businesspersons, vacationers and students.", "Three of the passengers were seated in crew seats, one in the third occupant seat of the flight deck and two in the flight crew rest area.", "At 16:02 EDT (20:02 UTC) on 2 August 2005, Air France Flight 358 overshot the end of the runway after landing at Toronto Pearson International Airport, and came to rest in a small ravine just outside the airport perimeter.", "All 297 passengers and twelve crew members successfully evacuated the aircraft.", "Twelve major injuries resulted from the accident and there were no fatalities; the other occupants suffered minor or no injuries.", "The aircraft was destroyed in a post-crash fire.", "The flight landed during exceptionally poor weather—severe winds, heavy rain, and localized thunderstorms near the airport (see Weather conditions below)—and touched down farther along the runway than usual.", "Some passengers reported that the plane was rocking from side to side before landing, possibly due to turbulence and gusting winds associated with the storm systems.", "One passenger described the crash as like a \"car accident, but it keeps going and going, non-stop.\"", "The plane had been cleared to land at 16:01 EDT on Runway 24L, which, at 2700 m in length, is the shortest runway at Pearson Airport.", "After touchdown, the aircraft did not stop before the end of the runway, but continued on for another 300 m until it slid into the Etobicoke Creek ravine at a speed of 148 km/h , on the western edge of the airport near the interchange of Dixie Road and Highway 401.", "After the aircraft had stopped, the crew saw fire outside and began evacuation.", "When the emergency exits were opened, one of the right middle exit slides (R3) deflated after being punctured by debris from the aircraft, while one of the left slides (L2) failed to deploy at all for unknown reasons.", "The two rear left exits remained closed due to the fire.", "A number of passengers were forced to jump from the aircraft to escape.", "The actions of the flight attendants, who ensured that all of the passengers were able to exit the plane quickly, contributed to the safe evacuation of everyone on board.", "The first officer was the last person to leave the plane, which was evacuated within the required 90-second time frame.", "Emergency response teams arrived on site within 52 seconds of the accident occurring.", "The TSB official report states that \"the first response vehicle arrived at the scene within one minute of the crash alarm sounding\".", "After the accident, some of the passengers, including those who were injured, scrambled up the ravine onto Highway 401 which runs almost parallel to the runway.", "Peel Regional Police located the first officer and several passengers along the highway, receiving assistance from motorists who had been passing the airport at the time of the crash.", "Some of the injured passengers and the co-pilot were taken directly to hospitals by motorists, and the uninjured passengers were transported by motorists to the airport.", "The main fire continued to burn for two hours, dying out just before 18:00 EDT.", "All of the fires were extinguished by the early afternoon of the following day, when investigators were able to begin their work.", "The accident led to the cancellation or diversion of hundreds of flights, with ripple effects throughout the North American air traffic system.", "Four of the five runway surfaces at Pearson Airport were back in service by the night of 2 August, but the flight and passenger backlog continued through the next day.", "The accident also caused heavy traffic congestion throughout Toronto's highway system.", "Highway 401 is one of the world's busiest highways, and is the main route through the Greater Toronto Area; the crash occurred near the highway's widest point where eighteen lanes of traffic are directed toward major intersections with Highway 403 and Highway 410 to the southwest and Highway 427 to the northeast.", "Although the fire was extinguished within hours, there was considerable congestion on the highway for days after the accident due to motorists slowing down or pulling over to view the wreckage.", "This created numerous traffic collisions, prompting the Ontario Provincial Police to increase patrols along that section of the highway.", "A METAR (weather observation) for Pearson was released almost exactly at the time of the accident.", "It stated that the weather at 20:01 UTC (16:01 EDT) consisted of winds from 340° true (north-northwest) at 24 kn gusting to 33 kn , with 1+1/4 mi visibility in thunderstorms and heavy rain.", "The ceiling was overcast at 4500 ft above ground level with towering cumulus clouds.", "The temperature was 23 °C .", "According to the Canada Air Pilot, runway 24L has a heading of 227° true (237° magnetic), and the minima for the ILS approach are ceiling 200 ft above ground level and visibility 1/2 mi or runway visual range (RVR) of 2600 ft .", "The METAR for 21:00 UTC (17:00 EDT), nearly an hour after the accident, shows wind backing to the south and improving conditions generally, while noting smoke aloft from the burning plane.", "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that the accident happened two hours after a ground stop was declared at the airport because of severe thunderstorms in the area (\"red alert\" status, which, for safety reasons, halts all ground activity on the apron and gate area.", "Aircraft can still land, and take off if still in queue).", "Visibility at the time of the accident was reported to be very poor.", "There was lightning, strong gusty winds, and hail at the time and the rain just began as the plane was landing.", "Within two hours the winds increased from 5 to 30 km/h (3 to 20 mph) and the temperature dropped from 30 to .", "A severe thunderstorm warning was in effect since 11:30 a.m. and all outbound flights and ground servicing operations had been canceled but landings were still permitted.", "The table below summarizes the injuries as reported by the TSB.", "Most of the injuries occurred to passengers and crew located in the flight deck and forward cabin.", "Of the twelve occupants who sustained major injuries, nine suffered the injuries from the impact and three from the evacuation.", "According to passenger reports, the leap from the aircraft to the ground caused numerous injuries, including broken legs, and ruptured vertebrae.", "The captain sustained back and head injuries during the impact of the crash when his seat was wrenched out of place by the force of the impact, causing him to hit his head against the overhead controls.", "Minor injuries included twisted ankles, sore necks, bruises and effects from smoke inhalation.", "A total of 33 persons were taken to various hospitals within and outside Toronto for treatment, of which 21 were treated for minor injuries and released.", "The York-Finch campus of the Humber River Regional Hospital treated seven people for smoke inhalation.", "William Osler Health Centre, Etobicoke General Hospital, Credit Valley Hospital, and Peel Memorial Hospital were additional nearby hospitals that had admitted victims of the crash.", "In addition to the Greater Toronto Airport Authority, on-site emergency services were also provided by Peel Regional Paramedic Services, Peel Regional Police, Mississauga Fire and Emergency Services, Toronto EMS, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.", "Ontario Provincial Police patrolled Highway 401.", "The Toronto Transit Commission provided two of its transit buses to act as shelter for victims.", "The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder were sent to France for analysis.", "Preliminary results indicated that the plane landed 1220 m from the start of the 2743 m runway (much further along than normal) at a ground speed of 148 kn – 140 knots being considered normal – with a tailwind, skidded down the runway and was traveling over 70 kn as it overran the tarmac and fell into the ravine.", "Tire marks extended 490 m indicating emergency braking action.", "Réal Levasseur Shedalin, the TSB's lead investigator for the accident, said the plane landed too far down the runway to have been able to stop properly on such wet pavement.", "Investigators have found no evidence of engine trouble, brake failure, or problems with the spoilers or thrust reversers.", "Why evacuation chutes failed to deploy from two exits remains under study.", "Some fleeing passengers were forced to jump some 2 m to the ground.", "One passenger took four photographs of the evacuation with his camera, which were released to the media.", "The final TSB report refers to the photographs and draws conclusions about the nature of the disaster based on them.", "Mark Rosenker, the acting chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), criticized the concept of passengers taking photographs of disasters, stating, \"Your business is to get off the airplane.", "Your business is to help anybody who needs help.\"", "According to Rosenker, taking photographs during an evacuation of an airliner is irresponsible.", "Helen Muir, an aerospace psychology professor at Cranfield University in the United Kingdom, stated that pausing during evacuations \"is just what we don't want people to do.\"", "However, Muir acknowledged that photographs are \"very valuable to accident investigators\".", "The final TSB report states: \"During the flare, the aircraft entered a heavy shower area, and the crew's forward visibility was significantly reduced as they entered the downpour.\"", "This suggests the possibility that the plane was hit in heavy weather by a wet downburst, causing the Airbus to land long.", "Based on the Air France A340-313 Quick Reference Handbook (QRH), page 34G, \"Landing Distance Without Autobrake\", the minimum distance of 1155 m would be used in dry conditions to bring the aircraft to a complete stop.", "In wet conditions the braking distance increases with a 5-knot tailwind, reversers operative, and a 6.3 mm of downpour on the runway to 2016 m .", "There was not enough remaining runway available at the touch down point of AF 358.", "The TSB advised changes to bring Canadian runway standards in line with those used abroad, either by extending them to have a 300 m runway end safety area (RESA) or, where that is not possible, providing an equivalently effective backup method of stopping aircraft.", "Other recommendations made by the TSB included having the Canadian Department of Transport establish clear standards limiting approaches and landings in convective weather for all operators at Canadian airports, and mandate training for all pilots involved in Canadian air operations to better enable them to make landing decisions in bad weather.", "Within one week of the accident, cash payments ranging from $1,000 to $3,700 (all figures in this article in Canadian dollars unless otherwise stated) were given to passengers for interim emergency use.", "These funds were given to passengers through an emergency centre set up in the Novotel Hotel in Mississauga, near the airport.", "These payments were independent of the claims process, which has been started for passengers who have not retained counsel.", "It is expected that the insurers of Air France will pay for all damages as well as extra compensation for having passengers go through the ordeal; however, only amounts of €6,000 to €9,000 have been offered, prompting passengers to turn to the lawsuit to seek legal action.", "The insurance is handled by the \"Societé de Gestion & D'Expertises D'Assurances\" in France.", "All passengers have also been offered a free round-trip ticket to any Air France destination in the world in the same fare class in which they were originally booked on AF358.", "After a lawsuit lasting four and a half years, Air France settled the compensation lawsuit with 184 of the 297 passengers (no crew members included) aboard Flight 358.", "The compensation is for a total of $12 million.", "Air France will pay $10 million, and have been released from passengers' claims stemming from the accident, according to the judgment's summary.", "Airbus and Goodrich, the company that made the emergency evacuation system on the plane will pay $1.65 million, and claims against them in a lawsuit have been released.", "J.J. Camp, a Vancouver lawyer representing claimants, stated that passengers seriously harmed with either physical or psychological injuries were eligible for the maximum payout of $175,000.", "Passengers who were not seriously harmed in the accident would receive the minimum payment of between $5,000 and $10,000.", "Within a few days of the accident, a class action suit was filed on behalf of all passengers on board by representative plaintiff Suzanne Deak to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice.", "The attorneys representing Deak and the passengers were Gary R. Will and Paul Miller from Will Barristers in Toronto.", "The plaintiffs sought payments for general and aggravated damages in the amount of $75 million, and payments for special damages and pecuniary damages in the amount of $250 million.", "A second class action lawsuit was also filed by plaintiffs Sahar Alqudsi and Younis Qawasmi (her husband) for $150 million a few days later.", "However, both suits were merged because only one lawsuit was allowed to proceed to court.", "In December 2009, a $12 million settlement agreement was reached between Air France and the class.", "The settlement resolved the claims of 184 passengers and their families; 45 other passengers had opted out of the suit, while 68 others had already agreed to a settlement with Air France.", "Air France stated that it would not lose any money from the lawsuits as it is covered by its insurers.", "Air France did not provide further contacts and assistance to those who retained counsel of the lawsuit until an agreement has been made between both sides' lawyers.", "In June 2008, almost 3 years after the accident, Air France filed a lawsuit against the Greater Toronto Airports Authority, NAV Canada, and the Government of Canada for $180 million.", "In the statement of claim filed with the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Air France alleged that the \"GTAA failed to provide a safe environment for the conduct of civil air operations.\"", "The statement also claims that \"The overrun and the consequent injuries to persons and damage to property were caused solely by the negligence of the defendants\".", "Air France says Transport Canada was \"negligent\" by not implementing the recommendations of a coroner's inquest into the 1978 crash that urged the creation of a 300-metre safety area to give aircraft more room to stop after landing.", "An inquiry by the TSB found runway safety zones at the end of runways at some Canadian airports to be below accepted international standards.", "However, the report highlighted that Toronto Pearson's runways meet current Canadian standards, and that runway 24L has a de facto 150-metre RESA.", "The TSB also suggested that precautions should be taken by airlines when landing in bad weather.", "In 1978, Air Canada Flight 189 also crashed into Etobicoke Creek, the site of the AF358 crash, resulting in two deaths.", "The Air Canada DC-9 had landed on the 24R-06L runway, crashing north of the AF358 accident scene and deeper into the ravine.", "After the Air France crash in 2005, there were calls for the ravine to be filled or spanned by a bridge, but others argued that such an undertaking would have been prohibitively expensive.", "(Note: The runway on which the Air France plane landed in August 2005, 24L-06R, is an east–west runway with a length of 2.7 km .", "This runway did not yet exist at the time of the Air Canada crash in 1978.", "At that time, the current runway 24R-06L was numbered 24L-06R, and the current runway 23-05 was numbered 24R-06L.)", "Flight 358 is no longer used on this route (number is now used for Air France flights from Roland Garros Airport in Sainte-Marie, Réunion to Paris).", "The flight route designation for Air France's Paris-Toronto route was changed to Flight 356, using a Boeing 777 aircraft.", "The Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series \"Mayday\" (also called \"Air Crash Investigation\" or \"Air Emergency\") featured the accident in a 2006 episode titled \"Desperate Escape\" which included interviews with survivors and a dramatization of the accident.", "This accident is also featured on The Weather Channel television program \"Storm Stories\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 570162, "simple_article_title": "Air France Flight 358", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=570162", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-570162-0-0", "simple-570162-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "On August 2, 2005, Air France Flight 358 was an Airbus A340 that skidded of the runway at Toronto Pearson International Airport, due to the pilots deploying the thrust reversers too slowly.", "Despite 12 people substantiating injuries, all 309 people on board the plane survived." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 781729, "normal_article_title": "Independence Day (United States)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=781729", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-781729-0-0", "normal-781729-0-1", "normal-781729-0-2", "normal-781729-1-0", "normal-781729-1-1", "normal-781729-2-0", "normal-781729-2-1", "normal-781729-2-2", "normal-781729-3-0", "normal-781729-3-1", "normal-781729-4-0", "normal-781729-4-1", "normal-781729-5-0", "normal-781729-5-1", "normal-781729-5-2", "normal-781729-5-3", "normal-781729-5-4", "normal-781729-6-0", "normal-781729-6-1", "normal-781729-6-2", "normal-781729-6-3", "normal-781729-7-0", "normal-781729-7-1", "normal-781729-7-2", "normal-781729-8-0", "normal-781729-8-1", "normal-781729-8-2", "normal-781729-8-3", "normal-781729-8-4", "normal-781729-8-5", "normal-781729-9-0", "normal-781729-9-1", "normal-781729-9-2", "normal-781729-9-3", "normal-781729-9-4", "normal-781729-9-5", "normal-781729-9-6", "normal-781729-10-0", "normal-781729-11-0", "normal-781729-11-1", "normal-781729-11-2", "normal-781729-12-0", "normal-781729-13-0", "normal-781729-14-0", "normal-781729-14-1", "normal-781729-14-2", "normal-781729-14-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Independence Day (colloquially the Fourth of July or July 4th) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the Declaration of Independence of the United States, on July 4, 1776.", "The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies were no longer subject (and subordinate) to the monarch of Britain and were now united, free, and independent states.", "The Congress had voted to declare independence two days earlier, on July 2, but it was not declared until July 4.", "Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, fairs, picnics, concerts, baseball games, family reunions, political speeches, and ceremonies, in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of the United States.", "Independence Day is the national day of the United States.", "During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the thirteen colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain's rule.", "After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author.", "Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4.", "Adams's prediction was off by two days.", "From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.", "Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day.", "Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.", "By a remarkable coincidence, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, the only two signatories of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as presidents of the United States, both died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration, Jefferson even mentioning the fact.", "(Only one other signatory, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, survived them, dying in 1832.)", "Although not a signatory of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as president, also died on July 4, 1831.", "He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence.", "Calvin Coolidge, the 30th president, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. president to have been born on Independence Day.", "Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays.", "Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors.", "According to /6103 § 6103 , Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day.", "Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.", "Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends.", "Decorations (\"e.g.\", streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag.", "Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.", "The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece.", "In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks.", "They were lit at nightfall to usher in the celebration.", "The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels.", "These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded.", "The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still practiced in some New England towns.", "Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\"; \"God Bless America\"; \"America the Beautiful\"; \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\"; \"This Land Is Your Land\"; \"Stars and Stripes Forever\"; and, regionally, \"Yankee Doodle\" in northeastern states and \"Dixie\" in southern states.", "Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.", "Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show.", "Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed.", "In addition, local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed.", "Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns.", "On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place, if certain safety precautions have been taken.", "A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a \"salute to the union,\" is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.", "New York City has the largest fireworks display in the country, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded in 2009.", "It generally holds displays in the East River.", "Other major displays are in Seattle on Lake Union; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in Philadelphia over the Philadelphia Museum of Art; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.", "During the annual Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the largest fireworks displays in North America, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day.", "The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips.", "The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.", "July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962.", "In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day.", "Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 14232, "simple_article_title": "Independence Day (United States)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14232", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-14232-0-0", "simple-14232-0-1", "simple-14232-0-2", "simple-14232-1-0", "simple-14232-1-1", "simple-14232-1-2", "simple-14232-1-3", "simple-14232-2-0", "simple-14232-2-1", "simple-14232-2-2", "simple-14232-2-3", "simple-14232-2-4", "simple-14232-2-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "In the United States, Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July or the Fourth, is a holiday commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.", "On Independence Day there are many events such as fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, picnics, concerts, baseball games, political speeches and ceremonies, and various other public and private events.", "These events celebrate the history, government, and traditions of the United States.", "Independence Day, the only holiday that celebrates the United States, is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays.", "Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors.", "Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (like the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day.", "Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.", "Families often celebrate Independence Day by having or going to a picnic or barbecue, and take advantage of the day off and in some years, long weekend to gather with relatives and friends.", "People may also do fun and relaxing hobbies like any other day off such as swimming, fishing, boating, sunbathing, playing sports, or just kicking back and relaxing.", "Many stores are open on the fourth so people may go shopping.", "In the evening, people may launch their own fireworks.", "Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag.", "Parades often are in the morning, while fireworks displays occur in the evening at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9603, "normal_article_title": "Ernest Rutherford", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9603", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9603-0-0", "normal-9603-0-1", "normal-9603-1-0", "normal-9603-1-1", "normal-9603-1-2", "normal-9603-2-0", "normal-9603-2-1", "normal-9603-2-2", "normal-9603-2-3", "normal-9603-2-4", "normal-9603-3-0", "normal-9603-3-1", "normal-9603-3-2", "normal-9603-3-3", "normal-9603-4-0", "normal-9603-4-1", "normal-9603-4-2", "normal-9603-4-3", "normal-9603-4-4", "normal-9603-5-0", "normal-9603-5-1", "normal-9603-5-2", "normal-9603-5-3", "normal-9603-6-0", "normal-9603-6-1", "normal-9603-6-2", "normal-9603-6-3", "normal-9603-6-4", "normal-9603-7-0", "normal-9603-7-1", "normal-9603-7-2", "normal-9603-7-3", "normal-9603-7-4", "normal-9603-7-5", "normal-9603-7-6", "normal-9603-7-7", "normal-9603-7-8", "normal-9603-7-9", "normal-9603-7-10", "normal-9603-7-11", "normal-9603-8-0", "normal-9603-8-1", 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"normal-9603-19-1", "normal-9603-20-0", "normal-9603-20-1", "normal-9603-20-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, , HFRSE, LLD (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937), was a New Zealand physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics.", "\"Encyclopædia Britannica\" considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).", "In early work, Rutherford discovered the concept of radioactive half-life, the radioactive element radon, and differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation.", "This work was performed at McGill University in Montreal, Canada.", "It is the basis for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry he was awarded in 1908 \"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances\", for which he was the first Canadian and Oceanian Nobel laureate.", "Rutherford moved in 1907 to the Victoria University of Manchester (today University of Manchester) in the UK, where he and Thomas Royds proved that alpha radiation is helium nuclei.", "Rutherford performed his most famous work after he became a Nobel laureate.", "In 1911, although he could not prove that it was positive or negative, he theorized that atoms have their charge concentrated in a very small nucleus, and thereby pioneered the Rutherford model of the atom, through his discovery and interpretation of Rutherford scattering by the gold foil experiment of Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden.", "He performed the first artificially induced nuclear reaction in 1917 in experiments where nitrogen nuclei were bombarded with alpha particles.", "As a result, he discovered the emission of a subatomic particle which, in 1919, he called the \"hydrogen atom\" but, in 1920, he more accurately named the proton.", "Rutherford became Director of the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in 1919.", "Under his leadership the neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 and in the same year the first experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner was performed by students working under his direction, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton.", "After his death in 1937, he was honoured by being interred with the greatest scientists of the United Kingdom, near Sir Isaac Newton's tomb in Westminster Abbey.", "The chemical element rutherfordium (element 104) was named after him in 1997.", "Ernest Rutherford was the son of James Rutherford, a farmer, and his wife Martha Thompson, originally from Hornchurch, Essex, England.", "James had emigrated to New Zealand from Perth, Scotland, \"to raise a little flax and a lot of children\".", "Ernest was born at Brightwater, near Nelson, New Zealand.", "His first name was mistakenly spelled 'Earnest' when his birth was registered.", "Rutherford's mother Martha Thompson was a schoolteacher.", "He studied at Havelock School and then Nelson College and won a scholarship to study at Canterbury College, University of New Zealand, where he participated in the debating society and played rugby.", "After gaining his BA, MA and BSc, and doing two years of research during which he invented a new form of radio receiver, in 1895 Rutherford was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, to travel to England for postgraduate study at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge.", "He was among the first of the 'aliens' (those without a Cambridge degree) allowed to do research at the university, under the leadership of J. J. Thomson, which aroused jealousies from the more conservative members of the Cavendish fraternity.", "With Thomson's encouragement, he managed to detect radio waves at half a mile and briefly held the world record for the distance over which electromagnetic waves could be detected, though when he presented his results at the British Association meeting in 1896, he discovered he had been outdone by another lecturer, by the name of Guglielmo Marconi.", "In 1898, Thomson recommended Rutherford for a position at McGill University in Montreal, Canada.", "He was to replace Hugh Longbourne Callendar who held the chair of Macdonald Professor of physics and was coming to Cambridge.", "Rutherford was accepted, which meant that in 1900 he could marry Mary Georgina Newton (1876–1954) to whom he had become engaged before leaving New Zealand; they married at St Paul's Anglican Church, Papanui in Christchurch, they had one daughter, Eileen Mary (1901–1930), who married Ralph Fowler.", "In 1901, he gained a DSc from the University of New Zealand.", "In 1907, Rutherford returned to Britain to take the chair of physics at the Victoria University of Manchester.", "He was knighted in 1914.", "During World War I, he worked on a top secret project to solve the practical problems of submarine detection by sonar.", "In 1916, he was awarded the Hector Memorial Medal.", "In 1919, he returned to the Cavendish succeeding J. J. Thomson as the Cavendish professor and Director.", "Under him, Nobel Prizes were awarded to James Chadwick for discovering the neutron (in 1932), John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton for an experiment which was to be known as \"splitting the atom\" using a particle accelerator, and Edward Appleton for demonstrating the existence of the ionosphere.", "In 1925, Rutherford pushed calls to the Government of New Zealand to support education and research, which led to the formation of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in the following year.", "Between 1925 and 1930, he served as President of the Royal Society, and later as president of the Academic Assistance Council which helped almost 1,000 university refugees from Germany.", "He was appointed to the Order of Merit in the 1925 New Year Honours and raised to the peerage as Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge in the County of Cambridge in 1931, a title that became extinct upon his unexpected death in 1937.", "In 1933, Rutherford was one of the two inaugural recipients of the T. K. Sidey Medal, set up by the Royal Society of New Zealand as an award for outstanding scientific research.", "For some time before his death, Rutherford had a small hernia, which he had neglected to have fixed, and it became strangulated, causing him to be violently ill.", "Despite an emergency operation in London, he died four days afterwards of what physicians termed \"intestinal paralysis\", at Cambridge.", "After cremation at Golders Green Crematorium, he was given the high honour of burial in Westminster Abbey, near Isaac Newton and other illustrious British scientists.", "At Cambridge, Rutherford started to work with J. J. Thomson on the conductive effects of X-rays on gases, work which led to the discovery of the electron which Thomson presented to the world in 1897.", "Hearing of Becquerel's experience with uranium, Rutherford started to explore its radioactivity, discovering two types that differed from X-rays in their penetrating power.", "Continuing his research in Canada, he coined the terms alpha ray and beta ray in 1899 to describe the two distinct types of radiation.", "He then discovered that thorium gave off a gas which produced an emanation which was itself radioactive and would coat other substances.", "He found that a sample of this radioactive material of any size invariably took the same amount of time for half the sample to decay – its \"half-life\" (111⁄2 minutes in this case).", "From 1900 to 1903, he was joined at McGill by the young chemist Frederick Soddy (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1921) for whom he set the problem of identifying the thorium emanations.", "Once he had eliminated all the normal chemical reactions, Soddy suggested that it must be one of the inert gases, which they named thoron (later found to be an isotope of radon).", "They also found another type of thorium they called Thorium X, and kept on finding traces of helium.", "They also worked with samples of \"Uranium X\" from William Crookes and radium from Marie Curie.", "In 1903, they published their \"Law of Radioactive Change,\" to account for all their experiments.", "Until then, atoms were assumed to be the indestructible basis of all matter and although Curie had suggested that radioactivity was an atomic phenomenon, the idea of the atoms of radioactive substances breaking up was a radically new idea.", "Rutherford and Soddy demonstrated that radioactivity involved the spontaneous disintegration of atoms into other, as yet, unidentified matter.", "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 was awarded to Ernest Rutherford \"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances\".", "In 1903, Rutherford considered a type of radiation discovered (but not named) by French chemist Paul Villard in 1900, as an emission from radium, and realised that this observation must represent something different from his own alpha and beta rays, due to its very much greater penetrating power.", "Rutherford therefore gave this third type of radiation the name of gamma ray.", "All three of Rutherford's terms are in standard use today – other types of radioactive decay have since been discovered, but Rutherford's three types are among the most common.", "In Manchester, he continued to work with alpha radiation.", "In conjunction with Hans Geiger, he developed zinc sulfide scintillation screens and ionisation chambers to count alphas.", "By dividing the total charge they produced by the number counted, Rutherford decided that the charge on the alpha was two.", "In late 1907, Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds allowed alphas to penetrate a very thin window into an evacuated tube.", "As they sparked the tube into discharge, the spectrum obtained from it changed, as the alphas accumulated in the tube.", "Eventually, the clear spectrum of helium gas appeared, proving that alphas were at least ionised helium atoms, and probably helium nuclei.", "A long-standing myth existed, at least as early as 1948, running at least to 2017, that Rutherford was the first scientist to observe and report an artificial transmutation of a stable element into another element: nitrogen into oxygen.", "It was thought by many people to be one of Rutherford's greatest accomplishments.", "The New Zealand government even commemorated a stamp in honor of its belief that that the nitrogen-to-oxygen discovery belonged to Rutherford.", "Beginning in 2017, many scientific institutions corrected their versions of this history to indicate that the discovery credit for the reaction belongs to Patrick Blackett.", "Rutherford did detect the ejected proton in 1919 and interpreted it as evidence for disintegration of the nitrogen nucleus (to lighter nuclei).", "However, in 1925 Blackett showed that the actual product is oxygen and identified the true reaction as N + α → O + p. Rutherford therefore recognized \"that the nucleus may increase rather than diminish in mass as the result of collisions in which the proton is expelled.\"", "Rutherford performed his most famous work \"after\" receiving the Nobel prize in 1908.", "Along with Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, he carried out the Geiger–Marsden experiment, which demonstrated the nuclear nature of atoms by deflecting alpha particles passing through a thin gold foil.", "Rutherford was inspired to ask Geiger and Marsden in this experiment to look for alpha particles with very high deflection angles, of a type not expected from any theory of matter at that time.", "Such deflections, though rare, were found, and proved to be a smooth but high-order function of the deflection angle.", "It was Rutherford's interpretation of this data that led him to formulate the Rutherford model of the atom in 1911that a very small charged nucleus, containing much of the atom's mass, was orbited by low-mass electrons.", "In 1919–1920, Rutherford found that nitrogen and other light elements ejected a proton (Rutherford said \"a hydrogen atom\" rather than \"a proton\") when hit with α (alpha) particles.", "This result showed Rutherford that hydrogen nuclei were a part of nitrogen nuclei (and by inference, probably other nuclei as well).", "Such a construction had been suspected for many years on the basis of atomic weights which were whole numbers of that of hydrogen; see Prout's hypothesis.", "Hydrogen was known to be the lightest element, and its nuclei presumably the lightest nuclei.", "Now, because of all these considerations, Rutherford decided that a hydrogen nucleus was possibly a fundamental building block of all nuclei, and also possibly a new fundamental particle as well, since nothing was known from the nucleus that was lighter.", "Thus, confirming and extending the work of Wilhelm Wien who in 1898 discovered the proton in streams of ionized gas, Rutherford postulated the hydrogen nucleus to be a new particle in 1920, which he dubbed the \"proton\".", "In 1921, while working with Niels Bohr (who postulated that electrons moved in specific orbits), Rutherford theorized about the existence of neutrons, (which he had christened in his 1920 Bakerian Lecture), which could somehow compensate for the repelling effect of the positive charges of protons by causing an attractive nuclear force and thus keep the nuclei from flying apart from the repulsion between protons.", "The only alternative to neutrons was the existence of \"nuclear electrons\" which would counteract some of the proton charges in the nucleus, since by then it was known that nuclei had about twice the mass that could be accounted for if they were simply assembled from hydrogen nuclei (protons).", "But how these nuclear electrons could be trapped in the nucleus, was a mystery.", "Rutherford's theory of neutrons was proved in 1932 by his associate James Chadwick, who recognized neutrons immediately when they were produced by other scientists and later himself, in bombarding beryllium with alpha particles.", "In 1935, Chadwick was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.", "Rutherford's research, and work done under him as laboratory director, established the nuclear structure of the atom and the essential nature of radioactive decay as a nuclear process.", "Patrick Blackett, a research fellow working under Rutherford, using natural alpha particles, demonstrated \"induced\" nuclear transmutation.", "Rutherford's team later, using protons from an accelerator, demonstrated \"artificially-induced\" nuclear reactions and transmutation.", "He is known as the father of nuclear physics.", "Rutherford died too early to see Leó Szilárd's idea of controlled nuclear chain reactions come into being.", "However, a speech of Rutherford's about his artificially-induced transmutation in lithium, printed in 12 September 1933 London paper \"The Times\", was reported by Szilárd to have been his inspiration for thinking of the possibility of a controlled energy-producing nuclear chain reaction.", "Szilard had this idea while walking in London, on the same day.", "Rutherford's speech touched on the 1932 work of his students John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton in \"splitting\" lithium into alpha particles by bombardment with protons from a particle accelerator they had constructed.", "Rutherford realized that the energy released from the split lithium atoms was enormous, but he also realized that the energy needed for the accelerator, and its essential inefficiency in splitting atoms in this fashion, made the project an impossibility as a practical source of energy (accelerator-induced fission of light elements remains too inefficient to be used in this way, even today).", "The Coupland Building at Manchester University, at which Rutherford conducted many of his experiments, has been the subject of a cancer cluster investigation.", "There has been a statistically high incidence of pancreatic cancer, brain cancer, and motor neuron disease occurring in and around Rutherford's former laboratories and, since 1984, a total of six workers have been stricken with these ailments.", "In 2009, an independent commission concluded that the very slightly elevated levels of various radiation related to Rutherford's experiments decades earlier are not the likely cause of such cancers and ruled the illnesses a coincidence." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 28498, "simple_article_title": "Ernest Rutherford", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28498", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-28498-0-0", "simple-28498-1-0", "simple-28498-1-1", "simple-28498-1-2", "simple-28498-1-3", "simple-28498-2-0", "simple-28498-2-1", "simple-28498-3-0", "simple-28498-3-1", "simple-28498-3-2", "simple-28498-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British scientist, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908, for his work on nuclear physics, and for the theory of the structure of the atom.", "Rutherford was one of the first researchers in nuclear physics, after the discovery of radiation by the French physicist Henri Becquerel in 1896.", "Rutherford discovered the radioactive half-life, and the three parts of radiation which he named Alpha, Beta, and Gamma.", "He also discovered that alpha particles were the nuclei of Helium.", "Rutherford's Geiger–Marsden experiment led to what we know today about the atomic structure, where the atom is a nucleus and electrons orbit around it.", "In 1919, Rutherford made the world's first artificial nuclear reaction, where he put alpha particles with nitrogen gas and created particles of oxygen isotopes and protons.", "This was nuclear transmutation, changing nitrogen gas into oxygen gas.", "Rutherford was the leader of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge.", "He proved the existence of the nucleus and that is was composed of protons and neutrons.", "In 1932 James Chadwick made an experiment at the Cavendish Lab that showed Rutherford was right.", "Rutherford College, a school in Auckland, New Zealand, was named after him." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 265145, "normal_article_title": "Gran Canaria", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=265145", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-265145-0-0", "normal-265145-0-1", "normal-265145-1-0", "normal-265145-1-1", "normal-265145-1-2", "normal-265145-2-0", "normal-265145-2-1", "normal-265145-3-0", "normal-265145-3-1", "normal-265145-4-0", "normal-265145-4-1", "normal-265145-4-2", "normal-265145-5-0", "normal-265145-5-1", "normal-265145-5-2", "normal-265145-5-3", "normal-265145-6-0", "normal-265145-6-1", "normal-265145-6-2", "normal-265145-6-3", "normal-265145-7-0", "normal-265145-7-1", "normal-265145-7-2", "normal-265145-7-3", "normal-265145-7-4", "normal-265145-8-0", "normal-265145-8-1", "normal-265145-9-0", "normal-265145-9-1", "normal-265145-10-0", "normal-265145-10-1", "normal-265145-10-2", "normal-265145-10-3", "normal-265145-11-0", "normal-265145-11-1", "normal-265145-11-2", "normal-265145-12-0", "normal-265145-13-0", 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"normal-265145-26-3", "normal-265145-27-0", "normal-265145-28-0", "normal-265145-29-0", "normal-265145-30-0", "normal-265145-31-0", "normal-265145-31-1", "normal-265145-32-0", "normal-265145-32-1", "normal-265145-32-2", "normal-265145-32-3", "normal-265145-32-4", "normal-265145-32-5", "normal-265145-32-6", "normal-265145-33-0", "normal-265145-33-1", "normal-265145-33-2", "normal-265145-34-0", "normal-265145-34-1", "normal-265145-34-2", "normal-265145-35-0", "normal-265145-36-0", "normal-265145-37-0", "normal-265145-37-1", "normal-265145-38-0", "normal-265145-38-1", "normal-265145-38-2", "normal-265145-39-0", "normal-265145-39-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Gran Canaria ( , ; ] meaning \"Great Island of Dogs\") is the second most populous of the Canary Islands, an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain.", "s of 2018 the island had a population of that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago.", "Gran Canaria is located in the Atlantic Ocean about 150 km off the northwestern coast of Africa and about 1350 km from Europe.", "With an area of km ( sq. mi) and an altitude of 1956 m at the Pico de las Nieves, Gran Canaria is the third largest island of the archipelago in both area and altitude.", "Gran Canaria is also the third most populated island in Spain after Tenerife and Mallorca.", "In Ancient History, Gran Canaria was populated by the North African Canarii, who may have arrived as early as 500 BC.", "The Canarii called the island Tamarán (\"Land of the Brave\").", "In the Medieval period, after over a century of European incursions and attempts at conquest, the island was conquered on April 29, 1483 by the Crown of Castile, under Queen Isabella I.", "The conquest succeeded after a campaign that lasted five years, and it was an important step towards the expansion of the unified Spain.", "The capital city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria was founded on June 24, 1478, under the name \"Real de Las Palmas\", by Juan Rejón, head of the invading Castilian army.", "In 1492, Christopher Columbus anchored in the Port of Las Palmas (and spent some time on the island) on his first trip to the Americas.", "Las Palmas de Gran Canaria is, jointly with Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands.", "Gran Canaria is located southeast of Tenerife and west of Fuerteventura.", "The island is of volcanic origin, mostly made of fissure vents.", "Gran Canaria's surface area is 1,560 km2 and its maximum elevation is 1,949 metres (Pico de Las Nieves).", "It has a round shape, with a diameter of approximately 50 km.", "About 80% of the volume of the island was formed during the Miocene period eruptions, between 14 and 9 million years ago.", "This is called the \"Old Cycle\" and is estimated to have lasted some 200,000 years and have emitted about 1000 km, mostly of fissural alkali basalt.", "This cycle continued with the emission of trachytes, phonolites and peralkaline rocks.", "This period was followed by one of erosion, which lasted some 4 million years.", "A second cycle of volcanic eruptions, known as the \"Roque Nublo cycle\", took place between 4.5 and 3.4 million years ago.", "This shorter cycle emitted about 100 km.", "Most of the inland peaks were formed by erosion from these materials.", "This period also started with fissural basalts, but ended with violent eruptions of pyroclastic flows.", "Some phonolitic features, like the Risco Blanco, were also formed in its last stages.", "The third or recent cycle is held to have started some 2.8 million years ago and is considered to be still active.", "The last eruptions are held to have occurred some 3500 years ago.", "The changes in volume and, therefore, weight of the island have also caused the island to rise above the previous sea level during erosive periods and to sink during eruptive periods.", "Some of these \"fossil beaches\" can be seen in the cliff faces of the more eroded northern coast.", "Until the conquest, Gran Canaria had extensive forests, but then suffered extensive deforestation as a result of continuous logging, land divisions and other intensive uses.", "This reduced the forest cover to just 56,000 hectares, making the island the most deforested of the Canary Islands.", "However, in the twentieth century reforestation of the ridge of the island was begun, recovering some of the lost forest mass.", "Much of the summit of the island is forested mostly due to reforestation.", "Gran Canaria is in the autonomous community of the Canary Islands (\"Islas Canarias\").", "It lies within the Province of Las Palmas, a Spanish province which consists of the eastern part of the Canary Islands community.", "Las Palmas de Gran Canaria is the provincial capital, one of the two capitals of the Canary Islands along with Santa Cruz de Tenerife.", "The island of Gran Canaria is governed by the Cabildo insular de Gran Canaria.", "The island has a population of 846,717 with 378,628 (year 2018) of those in the capital city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.", "Gran Canaria is the second most populous island of the Canary Islands, after Tenerife.", "Gran Canaria has roads encircling the whole island and extending into the mountain areas.", "In the late 20th century, its dual carriageway, among the first in the Canary Islands, were opened and run around Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and were later extended to the north coast and the airport and subsequently to the south coast in response to increased tourist traffic.", "The only highway of Gran Canaria are GC1.", "Dual carriageway is GC2, and GC31, GC4 and GC5.", "The western and the north-western parts, with the fewest inhabitants, are linked only with main roads.", "Public transport around Gran Canaria is provided by an extensive bus network, known in the local dialect as \"guaguas\".", "The \"Autoridad Única del Transporte de Gran Canaria\" (Gran Canaria Transport Authority, TGC) manages the network and operates a number of bus stations across the island, including San Telmo and Santa Catalina bus stations in Las Palmas, Maspalomas and Galdar.", "Bus tickets may be purchased with cash, and AUTGC also operates a contactless electronic ticket called the TransGC Card, which is valid across the whole network.", "Inter-urban bus services across the island are operated by the Global bus company.", "Global was created in 2000 after the merger of two bus companies, Utinsa (which operated in the north of the island) and Salcai (the bus operator for the south).", "Local bus services in Las Palmas are run by the municipal bus company, \"Guaguas Municipales de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria\".", "Gran Canaria Airport (IATA: LPA) is the only commercial airport on the island.", "The large number of aircraft and passengers passing through it each year make it one of the busiest in Spain.", "Gran Canaria is also responsible for all air traffic control in the Canaries.", "By destination island, Gran Canaria is the second island that congregates the largest number of passengers in the Canary Islands.", "The most important ports in the island are the Port of Las Palmas \"(Puerto de la Luz),\" in the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arguineguín, which exports cement from a large factory; and Arinaga, located in the main industrial zone of Canaries and one of the major ones of Spain.", "The main passenger ports are the Port of La Luz, where Trasmediterránea operates a weekly ferry route to Cadiz on the Spanish mainland, and the Port of Las Nieves, located in Agaete on the west side of the island, where Fred Olsen Express operates a catamaran ferry service to Santa Cruz de Tenerife.", "Plans for a Tren de Gran Canaria railway network linking the capital with the south have been approved by both the Gran Canaria Cabildo and the autonomous Canary Islands' Government, though the discussion with the central Spanish Government hinges now on budget.", "The planned 57 km railway line would run between Las Palmas and Meloneras, with the section in the capital running entirely underground as far as the suburb of Jinámar.", "The line is planned to have 11 stations, including an underground station at Gran Canaria Airport.", "The scheme was first announced in 2009, with a planned operational date in 2015.", "A public company called \"Ferrocarriles de Gran Canaria\" has been formed by the Cabildo's Gran Canaria Transport Authority.", "Plans were still being discussed in 2018.", "According to the Koppen Climate Classification, Gran Canaria is considered to have a desert climate (Bwh) due to its consistent warm temperatures and severe lack of precipitation.", "Gran Canaria is noted for its rich variety of microclimates.", "Generally speaking though, the average daytime high ranges from 20 C in winter, to 26 C in summer.", "Some cool nights occur in winter, but lows below 10 C are unknown near the coast.", "Inland the climate is still mild but mountainous areas see the occasional frost or snow.", "Annual rainfall averages 228 mm , most of this falling in the cooler months, with July, August and September normally rainless.", "Rainfall is unevenly distributed through the island with some areas being much drier than others.", "Cloud cover and sunshine is often quite variable during the cooler months, and there can be several rather cloudy days at times in winter.", "Summers are generally quite sunny however, with the south of the island being most favoured.", "Gran Canaria agriculture is unique among the Canaries islands in that it was traditionally dominated by plantations, with much of these being grains as well as sugarcane, rather than by stock-breeding.", "The caves of Valerón (a property of cultural interest in the \"archaeological site\" category) in the municipality of Santa María de Guía bears testimony of it by being the largest pre-Hispanic collective granary of the Canaries.", "This island is called a \"Miniature Continent\" due to the different climates and variety of landscapes found, with long beaches and dunes of white sand, contrasting with green ravines and picturesque villages.", "A third of the island is under protection as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.", "The number of annual visitors was 3.6 million in 2014 (of which 450.000 Spaniards).", "Most of the tourists visit the southern part of the island.", "The north tends to be cooler, while the south is warmer and sunny.", "The east coast of the island is flat, dotted with beaches, while the western coast is rockier and mountainous.", "The island possesses 32 Natural Protected Spaces, notably the Rural Park of Nublo, The Doramas Jungle, the Azuaje Ravine, Tamadaba, Pino Santo, etc.", "In the south there is a large bird park, Palmitos Park, as well as many beach resort communities.", "Resorts are concentrated in the central eastern part of the southern coast in the Maspalomas area, which includes the towns of San Agustín, Playa del Inglés and Meloneras.", "The Maspalomas Dunes are located between Playa del Inglés (\"The Englishman's Beach\") and the distinctive 19th century Maspalomas lighthouse.", "Playa del Ingles is home to the Yumbo Centre, which was opened in 1982 and has almost 200 shops, including bars, restaurants, cafes, fashion boutiques, electronic outlets and jewellery stores.", "In Tarajalillo, an Aeroclub exists from where tourist flights can be taken over the island.", "Still further to the west along the southern shore, in the Municipality of Mogán, are the communities of Puerto Rico and Puerto de Mogán, a village referred to as \"Little Venice\" on account of its many canals.", "Other attractions include Cocodrilos Park, Roque Nublo (an 80 m monolith), Cenobio de Valerón with more than 350 storage cavities, Painted cave of Galdar the most important archaeological park in Canary Islands, or the botanical gardens \"Jardín Canario\" (in Tafira Alta) and \"Cactualdea\" (in La Aldea de San Nicolás).", "El Dedo de Dios, or \"God's Finger\", was a rocky spire jutting from the sea in Puerto de las Nieves, and was previously the signature attraction of the Canary Islands until it was destroyed by tropical storm Delta that crossed the archipelago on November 2005.", "Other well-known rock formations are El Cura (also known as El Fraile), The Frog (La Rana), Roque Bentayga, the Roque de Gando, and the Peñón Bermejo.", "The highest peak of the island is the Pico de las Nieves, at 1950 m .", "The capital city is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.", "\"Las Canteras\" beach, a protected area and diving zone, lies in the heart of the city.", "Las Palmas de Gran Canaria is also known for its annual \"carnaval\".", "It was the first stop of Christopher Columbus' expedition on his way back from the Americas, a commemoration of which is the Hermitage of San Antonio Abad, where the navigator prayed, and the \"Casa de Colón\".", "Other attractions in the capital city include the \"Museo Canario\" (the most important archaeology museum in the archipelago), the cathedral and the \"Plaza del Espíritu Santo\".", "In Teror the shrine of \"Virgen del Pino\" (\"Virgin of the Pine\"), patron saint of Gran Canaria, can be found.", "Its feast is celebrated on September 8.", "The town of Agüimes, on the eastern part of the island, has been carefully restored and its town centre, centered on its old church and a peaceful square, now evokes the quiet living of a traditional Canarian town.", "The district also has some of the best preserved cave dwellings, in the protected area of the Guayadeque ravine, where even the church has been built into the mountainside and visitors can find a number of popular cave restaurants.", "The district also includes the most renowned scuba diving area on the island: the marine reserve at the \"playa de El Cabrón\" just outside the town of Arinaga.", "Other important towns are Telde, known among other things for their surf schools in Salinetas, Vecindario (within the municipality of Santa Lucía de Tirajana) and Gáldar, that contains an important diving zone.", "In Arucas there is a Neogothic temple, popularly known as \"Arucas' Cathedral\", as well as a large fertile plain where bananas are grown.", "In Gáldar and its surroundings there is also a banana-growing plain and some remarkable archaeological remains, such as the Painted cave of Galdar or the cenobio de Valerón's communal silos, ancient tombs (among which the necropolis of Maipés), and the port of Sardina del Norte (one of the island's ports where, as in Las Palmas', Christopher Columbus used to get supplies for his ships).", "Heading west along the southern coast is the fishing city of Arguineguín in the Municipality of Mogán.", "The official natural symbols associated with Gran Canaria are \"Canis lupus familiaris\" (Canary Mastiff) and \"Euphorbia canariensis\" (Cardón)", "Nearly half of the island territory — 667 km2 (42.7% of island) — is under protection from the Red Canaria de Espacios Naturales Protegidos (Canary Islands Network for Protected Natural Areas).", "Of the 146 protected sites under control of network in the Canary Islands archipelago, a total of 33 are located in Gran Canaria, the second most protected island in the group.", "In the 1960s, Gran Canaria was selected as the location for one of the 14 ground stations in the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) to support the NASA space program.", "Maspalomas Station, located in the south of the island, took part in a number of space missions including the Apollo 11 Moon landings and Skylab.", "Today it continues to support satellite communications as part of the ESA network.", "The island is home to CB Gran Canaria – a basketball club playing in Liga ACB at the Gran Canaria Arena, with a capacity of 11,000.", "The island is also home to UD Las Palmas – a football club playing in Liga BBVA at the Estadio de Gran Canaria, with a capacity of 32,392." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 32753, "simple_article_title": "Gran Canaria", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32753", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-32753-0-0", "simple-32753-0-1", "simple-32753-0-2", "simple-32753-0-3", "simple-32753-1-0", "simple-32753-1-1", "simple-32753-1-2", "simple-32753-1-3", "simple-32753-2-0", "simple-32753-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Gran Canaria is one of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.", "The capital and biggest city is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in the north of the island.", "Economical centre (tourism) of the island is in the south.", "Gran Canaria is the second most populous island of the Canary Islands, after Tenerife.", "Gran Canaria lives - like most of the Canary Islands - mainly on tourism, although Las Palmas does have one of the most important ports in the Atlantic.", "The touristic centres Maspalomas and Playa del Ingles in the south are especially popular.", "The climate varies very little through the year.", "Gran Canaria is very popular for its party tourism.", "The international airport is farther north.", "The administration of the Canary Islands is shared between Tenerife and Gran Canaria." ] } }

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"normal-1886892-40-0", "normal-1886892-40-1", "normal-1886892-40-2", "normal-1886892-40-3", "normal-1886892-41-0", "normal-1886892-41-1", "normal-1886892-41-2", "normal-1886892-41-3", "normal-1886892-41-4", "normal-1886892-41-5", "normal-1886892-42-0", "normal-1886892-42-1", "normal-1886892-42-2", "normal-1886892-43-0", "normal-1886892-43-1", "normal-1886892-43-2", "normal-1886892-43-3", "normal-1886892-43-4", "normal-1886892-43-5", "normal-1886892-43-6", "normal-1886892-43-7", "normal-1886892-44-0", "normal-1886892-44-1", "normal-1886892-44-2", "normal-1886892-44-3", "normal-1886892-45-0", "normal-1886892-45-1", "normal-1886892-45-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Warriors is a series of novels published by HarperCollins and written by authors Kate Cary, Cherith Baldry, and Tui Sutherland, with the plot developed by editor Victoria Holmes, who collectively use the pseudonym Erin Hunter.", "The series follows the adventures of five groups of cats, called \"Clans\" — ThunderClan, WindClan, RiverClan, ShadowClan, and StarClan — in their forest and lake homes.", "There are currently seven sub-series, each containing six books except for the seventh sub-series, which is currently in progress.", "The first, \"Warriors\" (later re-titled \"Warriors: The Prophecies Begin\"), was published from 2003 to 2004, and details the adventures of a housecat who joins one of the warrior cat Clans.", "\"Warriors: The New Prophecy\", published from 2005 to 2006, follows the first sub-series, chronicling the Clans' journey to a new home.", "The third story arc, \"Warriors: Power of Three\", was published from 2007 to 2009, and centres around a prophecy about three cats with extraordinary powers.", "The fourth sub-series, \"Warriors: Omen of the Stars\", was published from 2009 to 2012 and continues the story arc of \"Warriors: Power of Three\".", "The fifth sub-series, \"Warriors: Dawn of the Clans\", was published from 2013 to 2015.", "This prequel series arc details the formation of the Clans.", "The sixth sub-series, \"Warriors: A Vision of Shadows,\" was published from 2016 to 2018.", "Chronologically, \"Warriors: A Vision of Shadows\" follows \"Warriors: Omen of the Stars\".", "The seventh sub-series is entitled \"Warriors: The Broken Code\".", "The first book in the seventh series, \"Lost Stars\", was released on 9 April 2019.", "The second book, \"The Silent Thaw\", will be released on 29 October 2019.", "Other books have been released in addition to the main series, including eleven lengthier stand-alone \"Super Edition\" novels, several e-book novellas later published in five print compilations, six guide books, and several volumes of original English-language manga, initially produced as a collaboration between HarperCollins and TOKYOPOP before the latter's closure.", "The series has also been translated into several languages.", "Alibaba Pictures has acquired the film rights to the series as of 2016.", "Major themes in the series include adventure, forbidden love, the concept of nature vs. nurture, acceptance, the struggle of Good vs. Evil, the reactions of different faiths meeting each other, and characters being a mix of good and bad.", "The authors draw inspiration from several natural locations and other authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien, J. K. Rowling, and William Shakespeare.", "\"Warriors\" has received mostly positive reviews, but it has also been criticized for being confusing due to its large number of characters and numerous events and relations.", "Critics have compared it to the \"Redwall\" series.", "Although nominated for several awards, \"Warriors\" has yet to receive any major literary prizes.", "Several novels in the series have reached the \"New York Times\" Bestseller List, and the series has found popularity in many countries, including Trinidad, U.K, Germany, and China.", "The series first began when publisher HarperCollins asked Victoria Holmes to write a fantasy series about feral cats.", "Initially, Holmes was not very enthusiastic, since she \"couldn't imagine coming up with enough ideas\".", "She worked with the concept, however, expanding the storyline with elements of war, politics, revenge, doomed love, and religious conflict.", "Although the original plan was a stand-alone novel, enough material was created for several books, and the publisher decided on a six-volume series.", "The first volume, \"Into the Wild\", was written by Kate Cary under the pseudonym \"Erin Hunter\" and was completed in about three months.", "Holmes then began to work behind the scenes, editing and supervising details.", "Cherith Baldry joined the team to write the third book, \"Forest of Secrets\".", "Later, after she wrote the first \"Warriors\" field guide, Tui Sutherland became the fourth Erin Hunter., there were also some rumors that said \"Warriors\" where also based of off a children's book from the 60s called: \"Forest Dogs\" that had almost the same plot origins.", "The authors have named several other authors as sources of inspiration when writing the novels.", "In an online author chat, Cherith Baldry listed the authors that inspire her as including Tolkien, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Shakespeare.", "In the same chat, Victoria Holmes stated that Jacqueline Wilson, Kathy Reichs, and J. K. Rowling are some of the authors that inspire her.", "According to the official website, other authors who have inspired the writers include Enid Blyton, Lucy Daniels, Ellis Peters, Tess Gerritsen, Kate Ellis, Lisa Gardiner, and Meg Cabot.", "The authors have also mentioned several other sources of inspiration.", "The New Forest in southern England was the base for the forest where the original series took place.", "Other influential locations include Loch Lomond, as well as the Scottish Highlands.", "Nicholas Culpeper, a physician who used materials occurring in the natural world as medicine, also had an influence on the \"Warriors\" series.", "His book, \"Culpeper's Herbal\", is used as a source by the authors for the herbal remedies that the cats use in the books.", "In addition, the authors suggested that they may use some fan-created names in future books.", "Also mentioned as a source of inspiration was the film series Rambo.", "In the Warriors universe, a large group of feral cats has settled into a forest and claimed it for their own.", "The cats are split into four smaller Clans: ThunderClan lives in woodland areas, WindClan resides on the moors, RiverClan by the river, and ShadowClan within and around the swamps hidden in the shadows.", "SkyClan, a fifth group, also used to be a part of this system but was forced to flee when their territory was destroyed to make human houses.", "The other Clans refused to share their territory, thus leading to SkyClan being driven out of their home.", "The other Clans were ashamed of this and tried to erase all memory of SkyClan.", "Each Clan has adapted to their own terrain; RiverClan, for example, will swim in the river to catch fish, while the majority of cats from the other Clans fear and avoid bodies of water.", "Relationships between different Clans are tense and they often come into conflict with one another.", "Each clan is taught signature battle moves in order to protect their territory.", "Border skirmishes are the most common source of battle; they are often short-lived and cause no real damage to either side.", "Bigger and more brutal battles can occur, which can result in casualties.", "The Clans can also show concern for each other; the idea of one Clan being destroyed causes deep distress and will prompt urgent action on behalf of all four Clans.", "On the night of every full moon, the Clans will meet at a designated spot in order to share stories and news in peace.", "This is known as a 'Gathering', and fighting is prohibited.", "Cats who live outside of the Clans are split into three groups.", "Housecats, known as 'kittypets', are often sneered at by the Clan cats for their cozy and lazy life, and if they wander into the forest are chased away, but will rarely come to harm.", "'Loners' are cats who walk outside of the Clans, usually by themselves.", "Although regarded by the Clans with suspicion, they do not cause the forest cats any trouble, and so are free to wander outside of the borders in peace.", "Similar to loners are 'rogues', who differ only because they try to cause Clans harm.", "It is not unusual for a rogue to be a former Clan cat looking for revenge.", "For a kittypet, loner, or rogue to join a Clan is rare, but not unheard of.", "Often, these newcomers have to prove themselves in order to be regarded with trust by the rest of the community.", "Beyond the Clans' territories lies a mountain range, inhabited by the Tribe of Rushing Water, which follows a different set of ancestors: the Tribe of Endless Hunting.", "The Tribe has a Healer, cave-guards, and prey-hunters, who each serve a different function in the Tribe.", "The Healer leads the Tribe, heals the ill and wounded, and communicates with the Tribe of Endless Hunting; the cave-guards defend the Tribe and the prey-hunters hunt.", "The Tribe was formed by the Ancients when they left the lake to live in the mountains.", "In turn, cats from the Tribe moved to the forest of the original series and formed the Clans.", "StarClan is a group of the Clans' deceased ancestors who give guidance to the Clans.", "After death, most Clan cats join StarClan.", "It is represented by Silverpelt, and each individual star represents the spirit of a single dead warrior.", "Upon joining StarClan, the cats' spirits take the form in which they were most happy while living (i.e. blindness and deafness can be cured).", "StarClan Warriors, elders, deputies, queens, and kits keep watch over the Clans, usually watching the Clan they lived in while alive.", "They provide guidance to the Clans, often through dreams and other signs like omens.", "Often, this occurs when medicine cats go to the Moonstone, a large piece of quartz in an abandoned mine, which is used in the forest territory to communicate with the medicine and leader cats' ancestors every half-moon.", "StarClan cats are often described as being transparent and silver in color, with stars sparkling around their pelts.", "In addition to StarClan, there exists the Dark Forest, also known as The Place of No Stars.", "The spirits of traitors who caused great pain and suffering to others walk alone there, forever, to pay for their sins.", "As the name suggests, it takes the form of a never-ending forest, forcing its residents to forever walk alone.", "Although cats of the Dark Forest are meant to be isolated as punishment, they later learn how to walk in the dreams of living cats.", "Like StarClan cats, Dark Forest residents will fade away if they are forgotten, or killed in battle.", "The original \"Warriors\" series, later re-titled \"Warriors: The Prophecies Begin\", was released from 2003 to 2004 and consists of six books: \"Into the Wild\" (21 January 2003), \"Fire and Ice\" (27 May 2003), \"Forest of Secrets\" (14 October 2003), \"Rising Storm\" (6 January 2004), \"A Dangerous Path\" (1 June 2004), and \"The Darkest Hour\" (5 October 2004).", "The series was subtitled \"The Prophecies Begin\" for its planned re-release in paperback with new covers in 2015.", "The series details the experiences of a housecat named Rusty who ventures into the forest and is invited to join ThunderClan, one of four groups of wild cats in the forest.", "He rises through the clan hierarchy and becomes the leader of ThunderClan by the end of the series.", "The second series, \"Warriors: The New Prophecy\", was released from 2005 to 2006, and consists of six books: \"Midnight\" (10 May 2005), \"Moonrise\" (1 August 2005), \"Dawn\" (27 December 2005), \"Starlight\" (4 April 2006), \"Twilight\" (22 August 2006), and \"Sunset\" (26 December 2006).", "In this series, the Clan’s survival is put at risk as humans begin to destroy the forest with machinery.", "To combat this, one cat from all four Clan’s is chosen to journey and find a new home for the cats to live.", "These cats are Tawnypelt of ShadowClan, Crowpaw (later Crowfeather) of WindClan, Feathertail of RiverClan, and Brambleclaw of ThunderClan, the latter of whom also struggles with his heritage as the late Tigerstar’s son.", "Feathertail’s brother Stormfur and the ThunderClan apprentice Squirrelpaw (later Squirrelflight) also accompany them.", "The first book, \"Midnight\" mainly revolves around the four chosen cats having their dream and leaving with Squirrelpaw/flight and Stormfur.", "Then, making a perilous journey and finding \"Midnight\", a wise badger.", "They then have to deliver a cryptic message from her which meant that the clans had to leave their home and that \"\"a dying warrior will show the way\"\".", "They decide to go over the mountains as it it's safer than the route they took to get there.", "The second book's main theme is the six getting through the mountains and getting home alive.", "They meet The Tribe Of Rushing Water who 'keeps' Stormfur, believing him to be the cat who will save them from a Sharptooth a mountain lion.", "It turns out to be Feathertail who is the silver cat who saves the tribe and she dies plunging a rock into its neck, killing it.", "It also says that Leafpaw/pool gets trapped by the Twolegs (humans), who don 't want cats getting in their way when they destroy the forest.", "It ends with Leafpaw/pool captured and the now five cats seeing their home.", "The middle books focus on a journey that all the clans go on together to get to their new home.", "The last two books mainly focus on a vision that 'Blood will spill blood and the lake will turn red' .", "The third series, \"Warriors: Power of Three\", was released from 2007 to 2009 and consists of six books: \"The Sight\" (24 April 2007), \"Dark River\" (26 December 2007), \"Outcast\" (22 April 2008), \"Eclipse\" (2 September 2008), \"Long Shadows\" (25 November 2008), and \"Sunrise\" (21 April 2009).", "The plot is centered on the prophecy, \"\"There will be three, kin of your kin, who hold the power of the stars in their paws\"\", which was given to Firestar in \"Firestar's Quest\" by Skywatcher.", "The series revolves around Jayfeather, Hollyleaf, and Lionblaze, children of Brambleclaw and Squirrelflight, and grandchildren of the ThunderClan leader Firestar, who descover that they each have a unique power.", "Jayfeather's power was the ability to walk in dreams and sense emotions, despite being blind.", "Lionblaze can fight any battle without receiving injury.", "Hollyleaf is shown to not have one and later on it is revealed that either Dovekit or Ivykit will be one of the three.", "The fourth series, \"Warriors: Omen of the Stars\", was released from 2009 to 2012 and consists of six books: \"The Fourth Apprentice\" (24 November 2009), \"Fading Echoes\" (23 March 2010), \"Night Whispers\" (23 November 2010), \"Sign of the Moon\" (5 April 2011), \"The Forgotten Warrior\" (22 November 2011), and \"The Last Hope\" (3 April 2012).", "It is a direct continuation of \"\", wherein they found out that Hollyleaf has no special power and Dovewing, grandchild of Firestar's nephew Cloudtail, is the third cat.", "The fifth series, \"Warriors: Dawn of the Clans\", was released from 5 March 2013 to 1 September 2015 and consists of six books: \"The Sun Trail\" (5 March 2013), \"Thunder Rising\" (5 November 2013), \"The First Battle\" (8 April 2014), \"The Blazing Star\" (4 November 2014), \"A Forest Divided\" (7 April 2015), and \"Path of Stars\" (1 September 2015).", "It mainly features around cats of the old times but mostly Gray Wing, Clear Sky, and Thunder.", "\"Warriors: A Vision of Shadows\" is the sixth sub-series.", "The series was originally titled, \"Warriors: StarClan's Promise\".", "The first book, \"The Apprentice's Quest\", which takes place approximately eight months after \"Bramblestar's Storm,\" was released on 15 March 2016.", "The books' main characters are Sparkpaw/Sparkpelt and Alderpaw/Alderheart who are Bramblestar's and Squirrelflight's children.", "Later on, Twigkit/Twigpaw/Twigbranch and Violetkit/Violetpaw/Violetshine, who are later discovered to be lost SkyClan kits/appentices/warriors, also become main characters.", "The first book, \"The Apprentice's Quest,\" starts with each Clan's medicine cats receiving a prophecy from StarClan together, telling them to \"\"Embrace what you find in the shadows, for only they can clear the sky\"\".", "The following books are \"Thunder and Shadow (September 6, 2016)\", \"Shattered Sky\" (11 April 2017), \"Darkest Night (November 7, 2017)\", \"River of Fire\" (10 April 2018) and \"The Raging Storm\" (6 November 2018).", "\"Warriors: The Broken Code\" is the seventh sub-series.", "The first book, \"Lost Stars\" was released on 9 April 2019.", "This series revolves around Bristlepaw/Bristlefrost, a ThunderClan apprentice/warrior, Rootpaw, a SkyClan apprentice, and Shadowpaw, a ShadowClan medicine cat apprentice.", "The second book, \"The Silent Thaw\" will be released on 28 October 2019.", "This revolves around the ThunderClan’s leader, Bramblestar, who has been behaving erratically after losing one of his nine lives.", "Suspicion is quickly spreading across Clan borders.", "And when a strange apparition sparks unrest in SkyClan and ShadowClan, each warrior must decide where their allegiances lie—with their Clan, or the warrior code itself.", "Super Editions are stand-alone books in the \"Warriors\" series that are approximately double the length of a normal \"Warriors\" book, about 500 pages long.", "The first Super Edition was Firestar's Quest, about Firestar going to restore SkyClan.", "Six field guides have also been published.", "The guides offer extra information, usually in the form of short stories, and are usually about 150 pages long.", "Several series of original English-language manga have been produced by HarperCollins with TOKYOPOP.", "With the shutdown of TOKYOPOP, subsequent manga volumes have been published under the HarperCollins name alone.", "Four of the manga series consist of three volumes, though \"The Rise of Scourge\" is a standalone book.", "Originally published only in e-book format, the novellas were later published in anthology volumes.", "The first book of the series, \"Into the Wild\", was generally well-received, with reviewers calling it a \"spine-tingling,\" \"thoroughly engrossing\" and \"exciting... action-packed adventure.\"", "One reviewer praised the authors for \"creating an intriguing world... and an engaging young hero\", but another criticised the characters and imagined world as being \"neither... consistent nor compelling.\"", "The manga has also earned praise: a reviewer for \"Children's Bookwatch\" noted that \"Into the Woods\" \"ends on a tense cliffhanger, leaving the reader in anxious anticipation for more.", "Suitable for readers age ten to one hundred and ten, warriors Tigerstar and Sasha's manga story, #1: Into the Woods, is especially recommended for cat lovers everywhere\".", "Its sequel, \"Escape from the Forest\", was also well reviewed: a reviewer for \"Publishers Weekly\" believed that girls would benefit from reading about Sasha leaving the powerful Tigerstar due to his \"growing violence\".", "The art was also praised, with the reviewer writing that \"Hudson's artwork brings Sasha's emotional journey to life, showing each moment of fear, anxiety, contentment, and joy.", "The cat's-eye perspective of many of the panels, in addition, add \"sic\" a dramatic, energizing element to the book\".", "The reviewer also wrote that \"a twist at the end will leave fans eager for the next installment of Sasha's saga\", and that the book would appeal to young adults trying to find their place in the world.", "Lisa Goldstein for \"School Library Journal\" also gave the book a positive review, writing that the plot would attract new fans and appeal to old fans.", "The reviewer also wrote that \"though the cover claims that this is a 'manga,' the straightforward illustrations are drawn in a simple, realistic style\".", "The large number of characters involved in the series has often been seen as a negative point; though one reviewer compared the \"huge cast\" to that of a Greek drama, others wrote that it was \"hard to follow\" and \"a little confusing.\"", "The characters have also been criticised as being \"somewhat flat\" and \"limited essentially to each individual's function within the clan.\"", "As one reviewer put it, the cats in the series are \"true to their feline nature,\" leading some critics to jokingly comment that the books will \"leave readers eyeing Puss a bit nervously\" and wondering \"what dreams of grandeur may haunt the family cat.\"", "However, this realism also means that the series contains a relatively large amount of violence, with one critic stating that it is \"not for the faint of heart.\"", "Several critics have compared \"Warriors\" to Brian Jacques' \"Redwall\" series, though one commented that it was \"not as elegantly written.\"", "\"The New York Times\" called the series a \"hit with young readers\", specifically because of its \"sprawling universe\", and the series was able to appear on the \"New York Times\" Bestseller List for a total of 117 weeks, as of 24 November 2013.", "\"Into the Wild\" was nominated for the Pacific Northwest Library Association's 2006 Young Reader's Choice Awards but lost to Christopher Paolini's \"Eragon\".", "It was also listed on \"Booklist\"' s Top 10 fantasy books for youth in 2003 and was a Book Sense 76 Pick.", "\"The Sight\" was nominated for the best Middle Readers book in Amazon's Best Books of the Year (2007) and placed sixth out of the ten nominees, with six percent of the total votes.", "It was also nominated for the Children's Choice Book Awards.", "In 2006, \"Warriors\" also received an honorable mention for the best book series for \"Publisher Weekly's\" \"On the Cuff\" awards.", "Themes in the series often revolve around forbidden love.", "These relationships are not allowed for various reasons: some involve medicine cats, who are not allowed to have mates according to the medicine cat code, while others develop between cats in different Clans, which is also forbidden by the warrior code (for example, Graystripe and Silverstream.)", "Holmes said that another central theme of the series centres on \"faith and spirituality\" in StarClan.", "All books in the series feature the influence of StarClan, not just as the cats think of them, but in terms of prophecies delivered by StarClan which inevitably come true.", "Some scenes take place within StarClan's realm, with no living cats present as point-of-view characters.", "Thus the existence of an afterlife and the influence of spirits who have passed on and yet retain their earthly identities is integral to all of the plot arcs in the series.", "Another idea explored in the novels is the reactions of different faiths when meeting each other.", "For example, the Tribe of Rushing Water, which believes in different spiritual ancestors than the Clans, is introduced in \"Moonrise\".", "In an author chat, Holmes explained that the books never say that either of the Clans or the Tribe of Rushing Water is right about faith because both are \"equally valid.\"", "This leads to fear and suspicion between them because they are afraid of things they do not understand.", "Holmes said that \"ignorance is a very scary thing!\"", "Non-belief is also significant in the storylines: Mothwing and Cloudtail do not believe in StarClan.Kittypets, loners, and rouges were also a very important theme (at least for Erin Hunter).", "Another theme is that characters can be a mix of good and evil.", "Holmes has said she is fascinated by these \"shades of gray\" in personalities.", "Her example of this was when Bluestar, a noble and honorable cat, gave up her kits for her own ambitions so an evil cat would not take over.", "Another example she gave of this is how the antagonist Tigerstar, even with all of his faults, is still courageous and fiercely loyal.", "Similarly, Holmes has also connected the theme to Brambleclaw and how nobody knew whether he was good or evil.", "A third major theme, often referred to as nature versus nurture, explores whether a person is born the way he or she will be, or if other things shape that.", "For example, Brambleclaw's father is the evil Tigerstar, but he eventually demonstrates that despite this, he is not evil himself, despite initial suspicion from Clanmates due to his father's legacy.", "This theme ties into the \"shades of gray\" theme.", "similar to the book ̈Forest dogs ̈.", "A reviewer for \"Publishers Weekly\" noted that friendship and responsibility are taught to characters in the novels, while booksforyouths.com had a reviewer who pointed out the idea that, just as Clan cats shun house cats for their soft life, people should realize that it is necessary to experience hardship in life.", "A Storysnoops review noted that one of the themes was that \"it doesn't matter where you come from, only who you are inside\".", "In \"Dawn\", the importance of cooperation is explored.", "The four Clans, normally hostile to each other, are forced to work together in order to find a new home.", "Other themes that have been pointed out deal with family, loss, honor, bravery, death, loyalty, and following rules.", "Holmes has said that one of the good things about writing a book about cats is that \"we can tackle difficult human issues such as death, racial intolerance, and religious intolerance without seeming so heavy.\"", "All of the \"Warriors\" books except for the manga have been published as hardcovers, and the majority of them have also been published as paperbacks.", "\"Starlight\", \"Twilight\", and \"Sunset\" from \"The New Prophecy\", as well as the first four \"Omen of the Stars\" books, are available in an audiobook format.", "The \"New Prophecy\" audiobooks are spoken by Nanette Savard, whose performance has been praised by reviewers.", "A reviewer for \"AudioFile\" wrote: \"Nanette Savard brings out the youth of the cats who are struggling to help their clan survive and to protect each other from outside danger.\"", "The \"Omen of the Stars\" audiobooks are spoken by Veronica Taylor who played Ash Ketchum and many anime and cartoon characters .", "The books in the four main series have also been released in an e-book format.", "The \"Warriors\" series was first published in the United States and United Kingdom.", "The editions published of the first two series—\"Warriors\" and \"Warriors: The New Prophecy\"—in the United Kingdom had slight variations in cover design from their United States counterparts.", "\"Warriors\" is also sold in New Zealand, Australia, and Canada.", "Translations from English into other languages such as Czech, Lithuanian, Finnish, Japanese, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and Korean have been published more recently.", "The first six books have been published in Korea, Italy and Latin America, the first five series in Germany and the first four series in the Netherlands.", "Fandom also exists in Trinidad and Singapore.", "The first two books have been published in Poland.", "The \"Warriors\" website features \"Warriors\" screensavers, along with videos on the process of writing a manga book and a video promoting \"The Last Hope\".", "There is also a \"How To Draw Manga\" page.", "In addition, there are games, including quizzes, the \"New Prophecy Adventure\", and the \"Warriors Adventure Game\".", "On the Frequently Asked Questions section of the site, Erin Hunter said that they are working on an online game that would be released in late 2010.", "It finished the first round of testing in summer 2010, but has not been released.", "Whether it will be a role-playing game is unknown.", "Erin Hunter has stated on the official \"Warriors\" website that there is still no plan for an official video game, but if there was, it would probably be based on a movie version of the \"Warriors\" series, which was at the time not under consideration.", "Many fans have resorted to making their own games and websites, many of these sites being Play-by-post role-playing game forums.", "On 20 October 2016, Victoria Holmes announced that Alibaba Pictures had bought the production rights for a film adaptation with David Heyman as producer.", "On 14 May 2018 it was announced that STX Entertainment had come on board to co-produce the film, with STX board member Gigi Pritzker working alongside Heyman.", "It was also announced that screenwriters Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger would write the screenplay for the movie.", "No director or release date has yet been announced for the film.", "The first short story written by Erin Hunter is \"Spottedleaf's Honest Answer\".", "In it, the spirit of former ThunderClan medicine cat Spottedleaf discusses her love for Firestar.", "It gives information on what happened in the \"Warriors\" series from \"Into the Wild\" to \"Firestar's Quest\".", "On 20 January 2009, another short story, \"The Clans Decide\", was released on the \"Warriors Ultimate Leader Election\" site, starring Firestar, who won an election through an online fan vote conducted in recognition of President Obama's Inauguration Day.", "In the story, the four Clans vote for a way to survive a tough winter.", "Every cat at the meeting votes on whether or not the Clans should work together to survive the winter.", "The cats vote in favour of working together.", "Two short stories, \"After Sunset: The Right Choice?\"", "and \"The Elders' Concern\", are included with the \"Warriors\" mobile application.", "\"The Elders' Concern\" has been noted to contain timeline errors.", "Taking place after Bluestar's selection of Fireheart for deputy, it is about the elder Halftail, who is unhappy with the decision, and wakes the other elders to discuss it with them.", "In \"After Sunset: The Right Choice?\",", ", After Brambleclaw is forced to kill Hawkfrost, he is worried about what Firestar might do, but Firestar is extremely proud of him.", "Written by Victoria Holmes for a tour, a play titled \"After Sunset: We Need to Talk\" was first premiered on 28 April 2007 at the Secret Garden bookstore in Seattle, Washington.", "It details a meeting between Leafpool of ThunderClan and Crowfeather of WindClan after the events of \"Sunset\".", "The script was released to the public on the official site for the \"Warriors\" series.", "During a fundraising event in Russellville, Arkansas, \"Brightspirit's Mercy\" was performed by various high school drama students.", "The second of two plays by Erin Hunter, \"Brightspirit's Mercy\" is about Jaypaw, Lionblaze, and Hollyleaf.", "After going to a Gathering, where it is obvious all of the Clans except for ThunderClan are starving, three cats from StarClan appear to them: Brightspirit and her parents, Shiningheart and Braveheart, characters created on \"Wands and Worlds\", a fantasy fiction forum, in memory of a 10-year-old \"Warriors\" fan, Emmy Grace Cherry, and her parents, Dana and Jimmy Cherry, who were killed in a tornado in February 2007.", "They tell the three young cats that they must help feed the other Clans.", "Jaypaw is easily convinced, but Hollyleaf and Lionblaze are harder to win over.", "Eventually, they agree and hunt, then wait at the WindClan border for a patrol.", "Ashfoot, WindClan's deputy, accepts the gift, but Breezepaw, too proud to have help from another Clan, refuses to eat it.", "Jaypaw, Lionblaze, and Hollyleaf then head towards another Clan's territory.", "In the Chinese translation of the series, \"3-D trading cards\" are packaged in each book.", "The 3-D effect is produced using stereoscopic lenticular printing.", "These cards feature pictures of the cats on the center of the bookcover and their Chinese and English names, and biographical information on the back.", "Also produced are puzzles and cups with \"Warriors\" images.", "On 30 June 2011, an official iOS application and Android application was released on the iTunes App Store and Play store.", "It contains information about the books in the series, profiles of the Clans and major characters (including app-exclusive information such as the name of Firestar's mother), an interactive timeline and maps, two application-exclusive short stories, a trivia game, and even an amino.", "The app has been taken off the Google Play store." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 85122, "simple_article_title": "Warriors (book series)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=85122", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-85122-0-0", "simple-85122-0-1", "simple-85122-0-2", "simple-85122-0-3", "simple-85122-0-4", "simple-85122-0-5", "simple-85122-0-6", "simple-85122-0-7", "simple-85122-0-8", "simple-85122-1-0", "simple-85122-1-1", "simple-85122-1-2", "simple-85122-1-3", "simple-85122-1-4", "simple-85122-1-5", "simple-85122-1-6", "simple-85122-2-0", "simple-85122-2-1", "simple-85122-3-0", "simple-85122-3-1", "simple-85122-3-2", "simple-85122-3-3", "simple-85122-3-4", "simple-85122-3-5", "simple-85122-3-6", "simple-85122-3-7", "simple-85122-3-8", "simple-85122-4-0", "simple-85122-4-1", "simple-85122-4-2", "simple-85122-4-3", "simple-85122-4-4", "simple-85122-4-5", "simple-85122-5-0", "simple-85122-5-1", "simple-85122-5-2", "simple-85122-5-3", "simple-85122-6-0", "simple-85122-6-1", 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"simple-85122-12-12", "simple-85122-12-13", "simple-85122-13-0", "simple-85122-13-1", "simple-85122-13-2", "simple-85122-13-3", "simple-85122-13-4", "simple-85122-13-5", "simple-85122-13-6", "simple-85122-13-7", "simple-85122-14-0", "simple-85122-15-0", "simple-85122-16-0", "simple-85122-17-0", "simple-85122-18-0", "simple-85122-19-0", "simple-85122-20-0", "simple-85122-21-0", "simple-85122-22-0", "simple-85122-23-0", "simple-85122-24-0", "simple-85122-25-0", "simple-85122-26-0", "simple-85122-27-0", "simple-85122-28-0", "simple-85122-29-0", "simple-85122-30-0", "simple-85122-31-0", "simple-85122-32-0", "simple-85122-33-0", "simple-85122-34-0", "simple-85122-35-0", "simple-85122-36-0", "simple-85122-36-1", "simple-85122-36-2", "simple-85122-36-3", "simple-85122-36-4", "simple-85122-36-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Warriors is a series of fantasy fiction books written by Erin Hunter.", "The series is about the adventures of wild cats as they try to survive in their forest homes.", "The series is made up of four mini-series with six books in each series.", "The first of these, called \"Warriors\", was released in 2003, starting with the book \"Into the Wild\".", "The authors were not planning to write another mini-series, but they eventually began the second mini-series.", "The second mini-series is titled \"Warriors: The New Prophecy\" and was published in 2005.", "The first book was called \"Midnight\".", "The first book of the third series \"Warriors: The Power of Three\", \"The Sight\", was released on April 24, 2007.", "The fourth series, \"Warriors: Omen of the Stars\", began with \"The Fourth Apprentice\"", "Four field guides were also released.", "They give more information about the Clans that are not mentioned in the series.", "\"Firestar's Quest\", a \"Super Edition\", was released on August 21, 2005.", "After it, two other super editions were released; Bluestar's Prophecy and SkyClan's Destiny.", "Several three volume manga series have been printed as well.", "The title of the first volume was \"The Lost Warrior\", and followed Graystripe after he was taken away by \"twolegs\" (humans).", "The second volume, \"Warrior's Refuge\", was released on December 26, 2007, and the second book of \"Power of Three\", \"Dark River\", was also released December 26, 2007.", "The series focuses on a group of cats called ThunderClan.", "Each mini-series focuses on different characters.", "The original series and the first two books of \"Warriors: The New Prophecy\" are set in a forest that the authors have said was based on the New Forest area of England.", "The first six books center around Rusty, a kittypet (housecat) who joins ThunderClan, and finds out that there is a prophecy about him.", "The second series finds the forest in turmoil.", "\"Twolegs\" (humans) are destroying the forest, and a cat from each Clan (there are four) must go on a journey.", "Then, all the cats must find a new home.", "This involves mostly Leafpool and Squirrelflight, daughters of Rusty, now called Firestar.", "The third series, The Power of Three, involves Squirrelflight's \"kits\", Jaypaw, Hollypaw, and Lionpaw, and the special powers that they have.", "The next series, Omen of the Stars, came out a while ago.", "Squirrelflight's\"children\" discover their true identity and save all the clans.", "This mini-series focuses on the young kitten Rusty.", "In the first book, \"Into the Wild\", he discovers a kitten named Graypaw in the woods.", "After a cat named Bluestar asks him to join ThunderClan, Rusty decides to leave his home in the town and join Bluestar's Clan - who she turns out to lead.", "There, he is given the name Firepaw.", "Some of his friends include Graypaw, Sandpaw, Dustpaw, and Ravenpaw - they become Graystripe, Sandstorm, and Dustpelt, but Ravenpaw is chased off due to his mentor's evil intentions.", "Firepaw himself is later named a warrior, Fireheart.", "Fireheart finds out that a fellow warrior, Tigerclaw, has killed a cat in ThunderClan because he wanted to take this cat's position.", "Fireheart reveals this to his Clan in \"Forest of Secrets\".", "Tigerclaw is then forced away from ThunderClan and lives as a lone cat in the forest.", "However, he is always watching for a chance to take revenge on Fireheart.", "However, Tigerclaw then becomes leader of a rival clan, ShadowClan.", "He tries to get the four Clans to join and form one single Clan called TigerClan.", "When they refuse, he asks a group of city cats called BloodClan to fight the other Clans.", "However, this plan fails and Tigerclaw is killed by the leader of BloodClan.", "The next mini-series focuses on three cats: Brambleclaw, Squirrelpaw, and Leafpaw of ThunderClan.", "One night, in a dream, Brambleclaw speaks to the old ThunderClan leader, Bluestar, who tells him to meet with three other cats and to listen to what midnight tells them.", "He meets Tawnypelt of ShadowClan, Feathertail of RiverClan, and Crowpaw of WindClan, and together with their friends Stormfur and Squirrelpaw, they travel to the \"sun-drown-place\" (the ocean).", "There they learn that twolegs (humans) will destroy the forest because they want to build more thunderpaths (roads).", "The six cats hurry back, but on the way, they meet some cats in the mountains known as the Tribe of Rushing Water.", "The tribe is being hunted by a large mountain cat, named Sharptooth.", "And they think that Stormfur is the cat that is foretold to save them.", "In the end, it is Feathertail, Stormfur's sister, who kills the mountain cat, but she dies on the way.", "After leaving the tribe, the five remaining cats go home but find that the clans are worse than they had thought.", "The cats are all starving because the humans are scaring away all the prey and destroying the land.", "Firestar finally manages to convince the other clan leaders, (Leopardstar of Riverclan, Blackstar of ShadowClan, and Tallstar of Windclan, though he was willing) to come with him, and the four clans travel to a new territory by a lake.", "But even though the cats are now safe, the trouble is not over.", "Squirrelpaw, given her warrior name Squirrelflight, does not trust Brambleclaw because he is friends with his half-brother Hawkfrost, son of Tigerstar and a rogue called Sasha.", "And Leafpaw falls in love with Crowpaw, now known as Crowfeather.", "As the cats fight and fall in love, lots of badgers attack ThunderClan, making Leafpaw make the choice to give up Crowfeather and letting Brambleclaw and Squirrelflight realize how much they mean to each other.", "In \"Sunset,\" Hawkfrost wants to kill Firestar so Brambleclaw can become leader.", "Brambleclaw realizes that he is more loyal to Firestar than to his half-brother, and he kills Hawkfrost to save his leader.", "This series is about three cats - Jaypaw, Hollypaw, and Lionpaw.", "They are the kits Squirrelflight and Brambleclaw and they are also grandchildren of Firestar.", "These three kittens are about to be ThunderClan apprentices.", "Hollypaw wants to be a medicine cat, and Jaypaw and Lionpaw will train to be warriors.", "However, Jaypaw is blind, and training to be a warrior will be hard for him.", "Eventually Hollypaw and Jaypaw switch roles after StarClan, the warrior ancestors, tell Jaypaw he needs to become a medicine cat.", "A few moons later, Lionpaw begins secretly meeting a WindClan apprentice, Heatherpaw while being trained by Tigerstar.", "Heatherpaw finds a set of secret tunnels under the ground and she and Lionpaw meet in them.", "Hollypaw finds out about this, and she and her friend Cinderpaw try to stop him from going to the tunnels.", "He eventually realizes that it is wrong to meet a cat from another clan, and breaks off the friendship.", "Then, three WindClan kittens get lost in the tunnels and Heatherpaw, Lionpaw, Hollypaw, Jaypaw, and Breezepaw have to save them.", "In \"Outcast\", the Tribe of Rushing Water is in danger from another band of cats in the mountains.", "Firestar sends the original New Prophecy cats, plus some extras, to the mountains to try to help them.", "Jaypaw meets the Tribe of Endless Hunting, the tribe’s ancestors, and realizes that the tribe is not all that different.", "In Eclipse, WindClan is not happy about ThunderClan taking in non-clan cats, so all four clans battle(Thunder and Shadow VS. Wind and River) and the fighting is only stopped by an eclipse.", "A strange cat named Sol had predicted it, and Jaypaw thinks Sol is very powerful.", "After the battle, Hollypaw and Lionpaw get their warrior names, Hollyleaf and Lionblaze.", "Sol tries to become powerful within the clans by convincing ShadowClan to stop believing in the Warrior code.", "Jaypaw, Hollyleaf, and Lionblaze fake a sign from StarClan with TawnyPelt's kits Help to make Blackstar believe in his warrior ancestors again.", "Sol is driven out, and Jaypaw, after saving ThunderClan from a greencough, is given his medicine cat name, Jayfeather.", "When the clan is in the camp, a fire starts, and the three are trapped on a cliff.", "Squirrelflight tries to save them, but a warrior called Ashfur blocks the way.", "It turns out he was mad that Squirrelflight chose Brambleclaw to be with her and not him.", "In order to save the three, Squirrelflight has to tell Ashfur an important secret - Jayfeather, Lionblaze, and Hollyleaf are not her kittens.", "Ashfur wants to tell all the clans, so right before the gathering, he is found dead in a river.", "The cats think Sol did it, so some of them go on a trip to a Twolegplace, find him, and take him back to ThunderClan.", "Meanwhile, Jayfeather is trying to find out who his mother is.", "After finding some clues, he realizes that she is Leafpool, and his father is Crowfeather.", "Hollyleaf is very mad upon hearing this, and she herself tells the cats at the gathering about it.", "She also tells her brothers that she killed Ashfur to protect them.", "Then to escape what she did, she runs into one of the tunnels and it collapses.", "The authors have said that a fourth six-book series called \"Omen of the Stars\" is going to be written.", "Book 1 is called the \"Fourth Apprentice\" It is based on Dovekit and Ivykit, the daughters of Whitewing and Birchfall and the granddaughters of Cloudtail and Brightheart.", "It is out in stores now.", "The second book is called Fading Echoes.", "This book is out now.", "It is available for people to read.", "And the third book, Night Whispers, is now also available at book stores.", "The fourth book, Sign Of the Moon, is now out and available for purchase and the fifth book, The Forgotten Warrior, is now able for purchase.The sixth book, The Last Hope, is out.", "Firestar goes on a quest with Sandstorm to save SkyClan.", "Tallstar sets out on a quest for revenge outside the borders of the warrior code.", "SkyClan's life after Firestar leaves.", "Cloudstar leads his Clan from the forest after Twolegs take their territory.", "Mistystar discovers a shocking secret about RiverClan after she becomes leader.", "Hollyleaf's life in the tunnels.", "\"Secrets of the Clans\" has a list of herbs, all four camp tours, maps, stories, mythology, clan histories, prophecies, and a catspeak:humanspeak glossary.", "\"Cats of the Clans\" has biographies and drawings of most important Warriors characters.", "\"Code of the Clans\" explains the reasons behind all the rules of the warrior code using 15 short stories.", "\"Battles of the Clans\" explains all of the clans' battle moves.", "\"Enter the Clans\" is \"Secrets of the Clans\" and \"Code of the Clans\" in one book.", "Book 1: The Apprentice's Quest", "Book 2: Thunder and Shadow", "Book 3: Shattered Sky", "Book 4: Darkest Night", "Book 5: River of Fire", "The rest of the books in this arc have not yet been released.", "There is a three book manga series based on what happened to Graystripe between the time that he was taken by \"twolegs\" in \"Dawn\" until he returned to ThunderClan in \"The Sight\".", "This series follows the life of Sasha, a kittypet who is forced to leave her home and who falls in love with a dangerous clan cat, Tigerstar.", "This manga series features Ravenpaw, a former apprentice of Thunderclan, and his adventures to take back his home from former Bloodclan cats.", "This graphic novel follows SkyClan four seasons after SkyClan's Destiny, and features Leafstar's experience having kits while leading her Clan through Sol's regime in SkyClan.", "A small kitten named Tiny eventually becomes the feared leader of BloodClan.", "Written by Vicky Holmes for a tour, a play entitled \"After\" Sunset\": We Need to Talk\" was first premiered on April 28, 2007 at the Secret Garden bookstore in Seattle, Washington.", "It shows a meeting between Leafpool of ThunderClan and Crowfeather of WindClan after the events of \"Sunset\".", "The script was released to the public at www.warriorcats.com, the official site for the \"Warriors\" series.", "In 2009, another short play called \"Brightspirit's Mercy\" was released.", "This play was about the ThunderClan cat Jayfeather helping the other clans even though it is against the warrior code.", "This play was also released at www.warriorcats.com." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 36385228, "normal_article_title": "Antillesoma antillarum", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36385228", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-36385228-0-0", "normal-36385228-0-1", "normal-36385228-1-0", "normal-36385228-1-1", "normal-36385228-1-2", "normal-36385228-2-0", "normal-36385228-2-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Antillesoma antillarum is the only species of peanut worms (Sipuncula) of the genus \"Antillesoma\".", "The genus belongs to the family Phascolosomatidae.", "This species is considered a cosmopolitan species.", "They are widespread in tropical and subtropical waters.", "It has been reported in the western Atlantic and the Caribbean from Florida to Brazil, in the eastern Atlantic in Sierra Leone.", "\"Antillesoma antillarum\" has been found inhabiting mollusc shell middens.", "They accompany and associate with the following species of sipunculids: \"Aspidosiphon albus\", \" A. Parvulus\", \"A. fischeri\", \"Temistes lageniformis\", y \"Nephasoma pellucidum\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 352809, "simple_article_title": "Antillesoma antillarum", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=352809", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-352809-0-0", "simple-352809-0-1", "simple-352809-1-0", "simple-352809-1-1", "simple-352809-2-0", "simple-352809-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Antillesoma antillarum is the only species of peanut worms (Sipuncula) of the genus \"Antillesoma\".", "The genus belongs to the family Phascolosomatidae.", "This species is widespread in tropical and subtropical waters.", "It has been reported in the western Atlantic and the Caribbean from Florida to Brazil, in the eastern Atlantic in Sierra Leone.", "\"Antillesoma antillarum\" have been found living in mollusc shell middens.", "They accompany and associate with the following species of sipunculids: \"Aspidosiphon albus\", \" A. Parvulus\", \"A. fischeri\", \"Temistes lageniformis\", y \"Nephasoma pellucidum\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 378518, "normal_article_title": "Cerebral edema", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378518", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-378518-0-0", "normal-378518-1-0", "normal-378518-2-0", "normal-378518-2-1", "normal-378518-3-0", "normal-378518-4-0", "normal-378518-5-0", "normal-378518-5-1", "normal-378518-6-0", "normal-378518-7-0", "normal-378518-8-0", "normal-378518-8-1", "normal-378518-8-2", "normal-378518-8-3", "normal-378518-8-4", "normal-378518-9-0", "normal-378518-10-0", "normal-378518-10-1", "normal-378518-10-2", "normal-378518-10-3", "normal-378518-11-0", "normal-378518-11-1", "normal-378518-11-2", "normal-378518-11-3", "normal-378518-12-0", "normal-378518-12-1", "normal-378518-12-2", "normal-378518-13-0", "normal-378518-13-1", "normal-378518-13-2", "normal-378518-13-3", "normal-378518-14-0", "normal-378518-14-1", "normal-378518-14-2", "normal-378518-15-0", "normal-378518-16-0", "normal-378518-16-1", "normal-378518-16-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Cerebral edema is excess accumulation of fluid (edema) in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain.", "Most changes in morphology are associated with cerebral edema: the brain becomes soft and smooth and overfills the cranial vault, gyri become flattened, sulci become narrowed, and ventricular cavities become compressed.", "Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, faintness, and in severe cases, seizures and coma.", "If brain herniation occurs, respiratory symptoms or respiratory arrest can also occur due to compression of the respiratory centres in the pons and medulla oblongata.", "Cerebral edema can result from brain trauma or from nontraumatic causes such as ischemic stroke, cancer, or brain inflammation due to meningitis or encephalitis.", "Vasogenic edema caused by amyloid-modifying treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies, is known as ARIA-E (amyloid-related imaging abnormalities edema).", "The blood–brain barrier (BBB) or the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier may break down, allowing fluid to accumulate in the brain's extracellular space.", "One manifestation of this is P.R.E.S., or Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.", "Altered metabolism may cause brain cells to retain water, and dilution of the blood plasma may cause excess water to move into brain cells.", "Fast travel to high altitude without proper acclimatization can cause high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE).", "Vasogenic edema occurs due to a breakdown of the tight endothelial junctions that make up the blood–brain barrier.", "This allows intravascular proteins and fluid to penetrate into the parenchymal extracellular space.", "Once plasma constituents cross the barrier, the edema spreads; this may be quite rapid and extensive.", "As water enters white matter, it moves extracellularly along fiber tracts and can also affect the gray matter.", "This type of edema may result from trauma, tumors, focal inflammation, late stages of cerebral ischemia and hypertensive encephalopathy.", "Mechanisms contributing to blood–brain barrier dysfunction include physical disruption by arterial hypertension or trauma, and tumor-facilitated release of vasoactive and endothelial destructive compounds (e.g. arachidonic acid, excitatory neurotransmitters, eicosanoids, bradykinin, histamine, and free radicals).", "In cytotoxic edema, the blood–brain barrier remains intact but a disruption in cellular metabolism impairs functioning of the sodium and potassium pump in the glial cell membrane, leading to cellular retention of sodium and water.", "Swollen astrocytes occur in gray and white matter.", "Cytotoxic edema is seen with various toxins, including dinitrophenol, triethyltin, hexachlorophene, and isoniazid.", "It can occur in Reye's syndrome, severe hypothermia, early ischemia, encephalopathy, early stroke or hypoxia, cardiac arrest, and pseudotumor cerebri.", "During an ischemic stroke, a lack of oxygen and glucose leads to a breakdown of the sodium-calcium pumps on brain cell membranes, which in turn results in a massive buildup of sodium and calcium intracellularly.", "This causes a rapid uptake of water and subsequent swelling of the cells.", "It is this swelling of the individual cells of the brain that is seen as the main distinguishing characteristic of cytotoxic edema, as opposed to vasogenic edema, wherein the influx of fluid is typically seen in the interstitial space rather than within the cells themselves.", "While not all patients who have experienced a stroke will develop a severe edema, those who do have a very poor prognosis.", "In most instances, cytotoxic and vasogenic edema occur together.", "It is generally accepted that cytotoxic edema is dominant immediately following an injury or infarct, but gives way to a vasogenic edema that can persist for several days or longer.", "The use of specific MRI techniques has allowed for some differentiation between the two mechanisms and suggests that in the case of trauma, the cytotoxic response dominates", "Normally, the osmolality of cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) in the brain is slightly lower than that of plasma.", "Plasma can be diluted by several mechanisms, including excessive water intake (or hyponatremia), syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), hemodialysis, or rapid reduction of blood glucose in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), formerly known as hyperosmolar non-ketotic acidosis (HONK).", "Plasma dilution decreases serum osmolality, resulting in a higher osmolality in the brain compared to the serum.", "This creates an abnormal pressure gradient and movement of water into the brain, which can cause progressive cerebral edema, resulting in a spectrum of signs and symptoms from headache and ataxia to seizures and coma.", "Interstitial edema occurs in obstructive hydrocephalus due to a rupture of the CSF–brain barrier.", "This results in trans-ependymal flow of CSF, causing CSF to penetrate the brain and spread to the extracellular spaces and the white matter.", "Interstitial cerebral edema differs from vasogenic edema as CSF contains almost no protein.", "Treatment approaches can include osmotherapy using mannitol, diuretics to decrease fluid volume, corticosteroids to suppress the immune system, hypertonic saline, and surgical decompression to allow the brain tissue room to swell without compressive injury.", "Many studies of the mechanical properties of brain edema were conducted in the 2010s, most of them based on finite element analysis (FEA), a widely used numerical method in solid mechanics.", "For example, Gao and Ang used the finite element method to study changes in intracranial pressure during craniotomy operations.", "A second line of research on the condition looks at thermal conductivity, which is related to tissue water content." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 439854, "simple_article_title": "Cerebral edema", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=439854", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-439854-0-0", "simple-439854-0-1", "simple-439854-0-2", "simple-439854-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Cerebral œdema (or cerebral edema) is a build-up of extra fluid in the brain.", "It is caused by physical trauma or an injury to the brain.", "This includes inflammation of the brain caused by some infections.", "Also, mountain climbers at high altitude have been known to experience cerebral oedema primarily due to reduced air pressure acting on the cranium." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 611093, "normal_article_title": "English Cocker Spaniel", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=611093", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-611093-0-0", "normal-611093-0-1", "normal-611093-0-2", "normal-611093-0-3", "normal-611093-0-4", "normal-611093-0-5", "normal-611093-1-0", "normal-611093-1-1", "normal-611093-1-2", "normal-611093-1-3", "normal-611093-1-4", "normal-611093-1-5", "normal-611093-1-6", "normal-611093-1-7", "normal-611093-1-8", "normal-611093-1-9", "normal-611093-2-0", "normal-611093-2-1", "normal-611093-3-0", "normal-611093-3-1", "normal-611093-3-2", "normal-611093-3-3", "normal-611093-3-4", "normal-611093-3-5", "normal-611093-4-0", "normal-611093-4-1", "normal-611093-4-2", "normal-611093-4-3", "normal-611093-4-4", "normal-611093-5-0", "normal-611093-5-1", "normal-611093-5-2", "normal-611093-5-3", "normal-611093-5-4", "normal-611093-6-0", "normal-611093-6-1", "normal-611093-6-2", "normal-611093-6-3", 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"normal-611093-28-0", "normal-611093-29-0", "normal-611093-29-1", "normal-611093-29-2", "normal-611093-30-0", "normal-611093-30-1", "normal-611093-30-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The English Cocker Spaniel is a breed of gun dog.", "It is noteworthy for producing one of the most varied numbers of pups in a litter among all dog breeds.", "The English Cocker Spaniel is an active, good-natured, sporting dog standing well up at the withers and compactly built.", "There are \"field\" or \"working\" cockers and \"show\" cockers.", "It is one of several varieties of spaniel and is the foundation of its American cousin, the American Cocker Spaniel.", "The English Cocker is closer to the working-dog form of the Field Spaniel and the English Springer Spaniel.", "Outside the US, the breed is usually known simply as the Cocker Spaniel, as is the American Cocker Spaniel within the US.", "The word \"cocker\" is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock.", "The breed can have litters of anywhere from 3–12 puppies.", "Spaniel type dogs have been found in art and literature for almost 500 years.", "Initially, spaniels in England were divided among land spaniels and water spaniels.", "The differentiation among the spaniels that led to the breeds that we see today did not begin until the mid-19th century.", "During this time, the land spaniels became a bit more specialised and divisions among the types were made based upon weight.", "According to the 1840 Encyclopedia of Rural Sports, Cockers were 12–20 lb (5.5–9 kg).", "At this time it was not uncommon for Cockers and Springers to come from the same litter.", "Even a puppy from a “Toy” sized lineage could grow to be a springer.", "There is no indication from these early sources that spaniels were used to retrieve game.", "Rather they were used to drive the game toward the guns.", "During the 1850s and 1860s, other types of Cockers were recorded.", "There were Welsh Springer Spaniels and Devonshire Cockers.", "Additionally, small dogs from Sussex Spaniel litters were called Cockers.", "In 1874 the first stud books were published by the newly formed kennel club.", "Any spaniel under 25 lb (11 kg) was placed in the Cocker breeding pool, however the Welsh Cocker was reclassified as a Springer in 1903 due to its larger size and shorter ear. \".", "...in those days only those dogs up to a hard day’s work and sensible specimens were allowed to live, as absolute sporting purposes were about their only enjoyment and dog shows were hardly heard of...\".", "The sport of conformation showing began in earnest among spaniels after the Spaniel Club was formed in 1885.", "When showing, the new \"Springer\" and \"Cocker\", both were in the same class until The Spaniel Club created breed standards for each of the types.", "The Kennel Club separated the two types eight years later.", "Since then, the Springer and Cocker enthusiasts have bred in the separate traits that they desired.", "Today, the breed differ in more ways than weight alone.", "At Crufts, the English Cocker Spaniel has been the most successful breed in winning Best in Show, winning on a total of seven occasions between 1928 and 2009, with wins in 1930, 1931, 1938, 1939, 1948, 1950 and 1996.", "In addition, the breed make up three of the four winners who have won the title on more than one occasion with all three coming from H.S. Lloyd's Ware kennel.", "Due to World War II, the English Cocker Spaniel managed to be the only breed to have won the title between 1938 and 1950, although the competition was only held on four occasions during that period.", "The most recent best in show was Sh.", "Canigou Cambrai in 1996.", "In the late 19th century with the increase in popularity of dog shows and the creation of standards for various breeds, the Spaniel family began to split into various different breeds.", "A group of enthusiasts decided to create a large black spaniel breed.", "Four dogs would act as progenitors for this new breed, of which two were Cocker Spaniels, one was a Cocker Spaniel/English Water Spaniel cross and one was a Norfolk Spaniel.", "This new breed was named the Field Spaniel, and was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1892.", "The American Cocker Spaniel was developed from the English Cocker Spaniel in the 19th century to retrieve quail and woodcock.", "They were originally divided from the English Cocker solely on a size basis, but were bred over the years for different specific traits.", "The two Cocker Spaniels were shown together in America until 1936, when the English Cocker received status as a separate breed.", "The American Kennel Club granted a separate breed designation for the English Cocker Spaniel in 1946.", "The American breed has a shorter snout, is more likely to get ear infections, and is groomed differently from the English Cocker.", "The English Cocker Spaniel is a sturdy, compact, well-balanced dog.", "It has a characteristic expression showing intelligence and alertness.", "Its eyes should be dark and its lobular ears should reach \"a bit past\" the tip of the nose when pulled forward.", "Today, a significant difference in appearance exists between field-bred and conformation show-bred dogs.", "The Cocker's tail is customarily docked in North America.", "In countries where docking is legal, the tail is generally docked at about 4–5 inches (10–13 cm) in field-bred dogs while show dogs are generally docked closer to the body.", "Docking is now illegal in Australia and South Africa.", "In England and Wales, docking can only be carried out on dogs where the owners have proved that the dogs will be used as working or shooting dogs.", "The breed standard indicates that the males of the breed are on average between 15.5 and at the withers with the females a little smaller, growing to between 15 and .", "Both males and females of the breed weigh approximately 13 - .", "American Cocker Spaniels are smaller, with the males being on average between 14.25 and , and females again being smaller on average at between 13.5 and , both weighing approximately 11 - .", "The closely related English Springer Spaniels are larger than either types of cockers, growing to between 19 and for the females, and 19.25 and for the males, and weighing between 23 and .", "The English Cocker Spaniel is similar to the English Springer Spaniel and at first glance the only major difference is the larger size of the Springer.", "However English Cockers also tend to have longer, and lower-set ears than English Springers.", "In addition Springers also tend to have a longer muzzle, their eyes are not as prominent and the coat is less abundant.", "Breed standards restrict all breeds of dogs to certain colours for the purposes of conformation showing (dependent on country).", "For example, the breed standard of the United Kingdom's Kennel Club states that in solid colours, no white is allowed except for a small amount on the chest, and the American Kennel Club has standards for features including the expression, neck, topline, and body.", "In working Cockers, breeders value working ability over the color of the dog.", "They come in solid (or \"self\"), parti-coloured, and roan types of markings.", "Solid dogs have no or very little white.", "Parti-coloured dogs have spots or patches of colour on a white dog.", "Parti-coloured dogs can have freckles of color on their nose and legs called \"ticking.\"", "Roan is an extreme version of ticking and consists of the white dog parts of a dog being speckled with the same colour as the solid patches.", "Roan puppies are born white with coloured patches and the white becomes roan as they grow up, similar to the spots on Dalmatians.", "Solid English Cocker colours are can come in black, liver/brown, red/golden with black or brown pigmentation, and Parti-coloured cockers come in blue roan, liver roan, orange roan with black or brown pigmentation, lemon roan with black or brown pigmentation, black and white ticked, liver and white ticked, orange and white ticked with black or brown pigmentation, lemon and white ticked with black or brown pigmentation, black and white, liver and white with brown pigmentation, orange and white with black or brown pigmentation, lemon and white with black or brown pigmentation.", "All of these colors can also have Tan-points, although you probably won't see it on any red, gold, or lemon Cocker because it will blend in.", "Of the solid colours, sable is considered rare and controversial, and is classified by some countries as being a type of particolour on account of its mixed hair shafts.", "While some have claimed this colour is from a cross with a different breed, geneticists have discovered English Cocker sable is unique to this breed.", "In addition, a silver/ash colour, usually associated with the Weimaraner breed of dog, is considered genetically possible but is yet to be recorded by the United Kingdom's Kennel Club.", "Of the roan varieties, lemon roan with a light brown pigmentation is the most recessive of all the roans.", "Plain white Cockers are rarely born, and are thought to be more prone to deafness than those with more pigmentation.", "As such they are generally not encouraged in the breed.", "Cockers are compassionate, determined, kind, intelligent, athletic, alert and resilient and make great family pets.", "The breed does not like being alone, and will bond strongly to an individual person in a family, usually the one who feeds it.", "Known for optimism, intelligence and adaptability, the breed is extremely loyal and affectionate.", "The English Cocker Spaniel has a cheerful nature.", "They rank 18th in Stanley Coren's \"The Intelligence of Dogs\", being of excellent working/obedience intelligence.", "Due to the breed's happy disposition and continuously wagging tail, it has been given the nickname \"merry cocker\".", "They can also be dominant but loyal to their companion.", "With a good level of socialisation at an early age, Cocker Spaniels can get along well with people, children, other dogs and other pets.", "This breed seems to have a perpetually wagging tail and prefers to be around people; it is not best suited to the backyard alone.", "Cockers can be easily stressed by loud noises and by rough treatment or handling.", "When trained with a soft hand and with lots of rewards, the Cocker Spaniel will be an obedient and loving companion with a happy, cheerful nature.", "English Cocker Spaniels in UK and USA/Canada have an average lifespan of 11 to 12 years, which is a typical longevity for purebred dogs, but a little less than most other breeds of their size.", "The English Cocker Spaniel typically lives about a year longer than the smaller American Cocker Spaniel.", "In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (30%), old age (17%), cardiac (9%), and \"combinations\" (7%).", "In 1998 and 2002 USA/Canada Health Surveys, the leading causes of death were old age (40%) and cancer (22%).", "Common health issues with English Cockers are bite problems, skin allergies, shyness, cataracts, deafness (affecting 6.3% of the dogs of this breed), aggression towards other dogs, and benign tumours.", "Some uncommon health issues that can also have an effect on English Cocker Spaniels include canine hip dysplasia, patellar luxation, canine dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart murmurs.", "Hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip joint which is the most common cause of canine arthritis in the hips.", "Patellar Lunation, also known as luxating patella, refers to the dislocation of the kneecap.", "Canine dilated cardiomyopathy is an adult onset condition which occurs when the heart muscle is weak and does not contract properly.", "It can lead to congestive heart failure, which is where fluid accumulates in the lungs, chest, abdominal cavities, or under the skin.", "Dilated cardiomyopathy is often accompanied by abnormal heart rhythms, or arrhythmias which can complicate treatment.", "Cocker Spaniels can present with a nutritional form of dilated cardiomyopathy that is associated with low blood concentrations of the amino acid taurine.", "This form of dilated cardiomyopathy is in many cases reversible if the dog receives taurine supplementation.", "Rage syndrome is most often associated with the Show Cocker Spaniel breed, although, cases have been found in other breeds and cases are relatively rare even within the Cocker Spaniel breed.", "Rage syndrome is described as when a dog attacks suddenly and often savagely, without any warning and during the attack the dog often has a glazed look and appears to be unaware of its surroundings.", "Rage Syndrome can affect any and all breeds.", "Though not a common ailment, studies have found it is more common in solid coloured Cockers than in particolours and also more common in darker coloured Cockers than lighter coloured Cockers, being most common in solid gold and black coloured spaniels.", "Their health issues are typical for a purebred dog breed; however they are closely associated with rage syndrome even though cases are really quite rare.", "Rage syndrome cannot be accurately predicted and can only be diagnosed by EEG or genetic testing and these tests are not conclusive.", "A link between coat colour and temperament has been proposed.", "This link could be the colour pigment melanin, which is biochemically similar to chemicals that act as transmitters in the brain.", "A study made by the University of Cambridge involving over 1,000 Cocker Spaniel households throughout Britain concluded that solid colour Cockers were more likely to be aggressive in 12 out of 13 situations.", "Red/golden Cockers were shown to be the most aggressive of all, in situations involving strangers, family members, while being disciplined, and sometimes for no apparent reason.", "A study by Spanish researchers at the Autonomous University of Barcelona revealed a similar link between golden Cockers and aggression.", "Males were also more likely to be aggressive.", "The study found the English Cocker Spaniel to have the highest level of owner- and stranger- directed aggression compared to other breeds.", "This breed, like many others with origins as working dogs, has some genetic lines that focus on working-dog skills and other lines that focus on ensuring that the dog's appearance conforms to a breed standard; these are referred to as the \"working\" (or \"field-bred\") and \"conformation\" strains, respectively.", "After World War II, Cocker Spaniels bred for pets and for the sport of conformation showing increased enormously in popular appeal, and, for a while, was the most numerous Kennel Club registered breed.", "This popularity increased the view that all Cockers were useless as working dogs.", "However, for most dogs this is untrue, as even some show-bred Cockers have retained their working instinct.", "Today, this breed is experiencing a resurgence in usage as a working and hunting dog.", "Dogs from working lines are noticeably distinct in appearance.", "As is the case with the English Springer Spaniel, the working type has been bred exclusively to perform in the field as a hunting companion.", "Their coat is shorter and ears less pendulous than the show-bred type.", "Although registered as the same breed, the two strains have diverged significantly enough that they are rarely crossed.", "The dogs that have dominated the hunt test, field trial and hunting scene in the United States are field-bred dogs from recently imported English lines.", "Working-dog lines often have physical characteristics that would prevent them from winning in the show ring.", "This is a result of selecting for different traits than those selected by show breeders.", "The longer coat and ears, selected for the show ring, are an impediment in the field.", "Cuban authorities train and use English Cocker Spaniels as sniffer dogs to check for drugs or food products in passengers' baggage at Cuban airports.", "A field-bred cocker spaniel is first and foremost an upland flushing dog.", "In performing this task there are some skills the dog must be trained to perform.", "Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote two poems to her red cocker spaniel Flush, \"To Flush, My Dog\" and \"Flush or Faunus\".", "The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934 film) and The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1957 film) also have Elizabeth Barrett Browning's red cocker spaniel as a central character.", "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge own an English Cocker Spaniel called Lupo, and Lupo was bred from Ella, a dog owned by her parents Michael and Carole Middleton.", "He is a working-type English Cocker Spaniel.", "Lupo was born in a litter just prior to Christmas 2011, and was given to Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, who at first denied owning the dog to the media.", "Following the birth of Prince George of Cambridge, Lupo was featured in one of the first official photographs.", "He was subsequently featured in a family portrait with the Duke and Duchess and Prince George in March 2014.", "He has travelled with his owners to their holiday residence in Norfolk, but did not travel with them on their tour of Australia and New Zealand in 2014." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 460112, "simple_article_title": "English Cocker Spaniel", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=460112", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-460112-0-0", "simple-460112-0-1", "simple-460112-0-2", "simple-460112-0-3", "simple-460112-0-4", "simple-460112-0-5", "simple-460112-0-6", "simple-460112-0-7", "simple-460112-0-8", "simple-460112-0-9", "simple-460112-0-10", "simple-460112-0-11", "simple-460112-0-12", "simple-460112-0-13", "simple-460112-0-14", "simple-460112-1-0", "simple-460112-1-1", "simple-460112-1-2", "simple-460112-1-3", "simple-460112-1-4", "simple-460112-2-0", "simple-460112-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The English Cocker Spaniel is a breed of dog.", "It is one of many Spaniel breeds.", "Spaniels were bred to hunt.", "They were used as hunting dogs to retrieve shot animals.", "Now they are family pets, but are still very active.", "Cockers have a will of their own.", "Most English Cocker Spaniels are loving, happy, friendly and intelligent animals.", "English Cocker Spaniels make good family pets.", "They do not like being alone.", "They will make noise and chew things if alone for too long.", "These dogs are faithful, social and affectionate.", "They like to sit close to their owners and sleep in the same room.", "They want to be together as often as possible.", "English Cocker Spaniels rank 18th in Stanley Coren's \"The Intelligence of Dogs\".", "This means that they are very intelligent.", "English Cocker Spaniels are happy and wag their tails a lot.", "Because of this, they have the nickname \"merry cocker\".", "They can also be dominant but loyal to their family.", "English Cocker Spaniels come in many different colors.", "Their height is from 38 to 41 cm, weight is from 11–13 kg.", "The English Cocker Spaniel's hair needs to be trimmed from time to time.", "If not they will shed a lot of hair." ] } }

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"normal-10825-47-1", "normal-10825-48-0", "normal-10825-48-1", "normal-10825-48-2", "normal-10825-49-0", "normal-10825-50-0", "normal-10825-51-0", "normal-10825-51-1", "normal-10825-52-0", "normal-10825-52-1", "normal-10825-53-0", "normal-10825-53-1", "normal-10825-54-0", "normal-10825-54-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Free Democratic Party ( , FDP) is a liberal and classical liberal political party in Germany.", "The FDP is led by Christian Lindner.", "The FDP was founded in 1948 by members of former liberal political parties which existed in Germany before World War II, namely the German Democratic Party and the German People's Party.", "For most of the German Federal Republic's history, it has held the balance of power in the Bundestag.", "It was a junior coalition partner to the CDU/CSU (1949–1956, 1961–1966, 1982–1998 and 2009–2013) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (1969–1982).", "In the 2013 federal election, the FDP failed to win any directly elected seats in the Bundestag and came up short of the 5 percent threshold to qualify for list representation, being left without representation in the Bundestag for the first time in its history.", "In the 2017 federal election, the FDP regained its representation in the Bundestag, receiving 10.6% of the vote.", "The FDP strongly supports human rights, civil liberties and internationalism.", "The party is traditionally considered centre-right.", "Since the 1980s, the party has firmly pushed economic liberalism and has aligned itself closely to the promotion of free markets and privatization.", "It is a member of Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE).", "The history of liberal parties in Germany dates back to 1861, when the German Progress Party was founded, being the first political party in the modern sense in Germany.", "From the establishment of the National Liberal Party in 1867 until the demise of the Weimar Republic in 1933, the liberal-democratic camp was divided into a \"national-liberal\" and a \"left-liberal\" line of tradition.", "After 1918 the national-liberal strain was represented by the German People's Party (DVP), the left-liberal one by the German Democratic Party (DDP, which merged into the German State Party in 1930).", "Both parties played an important role in government during the Weimar Republic era, but successively lost votes during the rise of the Nazi Party since the late-1920s.", "After the Nazi seizure of power, both liberal parties agreed to the Enabling Act of 1933 and subsequently dissolved themselves.", "During the 12 years of Hitler's rule, some former liberals collaborated with the Nazis (e.g. economy minister Hjalmar Schacht), while others resisted actively against Nazism (e.g. the Solf Circle).", "Soon after World War II, the Soviet Union pushed for the creation of licensed \"anti-fascist\" parties in its occupation zone in East Germany.", "In July 1945, former DDP politicians Wilhelm Külz, Eugen Schiffer and Waldemar Koch called for the establishment of a pan-German liberal party.", "Their Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP) was soon licensed by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany, under the condition that the new party joined the pro-Soviet \"Democratic Bloc\".", "In September 1945, citizens in Hamburg—including the anti-Nazi resistance circle \"Association Free Hamburg\"—established the \"Party of Free Democrats\" (PFD) as a bourgeois left-wing party and the first liberal Party in the Western occupation zones.", "The German Democratic Party was revived in some states of the Western occupation zones (in the Southwestern states of Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern under the name of Democratic People's Party).", "Many former members of DDP and DVP however agreed to finally overcome the traditional split of German liberalism into a national-liberal and a left-liberal branch, aiming for the creation of a united liberal party.", "In October 1945 a liberal coalition party was founded in the state of Bremen under the name of Bremen Democratic People's Party.", "In January 1946, liberal state parties of the British occupation zone merged into the \"Free Democratic Party of the British Zone\" (FDP).", "A similar state party in Hesse, called Liberal-Democratic Party, was licensed by the US military government in January 1946.", "In the state of Bavaria, a \"Free Democratic Party\" was founded in May 1946.", "In the first post-war state elections in 1946, liberal parties performed well in Württemberg-Baden (16.8%), Bremen (18.3%), Hamburg (18.2%) and Greater Berlin (still undivided; 9.3%).", "The LDP was especially strong in the October 1946 state elections of the Soviet zone—the last free parliamentary election in East Germany—obtaining an average of 24.6% (highest in Saxony-Anhalt, 29.9%, and Thuringia, 28.5%), thwarting an absolute majority of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) that was favoured by the Soviet occupation power.", "This disappointment to the communists however led to a change of electoral laws in the Soviet zone, cutting the autonomy of non-socialist parties like the LDP and forcing it to join the SED-dominated National Front, making it a dependent \"bloc party\".", "The Democratic Party of Germany (DPD) was established in Rothenburg ob der Tauber on 17 March 1947 as a pan-German party of liberals from all four occupation zones.", "Its leaders were Theodor Heuss (representing the DVP of Württemberg-Baden in the American zone) and Wilhelm Külz (representing the LDP of the Soviet zone).", "However, the project failed in January 1948 as a result of disputes over Külz's pro-Soviet direction.", "The Free Democratic Party was established on 11–12 December 1948 in Heppenheim, in Hesse, as an association of all 13 liberal state parties in the three Western zones of occupation.", "The proposed name, Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), was rejected by the delegates, who voted 64 to 25 in favour of the name Free Democratic Party (FDP).", "The party's first chairman was Theodor Heuss, a member of the Democratic People's Party in Württemberg-Baden; his deputy was Franz Blücher of the FDP in the British zone.", "The place for the party's foundation was chosen deliberately: it was at the Heppenheim Assembly that the moderate liberals had met in October 1847 before the March Revolution.", "Some regard the \"Heppenheim Assembly\", which was held at the Hotel \"Halber Mond\" on 10 October 1847, as a meeting of leading liberals that was the beginning of the German Revolution of 1848-49.", "The FDP was founded on 11 December 1948 through the merger of nine regional liberal parties formed in 1945 from the remnants of the pre-1933 German People's Party (DVP) and the German Democratic Party (DDP), which had been active in the Weimar Republic.", "In the first elections to the Bundestag on 14 August 1949, the FDP won a vote share of 11.9 percent (with 12 direct mandates, particularly in Baden-Württemberg and Hesse), and thus obtained 52 of 402 seats.", "In September of the same year the FDP chairman Theodor Heuss was elected the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany.", "In his 1954 re-election, he received the best election result to date of a President with 871 of 1018 votes (85.6 percent) of the Federal Assembly.", "Adenauer was also elected on the proposal of the new German President with an extremely narrow majority as the first Chancellor.", "The FDP participated with the CDU/CSU and the DP in Adenauer's coalition cabinet: they had three ministers: Franz Blücher (Vice-Chancellor), Thomas Dehler (Justice) and Eberhard Wildermuth (housing).", "On the most important economic, social and German national issues, the FDP agreed with their coalition partners, the CDU/CSU.", "However, the FDP recommended to the bourgeois voters a secular party that refused the religious schools and accused the opposition parties of clericalization.", "The FDP said they were known also as a consistent representative of the market economy, while the CDU was then dominated nominally from the Ahlen Programme, which allowed a Third Way between capitalism and socialism.", "Ludwig Erhard, the \"father\" of the social market economy, had his followers in the early years of the Federal Republic in the Union rather than in the FDP.", "The FDP won Hesse's 1950 state election with 31.8 percent, the best result in its history, through appealing to East Germans displaced by the war by including them on their ticket.", "Up to the 1950s, several of the FDP's regional organizations were to the right of the CDU/CSU, which initially had ideas of some sort of Christian socialism, and even former office-holders of the Third Reich were courted with national, patriotic values.", "The FDP voted in parliament at the end of 1950 against the CDU- and SPD- introduced de-nazification process.", "At their party conference in Munich in 1951 they demanded the release of all \"so-called war criminals\" and welcomed the establishment of the \"Association of German soldiers\" of former Wehrmacht and SS members, to advance the integration of the nationalist forces in democracy.", "The 1953 Naumann-Affair, named after Werner Naumann, identifies old Nazis trying to infiltrate the party, which had many right-wing and nationalist members in Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony.", "After the British occupation authorities had arrested seven prominent members of the Naumann circle, the FDP federal board installed a commission of inquiry, chaired by Thomas Dehler, which particularly sharply criticized the situation in the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP.", "In the following years, the right wing lost power, and the extreme right increasingly sought areas of activity outside the FDP.", "In the 1953 federal election, the FDP received 9.5 percent of the party votes, 10.8 percent of the primary vote (with 14 direct mandates, particularly in Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Hesse, Württemberg and Bavaria) and 48 of 487 seats.", "In the second term of the Bundestag, the South German Liberal democrats gained influence in the party.", "Thomas Dehler, a representative of a more left-liberal course took over as party and parliamentary leader.", "The former Minister of Justice Dehler, who in 1933 suffered persecution by the Nazis, was known for his rhetorical focus.", "Generally the various regional associations were independent and translated so different from country to country accents in liberal politics.", "After the FDP had left in early 1956, the coalition with the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia and made with SPD and center a new state government, were a total of 16 members of parliament, including the four federal ministers from the FDP and founded the short-lived Free People's Party, which then up was involved to the end of the legislature instead of FDP in the Federal Government.", "The FDP first took it to the opposition.", "Only one of the smaller post-war parties, the FDP survived despite many problems.", "In 1957 federal elections they still reached 7.7 percent of the vote to 1990 and their last direct mandate with which they had held 41 of 497 seats in the Bundestag.", "However, they still remained in opposition, because the Union won an absolute majority.", "In the following example, the FDP sat for a nuclear-free zone in Central Europe.", "Even before the election Dehler was assigned as party chairman.", "At the federal party in Berlin at the end January 1957 relieved him Reinhold Maier.", "Dehler's role as Group Chairman took over after the election of the national set very Erich Mende.", "Mende was also chairman of the party.", "In the 1961 federal elections, it achieved 12.8 percent nationwide, the best result until then, and the FDP entered a coalition with the CDU again.", "Although it was committed before the election to continuing to sit in any case in a government together with Adenauer, Chancellor Adenauer was again, however, to withdraw under the proviso, after two years.", "These events led to the FDP being nicknamed the \"Umfallerpartei\" (\"pushover party\").", "In the Spiegel Affair, the FDP withdrew their ministers from the federal government.", "Although the coalition was renewed again under Adenauer in 1962, the FDP withdrew again on the condition in October 1963.", "This occurred even under the new Chancellor, Ludwig Erhard.", "This was for Erich Mende turn the occasion to go into the cabinet: he took the rather unimportant Federal Ministry for All-German Affairs.", "In the 1965 federal elections the FDP gained 9.5 percent.", "The coalition with the CDU in 1966 broke on the subject of tax increases and it was followed by a grand coalition between the CDU and the SPD.", "The opposition also pioneered a course change to: The former foreign policy and the attitude to the eastern territories were discussed.", "The new chairman elected delegates in 1968 Walter Scheel, a European-oriented liberals, although it came from the national liberal camp, but with Willi Weyer and Hans-Dietrich Genscher led the new center of the party.", "This center strove to make the FDP coalition support both major parties.", "Here, the Liberals approached to by their reorientation in East Germany and politics especially of the SPD.", "On 21 October 1969 began the period after the election of a Social-Liberal coalition with the SPD and the German Chancellor Willy Brandt.", "Walter Scheel was he who initiated the foreign policy reversal.", "Despite a very small majority he and Willy Brandt sat by the controversial New Ostpolitik.", "This policy was within the FDP quite controversial, especially since after the entry into the Federal Government defeats in state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony and Saarland on 14 June 1970 followed.", "In Hanover and Saarbrücken, the party left the parliament.", "After the federal party congress in Bonn, just a week later supported the policy of the party leadership and Scheel had confirmed in office, founded by Siegfried party rights Zoglmann 11 July 1970 a \"non-partisan\" organization called the National-Liberal action on the Hohensyburgstraße - to fall with the goal of ending the left-liberal course of the party and Scheel.", "However, this was not.", "Zoglmann supported in October 1970 a disapproval resolution of opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Möller, Erich Mende, Heinz Starke, and did the same.", "A little later all three declared their withdrawal from the FDP; Mende and Strong joined the CDU, Zoglmann later founded the German Union \"(Deutsche Union)\", which remained a splinter party.", "The foreign policy and the socio-political changes were made in 1971 by the Freiburg theses, which were as Rowohlt Paperback sold more than 100,000 times, on a theoretical basis, the FDP is committed to \"social liberalism\" and social reforms.", "Walter Scheel was first foreign minister and vice chancellor, 1974, he was then second-liberal President and paving the way for inner-party the previous interior minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher free.", "From 1969 to 1974 the FDP supported the SPD Chancellor Willy Brandt, who was succeeded by Helmut Schmidt.", "Already by the end of the 70s there did not seem to be enough similarities between the FDP and the SPD to form a new coalition, but the CDU/CSU chancellor candidate of Franz Josef Strauss in 1980 pushed the parties to run together again.", "The FDP's policies, however, began to drift apart from the SPD's, especially when it came to the economy.", "Within the SPD, there was strong grassroots opposition to Chancellor Helmut Schmidt's policies on the NATO Double-Track Decision.", "However, within the FDP, the conflicts and contrasts were always greater.", "In the fall of 1982, the FDP tore up its coalition agreement with the SPD and instead threw its support behind the CDU/CSU.", "On 1 October, the FDP and CDU/CSU were able to oust Schmidt and replace him with CDU party chairman Helmut Kohl as the new Chancellor.", "The coalition change resulted in severe internal conflicts, and the FDP then lost about 20 percent of its 86,500 members, as reflected in the general election in 1983 by a drop from 10.6 percent to 7.0 percent.", "The members went mostly to the SPD, the Greens and newly formed splinter parties, such as the left-liberal party Liberal Democrats (LD).", "The exiting members included the former FDP General Secretary and later EU Commissioner Günter Verheugen.", "At the party convention in November 1982, the Schleswig-Holstein state chairman Uwe Ronneburger challenged Hans-Dietrich Genscher as party chairman.", "Ronneburger received 186 of the votes—about 40 percent—and was just narrowly defeated by Genscher.", "Young FDP members who did not agree with the politics of the FDP youth organization Young Democrats founded in 1980 the Young Liberals (JuLis).", "For a time there were two youth organizations side by side, until the JuLis became the new official youth wing of the FDP.", "The Young Democrats split from the FDP and were left as a party-independent youth organization.", "At the time of reunification, the FDP's objective was a special economic zone in the former East Germany, but could not prevail against the CDU / CSU, as this would prevent any loss of votes in the five new federal states in the general election in 1990.", "In all federal election campaigns since the 1980s, the party sided with the CDU and CSU, the main conservative parties in Germany.", "Following German reunification in 1990, the FDP merged with the Association of Free Democrats, a grouping of liberals from East Germany and the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany.", "During the political upheavals of 1989/1990 in the GDR new liberal parties emerged, like the FDP East Germany or the German Forum Party.", "They formed the Liberal Democratic Party, who had previously acted as a block party on the side of the SED and with Manfred Gerlach also the last Council of State of the GDR presented, the Alliance of Free Democrats, (BFD).", "Within the FDP came in the following years to considerable internal discussions about dealing with the former block party.", "Even before the reunification of Germany united on a joint congress in Hanover, the West German FDP united with the other parties to form the first all-German party.", "Both party factions brought the FDP a great, albeit short-lived, increase in membership.", "In the first all-German Bundestag elections, the CDU/CSU/FDP center-right coalition was confirmed, the FDP received 11.0 percent of the valid votes (79 seats) and won (in Halle (Saale)) the first direct mandate since 1957.", "During the 1990s, the FDP won between 6.2 and 11 percent of the vote in Bundestag elections.", "It last participated in the federal government by representing the junior partner in the government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl of the CDU.", "In 1998, the CDU/CSU - FDP coalition lost the federal election, which ended the FDP's nearly 30-year reign in government.", "In its 2002 campaign the FDP made an exception to its party policy of siding with the CDU/CSU when it adopted equidistance to the CDU and SPD.", "From 1998 until 2009 the FDP remained in the opposition until it became part of a new center-right coalition government.", "In the 2005 general election the party won 9.8 percent of the vote and 61 federal deputies, an unpredicted improvement from prior opinion polls.", "It is believed that this was partly due to tactical voting by CDU and Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) alliance supporters who hoped for stronger market-oriented economic reforms than the CDU/CSU alliance called for.", "However, because the CDU did worse than predicted, the FDP and the CDU/CSU alliance were unable to form a coalition government.", "At other times, for example after the 2002 federal election, a coalition between the FDP and CDU/CSU was impossible primarily because of the weak results of the FDP.", "The CDU/CSU parties had achieved the 3rd worst performance in German postwar history with only 35.2 percent of the votes.", "Therefore, the FDP wasn't able to form a coalition with its preferred partners, the CDU/CSU parties.", "As a result, the party was considered as a potential member of two other political coalitions, following the election.", "One possibility was a partnership between the FDP, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Alliance 90/The Greens, known as a \"traffic light coalition\", named after the colors of the three parties.", "This coalition was ruled out, because the FDP considered the Social Democrats and the Greens insufficiently committed to market-oriented economic reform.", "The other possibility was a CDU-FDP-Green coalition, known as a \"Jamaica coalition\" because of the colours of the three parties.", "This coalition wasn't concluded either, since the Greens ruled out participation in any coalition with the CDU/CSU.", "Instead, the CDU formed a Grand coalition with the SPD, and the FDP entered the opposition.", "FDP leader Guido Westerwelle became the unofficial leader of the opposition by virtue of the FDP's position as the largest opposition party in the Bundestag.", "In the 2009 European parliament elections, the FDP received 11% of the national vote (2,888,084 votes in total) and returned 12 MEPs.", "In the national vote on 27 September 2009 the FDP increased its share of the vote by 4.8 percentage points to 14.6%, an all-time record so far.", "This percentage was enough to offset a decline in the CDU/CSU's vote compared to 2005, to create a CDU-FDP centre-right governing coalition in the Bundestag with a 53% majority of seats.", "On election night, party leader Westerwelle said his party would work to ensure that civil liberties were respected and that Germany got an \"equitable tax system and better education opportunities\".", "The party also made gains in the two state elections held at the same time, acquiring sufficient seats for a CDU-FDP coalition in the northernmost state, Schleswig-Holstein, and gaining enough votes in left-leaning Brandenburg to clear the 5% hurdle to enter that state's parliament.", "However, after reaching its best ever election result in 2009, the FDP's support collapsed.", "The party’s policy pledges were put on hold by Merkel as the recession of 2009 unfolded and with the onset of the European debt crisis in 2010.", "By the end of 2010, the party's support had dropped to as low as 5%.", "The FDP retained their seats in the state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, which was held six months after the federal election, but out of the seven state elections that have been held since 2009, the FDP have lost all their seats in five of them due to failing to cross the 5% threshold.", "Support for the party further eroded amid infighting and an internal rebellion over euro-area bailouts during the debt crisis.", "Westerwelle stepped down as party leader in 2011 after the party was wiped out in both Saxony-Anhalt and Rhineland-Palatinate, as well as losing half its seats in Baden-Württemberg.", "He was replaced on 13 May 2011 by Philipp Rösler.", "The change in leadership failed to revive the FDP's fortunes, however, and in the next series of state elections, the party lost all its seats in Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Berlin.", "In Berlin, the party lost nearly 75% of the support they had had in the previous election.", "In March 2012, the FDP lost all their seats in Saarland.", "However, this was averted in the Schleswig-Holstein state elections, when they achieved 8% of the vote, which was a severe loss of seats but still over the 5% threshold.", "In the snap elections in North Rhine-Westphalia a week later, the FDP not only crossed the threshold, but also increased its share of the votes to 2 percentage points higher than in the previous state election.", "This was attributed to the local leadership of Christian Lindner.", "The FDP last won a directly elected seat in 1990—the only time it has won a directly elected seat since 1957.", "The party's inability to win directly elected seats came back to haunt it at the 2013 election, in which it came up just short of the 5% threshold.", "With no directly elected seats, the FDP was shut out of the Bundestag for the first time since 1949.", "After the previous chairman Philipp Rösler then resigned, Christian Lindner took over the leadership of the party.", "In the 2014 European parliament elections, the FDP received 3.36% of the national vote (986,253 votes in total) and returned 3 MEPs.", "In the 2014 Brandenburg state election the party experienced a 5.8% down-swing and lost all their representatives in the Brandenburg state parliament.", "In the 2014 Saxony state election, the party experienced a 5.2% down-swing, again losing all of its seats.", "In the 2014 Thuringian state election a similar phenomenon was repeated with the party falling below the 5% threshold following a 5.1% drop in popular vote.", "The party managed to enter parliament in the 2015 Bremen state election with the party receiving 6.5% of the vote and gaining 6 seats.", "However, it failed to get into government as a coalition between the Social Democrats and the Greens was created.", "In the 2016 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election the party failed to get into parliament despite increasing its vote share by 0.3%.", "The party did manage to get into parliament in Baden-Württemberg, gaining 3% of the vote and a total of 12 seats.", "This represents a five-seat improvement over their previous results.", "In the 2016 Berlin state election the party gained 4.9% of the vote and 12 seats but still failed to get into government.", "A red-red-green coalition was instead formed relegating the FDP to the opposition.", "In the 2016 Rhineland-Palatinate state election, the party managed to enter parliament receiving 6.2% of the vote and 7 seats.", "It also managed to enter government under a traffic light coalition.", "In 2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election the party narrowly missed the 5% threshold, receiving 4.9% of the vote and therefore receiving zero seats despite a 1% swing in their favour.", "The 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election was widely considered a test of the party's future as their chairman Christian Lindner was also leading the party in that state.", "The party experienced a 4% swing in its favour gaining 6 seats and entering into a coalition with the CDU with a bare majority.", "In the 2017 Saarland state election the party again failed to gain any seats despite a 1% swing in their favour.", "The party gained 3 seats and increased its vote share by 3.2% in the 2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election.", "This success was often credited to their state chairman Wolfgang Kubicki.", "They also managed to re-enter the government under a Jamaica coalition.", "In the federal election of 2017 the party scored 10,7% of votes and re-entered the Bundestag, winning 80 seats.", "The FDP is a liberal and classical liberal party, both in the sense of supporting \"laissez-faire\" and free market economic policies and in the sense of supporting liberal democracy and socially liberal policies emphasizing the minimization of government interference in individual affairs.", "Scholars of political science identify the FDP as closer to the CDU/CSU than to the Social Democratic Party (SPD) on economic issues, but closer to the SPD and the Greens on issues such as civil liberties, education, defense, and foreign policy.", "During the 2017 German federal election, the party called for Germany to adopt an immigration channel using a Canada-style points-based immigration system; spend up to 3% of GDP on defense and international security; phase out the solidarity surcharge tax (which was first levied in 1991 to pay for the costs of absorbing East Germany after German reunification); cut taxes by 30 billion euro (twice the amount of the tax cut proposed by the CDU); and improve road infrastructure by spending 2 billion euro annually for each of the next two decades, to be funded by selling government stakes in Deutsche Bahn, Deutsche Telekom, and Deutsche Post.", "The FDP also called for the improvement of Germany's digital infrastructure, the establishment of a Ministry of Digital Affairs, and greater investment in education.", "The party also supports allowing dual citizenship (in contrast to the CDU-CSU, which opposes it), but also supports requiring third-generation immigrants to select a single nationality.", "The FDP supports the legalization of cannabis in Germany, and strongly opposes proposals to heighten Internet surveillance.", "The FDP supports allowing same-sex marriage in Germany.", "The FDP is a pro-European party, favoring greater European integration.", "In its 2009 campaign manifesto, the FDP pledged support for ratification of the Lisbon Treaty as well as EU reforms aimed at enhancing transparency and democratic responsiveness, reducing bureaucracy, establishing stringent curbs on the EU budget, and fully liberalizing the Single Market.", "The party tends to draw its support from professionals and self-employed Germans.", "It lacks consistent support from a voting bloc, such as the trade union membership that supports the SPD or the church membership that supports the CDU/CSU, and thus has historically only garnered a small group of \"Stammwähler\" (staunch supporters who consistently vote for the party).", "The party's membership has historically been largely male; in the 1995, less than one-third of the party's members were women, and in the 1980s women fewer than one-tenth of the party's national executive committee.", "By the 1990s, the percentage of women on the FDP's national executive committee rose to 20%.", "Below are charts of the results that the FDP has secured in each election to the federal Bundestag.", "Timelines showing the number of seats and percentage of party list votes won are on the right." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 46839, "simple_article_title": "Free Democratic Party (Germany)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46839", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-46839-0-0", "simple-46839-0-1", "simple-46839-0-2", "simple-46839-1-0", "simple-46839-1-1", "simple-46839-1-2", "simple-46839-1-3", "simple-46839-1-4", "simple-46839-2-0", "simple-46839-2-1", "simple-46839-2-2", "simple-46839-3-0", "simple-46839-3-1", "simple-46839-3-2", "simple-46839-3-3", "simple-46839-3-4", "simple-46839-4-0", "simple-46839-4-1", "simple-46839-5-0", "simple-46839-5-1", "simple-46839-6-0", "simple-46839-6-1", "simple-46839-6-2", "simple-46839-6-3", "simple-46839-7-0", "simple-46839-7-1", "simple-46839-8-0", "simple-46839-8-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Free Democratic Party or Freie Demokratische Partei, short FDP (from 1968 to 2001 F.D.P.) is a political party in Germany.", "The party advocates for a more free market economy.", "Although they agree to some aspects of the German welfare state, they want to see a reduction in government spending and a movement to privatization.", "Several liberal parties have existed in Germany since the 19th century.", "The FDP was founded in West Germany in September of 1945 in the state of Hamburg.", "It became member of the state parliament of Hamburg in its first election.", "Similar liberal parties were founded in other German states, most of them successful in getting mandates.", "In 1947, on March 17th, the \"Demokratische Partei Deutschlands\" (DPD) was founded as a whole-Germany liberal party by Theodor Heuss and Wilhelm Külz, but it broke down after a short while.", "On 11 December 1948 the FDP was founded as a liberal party for West Germany.", "Chief of the party was Theodor Heuss.", "The next important man was Thomas Dehler.", "In its first years the main part of the party followed a national-liberal way.", "Liberal in the economical field, but very conserative in most other fields.", "But in every state it had its own way.", "The FDP was the smaller partner of the CDU under Konrad Adenauer.", "It was member of the West German government from 1949 to 1966.", "In 1969 the FDP returned to government.", "But now the FDP was partner of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands under Willy Brandt, later Helmut Schmidt.", "The party changed its values.", "Left-liberal positions were the leading ideas of the FDP at that time and included ideas like civil rights and giving everyone the chance for a good education (guaranteed state stipendia, no more study fees, more higher education schools).", "It changed again in 1982, when the government crashed on Schmidt and elected Helmut Kohl of the CDU as the new chancellor.", "It became more and more a single issue party with its only interest in a low tax tarif - especially for high incomes.", "It fought for study fees now and against social security.", "It secretary general said one day \"We are the party of the best-incomes\".", "In 1998 it lost its power and became part of the opposition.", "In some state parliaments the FDP is still in power as junior partner of the CDU.", "The party's unofficial motto is \"So viel Staat wie nötig, so wenig Staat wie möglich!\",", ", meaning \"as much state as necessary, as little state as possible!\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 846767, "normal_article_title": "Giovanni Berlinguer", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=846767", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-846767-0-0", "normal-846767-1-0", "normal-846767-1-1", "normal-846767-2-0", "normal-846767-2-1", "normal-846767-3-0", "normal-846767-3-1", "normal-846767-4-0", "normal-846767-4-1", "normal-846767-4-2", "normal-846767-4-3", "normal-846767-4-4", "normal-846767-5-0", "normal-846767-5-1", "normal-846767-5-2", "normal-846767-5-3", "normal-846767-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Giovanni Berlinguer Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (] ; 9 July 1924 – 6 April 2015) was an Italian politician, humanist and professor of social medicine.", "He was born in Sassari, Sardinia, the son of Mario Berlinguer.", "A physician and professor of public health, he worked first in social medicine at the University of Sassari (1969–1974) and then in occupational health at the University \"La Sapienza\" Rome (1975–1999).", "Like his brother Enrico, Giovanni Berlinguer was a major figure in the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1972, 1976 and 1979 and to the Senate in 1983 and 1987.", "He ran for secretary of the Democrats of the Left (DS) in 2001, and was defeated by Piero Fassino 61.8% to 34.1%.", "From 2004 to 2009 he was a Member of the European Parliament representing the DS and sits with the Party of European Socialists group.", "At the convening of the Parliament on 20 July 2004 he was found to be the oldest member, and as such presided over the Parliament during the election of Josep Borrell Fontelles in 2004 and Hans-Gert Pöttering in 2007 as President of the Parliament.", "He was in charge of the first National Health Plan in the context of the Economic Development Program adopted by the Italian Parliament (1968).", "Member of the National Health Council between 1994 and 1996.", "Vice-chairman (1992–1995) and chairman (1999–2001) of the National Bioethics Committee (CNB).", "Member of the UNESCO International Bioethics Committee (2001–2007) and of the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health of the World Health Organisation.", "He was rapporteur on the first project (2003) of the UNESCO “Universal Declaration on Bioethics”.", "In the years of his chairmanship the CNB strategy underwent some noteworthy changes.", "Priority was no longer given to “frontier bioethics”, but to its link with “everyday bioethics”, which Berlinguer articulated in his 2000 book \"Bioetica quotidiana\" (\"Everyday bioethics\").", "This change implied that the CNB opinions were “open” to contributions not only of specialists, but also of lay people, and new channels of communication were established with the public at large.", "The democratic guidance had comments and a significant impact at the local, national and international level.", "He died in Rome at the age of 90." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 39322520, "normal_article_title": "Rubber Duck (sculpture)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39322520", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-39322520-0-0", "normal-39322520-0-1", "normal-39322520-1-0", "normal-39322520-1-1", "normal-39322520-1-2", "normal-39322520-1-3", "normal-39322520-2-0", "normal-39322520-2-1", "normal-39322520-2-2", "normal-39322520-2-3", "normal-39322520-2-4", "normal-39322520-3-0", "normal-39322520-3-1", "normal-39322520-3-2", "normal-39322520-3-3", "normal-39322520-3-4", "normal-39322520-3-5", "normal-39322520-4-0", "normal-39322520-4-1", "normal-39322520-4-2", "normal-39322520-4-3", "normal-39322520-5-0", "normal-39322520-5-1", "normal-39322520-5-2", "normal-39322520-6-0", "normal-39322520-6-1", "normal-39322520-6-2", "normal-39322520-6-3", "normal-39322520-6-4", "normal-39322520-6-5", "normal-39322520-7-0", "normal-39322520-7-1", "normal-39322520-7-2", "normal-39322520-8-0", "normal-39322520-8-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Rubber Duck is a series of several giant floating sculptures of yellow rubber ducks, designed by Dutch artist Florentijn Hofman, which have appeared in many cities around the world, including Hong Kong, Pittsburgh, Toronto, Baku, and Sydney.", "Each \"Rubber Duck\" is recreated anew locally, as his public art is intended to be temporary.", "\"Rubber Duck\" was created by Dutch artist Florentijn Hofman.", "In a 2013 interview, Hofman stated that his initial inspiration came from a 2001 museum visit combined with a popular yoghurt advertisement in the Netherlands in 2000 or 2001.", "He searched to find what he considered the perfect toy duck and settled on a design by a Hong Kong company called Tolo Toys.", "The yoghurt company \"Yogho!Yogho!\"", "The size of the rubber duck varies.", "His largest rubber duck, in Saint-Nazaire, France, measured, width, length, height of 26 x .", "The rubber duck in Beijing was 14 x , and the rubber duck in Seokchon lake was 16.5 x with a weight of 1000 kg .", "The rubber duck was constructed with more than 200 pieces of PVC.", "All the pieces of PVC are connected by hand with sewing machines.", "In order to enhance the duck's durability, they added another piece on top of one layer.", "On the rubber duck, there is an opening at the back of the body so that architects and staff can perform a body check of the rubber duck.", "In addition, there is an electric propeller fan in its body so that it can be inflated at any time, in either good or bad weather.", "The loops that are in the pontoon edges of the rubber duck are connected to the fence of the lake by 16 ropes that are designed to hold the rubber duck still without it floating away by the waves of the lake water.", "On the bottom of the rubber duck, there is a waterproof cable that gets the energy from a power distribution board near the lake to make the electric propeller fan work.", "The electric propeller fan also keeps the air circulating inside of the rubber duck, so that the air always keeps the shape of the rubber duck sculpture.", "Since 2007, the ducks have been on display in Amsterdam, Baku, Lommel (Belgium), Osaka, Sydney Harbour, Sao Paulo, and Hong Kong.", "It was on display in Pittsburgh as its first U.S. destination, from 27 September 2013 through 20 October 2013.", "Over 1,000,000 people are reported to have visited the duck in Pittsburgh.", "Its second United States appearance was in Norfolk, Virginia, from 17–26 May 2014, floating in The Hague inlet in front of the Chrysler Museum of Art.", "In October 2014, South Korea's Lotte group asked for the giant rubber duck to celebrate the opening of the new Lotte World Mall, the country's largest shopping mall that also has a skyscraper, Lotte World Tower.", "The tower is located between the Han River and Seokchon Lake, where the giant rubber duck was placed.", "However, the duck deflated during the exhibition.", "In 2009, while it was on display in Belgium, vandals stabbed \"Rubber Duck\" 42 times.", "While on display in Hong Kong in 2013, it deflated on 15 May.", "It was re-inflated and was again on exhibition on 20 May.", "It was damaged and deflated again in Taiwan on 2 November after an earthquake, before bursting at Keelung, Taiwan, on 31 December 2013.", "The duck was reported as having been swept away in recent floods in China.", "On 30 September 2017, during its exhibition in Santiago, the duck accidentally crashed with a sign, tearing a hole on its structure and causing it to deflate.", "A \"counterfeit\" version of the duck went on tour around Canada in 2017 for Canada's sesquicentennial.", "The tour drew some controversy as it was seen by some as a waste of government spending , however reports later found that the sculpture generated profits for the events it attended.", "This version was not approved by Studio Florentijn Hofman.", "On 4 June 2013, Sina Weibo, China's most popular microblog, blocked the terms \"Today\", \"Tonight\", \"June 4\", and \"Big Yellow Duck\", because Chinese activists were photoshopping the \"Rubber Duck\" sculpture into the Tank Man photo of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.", "If the term \"Big Yellow Duck\" was searched, a message would say that according to relevant laws, statutes, and policies, the results of the search could not be shown." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 396817, "simple_article_title": "Rubber Duck (sculpture)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=396817", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-396817-0-0", "simple-396817-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Rubber Duck is a floating sculpture designed by Dutch artist Florentijn Hofman.", "It is the largest rubber duck in the world." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1471764, "normal_article_title": "Pedro Paterno", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1471764", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1471764-0-0", "normal-1471764-0-1", "normal-1471764-0-2", "normal-1471764-1-0", "normal-1471764-1-1", "normal-1471764-2-0", "normal-1471764-2-1", "normal-1471764-2-2", "normal-1471764-3-0", "normal-1471764-3-1", "normal-1471764-3-2", "normal-1471764-3-3", "normal-1471764-4-0", "normal-1471764-4-1", "normal-1471764-4-2", "normal-1471764-4-3", "normal-1471764-5-0", "normal-1471764-5-1", "normal-1471764-6-0", "normal-1471764-6-1", "normal-1471764-6-2", "normal-1471764-7-0", "normal-1471764-7-1", "normal-1471764-7-2", "normal-1471764-7-3", "normal-1471764-7-4", "normal-1471764-8-0", "normal-1471764-9-0", "normal-1471764-9-1", "normal-1471764-9-2", "normal-1471764-10-0", "normal-1471764-10-1", "normal-1471764-10-2", "normal-1471764-11-0", "normal-1471764-12-0", "normal-1471764-12-1", "normal-1471764-12-2", "normal-1471764-12-3", "normal-1471764-12-4", "normal-1471764-12-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Pedro Alejandro Paterno y de Vera Ignacio, also spelled \"Pedro Alejandro Paterno y Debera Ignacio\" (February 17, 1857 – April 26, 1911; in some references the birth date is February 27, 1858 while the death date is March 11, 1911.),", ", was a Filipino politician.", "He was also a poet and novelist. ' \"", "His intervention on behalf of the Spanish led to the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 14, 1897, an account of which he published in 1910.", "Among his other works include the first novel written by a native Filipino, \"Ninay\" (1885), and the first Filipino collection of poems in Spanish, \"Sampaguitas y otras poesías varias\" (\"Jasmines and Other Various Poems\"), published in Madrid in 1880.", "Pedro Paterno was born on the 17th of February, 1857.", "He was one of 13 children born to Don Máximo Paterno and his wife, Doña Carmen de Vera Ignacio.", "Máximo was exiled to Guam (then also part of the Spanish East Indies) for ten years following the 1872 Cavite mutiny, and died on 26 July 1900, leaving behind considerable wealth.", "Paterno finished \"Bachiller en Artes\" at Ateneo de Manila and gained fame with his conclusion.", "At the age of 14, he was sent to study in Spain, where he spent the next 11 years at the University of Salamanca and then the Central University of Madrid (now the Complutense University of Madrid).", "At Salamanca, he took courses in Philosophy and Theology, while at Madrid, he graduated with an expertise in law in 1880.", "In 1893, he was awarded the Order of Isabella the Catholic.", "At the trial of José Rizal in 1896, it was suggested that Paterno, along with Rizal, had incited the Katipunan because they had both written about the pre-Spanish Philippine History.", "As evidence for their complicity, the Spanish prosecution cited Paterno's earlier work \"Antigua Civilización\" as promoting ideas which had \"consequences both erroneous and injurious to Spanish sovereignty.\"", "Nobody moved against Paterno, however, because he was close to a significant number of Spanish officials - both military and civilian - who could vouch for him.", "Thus, Paterno, like many others of the Manila elite, distanced himself from the events of the Katipunan revolution.", "In 1897, the Philippine revolutionary forces led by General Emilio Aguinaldo had been driven out of Cavite and retreated northwards from town to town until they finally settled in the village of Biak-na-Bato, in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan.", "Here, they established what became known as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.", "In late July, 1897, Paterno voluntarily presented himself to Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera, whom he had known while living in Spain, and offered his services as a mediator.", "Because many highly placed Spaniards of the time thought Paterno held great sway over the natives, Primo de Rivera accepted Paterno's offer.", "He called for a truce, explaining his decision to the Cortes Generales: \"I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man can take it, but I can not answer that I could crush the rebellion.\"", "Paterno left Manila on August 4, 1897 and found Aguinaldo five days later.", "This began a three-month-long series of talks which saw Paterno constantly traveling between Manila, Biak-na-Bato, and some areas in Southern Luzon where a number of revolutionary chiefs held sway.", "During the negotiations, Paterno's wife Luisa died on November 27, 1897.", "In ceremonies on December 14–15 that year, Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.", "He later proclaimed the official end of the Philippine Revolution on Christmas Day and on left for Hong Kong via the port of Dagupan on December 27.", "Paterno returned to Manila on January 11, 1898 amidst great celebration, but was spurned by Primo de Rivera and other authorities when he asked to be recompensed by being granted a dukedom, a seat in the Spanish Senate, and payment for his services in Mexican dollars.", "Paterno was elected President of the Malolos Congress in Sept. 1898.", "He served as prime minister of the First Philippine Republic in the middle of 1899, and served as head of the country's assembly, and the cabinet.", "Paterno was captured by the Americans in April, 1900, at Antomoc, Benguet.", "With the Philippine-American War after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1898, he was among the most prominent Filipinos who joined the American side and advocated the incorporation of the Philippines into the United States.", "As the editor and proprietor of the newspaper \"La Patria\", he supported American dominion and gratitude towards Spain, from whence \"the Filipinos derived their civilization.\"", "He died of cholera on April 26, 1911.", "Despite Paterno's prominence in the many upheavals that defined the birth of the Philippine nation during his lifetime, Paterno's legacy is largely infamous among Philippine historians and nationalists.", "Philippine historian Resil Mojares notes that: \"History has not been kind to Pedro Paterno.", "A century ago, he was one of the country's premier intellectuals, blazing trails in Philippine letters.", "Today he is ignored in many of the fields in which he once held forth with much eminence, real and imagined.", "No full length biography or extended review of his corpus of writings has been written, and no one reads him today.\"", "Much of this is attributed to Paterno's penchant for turncoatism, as described by historian Ambeth Ocampo, who sums up his career thus: \"Remember, Paterno was one of the greatest \"balimbing\" (turncoat) in history (perhaps he was the original \"balimbing\" in Philippine political history).", "He was first on the Spanish side, then when the declaration of independence was made in 1898, he \"wormed his way to power\" and became president of the Malolos Congress in 1899, then sensing the change in political winds after the establishment of the American colonial government, he became a member of the First Philippine Assembly.\"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 363839, "simple_article_title": "Pedro A. Paterno", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363839", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-363839-0-0", "simple-363839-0-1", "simple-363839-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Pedro Alejandro Paterno y de Vera-Ignacio, also spelled Pedro Alejandro Paterno y Debera Ignacio(February 17, 1857 - April 26, 1911) was a Filipino independence activist, revolutionary and politician.", "He was also a poet and novelist.", "He was the second Prime Minister of the Philippines provisional revolutionary government from May 7, 1899 to November 13, 1899." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3825008, "normal_article_title": "Air gap (networking)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3825008", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3825008-0-0", "normal-3825008-0-1", "normal-3825008-1-0", "normal-3825008-1-1", "normal-3825008-1-2", "normal-3825008-1-3", "normal-3825008-1-4", "normal-3825008-2-0", "normal-3825008-2-1", "normal-3825008-2-2", "normal-3825008-3-0", "normal-3825008-3-1", "normal-3825008-3-2", "normal-3825008-3-3", "normal-3825008-3-4", "normal-3825008-4-0", "normal-3825008-4-1", "normal-3825008-4-2", "normal-3825008-5-0", "normal-3825008-6-0", "normal-3825008-7-0", "normal-3825008-7-1", "normal-3825008-8-0", "normal-3825008-9-0", "normal-3825008-9-1", "normal-3825008-10-0", "normal-3825008-10-1", "normal-3825008-11-0", "normal-3825008-11-1", "normal-3825008-12-0", "normal-3825008-12-1", "normal-3825008-13-0", "normal-3825008-13-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "An air gap, air wall or air gapping is a network security measure employed on one or more computers to ensure that a secure computer network is physically isolated from unsecured networks, such as the public Internet or an unsecured local area network.", "It means a computer or network has no network interfaces connected to other networks, with a physical or conceptual air gap, analogous to the air gap used in plumbing to maintain water quality.", "An \"air-gapped\" computer or network is one that has no network interfaces, either wired or wireless, connected to outside networks.", "Many computers, even when they are not plugged into a wired network, have a wireless network interface controller (WiFi) and are connected to nearby wireless networks to access the Internet and update software.", "This represents a security vulnerability, so air-gapped computers either have their wireless interface controller permanently disabled or physically removed.", "To move data between the outside world and the air-gapped system, it is necessary to write data to a physical medium such as a thumbdrive, and physically move it between computers.", "Physical access is easier to control than an electronic network interface, which can be attacked at any time from the exterior insecure system, and if malware infects the secure system can be used to export secure data.", "In environments where networks or devices are rated to handle different levels of classified information, the two disconnected devices or networks are referred to as \"low side\" and \"high side\", \"low\" being unclassified and \"high\" referring to classified, or classified at a higher level.", "This is also occasionally referred to as \"red\" (classified) and \"black\" (unclassified).", "Access policies are often based on the Bell–LaPadula confidentiality model, where data can be moved low-to-high with minimal security measures, while high-to-low requires much more stringent procedures to ensure protection of the data at a higher level of classification.", "The concept represents nearly the maximum protection one network can have from another (save turning the device off).", "The only way to transfer data between the outside world and the air-gapped system is to copy data on a removable storage medium such as a removable disk or USB flash drive and physically carry the storage to the other system.", "This access can be more easily controlled.", "The upside to this is that such a network can generally be regarded as a closed system (in terms of information, signals, and emissions security), unable to be accessed from the outside world.", "The downside is that transferring information (from the outside world) to be analyzed by computers on the secure network is extraordinarily labor-intensive, often involving human security analysis of prospective programs or data to be entered onto air-gapped networks and possibly even human manual re-entry of the data following security analysis.", "Sophisticated computer viruses for use in cyberwarfare, such as Stuxnet and agent.btz have been designed to infect air-gapped systems by exploiting security holes related to the handling of removable media.", "The possibility of using acoustic communication has also been demonstrated by researchers.", "Researchers have also demonstrated the feasibility of data exfiltration using FM frequency signals.", "Many of these systems have since added features that connect them to the public internet, and are no longer effectively air gapped, including thermostats with internet connections and automobiles, with Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and cellular phone connectivity.", "Limitations imposed on devices used in these environments may include a ban on wireless connections to or from the secure network, or similar restrictions on EM leakage from the secure network through the use of TEMPEST or a Faraday cage.", "Further, scientists in 2013 demonstrated the viability of air gap malware designed to defeat air gap isolation using acoustic signaling.", "Shortly after that, network security researcher Dragos Ruiu's BadBIOS received press attention.", "In 2014, researchers introduced \"AirHopper\", a bifurcated attack pattern showing the feasibility of data exfiltration from an isolated computer to a nearby mobile phone, using FM frequency signals.", "In 2015, BitWhisper, a covert signaling channel between air-gapped computers using thermal manipulations was introduced.", "BitWhisper supports bidirectional communication and requires no additional dedicated peripheral hardware.", "Later in 2015, researchers introduced GSMem, a method for exfiltrating data from air-gapped computers over cellular frequencies.", "The transmission - generated by a standard internal bus - renders the computer into a small cellular transmitter antenna.", "\"ProjectSauron\" malware discovered in 2016 demonstrates how an infected USB device can be used to remotely leak data off of an air-gapped computer.", "The malware remained undetected for 5 years and relied on hidden partitions on a USB drive not visible to Windows as a transport channel between the air-gapped computer and a computer connected to the internet, presumably as a way to share files between the two systems.", "\"NFCdrip\" was the name given to the discovery of stealthy data exfiltration through NFC (Near-field communication) radio abuse and signal detection in 2018.", "Although NFC enables devices to establish effective communication by bringing them within a few centimeters of each other, researchers showed that it can be abused to transmit information at a much longer range than expected - up to 100 meters.", "In general, malware can exploit various hardware combinations to leak sensitive information from air-gapped systems using \"air-gap covert channels\".", "These hardware combinations use a number of different mediums to bridge the air-gap, including: acoustic, light, seismic, magnetic, thermal, and radio-frequency." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 616344, "simple_article_title": "Air gap (networking)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=616344", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-616344-0-0", "simple-616344-0-1", "simple-616344-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "An air gap, air wall or air gapping is a network security measure employed on one or more computers to ensure that a secure computer network is physically isolated from unsecured networks, such as the public Internet or an unsecured local area network.", "Air gapped computers are commonly used in classified settings where network usage must be limited or cut off completely.", "In an air gapped setting a flash drive is used to transfer needed external data." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1017805, "normal_article_title": "Lycksele", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1017805", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1017805-0-0", "normal-1017805-1-0", "normal-1017805-1-1", "normal-1017805-2-0", "normal-1017805-2-1", "normal-1017805-3-0", "normal-1017805-3-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lycksele (] ; ; Ume Sami: ) is a locality and the seat of Lycksele Municipality in Västerbotten County, province of Lapland, Sweden with 8,513 inhabitants in 2010.", "Lycksele is the oldest lasting Sami settlement in Swedish Lappland.", "The first Swedish Sami school, \"Skytteanska skolan\", was built here in 1634.", "Lycksele was the first place in Swedish Lappland to be designated a city in 1946, hence its nickname \"Lapp-Stockholm\".", "Lycksele is, despite its small population, for historical reasons normally still called a \"city\" (stad).", "Lycksele has a subarctic climate with short mild summers and long cold and snowy winters.", "Despite its extremely northern latitude, the climate is relatively mild compared to other places at similar latitude because of the Gulf Stream." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 410459, "simple_article_title": "Lycksele", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=410459", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-410459-0-0", "simple-410459-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Lycksele is a town in northern Sweden.", "It is the seat of Lycksele Municipality and is in Västerbotten County." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 34639051, "normal_article_title": "Dan Borislow", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34639051", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-34639051-0-0", "normal-34639051-0-1", "normal-34639051-0-2", "normal-34639051-0-3", "normal-34639051-0-4", "normal-34639051-0-5", "normal-34639051-1-0", "normal-34639051-1-1", "normal-34639051-1-2", "normal-34639051-1-3", "normal-34639051-1-4", "normal-34639051-2-0", "normal-34639051-2-1", "normal-34639051-3-0", "normal-34639051-3-1", "normal-34639051-4-0", "normal-34639051-4-1", "normal-34639051-4-2", "normal-34639051-4-3", "normal-34639051-4-4", "normal-34639051-5-0", "normal-34639051-5-1", "normal-34639051-5-2", "normal-34639051-5-3", "normal-34639051-5-4", "normal-34639051-5-5", "normal-34639051-6-0", "normal-34639051-6-1", "normal-34639051-6-2", "normal-34639051-6-3", "normal-34639051-6-4", "normal-34639051-6-5", "normal-34639051-7-0", "normal-34639051-7-1", "normal-34639051-7-2", "normal-34639051-8-0", "normal-34639051-9-0", "normal-34639051-9-1", "normal-34639051-9-2", "normal-34639051-9-3", "normal-34639051-10-0", "normal-34639051-10-1", "normal-34639051-10-2", "normal-34639051-10-3", "normal-34639051-11-0", "normal-34639051-11-1", "normal-34639051-11-2", "normal-34639051-11-3", "normal-34639051-12-0", "normal-34639051-12-1", "normal-34639051-12-2", "normal-34639051-12-3", "normal-34639051-13-0", "normal-34639051-13-1", "normal-34639051-13-2", "normal-34639051-13-3", "normal-34639051-13-4", "normal-34639051-14-0", "normal-34639051-14-1", "normal-34639051-14-2", "normal-34639051-14-3", "normal-34639051-14-4", "normal-34639051-15-0", "normal-34639051-15-1", "normal-34639051-15-2", "normal-34639051-16-0", "normal-34639051-16-1", "normal-34639051-16-2", "normal-34639051-17-0", "normal-34639051-17-1", "normal-34639051-17-2", "normal-34639051-17-3", "normal-34639051-17-4", "normal-34639051-17-5", "normal-34639051-18-0", "normal-34639051-18-1", "normal-34639051-18-2", "normal-34639051-19-0", "normal-34639051-19-1", "normal-34639051-20-0", "normal-34639051-20-1", "normal-34639051-20-2", "normal-34639051-20-3", "normal-34639051-20-4", "normal-34639051-20-5", "normal-34639051-20-6", "normal-34639051-21-0", "normal-34639051-21-1", "normal-34639051-21-2", "normal-34639051-21-3", "normal-34639051-21-4", "normal-34639051-22-0", "normal-34639051-22-1", "normal-34639051-23-0", "normal-34639051-24-0", "normal-34639051-24-1", "normal-34639051-24-2", "normal-34639051-24-3", "normal-34639051-25-0", "normal-34639051-25-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Daniel Marc Borislow (September 21, 1961 – July 21, 2014) was an American entrepreneur, sports team owner, inventor, and thoroughbred horse breeder.", "Borislow was born and grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and attended Widener University.", "In 1989, he founded Tel-Save, Inc. to resell access to AT&T long-distance lines.", "Borislow took the company public in 1995, and two years later brokered a $100 million deal with AOL at the \"Cafe Europa.\"", "In early 1998, Tel-Save had sales of $300 million and was valued by Wall Street investors at $2 billion.", "However, due to the financial strain of paying off the AOL deal, Tel-Save lost $221 million in 1999, and Borislow sold his stock for approximately $300 million and retired.", "In his brief retirement, he focused on his horse racing career, sending Talk is Money to the 2001 Kentucky Derby although the thoroughbred did not complete the race.", "Borislow's most successful horse yet has been Toccet, who won four graded stakes, among which are the Champagne and Hollywood Futurity in 2002.", "After selling most of his horses in 2004, Borislow set forth plans for a new voice-over-IP business which became the magicJack.", "Invented in 2007, the magicJack is a small product which can be plugged into a computer's USB port and allows for unlimited calling from regular telephones.", "In 2010, YMAX, the company behind the magicJack, merged with an Israeli company and became a publicly traded corporation.", "In 2011, Borislow purchased a controlling share of the Washington Freedom women's professional soccer team.", "He had a brief turbulent relationship with other owners and the players which ended in a battle of law suits and the termination of the soccer team and league.", "Borislow and his family lived in Palm Beach County, Florida.", "Borislow died from an apparent heart attack or myocardial infarction on July 21, 2014.", "In 1989, Borislow founded Tel-Save when he was in his 20s to resell access to AT&T long-distance lines.", "The company was based in New Hope, Pennsylvania, and its primary market was toward small and medium-sized businesses.", "Borislow took the company public in 1995 and had an initial public offering of three million shares.", "He then invested in his own long distance network by deploying five Lucent 5ESS-2000 switches throughout the United States.", "By 1997, Tel-Save was making $20 million a year.", "In 1997, Borislow negotiated a three-year deal with America Online that granted Tel-Save exclusive marketing rights to sell long-distance service to AOL users.", "AOL users, meanwhile, would now be billed online for their local, long distance, cellular, and internet services.", "His original asking price was $50 million, but after negotiations, the figure increased to $100 million, in addition to half of future profits and 15 percent of the company's stock.", "Having rescued a reeling AOL from Chapter 11, Borislow was compared to Ted Turner for his vision and marketing abilities by Bob Pittman, president of AOL.", "This deal with Borislow skyrocketed AOL's stock prices 231% over the next year and catapulted them to be the dominant online provider with no runner up in sight.", "In December of that year, Borislow was behind the merger of Tel-Save and STF, a similar company that provided telecommunications services to office buildings.", "At its peak in early 1998, Tel-Save had sales of $300 million and was valued by Wall Street investors at $2 billion.", "His personal stock in the company was $500 million.", "Borislow's America Online deal was the catalyst for other \"portal deals\" with AOL.", "The company's fortunes turned due to the financial strain of the AOL deal, and following an annual loss of $221 million in 1998, he resigned as CEO of the company on January 1, 1999.", "Gabriel Battista was named CEO in his absence.", "Tel-Save is now known as Talk America.", "In 2005, after retiring from business to focus on his horse racing career, Borislow set forth plans for a new voice-over-IP business, with an initial name of Talk4free.", "He created YMAX Communications Corporation in April 2006 as a communications and equipment service.", "YMAX's profits come from the production of the magicJack, a small device which can be plugged into a computer's USB port and allows for unlimited calling from regular telephones.", "CEO Borislow invented the product in 2007 and had applied for patents from the U.S. government while he and Donald Burns shared the payment of $25 million to start up the company.", "Before Borislow launched a widespread television campaign in January 2008, the company sold less than 1,000 magicJacks per day.", "By June, he was selling 8,000-9,000 per day and had roughly 500,000 subscribers in total.", "Borislow attributes its success to its pricing, at $40 in the first year of service and $20 each year thereafter.", "Although its voice quality has been criticized, Ted Kritsonis of The Globe and Mail said the \"MagicJack was still better than most cell phones I've tried.\"", "In 2009, Florida Attorney General Bill McCollum investigated a claim that Borislow falsely marketed the magicJack as having a free 30-day trial of the product.", "In reality, the customer must specifically cancel the trial prior to the 30-day mark, otherwise the credit card would be automatically billed.", "While Borislow maintained that his company's actions were not illegal, he reached a settlement on April 15, agreeing to pay the state of Florida $125,000 for the cost of the investigation.", "He said the company resolved over 500 complaints and added a disclaimer on the website clarifying the misconception.", "VocalTec, an Israeli telephone company, acquired YMAX in July 2010.", "Since Borislow and other YMAX businessmen contributed most of the equity, they essentially run the merged business, which kept the \"YMAX\" moniker.", "VocalTec was a publicly traded company, so YMAX went on Nasdaq following the merger.", "In 2010, YMAX had a market capitalization of $300 million and is expected to make $110 million to $125 million in sales.", "After watching horse races at Philadelphia Park for some time, Borislow decided to go into the business in 1991.", "He frequently wagered on trainer John Scanlan's horses, so he requested Scanlan to be the conditioner for his horses.", "Among Borislow's first acquisitions was broodmare Beautiful Bid, who gave birth to Breeders' Cup Distaff winner and Eclipse champion Beautiful Pleasure.", "In 2000, he sold Beautiful Bid for $2.6 million.", "Borislow bought a $1.8 million yearling in September 1999 that he named Talk Is Money.", "The thoroughbred was named after Tel-Save, with Borislow saying, \"Every time someone was talking on the phone, I made money.\"", "Talk Is Money's best finish came at the Tesio Stakes in April 2001, where the horse placed second.", "This qualified him for the 2001 Kentucky Derby, and Borislow hired jockey Jerry Bailey, who won the 2000 Breeders Cup Juvenile with Macho Uno.", "At 47-1 odds, Talk Is Money came in last in the Derby and did not finish the race.", "Borislow's most successful horse was Toccet, who won four graded stakes, including the Champagne and Hollywood Futurity in 2002.", "Toccet's name is a misspelled tribute to former National Hockey League (NHL) player Rick Tocchet.", "The horse was named runner-up to Vindication for the American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt in 2002, a part of the Eclipse Award.", "Once a favorite to enter the 2003 Kentucky Derby, Toccet was derailed by ankle injuries early in the year.", "He won one listed stakes after his juvenile season out of 15 starts and now stands at Castleton Lyons.", "After a dispute with the Internal Revenue Service, Borislow sold a majority of his horses at the Fasig Tipton November sale in 2004.", "In February 2005, he was in a partnership with baseball manager Joe Torre and hockey player Keith Jones to buy Wild Desert.", "In June of that year, Wild Desert won the Queen's Plate off a layoff of over 10 weeks.", "In May 2014, Borislow hit the Gulfstream Park Rainbow Six paying $6.6 million.", "His winning Rainbow 6 ticket of all/all/all/1,4/all/all cost $7,603.20.", "He played two other similar tickets with a total cost of $22,809.60.", "In 2011, Borislow bought Women's Professional Soccer franchise Washington Freedom, moved it to South Florida, and renamed it magicJack.", "Borislow attracted stars of the United States national women's soccer team such as Abby Wambach and Hope Solo with salaries well above the league average of $25,000 per year.", "Borislow was criticized for discriminatory treatment of lesser-known players.", "Cat Whitehill, a former player and sports broadcaster said, \"There are so few superstars that the majority of players can be easily intimidated.\"", "She added that the stars, \"never deliberately meant for the other players on the roster to be treated badly.", "But it does appear that they didn't consider what standing up to Borislow would mean for the rest of the team.\"", "On July 8, 2011, the non-National Team members of magicJack voted to file a grievance through their Player's Union against Borislow.", "The grievance alleged that Borislow had violated the Standard Player Contract Provision, the FIFA Code of Ethics, WPS Media Policy and U.S. Soccer Federation Coaching Requirements.", "The suit alleged Borislow's \"practice of bullying and threatening players, and his creation of a hostile, oppressive, and intimidating work environment which adversely affects players’ ability (to) perform\".", "The only individual player to speak out publicly about Borislow was Ella Masar.", "Masar told of a team meeting in which Borislow demanded that the grievance be dropped or he would terminate the players and the magicJack season.", "Borislow also had problems with WPS staff and owners of other teams.", "In response to ongoing conflicts with Borislow, in June 2011 WPS moved to terminate his franchise at the end of the season for breach of contractual obligations.", "Borislow subsequently filed an injunction that would force the league into arbitration rather than settling the matter with the league’s Board of Governors.", "On October 25, 2011, the WPS voted to terminate the franchise, accusing Borislow of violations ranging from \"unprofessional and disparaging treatment of his players to failure to pay his bills.\"", "WPS also stated, \"Mr. Borislow's actions have been calculated to tarnish the reputation of the league and damage the league's business relationships.\"", "The team was disbanded on October 28, 2011.", "The ongoing legal battle with the WPS led to the cancelling of the 2012 season for \"pending legal issues\" on January 1, 2012 and the magicJack soccer franchise ceased to exist.", "D&K Charitable Foundation was established by Borislow in 1997 with a $21 million stock donation.", "In the first two years, he tried to use the charity to buy and preserve a tract of land in New Hope, Pennsylvania.", "This venture failed in 1998 when the property owner declined Borislow's offer.", "Following this, D&K made donations to the Clearwater Endoscopy Center and the Center for Digestive Healthcare in Clearwater, Florida until 2001.", "Since then, it has issued varied grants to causes Borislow supported, such as $2.75 million to two yeshivas and $173,450 to a West Palm Beach, Florida private school.", "Borislow lived with his wife, Michele, and two children, Danny and Kylie, in Palm Beach County, Florida.", "He also maintained a home in Brigantine, New Jersey.", "In his free time, he enjoyed playing soccer, watching sports, and deep sea fishing.", "On May 25, 2014, he won $6,678,939.12 with the only ticket to have the winners of the final six races on Gulfstream's card.", "The winner of the biggest payoff in American racing history invested $7,603.20 on the bet, which has a 20-cent base wager.", "He covered the full fields in all but the sixth race, in which he had only the Nos. 1 and 4.", "Borislow made 2 other similar bets on the race, total investment was $22,809.60.", "Borislow died from a heart attack (myocardial infarction) in Jupiter, Florida on July 21, 2014, reportedly after playing in an adult league soccer match.", "On July 25, 2014, more than 500 mourners attended a memorial service at the Kravis Center in West Palm Beach." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 7300849, "normal_article_title": "Zhejiangopterus", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7300849", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-7300849-0-0", "normal-7300849-1-0", "normal-7300849-1-1", "normal-7300849-1-2", "normal-7300849-1-3", "normal-7300849-1-4", "normal-7300849-2-0", "normal-7300849-2-1", "normal-7300849-2-2", "normal-7300849-3-0", "normal-7300849-3-1", "normal-7300849-3-2", "normal-7300849-3-3", "normal-7300849-3-4", "normal-7300849-3-5", "normal-7300849-3-6", "normal-7300849-3-7", "normal-7300849-3-8", "normal-7300849-3-9", "normal-7300849-3-10", "normal-7300849-4-0", "normal-7300849-4-1", "normal-7300849-4-2", "normal-7300849-4-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Zhejiangopterus is a genus of azhdarchid pterosaur known from one species, which lived in China during the late Cretaceous Period.", "In 1986 a young chalkstone quarry worker named Xu Chengfa, found a large fossil near the village of Aolicun in Linhai.", "Xu by letter informed the director of the Zhejiang Museum of Natural History at Hangzhou, Ming Hua, who from it understood the remains were those of an unknown pterosaur.", "Therefore he sent a team consisting of the describers and Wu Weitang to investigate.", "They secured the fossil, instructing the local population to be alert for possible further finds.", "Xu himself managed to find three more specimens before being killed in an accident in 1988; another worker found a complete skull.", "In the early 90’s in total six larger fossils had been recovered from the Tangshang Formation, an 81.5 million year old layer from the Campanian.", "Among those was the holotype, ZMNH M1330, the impression of the skull of a juvenile individual.", "Several paratypes were referred: ZMNH M1325, a skeleton lacking the skull; ZMNH M1328, an almost complete skeleton and ZMNH M1329, a fragmentary skeleton.", "\"Zhejiangopterus\" was a moderately large pterosaur.", "Its wingspan was first estimated at 5 metres (16.4 feet).", "Later estimates reduced this to about 3.5 metres (11.5 ft), while its body mass is estimated by pterosaur expert Mark Witton to be around 7.9 kilograms (roughly 17 pounds) based on a volumetric method.", "Its skull was long, low, perfectly arched, and lacked a \"keel\" or any other crest sometimes seen in related species.", "The nasal opening and the large opening typically present between the nose and eye openings of archosaurs (the \"antorbital fenestra\") had joined together in species such as this to create a single oval opening that occupied nearly one half the length of the skull.", "The beak was long, thin, sharply pointed, and lacked teeth.", "The cervical vertebrae were elongated.", "The first six dorsal vertebrae had fused into a notarium.", "Several pairs of belly ribs were preserved.", "Its upper leg bone was half the size of its upper arm bone, and strong and thin.", "The wings were short but robust.", "\"Zhejiangopterus\" was classified as a member of the Nyctosauridae by the original describers because of the two edentulous pterosaurs they possessed good descriptions of, \"Pteranodon\" and \"Nyctosaurus\", \"Zhejiangopterus\" more resembled the latter.", "At the time of the description, there was a lack of data on \"Quetzalcoatlus\".", "In 1997 David Unwin determined that \"Zhejiangopterus\" was more closely related to this giant American form and thus belonged to Azhdarchidae.", "No other azhdarchid is known from such complete skeletal material." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 44043, "simple_article_title": "Zhejiangopterus", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44043", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-44043-0-0", "simple-44043-0-1", "simple-44043-1-0", "simple-44043-1-1", "simple-44043-1-2", "simple-44043-1-3", "simple-44043-2-0", "simple-44043-2-1", "simple-44043-2-2", "simple-44043-2-3", "simple-44043-2-4", "simple-44043-3-0", "simple-44043-3-1", "simple-44043-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Zhejiangopterus is a pterosaur that was found in China.", "It lived in the late Cretaceous.", "At least six specimens of adults have been found.", "\"Zhejiangopterus\" was a moderately large pterosaur.", "Its wingspan was first estimated at five metres (16.4 feet).", "Later estimates reduced this to about 3.5 metres (11 feet).", "Its skull was long, low, perfectly arched, and lacked a \"keel\" or any other crest sometimes seen in related species.", "The beak was long, thin, sharply pointed, and lacked teeth.", "The cervical vertebrae were elongated.", "The first six dorsal vertebrae had fused together.", "This helped the chest keep stable against the forces generated by the wings.", "Several pairs of belly ribs were preserved.", "Its upper leg bone was half the size of its upper arm bone, and strong and thin.", "The wings were short but robust" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 16762715, "normal_article_title": "Engelhard, North Carolina", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16762715", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-16762715-0-0", "normal-16762715-0-1", "normal-16762715-0-2", "normal-16762715-1-0", "normal-16762715-2-0", "normal-16762715-3-0", "normal-16762715-3-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Engelhard is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated fishing community in Lake Landing Township on the mainland of Hyde County, North Carolina, United States.", "It has access to Pamlico Sound.", "As of the 2010 census it had a population of 445.", "Inkwell and Wynne's Folly are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Engelhard is in eastern Hyde County along U.S. Route 264, which leads northeast 46 mi to Manteo and west 47 mi to Belhaven.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Engelhard CDP has a total area of 8.33 sqkm , all of it recorded as land.", "The community is at the head of Far Creek, a small tidal inlet of Pamlico Sound." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 212640, "simple_article_title": "Engelhard, North Carolina", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=212640", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-212640-0-0", "simple-212640-0-1", "simple-212640-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Engelhard is a small village in North Carolina, United States.", "About 300 people live there.", "The village is found in Hyde County." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 12116287, "normal_article_title": "Affringues", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12116287", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-12116287-0-0", "normal-12116287-0-1", "normal-12116287-1-0", "normal-12116287-1-1", "normal-12116287-2-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Affringues is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.", "The placename derives from medieval Flemish: \"Hafferdingen\".", "A village, located 9 miles (15 km) southwest of Saint-Omer, at the D205 and D202 crossroads.", "First mentioned in the 12th century by the names \"Hafferdinges\" (+/- 1182) and \"Harfrenges\" (1186).", "Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 153934, "simple_article_title": "Affringues", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=153934", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-153934-0-0", "simple-153934-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Affringues is a commune.", "It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 22653911, "normal_article_title": "Roh Hoe-chan", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22653911", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-22653911-0-0", "normal-22653911-0-1", "normal-22653911-0-2", "normal-22653911-1-0", "normal-22653911-1-1", "normal-22653911-1-2", "normal-22653911-1-3", "normal-22653911-1-4", "normal-22653911-2-0", "normal-22653911-3-0", "normal-22653911-3-1", "normal-22653911-3-2", "normal-22653911-3-3", "normal-22653911-3-4", "normal-22653911-3-5", "normal-22653911-4-0", "normal-22653911-4-1", "normal-22653911-5-0", "normal-22653911-6-0", "normal-22653911-7-0", "normal-22653911-7-1", "normal-22653911-7-2", "normal-22653911-8-0", "normal-22653911-8-1", "normal-22653911-9-0", "normal-22653911-9-1", "normal-22653911-10-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Roh Hoe-chan ( , 31 August 1956 – 23 July 2018) was a South Korean politician.", "He was a member of the 17th, 19th, and 20th National Assemblies.", "A progressive, and a prominent socialist politician, Roh was involved with multiple progressive-leaning parties, lately with the Justice Party from 2012 until his death in 2018.", "Roh was born on 31 August 1956 in Busan into a middle-class household.", "He attended the prestigious Kyunggi High School in the 1970s.", "Afterwards, Roh went to college, taking part in political movements, and in 1982 was hired as a welder at a factory where he organized the factory workers.", "Roh was instrumental in the formation of the Incheon Democratic Workers' Federation with the aim of creating the workers' party.", "He was jailed for 30 months after being caught by the government in 1989, accused of breaking the National Security Act.", "After serving his jail term, Roh was involved with the formation of progressive political parties in the 1990s, which later became the Democratic Labor Party in 2000.", "He served as a member of the National Assembly from 2004 to 2008.", "He co-founded the New Progressive Party with Sim Sang-jung, Cho Seungsoo, and other members of the People's Democracy faction of the Democratic Labor Party.", "He unsuccessfully ran for Mayor of Seoul as a New Progressive Party candidate in 2010.", "He again served as a member of the National Assembly on behalf of the Unified Progressive Party and the Justice Party in 2012 to 2013.", "Roh broke with the Unified Progressive Party after allegations that the faction led by the party leader Lee Jung-hee had manipulated the party list to elect members of her own faction into the National Assembly.", "He, with Sim Sang-jeong and Rhyu Si-min, formed the Progressive Justice Party in October 2012, but in 2013 it became the Justice Party.", "In 2005, he posted the names of the prosecutors implicated in corruption cases involving Samsung on the internet.", "He was charged with breaking Korea's communication secrecy act, and after a long legal battle, he was sentenced to 4 months in prison and given a 1-year suspended prison sentence in 2013.", "He was again elected to the National Assembly, this time as a member of the Justice Party, in 2016.", "In July 2018, Roh was under investigation into accusations that he had accepted ₩50 million from an aide to an influential blogger known as \"Druking\" while at the center of an opinion-rigging scandal.", "Roh married fellow labor activist Kim Ji-sun in 1988.", "The couple had no children.", "Roh was a cello player from his elementary school days, and often dreamed of a society where every citizen could pick up a musical instrument.", "Roh committed suicide, aged 61, by jumping from his mother's apartment in Seoul on 23 July 2018.", "His death occurred during the course of the special prosecutor's investigations into the illegal political funds of Druking, the main perpetrator of the South Korean opinion-rigging scandal.", "Roh's will, addressing the Justice Party and its membership, admitted receiving ₩40 million (approximately US$35,300) from Druking's organization but denied any form of favoritism in exchange for the campaign contribution.", "According to Political Fund Act which he supported, it is still illegal and guilty because the amount of money he has received already exceeds the legitimate scope.", "In response to his death, South Korean President Moon Jae-in said Roh had made “big contributions to widening the spectrum of South Korean politics\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 341860, "normal_article_title": "Uyghur language", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=341860", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-341860-0-0", "normal-341860-0-1", "normal-341860-0-2", "normal-341860-1-0", "normal-341860-1-1", "normal-341860-1-2", "normal-341860-1-3", "normal-341860-2-0", "normal-341860-2-1", "normal-341860-2-2", "normal-341860-2-3", "normal-341860-3-0", "normal-341860-4-0", "normal-341860-4-1", "normal-341860-4-2", "normal-341860-4-3", "normal-341860-4-4", "normal-341860-4-5", "normal-341860-5-0", "normal-341860-5-1", "normal-341860-6-0", "normal-341860-6-1", "normal-341860-6-2", "normal-341860-6-3", "normal-341860-6-4", "normal-341860-7-0", "normal-341860-7-1", "normal-341860-7-2", "normal-341860-8-0", "normal-341860-8-1", "normal-341860-8-2", "normal-341860-8-3", "normal-341860-8-4", "normal-341860-8-5", "normal-341860-8-6", "normal-341860-8-7", "normal-341860-8-8", "normal-341860-9-0", "normal-341860-10-0", "normal-341860-10-1", "normal-341860-10-2", "normal-341860-10-3", "normal-341860-11-0", "normal-341860-12-0", "normal-341860-12-1", "normal-341860-12-2", "normal-341860-12-3", "normal-341860-12-4", "normal-341860-12-5", "normal-341860-12-6", "normal-341860-13-0", "normal-341860-13-1", "normal-341860-14-0", "normal-341860-14-1", "normal-341860-15-0", "normal-341860-15-1", "normal-341860-16-0", "normal-341860-17-0", "normal-341860-18-0", "normal-341860-18-1", "normal-341860-18-2", "normal-341860-19-0", "normal-341860-19-1", "normal-341860-19-2", "normal-341860-19-3", "normal-341860-19-4", "normal-341860-19-5", "normal-341860-19-6", "normal-341860-19-7", "normal-341860-19-8", "normal-341860-19-9", "normal-341860-19-10", "normal-341860-20-0", "normal-341860-20-1", "normal-341860-21-0", "normal-341860-21-1", "normal-341860-21-2", "normal-341860-21-3", "normal-341860-22-0", "normal-341860-22-1", "normal-341860-22-2", "normal-341860-23-0", "normal-341860-24-0", "normal-341860-24-1", "normal-341860-24-2", "normal-341860-24-3", "normal-341860-25-0", "normal-341860-26-0", "normal-341860-26-1", "normal-341860-27-0", "normal-341860-27-1", "normal-341860-28-0", "normal-341860-28-1", "normal-341860-28-2", "normal-341860-28-3", "normal-341860-29-0", "normal-341860-29-1", "normal-341860-29-2", "normal-341860-29-3", "normal-341860-30-0", "normal-341860-30-1", "normal-341860-30-2", "normal-341860-30-3", "normal-341860-31-0", "normal-341860-31-1", "normal-341860-31-2", "normal-341860-31-3", "normal-341860-31-4", "normal-341860-31-5", "normal-341860-31-6", "normal-341860-32-0", "normal-341860-32-1", "normal-341860-32-2", "normal-341860-32-3", "normal-341860-32-4", "normal-341860-33-0", "normal-341860-33-1", "normal-341860-33-2", "normal-341860-33-3", "normal-341860-33-4", "normal-341860-34-0", "normal-341860-35-0", "normal-341860-36-0", "normal-341860-36-1", "normal-341860-36-2", "normal-341860-36-3", "normal-341860-36-4", "normal-341860-37-0", "normal-341860-37-1", "normal-341860-37-2", "normal-341860-37-3", "normal-341860-38-0", "normal-341860-38-1", "normal-341860-38-2", "normal-341860-39-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Uyghur or Uighur language ( ; , , , or , , , ; formerly known as Eastern Turki), is a Turkic language with 10 to 15 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China.", "Significant communities of Uyghur speakers are located in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and various other countries have Uyghur-speaking expatriate communities.", "Uyghur is an official language of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is widely used in both social and official spheres, as well as in print, television and radio and is used as a common language by other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang.", "Uyghur belongs to the Karluk branch of the Turkic language family, which also includes languages such as Uzbek.", "Like many other Turkic languages, Uyghur displays vowel harmony and agglutination, lacks noun classes or grammatical gender and is a left-branching language with subject–object–verb word order.", "More distinctly Uyghur processes include, especially in northern dialects, vowel reduction and umlauting.", "In addition to influence of other Turkic languages, Uyghur has historically been influenced strongly by Arabic and Persian and more recently by Russian and Mandarin Chinese.", "The modified Arabic-derived writing system is the most common and the only standard in China, although other writing systems are used for auxiliary and historical purposes.", "Unlike most Arabic-derived scripts, the Uyghur Arabic alphabet has mandatory marking of all vowels due to modifications to the original Perso-Arabic script made in the 20th century.", "Two Latin and one Cyrillic alphabet are also used, though to a much lesser extent.", "The Arabic and Latin alphabets both have 32 characters.", "The Middle Turkic languages are the direct ancestor of the Karluk languages, including Uyghur and the Uzbek language.", "Kagan Arik wrote that Modern Uyghur is not descended from Old Uyghur, rather, it is a descendant of the Karluk language spoken by the Kara-Khanid Khanate.", "According to Gerard Clauson, Western Yugur is considered to be the true descendant of Old Uyghur, and is also called \"Neo-Uyghur\".", "Modern Uyghur is not a descendant of Old Uyghur, but is descended from the Xākānī language described by Mahmud al-Kashgari in Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk.", "According to Frederik Coene, Modern Uyghur and Western Yugur belong to entirely different branches of the Turkic language family, respectively the southeastern Turkic languages and the northeastern Turkic languages.", "The Western Yugur language, although in geographic proximity, is more closely related to the Siberian Turkic languages in Siberia.", "Robert Dankoff wrote that the Turkic language spoken in Kashgar and used in Kara Khanid works was Karluk, not (Old) Uyghur.", "Robert Barkley Shaw wrote, \"In the Turkish of Káshghar and Yarkand (which some European linguists have called Uïghur, a name unknown to the inhabitants of those towns, who know their tongue simply as Túrki), ... This would seem in many case to be a misnomer as applied to the modem language of Kashghar\".", "Sven Hedin wrote, \"In these cases it would be particularly inappropriate to normalize to the East Turkish literary language, because by so doing one would obliterate traces of national elements which have no immediate connection with the Kaschgar Turks, but on the contrary are possibly derived from the ancient Uigurs\".", "Probably around 1077, a scholar of the Turkic languages, Mahmud al-Kashgari from Kashgar in modern-day Xinjiang, published a Turkic language dictionary and description of the geographic distribution of many Turkic languages, \"Dīwān ul-Lughat al-Turk\" (English: \"Compendium of the Turkic Dialects\"; Uyghur: تۈركى تىللار دىۋانى \"Türki Tillar Diwani\").", "The book, described by scholars as an \"extraordinary work,\" documents the rich literary tradition of Turkic languages; it contains folk tales (including descriptions of the functions of shamans) and didactic poetry (propounding \"moral standards and good behaviour\"), besides poems and poetry cycles on topics such as hunting and love, and numerous other language materials.", "Other Kara-Khanid writers wrote works in the Turki Karluk Khaqani language.", "Yusuf Khass Hajib wrote the Kutadgu Bilig.", "Ahmad bin Mahmud Yukenaki (Ahmed bin Mahmud Yükneki) (Ahmet ibn Mahmut Yükneki) (Yazan Edib Ahmed b. Mahmud Yükneki) (w:tr:Edip Ahmet Yükneki) wrote the Hibat al-ḥaqāyiq (هبة الحقايق) (Hibet-ül hakayik) (Hibet ül-hakayık) (Hibbetü'l-Hakaik) (Atebetüʼl-hakayik) (w:tr:Atabetü'l-Hakayık).", "Middle Turkic languages, through the influence of Perso-Arabic after the 13th century, developed into the Chagatai language, a literary language used all across Central Asia until the early 20th century.", "After Chaghatai fell into extinction, the standard versions of Uyghur and Uzbek were developed from dialects in the Chagatai-speaking region, showing abundant Chaghatai influence.", "Uyghur language today shows considerable Persian influence as a result from Chagatai, including numerous Persian loanwords.", "Modern Uyghur religious literature includes the Taẕkirah, biographies of Islamic religious figures and saints.", "The Taẕkirah is a genre of literature written about Sufi Muslim saints in Altishahr.", "Written sometime in the period between 1700 and 1849, the Chagatai language (modern Uyghur) \"Taẕkirah of the Four Sacrificed Imams\" provides an account of the Muslim Karakhanid war against the Khotanese Buddhists, containing a story about Imams, from Mada'in city (possibly in modern-day Iraq) came 4 Imams who travelled to help the Islamic conquest of Khotan, Yarkand, and Kashgar by Yusuf Qadir Khan, the Qarakhanid leader.", "The shrines of Sufi Saints are revered in Altishahr as one of Islam's essential components and the tazkirah literature reinforced the sacredness of the shrines.", "Anyone who does not believe in the stories of the saints is guaranteed hellfire by the tazkirahs.", "It is written, \"And those who doubt Their Holinesses the Imams will leave this world without faith, and on Judgement Day their faces will be black ...\" in the \"Tazkirah of the Four Sacrificed Imams\".", "Shaw translated extracts from the Tazkiratu'l-Bughra on the Muslim Turki war against the \"infidel\" Khotan.", "The Turki-language \"Tadhkirah i Khwajagan\" was written by M. Sadiq Kashghari.", "Historical works like the \"Tārīkh-i amniyya\" and \"Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi\" were written by Musa Sayrami.", "The Qing dynasty commissioned dictionaries on the major languages of China which included Chagatai Turki language, such as the Pentaglot Dictionary.", "Shaw and Christian missionaries such as George W. Hunter (missionary), Johannes Avetaranian, Magnus Bäcklund, Nils Fredrik Höijer, Father Hendricks, Josef Mässrur, Anna Mässrur, Albert Andersson (missionary), Gustaf Ahlbert, Stina Mårtensson, John Törnquist, Gösta Raquette, Oskar Hermannson, the convert to Christianity Nur Luke, Harold Whitaker, and Turkologist Gunnar Jarring studied the Uyghur language and wrote works on it, calling it \"Eastern Turki\".", "Shaw wrote in his book that it was Europeans at his time who called the language \"Uighur\" while the native inhabitants of Yarkand and Kashgar did not call it by that name and but called it \"Turki\", and Shaw wrote that the name \"Uighur\" was a misnomer when referring to Kashgar's language.", "A Turkish convert to Christianity, Johannes Avetaranian went to China to spread Christianity to the Uyghurs.", "Yaqup Istipan, Wu'erkaixi, and Alimujiang Yimiti are other Uyghurs who converted to Christianity.", "The Bible was translated into the Kashgari dialect of Turki (Uyghur).", "The historical term \"Uyghur\" was appropriated for the language that had been known as Eastern Turki by government officials in the Soviet Union in 1922 and in Xinjiang in 1934.", "Sergey Malov was behind the idea of renaming Turki to Uyghurs.", "The use of the term Uyghur has led to anachronisms when describing the history of the people.", "In one of his books the term Uyghur was deliberately not used by James Millward.", "The name Khāqāniyya was given to the Qarluks who inhabited Kāshghar and Bālāsāghūn, the inhabitants were not Uighur, but their language has been retroactively labelled as Uighur by scholars.", "The Qarakhanids called their own language the \"Turk\" or \"Kashgar\" language, and did not use Uighur to describe their own language, Uighur was used to describe the language of non-Muslims but Chinese scholars have anachronistically called a Qarakhanid work written by Kashgari as \"Uighur\".", "The name \"\"Altishahri-Jungharian Uyghur\"\" was used by the Soviet educated Uyghur Qadir Haji in 1927.", "The Uyghur language belongs to the Karluk Turkic (\"Qarluq\") branch of the Turkic language family.", "It is closely related to Äynu, Lop, Ili Turki, the extinct language Chagatay (the East Karluk languages), and more distantly to Uzbek (which is West Karluk).", "Early linguistic scholarly studies of Uyghur include Julius Klaproth's 1812 \"Dissertation on language and script of the Uighurs\" (\"Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren\") which was disputed by Isaak Jakob Schmidt.", "In this period, Klaproth correctly asserted that Uyghur was a Turkic language, while Schmidt believed that Uyghur should be classified with Tangut languages.", "It is widely accepted that Uyghur has three main dialects, all based on their geographical distribution.", "Each of these main dialects have a number of sub-dialects which all are mutually intelligible to some extent.", "The Central dialects are spoken by 90% of the Uyghur-speaking population, while the two other branches of dialects only are spoken by a relatively small minority.", "Vowel reduction is common in the northern parts of where Uyghur is spoken, but not in the south.", "Uyghur is spoken by about 8-11 million people in total.", "In addition to being spoken primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China, mainly by the Uyghur people, Uyghur was also spoken by some 300,000 people in Kazakhstan in 1993, some 90,000 in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in 1998, 3,000 in Afghanistan and 1,000 in Mongolia, both in 1982.", "Smaller communities also exist in Albania, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States (New York City).", "The Uyghurs are one of the 56 recognized ethnic groups in China, and Uyghur is an official language of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, along with Standard Chinese.", "As a result, Uyghur can be heard in most social domains in Xinjiang, and also in schools, government and courts.", "Of the other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang, those populous enough to have their own autonomous prefectures, such as the Kazakhs and the Kyrgyz, have access to schools and government services in their native language.", "Smaller minorities, however, do not have a choice and must attend Uyghur-medium schools.", "These include the Xibe, Tajiks, Daurs, and Russians.", "In some instances Uyghur parents decide to enroll their children at Mandarin schools over Uyghur schools because of the better quality education offered, leading to many Uyghur children having more trouble learning their native language over Mandarin.", "However, according to Radio Free Asia, Xinjiang's Hotan government have issued a directive completely banning the use of the Uyghur language at all education levels up to and including secondary school in 2017.", "According to reports in 2018, Uyghur script was erased from street signs and wall murals, as Chinese government has launched a campaign to force Uyghur people to learn Mandarin.", "Any interest in Uyghur culture or language could lead to detention.", "Recent news reports have also documented the existence of mandatory boarding schools where children are separated from their parents.", "Similarly to residential schools for Indigenous people in the US and Canada, kids are punished for speaking Uyghur, making the language at a very high risk of extinction.", "About 80 newspapers and magazines are available in Uyghur; five TV channels and ten publishers serve as the Uyghur media.", "Outside of China, Radio Free Asia and TRT provide news in Uyghur.", "The vowels of the Uyghur language are, in their alphabetical order (in the Latin script), ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨ë⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨ö⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , ⟨ü⟩ .", "There are no diphthongs.", "Hiatus occurs in some loanwords.Uyghur vowels are distinguished on the bases of height, backness and roundness.", "It has been argued, within a lexical phonology framework, that has a back counterpart , and modern Uyghur lacks a clear differentiation between and .", "Uyghur vowels are by default short, but some phonologists have argued that long vowels also exist because of historical vowel assimilation (above) and through loanwords.", "Underlyingly long vowels would resist vowel reduction and devoicing, introduce non-final stress, and be analyzed as |Vj| or |Vr| before a few suffixes.", "However, the conditions in which they are actually pronounced as distinct from their short counterparts have not been fully researched.", "The high vowels undergo some tensing when they occur adjacent to alveolars (s, z, r, l ), palatals (j ), dentals (t̪, d̪, n̪ ), and post-alveolar affricates (t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ ), e.g. \"chiraq\" t͡ʃhˈiraq 'lamp', \"jenubiy\" d͡ʒɛnʊˈbiː 'southern', \"yüz\" jyz 'face; hundred', \"suda\" suːˈda 'in/at (the) water'.", "Both and undergo apicalisation after alveodental continuants in unstressed syllables, e.g. \"siler\" sɪ̯læː(r) 'you (plural)', \"ziyan\" zɪ̯ˈjɑːn 'harm'.", "They are medialised after or before , e.g. \"til\" thɨl 'tongue', \"xizmet\" χɨzˈmɛt 'work; job; service'.", "After velars, uvulars and they are realised as , e.g. \"giram\" ɡeˈrʌm 'gramme', \"xelqi\" χɛlˈqhe 'his etc. nation', \"Finn\" fen 'Finn'.", "Between two syllables that contain a rounded back vowel each, they are realised as back, e.g. \"qolimu\" qhɔˈlɯmʊ 'also his etc. arm'.", "Any vowel undergoes laxing and backing when it occurs in uvular (/q/, /ʁ/, /χ/ ) and laryngeal (glottal) (/ɦ/, /ʔ/ ) environments, e.g. \"qiz\" qhɤz 'girl', \"qëtiq\" qhɤˈtɯq 'yogurt', \"qeghez\" qhæˈʁæz 'paper', \"qum\" qhʊm 'sand', \"qolay\" qhɔˈlʌɪ 'convenient', \"qan\" qhɑn 'blood', \"ëghiz\" ʔeˈʁez 'mouth', \"hisab\" ɦɤˈsʌp 'number', \"hës\" ɦɤs 'hunch', \"hemrah\" ɦæmˈrʌh 'partner', \"höl\" ɦœɫ 'wet', \"hujum\" ɦuˈd͡ʒʊm 'assault', \"halqa\" ɦɑlˈqhɑ 'ring'.", "Lowering tends to apply to the non-high vowels when a syllable-final liquid assimilates to them, e.g. \"kör\" chøː 'look!',", ", \"boldi\" bɔlˈdɪ 'he etc. became', \"ders\" dæːs 'lesson', \"tar\" thɑː(r) 'narrow'.", "Official Uyghur orthographies do not mark vowel length, and also do not distinguish between /ɪ/ (e.g., بىلىم /bɪlɪm/ 'knowledge') and back (e.g., تىلىم /tɯlɯm/ 'my language'); these two sounds are in complementary distribution, but phonological analyses claim that they play a role in vowel harmony and are separate phonemes.", "/e/ only occurs in words of non-Turkic origin and as the result of vowel raising.", "Uyghur has systematic vowel reduction (or vowel raising) as well as vowel harmony.", "Words usually agree in vowel backness, but compounds, loans, and some other exceptions often break vowel harmony.", "Suffixes surface with the rightmost back value in the stem, and /e, ɪ/ are transparent (as they do not contrast for backness).", "Uyghur also has rounding harmony.", "Uyghur voiceless stops are aspirated word-initially and intervocalically.", "The pairs /p, b/ , /t, d/ , /k, ɡ/ , and /q, ʁ/ alternate, with the voiced member devoicing in syllable-final position, except in word-initial syllables.", "This devoicing process is usually reflected in the official orthography, but an exception has been recently made for certain Perso-Arabic loans.", "Voiceless phonemes do not become voiced in standard Uyghur.", "Suffixes display a slightly different type of consonant alternation.", "The phonemes /ɡ/ and /ʁ/ anywhere in a suffix alternate as governed by vowel harmony, where /ɡ/ occurs with front vowels and /ʁ/ with back ones.", "Devoicing of a suffix-initial consonant can occur only in the cases of /d/ → t , /ɡ/ → k , and /ʁ/ → q , when the preceding consonant is voiceless.", "Lastly, the rule that /g/ must occur with front vowels and /ʁ/ with back vowels can be broken when either k or q in suffix-initial position becomes assimilated by the other due to the preceding consonant being such.", "Loan phonemes have influenced Uyghur to various degrees.", "/d͡ʒ/ and /χ/ were borrowed from Arabic and have been nativized, while /ʒ/ from Persian less so.", "/f/ only exists in very recent Russian and Chinese loans, since Perso-Arabic (and older Russian and Chinese) /f/ became Uyghur /p/ .", "Perso-Arabic loans have also made the contrast between /k, ɡ/ and /q, ʁ/ phonemic, as they occur as allophones in native words, the former set near front vowels and the latter near a back vowels.", "Some speakers of Uyghur distinguish /v/ from /w/ in Russian loans, but this is not represented in most orthographies.", "Other phonemes occur natively only in limited contexts, i.e. /h/ only in few interjections, /d/ , /ɡ/ , and /ʁ/ rarely initially, and /z/ only morpheme-final.", "Therefore, the pairs */t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ , */ʃ, ʒ/ , and */s, z/ do not alternate.", "The primary syllable structure of Uyghur is CV(C)(C).", "Uyghur syllable structure is usually CV or CVC, but CVCC can also occur in some words.", "When syllable-coda clusters occur, CC tends to become CVC in some speakers especially if the first consonant is not a sonorant.", "In Uyghur, any consonant phoneme can occur as the syllable onset or coda, except for /ʔ/ which only occurs in the onset and /ŋ/ , which never occurs word-initially.", "In general, Uyghur phonology tends to simplify phonemic consonant clusters by means of elision and epenthesis.", "The Karluk language started to be written with the Perso-Arabic script (Kona Yëziq) in the 10th century upon the conversion of the Kara-Khanids to Islam.", "This Perso-Arabic script (Kona Yëziq) was reformed in the 20th century with modifications to represent all Modern Uyghur sounds including short vowels and eliminate Arabic letters representing sounds not found in Modern Uyghur.", "Unlike many other modern Turkic languages, Uyghur is primarily written using an Arabic alphabet, (with 4 alphabets like che-Pe-Zhe and Ga) although a Cyrillic alphabet and two Latin alphabets also are in use to a much lesser extent.", "Unusually for an alphabet based on the Persian, full transcription of vowels is indicated.", "(Among the Arabic family of alphabets, only a few, such as Kurdish, distinguish all vowels without the use of optional diacritics.)", "The four alphabets in use today can be seen below.", "In the table below the alphabets are shown side-by-side for comparison, together with a phonetic transcription in the International Phonetic Alphabet.", "Uyghur is an agglutinative language with a subject–object–verb word order.", "Nouns are inflected for number and case, but not gender and definiteness like in many other languages.", "There are two numbers: singular and plural; and six different cases: nominative, accusative, dative, locative, ablative and genitive.", "Verbs are conjugated for tense: present and past; voice: causative and passive; aspect: continuous; and mood: e.g. ability.", "Verbs may be negated as well.", "The core lexicon of the Uyghur language is of Turkic stock, but due to different kinds of language contact through the history of the language, it has adopted many loanwords.", "Kazakh, Uzbek and Chagatai are all Turkic languages which have had a strong influence on Uyghur.", "Many words of Arabic origin have come into the language through Persian and Tajik, which again have come through Uzbek, and to a greater extent, Chagatai.", "Many words of Arabic origin have also entered the language directly through Islamic literature after the introduction of the Islamic religion around the 10th century.", "Chinese in Xinjiang and Russian elsewhere had the greatest influence on Uyghur.", "Loanwords from these languages are all quite recent, although older borrowings exist as well, such as borrowings from Dungan, a Mandarin language spoken by the Dungan people of Central Asia.", "A number of loanwords of German origin have also reached Uyghur through Russian.", "Below are some examples of loanwords which have entered the Uyghur language." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 377717, "simple_article_title": "Uyghur language", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=377717", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-377717-0-0", "simple-377717-0-1", "simple-377717-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Uyghur (, \"Uyghurche\"), formerly known as Eastern Turkish, is a Turkic language with 8 to 11 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China.", "There are several writing systems used to write Uyghur.", "While Uyghurs usually use the Uyghur alphabet, an alphabet based on the Arabic alphabet, there are also two Latin and one Cyrillic alphabet that can be used to write Uyghur." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2906333, "normal_article_title": "Edubuntu", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2906333", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2906333-0-0", "normal-2906333-1-0", "normal-2906333-1-1", "normal-2906333-1-2", "normal-2906333-2-0", "normal-2906333-2-1", "normal-2906333-3-0", "normal-2906333-3-1", "normal-2906333-3-2", "normal-2906333-3-3", "normal-2906333-4-0", "normal-2906333-5-0", "normal-2906333-5-1", "normal-2906333-5-2", "normal-2906333-6-0", "normal-2906333-7-0", "normal-2906333-7-1", "normal-2906333-7-2", "normal-2906333-7-3", "normal-2906333-8-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Edubuntu, previously known as Ubuntu Education Edition, is an official derivative of the Ubuntu operating system designed for use in classrooms inside schools, homes and communities.", "Edubuntu has been developed in collaboration with teachers and technologists in several countries.", "Edubuntu is built on top of the Ubuntu base, incorporates the LTSP thin client architecture and several education-specific applications, and is aimed at users aged 6 to 18.", "It is designed for easy installation and ongoing system maintenance.", "Included with Edubuntu is the Linux Terminal Server Project and many applications relevant to education including GCompris, KDE Edutainment Suite, Sabayon Profile Manager, Pessulus Lockdown Editor, Edubuntu Menueditor, LibreOffice, Gnome Nanny and iTalc.", "Edubuntu CDs were previously available free of charge through their \"Shipit\" service; since version 8.10 (2008) it is only available as a download in a DVD format.", "Edubuntu's default GUI is Unity while GNOME is still available.", "Unity has been the default GUI since the release of 12.04.", "Since release 7.10, KDE is also available as Edubuntu KDE.", "In 2010 Edubuntu and the Qimo 4 Kids project were working on providing Qimo within Edubuntu, but this was not done as it would not have fitted on a CD.", "The primary goal of Edubuntu is to enable an educator with limited technical knowledge and skills to set up a computer lab or an on-line learning environment in an hour or less and then effectively administer that environment.", "The principal design goals of Edubuntu are centralized management of configuration, users and processes, together with facilities for working collaboratively in a classroom setting.", "Equally important is the gathering together of the best available free software and digital materials for education.", "According to a statement of goals on the official Edubuntu Website: \"Our aim is to put together a system that contains all the best free software available in education and make it easy to install and maintain.\"", "It also aims to allow low income environments to maximize utilisation of their available (older) equipment.", "The first Edubuntu release coincided with the release of Ubuntu 5.10, which was codenamed \"Breezy Badger\" on 2005-10-13.", "With the 8.04 Hardy Heron release of Edubuntu it was given the name of Ubuntu Education Edition and was changed to be an add-on to a standard Ubuntu installation instead of being an installable LiveCD.", "From version 9.10 onwards, Edubuntu changed to be available as a full system DVD instead of an Add-on CD.", "Edubuntu is also installable via a selection of \"edubuntu\" packages for all distributions using the official Ubuntu repositories (Ubuntu and Kubuntu mainly).", "Since 14.04, Edubuntu has become LTS-only; Edubuntu have announced that they will skip the 16.04 LTS update, and that they plan on staying with 14.04 due to lack of contributors." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 46887, "simple_article_title": "Edubuntu", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46887", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-46887-0-0", "simple-46887-0-1", "simple-46887-0-2", "simple-46887-1-0", "simple-46887-1-1", "simple-46887-2-0", "simple-46887-2-1", "simple-46887-3-0", "simple-46887-3-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Edubuntu is the version of Linux distribution Ubuntu.", "It is used for education.", "It uses GNOME and is designed for use in classrooms.", "Edubuntu has been created in collaboration with teachers and technologists in multiple nations.", "Edubuntu is built on top of the Ubuntu base, and incorporates education-specific applications, designed for the 6–18 years age group.", "Included with Edubuntu is the Linux Terminal Server Project, a large number of educational applications including GCompris, KDE Edutainment Suite, The first Edubuntu release coincided with the release of Ubuntu 5.10, which was called \"Breezy Badger\" on 2005.", "Edubuntu CDs can be ordered for free through the official website service.", "The principal design goals of Edubuntu are easier configuration, users and processes, together with ways for working together in classrooms.", "Equally important is the gathering together of the best available free software and digital materials for education." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1681273, "normal_article_title": "Celosia", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1681273", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1681273-0-0", "normal-1681273-0-1", "normal-1681273-0-2", "normal-1681273-0-3", "normal-1681273-1-0", "normal-1681273-1-1", "normal-1681273-1-2", "normal-1681273-1-3", "normal-1681273-1-4", "normal-1681273-2-0", "normal-1681273-3-0", "normal-1681273-3-1", "normal-1681273-3-2", "normal-1681273-3-3", "normal-1681273-4-0", "normal-1681273-5-0", "normal-1681273-5-1", "normal-1681273-5-2", "normal-1681273-6-0", "normal-1681273-6-1", "normal-1681273-6-2", "normal-1681273-6-3", "normal-1681273-6-4", "normal-1681273-6-5", "normal-1681273-7-0", "normal-1681273-7-1", "normal-1681273-7-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Celosia is a small genus of edible and ornamental plants in the amaranth family, Amaranthaceae.", "The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek word , meaning \"burning,\" and refers to the flame-like flower heads.", "Species are commonly known as woolflowers, or, if the flower heads are crested by fasciation, cockscombs.", "The plants are well known in East Africa’s highlands and are used under their Swahili name, mfungu.", "The plant is an annual.", "Seed production in these species can be very high, 200–700 kg per hectare.", "One ounce of seed may contain up to 43,000 seeds.", "One thousand seeds can weigh 1.0-1.2 grams.", "Depending upon the location and fertility of the soil, blossoms can last 8–10 weeks.", "\"C. argentea\" and \"C. cristata\" are common garden ornamental plants.", "\"argentea\" or Lagos spinach (a.k.a. quail grass, soko, celosia, feather cockscomb) is a broadleaf annual leaf vegetable.", "It grows widespread across Mexico, where it is known as \"\"velvet flower\"\", northern South America, tropical Africa, the West Indies, South, East and Southeast Asia where it is grown as a native or naturalized wildflower, and is cultivated as a nutritious leafy green vegetable.", "It is traditional fare in the countries of Central and West Africa, and is one of the leading leafy green vegetables in Nigeria, where it is known as ‘soko yokoto’, meaning \"\"make husbands fat and happy\"\".", "In Spain it is known as \"\"Rooster comb\"\" because of its appearance.", "As a grain, \"Celosa\" is a pseudo-cereal, not a true cereal.", "These leaves, young stems and young inflorescences are used for stew, as they soften up readily in cooking.", "The leaves also have a soft texture and a mild spinach-like taste.", "They are also pepped up with such things as hot pepper, garlic, fresh lime, and red palm oil and eaten as a side dish.", "Despite its African origin (a claim that is not without dispute), \"Celosia\" is known as a foodstuff in Indonesia and India.", "Moreover, in the future it might become more widely eaten, especially in the hot and malnourished regions of the equatorial zone.", "In that regard, it has already been hailed as the often-wished-for vegetable that “grows like a weed without demanding all the tender loving care that other vegetables seem to need” says Martin Price of Florida.", "He continues \"“Every place I have tried it, it grows with no work.", "We have had no disease problems and very little insect damage.", "It reseeds itself abundantly and new plants have come up in the immediate vicinity.”", "Works well in humid areas and is the most-used leafy plant in Nigeria.", "It grows in the wet season and grows well while other plants succumb to mold and other diseases like mildew.", "Though a very simple plant, \"Celosia\" does need moderate soil moisture." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 261014, "simple_article_title": "Celosia", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=261014", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-261014-0-0", "simple-261014-1-0", "simple-261014-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Celosia is a genus of plants in the family Amaranthaceae.", "This plants grow in Eurasia, Africa, South America, and North America.", "The number of species is more than 50." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1145333, "normal_article_title": "The Little Drummer Boy", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1145333", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1145333-0-0", "normal-1145333-0-1", "normal-1145333-1-0", "normal-1145333-1-1", "normal-1145333-2-0", "normal-1145333-2-1", "normal-1145333-2-2", "normal-1145333-2-3", "normal-1145333-3-0", "normal-1145333-4-0", "normal-1145333-4-1", "normal-1145333-4-2", "normal-1145333-4-3", "normal-1145333-5-0", "normal-1145333-5-1", "normal-1145333-5-2", "normal-1145333-5-3", "normal-1145333-5-4", "normal-1145333-5-5", "normal-1145333-6-0", "normal-1145333-6-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "\"The Little Drummer Boy\" (originally known as \"Carol of the Drum\") is a popular Christmas song written by the American classical music composer and teacher Katherine Kennicott Davis in 1941.", "First recorded in 1951 by the Trapp Family Singers, the song was further popularized by a 1958 recording by the Harry Simeone Chorale; the Simeone version was re-released successfully for several years and the song has been recorded many times since.", "In the lyrics, the singer relates how, as a poor young boy, he was summoned by the Magi to the Nativity of Jesus.", "Without a gift for the Infant, the little drummer boy played his drum with Jesus’ mother, Mary’s approval; recalling, “I played my best for him” and \"He smiled at me.\"", "The song was originally titled \"Carol of the Drum\" and was published by Davis based upon a traditional Czech song, \"Tluče bubeníček\".", "Davis's interest was in producing material for amateur and girls' choirs: Her manuscript is set as a chorale, in which the tune is in the soprano melody with alto harmony, tenor and bass parts producing the \"drum rhythm\" and a keyboard accompaniment \"for rehearsal only\".", "It is headed \"Czech Carol freely transcribed by K.K.D.\", these initials then deleted and replaced with \"C.R.W. Robinson\", a name under which Davis sometimes published.", "The Czech original of the carol has never been identified.", "\"Carol of the Drum\" appealed to the Austrian Trapp Family Singers, who first brought the song to wider prominence when they recorded it for Decca Records in 1951 on their first album for Decca.", "Their version was credited solely to Davis and published by Belwin-Mills.", "In 1957 it was recorded, with a slightly altered arrangement, by the Jack Halloran Singers for their album \"Christmas Is A-Comin\"' on Dot Records.", "Dot's Henry Onorati introduced the song to his friend Harry Simeone and the following year, when 20th Century Fox Records contracted him to make a Christmas album, Simeone, making further small changes to the Halloran arrangement and retitling it \"The Little Drummer Boy\", recorded it with the Harry Simeone Chorale on the album \"Sing We Now of Christmas\".", "Simeone and Onorati claimed joint composition credits with Davis.", "The album and the song were an enormous success, the single scoring on the U.S. music charts from 1958 to 1962.", "In 1963, the album was reissued under the title \"The Little Drummer Boy: A Christmas Festival\", capitalizing on the single's popularity.", "The following year the album was released in stereo.", "In 1988, \"The Little Drummer Boy: A Christmas Festival\" was released on CD by Casablanca Records, and subsequently, on Island Records.", "Harry Simeone, who in 1964 had signed with Kapp Records, recorded a new version of \"The Little Drummer Boy\" in 1965 for his album \"O' Bambino: The Little Drummer Boy\".", "Simeone recorded the song a third and final time in 1981, for an album (again titled \"The Little Drummer Boy\") on the budget Holiday Records label.", "The story depicted in the song is somewhat similar to a 12th-century legend retold by Anatole France as \"Le Jongleur de Notre Dame\" , which was adapted into an opera in 1902 by Jules Massenet.", "In the French legend, however, a juggler juggles before the statue of the Virgin Mary, and the statue, according to which version of the legend one reads, either smiles at him or throws him a rose (or both, as in the 1984 television film, \"The Juggler of Notre Dame\")." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 314493, "simple_article_title": "The Little Drummer Boy", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314493", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-314493-0-0", "simple-314493-0-1", "simple-314493-0-2", "simple-314493-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "\"The Little Drummer Boy\" is a very popular Christmas carol.", "It was recorded in 1955 by the Trapp Family Singers.", "It was made more popular three years later by the Harry Simeone Chorale.", "This song has been covered by others, including Johnny Mathis, Johnny Cash, Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney throughout the years." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 626920, "normal_article_title": "Amsterdam Admirals", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=626920", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-626920-0-0", "normal-626920-1-0", "normal-626920-1-1", "normal-626920-2-0", "normal-626920-2-1", "normal-626920-2-2", "normal-626920-2-3", "normal-626920-3-0", "normal-626920-3-1", "normal-626920-3-2", "normal-626920-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Amsterdam Admirals were a professional American football team in NFL Europe who played in Amsterdam, Netherlands.", "The Admirals were formed in 1995 as part of the NFL's plan to restart the World League of American Football, to be based entirely in Europe.", "The Admirals were one of three new teams, the others being the Scottish Claymores based in Edinburgh and the Rhein Fire based in Düsseldorf, Germany, to join the old World League's European Division teams: the Barcelona Dragons, the Frankfurt Galaxy, and the London Monarchs.", "The Admirals began playing their home games at the old Olympisch Stadion, built in 1928 for the Summer Games.", "They played there for two years until the Amsterdam ArenA was completed in 1996.", "When the Admirals were forced to schedule their last home game of the 2000 season against the Claymores away from the ArenA as Euro 2000 preparations were finalized, they made a return to the Olympisch Stadion in what turned out to be one of the most unusual games in American football history.", "The end zone at the north end of the stadium was ruled unsafe by the officials as the surface was in poor condition, so it was decided that the teams would change ends at every change of possession and play towards the other end zone.", "They qualified for the 1995 World Bowl with a 9–1 regular season record, but lost to the Frankfurt Galaxy by a score of 26–22.", "Ten years later, on their 11th year of existence, the Admirals won their first World Bowl by defeating the defending champion Berlin Thunder 27–21 in the championship game's 13th edition.", "The next season, they failed to defend their title against the Frankfurt Galaxy 22–7 in World Bowl XIV.", "Under the \"Player Continuity Program\", the Admirals contracted linebacker Derrick Ballard and running back Jonathan Smith for the 2007 season." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 120055, "simple_article_title": "Amsterdam Admirals", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=120055", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-120055-0-0", "simple-120055-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Amsterdam Admirals were a professional American football team in the NFL Europa.", "They are based in Amsterdam, Netherlands." ] } }

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"normal-1590652-57-0", "normal-1590652-58-0", "normal-1590652-59-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Luke Campbell Donald MBE (born 7 December 1977) is an English professional golfer who has been the World Number One.", "He plays mainly on the U.S.-based PGA Tour but is also a member of the European Tour.", "Donald had an outstanding year in 2011, winning several tournaments and awards.", "He won the PGA Tour money list and European Race to Dubai to complete a historic double, becoming the first player to win both money lists on the PGA and European Tours in the same year.", "He was named the PGA Player of the Year and the European Tour Golfer of the Year.", "He also became the first Englishman to win the PGA Tour Player of the Year award, the PGA Tour's Vardon Trophy and the Mark H. McCormack Award for the most weeks at number one during a calendar year.", "He was later awarded honorary life membership of the European Tour for his achievements in 2011.", "In May 2011, Donald became the number one golfer in the Official World Golf Ranking after winning the BMW PGA Championship at Wentworth Club.", "He held the number one position for 40 weeks between May 2011 and March 2012 before Rory McIlroy briefly took over as world number one.", "The pair then exchanged the number one position a further four times in the following two months.", "On 27 May 2012, Donald regained the world number one ranking after successfully defending his BMW PGA Championship title.", "He held the number one position for a further 10 weeks before McIlroy displaced him again.", "Donald has spent a cumulative total of 56 weeks as the World Number One and has spent over 200 weeks in the top-10.", "He was awarded an MBE in 2012 for services to golf.", "Donald has had eight top-10 finishes in major championships, with two third-place finishes.", "He is one of two golfers to achieve the world number one ranking without winning a major, the other being Lee Westwood.", "Although his father was from Stranraer in southwest Scotland, Donald was born in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, England.", "He has described himself as \"half Scottish\".", "Nevertheless, Donald plays golf as an Englishman and represented England in golf's World Cup.", "Donald attended the Rudolf Steiner School in Kings Langley and later the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe.", "He played junior golf at Hazlemere and Beaconsfield Golf Clubs.", "He was twice the club champion of Beaconsfield, first winning the championship at the age of 15.", "Donald's brother Christian also played junior golf and caddied for Luke.", "Coming from England, he joined College Prospects of America, a service also employed by golfer Martin Laird, which created a résumé for him and sent it to all the major colleges and universities in the United States.", "Several coaches responded, including Wally Goodwin at Stanford University.", "Goodwin recruited Donald to join his golf squad, but Donald was not admitted to the university.", "Donald subsequently took a golf scholarship at Northwestern University in 1997, where he studied art theory and practice, and became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.", "His golf coach at Northwestern University was Pat Goss.", "He won the individual NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships men's title in 1999, beating the scoring record formerly held by Tiger Woods.", "He and David Lipsky share the Northwestern University school record of 202, for a 54-hole tournament score.", "Luke also became the first amateur to win the Chicago Open in 2000.", "Donald turned professional in 2001, making his debut as a professional at the Reno-Tahoe Open on the PGA Tour courtesy of a sponsors exemption.", "He missed the cut in his debut, but managed to earn invitations into six more events on the PGA Tour in 2001, making three cuts.", "He earned his tour card for the 2002 season by finishing T23rd at the Q-School.", "In 2002, Donald made his first start as a member of the PGA Tour at the Sony Open in Hawaii, finishing tied for 13th.", "Donald won his maiden title on the PGA Tour in November 2002 at the Southern Farm Bureau Classic.", "The tournament was reduced to 54 holes after significant rain meant unplayable conditions and washed out play on the Sunday.", "He was two strokes back at the halfway stage, but birdied holes 15, 16 and 17 on Saturday for a 67 and a one stroke advantage over South African Deane Pappas.", "After the final round was cancelled, Donald was crowned champion on Monday morning.", "With this success he became only the 11th rookie in PGA Tour history to earn more than $1 million in his first season.", "The 2003 season was less successful for Donald.", "He played solidly and made 17 of 25 cuts on the PGA Tour, but only two of these were top-10 finishes.", "He did however finish in a tie for third at the Scandinavian Masters on the European Tour in August 2003.", "In 2004, Donald won the Omega European Masters and the Scandinavian Masters on the European Tour.", "In the same year he was a member of the victorious European Ryder Cup team and also won the WGC-World Cup for England in partnership with Paul Casey.", "In 2005, Donald made his debut at the Masters Tournament and finished tied for 3rd place.", "He described his debut at Augusta National as \"a great performance – I am very happy with that\".", "Donald rose in the World Rankings from 130th at the turn of the year to 13th in the world in April 2005 after his top-3 finish at the Masters.", "Later in the year Donald, along with Tom Watson, was one of two players to play with Jack Nicklaus in the final two rounds of golf in his career, at the 2005 Open Championship at Old Course at St Andrews.", "In March 2006, Donald won his second U.S. PGA Tour event at the Honda Classic in Florida, a victory which moved him into the top ten of the World Rankings for the first time.", "Donald finished tied for 3rd at the 2006 PGA Championship.", "To date, his third-place finishes at the 2006 PGA Championship and at the 2005 Masters are his best performances in major championships.", "In September 2006, Donald won his singles match 2&1 against Chad Campbell in the 36th Ryder Cup to help ensure Europe won the trophy for the third successive time.", "Donald also won in the foursomes twice, with Sergio García.", "Donald took part in three matches in the Ryder Cup that year, winning all of them.", "In 2008, Donald sustained an injury to his left wrist at the U.S. Open that forced him to withdraw from the tournament during the final round.", "His injury resulted in him having a six-month lay-off from competitive golf which meant that he missed out on playing in the Open Championship, the PGA Championship and the Ryder Cup that year.", "In May 2010, Donald won the Madrid Masters by one shot for his first title in four years.", "In October 2010, Donald was a member of the European team that won the 2010 Ryder Cup with a one-point win over the USA.", "Donald's biggest win to date came in February 2011 at the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship when he defeated the German Martin Kaymer 3&2 in the final.", "During the final, Donald built a three-up lead over the first five holes.", "However, Kaymer pegged him back and won three of the next four holes meaning the match was all square entering the back-nine.", "Donald was able to regain his lead with two successive wins at holes 11 and 12, then followed that up with a birdie on hole 15 to re-build his three-up lead with three holes to play.", "Both players then parred the par-3 16th, ensuring Donald's first World Golf Championship title and the biggest victory of his career.", "Donald had been in exceptional form all week and held an unprecedented record of having never trailed at any point during the week.", "He started the tournament off in fine fashion with a 6&5 win over American Charley Hoffman.", "In the second round Donald faced fellow Ryder Cup teammate Edoardo Molinari.", "It was a tight match that went down to the 17th, when Donald holed a birdie putt to seal a 2&1 victory.", "His third round opponent was another Italian, this time the young 17-year-old Matteo Manassero, who Donald beat 3&2.", "In the quarter-final on Saturday, he faced American Ryan Moore and won at the 14th with a 5&4 victory.", "In his semi-final match against Matt Kuchar, Donald was in magnificent form winning 6&5, having found himself seven-up through the first 10 holes.", "It was indeed Donald's form on the front-nine all week that took him to this title, as apart from the final when Kaymer came back to square the match, Donald was able to build unassailable leads en route to victory.", "As a result of this tournament victory, Donald climbed to his highest ever World Ranking position of number three in the world.", "Donald continued his early-season form at The Heritage at Harbour Town Golf Links when he held the lead going into final round with Jim Furyk.", "With the pressure of knowing that he would become the new world number 1, he shot a one under par 70 to finish tied with American Brandt Snedeker, who fired a 64 (−7).", "In the playoff, both players birdied the first hole and then parred the second hole.", "However, at the third extra hole, Donald made bogey when his chip ran narrowly past the outside edge of the hole, giving Snedeker the win with a par.", "Donald continued his excellent match play form in May, reaching the final of the Volvo World Match Play Championship, which he eventually lost 2&1 to fellow Englishman Ian Poulter.", "He knew that had he had won this tournament he would have gone to world number one for the first time in his career.", "Donald had previously beaten Ross Fisher, Charl Schwartzel and Martin Kaymer to reach the final; however, he did not add the Volvo World Match Play title to his WGC-Accenture Match Play title he won earlier in the year.", "This defeat ended Donald's run of 14 consecutive match play wins.", "In May 2011, Donald beat Lee Westwood in a playoff to win the European Tour's flagship event, the BMW PGA Championship at the Wentworth Club.", "This was Donald's fifth victory on the European Tour and in the process achieving one of the game's highest accolades of becoming the world number one.", "Westwood had entered the tournament as number one in the world and the sudden-death playoff at the end of 72 holes provided a subplot of world numbers one and two contesting for the championship.", "On the first playoff hole, the par-five 18th, after both laying up with their second shots, Donald played a pitch for his third shot to leave himself a putt of no more than six feet for birdie.", "Westwood's approach shot to the green spun back into the water hazard.", "Westwood chipped out from the drop zone and made double bogey, leaving Donald to hole out for a birdie to win the title and become the new world number one.", "Donald was the third Englishman to hold the number one position in the Official World Golf Ranking since its inception in 1986.", "In July 2011, Donald won his first tournament as the world number one at the Barclays Scottish Open, which was held the week before the 2011 Open Championship.", "He shot a bogey free −9 on Sunday to finish four strokes clear of Sweden's Fredrik Andersson Hed.", "The tournament however, was badly affected by heavy rain in the Inverness area, with the course becoming flooded, washing out all of Saturday's play.", "A decision was taken to reduce the tournament to 54 holes.", "Donald finished second at the 2011 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, four shots behind winner Adam Scott.", "He won his fourth title of the year at the Children's Miracle Network Hospitals Classic in October 2011.", "With the win, he secured the PGA Tour money list title, the Vardon Trophy, the Byron Nelson Award, and the PGA Player of the Year.", "He later was voted the PGA Tour Player of the Year.", "In December, Donald finished third at the Dubai World Championship and therefore secured the European Tour Race to Dubai for 2011, becoming the first golfer to officially claim top rank on both PGA Tour and European Tour money lists in the same year (although if Tiger Woods had ever taken up official membership of the European Tour, he would have also achieved this accolade on a number of occasions).", "At the first WGC event of the year, the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship, Donald in defence of his title he won in 2011, was eliminated in the opening round by South African Ernie Els who beat him 5&4.", "He was in danger of being knocked off the top of the world rankings as both Rory McIlroy and Lee Westwood progressed to the semi-finals, either would have taken over the top spot by winning the tournament.", "However, neither could win the title and Donald kept his number one status.", "However, he did lose his status the following week, after electing not to play at The Honda Classic.", "McIlroy won the tournament and took over as world number one.", "Two weeks later, Donald won the Transitions Championship to reclaim the number one ranking from McIlroy.", "This was his fifth victory on the PGA Tour and came after a solid week's play culminating in a four-man playoff with Robert Garrigus, Bae Sang-moon and Jim Furyk.", "Donald had earlier shot a bogey-free round of 66, which included 5 birdies in his first 11 holes to make the playoff.", "After a loose tee shot found the rough, Donald hit a brilliant seven iron approach to within six feet on the 18th, the first extra hole.", "Garrigus also knocked his close, while Furyk and Bae left themselves lengthy birdie putts.", "There had only been 5 birdies all day in regulation play on the 18th and when Furyk, Bae and Garrigus all missed their putts, Donald brushed his in for the victory and the number one ranking.", "On 15 April 2012, Donald lost the number one ranking to McIlroy when he failed to finish inside the top 8 at the RBC Heritage.", "This cut short his second term as the world's number one player, ending after a four-week spell.", "Donald finished third at the Zurich Classic of New Orleans two weeks later to once again reclaim the number one ranking.", "He lost the number one spot the following week after McIlroy's runner-up finish at the Wells Fargo Championship.", "On 23 May 2012, Donald was awarded honorary life membership of the European Tour in recognition of his achievements in the 2011 season.", "In the same week, Donald retained his title at the BMW PGA Championship at Wentworth on 27 May 2012, with a four stroke victory over Justin Rose and Paul Lawrie.", "He shot all four rounds in the 60s, including a final round 68 with five birdies and only one bogey to claim victory.", "He became only the third player to successfully defend the European Tour's flagship event, alongside Nick Faldo and Colin Montgomerie.", "The victory was Donald's seventh title on the European Tour and resulted in a return to World Number One for the fourth time.", "Donald missed the cut at the 2012 U.S. Open, finishing +11 with rounds of 79 and 72.", "In his next major appearance, at the 2012 Open Championship, Donald equalled his best finish at the event of tied 5th.", "After rounds of 70-68-71, he produced a final round of 68 on a difficult day for scoring to advance up the leaderboard nine places to equal his best finish.", "On 12 August 2012, McIlroy won the 2012 PGA Championship.", "Donald finished in a tie for 32nd place at the tournament and again lost the world number one position to the Northern Irishman.", "In November, Donald won his third tournament of 2012, the Dunlop Phoenix tournament in Japan.", "In doing so he overtook Tiger Woods and returned to second place in the world rankings.", "In March 2013, as defending champion at the Tampa Bay Championship, Donald finished in a tie for fourth.", "He missed his first-ever cut in a European Tour event at the Maybank Malaysian Open.", "It was his first missed cut in 119 career European Tour starts.", "As the two-time defending champion, Donald then endured the disappointment of missing the halfway cut at the 2013 BMW PGA Championship at Wentworth after shooting rounds of 78 and 72, missing the cut by four strokes.", "At the 2013 U.S. Open held at Merion Golf Club, Donald was only two shots behind leader Phil Mickelson entering the final round after shooting rounds of 68, 72 and 71.", "Donald then shot a final round of 75 (+5) to finish in a tie for eighth, recording the first top 10-finish of his career in a U.S. Open tournament.", "Donald missed the halfway cut at both the 2013 Open Championship and 2013 PGA Championship, marking the first time in his career that he missed cuts at consecutive majors in a single year.", "In November 2013, Donald defended his title at the Dunlop Phoenix on the Japan Golf Tour, cruising to a six shot victory over the field.", "This was his first win of the 2013 season.", "Late in 2013, Donald changed from long-time swing coach Pat Goss, to Chuck Cook, who coached Jason Dufner to the 2013 PGA Championship.", "Donald started the season promisingly, with top-10s in the Honda Classic and the Valspar Championship before missing the cut by one shot at the Masters in April.", "Just prior to Augusta, Donald had lost a place in the world's top 30 for the first time since 2008.", "He returned at RBC Heritage, where he held a two-shot lead after 54 holes, only to be narrowly beaten by Matt Kuchar, but he finished 2nd and returned to the world's top 20.", "Several weeks later, and Donald finished in 38th at The Players Championship.", "He also tied for third at the BMW PGA Championship in May.", "He failed to make the European Ryder Cup team after losing out on a wild card pick from captain Paul McGinley.", "In November, Donald announced that he had switched back to his old coach Pat Goss as he believed that he was not making any progress under Cook after facing the disappointment of missing the Ryder Cup.", "In the first event of the 2015 European Tour season at the Nedbank Golf Challenge, Donald led the tournament after 36 holes after a 63, and again after 54 holes.", "He was unable to hold onto that lead after 72 holes and had to settle for third place behind Danny Willett and Ross Fisher.", "Donald had to face sectional qualifying for the U.S. Open for the first time in 11 years due to his fall to 66th in the world ranking.", "He managed to finish at the top of his qualifier at the Bears Club to seal a spot.", "In his first 10 events of the 2016 season, Donald failed to record a single top-10 finish and had only one top-25 in this time.", "This lack of form caused Donald to fail to qualify for the Masters in April, for the first time since 2004, due to falling down to 90th in the World Rankings.", "The following week, Donald finished in a tie for second place behind Branden Grace at the RBC Heritage.", "This was the fourth time he had been runner-up at the event, without have yet captured the title.", "It was also Donald's best PGA Tour result since 2014 at the same event.", "Donald had held the 54-hole lead by a single stroke, but was beaten by Grace who carded a final round 66 to win by two strokes.", "In April 2017, Donald finished runner-up at the RBC Heritage, one stroke behind the winner, Wesley Bryan.", "This was the fifth time that Donald had finished as a runner-up at the event, without ever winning at Harbour Town Golf Links.", "This moved him to third on the list of players to have runner-up finishes in an event without winning, behind Jack Nicklaus's seven at the Canadian Open and Phil Mickelson's six at the U.S. Open.", "In November 2017, Donald was forced to withdraw from the RSM Classic after experiencing chest pains before his first round.", "Donald was rushed to hospital but was later released.", "His premature end to the season meant he finished outside the world's top 100 for the first time since his rookie year.", "During the 2018 PGA Tour season, Donald entered eight tournaments and missed the cut in all but two of them.", "His best finish was a T37 at the Genesis Open at Riviera Country Club.", "He finished 214th in the season-long FedEx Cup.", "In April 2018, back pain forced him to take several months off.", "Donald was granted a major medical exemption for the 2019 PGA Tour season.", "He has 15 starts to earn 335.891 FedEx Cup points.", "European captain Thomas Bjørn named Donald as a vice-captain for the 2018 Ryder Cup.", "Europe regained the Ryder Cup defeating the U.S. 17 1/2 to 10 1/2 points.", "On the European Tour, Donald played in the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship in October 2018 and finished T61.", "He also played in the Sky Sports British Masters, missing the cut.", "At the end of 2018 Luke Donald's world ranking had fallen to 609.", "Donald playing in only his second event of 2019 on his come back from injury, was in contention at the Valspar Championship.", "He shot rounds of 67-70-70 over the first three rounds to begin the final round, three behind the leader.", "When he then eagled the first hole, he was temporarily one off the lead, however he struggled during the rest of the final round which resulted in a 73 and T9 finish.", "This result moved Donald from 919th to 548th in the world rankings.", "Donald worked with Pat Goss as coach from his time at Northwestern University until 2013.", "He added Dave Alred from 2010-2012, during which period he reached world no.1.", "Donald stopped working with Alred after citing an 'over-analysis' of his game as a factor behind poor performance in the 2012 Majors.", "Donald signed with sports management company IMG in 2003.", "In January 2014, Donald left IMG and signed with agency Lagardère Unlimited.", "He has a multi-year contract with Mizuno Corp.", "As part of this sponsorship Donald plays with Mizuno Fairway Woods, Irons and Wedges.", "He also wears his trademark Mizuno visor as part of his sponsorship.", "It has been reported that he receives $1 million just for wearing his Mizuno visor, and this could quadruple if he wins a major event such as the Masters.", "Donald also has a sponsorship deal with Jordan, who supply his personal and golf shoes .", "He formerly had tour sponsorships with Royal Bank of Canada as well as Zurich Insurance.", "Donald was sponsored by Polo Ralph Lauren for more than a decade but he announced on Twitter on 30 December 2017 that he would no longer be wearing Polo Ralph Lauren RLX on the golf course.", "On 2 January 2018, Donald announced that he would be sponsored by Greyson Clothiers going forward.", "In 2007, Luke Donald entered into a partnership with Terlato Wines to create a collection of bespoke wines.", "The first wine released (in April 2008) was a Claret-style red wine blend and a Carneros Chardonnay was released in spring 2009.", "Since then, a Viognier (2010) was added to the Luke Donald Collection, produced in the Central Coast of California.", "The wines reflect Donald's personal interest in and passion for food and wine.", "Donald met his future wife, Chicago native Diane Antonopoulos, while attending Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois.", "He proposed in June 2006, and the couple married on 24 June 2007 in Santorini, Greece.", "They have three daughters.", "The couple owns homes in Northfield, Illinois, Evanston, Illinois, and Jupiter, Florida.", "Donald studied art theory and practice in college, and enjoys painting and drawing when not on tour.", "In 2002, one of his oil paintings was auctioned by the PGA Tour for charity.", "Donald and his wife are also avid collectors of contemporary art.", "His brother Christian Donald caddied for him through to 2009.", "Donald's father, Colin Donald, died on 8 November 2011, just three days before the birth of Luke's second daughter, Sophia Ann Grace, on 11 November 2011.", "Donald was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to golf.", "His third daughter, Georgina, was born on 23 May 2014, while Donald was in England playing the BMW PGA Championship.", "\"this list may be incomplete\"", "* \"Note: The 2002 Southern Farm Bureau Classic was reduced to 54 holes due to adverse weather conditions.\"", "PGA Tour playoff record (1–2)", "* \"Note: The 2011 Barclays Scottish Open was reduced to 54 holes due to flooding of the course.\"", "European Tour playoff record (1–0)", "WD = withdrew CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied", "CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place", "\"Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.\"", "QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.", "* As of the end of the 2018-19 PGA Tour season.", "As of 13 February 2018" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 210734, "simple_article_title": "Luke Donald", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210734", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-210734-0-0", "simple-210734-0-1", "simple-210734-0-2", "simple-210734-0-3", "simple-210734-0-4", "simple-210734-0-5", "simple-210734-0-6", "simple-210734-0-7", "simple-210734-1-0", "simple-210734-1-1", "simple-210734-1-2", "simple-210734-2-0", "simple-210734-2-1", "simple-210734-3-0", "simple-210734-4-0", "simple-210734-5-0", "simple-210734-6-0", "simple-210734-7-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Luke Campbell Donald MBE (born 7 December 1977) is an English professional golfer.", "He turned pro in 2001.", "He plays mainly on the U.S. based PGA Tour but is also a member of the European Tour.", "He is the only player to ever win both money lists on the PGA and European Tours in the same year.", "This was in 2011.", "In 2011 he was named the PGA Player of the Year and PGA Tour Player of the Year.", "He became the first Englishman to win either award.", "He was also named the European Tour Golfer of the Year.", "Donald was born in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire.", "He went to Northwestern University.", "His father is Scottish.", "His first time as a professional was at the Reno-Tahoe Open on the PGA Tour.", "He became only the 11th rookie in PGA Tour history to earn more than $1 million in his first season.", "In 2004 he won the Omega European Masters and the Scandinavian Masters on the European Tour.", "* \"Note: The 2002 Southern Farm Bureau Classic was reduced to 54 holes due to adverse weather conditions.\"", "PGA Tour playoff record (1–2) * \"Note: The 2011 Barclays Scottish Open was reduced to 54 holes due to flooding of the course.\"", "European Tour playoff record (1–0)", "DNP = Did not play WD = Withdrew CUT = Missed the cut \"T\" = Tied Yellow background for top-10." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5247725, "normal_article_title": "Hercules (1958 film)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5247725", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5247725-0-0", "normal-5247725-0-1", "normal-5247725-0-2", "normal-5247725-0-3", "normal-5247725-1-0", "normal-5247725-2-0", "normal-5247725-2-1", "normal-5247725-2-2", "normal-5247725-2-3", "normal-5247725-3-0", "normal-5247725-3-1", "normal-5247725-3-2", "normal-5247725-4-0", "normal-5247725-4-1", "normal-5247725-4-2", "normal-5247725-4-3", "normal-5247725-5-0", "normal-5247725-5-1", "normal-5247725-5-2", "normal-5247725-5-3", "normal-5247725-5-4", "normal-5247725-6-0", "normal-5247725-7-0", "normal-5247725-7-1", "normal-5247725-8-0", "normal-5247725-9-0", "normal-5247725-10-0", "normal-5247725-10-1", "normal-5247725-11-0", "normal-5247725-12-0", "normal-5247725-13-0", "normal-5247725-13-1", "normal-5247725-14-0", "normal-5247725-14-1", "normal-5247725-14-2", "normal-5247725-14-3", "normal-5247725-15-0", "normal-5247725-15-1", "normal-5247725-15-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hercules is a 1958 Italian \"peplum\" film based upon the Hercules and the Quest for the Golden Fleece myths.", "The film stars Steve Reeves as the titular hero and Sylva Koscina as his love interest Princess Iole.", "\"Hercules\" was directed by Pietro Francisci and produced by Federico Teti.", "The film spawned a 1959 sequel, \"Hercules Unchained\" , that also starred Reeves and Koscina.", "\"Hercules\" made Reeves an international film star and effectively paved the way for the dozens of 1960s peplum (or \"sword and sandal\") films featuring bodybuilder actors as mythological heroes and gladiators battling monsters, despots, and evil queens.", "Hercules is on the road to the court of King Pelias of Iolcus to tutor Pelias' son Prince Iphitus in the use of arms.", "Pelias' beautiful daughter Princess Iole updates Hercules on the history of her father's rise to power and the theft of the kingdom's greatest treasure, the Golden Fleece.", "Some suspect—and it eventually proves true—that King Pelias has acquired the throne through fratricide.", "Hercules and Iole are attracted to each other and a romance eventually develops.", "King Pelias is warned by a seeress about a stranger wearing one sandal who will challenge his power.", "When his nephew Jason, the rightful King of Iolcus, arrives in town wearing one sandal, Pelias takes fright and packs him off to retrieve the Golden Fleece from the distant land of Colchis.", "Jason and Hercules sail aboard the Argo with their friends Ulysses and his father, Laertes, Argos, the twins Castor and Pollux, the lyre-strumming Orpheus, the physician Aesculapius and others.", "After weathering a tempest at sea, the Argonauts dally in a lush garden-like country with Antea, the Queen of the Amazons and her ladies.", "Jason falls in love with Antea, but, when the Amazons plot the deaths of the heroes, Hercules forces Jason to board the Argo and secretly set sail in the night.", "On the shores of Colchis, the heroes battle hairy ape-men while Jason slays a dragon and retrieves the Golden Fleece.", "The Argonauts embark for home with their prize.", "In Iolcus, the populace greet the returning heroes but Pelias and his henchman Eurysteus steal the Golden Fleece, deny Jason's claim, and plot his destruction.", "A tense battle between Pelias' forces and the heroes follows.", "Hercules halts Pelias' cavalry dead in its tracks by toppling the portico of the palace upon them.", "The defeated Pelias drinks poison.", "Jason ascends the throne while Hercules and Iole set sail for new adventures.", "Subplots involve the death of Pelias' headstrong son Prince Iphitus, and exploits for Hercules resembling the Labors of the Nemean Lion and the Cretan Bull.", "The film was shot in Eastmancolor, using the French widescreen process Dyaliscope.", "An American Bison served as the Cretan Bull.", "\"Hercules\" was released in Italy on 20 February 1958.", "American producer Joseph E. Levine acquired the U.S. distribution rights to the film and Warners advanced Levine $300,000 for the privilege of distributing the film in the US.", "The film opened at the Hippodrome Theatre in Baltimore on 26 June 1959 where it set a house record with $30,000 in its first week.", "With an intensive promotional campaign costing $1.25 million and a wide release of 550 theatres, \"Hercules\" became a major box-office hit.", "It premiered in England on May 18, 1959 and in Spain on Nov. 23, 1959.", "In America, the film generated a Dell comic book adaptation with illustrations by John Buscema and a 33 RPM long-playing RCA Victor recording of the film's soundtrack.", "The \"Mystery Science Theater 3000\" presentation of the movie, episode #502, was first aired on December 18, 1993, on Comedy Central.", "The \"MST3K\" presentation edited the original movie to fit the TV show's time constraints, which causes \"Hercules\"'s characters to go from \"the midst of one plot development before the commercial ... to somewhere else entirely\" afterwards.", "Although two other \"MST3K\" episodes featuring Hercules movies (\"Hercules Against the Moon Men\", at #49, and \"Hercules Unchained\", at #61) were ranked in the Top 100 list of episodes as voted upon by MST3K Season 11 Kickstarter backers, \"Hercules\" did not make the cut.", "In his rankings of all 191 \"MST3K\" episodes, however, writer Jim Vorel ranked the episode #78, the highest of the four Hercules movies that aired on Comedy Central.", "\"It’s a mish-mash of Greek myth,\" Vogel writes, that is \"the most purely entertaining film in the series.", "... The total abject devotion of all the other men toward Hercules is naturally hilarious.\"", "The MST3K version of \"Hercules\" was included as part of the \"Mystery Science Theater 3000, Volume XXXII\" DVD collection, released by Shout!", "Factory in March 24, 2015.", "The other episodes in the four-disc set include \"Space Travelers\" (episode #401), \"Radar Secret Service\" (episode #520), and \"San Francisco International\" (episode #614)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 40060377, "normal_article_title": "Tactopoda", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40060377", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-40060377-0-0", "normal-40060377-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Tactopoda is a proposed clade of protostome animals that includes the phyla Tardigrada and Euarthropoda, supported by various morphological observations.", "The competing hypothesis is Arthropoda (= Euarthropoda + Onychophora)" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 571698, "simple_article_title": "Tactopoda", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=571698", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-571698-0-0", "simple-571698-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Tactopods are members of a proposed clade of ecdysozoans called Tactopoda.", "Various studies support the tactopods." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1846158, "normal_article_title": "DVD Exclusive Awards", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1846158", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1846158-0-0", "normal-1846158-0-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The DVD Exclusive Awards was an awards program that honored direct to video productions released on DVD.", "From 2001 to 2006, honorees were selected and the awards were presented by periodical \"DVD Exclusive\", a sister publication of \"Variety\" and \"Video Business\", and The Digital Entertainment Group (DEG) When the magazine ceased publication the program was discontinued." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 118102, "simple_article_title": "DVD Exclusive Awards", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=118102", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-118102-0-0", "simple-118102-0-1", "simple-118102-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The DVD Exclusive Awards is an award that honors direct to video productions.", "The awards were first held in 2001.", "They are awarded by online periodical \"Video Business\" and The Digital Entertainment Group." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 509685, "normal_article_title": "Saraiki language", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=509685", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-509685-0-0", "normal-509685-0-1", "normal-509685-0-2", "normal-509685-1-0", "normal-509685-2-0", "normal-509685-3-0", "normal-509685-3-1", "normal-509685-3-2", "normal-509685-3-3", "normal-509685-4-0", "normal-509685-5-0", "normal-509685-5-1", "normal-509685-5-2", "normal-509685-6-0", "normal-509685-6-1", "normal-509685-7-0", "normal-509685-7-1", "normal-509685-7-2", "normal-509685-7-3", "normal-509685-7-4", "normal-509685-8-0", "normal-509685-8-1", "normal-509685-8-2", "normal-509685-8-3", "normal-509685-8-4", "normal-509685-8-5", "normal-509685-8-6", "normal-509685-9-0", "normal-509685-9-1", "normal-509685-9-2", "normal-509685-10-0", "normal-509685-10-1", "normal-509685-11-0", "normal-509685-11-1", "normal-509685-11-2", "normal-509685-11-3", "normal-509685-12-0", "normal-509685-12-1", "normal-509685-12-2", "normal-509685-13-0", "normal-509685-14-0", "normal-509685-14-1", "normal-509685-14-2", "normal-509685-14-3", "normal-509685-15-0", "normal-509685-15-1", "normal-509685-15-2", "normal-509685-15-3", "normal-509685-15-4", "normal-509685-15-5", "normal-509685-16-0", "normal-509685-16-1", "normal-509685-16-2", "normal-509685-17-0", "normal-509685-17-1", "normal-509685-17-2", "normal-509685-17-3", "normal-509685-17-4", "normal-509685-18-0", "normal-509685-18-1", "normal-509685-19-0", "normal-509685-19-1", "normal-509685-19-2", "normal-509685-19-3", "normal-509685-19-4", "normal-509685-19-5", "normal-509685-20-0", "normal-509685-20-1", "normal-509685-20-2", "normal-509685-20-3", "normal-509685-21-0", "normal-509685-21-1", "normal-509685-21-2", "normal-509685-21-3", "normal-509685-21-4", "normal-509685-22-0", "normal-509685-22-1", "normal-509685-22-2", "normal-509685-23-0", "normal-509685-23-1", "normal-509685-23-2", "normal-509685-23-3", "normal-509685-23-4", "normal-509685-24-0", "normal-509685-25-0", "normal-509685-26-0", "normal-509685-26-1", "normal-509685-26-2", "normal-509685-26-3", "normal-509685-26-4", "normal-509685-27-0", "normal-509685-27-1", "normal-509685-27-2", "normal-509685-27-3", "normal-509685-28-0", "normal-509685-28-1", "normal-509685-29-0", "normal-509685-29-1", "normal-509685-29-2", "normal-509685-30-0", "normal-509685-30-1", "normal-509685-31-0", "normal-509685-31-1", "normal-509685-31-2", "normal-509685-32-0", "normal-509685-32-1", "normal-509685-32-2", "normal-509685-32-3", "normal-509685-32-4", "normal-509685-33-0", "normal-509685-33-1", "normal-509685-33-2", "normal-509685-33-3", "normal-509685-33-4", "normal-509685-33-5", "normal-509685-34-0", "normal-509685-35-0", "normal-509685-36-0", "normal-509685-37-0", "normal-509685-37-1", "normal-509685-38-0", "normal-509685-38-1", "normal-509685-39-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Saraiki ( \" \", also spelt Siraiki, or Seraiki) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda (Western Punjabi) group, spoken in the south-western half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan.", "Saraiki is to a high degree mutually intelligible with Standard Punjabi and shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology.", "At the same time in its phonology it is radically different (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south.", "Saraiki is the first language of 20 million people in Pakistan, ranging across southern Punjab, southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and border regions of northern Sindh and eastern Balochistan.", "The Saraiki language identity arose in the 1960s, encompassing more narrow local earlier identities (like Multani or Riasti), and distinguishing itself from broader ones like that of Punjabi.", "The present extent of the meaning of \" \" is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s.", "It has been in use for much longer in Sindh to refer to the speech of the immigrants from the north, principally Siraiki-speaking Baloch tribes who settled there between the 16th and the 19th centuries.", "In this context, the term can most plausibly be explained as originally having had the meaning \"the language of the north\", from the Sindhi word \" \" 'up-river, north'.", "This name can ambiguously refer to the northern dialects of Sindhi, but these are nowadays more commonly known as \"Siroli\" or \"Sireli\".", "An alternative hypothesis is that \"Sarākī\" originated in the word \"sauvīrā\", or Sauvira, an ancient kingdom which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata.", "Currently, the most common rendering of the name is \"Saraiki\".", "However, \"Seraiki\" and \"Siraiki\" have also been used in academia until recently.", "Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders.", "Saraiki is a member of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.", "Standard Punjabi and Saraiki (South Punjabi) are mutually intelligible.", "In 1919, Grierson maintained that the dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated \"Southern Lahnda\" within a putative \"Lahnda language\".", "Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name \"Southern Lahnda\" along with the entity \"Lahnda\" itself.", "Grierson also maintained that \"Lahnda\" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called \"Western Punjabi\", spoken north, west, and south of Lahore.", "The local dialect of Lahore is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi, which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi.", "However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of \"Lahnda\" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. Ethnologue).", "The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations.", "\"Hindki\" and \"Hindko\" – refer to various Saraiki and even non-Saraiki dialects in Punjab Province and farther north within the country, due to the fact they were applied by arrivals from Afghanistan.", "One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means \"of the Jaṭṭs\", a northern South Asian ethnic group; but Jaṭṭs speak the Indo-Aryan dialect of whatever region they live in.", "Only a small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki.", "However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as \"Jataki\".", "Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups.", "The name \"Derawali\" is used to refer to the local dialects of both Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan, but \"Ḍerawali\" in the former is the Multani dialect and \"Derawali\" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect.", "When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently.", "Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts, and sources on \"Saraiki\" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts.", "Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times.", "In the context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations \"language\" and \"dialect\" is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity.", "In a sense both Siraiki and Standard Panjabi are \"dialects\" of a \"Greater Punjabi\" macrolanguage.", "Saraiki was considered a dialect of Punjabi by most British colonial administrators, and is still seen as such by many Punjabis.", "Saraikis, however, consider it a language in its own right and see the use of the term \"dialect\" as stigmatising.", "A language movement was started in the 1960s to standardise a script and promote the language.", "The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981.", "Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of Punjab.", "To the west, it is set off from the Pashto- and Balochi-speaking areas by the Suleiman Range, while to the south-east the Thar desert divides it from the Marwari language.", "Its other boundaries are less well-defined: Punjabi is spoken to the east; Sindhi is found to the south, after the border with Sindh province; to the north, the southern edge of the Salt Range is the rough divide with the northern varieties of Western Punjabi.", "Today, 20 million people from North Sindh, South Punjab, South Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Eastern Balochistan province speak Saraiki.", "The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981.", "In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language was 9.83.", "In the census of 1998, it was 10.53 out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan.", "Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab.", "As of 2001, Saraiki dialects are spoken by people in India.", "According to the Indian national census of 2001, it is spoken in urban areas throughout northwest and north central India, mainly by the descendants of migrants from western Punjab after the independence of Pakistan in 1947.", "Some of these speakers went to Andhra Pradesh and settled there before the independence movement because of their pastoral and nomadic way of life, and these are Muslims.", "persons report their dialect as Mūltānī and individuals report their dialect as Bahāwalpurī.", "The dialects of Saraiki spoken in India are Jafri, Siraiki Hindki, Thali and Riasati (Bahawalpuri, Bhawalpuri, Reasati).", "Saraiki is spoken in Karnal, Faridabad, Ballabhgarh, Palwal, Rewari, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Hisar, Bhiwani, Panipat districts of Haryana, some areas of Delhi and the Ganganagar district, Jaipur, Hanumangarh and Bikaner districts of Rajasthan.", "Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring Sindhi.", "It includes phonemically distinctive implosive consonants, which are unusual among the Indo-European languages.", "In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 monophthong vowels.", "The \"centralised\" vowels /ɪ ʊ ə/ tend to be shorter than the \"peripheral\" vowels /i ɛ a o u/ .", "The central vowel is more open and back than the corresponding vowel in neighbouring varieties.", "Vowel nasalisation is distinctive: /'ʈuɾẽ/ 'may you go' vs. /'ʈuɾe/ 'may he go'.", "Before /ɦ/ , the contrast between /a/ and /ə/ is neutralised.", "There is a high number of vowel sequences, some of which can be analysed as diphthongs.", "In its stop consonants, Saraiki has the typical for Indo-Aryan four-fold contrast between voiced and voiceless, and aspirated and unaspirated.", "In parallel to Sindhi it has additionally developed a set of implosives, so that for each place of articulation there are up to five contrasting stops, for example: voiceless /tʃala/ 'custom' ∼ aspirated /tʃhala/ 'blister' ∼ implosive /ʄala/ 'cobweb' ∼ voiced /dʒala/ 'niche' ∼ voiced aspirate /jhəɠ/ 'foam'.", "There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops: velar, palatal, retroflex, dental and bilabial.", "The dentals / t th d dh/ are articulated with the blade of the tongue against the surface behind the teeth.", "The retroflex stops are post-alveolar, the articulator being the tip of the tongue or sometimes the underside.", "There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which the retroflex implosive /ᶑ/ is pronounced.", "The palatal stops are here somewhat arbitrarily represented with tʃ and dʒ .", "In casual speech some of the stops, especially /k/ , /g/ and /dʒ/ , are frequently rendered as fricatives – respectively x , ɣ and z .", "Of the nasals, only /n/ and /m/ are found at the start of a word, but in other phonetic environments there is a full set of contrasts in the place of articulation: /ŋ ɲ ɳ n m/ .", "The retroflex is a realised as a true nasal only if adjacent to a retroflex stop, elsewhere it is a nasalised retroflex flap ɽ̃ .", "The contrasts /ŋ/ ∼ /ŋɡ/ , and /ɲ/ ∼ /ɲdʒ/ are weak; the single nasal is more common in southern varieties, and the nasal + stop cluster is prevalent in central dialects.", "Three nasals /ŋ n m/ have aspirated counterparts /ŋh nh mh/ .", "The realisation of the alveolar tap /ɾ/ varies with the phonetic environment.", "It is trilled if geminated to /ɾɾ/ and weakly trilled if preceded by /t/ or /d/ .", "It contrasts with the retroflex flap /ɽ/ (/taɾ/ 'wire' ∼ /taɽ/ 'watching'), except in the variety spoken by Hindus.", "The fricatives /f v/ are labio-dental.", "The glottal fricative /ɦ/ is voiced and affects the voice quality of a preceding vowel.", "There are no tones in Saraiki.", "All consonants except /h y ɳ ɽ/ can be geminated (\"doubled\").", "Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels, and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in the rest of the Punjabi area.", "A stressed syllable is distinguished primarily by its length: if the vowel is peripheral /i ɛ a o u/ then it is lengthened, and if it is a \"centralised vowel\" (/ɪ ʊ ə/ ) then the consonant following it is geminated.", "Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word.", "The stress will, however, fall on the second syllable of a two-syllable word if the vowel in the first syllable is centralised, and the second syllable contains either a diphthong, or a peripheral vowel followed by a consonant, for example /dɪɾ'khan/ 'carpenter'.", "Three-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable if the first syllable contains a centralised vowel, and the second syllable has either a peripheral vowel, or a centralised vowel + geminate, for example /tʃʊ'həttəɾ/ 'seventy-four'.", "There are exceptions to these rules and they account for minimal pairs like /it'la/ 'informing' and /'itla/ 'so much'.", "The unusual for South Asia implosive consonants are found in Sindhi, possibly some Rajasthani dialects, and Saraiki, which has the following series: / /.", "The \"palatal\" /ʄ/ is denti-alveolar and laminal, articulated further forward than most other palatals.", "The \"retroflex\" /ᶑ/ is articulated with the tip or the underside of the tongue, further forward in the mouth than the plain retroflex stops.", "It has been described as post-alveolar, pre-palatal or pre-retroflex.", "reports that this sound is unique in Indo-Aryan and that speakers of Multani take pride in its distinctiveness.", "The plain voiced /ɖ/ and the implosive /ᶑ/ are mostly in complementary distribution although there are a few minimal pairs, like /ɖakʈəɾ/ 'doctor' ∼ /ᶑak/ 'mail'.", "The retroflex implosive alternates with the plain voiced dental stop /d/ in the genitive postposition/suffix /da/ , which takes the form of /ᶑa/ when combined with 1st or 2nd person pronouns: /meᶑa/ 'my', /teᶑa/ 'your'.", "A dental implosive (/ɗ̪/ ) is found in the northeastern Jhangi dialect, which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops, and a preference for implosives even in words where Saraiki has a plain stop.", "The dental implosive in Jhangi is articulated with the tongue completely covering the upper teeth.", "It is not present in Saraiki, although contends that it should be reconstructed for the earlier language.", "Its absence has been attributed to structural factors: the forward articulation of /ʄ/ and the lesser retroflexion of /ᶑ/ .", "Aspirated (breathy voiced) implosives occur word-initially, where they contrast with aspirated plain stops: \"/ɓhɛ(h)/ \" 'sit' ~ \"/bhɛ/ \" 'fear'.", "The aspiration is not phonemic; it is phonetically realised on the whole syllable, and results from an underlying /h/ that follows the vowel, thus ɓhɛh is phonemically /ɓɛh/ .", "The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole the same as in Sindhi.", "Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus Sanskrit \" \" > Saraiki \"ʄəɲən \" 'be born'.", "New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, \" \" > \"dʒao \" 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from Sanskrit, Hindi, Persian or English (\"ɡərdən \" 'throat', \"bəs \" 'bus').", "Within South Asia, implosives were first described for Sindhi by Stake in 1855.", "Later authors have noted their existence in Multani and have variously called them \"recursives\" or \"injectives\", while Grierson incorrectly treated them as \"double consonants\".", "In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the Arabic-derived Urdu alphabet with the addition of seven diacritically modified letters to represent the implosives and the extra nasals.", "In Sindh the Sindhi alphabet is used.", "The calligraphic styles used are Naskh and Nastaʿlīq.", "Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as \"kiṛakkī\" or laṇḍā, although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times.", "Likewise, a script related to the Landa scripts family, known as Multani, was previously used to write Saraiki.", "A preliminary proposal to encode the Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011.", "Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005.", "The Khojiki script has also been in use, whereas Devanagari and Gurmukhi are not employed anymore.", "Department of Saraiki, Islamia University, Bahawalpur was established in 1989 and Department of Saraiki, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan was established in 2006.", "Saraiki is taught as subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary, intermediate and degree level.", "Allama Iqbal open university Islamabad, and Al-Khair university Bhimbir have their Pakistani Linguistics Departments.", "They are offering M.Phil.", "and Ph.D in Saraiki.", "Associated Press of Pakistan has launched its site in Saraiki also.", "Khawaja Ghulam Farid (1845–1901; his famous collection is \"Deewan-e-Farid\") and Sachal Sar Mast (1739–1829) are the most celebrated Sufi poets in Saraiki and their poems known as Kafi are still famous.", "The beloved's intense glances call for blood The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black And slays the lovers with no excuse My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid", "Shakir Shujabadi (\"Kalam-e-Shakir\", \"Khuda Janey\", \"Shakir Diyan Ghazlan\", \"Peelay Patr\", \"Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway\", and \"Shakir De Dohray\" are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet.", "Famous singers who have performed in Saraiki include Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Pathanay Khan, Abida Parveen, Ustad Muhammad Juman, Mansoor Malangi, Talib Hussain Dard, Kamal Mahsud, and The Sketches.", "Many modern Pakistan singers such as Hadiqa Kiyani and Ali Zafar have also sung Saraiki folk songs.", "Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani on Monday said southern Punjab is rich in cultural heritage which needs to be promoted for next generations.", "In a message on the launch of Saraiki channel by Pakistan Television (PTV) in Multan, Prime Minister Gilani said the step would help promote the rich heritage of 'Saraiki Belt'.", "These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but play most programmes in Saraiki." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 435403, "simple_article_title": "Saraiki language", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=435403", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-435403-0-0", "simple-435403-0-1", "simple-435403-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Saraiki language (Perso-Arabic: سرائیکی sometimes spelled Siraiki and Seraiki) is closely related to Punjabi.", "It is spoken by about 20 million Pakistanis, mostly in the southern part of Punjab Province and in adjacent parts of Sindh, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwas.", "Saraiki belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European." ] } }

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born December 21, 1962) is an American politician and investment banker who is serving as the 77th United States secretary of the treasury as part of the Cabinet of Donald Trump.", "Previously, Mnuchin had been a hedge fund manager and investor.", "After he graduated from Yale University in 1985, Mnuchin worked for investment bank Goldman Sachs for 17 years, eventually becoming its chief information officer.", "After he left Goldman Sachs in 2002, he worked for and founded several hedge funds.", "Mnuchin was a member of Sears Holdings’s board of directors from 2005 until December 2016, and before that was on Kmart's board of directors.", "After Sears went bankrupt, the company that formerly owned it sued Mnuchin and ex-CEO Edward Lampert for \"asset stripping\" during their tenure.", "During the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Mnuchin bought failed residential lender IndyMac.", "He changed the name to OneWest Bank and rebuilt the bank, then sold it to CIT Group in 2015.", "Mnuchin joined Trump's presidential campaign in 2016, and was named national finance chairman for the campaign.", "On February 13, 2017, Mnuchin was confirmed to be President Donald Trump's secretary of the treasury by a 53–47 vote in the U.S. Senate.", "As secretary of the treasury, Mnuchin has been a vocal supporter of proposed tax reform, and is an advocate for reducing corporate tax rates.", "In regards to regulatory policy, Mnuchin supports a partial repeal of Dodd-Frank, citing the complexity of the legislation.", "Mnuchin's use of government aircraft for personal usage has come under scrutiny from watchdog groups.", "Steven Mnuchin was born on December 21, 1962, in New York City, the second-youngest son in his family.", "Mnuchin's family is Jewish.", "He is the son of Robert E. Mnuchin of Washington, Connecticut, and Elaine Terner Cooper of New York.", "Robert Mnuchin was a partner at Goldman Sachs in charge of equity trading and a member of the management committee.", "He is also the founder of an art gallery in New York City, the Mnuchin Gallery.", "Mnuchin's great-grandfather, Aaron Mnuchin, a Russian-born diamond dealer who later resided in Belgium, emigrated to the U.S. in 1916.", "Mnuchin attended Riverdale Country School in New York City.", "He graduated from Yale University in 1985 with a bachelor's degree.", "At Yale, Mnuchin was publisher of the \"Yale Daily News\", and was also initiated into Skull and Bones in 1985.", "Mnuchin's first job was as a trainee at investment bank Salomon Brothers in the early 1980s, while still studying at Yale.", "When Mnuchin studied at Yale University, he lived in the former Taft Hotel in New Haven, Connecticut together with businessman Edward Lampert and lawyer Salem Chalabi as roommates.", "After Mnuchin graduated from Yale in 1985, he started working for Goldman Sachs, where his father was still working, since 1957.", "Mnuchin started in the mortgage department, and became a partner at Goldman in 1994.", "Mnuchin left Goldman Sachs in 2002 after 17 years of employment, with an estimated $46 million of company stock and $12.6 million in compensation that he received in the months prior to his departure.", "After he left Goldman Sachs in 2002, Mnuchin briefly worked as vice-chairman of hedge fund ESL Investments, which is owned by his Yale roommate Edward Lampert.", "The following year, he established the company SFM Capital Management together with financier George Soros.", "Mnuchin founded a hedge fund called Dune Capital Management, named for a spot near his house in The Hamptons, in 2004 with two former Goldman partners.", "After its founding, Mnuchin served as the CEO of the company.", "The firm invested in at least two Donald Trump projects, the Trump International Hotel and Tower in Honolulu and its namesake in Chicago.", "Dune Capital Management and other lenders to the skyscraper in Chicago were sued by Trump before a settlement was reached.", "Mnuchin was outbid by Lone Star Funds on a portfolio of residential mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligations being sold by Merrill Lynch during the financial crisis, which sold for $6.7 billion.", "Mnuchin has been criticized for his use of offshore entities for investment purposes as a hedge-fund manager, which is a common practice in the industry.", "Mnuchin has stated: \"In no way did I use offshore entities to avoid U.S. taxes.\"", "In 2009, a group led by Mnuchin bought California-based residential lender IndyMac, which had been in receivership by the FDIC and owned $23.5 billion in commercial loans, mortgages, and mortgage-backed securities.", "The purchase price was a $4.7 billion discount to its book value.", "Mnuchin's investment group included George Soros, hedge-fund manager John Paulson, former Goldman Sachs executive J. Christopher Flowers, and Dell Computer founder Michael Dell.", "The FDIC agreed to retain some of the more problematic assets of the bank, and signed a loss-sharing agreement.", "The FDIC was estimated to be required to pay $2.4 billion to IndyMac under the shared loss agreement.", "After purchasing IndyMac, renamed OneWest Bank, Mnuchin served as CEO and chairman.", "OneWest then bought several other failed banks including First Federal Bank of California in 2009 and La Jolla Bank in 2010.", "Furthermore, OneWest bought a portfolio belonging to Citi Holdings for $1.4 billion.", "OneWest was profitable one year after Mnuchin had bought it, and it became the largest bank of Southern California, with assets worth $27 billion.", "In 2015, Mnuchin sold OneWest to CIT Group for $3.4 billion.", "After the acquisition by CIT, Mnuchin remained at OneWest, and became a member of CIT Group's board of directors.", "As of August 2016, Mnuchin owned $97 million in CIT Group stock, most of which he had received in exchange for his stake in OneWest.", "On December 2, 2016, Mnuchin resigned from the board of directors of CIT as a result of his selection as nominee for Secretary of the Treasury.", "OneWest was criticized for aggressively foreclosing on homeowners.", "The high foreclosure rate might have been a result of the loss sharing agreement with the FDIC, whereby the FDIC had to reimburse OneWest for losses.", "According to \"The New York Times\", OneWest \"was involved in a string of lawsuits over questionable foreclosures, and settled several cases for millions of dollars\".", "Because of these foreclosures, around 100 protesters of Occupy Los Angeles gathered outside Mnuchin's home in October 2011 and held signs that read \"Make Banks Pay\".", "Two California fair-housing groups filed complaints to the federal government alleging that OneWest violated the Fair Housing Act by not lending money to African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians.", "In November 2016, after OneWest was sold to CIT, the California Reinvestment Coalition submitted a Freedom of Information Act request to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to learn more about CIT's reverse mortgage subsidiary, Financial Freedom.", "According to the HUD's response, CIT/Financial Freedom foreclosed on 16,220 federally insured reverse mortgages from April 2009 to April 2016.", "This represented about 39% of all federally insured reverse mortgage foreclosures during that time.", "CRC estimated that Financial Freedom only serviced about 17% of the market and thus was foreclosing more than twice as often as its competitors.", "CIT Group disclosed to investors that it had received subpoenas from HUD's Office of the Inspector General in the third and fourth quarters of 2015.", "In November 2016, two non-profits filed a complaint with the Department of Housing and Urban Development, alleging redlining by OneWest Bank.", "In 2004, he founded Dune Entertainment as a side business, which was the financier of a number of notable films, mostly for 20th Century Fox, including the \"X-Men\" film franchise and \"Avatar\".", "In 2012, after Dune's deal with 20th Century Fox ended, Mnuchin teamed up with filmmaker Brett Ratner and Australian businessman James Packer to merge his Dune Entertainment company with Ratner and Packer's newly founded RatPac Entertainment joint venture; resulting in RatPac-Dune Entertainment, which then struck a financing deal with Warner Bros.", "Between 2013 and 2018, RatPac-Dune financed many films for Warner Bros., including \"American Sniper\" and \"\".", "Mnuchin was co-chairman of the trio's movie company, Relativity Media, but left seven months before it went bankrupt.", "A source close to the company said that he had resigned because of the potential for a conflict of interest between his duties at Relativity and OneWest.", "He and other investors reportedly lost $80 million.", "Before joining the presidential campaign of Donald Trump in 2016, Mnuchin had been involved in politics only by donating money to campaigns.", "Between 1995 and 2014, he donated over $120,000 to political organizations, PACs, politicians, and political parties.", "His contributions to candidates included 11 donations that went to Republicans and 36 donations that went to Democrats.", "The campaigns of Al Gore, Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, Barack Obama, and Mitt Romney were among those to which he donated money.", "Mnuchin said most of those donations were favors for friends.", "Between June and September 2016, Mnuchin donated over $400,000 to the Republican Party, including donations to Paul Ryan and Donald Trump.", "Earlier in 2016, Mnuchin had donated $4,000 to Democrats Kamala Harris and Michael Wildes.", "Mnuchin was an early supporter of Trump, and attended his victory party after the on April 19, 2016, for which he received a last-minute invitation.", "He was called the following day by Trump, who asked him if he wanted to be the national finance chairman of his campaign.", "Mnuchin, who later said in an interview he had known Trump \"for over fifteen years\", accepted the offer.", "In a statement announcing the appointment, Trump said: \"Steven is a professional at the highest level, with an extensive and very successful financial background.\"", "He also said Mnuchin would bring \"unprecedented experience and expertise\" that would benefit the Republican Party.", "After being appointed as the Trump campaign's main fundraiser, Mnuchin said: \"It's a great privilege to be working with Mr. Trump to create a world-class finance organization to support the campaign in the General Election.\"", "Mnuchin worked with Republican National Committee counterpart Lewis Eisenberg on a late-developing joint operation for the committee and the Trump campaign.", "Before Mnuchin's appointment, no large-scale fundraising operation had been started for the Trump campaign.", "The late-summer fundraising goal was close to $500 million.", "\"The New York Times\" described Mnuchin's role during the campaign as \"relatively behind the scenes\", and the newspaper noticed he never \"seemed to seek the spotlight\".", "During an interview, Mnuchin said that because of his connection to the Trump campaign, \"a lot of people in California and New York ... wanted to stop being friends\".", "After Trump won the election, he announced that Mnuchin would join the transition team on November 11.", "In a November 30, 2016, interview on \"CNBC\", Mnuchin called it the Trump administration's job to \"make sure that the average American has wage increases and good jobs\".", "Furthermore, he said his priority was getting a sustained growth of GDP of 3% or 4%.", "He said in order to get there, \"our number one priority is tax reform\".", "Mnuchin said he would reduce corporate taxes to 15%, cut taxes for the middle class, and simplify the tax system.", "When asked about trade, he said he believed in trade deals with individual countries, as opposed to regional trade deals.", "Mnuchin said, \"This president ... is going to have open communication with business leaders\", when asked about keeping jobs from being offshored to Mexico.", "During the interview, he also said he wants to \"strip back parts of Dodd–Frank\", because he argued it was too complicated, and it prevented banks from lending.", "He called the stripping back of Dodd–Frank \"the number-one priority on the regulatory side\".", "On November 30, 2016, Donald Trump announced on his website that he would nominate Mnuchin as U.S. secretary of the treasury.", "In the statement, Trump called Mnuchin a \"world-class financier, banker, and businessman\", and he said Mnuchin played an important role in developing his \"plan to build a dynamic, booming economy\".", "Mnuchin himself said he was \"honored to have the opportunity to serve our great country in this important role\".", "He called Trump's economic agenda a \"bold\" one \"that creates good-paying jobs and defends the American worker\".", "On February 1, 2017, the Senate Finance Committee approved his nomination by a vote of 11-0 with all Democrats boycotting the vote, sending the nomination to the Senate floor.", "After the nomination was announced, Mnuchin resigned from his position on the board of trustees of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, to which he had donated between $100,000 and $250,000.", "When the pick was announced, Mnuchin was also a member of the boards of UCLA Health System, the NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, and the Los Angeles Police Foundation.", "\"The New York Times\" noted that Mnuchin's selection \"fits uneasily with much of Mr. Trump’s campaign attacks on the financial industry\".", "For example, an ad of Trump's campaign said Goldman Sachs' CEO had \"robbed the working class\".", "Mnuchin is the third Goldman alumnus to serve in the job, after Hank Paulson, under President George W. Bush, and Robert Rubin, under President Bill Clinton, in the 2000s and 1990s, respectively.", "During his Senate confirmation hearing on January 19, 2017, Mnuchin was criticized by Democrats for OneWest's foreclose practices.", "Mnuchin said: \"Since I was first nominated to serve as treasury secretary, I have been maligned as taking advantage of others' hardships in order to earn a buck.", "Nothing could be further from the truth\".", "During the hearing, it was also noted that Mnuchin had failed to disclose $95 million of real estate that he owned and his role as director of Dune Capital International, an investment fund in a tax haven.", "Mnuchin described the omissions as mistakes made amid a mountain of bureaucracy.", "Following Trump's January 2017 announcement about an investigation into voter registration, it was discovered that Mnuchin is registered to vote in both California and New York.", "On February 13, 2017, Mnuchin was confirmed as secretary of the treasury by a vote of 53–47.", "He received unanimous support from Senate Republicans but from only one Senate Democrat, Joe Manchin of West Virginia.", "Mnuchin, when asked in an interview with Mike Allen of Axios \"whether he was worried about AI displacing jobs, replied: 'not at all...I think we are so far away from that' — 50 or 100 years — 'it's not even on my radar screen'.\"", "Former treasury secretary Lawrence Summers was among critics of the statement, likening it to climate denial and creationism.", "\"Fortune\" columnist Alan Murray, noting the dispute, said he thought \"the core of the misunderstanding is the term 'artificial intelligence'\".", "While he felt Mnuchin expressed understanding of the role of technology in the labor market and also worried that the Secretary and President Donald Trump were both in their ways underestimating technology's impact, he thought the climate-denial charge was excessive.", "On June 12, Mnuchin denied the debt ceiling not being raised before the August recess would cease federal government operations, and said Congress should weigh the option of \"changing the timing so that the debt ceiling matches the budget process so we don't have to deal with this in this format\" during a House appropriations subcommittee hearing.", "On June 14, during a prepared testimony ahead of the House subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs, Mnuchin said the budget proposal on the part of the Trump administration \"should send a message that the international financial institutions need to operate more efficiently\".", "On July 13, in response to limited lifespans being reported of Social Security and Medicaid, Mnuchin said: \"To help make these programs sustainable into the future, we should focus on strengthening the economy today.", "Compounding growth will help ease projected shortfalls.\"", "Mnuchin is a member of the so-called \"Big Six\", a group of politicians convened to write a tax reform proposal that incorporated input from members of the House of Representatives, Senate, and White House.", "In addition to Mnuchin, the group consists of senators Orrin Hatch (R-UT) and Mitch McConnell (R-KY); representatives Kevin Brady (R-TX) and Paul Ryan (R-WI); and National Economic Council Director Gary Cohn.", "Shortly after the November 2016 election, Mnuchin, as the planned nominee for secretary of the treasury, stated in an interview with CNBC that \"any reductions we have in upper-income taxes will be offset by less deductions so that there will be no absolute tax cut for the upper class\", which Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) subsequently called \"The Mnuchin Rule\" during his Senate confirmation hearing.", "Brad McMillan, chief investment officer for Commonwealth Financial Network, said a preliminary tax reform proposal by Trump in April 2017 \"allocates much of the tax relief to the wealthy\" and could increase the budget deficit.", "In a May 2017 event moderated by CNBC, Mnuchin stated the intent was to deliver a \"middle-income tax cut\", but that final results depended on the actions of Congress.", "Mnuchin appeared with White House Director of Legislative Affairs Marc Short in a July 2017 event when they vowed to have the tax reform proposal before Congress after it resumed operations on September 5, and Mnuchin added that \"lowering the top earners' rate would be offset by elimination of huge deductions.", "So, for most people in the top rate, they're not going to get a tax cut.\"", "Mnuchin walked back the \"Mnuchin Rule\" in a September 2017 interview with CNN prior to the release of the proposed tax reforms, saying the \"no absolute tax cut for the upper class\" phrase \"was never a promise ... never a pledge ... it was what the president's objective was\".", "Under the tax reform proposal, the top tax rate would decline from 39.6 to 35 percent, and the budget deficit would likely increase.", "During an appearance at the Milken Institute Global Conference on May 1, Mnuchin said the White House and House Republicans were united in views on tax reductions: \"We're all on the same page.", "On 80% of the details, we're in agreement.", "Another 20%, we need to work through.\"", "During a conference in Ottawa on June 9, Mnuchin said government tax receipts were \"coming in somewhat lower\", but that this did not concern the administration.", "While appearing on ABC News on July 9, Mnuchin confirmed the administration was not considering a tax increase on the American upper class and the upcoming tax plan would finance itself.", "Mnuchin advocated for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, a bill expected to add $1.5 trillion to the deficit.", "Mnuchin claimed that the bill would pay for itself by causing explosive economic growth and promised that the treasury was working on an analysis that showed that this was the case and that the analysis would be made public before Congress voted on the legislation.", "However, on November 30, 2017, sources within the Treasury department said that Mnuchin had ordered no analysis of the tax plan and that there was no Treasury analysis that showed that the tax cuts would pay for themselves.", "In December 2017, the treasury released a one-page report on the tax plan which acknowledged that the tax plan would not pay for itself through economic growth.", "At a March 18, 2017, meeting of G-20 country finance ministers, Mnuchin supported the Trump administration's trade policy of economic protectionism.", "During an April 24, 2017, White House briefing, Mnuchin announced Department of Treasury sanctions against the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center.", "He said the sanctions were designed to create accountability for the Bashar al-Assad regime and its supporters in the wake of their violations of both U.N. Security Council resolutions and the Chemical Weapons Convention.", "On June 29, Mnuchin announced the Bank of Dandong, a Chinese bank, had sanctions imposed on it by the US.", "He charged the bank with acting \"as a gateway for North Korea to access the U.S. and international financial systems\".", "While briefing reporters on April 26, Mnuchin said President Trump \"has no intention\" to release his tax returns, asserting the latter \"has released plenty of information\".", "In the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, opposing the removal of Confederate statues, protesters included neo-Nazis and Klansmen, leading to violent conflicts.", "President Donald Trump said that that there was \"blame on both sides\".", "Several hundred of Mnuchin's Yale classmates drafted a letter urging him to resign from the administration in protest.", "Mnuchin responded by saying: \"While I find it hard to believe I should have to defend myself on this, or the president, I feel compelled to let you know that the president in no way, shape, or form, believes that neo-Nazi and other hate groups who endorse violence are equivalent to groups that demonstrate in peaceful and lawful ways.\"", "On September 24, Mnuchin appeared on \"This Week\" and \"State of the Union\" to defend Trump's call to \"get that son of a bitch off the field right now\", referring to the protests by professional athletes starting in 2016, most notably marked by Colin Kaepernick sitting during the pregame singing of the national anthem.", "Mnuchin said: \"... it's not about race, it's not about free speech.", "They can do free speech on their own time.", "... This is about respect for the military and first responders in the country.\"", "In March 2017, Mnuchin drew ethics concerns as regarding a statement he had made urging parents to \"send all your kids to \"LEGO Batman\"\" during an interview with Axios, apparently endorsing \"The Lego Batman Movie\" which he was an executive producer of.", "Just earlier in the interview, Mnuchin acknowledged: \"I’m not allowed to promote anything that I’m involved in.\"", "In response, Mnuchin wrote in a letter to Walter Shaub at the Office of Government Ethics (OGE) that he \"should not have made that statement\", and assured the OGE that \"it was not my intention to make a product endorsement\".", "In May 2017, it was reported that Mnuchin's fiancée, Louise Linton, had succeeded him as the interim CEO of Dune Entertainment effective February 2017.", "Mnuchin had stepped down from the role as part of his ethics agreement to divest his business roles in preparation for his appointment as Secretary of the Treasury.", "Linton's announcement of her role at Dune Entertainment drew the attention of Senator Ron Wyden D-Oregon, a member of the Senate Finance Committee, who questioned whether the appointment of Linton meant Mnuchin had fully divested from the company.", "Although the Department of the Treasury replied that she was serving in an uncompensated capacity, Linton resigned as interim CEO later in May.", "Following criticism of his use of a United States Air Force jet on a trip to Kentucky that involved viewing the solar eclipse, the Treasury Department's Office of the Inspector General (OIG) opened up an inquiry into Mnuchin's use of government aircraft.", "The watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request regarding Mnuchin's use of government aircraft.", "After the government failed to respond to the FOIA request, CREW sued the Department of the Treasury to release the documents.", "Mnuchin denied the trip was related to viewing the solar eclipse, saying: \"People in Kentucky took the solar eclipse very seriously.", "Being a New Yorker, I don't have any interest in watching the eclipse.\"", "Mnuchin, who was accompanied by his wife Louise Linton on the trip, reimbursed the government for Linton's travel to Kentucky, which amounted to $595 out of a total cost of $26,900.", "During the OIG's investigation into Mnuchin's use of government aircraft, it was revealed that Mnuchin had requested a military jet for his honeymoon travel to Europe in June 2017.", "Mnuchin stated that, as a member of the United States National Security Council, he needed access to secure communications during his honeymoon, but withdrew his request for the military jet after an alternative was identified.", "Mnuchin stated: \"I'm very sensitive to the use of government funds.", "I've never asked the government to pay for my personal travel ... The story regarding the honeymoon travel request was quite misreported.\"", "The OIG investigation also showed Mnuchin had taken a USAF C-37A, the military designation of the Gulfstream V, to return from New York to Washington on August 15 after flying to New York commercially.", "Although the request for travel on the military jet was initiated by Mnuchin's office, the aircraft had previously been used to fly Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao from Joint Base Andrews to Teterboro Airport.", "Mnuchin's return flight lasted less than an hour and had an operating cost of at least $25,000.", "The OIG released its report on October 4, 2017, concluding that there was \"no violation of law in these requests and uses\" of government aircraft by Mnuchin, but also expressing concern regarding \"a disconnect between the standard of proof called for in the Daley memo and the actual amount of proof provided by Treasury and accepted by the White House in justifying these trip requests\".", "The referenced Daley Memo was issued by then-White House Chief of Staff William M. Daley on April 4, 2011, and it stated the standards for use of government aircraft by senior executive branch officials were given in OMB Circular A-126, dated February 10, 1993.", "The Daley Memo also states that travel using military aircraft must be considered a White House Support Mission, taken at the specific direction of the President under one of a set of limited circumstances that \"make commercial transportation unacceptable\".", "The typical reimbursement paid by requesting federal executive agencies only covers the cost of an equivalent coach ticket on a commercial flight.", "In the report, the OIG reviewed nine travel requests by Mnuchin for military air transportation since March 2017, of which seven were approved and taken, one was withdrawn, and one was approved with travel pending in late October 2017.", "The total cost of the seven trips taken was $811,800, calculated from per-hour cost and operating hours for the specific aircraft, or Air Force-provided direct costs of operations.", "Two of the flights, taken to Europe in March and May 2017, each cost more than $300,000.", "On one flight, to Ottawa in June, Mnuchin was accompanied by his then-fiancée Linton.", "The total cost of the Ottawa trip was $16,350, and the reimbursement repaid for Linton's cost of travel was $744.", "Due to an inconsistency in the records provided for the trip to New York on August 15, the OIG opened a second inquiry in October 2017, \"to assure that the OIG have in fact received all relevant records\".", "Mnuchin blocked the video of him being heckled when he spoke at UCLA on February 26, 2018.", "The university said in a statement that Mnuchin, who at first \"subsequently withdrew\" his approval for the video to be posted online, later gave consent for the video to be published.", "Mnuchin's mother was a long-time investor with Bernie Madoff.", "After his mother died in early 2005, Mnuchin and his brother liquidated her investments, making $3.2 million.", "A Madoff trustee sued to retrieve the money from the Mnuchins, but a court ruled that the Madoff trust could only recoup money from those who had cashed out within two years before the December 2008 collapse of Madoff's company.", "From 1992 to 1999, Mnuchin was married to Kathryn Leigh McCarver.", "In 1999, Mnuchin married Heather deForest Crosby, in what was reported to be his second marriage, and they had three children together.", "Heather Mnuchin was active in philanthropy and AZIAM yoga.", "After he bought IndyMac, Mnuchin moved to a 21,000 sqft , $26.5 million house in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California, because the company's headquarters was in Pasadena.", "They divorced in 2014.", "Mnuchin married actress Louise Linton on June 24, 2017.", "Vice President Mike Pence presided over the ceremony.", "Mnuchin served as a member of the development board of Yale University, as a board member of the Riverdale Country School, as a member of the national board and senior member of the non-profit youth organization Junior Achievement, to which he had donated money, and as a board member of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 561262, "simple_article_title": "Steven Mnuchin", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=561262", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-561262-0-0", "simple-561262-0-1", "simple-561262-1-0", "simple-561262-1-1", "simple-561262-1-2", "simple-561262-2-0", "simple-561262-2-1", "simple-561262-2-2", "simple-561262-3-0", "simple-561262-4-0", "simple-561262-5-0", "simple-561262-5-1", "simple-561262-6-0", "simple-561262-6-1", "simple-561262-6-2", "simple-561262-7-0", "simple-561262-7-1", "simple-561262-7-2", "simple-561262-8-0", "simple-561262-8-1", "simple-561262-8-2", "simple-561262-8-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Steven Terner Mnuchin (born December 21, 1962) is an American banker, movie producer and political fundraiser.", "He is the 77th and current United States Secretary of the Treasury, under the Trump Administration since February 13, 2017.", "Mnuchin was born to a Jewish family, circa 1963.", "He is the son of Elaine Terner Cooper and Robert E. Mnuchin.", "He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree at Yale University.", "Mnuchin had a fortune estimated at over $40 million while working for Goldman Sachs.", "In 2002, Mnuchin left Goldman and worked briefly for his Yale roommate Edward Lampert, chief executive of Sears.", "He also briefly worked for Soros Fund Management.", "In Hollywood, Mnuchin, along with movie producer Brett Ratner and financier James Packer, working with RatPac-Dune Entertainment, produced \"American Sniper\" and \"\".", "Mnuchin supported Mitt Romney during the 2012 U.S. presidential election.", "In May 2016, he was named finance chair of the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign.", "After Trump won the presidency, he is seen as Trump's top pick for United States Secretary of the Treasury.", "On November 30, 2016 it was announced that Mnuchin would be nominated as Secretary of the Treasury in the coming administration of President-elect Donald Trump.", "On February 13, 2017, Mnuchin was confirmed by a 53–47 vote in the U.S. Senate.", "He was sworn-in by Vice President Mike Pence the same day.", "As Secretary of the Treasury, Mnuchin has been a supporter of proposed tax reform, and for reducing corporate tax rates.", "Mnuchin supports a partial repeal of Dodd-Frank.", "Mnuchin's use of government aircraft for personal usage has come under fire from watchdog groups.", "In 1999, he married Heather deForest Crosby, who was his second wife, and they had three children together.", "They divorced in 2014.", "He married actress Louise Linton in 2017.", "They lived in Los Angeles, California and currently lives in Washington, D.C.." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 48775, "normal_article_title": "Halberd", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48775", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-48775-0-0", "normal-48775-0-1", "normal-48775-0-2", "normal-48775-1-0", "normal-48775-1-1", "normal-48775-1-2", "normal-48775-1-3", "normal-48775-2-0", "normal-48775-2-1", "normal-48775-2-2", "normal-48775-3-0", "normal-48775-3-1", "normal-48775-3-2", "normal-48775-3-3", "normal-48775-3-4", "normal-48775-3-5", "normal-48775-3-6", "normal-48775-4-0", "normal-48775-4-1", "normal-48775-5-0", "normal-48775-5-1", "normal-48775-5-2", "normal-48775-5-3", "normal-48775-5-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A halberd (also called halbard, halbert or Swiss voulge) is a two-handed pole weapon that came to prominent use during the 14th and 15th centuries.", "The word \"halberd\" is most likely equivalent to the German word \"Hellebarde\", deriving from Middle High German \"halm\" (handle) and \"barte\" (battleaxe) joint to \"helmbarte\".", "Troops that used the weapon are called halberdiers.", "The halberd consists of an axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft.", "It always has a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade for grappling mounted combatants.", "It is very similar to certain forms of the voulge in design and usage.", "The halberd was usually 1.5 to 1.8 metres (5 to 6 feet) long.", "The word has also been used to describe a weapon of the Early Bronze Age in Western Europe.", "This consisted of a blade mounted on a pole at a right angle.", "A very similar weapon, the dagger-axe, from Bronze Age China, has also been called \"halberd\" in English.", "The halberd was inexpensive to produce and very versatile in battle.", "As the halberd was eventually refined, its point was more fully developed to allow it to better deal with spears and pikes (and make it able to push back approaching horsemen), as was the hook opposite the axe head, which could be used to pull horsemen to the ground.", "A Swiss peasant used a halberd to kill Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy, decisively ending the Burgundian Wars in a single stroke.", "Researchers suspect that a halberd or a bill sliced through the back of King Richard III's skull at the Battle of Bosworth.", "The halberd was the primary weapon of the early Swiss armies in the 14th and early 15th centuries.", "Later, the Swiss added the pike to better repel knightly attacks and roll over enemy infantry formations, with the halberd, hand-and-a-half sword, or the dagger known as the \"Schweizerdolch\" used for closer combat.", "The German \"Landsknechte\", who imitated Swiss warfare methods, also used the pike, supplemented by the halberd—but their side arm of choice was a short sword called the \"Katzbalger\".", "As long as pikemen fought other pikemen, the halberd remained a useful supplemental weapon for \"push of pike\", but when their position became more defensive, to protect the slow-loading arquebusiers and matchlock musketeers from sudden attacks by cavalry, the percentage of halberdiers in the pike units steadily decreased.", "The halberd all but disappeared as a rank-and-file weapon in these formations by the middle of the sixteenth century, though Hakluyt's 'Voyages' relate the death of a halberdier named Zachary Saxy (probably a German) in fighting on the coast of Ecuador during Cavendish's circumnavigation in 1587.", "The halberd has been used as a court bodyguard weapon for centuries, and is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican and the \"Alabarderos\" (Halberdiers) Company of the Spanish Royal Guard.", "The halberd was one of the polearms sometimes carried by lower-ranking officers in European infantry units in the 16th through 18th centuries.", "In the British army, sergeants continued to carry halberds until 1793, when they were replaced by pikes with cross bars.", "The 18th century halberd had, however, become simply a symbol of rank with no sharpened edge and insufficient strength to use as a weapon.", "It served as an instrument for ensuring that infantrymen in ranks stood correctly aligned with each other and that their muskets were aimed at the correct level." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 276441, "simple_article_title": "Halberd", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=276441", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-276441-0-0", "simple-276441-0-1", "simple-276441-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The halberd is a two handed pole weapon that has a axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft and a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade.", "The Halberd was popular during the 14th and 15th centuries.", "The Halberd is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican." ] } }

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"normal-25385-59-4", "normal-25385-59-5", "normal-25385-59-6", "normal-25385-59-7", "normal-25385-60-0", "normal-25385-60-1", "normal-25385-60-2", "normal-25385-61-0", "normal-25385-61-1", "normal-25385-61-2", "normal-25385-61-3", "normal-25385-62-0", "normal-25385-62-1", "normal-25385-63-0", "normal-25385-63-1", "normal-25385-64-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is one of the first public-key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission.", "In such a cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and it is different from the decryption key which is kept secret (private).", "In RSA, this asymmetry is based on the practical difficulty of the factorization of the product of two large prime numbers, the \"factoring problem\".", "The acronym RSA is made of the initial letters of the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who first publicly described the algorithm in 1977.", "Clifford Cocks, an English mathematician working for the British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), had developed an equivalent system in 1973, but this was not declassified until 1997.", "A user of RSA creates and then publishes a public key based on two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value.", "The prime numbers must be kept secret.", "Anyone can use the public key to encrypt a message, but only someone with knowledge of the prime numbers can decode the message.", "Breaking RSA encryption is known as the RSA problem.", "Whether it is as difficult as the factoring problem remains an open question.", "There are currently no published methods to defeat the system if a large enough key is used.", "RSA is a relatively slow algorithm, and because of this, it is less commonly used to directly encrypt user data.", "More often, RSA passes encrypted shared keys for symmetric key cryptography which in turn can perform bulk encryption-decryption operations at much higher speed.", "The idea of an asymmetric public-private key cryptosystem is attributed to Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, who published this concept in 1976.", "They also introduced digital signatures and attempted to apply number theory.", "Their formulation used a shared-secret-key created from exponentiation of some number, modulo a prime number.", "However, they left open the problem of realizing a one-way function, possibly because the difficulty of factoring was not well-studied at the time.", "Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, made several attempts over the course of a year to create a one-way function that was hard to invert.", "Rivest and Shamir, as computer scientists, proposed many potential functions, while Adleman, as a mathematician, was responsible for finding their weaknesses.", "They tried many approaches including \"knapsack-based\" and \"permutation polynomials\".", "For a time, they thought what they wanted to achieve was impossible due to contradictory requirements.", "In April 1977, they spent Passover at the house of a student and drank a good deal of Manischewitz wine before returning to their homes at around midnight.", "Rivest, unable to sleep, lay on the couch with a math textbook and started thinking about their one-way function.", "He spent the rest of the night formalizing his idea, and he had much of the paper ready by daybreak.", "The algorithm is now known as RSA – the initials of their surnames in same order as their paper.", "Clifford Cocks, an English mathematician working for the British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), described an equivalent system in an internal document in 1973.", "However, given the relatively expensive computers needed to implement it at the time, RSA was considered to be mostly a curiosity and, as far as is publicly known, was never deployed.", "His discovery, however, was not revealed until 1997 due to its top-secret classification.", "Kid-RSA (KRSA) is a simplified public-key cipher published in 1997, designed for educational purposes.", "Some people feel that learning Kid-RSA gives insight into RSA and other public-key ciphers, analogous to simplified DES.", "MIT was granted for a \"Cryptographic communications system and method\" that used the algorithm, on September 20, 1983.", "Though the patent was going to expire on September 21, 2000 (the term of patent was 17 years at the time), the algorithm was released to the public domain by RSA Security on September 6, 2000, two weeks earlier.", "Since a paper describing the algorithm had been published in August 1977, prior to the December 1977 filing date of the patent application, regulations in much of the rest of the world precluded patents elsewhere and only the US patent was granted.", "Had Cocks's work been publicly known, a patent in the United States would not have been legal either.", "From the DWPI's abstract of the patent,", "The RSA algorithm involves four steps: key generation, key distribution, encryption and decryption.", "and that even knowing e and n or even m it can be extremely difficult to find d .", "The triple bar (≡) here denotes modular congruence.", "RSA involves a \"public key\" and a \"private key.\"", "The public key can be known by everyone, and it is used for encrypting messages.", "The intention is that messages encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted in a reasonable amount of time by using the private key.", "The public key is represented by the integers n and e ; and, the private key, by the integer d (although n is also used during the decryption process.", "Thus, it might be considered to be a part of the private key, too).", "m represents the message (previously prepared with a certain technique explained below).", "The keys for the RSA algorithm are generated in the following way: The \"public key\" consists of the modulus \"n\" and the public (or encryption) exponent \"e\".", "The \"private key\" consists of the private (or decryption) exponent \"d\", which must be kept secret.", "\"p\", \"q\", and \"λ\"(\"n\") must also be kept secret because they can be used to calculate \"d\".", "In fact, they can all be discarded after \"d\" has been computed.", "In the original RSA paper, the Euler totient function \"φ\"(\"n\") = (\"p\" − 1)(\"q\" − 1) is used instead of \"λ\"(\"n\") for calculating the private exponent \"d\".", "Since \"φ\"(\"n\") is always divisible by \"λ\"(\"n\") the algorithm works as well.", "That the Euler totient function can be used can also be seen as a consequence of the Lagrange's theorem applied to the multiplicative group of integers modulo pq.", "Thus any \"d\" satisfying \"d\"⋅\"e\" ≡ 1 (mod \"φ\"(\"n\")) also satisfies \"d\"⋅\"e\" ≡ 1 (mod \"λ\"(\"n\")) .", "However, computing \"d\" modulo \"φ\"(\"n\") will sometimes yield a result that is larger than necessary (i.e. \"d\" > \"λ\"(\"n\") ).", "Most of the implementations of RSA will accept exponents generated using either method (if they use the private exponent \"d\" at all, rather than using the optimized decryption method based on the Chinese remainder theorem described below), but some standards like FIPS 186-4 may require that \"d\" < \"λ\"(\"n\") .", "Any \"oversized\" private exponents not meeting that criterion may always be reduced modulo \"λ\"(\"n\") to obtain a smaller equivalent exponent.", "Since any common factors of (\"p\" − 1) and (\"q\" − 1) are present in the factorisation of \"n\" − 1 = \"pq\" − 1 = (\"p\" − 1)(\"q\" − 1) + (\"p\" − 1) + (\"q\" − 1) , it is recommended that (\"p\" − 1) and (\"q\" − 1) have only very small common factors, if any besides the necessary 2.", "Note: The authors of the original RSA paper carry out the key generation by choosing \"d\" and then computing \"e\" as the modular multiplicative inverse of \"d\" modulo \"φ\"(\"n\"), whereas most current implementations of RSA, such as those following PKCS#1, do the reverse (choose \"e\" and compute \"d\").", "Since the chosen key can be small whereas the computed key normally is not, the RSA paper's algorithm optimizes decryption compared to encryption, while the modern algorithm optimizes encryption instead.", "Suppose that Bob wants to send information to Alice.", "If they decide to use RSA, Bob must know Alice's public key to encrypt the message and Alice must use her private key to decrypt the message.", "To enable Bob to send his encrypted messages, Alice transmits her public key (\"n\", \"e\") to Bob via a reliable, but not necessarily secret, route.", "Alice's private key (\"d\") is never distributed.", "After Bob obtains Alice's public key, he can send a message M to Alice.", "To do it, he first turns M (strictly speaking, the un-padded plaintext) into an integer m (strictly speaking, the padded plaintext), such that 0 ≤ \"m\" < \"n\" by using an agreed-upon reversible protocol known as a padding scheme.", "He then computes the ciphertext c , using Alice's public key e , corresponding to", "This can be done reasonably quickly, even for very large numbers, using modular exponentiation.", "Bob then transmits c to Alice.", "Alice can recover m from c by using her private key exponent d by computing", "Given m , she can recover the original message M by reversing the padding scheme.", "Here is an example of RSA encryption and decryption.", "The parameters used here are artificially small, but one can also .", "The public key is (\"n\" = 3233 , \"e\" = 17 ).", "For a padded plaintext message \"m\", the encryption function is", "The private key is (\"n\" = 3233 , \"d\" = 413 ).", "For an encrypted ciphertext \"c\", the decryption function is", "For instance, in order to encrypt \"m\" = 65 , we calculate", "To decrypt \"c\" = 2790 , we calculate", "Both of these calculations can be computed efficiently using the square-and-multiply algorithm for modular exponentiation.", "In real-life situations the primes selected would be much larger; in our example it would be trivial to factor \"n\", 3233 (obtained from the freely available public key) back to the primes \"p\" and \"q\".", "\"e\", also from the public key, is then inverted to get \"d\", thus acquiring the private key.", "Practical implementations use the Chinese remainder theorem to speed up the calculation using modulus of factors (mod \"pq\" using mod \"p\" and mod \"q\").", "Here is how \"d\", \"d\" and \"q\" are used for efficient decryption.", "(Encryption is efficient by choice of a suitable \"d\" and \"e\" pair)", "A working example in JavaScript using BigInteger.js.", "This code should not be used in production, as codice_1 uses codice_2, which is not a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator.", "'use strict'; const RSA = {}; RSA.generate = function(keysize) {", "}; RSA.encrypt = function(m, n, e) {", "RSA.decrypt = function(c, d, n) {", "Suppose Alice uses Bob's public key to send him an encrypted message.", "In the message, she can claim to be Alice but Bob has no way of verifying that the message was actually from Alice since anyone can use Bob's public key to send him encrypted messages.", "In order to verify the origin of a message, RSA can also be used to sign a message.", "Suppose Alice wishes to send a signed message to Bob.", "She can use her own private key to do so.", "She produces a hash value of the message, raises it to the power of \"d\" (modulo \"n\") (as she does when decrypting a message), and attaches it as a \"signature\" to the message.", "When Bob receives the signed message, he uses the same hash algorithm in conjunction with Alice's public key.", "He raises the signature to the power of \"e\" (modulo \"n\") (as he does when encrypting a message), and compares the resulting hash value with the message's actual hash value.", "If the two agree, he knows that the author of the message was in possession of Alice's private key, and that the message has not been tampered with since.", "There are a number of attacks against plain RSA as described below.", "To avoid these problems, practical RSA implementations typically embed some form of structured, randomized padding into the value \"m\" before encrypting it.", "This padding ensures that \"m\" does not fall into the range of insecure plaintexts, and that a given message, once padded, will encrypt to one of a large number of different possible ciphertexts.", "Standards such as PKCS#1 have been carefully designed to securely pad messages prior to RSA encryption.", "Because these schemes pad the plaintext \"m\" with some number of additional bits, the size of the un-padded message \"M\" must be somewhat smaller.", "RSA padding schemes must be carefully designed so as to prevent sophisticated attacks which may be facilitated by a predictable message structure.", "Early versions of the PKCS#1 standard (up to version 1.5) used a construction that appears to make RSA semantically secure.", "However, at Crypto 1998, Bleichenbacher showed that this version is vulnerable to a practical adaptive chosen ciphertext attack.", "Furthermore, at Eurocrypt 2000, Coron et al. showed that for some types of messages, this padding does not provide a high enough level of security.", "Later versions of the standard include Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP), which prevents these attacks.", "As such, OAEP should be used in any new application, and PKCS#1 v1.5 padding should be replaced wherever possible.", "The PKCS#1 standard also incorporates processing schemes designed to provide additional security for RSA signatures, e.g. the Probabilistic Signature Scheme for RSA (RSA-PSS).", "Secure padding schemes such as RSA-PSS are as essential for the security of message signing as they are for message encryption.", "Two US patents on PSS were granted (USPTO 6266771 and USPTO 70360140); however, these patents expired on 24 July 2009 and 25 April 2010, respectively.", "Use of PSS no longer seems to be encumbered by patents.", "Note that using different RSA key-pairs for encryption and signing is potentially more secure.", "For efficiency many popular crypto libraries (like OpenSSL, Java and .N", "NET) use the following optimization for decryption and signing based on the Chinese remainder theorem.", "This is more efficient than computing exponentiation by squaring even though two modular exponentiations have to be computed.", "The reason is that these two modular exponentiations both use a smaller exponent and a smaller modulus.", "The security of the RSA cryptosystem is based on two mathematical problems: the problem of factoring large numbers and the RSA problem.", "Full decryption of an RSA ciphertext is thought to be infeasible on the assumption that both of these problems are hard, i.e., no efficient algorithm exists for solving them.", "Providing security against \"partial\" decryption may require the addition of a secure padding scheme.", "The RSA problem is defined as the task of taking \"e\"th roots modulo a composite \"n\": recovering a value \"m\" such that \"c\" ≡ \"m\" (mod \"n\") , where (\"n\", \"e\") is an RSA public key and \"c\" is an RSA ciphertext.", "Currently the most promising approach to solving the RSA problem is to factor the modulus \"n\".", "With the ability to recover prime factors, an attacker can compute the secret exponent \"d\" from a public key (\"n\", \"e\") , then decrypt \"c\" using the standard procedure.", "To accomplish this, an attacker factors \"n\" into \"p\" and \"q\", and computes lcm(\"p\" − 1, \"q\" − 1) which allows the determination of \"d\" from \"e\".", "No polynomial-time method for factoring large integers on a classical computer has yet been found, but it has not been proven that none exists.", "\"See integer factorization for a discussion of this problem\".", "Multiple polynomial quadratic sieve (MPQS) can be used to factor the public modulus \"n\".", "The time taken to factor 128-bit and 256-bit \"n\" on a desktop computer (Processor: Intel Dual-Core i7-4500U 1.80GHz) are respectively 2 seconds and 35 minutes.", "A tool called YAFU can be used to optimize this process.", "It took about 5720s to factor \"320bit-N\" on the same computer.", "In 2009, Benjamin Moody factored an RSA-512 bit key in 73 days using only public software (GGNFS) and his desktop computer (a dual-core Athlon64 with a 1,900 MHz cpu.).", "Just less than five gigabytes of disk storage was required and about 2.5 gigabytes of RAM for the sieving process.", "The first RSA-512 factorization in 1999 required the equivalent of 8,400 MIPS years, over an elapsed time of about seven months.", "Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman noted that Miller has shown that – assuming the truth of the Extended Riemann Hypothesis – finding \"d\" from \"n\" and \"e\" is as hard as factoring \"n\" into \"p\" and \"q\" (up to a polynomial time difference).", "However, Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman noted, in section IX/D of their paper, that they had not found a proof that inverting RSA is equally as hard as factoring.", "s of 2010 , the largest factored RSA number was 768 bits long (232 decimal digits, see RSA-768).", "Its factorization, by a state-of-the-art distributed implementation, took around fifteen hundred CPU years (two years of real time, on many hundreds of computers).", "No larger RSA key is known publicly to have been factored.", "In practice, RSA keys are typically 1024 to 4096 bits long.", "Some experts believe that 1024-bit keys may become breakable in the near future or may already be breakable by a sufficiently well-funded attacker, though this is disputable.", "Few people see any way that 4096-bit keys could be broken in the foreseeable future.", "Therefore, it is generally presumed that RSA is secure if \"n\" is sufficiently large.", "If \"n\" is 300 bits or shorter, it can be factored in a few hours in a personal computer, using software already freely available.", "Keys of 512 bits have been shown to be practically breakable in 1999 when RSA-155 was factored by using several hundred computers, and these are now factored in a few weeks using common hardware.", "Exploits using 512-bit code-signing certificates that may have been factored were reported in 2011.", "A theoretical hardware device named TWIRL, described by Shamir and Tromer in 2003, called into question the security of 1024 bit keys.", "It is currently recommended that \"n\" be at least 2048 bits long.", "In 1994, Peter Shor showed that a quantum computer – if one could ever be practically created for the purpose – would be able to factor in polynomial time, breaking RSA; see Shor's algorithm.", "Finding the large primes \"p\" and \"q\" is usually done by testing random numbers of the right size with probabilistic primality tests that quickly eliminate virtually all of the nonprimes.", "The numbers \"p\" and \"q\" should not be \"too close\", lest the Fermat factorization for \"n\" be successful.", "If \"p\" − \"q\" is less than 2\"n\" (\"n\" = \"p\" * \"q\", which for even small 1024-bit values of \"n\" is ) solving for \"p\" and \"q\" is trivial.", "Furthermore, if either \"p\" − 1 or \"q\" − 1 has only small prime factors, \"n\" can be factored quickly by Pollard's p − 1 algorithm, and such values of \"p\" or \"q\" should hence be discarded.", "It is important that the private exponent \"d\" be large enough.", "Michael J. Wiener showed that if \"p\" is between \"q\" and 2\"q\" (which is quite typical) and \"d\" < \"n\"/3 , then \"d\" can be computed efficiently from \"n\" and \"e\".", "There is no known attack against small public exponents such as \"e\" = 3 , provided that the proper padding is used.", "Coppersmith's Attack has many applications in attacking RSA specifically if the public exponent \"e\" is small and if the encrypted message is short and not padded.", "65537 is a commonly used value for \"e\"; this value can be regarded as a compromise between avoiding potential small exponent attacks and still allowing efficient encryptions (or signature verification).", "The NIST Special Publication on Computer Security (SP 800-78 Rev 1 of August 2007) does not allow public exponents \"e\" smaller than 65537, but does not state a reason for this restriction.", "In October 2017 a team of researchers from Masaryk University announced the ROCA vulnerability, which affects RSA keys generated by an algorithm embodied in a library from Infineon.", "Large number of smart cards and TPMs were shown to be affected.", "Vulnerable RSA keys are easily identified using a test program the team released.", "A cryptographically strong random number generator, which has been properly seeded with adequate entropy, must be used to generate the primes \"p\" and \"q\".", "An analysis comparing millions of public keys gathered from the Internet was carried out in early 2012 by Arjen K. Lenstra, James P. Hughes, Maxime Augier, Joppe W. Bos, Thorsten Kleinjung and Christophe Wachter.", "They were able to factor 0.2% of the keys using only Euclid's algorithm.", "They exploited a weakness unique to cryptosystems based on integer factorization.", "If \"n\" = \"pq\" is one public key and \"n\"′ = \"p\"′\"q\"′ is another, then if by chance \"p\" = \"p\"′ (but \"q\" is not equal to \"q\"′), then a simple computation of gcd(\"n\",\"n\"′) = \"p\" factors both \"n\" and \"n\"′, totally compromising both keys.", "Lenstra et al. note that this problem can be minimized by using a strong random seed of bit-length twice the intended security level, or by employing a deterministic function to choose \"q\" given \"p\", instead of choosing \"p\" and \"q\" independently.", "Nadia Heninger was part of a group that did a similar experiment.", "They used an idea of Daniel J. Bernstein to compute the GCD of each RSA key \"n\" against the product of all the other keys \"n\"′ they had found (a 729 million digit number), instead of computing each gcd(\"n\",\"n\"′) separately, thereby achieving a very significant speedup since after one large division the GCD problem is of normal size.", "Heninger says in her blog that the bad keys occurred almost entirely in embedded applications, including \"firewalls, routers, VPN devices, remote server administration devices, printers, projectors, and VOIP phones\" from over 30 manufacturers.", "Heninger explains that the one-shared-prime problem uncovered by the two groups results from situations where the pseudorandom number generator is poorly seeded initially and then reseeded between the generation of the first and second primes.", "Using seeds of sufficiently high entropy obtained from key stroke timings or electronic diode noise or atmospheric noise from a radio receiver tuned between stations should solve the problem.", "Strong random number generation is important throughout every phase of public key cryptography.", "For instance, if a weak generator is used for the symmetric keys that are being distributed by RSA, then an eavesdropper could bypass RSA and guess the symmetric keys directly.", "Kocher described a new attack on RSA in 1995: if the attacker Eve knows Alice's hardware in sufficient detail and is able to measure the decryption times for several known ciphertexts, she can deduce the decryption key \"d\" quickly.", "This attack can also be applied against the RSA signature scheme.", "In 2003, Boneh and Brumley demonstrated a more practical attack capable of recovering RSA factorizations over a network connection (e.g., from a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)-enabled webserver) This attack takes advantage of information leaked by the Chinese remainder theorem optimization used by many RSA implementations.", "One way to thwart these attacks is to ensure that the decryption operation takes a constant amount of time for every ciphertext.", "However, this approach can significantly reduce performance.", "Instead, most RSA implementations use an alternate technique known as cryptographic blinding.", "RSA blinding makes use of the multiplicative property of RSA.", "Instead of computing \"c\" (mod \"n\") , Alice first chooses a secret random value \"r\" and computes (\"r\"\"c\") (mod \"n\") .", "The result of this computation after applying Euler's Theorem is \"rc\" (mod \"n\") and so the effect of \"r\" can be removed by multiplying by its inverse.", "A new value of \"r\" is chosen for each ciphertext.", "With blinding applied, the decryption time is no longer correlated to the value of the input ciphertext and so the timing attack fails.", "In 1998, Daniel Bleichenbacher described the first practical adaptive chosen ciphertext attack, against RSA-encrypted messages using the PKCS #1 v1 padding scheme (a padding scheme randomizes and adds structure to an RSA-encrypted message, so it is possible to determine whether a decrypted message is valid).", "Due to flaws with the PKCS #1 scheme, Bleichenbacher was able to mount a practical attack against RSA implementations of the Secure Socket Layer protocol, and to recover session keys.", "As a result of this work, cryptographers now recommend the use of provably secure padding schemes such as Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding, and RSA Laboratories has released new versions of PKCS #1 that are not vulnerable to these attacks.", "A side-channel attack using branch prediction analysis (BPA) has been described.", "Many processors use a branch predictor to determine whether a conditional branch in the instruction flow of a program is likely to be taken or not.", "Often these processors also implement simultaneous multithreading (SMT).", "Branch prediction analysis attacks use a spy process to discover (statistically) the private key when processed with these processors.", "Simple Branch Prediction Analysis (SBPA) claims to improve BPA in a non-statistical way.", "In their paper, \"On the Power of Simple Branch Prediction Analysis\", the authors of SBPA (Onur Aciicmez and Cetin Kaya Koc) claim to have discovered 508 out of 512 bits of an RSA key in 10 iterations.", "A power fault attack on RSA implementations has been described in 2010.", "The author recovered the key by varying the CPU power voltage outside limits; this caused multiple power faults on the server.", "The generated primes can be attacked by rainbow tables because the random numbers are fixed and finite sets." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 29060, "simple_article_title": "RSA algorithm", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29060", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-29060-0-0", "simple-29060-0-1", "simple-29060-0-2", "simple-29060-0-3", "simple-29060-0-4", "simple-29060-0-5", "simple-29060-0-6", "simple-29060-1-0", "simple-29060-1-1", "simple-29060-1-2", "simple-29060-2-0", "simple-29060-2-1", "simple-29060-3-0", "simple-29060-3-1", "simple-29060-4-0", "simple-29060-5-0", "simple-29060-5-1", "simple-29060-6-0", "simple-29060-7-0", "simple-29060-7-1", "simple-29060-8-0", "simple-29060-9-0", "simple-29060-10-0", "simple-29060-11-0", "simple-29060-12-0", "simple-29060-13-0", "simple-29060-14-0", "simple-29060-14-1", "simple-29060-14-2", "simple-29060-15-0", "simple-29060-16-0", "simple-29060-16-1", "simple-29060-16-2", "simple-29060-16-3", "simple-29060-16-4", "simple-29060-16-5", "simple-29060-17-0", "simple-29060-17-1", "simple-29060-17-2", "simple-29060-18-0", "simple-29060-18-1", "simple-29060-18-2", "simple-29060-18-3", "simple-29060-18-4", "simple-29060-18-5", "simple-29060-18-6", "simple-29060-19-0", "simple-29060-19-1", "simple-29060-19-2", "simple-29060-20-0", "simple-29060-20-1", "simple-29060-20-2", "simple-29060-20-3", "simple-29060-21-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is an algorithm used by modern computers to encrypt and decrypt messages.", "It is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm.", "Asymmetric means that there are two different keys.", "This is also called public key cryptography, because one of the keys can be given to anyone.", "The other key must be kept private.", "The algorithm is based on the fact that finding the factors of a large composite number is difficult: when the integers are prime numbers, the problem is called prime factorization.", "It is also a key pair (public and private key) generator.", "RSA involves a public key and private key.", "The public key can be known to everyone; it is used to encrypt messages.", "Messages encrypted using the public key can only be decrypted with the private key.", "Notes on the above steps: The public key is made of the modulus formula_4 and the public (or encryption) exponent formula_6.", "The private key is made of p,q and the private (or decryption) exponent formula_16 which must be kept secret.", "Alice gives her public key (formula_4 & formula_49) to Bob and keeps her private key secret.", "Bob wants to send message M to Alice.", "First he turns M into a number formula_50 smaller than formula_51 by using an agreed-upon reversible protocol known as a padding scheme.", "This can be done quickly using the method of exponentiation by squaring.", "Bob then sends formula_52 to Alice.", "Given formula_55, she can recover the original distinct prime numbers, applying the Chinese remainder theorem to these two congruences yields", "Here is an example of RSA encryption and decryption.", "The parameters used here are artificially small, but you can also .", "The public key is (formula_74, formula_69).", "The private key is (formula_74, formula_72).", "For example, to encrypt formula_83, we calculate", "To decrypt formula_85, we calculate", "Both of these calculations can be computed efficiently using the square-and-multiply algorithm for .", "RSA can easily be derived using Euler's theorem and Euler's totient function.", "Starting with Euler's theorem,formula_87Using Modular arithmetic, the equation can be re-written asformula_88Multiply both sides by \"m\" formula_89Euler's totient function has the property for some values \"p\" and \"q\", formula_90Therefore, the equation can be rewritten asformula_91Furthermore, for all integers \"k\", the following relation still holds:formula_92The value \"d\" is derived from the following equation, where \"e\" is some large prime number and for some \"k\" such that \"d\" is an integer:formula_93And by exponent rules, the following statement holds:formula_94As the \"e's\" will cancel out.", "So when encrypting the ciphertext \"m\",formula_95The original value of \"m\" can be deduced from \"c\" by raising \"c\" to \"d\".f", "formula_96The equation shows the equivalence holds.", "When used in practice, RSA must be combined with some form of padding scheme, so that no values of \"M\" result in insecure ciphertexts.", "In practice, the first two problems can arise when short ASCII messages are sent.", "In such messages, \"m\" might be the concatenation of one or more ASCII-encoded character(s).", "A message consisting of a single ASCII codice_1 character (whose numeric value is 0) would be encoded as \"m\" = 0, which produces a ciphertext of 0 no matter which values of \"e\" and \"N\" are used.", "Likewise, a single ASCII codice_2 (whose numeric value is 1) would always produce a ciphertext of 1.", "For systems which conventionally use small values of \"e\", such as 3, all single character ASCII messages encoded using this scheme would be insecure, since the largest \"m\" would have a value of 255, and 255 is less than any reasonable modulus.", "Such plaintexts could be recovered by simply taking the cube root of the ciphertext.", "To avoid these problems, practical RSA implementations typically embed some form of structured, randomized padding into the value \"m\" before encrypting it.", "This padding ensures that \"m\" does not fall into the range of insecure plaintexts, and that a given message, once padded, will encrypt to one of a large number of different possible ciphertexts.", "The latter property can increase the cost of a dictionary attack beyond the capabilities of a reasonable attacker.", "Standards such as PKCS have been carefully designed to securely pad messages prior to RSA encryption.", "Because these schemes pad the plaintext \"m\" with some number of additional bits, the size of the un-padded message \"M\" must be somewhat smaller.", "RSA padding schemes must be carefully designed so as to prevent sophisticated attacks.", "This may be made easier by a predictable message structure.", "Early versions of the PKCS standard used ad-hoc constructions, which were later found vulnerable to a practical adaptive chosen ciphertext attack.", "Modern constructions use secure techniques such as Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) to protect messages while preventing these attacks.", "The PKCS standard also has processing schemes designed to provide additional security for RSA signatures, e.g., the Probabilistic Signature Scheme for RSA (RSA-PSS).", "Suppose Alice uses Bob's public key to send him an encrypted message.", "In the message, she can claim to be Alice but Bob has no way of verifying that the message was actually from Alice since anyone can use Bob's public key to send him encrypted messages.", "So, in order to verify the origin of a message, RSA can also be used to sign a message.", "Suppose Alice wishes to send a signed message to Bob.", "She produces a hash value of the message, raises it to the power of \"d\" mod \"n\" (just like when decrypting a message), and attaches it as a \"signature\" to the message.", "When Bob receives the signed message, he raises the signature to the power of \"e\" mod \"n\" (just like encrypting a message), and compares the resulting hash value with the message's actual hash value.", "If the two agree, he knows that the author of the message was in possession of Alice's secret key, and that the message has not been tampered with since.", "Note that secure padding schemes such as RSA-PSS are as essential for the security of message signing as they are for message encryption, and that the same key should never be used for both encryption and signing purposes." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 7447280, "normal_article_title": "Heterosociality", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7447280", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-7447280-0-0", "normal-7447280-0-1", "normal-7447280-1-0", "normal-7447280-2-0", "normal-7447280-2-1", "normal-7447280-2-2", "normal-7447280-3-0", "normal-7447280-3-1", "normal-7447280-3-2", "normal-7447280-3-3", "normal-7447280-3-4", "normal-7447280-4-0", "normal-7447280-4-1", "normal-7447280-5-0", "normal-7447280-6-0", "normal-7447280-6-1", "normal-7447280-7-0", "normal-7447280-8-0", "normal-7447280-8-1", "normal-7447280-9-0", "normal-7447280-9-1", "normal-7447280-10-0", "normal-7447280-10-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In sociology, heterosociality describes social relations with persons of the opposite sex or a preference for such relations, often excluding relationships of a romantic and sexual nature.", "The opposite of heterosociality is homosociality.", "At an institutional level, the spread of heterosociality, epitomized by the entrance of women into public life/space, is closely associated with the progress of modernization.", "Whether the term can be applied to groups of three or more people has been disputed.", "One possible argument is that such a group is homosocial if composed of people of a single sex, and bisocial if composed of people of both sexes, since in the latter case each member will be interacting with people of both sexes.", "On the other hand, \"Collins English Dictionary\" defines heterosocial as \"relating to or denoting mixed-sex social relationships\", without specification of whether it applies to relationships between two people or among larger groups, suggesting that the term can describe social interactions involving people of both sexes more generally.", "The pervasiveness of heterosociality in contemporary life can lead to the obscuring of its social construction as a late development in Western history.", "Writing of early society, Freud considered that there was \"an unmistakable tendency to keep the sexes apart.", "Women live with women, men with men\".", "Durkheim associated sexual totemism, binding men and women into two separate totemic corporations, with such a social division of the sexes.", "Even in the twentieth century, rules of etiquette in some traditional villages dictated that men and women do not greet each other when passing in public.", "Urbanization and modernization have seen a gradual erosion of the barriers to male/female socialising, not without significant culture wars along the way over each particular new arena.", "Thus for example part of the hostility to the Elizabethan theatre lay in the fact that men and women freely intermingled in its audience; while dance halls and cabarets later offered similarly controversial new areas for heterosocial interaction, as too did amusement parks.", "In the 21st century, the challenge presented to traditional societies by the way the discourse of modernity encourages heterosociality over an older homosociality continues to be a live issue.", "The 20th century opening up of the public sphere to women—work, politics, culture, education—both fuelled, and was fed by, the feminist movement; but the increase in heterosociality which accompanied it was seen as double-edged by many feminists.", "On the one hand, it served to undercut older feminist homosocial bonds and support systems; on the other, it split the new feminist movement, as calls for separatist feminism challenged heterosociality, let alone heterosexuality, in ways many found unacceptable.", "Post-feminism has generally accepted heterosociality, along with a new strategy of gender mainstreaming, but not without reservations as to the exploitative aspects of (for example) raunch culture within the new 21st century public gender regime.", "Acquiring heterosocial competence is a key adolescent task.", "Other-sex friendships, even more than romances, can play a key role in this process.", "Different societies and different subcultures place varying restrictions upon adolescent heterosocial roles and opportunities.", "American teen culture in particular has been seen as aggressively promoting heterosociality over homosociality.", "The advancement of culture was seen by Henry James as linked to heterosociality.", "Similarly, Kenneth Clark saw the flourishing of 18th-century French culture as rooted in the heterosociality of the salon." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 512340, "simple_article_title": "Heterosociality", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=512340", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-512340-0-0", "simple-512340-0-1", "simple-512340-0-2", "simple-512340-0-3", "simple-512340-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Heterosociality is a term used in sociology.", "It refers to social relationships between persons of the opposite sex.", "It is the opposite of homosociality.", "Heterosocial interactions, or social interactions with peers of the opposite sex, may serve a number of developmental functions during adolescence.", "These can include intimacy, friendship, and include sexual experimentation and activity." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 11291214, "normal_article_title": "Coco Chanel", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11291214", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-11291214-0-0", "normal-11291214-0-1", "normal-11291214-0-2", "normal-11291214-0-3", "normal-11291214-0-4", "normal-11291214-0-5", "normal-11291214-0-6", "normal-11291214-1-0", "normal-11291214-1-1", "normal-11291214-1-2", "normal-11291214-1-3", "normal-11291214-1-4", "normal-11291214-1-5", "normal-11291214-2-0", "normal-11291214-2-1", "normal-11291214-2-2", "normal-11291214-2-3", "normal-11291214-2-4", "normal-11291214-3-0", "normal-11291214-3-1", "normal-11291214-3-2", "normal-11291214-3-3", "normal-11291214-4-0", "normal-11291214-4-1", "normal-11291214-4-2", "normal-11291214-4-3", "normal-11291214-4-4", "normal-11291214-4-5", "normal-11291214-5-0", "normal-11291214-5-1", "normal-11291214-5-2", "normal-11291214-6-0", "normal-11291214-6-1", "normal-11291214-6-2", "normal-11291214-6-3", 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"normal-11291214-78-0", "normal-11291214-78-1", "normal-11291214-78-2", "normal-11291214-78-3", "normal-11291214-78-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Gabrielle Bonheur \"Coco\" Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer, businesswoman.", "There are controversies regarding her role during Nazi occupation of France.", "The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with liberating women from the constraints of the \"corseted silhouette\" and popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style.", "A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her design aesthetic in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance.", "Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product.", "She is the only fashion designer listed on \"Time\" magazine's .", "Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s.", "Chanel's social connections encouraged a conservative personal outlook.", "Rumors arose about Chanel's activities during the German occupation of France during World War II, and she was criticized for being too close to the German occupiers: One of Chanel's liaisons was with a German diplomat, Baron (\"Freiherr\") .", "After the war, Chanel was interrogated about her relationship with von Dincklage, but she was not charged as a collaborator due to intervention by Churchill.", "After several post-war years in Switzerland, she returned to Paris and revived her fashion house.", "In 2011, Hal Vaughan published a book about Chanel based on newly declassified documents, revealing that she had collaborated with German intelligence activities.", "One plan in late-1943 was for her to carry an SS peace overture to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to end the war.", "Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel was born in 1883 to Eugénie Jeanne Devolle—known as Jeanne—a laundrywoman, in the charity hospital run by the Sisters of Providence (a poorhouse) in Saumur, Maine-et-Loire, France.", "She was Jeanne's second child with Albert Chanel; the first, Julia, was born less than a year earlier.", "Albert Chanel was an itinerant street vendor who peddled work clothes and undergarments, living a nomadic life, traveling to and from market towns.", "The family resided in rundown lodgings.", "In 1884, he married Jeanne Devolle, persuaded to do so by her family who had \"united, effectively, to pay Albert to marry her.\"", "At birth, Chanel's name was entered into the official registry as \"Chasnel\".", "Jeanne was too unwell to attend the registration, and Albert was registered as \"travelling\".", "With both parents absent, the infant's last name was misspelled, probably due to a clerical error.", "The couple had five children who survived—two boys and three girls—who lived crowded into a one-room lodging in the town of Brive-la-Gaillarde.", "When Gabrielle was 12, her mother died of tuberculosis at the age of 32.", "Her father sent his two sons to work as farm laborers and sent his three daughters to the convent of Aubazine, which ran an orphanage.", "Its religious order, the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary, was \"founded to care for the poor and rejected, including running homes for abandoned and orphaned girls\".", "It was a stark, frugal life, demanding strict discipline.", "Placement in the orphanage may have been the best thing for Coco's future because it is where she learned to sew.", "At age eighteen, Chanel, too old to remain at Aubazine, went to live in a boarding house for Catholic girls in the town of Moulins.", "Later in life, Chanel would retell the story of her childhood somewhat differently; she would often include more glamorous accounts, which were generally untrue.", "She said that when her mother died, her father sailed for America to seek his fortune, and she was sent to live with two aunts.", "She also claimed to have been born a decade later than 1883 and that her mother had died when she was much younger than 12.", "Having learned to sew during her six years at Aubazine, Chanel found employment as a seamstress.", "When not sewing, she sang in a cabaret frequented by cavalry officers.", "Chanel made her stage debut singing at a \"cafe-concert\" (a popular entertainment venue of the era) in a Moulins pavilion, \"La Rotonde\".", "She was a \"poseuse\", a performer who entertained the crowd between star turns.", "The money earned was what they managed to accumulate when the plate was passed.", "It was at this time that Gabrielle acquired the name \"Coco\" when she spent her nights singing in the cabaret, often the song, \"Who Has Seen Coco?\"", "She often liked to say the nickname was given to her by her father.", "Others believe \"Coco\" came from \"Ko Ko Ri Ko\", and \"Qui qu'a vu Coco\", or it was an allusion to the French word for kept woman, \"cocotte\".", "As an entertainer, Chanel radiated a juvenile allure that tantalized the military habitués of the cabaret.", "In 1906, Chanel worked in the spa resort town of Vichy.", "Vichy boasted a profusion of concert halls, theatres, and cafés where she hoped to achieve success as a performer.", "Chanel's youth and physical charms impressed those for whom she auditioned, but her singing voice was marginal and she failed to find stage work.", "Obliged to find employment, she took work at the \"Grande Grille\", where as a \"donneuse d'eau\" she was one whose job was to dispense glasses of the purportedly curative mineral water for which Vichy was renowned.", "When the Vichy season ended, Chanel returned to Moulins, and her former haunt \"La Rotonde\".", "She now realised that a serious stage career was not in her future.", "At Moulins, Chanel met a young French ex-cavalry officer and textile heir, Étienne Balsan.", "At the age of twenty-three, Chanel became Balsan's mistress, supplanting the courtesan Émilienne d’Alençon as his new favourite.", "For the next three years, she lived with him in his château Royallieu near Compiègne, an area known for its wooded equestrian paths and the hunting life.", "It was a lifestyle of self-indulgence.", "Balsan's wealth allowed the cultivation of a social set that reveled in partying and the gratification of human appetites, with all the implied accompanying decadence.", "Balsan showered Chanel with the baubles of \"the rich life\"—diamonds, dresses, and pearls.", "Biographer Justine Picardie, in her 2010 study \"Coco Chanel: The Legend and the Life\", suggests that the fashion designer's nephew, André Palasse, supposedly the only child of her sister Julia-Berthe who had committed suicide, was Chanel's child by Balsan.", "In 1908, Chanel began an affair with one of Balsan's friends, Captain Arthur Edward 'Boy' Capel.", "In later years, Chanel reminisced of this time in her life: \"two gentlemen were outbidding for my hot little body.\"", "Capel, a wealthy member of the English upper class, installed Chanel in an apartment in Paris.", "and financed her first shops.", "It is said that Capel's sartorial style influenced the conception of the Chanel look.", "The bottle design for Chanel No. 5 had two probable origins, both attributable to her association with Capel.", "It is believed Chanel adapted the rectangular, beveled lines of the Charvet toiletry bottles he carried in his leather traveling case or she adapted the design of the whiskey decanter Capel used.", "She so much admired it that she wished to reproduce it in \"exquisite, expensive, delicate glass\".", "The couple spent time together at fashionable resorts such as Deauville, but despite Chanel's hopes that they would settle together, Capel was never faithful to her.", "Their affair lasted nine years.", "Even after Capel married an English aristocrat, Lady Diana Wyndham in 1918, he did not completely break off with Chanel.", "He died in a car accident on 21 December 1919.", "A roadside memorial at the site of Capel's accident is said to have been commissioned by Chanel.", "Twenty-five years after the event, Chanel, then residing in Switzerland, confided to her friend, Paul Morand, \"His death was a terrible blow to me.", "In losing Capel, I lost everything.", "What followed was not a life of happiness, I have to say.\"", "Chanel had begun designing hats while living with Balsan, initially as a diversion that evolved into a commercial enterprise.", "She became a licensed milliner in 1910 and opened a boutique at 21 rue Cambon, Paris, named \"Chanel Modes\".", "As this location already housed an established clothing business, Chanel sold only her millinery creations at this address.", "Chanel's millinery career bloomed once theatre actress Gabrielle Dorziat wore her hats in Fernand Nozière's play \"Bel Ami\" in 1912.", "Subsequently, Dorziat modelled Chanel's hats again in photographs published in \"Les Modes\".", "In 1913, Chanel opened a boutique in Deauville, financed by Arthur Capel, where she introduced deluxe casual clothing suitable for leisure and sport.", "The fashions were constructed from humble fabrics such as jersey and tricot, at the time primarily used for men's underwear.", "The location was a prime one, in the center of town on a fashionable street.", "Here Chanel sold hats, jackets, sweaters, and the \"marinière\", the sailor blouse.", "Chanel had the dedicated support of two family members, her sister Antoinette, and her paternal aunt Adrienne, who was of a similar age.", "Adrienne and Antoinette were recruited to model Chanel's designs; on a daily basis the two women paraded through the town and on its boardwalks, advertising the Chanel creations.", "Chanel, determined to re-create the success she enjoyed in Deauville, opened an establishment in Biarritz in 1915.", "Biarritz, on the Côte Basque, close to wealthy Spanish clients, was a playground for the moneyed set and those exiled from their native countries by the war.", "The Biarritz shop was installed not as a storefront, but in a villa opposite the casino.", "After one year of operation, the business proved to be so lucrative that in 1916 Chanel was able to reimburse Capel's original investment.", "In Biarritz Chanel met an expatriate aristocrat, the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia.", "They had a romantic interlude, and maintained a close association for many years afterward.", "By 1919, Chanel was registered as a \"couturière\" and established her \"maison de couture\" at 31 rue Cambon, Paris.", "In 1918, Chanel purchased the building at 31 rue Cambon, in one of the most fashionable districts of Paris.", "In 1921, she opened an early incarnation of a fashion boutique, featuring clothing, hats, and accessories, later expanded to offer jewellery and fragrances.", "By 1927, Chanel owned five properties on the rue Cambon, buildings numbered 23 to 31.", "In the spring of 1920 (approximately May), Chanel was introduced to the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky by Sergei Diaghilev, impresario of the Ballets Russes.", "During the summer, Chanel discovered that the Stravinsky family sought a place to live, having left the Soviet Union after the war.", "She invited them to her new home, \"Bel Respiro\", in the Paris suburb of \"Garches\", until they could find a suitable residence.", "They arrived at \"Bel Respiro\" during the second week of September and remained until May 1921.", "Chanel also guaranteed the new (1920) Ballets Russes production of Stravinsky's \"Le Sacre du Printemps\" ('The Rite of Spring') against financial loss with an anonymous gift to Diaghilev, said to be 300,000 francs.", "In addition to turning out her couture collections, Chanel threw herself into designing dance costumes for the Ballets Russes.", "In the years 1923–1937, she collaborated on productions choreographed by Diaghilev and dancer Vaslav Nijinsky, notably \"Le Train bleu\", a dance-opera; \"Orphée\" and \"Oedipe Roi\".", "In 1922, at the Longchamps races, Théophile Bader, founder of the Paris Galeries Lafayette, introduced Chanel to businessman Pierre Wertheimer.", "Bader was interested in selling Chanel No. 5 in his department store.", "In 1924, Chanel made an agreement with the Wertheimer brothers, Pierre and Paul, directors since 1917 of the eminent perfume and cosmetics house Bourjois.", "They created a corporate entity, \"Parfums Chanel\", and the Wertheimers agreed to provide full financing for the production, marketing, and distribution of Chanel No. 5.", "The Wertheimers would receive seventy percent of the profits, and Théophile Bader twenty percent.", "For ten percent of the stock, Chanel licensed her name to \"Parfums Chanel\" and withdrew from involvement in business operations.", "Later, unhappy with the arrangement, Chanel worked for more than twenty years to gain full control of \"Parfums Chanel\".", "She said that Pierre Wertheimer was \"the bandit who screwed me\".", "One of Chanel's longest enduring associations was with Misia Sert, a member of the bohemian elite in Paris and wife of Spanish painter José-Maria Sert.", "It is said that theirs was an immediate bond of kindred souls, and Misia was attracted to Chanel by \"her genius, lethal wit, sarcasm and maniacal destructiveness, which intrigued and appalled everyone\".", "Both women were convent schooled, and maintained a friendship of shared interests and confidences.", "They also shared drug use.", "By 1935, Chanel had become a habitual drug user, injecting herself with morphine on a daily basis, a habit she maintained to the end of her life.", "According to Chandler Burr's \"The Emperor of Scent\", Luca Turin related an apocryphal story in circulation that Chanel was \"called Coco because she threw the most fabulous cocaine parties in Paris\".", "The writer Colette, who moved in the same social circles as Chanel, provided a whimsical description of Chanel at work in her atelier, which appeared in \"Prisons et Paradis\" (1932).", "\"If every human face bears a resemblance to some animal, then Mademoiselle Chanel is a small black bull.", "That tuft of curly black hair, the attribute of bull-calves, falls over her brow all the way to the eyelids and dances with every maneuver of her head.\"", "In 1923, Vera Bate Lombardi, (born Sarah Gertrude Arkwright), reputedly the illegitimate daughter of the Marquess of Cambridge, afforded Chanel entry into the highest levels of British aristocracy.", "It was an elite group of associations revolving around such figures as politician Winston Churchill, aristocrats such as the Duke of Westminster, and royals such as Edward, Prince of Wales.", "In Monte Carlo in 1923, at age forty, Chanel was introduced by Lombardi to the vastly wealthy Duke of Westminster, Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor, known to his intimates as \"Bendor\".", "The duke lavished Chanel with extravagant jewels, costly art, and a home in London's prestigious Mayfair district.", "His affair with Chanel lasted ten years.", "The duke, an outspoken anti-Semite, intensified Chanel's inherent antipathy toward Jews.", "He shared with her an expressed homophobia.", "In 1946, Chanel was quoted by her friend and confidant, Paul Morand, \"Homosexuals?", "... I have seen young women ruined by these awful queers: drugs, divorce, scandal.", "They will use any means to destroy a competitor and to wreak vengeance on a woman.", "The queers want to be women—but they are lousy women.", "Coinciding with her introduction to the duke, was her introduction, again through Lombardi, to Lombardi's cousin, the Prince of Wales, Edward VIII.", "The prince allegedly was smitten with Chanel and pursued her in spite of her involvement with the Duke of Westminster.", "Gossip had it that he visited Chanel in her apartment and requested that she call him \"David\", a privilege reserved only for his closest friends and family.", "Years later, Diana Vreeland, editor of \"Vogue\", would insist that \"the passionate, focused and fiercely independent Chanel, a virtual tour de force,\" and the Prince \"had a great romantic moment together\".", "In 1927, the Duke of Westminster gave Chanel a parcel of land he had purchased in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin on the French Riviera.", "Chanel built a villa here, which she called \"La Pausa\" ('restful pause'), hiring the architect Robert Streitz.", "Streitz's concept for the staircase and patio contained design elements inspired by Aubazine, the orphanage where Chanel spent her youth.", "When asked why she did not marry the Duke of Westminster, she is supposed to have said: \"There have been several Duchesses of Westminster.", "There is only one Chanel.\"", "In 1931, while in Monte Carlo Chanel became acquainted with Samuel Goldwyn.", "She was introduced through a mutual friend, the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, cousin to the last czar of Russia, Nicolas II.", "Goldwyn offered Chanel a tantalizing proposition.", "For the sum of a million dollars (approximately US$75 million today), he would bring her to Hollywood twice a year to design costumes for MGM stars.", "Chanel accepted the offer.", "Accompanying her on her first trip to Hollywood was her friend, Misia Sert.", "En route to California from New York, traveling in a white train carriage luxuriously outfitted for her use, Chanel was interviewed by \"Colliers\" magazine in 1932.", "She said that she had agreed to go to Hollywood to \"see what the pictures have to offer me and what I have to offer the pictures.\"", "Chanel designed the clothing worn on screen by Gloria Swanson, in \"Tonight or Never\" (1931), and for Ina Claire in \"The Greeks Had a Word for Them\" (1932).", "Both Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich became private clients.", "Her experience with American movie making left Chanel with a dislike for Hollywood's film business and a distaste for the film world's culture, which she called \"infantile\".", "Chanel's verdict was that \"Hollywood is the capital of bad taste ... and it is vulgar.\"", "Ultimately, her design aesthetic did not translate well to film.", "\"The New Yorker\" speculated that Chanel left Hollywood because \"they told her her dresses weren't sensational enough.", "She made a lady look like a lady.", "Hollywood wants a lady to look like two ladies.\"", "Chanel went on to design the costumes for several French films, including Jean Renoir's 1939 film \"La Règle du jeu\", in which she was credited as \"La Maison Chanel\".", "Chanel introduced the left-wing Renoir to Luchino Visconti, aware that the shy Italian hoped to work in film.", "Renoir was favorably impressed by Visconti and brought him in to work on his next film project.", "Chanel was the mistress of some of the most influential men of her time, but she never married.", "She had significant relationships with the poet Pierre Reverdy and the illustrator and designer Paul Iribe.", "After her romance with Reverdy ended in 1926, they maintained a friendship that lasted some forty years.", "It is postulated that the legendary maxims attributed to Chanel and published in periodicals were crafted under the mentorship of Reverdy—a collaborative effort.", "A review of her correspondence reveals a complete contradiction between the clumsiness of Chanel the letter writer and the talent of Chanel as a composer of maxims ... After correcting the handful of aphorisms that Chanel wrote about her \"métier\", Reverdy added to this collection of \"Chanelisms\" a series of thoughts of a more general nature, some touching on life and taste, others on allure and love.", "Her involvement with Iribe was a deep one until his sudden death in 1935.", "Iribe and Chanel shared the same reactionary politics, Chanel financing Iribe's monthly, ultra-nationalist and anti-republican newsletter, \"Le Témoin\", which encouraged a fear of foreigners and preached anti-Semitism.", "In 1936, one year after \"Le Témoin\" ceased publication, Chanel veered to the opposite end of the ideological continuum by financing Pierre Lestringuez's radical left-wing magazine \"Futur\".", "The Chanel couture was a lucrative business enterprise, by 1935 employing 4,000 people.", "As the 1930s progressed, Chanel's place on the throne of haute couture was threatened.", "The boyish look and the short skirts of the 1920s flapper seemed to disappear overnight.", "Chanel's designs for film stars in Hollywood were not successful and had not enhanced her reputation as expected.", "More significantly, Chanel's star had been eclipsed by her premier rival, the designer Elsa Schiaparelli.", "Schiaparelli's innovative designs, replete with playful references to surrealism, was garnering critical acclaim and generating enthusiasm in the fashion world.", "Feeling she was losing her avant-garde edge, Chanel collaborated with Jean Cocteau on his theatre piece \"Oedipe Rex\".", "The costumes she designed were mocked and critically lambasted: \"Wrapped in bandages the actors looked like ambulant mummies or victims of some terrible accident.\"", "She was also involved in the costuming of \"Baccanale\", a Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo production.", "The designs were made by Salvador Dalí.", "However, due to the declaration of war by Great Britain on 3 September 1939, the ballet was forced to leave London.", "They left the costumes in Europe and were re-made, according to Dali's initial designs, by Karinska.", "In 1939, at the beginning of World War II, Chanel closed her shops, maintaining her apartment situated above the couture house at 31 Rue de Cambon.", "She said that it was not a time for fashion; as a result of her action, 4,000 female employees lost their jobs.", "Her biographer Vaughan suggests that Chanel used the outbreak of war as an opportunity to retaliate against those workers who had struck for higher wages and shorter work hours in the French general labor strike of 1936.", "In closing her couture house, Chanel made a definitive statement of her political views.", "Her dislike of Jews, reportedly sharpened by her association with society elites, had solidified her beliefs.", "She shared with many of her circle a conviction that Jews were a threat to Europe because of the Bolshevik government in the Soviet Union.", "During the German occupation, Chanel resided at the Hotel Ritz.", "It was noteworthy as the preferred place of residence for upper-echelon German military staff.", "Her romantic liaison with Baron (\"Freiherr\") , a German diplomat in Paris and former Prussian Army officer and Attorney General who had been an operative in military intelligence since 1920, eased her arrangements at the Ritz.", "During Chanel's affair with the Duke of Westminster in the 1930s, her style began to reflect her personal emotions.", "Her inability to reinvent the little black dress was a sign of such reality.", "She began to design a “less is more” aesthetic.", "“Sleeping with the Enemy, Coco Chanel and the Secret War” written by Hal Vaughan further solidifies the consistencies of the French intelligence documents released by describing Coco as a “vicious anti-Semite” who praised Hitler.", "World War II, specifically the Nazi seizure of all Jewish-owned property and business enterprises, provided Chanel with the opportunity to gain the full monetary fortune generated by \"Parfums Chanel\" and its most profitable product, Chanel No. 5.", "The directors of \"Parfums Chanel\", the Wertheimers, were Jewish.", "Chanel used her position as an \"Aryan\" to petition German officials to legalize her claim to sole ownership.", "\"I have,\" she wrote, \"an indisputable right of priority ... the profits that I have received from my creations since the foundation of this business ... are disproportionate ... and you can help to repair in part the prejudices I have suffered in the course of these seventeen years.\"", "Chanel was not aware that the Wertheimers, anticipating the forthcoming Nazi mandates against Jews had, in May 1940, legally turned control of \"Parfums Chanel\" over to Félix Amiot, a Christian French businessman and industrialist.", "At war's end, Amiot returned \"Parfums Chanel\" to the hands of the Wertheimers.", "During the period directly following the end of World War II, the business world watched with interest and some apprehension the ongoing legal wrestle for control of \"Parfums Chanel\".", "Interested parties in the proceedings were cognizant that Chanel's Nazi affiliations during wartime, if made public knowledge, would seriously threaten the reputation and status of the Chanel brand.", "\"Forbes\" magazine summarized the dilemma faced by the Wertheimers: it is Pierre Wertheimer's worry how \"a legal fight might illuminate Chanel's wartime activities and wreck her image—and his business.\"", "Chanel hired René de Chambrun, Vichy France Prime Minister Pierre Laval's son-in-law, as her lawyer to sue Wertheimer.", "Ultimately, the Wertheimers and Chanel came to a mutual accommodation, renegotiating the original 1924 contract.", "On 17 May 1947, Chanel received wartime profits from the sale of Chanel No. 5, in an amount equivalent to some nine million dollars in twenty-first century valuation.", "Her future share would be two percent of all Chanel No. 5 sales worldwide.", "The financial benefit to her would be enormous.", "Her earnings were projected at $25 million a year, making her at the time one of the richest women in the world.", "In addition, Pierre Wertheimer agreed to an unusual stipulation proposed by Chanel herself.", "Wertheimer agreed to pay all of Chanel's living expenses—from the trivial to the large—for the rest of her life.", "Declassified archival documents unearthed by biographer Hal Vaughan reveal that the French Préfecture de Police had a document on Chanel in which she was described as \"Couturier and perfumer.", "Agent reference: F 7124.", "Signalled as suspect in the file\" (\"Pseudonyme: Westminster.", "Indicatif d'agent: F 7124.", "Signalée comme suspecte au fichier\").", "For Vaughan, this was a piece of revelatory information linking Chanel to German intelligence operations.", "Anti-Nazi activist Serge Klarsfeld declared, \"It is not because Chanel had a spy number that she was necessarily personally implicated.", "Some informers had numbers without being aware of it.\"", "(\"\"Ce n'est pas parce que Coco Chanel avait un numéro d'espion qu'elle était nécessairement impliquée personnellement.", "Certains indicateurs avaient des numéros sans le savoir\"\").", "Vaughan establishes that Chanel committed herself to the German cause as early as 1941 and worked for General Walter Schellenberg, chief of the German intelligence agency \"Sicherheitsdienst\" (Security Service) and the military intelligence spy network \"Abwehr\" (Counterintelligence) at the Reich Main Security Office (\"Reichssicherheitshauptamt\") in Berlin.", "At the end of the war, Schellenberg was tried by the Nuremberg Military Tribunal, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment for war crimes.", "He was released in 1951 owing to incurable liver disease and took refuge in Italy.", "Chanel paid for Schellenberg's medical care and living expenses, financially supported his wife and family, and paid for Schellenberg's funeral upon his death in 1952.", "Suspicions of Coco Chanel's involvement first began when German tanks entered Paris and began the Nazi occupation.", "Chanel immediately sought refuge in the deluxe Hotel Ritz, which was also used as the headquarters of the German military.", "It was at the Hotel Ritz where she fell in love with Baron Hans Gunther von Dincklage working in the German embassy close to the Gestapo.", "When the Nazi occupation of France began, Chanel decided to close her store, claiming a patriotic motivation behind such decision.", "However, when she moved into the same Hotel Ritz that was housing the German military, her motivations became clear to many.", "While many women in France were punished for “horizontal collaboration” with German officers, Chanel faced no such action.", "At the time of the French liberation in 1944, Chanel left in a note in her store window explaining Chanel No. 5 to be free to all GIs.", "During this time, she fled to Switzerland to avoid criminal charges for her collaborations as a Nazi spy.", "In late 2014, documents were declassified and released by French intelligence agencies confirming Coco Chanel's role with Germany in World War II.", "Working as a spy, Chanel was directly involved in a plan for the Third Reich to take control of Madrid.", "Such documents identify Chanel as an agent in the German military intelligence, the Abwehr.", "Chanel visited Madrid in 1943 to convince the British ambassador to Spain, friend to Winston Churchill, about a possible German surrender once the war was leaning towards an Allied victory.", "One of the most prominent missions she was involved in was Operation Modellhut, ('Operation Model Hat').", "Her duty was to act as a messenger from Hitler's Foreign Intelligence to Winston Churchill to prove that some of the Third Reich attempted peace with the Allies.", "In 1943, Chanel travelled to the Reich Main Security Office (\"Reichssicherheitshauptamt\") in Berlin—the \"lion's den\"—with her liaison and \"old friend\", the German Embassy in Paris press attaché Baron Hans Günther von Dincklage, a former Prussian Army officer and attorney general, who was also known as \"Sparrow\" among his friends and colleagues.", "Dincklage was also a collaborator for the German \"Sicherheitsdienst\" (Security Service); his superiors being Walter Schellenberg and Alexander Waag in Berlin.", "Chanel and Dincklage were to report to Walter Schellenberg at the Reich Main Security Office (\"Reichssicherheitshauptamt\") with a ludicrous plan that Chanel had proposed to Dincklage: she, Coco Chanel, wants to meet British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and persuade him to negotiate with the Germans.", "In late-1943 or early-1944, Chanel and her SS superior, Schellenberg, who had a weakness for unconventional schemes, devised a plan to get Britain to consider a separate peace to be negotiated by the SS.", "When interrogated by British intelligence at war's end, Schellenberg maintained that Chanel was \"a person who knew Churchill sufficiently to undertake political negotiations with him\".", "For this mission, code named \"Operation Modellhut\", they also recruited Vera Bate Lombardi.", "Count Joseph von Ledebur-Wicheln, a Nazi agent who defected to the British Secret Service in 1944, recalled a meeting he had with Dincklage in early 1943, in which the baron had suggested including Lombardi as a courier.", "Dincklage purportedly said, \"The \"Abwehr\" had first to bring to France a young Italian woman Lombardi Coco Chanel was attached to because of her lesbian vices...\"", "Unaware of the machinations of Schellenberg and Chanel, Lombardi was led to believe that the forthcoming journey to Spain would be a business trip exploring the potential for establishing Chanel couture in Madrid.", "Lombardi acted as intermediary, delivering a letter written by Chanel to Winston Churchill, to be forwarded to him via the British Embassy in Madrid.", "Schellenberg's SS liaison officer, Captain Walter Kutschmann, acted as bagman, \"told to deliver a large sum of money to Chanel in Madrid\".", "Ultimately, the mission proved a failure for the Germans.", "British intelligence files reveal that the plan collapsed after Lombardi, on arrival in Madrid, proceeded to denounce Chanel and others to the British Embassy as Nazi spies.", "In September 1944, Chanel was interrogated by the Free French Purge Committee, the \"épuration\".", "The committee had no documented evidence of her collaborative activities and was obliged to release her.", "According to Chanel's grand-niece, Gabrielle Palasse Labrunie, when Chanel returned home she said, \"Churchill had me freed\".", "The extent of Churchill's intervention for Chanel after the war became a subject of gossip and speculation.", "Some historians claimed that people worried that, if Chanel were forced to testify about her own activities at trial, she would expose the pro-Nazi sympathies and activities of certain top-level British officials, members of the society elite, and the royal family.", "Vaughan writes that some claim that Churchill instructed Duff Cooper, British ambassador to the French provisional government, to protect Chanel.", "Requested to appear in Paris before investigators in 1949, Chanel left her retreat in Switzerland to confront testimony given against her at the war crime trial of Baron Louis de Vaufreland, a French traitor and highly placed German intelligence agent.", "Chanel denied all the accusations.", "She offered the presiding judge, Leclercq, a character reference: \"I could arrange for a declaration to come from Mr. Duff Cooper.\"", "Chanel's friend and biographer Marcel Haedrich said of her wartime interaction with the Nazi regime: \"If one took seriously the few disclosures that Mademoiselle Chanel allowed herself to make about those black years of the occupation, one's teeth would be set on edge.\"", "Churchill and Chanel's friendship marks its origin in the 1920s with the eruption of Chanel's scandalous beginning when falling in love with the Duke of Westminster.", "Churchill's intervention at the end of the war prevented Chanel's punishment for spy collaborations, and ultimately salvaged her legacy.", "When Vaughan's book was published in August 2011, his disclosure of the contents of recently declassified military intelligence documents generated considerable controversy about Chanel's activities.", "The House of Chanel issued a statement, portions of which were published by several media outlets.", "Chanel corporate \"refuted the claim\" (of espionage), while acknowledging that company officials had read only media excerpts of the book.", "The Chanel Group stated, \"What is certain is that she had a relationship with a German aristocrat during the War.", "Clearly it wasn't the best period to have a love story with a German even if Baron von Dincklage was English by his mother and she (Chanel) knew him before the War.\"", "In an interview given to the Associated Press, author Vaughan discussed the unexpected turn of his research, \"I was looking for something else and I come across this document saying 'Chanel is a Nazi agent'...Then I really started hunting through all of the archives, in the United States, in London, in Berlin and in Rome and I come across not one, but 20, 30, 40 absolutely solid archival materials on Chanel and her lover, Hans Günther von Dincklage, who was a professional Abwehr spy.\"", "Vaughan also addressed the discomfort many felt with the revelations provided in his book: \"A lot of people in this world don't want the iconic figure of Gabrielle Coco Chanel, one of France's great cultural idols, destroyed.", "This is definitely something that a lot of people would have preferred to put aside, to forget, to just go on selling Chanel scarves and jewellery.\"", "In 1945, Chanel moved to Switzerland, where she lived for several years, part of the time with Dincklage.", "In 1953 she sold her villa \"La Pausa\" on the French Riviera to the publisher and translator Emery Reves.", "Five rooms from La Pausa have been replicated at the Dallas Museum of Art, to house the Reves' art collection as well as pieces of furniture belonging to Chanel.", "Unlike the pre-war era, when women reigned as the premier couturiers, Christian Dior achieved success in 1947 with his \"New Look\", and a cadre of male designers achieved recognition: Dior, Cristóbal Balenciaga, Robert Piguet, and Jacques Fath.", "Chanel was convinced that women would ultimately rebel against the aesthetic favored by the male couturiers, what she called \"illogical\" design: the \"waist cinchers, padded bras, heavy skirts, and stiffened jackets\".", "At more than 70 years old, after having her couture house closed for 15 years, she felt the time was right for her to re-enter the fashion world.", "The revival of her couture house in 1954 was fully financed by Chanel's opponent in the perfume battle, Pierre Wertheimer.", "When Chanel came out with her comeback collection in 1954, the French press were cautious due to her collaboration during the war and the controversy of the collection.", "However, the American and British press saw it as a \"breakthrough\", bringing together fashion and youth in a new way.", "Bettina Ballard, the influential editor of the US \"Vogue\", remained loyal to Chanel, however, and featured the model Marie-Hélène Arnaud—the \"face of Chanel\" in the 1950s—in the March 1954 issue, photographed by Henry Clarke, wearing three outfits: a red dress with a V-neck paired with ropes of pearls; a tiered seersucker evening gown; and a navy jersey mid-calf suit.", "Arnaud wore this outfit, \"with its slightly padded, square shouldered cardigan jacket, two patch pockets and sleeves that unbuttoned back to reveal crisp white cuffs\", above \"a white muslin blouse with a perky collar and bow that stayed perfectly in place with small tabs that buttoned onto the waistline of an easy A-line skirt.\"", "Ballard had bought the suit herself, which gave \"an overwhelming impression of insouciant, youthful elegance\", and orders for the clothing that Arnaud had modelled soon poured in from the US.", "According to Edmonde Charles-Roux, Chanel had become tyrannical and extremely lonely late in life.", "In her last years she was sometimes accompanied by Jacques Chazot and her confidante Lilou Marquand.", "A faithful friend was also the Brazilian Aimée de Heeren, who lived in Paris four months a year at the nearby Hôtel Meurice.", "The former rivals shared happy memories of times with the Duke of Westminster.", "They frequently strolled together through central Paris.", "As 1971 began, Chanel was 87 years old, tired, and ailing.", "She carried out her usual routine of preparing the spring catalogue.", "She had gone for a long drive the afternoon of Saturday, 9 January.", "Soon after, feeling ill, she went to bed early.She announced her final words to her maid which were: \"You see, this is how you die.\"", "She died on Sunday, 10 January 1971, at the Hotel Ritz, where she had resided for more than 30 years.", "Her funeral was held at the Église de la Madeleine; her fashion models occupied the first seats during the ceremony and her coffin was covered with white flowers—camellias, gardenias, orchids, azaleas and a few red roses.", "Her grave is in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, Switzerland.", "Most of her estate was inherited by her nephew André Palasse, who lived in Switzerland, and his two daughters, who lived in Paris.", "Although Chanel was viewed as a prominent figure of luxury fashion during her life, Chanel's influence has been examined further after her death in 1971.", "When Chanel died, the first lady of France, Mme Pompidou, organized a hero's tribute.", "Soon, damaging documents from French intelligence agencies were released that outlined Chanel's wartime involvements, quickly ending her monumental funeral plans.", "As early as 1915, \"Harper's Bazaar\" raved over Chanel's designs: \"The woman who hasn't at least one Chanel is hopelessly out of fashion ... This season the name Chanel is on the lips of every buyer.\"", "Chanel's ascendancy was the official deathblow to the corseted female silhouette.", "The frills, fuss, and constraints endured by earlier generations of women were now passé; under her influence—gone were the \"\"aigrettes\", long hair, hobble skirts\".", "Her design aesthetic redefined the fashionable woman in the post World War I era.", "The Chanel trademark look was of youthful ease, liberated physicality, and unencumbered sportive confidence.", "The horse culture and penchant for hunting so passionately pursued by the elites, especially the British, fired Chanel's imagination.", "Her own enthusiastic indulgence in the sporting life led to clothing designs informed by those activities.", "From her excursions on water with the yachting world, she appropriated the clothing associated with nautical pursuits: the horizontal striped shirt, bell-bottom pants, crewneck sweaters, and \"espadrille\" shoes—all traditionally worn by sailors and fishermen.", "Chanel's initial triumph was her innovative use of jersey, a machine knit material manufactured for her by the firm Rodier, and a fabric traditionally relegated to the manufacture of undergarments.", "Chanel's early wool jersey traveling suit consisted of a cardigan jacket and pleated skirt, paired with a low-belted pullover top.", "This ensemble, worn with low-heeled shoes, became the casual look in expensive women's wear.", "Prior to this, jersey tended to be used primarily in hosiery and for sportswear (tennis, golf, and beach attire).", "Considered too \"ordinary\" to be used in couture, it was also disliked by designers because the knit structure made it difficult to handle compared to woven fabrics.", "Chanel's introduction of jersey to high-fashion worked well for two reasons: First, the war had caused a shortage of other materials, and second, women began desiring simpler and more practical clothes.", "Her fluid jersey suits and dresses were created for practicality and allowed for free movement.", "This was greatly appreciated at the time because women were working for the war effort as nurses, in civil service, and in factories.", "Their jobs involved physical activity and they had to ride trains, buses, and bicycles to get to work.", "They desired outfits that did not give way easily and could be put on without the help of servants.", "Designers such as Paul Poiret and Fortuny introduced ethnic references into haute couture in the 1900s and early 1910s.", "Chanel continued this trend with Slav-inspired designs in the early 1920s.", "The beading and embroidery on her garments at this time was exclusively executed by Kitmir, an embroidery house founded by an exiled Russian aristocrat, the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, who was the sister of Chanel's erstwhile lover, Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich.", "Kitmir's fusion of oriental stitching with stylised folk motifs was highlighted in Chanel's early collections.", "One 1922 evening dress came with a matching embroidered 'babushka' headscarf.", "In addition to the headscarf, Chanel clothing from this period featured square-neck, long belted blouses alluding to Russian \"muzhiks\" (peasant) attire known as the \"roubachka\".", "Evening designs were often embroidered with sparkling crystal and black jet embroidery.", "First introduced in 1923, the Chanel tweed suit was designed for comfort and practicality.", "It consisted of a jacket and skirt in supple and light wool or mohair tweed, and a blouse and jacket lining in jersey or silk.", "Chanel did not stiffen the material or use shoulder pads, as was common in contemporary fashion.", "She cut the jackets on the straight grain, without adding bust darts.", "This allowed for quick and easy movement.", "She designed the neckline to leave the neck comfortably free and added functional pockets.", "For a higher level of comfort, the skirt had a grosgrain stay around the waist, instead of a belt.", "More importantly, meticulous attention was placed on detail during fittings.", "Measurements were taken of a customer in a standing position with arms folded at shoulder height.", "Chanel conducted tests with models, having them walk around, step up to a platform as if climbing stairs of an imaginary bus, and bend as if getting into a low-slung sports car.", "Chanel wanted to make sure women could do all of these things while wearing her suit, without accidentally exposing parts of their body they wanted covered.", "Each client would have repeated adjustments until their suit was comfortable enough for them to perform daily activities with comfort and ease.", "The camellia had an established association used in Alexandre Dumas' literary work, \"La Dame aux Camélias\" (The Lady of the Camellias).", "Its heroine and her story had resonated for Chanel since her youth.", "The flower was associated with the courtesan, who would wear a camellia to advertise her availability.", "The camellia came to be identified with The House of Chanel; the designer first used it in 1933 as a decorative element on a white-trimmed black suit.", "After the jersey suit, the concept of the little black dress is often cited as a Chanel contribution to the fashion lexicon, a style still worn to this day.", "In 1912–1913, the actress Suzanne Orlandi was one of the first women to wear a Chanel little black dress, in velvet with a white collar.", "In 1920, Chanel herself vowed that, while observing an audience at the opera, she would dress all women in black.", "In 1926, the American edition of \"Vogue\" published an image of a Chanel little black dress with long sleeves, dubbing it the \"garçonne\" ('little boy' look).", "\"Vogue\" predicted that such a simple yet chic design would become a virtual uniform for women of taste, famously comparing its basic lines to the ubiquitous and no less widely accessible Ford automobile.", "The spare look generated widespread criticism from male journalists, who complained: \"no more bosom, no more stomach, no more rump ... Feminine fashion of this moment in the 20th century will be baptized lop off everything.\"", "The popularity of the little black dress can be attributed in part to the timing of its introduction.", "The 1930s was the Great Depression era, when women needed affordable fashion.", "Chanel boasted that she had enabled the non-wealthy to \"walk around like millionaires\".", "Chanel started making little black dresses in wool or chenille for the day and in satin, crêpe or velvet for the evening.", "Chanel proclaimed \"I imposed black; it's still going strong today, for black wipes out everything else around.\"", "Chanel introduced a line of jewellery that was a conceptual innovation, as her designs and materials incorporated both costume jewellery and fine gem stones.", "This was revolutionary in an era when jewellery was strictly categorized into either fine or costume jewellery.", "Her inspirations were global, often inspired by design traditions of the Orient and Egypt.", "Wealthy clients who did not wish to display their costly jewellery in public could wear Chanel creations to impress others.", "In 1933, designer Paul Iribe collaborated with Chanel in the creation of extravagant jewellery pieces commissioned by the International Guild of Diamond Merchants.", "The collection, executed exclusively in diamonds and platinum, was exhibited for public viewing and drew a large audience; some 3,000 attendees were recorded in a one-month period.", "As an antidote for \"vrais bijoux en toc\", the obsession with costly, fine jewels, Chanel turned costume jewellery into a coveted accessory—especially when worn in grand displays, as she did.", "Originally inspired by the opulent jewels and pearls given to her by aristocratic lovers, Chanel raided her own jewel vault and partnered with Duke Fulco di Verdura to launch a House of Chanel jewellery line.", "A white enameled cuff featuring a jeweled Maltese cross was Chanel's personal favourite; it has become an icon of the Verdura–Chanel collaboration.", "The fashionable and wealthy loved the creations and made the line wildly successful.", "Chanel said, \"It's disgusting to walk around with millions around the neck because one happens to be rich.", "I only like fake jewellery ... because it's provocative.\"", "In 1929 Chanel introduced a handbag inspired by soldier's bags.", "Its thin shoulder strap allowed the user to keep her hands free.", "Following her comeback, Chanel updated the design in February 1955, creating what would become the \"2.55\" (named for the date of its creation).", "Whilst details of the classic bag have been reworked, such as the 1980s update by Karl Lagerfeld when the clasp and lock were redesigned to incorporate the Chanel logo and leather was interlaced through the shoulder chain, the bag has retained its original basic form.", "In 2005, the Chanel firm released an exact replica of the original 1955 bag to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its creation.", "The bag's design was informed by Chanel's convent days and her love of the sporting world.", "The chain used for the strap echoed the \"chatelaines\" worn by the caretakers of the orphanage where Chanel grew up, whilst the burgundy lining referenced the convent uniforms.", "The quilted outside was influenced by the jackets worn by jockeys, whilst at the same time enhancing the bag's shape and volume.", "In an outdoor environment of turf and sea, Chanel took in the sun, making suntans not only acceptable, but a symbol denoting a life of privilege and leisure.", "Historically, identifiable exposure to the sun had been the mark of laborers doomed to a life of unremitting, unsheltered toil.", "\"A milky skin seemed a sure sign of aristocracy.\"", "By the mid-1920s, women could be seen lounging on the beach without a hat to shield them from the sun's rays.", "The Chanel influence made sun bathing fashionable." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 187142, "simple_article_title": "Coco Chanel", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187142", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-187142-0-0", "simple-187142-0-1", "simple-187142-0-2", "simple-187142-0-3", "simple-187142-0-4", "simple-187142-0-5", "simple-187142-0-6", "simple-187142-1-0", "simple-187142-1-1", "simple-187142-1-2", "simple-187142-2-0", "simple-187142-2-1", "simple-187142-2-2", "simple-187142-3-0", "simple-187142-4-0", "simple-187142-4-1", "simple-187142-4-2", "simple-187142-5-0", "simple-187142-5-1", "simple-187142-5-2", "simple-187142-5-3", "simple-187142-5-4", "simple-187142-6-0", "simple-187142-6-1", "simple-187142-7-0", "simple-187142-7-1", "simple-187142-7-2", "simple-187142-8-0", "simple-187142-8-1", "simple-187142-8-2", "simple-187142-8-3", "simple-187142-9-0", "simple-187142-9-1", "simple-187142-9-2", "simple-187142-9-3", "simple-187142-10-0", "simple-187142-10-1", "simple-187142-11-0", "simple-187142-11-1", "simple-187142-11-2", "simple-187142-11-3", "simple-187142-11-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Gabrielle Bonheur \"Coco\" Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer.", "Coco went with the nuns and she never got adopted, so she left the orphanage when she was 18 to work at a local tailor shop.", "The nuns taught Coco everything she knew about sewing and making clothes.", "She was a founder of the House of Chanel.", "She was the only fashion designer to be named on TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century.", "She broke free of conventions and became a role model for some.", "Her behaviour during the German occupation of France in World War II led to criticism.", "Chanel was born in 1883 in Saumur, France.", "In her youth, she was a seamstress and a nightclub singer.", "Her stage name was Coco, so she used that name publicly.", "In 1910, she opened a hat shop.", "In 1919, she opened a house of fashion in Paris, and introduced her perfume, Chanel No. 5, in 1921.", "She retired in 1939, but returned to fashion with great success in 1954.", "She is famous for the little black dress, Chanel No. 5, the most famous women's perfume in the world, and the knee-long skirt and box jacket suit worn with pearl necklace.", "In 1913, Chanel opened her first shop in Deauville, France.", "Society women liked her simple wardrobe.", "In 1915, she opened a second shop in Biarritz.", "Chanel became one of the first women fashion designers to create simple and practical clothes for the sporty women of the era.", "She took the color black, which was not used in fashion at the time and showed \"chic\" it could be by wearing it.", "The material jersey was usually used to make men's underwear, but Chanel started to work with it to make women's fashion.", "Short hair, tans, and casual styles were the new trends.", "She banned corsets and other uncomfortable garments.", "Chanel was the mistress of several rich men.", "During her relationship with the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia in 1920, she added a Russian touch to her dresses by embroidering Russian patterns on them.", "Chanel was with Hugh Grosvenor, the 2nd Duke of Westminster from 1924 to 1931.", "During this time, she discovered the English tweed sweater, English men's suits, and English coats.", "She added these to her collections.", "Chanel lived at the Hotel Ritz in Paris for over thirty years.", "During World War II, the Nazis occupied Paris, and her shops were closed.", "She had an affair with a Nazi officer, and was accused of being a collaborator.", "She moved to Switzerland, and gave up fashion.", "After a 15-year gap, Chanel returned to fashion in 1954.", "She was shocked to see the new fashion trends, especially those by Christian Dior.", "She understood better than anyone the requirements and needs of an active woman’s lifestyle.", "Her 'comeback' collection was in 1954.", "Her life was depicted in the Broadway musical \"Coco\" in 1969.", "Movies based on her life include: \"Chanel Solitaire\" (1981), \"Coco Chanel\" (2008), \"Coco before Coco\" (2009), and \"Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky\" (2009).", "Chanel died in 1971.", "She is still influencing women’s lifestyles and clothing.", "The House of Chanel remains in business.", "It is a member of the \"Chambre syndicale de la haute couture\", the top fashion clique in Paris.", "The House of Chanel produces modern versions of her best ideas." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 939423, "normal_article_title": "Mr. Lawrence", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=939423", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-939423-0-0", "normal-939423-0-1", "normal-939423-1-0", "normal-939423-1-1", "normal-939423-1-2", "normal-939423-2-0", "normal-939423-2-1", "normal-939423-2-2", "normal-939423-2-3", "normal-939423-2-4", "normal-939423-3-0", "normal-939423-3-1", "normal-939423-3-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Douglas Lawrence Osowski, credited as Mr. Lawrence and sometimes Doug Lawrence, is an American animator, writer, and voice actor.", "He is noted for his work as a writer and occasional voice actor for the Nicktoons \"Rocko's Modern Life\" and mostly known for his role as Plankton on various occasions on \"SpongeBob SquarePants\" since 1999.", "Lawrence is known for his work as a writer (and since season 10, story editor) on the animated TV series \"SpongeBob SquarePants\".", "He also has long-running character roles on the show, providing the voice of Sheldon Plankton and various recurring characters, such as Potty the Parrot (replacing Paul Tibbitt from season 10 onwards), the Realistic Fish Head, and Larry the Lobster.", "He physically appears as the live-action artist in \"Frankendoodle\".", "He was the voice of Edward T. Platypus, Nurse Leslie, Dave, and Ping-Pong on \"Camp Lazlo\".", "Lawrence also performed the voice of Filburt in \"Rocko's Modern Life\" and is recently the voice of the Announcer and Manant in \"The Aquabats!", "Lawrence is a standup comedian, cartoonist, writer-director, animator and producer on the television series \"Johnny Talk\".", "He worked on \"The Ren and Stimpy Show\" in its second season as a layout assistant.", "He also worked as a writer on \"Rocko's Modern Life\", \"The Twisted Whiskers Show\", and \"Mighty Magiswords\".", "As a comedian, Mr. Lawrence performed in New Jersey and Los Angeles, collaborating with comedian Jeremy Kramer and Boston comedy writer Martin Olson.", "Jeff \"Swampy\" Marsh, a storyboard writer for \"Rocko's Modern Life\" and co-creator of \"Phineas and Ferb\", described Lawrence as bearing a \"unique sense of humor\", and that one \"would really have to know Doug to understand (or not understand)\" his style.", "Marsh says that the rationale for Lawrence's humor techniques and decisions \"remain a mystery to us forever.\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 295860, "normal_article_title": "Susan Sontag", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=295860", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-295860-0-0", "normal-295860-0-1", "normal-295860-0-2", "normal-295860-1-0", "normal-295860-1-1", "normal-295860-1-2", "normal-295860-2-0", "normal-295860-2-1", "normal-295860-2-2", "normal-295860-2-3", "normal-295860-2-4", "normal-295860-3-0", "normal-295860-3-1", "normal-295860-3-2", "normal-295860-3-3", "normal-295860-3-4", "normal-295860-3-5", "normal-295860-3-6", "normal-295860-4-0", "normal-295860-4-1", "normal-295860-4-2", "normal-295860-4-3", "normal-295860-4-4", "normal-295860-4-5", "normal-295860-4-6", "normal-295860-4-7", "normal-295860-5-0", "normal-295860-5-1", "normal-295860-5-2", "normal-295860-5-3", "normal-295860-5-4", "normal-295860-5-5", "normal-295860-5-6", "normal-295860-6-0", "normal-295860-6-1", "normal-295860-7-0", "normal-295860-7-1", "normal-295860-7-2", "normal-295860-7-3", "normal-295860-7-4", "normal-295860-7-5", "normal-295860-8-0", "normal-295860-9-0", "normal-295860-9-1", "normal-295860-9-2", "normal-295860-10-0", "normal-295860-10-1", "normal-295860-11-0", "normal-295860-11-1", "normal-295860-11-2", "normal-295860-11-3", "normal-295860-11-4", "normal-295860-11-5", "normal-295860-11-6", "normal-295860-11-7", "normal-295860-12-0", "normal-295860-12-1", "normal-295860-12-2", "normal-295860-13-0", "normal-295860-14-0", "normal-295860-14-1", "normal-295860-15-0", "normal-295860-15-1", "normal-295860-15-2", "normal-295860-15-3", "normal-295860-15-4", "normal-295860-16-0", "normal-295860-17-0", "normal-295860-18-0", "normal-295860-18-1", "normal-295860-19-0", "normal-295860-19-1", "normal-295860-19-2", "normal-295860-19-3", "normal-295860-20-0", "normal-295860-20-1", "normal-295860-20-2", "normal-295860-20-3", "normal-295860-21-0", "normal-295860-21-1", "normal-295860-21-2", "normal-295860-21-3", "normal-295860-21-4", "normal-295860-22-0", "normal-295860-22-1", "normal-295860-23-0", "normal-295860-24-0", "normal-295860-24-1", "normal-295860-24-2", "normal-295860-25-0", "normal-295860-26-0", "normal-295860-27-0", "normal-295860-27-1", "normal-295860-27-2", "normal-295860-27-3", "normal-295860-27-4", "normal-295860-27-5", "normal-295860-27-6", "normal-295860-27-7", "normal-295860-27-8", "normal-295860-27-9", "normal-295860-27-10", "normal-295860-27-11", "normal-295860-27-12", "normal-295860-27-13", "normal-295860-28-0", "normal-295860-28-1", "normal-295860-28-2", "normal-295860-29-0", "normal-295860-29-1", "normal-295860-30-0", "normal-295860-30-1", "normal-295860-30-2", "normal-295860-30-3", "normal-295860-30-4", "normal-295860-30-5", "normal-295860-30-6", "normal-295860-31-0", "normal-295860-31-1", "normal-295860-31-2", "normal-295860-32-0", "normal-295860-32-1", "normal-295860-32-2", "normal-295860-32-3", "normal-295860-32-4", "normal-295860-33-0", "normal-295860-33-1", "normal-295860-34-0", "normal-295860-34-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Susan Sontag ( ; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, filmmaker, philosopher, teacher, and political activist.", "She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she published her first major work, the essay \"Notes on 'Camp'\", in 1964.", "Her best-known works include \"On Photography\", \"Against Interpretation\", \"Styles of Radical Will\", \"The Way We Live Now\", \"Illness as Metaphor\", \"Regarding the Pain of Others\", \"The Volcano Lover\", and \"In America\".", "Sontag was active in writing and speaking about, or travelling to, areas of conflict, including during the Vietnam War and the Siege of Sarajevo.", "She wrote extensively about photography, culture and media, AIDS and illness, human rights, and communism and leftist ideology.", "Although her essays and speeches sometimes drew controversy, she has been described as \"one of the most influential critics of her generation.\"", "Sontag was born Susan Rosenblatt in New York City, the daughter of Mildred (née Jacobson) and Jack Rosenblatt, both Jews of Lithuanian and Polish descent.", "Her father managed a fur trading business in China, where he died of tuberculosis in 1939, when Susan was five years old.", "Seven years later, Sontag's mother married U.S. Army Captain Nathan Sontag.", "Susan and her sister, Judith, took their stepfather's surname, although he did not adopt them formally.", "Sontag did not have a religious upbringing and claimed not to have entered a synagogue until her mid-20s.", "Remembering an unhappy childhood, with a cold, distant mother who was \"always away\", Sontag lived on Long Island, New York, then in Tucson, Arizona, and later in the San Fernando Valley in southern California, where she took refuge in books and graduated from North Hollywood High School at the age of 15.", "She began her undergraduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley but transferred to the University of Chicago in admiration of its famed core curriculum.", "At Chicago, she undertook studies in philosophy, ancient history and literature alongside her other requirements.", "Leo Strauss, Joseph Schwab, Christian Mackauer, Richard McKeon, Peter von Blanckenhagen and Kenneth Burke were among her lecturers.", "She graduated at the age of 18 with an A.B. and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.", "While at Chicago, she became best friends with fellow student Mike Nichols.", "In 1951, her work appeared in print for the first time in the winter issue of the \"Chicago Review\".", "At 17, Sontag married writer Philip Rieff, who was a sociology instructor at the University of Chicago, after a 10-day courtship; their marriage lasted eight years.", "While studying at Chicago, Sontag attended a summer school taught by the Sociologist Hans Heinrich Gerth who became a friend and subsequently influenced her study of German thinkers.", "Upon completing her Chicago degree, Sontag taught freshman English at the University of Connecticut for the 1952–53 academic year.", "She attended Harvard University for graduate school, initially studying literature with Perry Miller and Harry Levin before moving into philosophy and theology under Paul Tillich, Jacob Taubes, Raphael Demos and Morton White.", "After completing her Master of Arts in philosophy, she began doctoral research into metaphysics, ethics, Greek philosophy and Continental philosophy and theology at Harvard.", "The philosopher Herbert Marcuse lived with Sontag and Rieff for a year while working on his 1955 book \"Eros and Civilization\".", "Sontag researched for Rieff's 1959 study \"\" prior to their divorce in 1958, and contributed to the book to such an extent that she has been considered an unofficial co-author.", "The couple had a son, David Rieff, who went on to be his mother's editor at Farrar, Straus and Giroux, as well as a writer in his own right.", "Sontag was awarded an American Association of University Women's fellowship for the 1957–1958 academic year to St Anne's College, Oxford, where she traveled without her husband and son.", "There, she had classes with Iris Murdoch, Stuart Hampshire, A. J. Ayer and H. L. A. Hart while also attending the B. Phil seminars of J. L. Austin and the lectures of Isaiah Berlin.", "Oxford did not appeal to her, however, and she transferred after Michaelmas term of 1957 to the University of Paris (the Sorbonne).", "In Paris, Sontag socialized with expatriate artists and academics including Allan Bloom, Jean Wahl, Alfred Chester, Harriet Sohmers and María Irene Fornés.", "Sontag remarked that her time in Paris was, perhaps, the most important period of her life.", "It certainly provided the basis of her long intellectual and artistic association with the culture of France.", "She moved to New York in 1959 to live with Fornés for the next seven years, regaining custody of her son and teaching at universities while her literary reputation grew.", "While working on her stories, Sontag taught philosophy at Sarah Lawrence College and City University of New York and the Philosophy of Religion with Jacob Taubes, Susan Taubes, Theodor Gaster, and Hans Jonas, in the Religion Department at Columbia University from 1960 to 1964.", "Sontag held a writing fellowship at Rutgers University for 1964 to 1965 before ending her relationship with academia in favor of full-time freelance writing.", "At age 30, she published an experimental novel called \"The Benefactor\" (1963), following it four years later with \"Death Kit\" (1967).", "Despite a relatively small output, Sontag thought of herself principally as a novelist and writer of fiction.", "Her short story \"The Way We Live Now\" was published to great acclaim on November 24, 1986 in \"The New Yorker\".", "Written in an experimental narrative style, it remains a significant text on the AIDS epidemic.", "She achieved late popular success as a best-selling novelist with \"The Volcano Lover\" (1992).", "At age 67, Sontag published her final novel \"In America\" (2000).", "She wrote and directed four films and also wrote several plays, the most successful of which were \"Alice in Bed\" and \"Lady from the Sea\".", "It was through her essays that Sontag gained early fame and notoriety.", "Sontag wrote frequently about the intersection of high and low art and expanded the dichotomy concept of form and art in every medium.", "She elevated camp to the status of recognition with her widely read 1964 essay \"Notes on 'Camp'\", which accepted art as including common, absurd and burlesque themes.", "In 1977, Sontag published the series of essays \"On Photography\".", "These essays are an exploration of photographs as a collection of the world, mainly by travelers or tourists, and the way we experience it.", "The method especially appeals to people handicapped by a ruthless work ethic—Germans, Japanese and Americans.", "Using a camera appeases the anxiety which the work driven feel about not working when they are on vacation and supposed to be having fun.", "They have something to do that is like a friendly imitation of work: they can take pictures.", "(p. 10) Sontag writes that the convenience of modern photography has created an overabundance of visual material, and \"just about everything has been photographed\".", "This has altered our expectations of what we have the right to view, want to view or should view.", "\"In teaching us a new visual code, photographs alter and enlarge our notion of what is worth looking at and what we have the right to observe\" and has changed our \"viewing ethics\".", "Photographs have increased our access to knowledge and experiences of history and faraway places, but the images may replace direct experience and limit reality.", "She also states that photography desensitizes its audience to horrific human experiences, and children are exposed to experiences before they are ready for them.", "Sontag continued to theorize about the role of photography in real life in her essay \"Looking at War: Photography's View of Devastation and Death\", which appeared in the December 9, 2002 issue of \"The New Yorker\".", "There she concludes that the problem of our reliance on images and especially photographic images is not that \"people remember through photographs but that they remember only the photographs ... that the photographic image eclipses other forms of understanding—and remembering.", "... To remember is, more and more, not to recall a story but to be able to call up a picture\" (p. 94).", "She became a role-model for many feminists and aspiring female writers during the 1960s and 1970s.", "During 1989 Sontag was the President of PEN American Center, the main U.S. branch of the International PEN writers' organization.", "After Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a \"fatwa\" death sentence against writer Salman Rushdie for blasphemy after the publication of his novel \"The Satanic Verses\" that year, Sontag's uncompromising support of Rushdie was crucial in rallying American writers to his cause.", "A few years later, during the Siege of Sarajevo, Sontag gained attention for directing a production of Samuel Beckett's \"Waiting for Godot\" in a candlelit theatre in the Bosnian city.", "In the \"Daily Telegraph\", Kevin Myers called it \"mesmerisingly precious and hideously self-indulgent.\"", "and wrote, \"By my personal reckoning, the performance lasted as long as the siege itself.\"", "However, many of Sarajevo's besieged residents disagreed:To the people of Sarajevo, Ms. Sontag has become a symbol, interviewed frequently by the local newspapers and television, invited to speak at gatherings everywhere, asked for autographs on the street.", "After the opening performance of the play, the city's Mayor, Muhamed Kreševljaković, came onstage to declare her an honorary citizen, the only foreigner other than the recently departed United Nations commander, Lieut. Gen. Phillippe Morillon, to be so named.", "\"It is for your bravery, in coming here, living here, and working with us,\" he said.", "According to journalist Mark M. Goldblatt, Sontag later \"recanted\" the statement, saying that \"it slandered cancer patients,\" but according to Eliot Weinberger, \"She came to regret that last phrase, and wrote a whole book against the use of illness as metaphor.\"", "In a 1970 article titled \"America as a Gun Culture\", the historian Richard Hofstadter wrote: Modern critics of our culture who, like Susan Sontag, seem to know nothing of American history, who regard the white race as a \"cancer\" and assert that the United States was \"founded on a genocide\", may fantasize that the Indians fought according to the rules of the Geneva Convention.", "But in the tragic conflict of which they were to be the chief victims, they were capable of striking terrible blows.", "Paglia mentions several criticisms of Sontag, including Harold Bloom's comment of \"Mere Sontagisme!\"", "on Paglia's doctoral dissertation.", "Paglia states that Sontag \"had become synonymous with a shallow kind of hip posturing\".", "Paglia also tells of a visit by Sontag to Bennington College, in which she arrived hours late and ignored the agreed-upon topic of the event.", "Ellen Lee accused Sontag of plagiarism when Lee discovered at least twelve passages in \"In America\" (1999) that were similar to, or copied from, passages in four other books about Helena Modjeska without attribution.", "Sontag said about using the passages, \"All of us who deal with real characters in history transcribe and adopt original sources in the original domain.", "I've used these sources and I've completely transformed them.", "There's a larger argument to be made that all of literature is a series of references and allusions.\"", "At a New York pro-Solidarity rally in 1982, Sontag stated that \"people on the left\", like herself, \"have willingly or unwillingly told a lot of lies\".", "She added that they: Sontag's speech reportedly \"drew boos and shouts from the audience\".", "\"The Nation\" published her speech, excluding the passage comparing the magazine with \"Reader's Digest\".", "Responses to her statement were varied.", "Some said that Sontag's current sentiments had been, in fact, held by many on the left for years, while others accused her of betraying \"radical ideas\".", "Sontag received angry criticism for her remarks in \"The New Yorker\" (September 24, 2001) about the immediate aftermath of 9/11.", "In her commentary, she referred to the attacks as a \"monstrous dose of reality\" and criticized U.S. public officials and media commentators for trying to convince the American public that \"everything is O.K.\" Specifically, she opposed the prevalent belief that the perpetrators were \"cowards\" and argued the country should see the terrorists' actions not as \"a 'cowardly' attack on 'civilization' or 'liberty' or 'humanity' or 'the free world' but an attack on the world's self-proclaimed superpower, undertaken as a consequence of specific American alliances and actions\".", "Tom Wolfe once dismissed Sontag as \"just another scribbler who spent her life signing up for protest meetings and lumbering to the podium encumbered by her prose style, which had a handicapped parking sticker valid at \"Partisan Review\".\"", "Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his book \"Skin in the Game\" criticizes Sontag and other people with extravagant lifestyles who nevertheless declare themselves \"against the market system\".", "Taleb assesses Sontag's shared New York mansion at $28 million, and states that \"it is immoral to be in opposition to the market system and not live (somewhere in Vermont or Northwestern Afghanistan) in a hut or cave isolated from it\".", "Taleb also argues that it is even more immoral to \"claim virtue without fully living with its direct consequences\".", "Sontag also published nonfiction essays in \"The New Yorker\", \"The New York Review of Books\", \"Times Literary Supplement\", \"The Nation\", \"Granta\", \"Partisan Review\" and the \"London Review of Books\".", "Sontag's mother died of lung cancer in Hawaii in 1986.", "Sontag had a close romantic relationship with photographer Annie Leibovitz.", "They met in 1989, when both had already established notability in their careers.", "Leibovitz has suggested that Sontag mentored her and constructively criticized her work.", "During Sontag's lifetime, neither woman publicly disclosed whether the relationship was a friendship or romantic in nature.", "\"Newsweek\" in 2006 made reference to Leibovitz's decade-plus relationship with Sontag, stating, \"The two first met in the late '80s, when Leibovitz photographed her for a book jacket.", "They never lived together, though they each had an apartment within view of the other's.\"", "Leibovitz, when interviewed for her 2006 book \"A Photographer's Life: 1990-2005\", said the book told a number of stories, and that \"with Susan, it was a love story.\"", "While \"The New York Times\" in 2009 referred to Sontag as Leibovitz's \"companion\", Leibovitz wrote in \"A Photographer's Life\" that, \"Words like 'companion' and 'partner' were not in our vocabulary.", "We were two people who helped each other through our lives.", "The closest word is still 'friend.'\"", "That same year, Leibovitz said the descriptor \"lover\" was accurate.", "She later reiterated, \"Call us 'lovers'.", "You know, 'lovers' sounds romantic.", "I mean, I want to be perfectly clear.", "Sontag died in New York City on 28 December 2004, aged 71, from complications of myelodysplastic syndrome which had evolved into acute myelogenous leukemia.", "She is buried in Paris at Cimetière du Montparnasse.", "Her final illness has been chronicled by her son, David Rieff.", "Sontag became aware of her bisexuality during her early teens and at 15 wrote in her diary, \"I feel I have lesbian tendencies (how reluctantly I write this)\".", "At 16, she had a sexual encounter with a woman: \"Perhaps I was drunk, after all, because it was so beautiful when H began making love to me...It had been 4:00 before we had gotten to bed...I became fully conscious that I desired her, she knew it, too\".", "Sontag lived with 'H', the writer and model Harriet Sohmers Zwerling whom she first met at U. C. Berkeley from 1958 to 1959.", "Afterwards, Sontag was the partner of María Irene Fornés, a Cuban-American avant garde playwright and director.", "Upon splitting with Fornés, she was involved with an Italian aristocrat, Carlotta Del Pezzo, and the German academic Eva Kollisch.", "Sontag was romantically involved with the American artists Jasper Johns and Paul Thek.", "During the early 1970s, Sontag lived with Nicole Stéphane, a Rothschild banking heiress turned movie actress, and, later, the choreographer Lucinda Childs.", "She also had a relationship with the writer Joseph Brodsky.", "With Annie Leibovitz, Sontag maintained a relationship stretching from the later 1980s until her final years.", "Many of Sontag's obituaries failed to mention her significant same-sex relationships, most notably that with Annie Leibovitz.", "In response to this criticism, \"New York Times\" Public Editor, Daniel Okrent, defended the newspaper's obituary, stating that at the time of Sontag's death, a reporter could make no independent verification of her romantic relationship with Leibovitz (despite attempts to do so).", "After Sontag's death, \"Newsweek\" published an article about Annie Leibovitz that made clear references to her decade-plus relationship with Sontag.", "Sontag was quoted by Editor-in-Chief Brendan Lemon of \"Out\" magazine as saying \"I grew up in a time when the modus operandi was the 'open secret'.", "I'm used to that, and quite OK with it.", "Intellectually, I know why I haven't spoken more about my sexuality, but I do wonder if I haven't repressed something there to my detriment.", "Maybe I could have given comfort to some people if I had dealt with the subject of my private sexuality more, but it's never been my prime mission to give comfort, unless somebody's in drastic need.", "I'd rather give pleasure, or shake things up.\"", "A digital archive of 17,198 of Sontag's emails is kept by the UCLA Department of Special Collections at the Charles E. Young Research Library.", "Her archive—and the efforts to make it publicly available while protecting it from bit rot—are the subject of the book \"On Excess: Susan Sontag’s Born-Digital Archive\", by Jeremy Schmidt & Jacquelyn Ardam.", "A documentary about Sontag directed by Nancy Kates, titled \"Regarding Susan Sontag\", was released in 2014.", "It received the Special Jury Mention for Best Documentary Feature at the 2014 Tribeca Film Festival." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 448106, "normal_article_title": "Yazd Province", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=448106", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-448106-0-0", "normal-448106-0-1", "normal-448106-0-2", "normal-448106-1-0", "normal-448106-1-1", "normal-448106-1-2", "normal-448106-2-0", "normal-448106-3-0", "normal-448106-3-1", "normal-448106-3-2", "normal-448106-3-3", "normal-448106-3-4", "normal-448106-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Yazd Province ( , \"Ostān-e Yazd\" ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.", "It is in the centre of the country, and its administrative center is the city of Yazd.", "In 2014, it was placed in Region 5.", "The province has an area of 131,575 km2, and according to the most recent divisions of the country, is divided into ten counties: Abarkuh County, Ardakan County, Bafq County, Behabad County, Khatam County, Mehriz County, Meybod County, Ashkezar County, Taft County, and Yazd County.", "According to the 1996 census, Yazd province had a population of about 750,769, of which 75.1% were urban residents while 24.9% resided in rural areas.", "At the 2011 census, its population (including Tabas County, which was transferred to South Khorasan Province) was 1,074,428, in 258,691 families; excluding Tabas County, its population (as of 2006) was 895,276, in 241,846 families.", "The city of Yazd is the economic and administrative capital of the province and therefore the most heavily populated.", "Yazd province with the area of 129,285 km2 is situated at an oasis where the Dasht-e Kavir desert and the Dasht-e Lut desert meet.", "The city itself is sometimes called \"the bride of the Kavir\" because of its location, in a valley between Shir Kuh, the tallest mountain in the region at 4075 m above sea level, and Kharaneq.", "The city proper is located at 1203 m above sea-level, and covers 16000 km2 .", "According to the administrative division rules, the Yazd province is divided into 9 counties, each including at least one town and a number of districts, rural districts (dehestans), and villages.", "This group is wider than the other ridges and includes Shir Kuh", "They are located in east of Yazd province with the highest peaks being Bon Lokht (3002)" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 44633191, "normal_article_title": "Bob Trendler", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44633191", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-44633191-0-0", "normal-44633191-0-1", "normal-44633191-1-0", "normal-44633191-1-1", "normal-44633191-1-2", "normal-44633191-1-3", "normal-44633191-1-4", "normal-44633191-1-5", "normal-44633191-1-6", "normal-44633191-1-7", "normal-44633191-2-0", "normal-44633191-2-1", "normal-44633191-2-2", "normal-44633191-2-3", "normal-44633191-3-0", "normal-44633191-3-1", "normal-44633191-3-2", "normal-44633191-3-3", "normal-44633191-3-4", "normal-44633191-3-5", "normal-44633191-3-6", "normal-44633191-3-7", "normal-44633191-3-8", "normal-44633191-4-0", "normal-44633191-4-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Robert Trendler (May 11, 1912 – July 18, 2011) was an American bandleader, songwriter, and musical director of the WGN Orchestra from 1956 till 1975.", "Trendler was known in Chicago as Mr. Bob the bandleader of Bozo's Big Top Band, on \"Bozo's Circus\", a television program for children home from school for lunch.", "Robert Trendler Sr. was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on May 11, 1912, the only child of John & Kathryn Trendler, both European immigrants.", "Trendler's early life was centered on music and broadcasting.", "He began playing the piano at age 6, and spent many childhood hours in radio stations, as his mother was the music director of Cincinnati's WLW.", "When his mother, an opera soprano, toured Europe, the young boy was accomplished enough to accompany her on the piano.", "At age 21, Trendler went to work for the station as an accompanist and music arranger.", "Trendler's music arranging took him to New York City, where he worked with George Gershwin, Cab Calloway and Duke Ellington.", "Working with people like Eddie Duchin taught him about jazz.", "A job playing the piano at the Century of Progress exposition brought him to Chicago; a short time after arriving in the city, Trendler went to work for WGN Radio.", "By 1941, Trendler had become the director of the WGN Dance Band and was also the WGN Choral Director.", "Trendler also did occasional work with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra; he was named director of the WGN Orchestra in 1956.", "While Trendler worked on seven WGN radio programs at one time, he became well-known to many in the Chicago area when, as \"Mr. Bob\", he led a 13 piece band on the weekday \"Bozo's Circus\" children's television program at WGN-TV.", "He was remembered as a willing participant in the show's jokes and clowning skits; Trendler never minded a pie in the face any more than those doing the clowning.", "He met his wife, Annette, at Chicago's La Salle Hotel; she was a member of a vocal trio, The Three Graces.", "The group was performing with Rudy Vallée at the time.", "Trendler and his wife raised their two sons in Lake Forest, Illinois in a home surrounded by flowers and Trendler's 1.5 acre vegetable garden.", "His interests away from the job included photography, a large model railroad outfit and cycling.", "He gave up his speedboat racing hobby after his sons were born.", "Trendler retired from WGN in 1975; upon Trendler's retirement, the 13 piece band he had led was reduced to a band with only three members.", "He and his wife Annette retired to Florida.", "Upon relocating to Florida, Trendler was an active member of the Sarasota Broadcasting Club.", "In 2010, Trendler had a perfect attendance record for the club's meetings.", "Robert Trendler died of natural causes on July 18, 2011 in Ellenton, Florida at the age of 99.", "His wife Annette died in 2002." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 10022938, "normal_article_title": "Ewo", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10022938", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-10022938-0-0", "normal-10022938-0-1", "normal-10022938-0-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ewo is a village in the Republic of the Congo that serves as the administrative center of Ewo District and the Cuvette-Ouest region.", "The village had a population 9,062 in 2012.", "It is served by Ewo Airport." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 23227374, "normal_article_title": "Chen Zhongshi", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23227374", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-23227374-0-0", "normal-23227374-0-1", "normal-23227374-0-2", "normal-23227374-1-0", "normal-23227374-1-1", "normal-23227374-1-2", "normal-23227374-1-3", "normal-23227374-2-0", "normal-23227374-2-1", "normal-23227374-2-2", "normal-23227374-3-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Chen Zhongshi (; 3 August 1942 – 29 April 2016) was a Chinese author.", "He started writing prose in 1965 and finished his magnum opus \"White Deer Plain\" in 1993 (for which he won the Mao Dun Literature Prize in 1997).", "In 1979, he became a member of the Chinese Writers Association (which he at one point served as the association's vice chairman).", "Chen was born in Xi'an, Shaanxi on 3 August 1942.", "After graduating from No. 34 High School of Xi'an in 1962, he got a teaching job in primary school and, after two years, became a senior high school teacher.", "In 1966, Chen joined the Chinese Communist Party.", "He was interested in literature and soon began devoting himself to a writing career.", "Chen became the vice director of Culture Bureau of Baqiao District of Xi'an in 1980.", "He served as a member of the Writers Association of Shaanxi, becoming vice president in 1985 and chairman in 1993.", "Between 2001 and 2006, he was the vice president of the Chinese Writers Association.", "Chen died on 29 April 2016 at the age of 73 in Xi'an." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 540025, "simple_article_title": "Chen Zhongshi", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540025", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-540025-0-0", "simple-540025-0-1", "simple-540025-0-2", "simple-540025-0-3", "simple-540025-1-0", "simple-540025-1-1", "simple-540025-1-2", "simple-540025-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Chen Zhongshi (; August 1942 – 29 April 2016) was a Chinese author.", "He started writing in 1965.", "His best known work is \"White Deer Plain\" which was published in 1993.", "He won the Mao Dun Literature Prize in 1997.", "In 1966, Chen joined the Chinese Communist Party.", "He was interested in writing and soon began to work on a writing career.", "In 1979, he became a member of the Chinese Writers Association.", "Chen died in Xi'an, Shaanxi from oral cancer on 29 April 2016, aged 73." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2183670, "normal_article_title": "Doriva", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2183670", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2183670-0-0", "normal-2183670-1-0", "normal-2183670-1-1", "normal-2183670-2-0", "normal-2183670-3-0", "normal-2183670-3-1", "normal-2183670-3-2", "normal-2183670-4-0", "normal-2183670-4-1", "normal-2183670-5-0", "normal-2183670-5-1", "normal-2183670-6-0", "normal-2183670-6-1", "normal-2183670-7-0", "normal-2183670-7-1", "normal-2183670-7-2", "normal-2183670-7-3", "normal-2183670-7-4", "normal-2183670-7-5", "normal-2183670-8-0", "normal-2183670-9-0", "normal-2183670-9-1", "normal-2183670-9-2", "normal-2183670-10-0", "normal-2183670-10-1", "normal-2183670-11-0", "normal-2183670-12-0", "normal-2183670-12-1", "normal-2183670-13-0", "normal-2183670-13-1", "normal-2183670-14-0", "normal-2183670-14-1", "normal-2183670-14-2", "normal-2183670-14-3", "normal-2183670-14-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Dorival Guidoni Júnior, known simply as Doriva (born 28 May 1972) is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a central midfielder, and is the football manager of São Bento.", "From 2003 until 2006, he played for English Premier League club Middlesbrough, winning the 2004 League Cup and finishing as runner-up in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup.", "He retired due to a misdiagnosed heart condition while playing for Brazilian club América-SP in 2007.", "Doriva played for the Brazil national football team between 1995 and 1998, making a brief substitute appearance in the 1998 FIFA World Cup in which Brazil finished as runners-up.", "Doriva began his career at the youth of São Paulo, and after spending 1992 at Goiás teams Anapolina and Goiânia, was promoted to the main team under coach Telê Santana in 1993.", "That same year he won both the Libertadores da América and the Intercontinental Cup.", "In 1995, he was transferred to XV de Piracicaba after having his rights purchased by then-owner Rolim Amaro, founder of TAM Airlines.", "Doriva came to Atlético Mineiro in 1995, as the team had just gotten a sponsorship deal with TAM.", "There Doriva had what he considered crucial years in his formation as a player, leading to a $4 million sale to FC Porto.", "Doriva's career in Porto had three Primeira Liga titles before he opted to transfer to Italy's U.C. Sampdoria, in an $8 million four-year contract.", "In 2000, he went to Spain, playing for Celta Vigo.", "Doriva was signed by Middlesbrough manager Steve McClaren in January 2003, on loan until the end of the season.", "He made his debut on 5 April 2003 in a 3–0 home win over West Bromwich Albion.", "After five appearances for the club, Doriva was given a one-year contract with Middlesbrough on 21 July 2003.", "In his first full season at the club, Doriva was first choice in midfield alongside George Boateng.", "He found his chances limited after this, however, due to the emergence of Stewart Downing and the conversion of Boudewijn Zenden to central midfield.", "On 11 February 2004, in a 3–2 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford, Doriva was pushed by Paul Scholes, who in April was given a three-match ban for the incident.", "On 29 February he started as Middlesbrough won their first major trophy, the 2004 Football League Cup Final, with a 2–1 win over Bolton Wanderers in the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.", "His only goal for Middlesbrough came in a 2–1 victory at Notts County in the third round of the FA Cup on 8 January 2005.", "In 2005, he earned a one-year contract extension, which Middlesbrough allowed to expire in July 2006.", "Following his release from Middlesbrough, he then signed for América-SP in Brazil, where he had a heart problem detected.", "Doriva's father and grandfather both died from heart conditions, and therefore he decided to retire from playing.", "Subsequent tests showed that the diagnosis was inaccurate and he could have continued playing, although he remained retired.", "After retiring in 2009, Doriva was hired by Ituano's president and former teammate Juninho Paulista; initially a manager of the youth categories, he subsequently became an assistant manager and, in 2014, was appointed as coach.", "He led Ituano to a Cinderella run on the Campeonato Paulista, winning the title on penalty kicks over Santos.", "Doriva was appointed Atlético Paranaense manager on 16 June 2014, but failed to impress, being sacked only two months later.", "On 14 December 2014, Doriva was appointed as manager of Vasco.", "The following 4 August, after another state league title, he was named at the helm of Ponte Preta; on 7 August, however, he rescinded with the latter and moved to São Paulo.", "In June 2018, Doriva was appointed coach of CRB.", "He left the club in September, to be replaced by Roberto Fernandes.", "Doriva's first cap for the Brazil national football team was in 1995.", "He was part of the Brazil squad which reached the final of the 1998 FIFA World Cup.", "He wore the number 17 shirt and made one appearance, in the second match of the group.", "He came on against Morocco in Nantes as a 68th-minute substitute for César Sampaio.", "He played a total of 12 games for the Brazilian squad." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 15950921, "normal_article_title": "Yvré-le-Pôlin", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15950921", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-15950921-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Yvré-le-Pôlin is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays-de-la-Loire in north-western France." ] } }

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"normal-334013-20-1", "normal-334013-20-2", "normal-334013-20-3", "normal-334013-20-4", "normal-334013-20-5", "normal-334013-21-0", "normal-334013-21-1", "normal-334013-21-2", "normal-334013-21-3", "normal-334013-21-4", "normal-334013-21-5", "normal-334013-21-6", "normal-334013-21-7", "normal-334013-21-8", "normal-334013-21-9", "normal-334013-22-0", "normal-334013-22-1", "normal-334013-22-2", "normal-334013-22-3", "normal-334013-22-4", "normal-334013-22-5", "normal-334013-22-6", "normal-334013-22-7", "normal-334013-23-0", "normal-334013-23-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Tropical Storm Allison was a tropical storm that devastated southeast Texas in June of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season.", "An arguable example of the \"brown ocean effect\", Allison lasted unusually long for a June storm, remaining tropical or subtropical for 15 days, most of which when the storm was over land dumping torrential rainfall.", "The storm developed from a tropical wave in the northern Gulf of Mexico on June 4, 2001, and struck the upper Texas coast shortly thereafter.", "It drifted northward through the state, turned back to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico.", "The storm continued to the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana, then moved across the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic.", "Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to strike the northern Texas coastline.", "The storm dropped heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in Texas.", "The worst flooding occurred in Houston, where most of Allison's damage occurred: 30,000 became homeless after the storm flooded over 70,000 houses and destroyed 2,744 homes.", "Downtown Houston was inundated with flooding, causing severe damage to hospitals and businesses.", "Twenty-three people died in Texas.", "Along its entire path, Allison caused $8.5 billion (2001 USD) in damage and 41 deaths.", "Aside from Texas, the places worst hit were Louisiana and southeastern Pennsylvania.", "Following the storm, President George W. Bush designated 75 counties along Allison's path as disaster areas, which enabled the citizens affected to apply for aid.", "Then the fourth-costliest Atlantic tropical cyclone and still the costliest Atlantic tropical cyclone that was never a major hurricane, Allison was the first Atlantic tropical storm to have its name retired without ever having reached hurricane strength.", "A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on May 21, 2001.", "It moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean, retaining little convection on its way.", "After moving across South America and the southwestern Caribbean Sea, the wave entered the eastern North Pacific Ocean on June 1.", "A low-level circulation developed on June 2, while it was about 230 miles (370 km) south-southeast of Salina Cruz, Mexico.", "Southerly flow forced the system northward, and the wave moved inland on June 3.", "The low-level circulation dissipated, though the mid-level circulation persisted.", "It emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on June 4, and developed deep convection on its eastern side.", "Early on June 5, satellite imagery suggested that a tropical depression was forming in the northwest Gulf of Mexico, which was furthered by reports of wind gusts as high as 60 mph (95 km/h) just a few hundred feet above the surface, towards the east side of the system.", "At 1200 UTC on June 5, the disturbance developed a broad, low-level circulation, and was classified as Tropical Storm Allison, the first storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season.", "Some intensification was projected, though it was expected to be hindered by cool offshore sea surface temperatures.", "Due to the cold-core nature of the center, Allison initially contained subtropical characteristics.", "Despite this, the storm quickly strengthened to attain peak sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), with tropical storm-force winds extending up to 230 miles (370 km) east of the center, and a minimum central pressure of 1000 mbar.", "The storm initially moved very little, and the presence of several small vortices from within the deep convection caused difficulty in determining the exact center location.", "Later in the day, several different track forecasts arose.", "One scenario had the cyclone tracking westward into Mexico.", "Another projected the storm moving east towards southern Louisiana.", "At the time, it was noted that little rain or wind persisted near the center, but rather to the north and east.", "Under the steering currents of a subtropical ridge that extended in an east–west orientation across the southeast United States, Allison weakened while nearing the Texas coastline, and struck near Freeport, Texas with 50 mph (80 km/h) winds.", "Inland, the storm rapidly weakened, and the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories early on June 6.", "Shortly after being downgraded to a tropical depression, surface observations showed an elongated circulation with a poorly defined center, which had reformed closer to the deep convection.", "The depression drifted northward until reaching Lufkin, Texas, where it stalled due to a high pressure system to its north.", "While stalling over Texas, the storm dropped excessive rainfall, peaking at just over 40 inches (1,033 mm) in northwestern Jefferson County.", "On June 7, the subtropical ridge off Florida weakened, while the ridge west of Texas intensified.", "This steered Tropical Depression Allison to make a clockwise loop, and the storm began drifting to the southwest.", "As the center reached Huntsville, Texas, a heavy rain band began to back build from Louisiana westward into Liberty County, Texas, which had caused additional flooding.", "At the time, the system had a minimum central pressure of about 1004 mb and maximum sustained winds of about 10 mph .", "Late on June 9 and early on June 10, Allison's remnants reentered reached the Gulf of Mexico and emerged over open waters.", "The low once again became nearly stationary about 60 mi (100 km) south of Galveston, Texas, and despite more favorable upper-level winds, it showed no signs of redevelopment.", "Due to dry air and moderate westerly wind shear, the storm transformed into a subtropical cyclone.", "While the subtropical depression moved eastward, a new low level circulation redeveloped to the east, and Allison quickly made landfall on Morgan City, Louisiana on June 11.", "At around the same time, the surface center reformed to the east-northeast of its previous location, aligning with the mid-level circulation.", "Strong thunderstorms redeveloped over the circulation, and Allison strengthened into a subtropical storm over southeastern Louisiana.", "The storm intensified further to attain sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of about 1000 mb near Mclain, Mississippi, accompanied by a well-defined eye-like feature.", "The storm was officially downgraded to a subtropical depression at 0000 UTC on June 12.", "Somewhat accelerating, the depression tracked to the east-northeast through Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina before becoming nearly stationary near Wilmington, North Carolina.", "The depression drifted through North Carolina and sped to the northeast for a time in response to an approaching cold front.", "Though satellite and radar imagery show the system was well-organized, the system slowed and moved erratically for a period of time, executing what appeared to be a small counterclockwise loop.", "The storm began tracking in a generally northeasterly direction, and crossed into the southern Delmarva Peninsula on June 16.", "The subtropical remnants reached the Atlantic on June 17, and while located east of Atlantic City, New Jersey, winds began to restrengthen, and heavy rains formed to the north of the circulation.", "The low was interacting with a frontal boundary, and started merging with it, as it accelerated to the northeast at 13 mph .", "The remnants of Allison briefly reintensified to a subtropical storm through baroclinic processes, though it became extratropical while south of Long Island.", "By later on June 17, the low was situated off the coast of Rhode Island, spreading a swath of precipitation over New England.", "The remnants of the tropical storm were then absorbed by the frontal boundary by June 18, and eventually passed south of Cape Race, Newfoundland on June 20, where the extratropical cyclone dissipated.", "Shortly after the storm formed, officials in Galveston County, Texas issued a voluntary evacuation for the western end of Galveston Island, as the area was not protected by the Galveston Seawall.", "The ferry from the island to the Bolivar Peninsula was closed, while voluntary evacuations were issued in Surfside in Brazoria County.", "When the National Hurricane Center issued the first advisory on Allison, officials issued Tropical Storm Warnings from Sargent, Texas to Morgan City, Louisiana.", "After the storm made landfall, flash flood watches and warnings were issued for numerous areas in eastern Texas.", "During the flood event, the National Weather Service in Houston issued 99 flash flood warnings with an average lead time of 40 minutes.", "With an average lead time of 24 minutes, the National Weather Service in Lake Charles, Louisiana issued 47 flash flood warnings.", "With an average lead time of 39 minutes, the National Weather Service in New Orleans/Baton Rouge issued 87 flash flood warnings, of which 30 were not followed by a flash flood.", "In Tallahassee, Florida, a shelter opened the day before Allison's movement northward through the area, seven staff members housing 12 people.", "Two other shelters were on standby.", "Teams informed citizens in the Florida Panhandle of flood dangers.", "Tropical Storm Allison was a major flood disaster throughout its path from Texas to the Mid-Atlantic.", "The worst of the flooding occurred in Houston, Texas, where over 35 inches (890 mm) of rain fell.", "Allison caused approximately $8.5 billion in damage (2001 USD), making it the costliest tropical cyclone that was never a major hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin.", "The storm also killed 41 people directly, including 27 who drowned.", "This ties Allison with a tropical storm in 1917 as the second-deadliest tropical storm to affect the contiguous United States, surpassed only by the 1925 Florida tropical storm which killed 73 people.", "Combined with waves on top, areas of Galveston Island experienced a wall of water 8 feet (2.5 m) in height, creating overwash along the coastline.", "The storm caused winds of up to 43 mph (69 km/h) at the Galveston Pier.", "While Allison was stalling over Texas, it dropped very heavy rainfall across the state.", "Minimal beach erosion was reported.", "Flash flooding continued for days, with rainfall amounts across the state peaking at just over 40 inches (1,033 mm) in northwestern Jefferson County.", "In the Port of Houston, a total of 36.99 inches (940 mm) was reported.", "Houston experienced torrential rainfall in a short amount of time.", "The six-day rainfall in Houston amounted to 38.6 inches (980 mm).", "Houston Hobby Airport received 20.84 inches of rain from June 5 to 10, 2001, while Bush Intercontinental Airport received 16.48 inches.", "The deluge of rainfall flooded 95,000 automobiles and 73,000 houses throughout Harris County.", "Tropical Storm Allison destroyed 2,744 homes, leaving 30,000 homeless with residential damages totaling $1.76 billion (2001 USD).", "Several hospitals in the Texas Medical Center, the largest medical complex in the world, experienced severe damage from the storm, which hit quickly and with unexpected fury on a Friday evening.", "The Baylor College of Medicine experienced major damage, totaling $495 million (2001 USD, $643 million 2012 USD).", "The medical school lost 90,000 research animals, 60,000 tumor samples, and 25 years of research data.", "The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, across the street, lost thousands of laboratory animals.", "Throughout the Medical Center, damage totaled over $2 billion (2001 USD).", "The underground tunnel system, which connects most large office buildings in downtown Houston, was submerged, as were many streets and parking garages adjacent to Buffalo Bayou.", "At the Houston Theater District, also in downtown, the Houston Symphony, Houston Grand Opera, and Alley Theater lost millions of dollars of costumes, musical instruments, sheet music, archives and other artifacts.", "By midnight on June 9 nearly every freeway and major road in the city was under several feet of water, forcing hundreds of motorists to abandon their vehicles for higher ground.", "Despite massive flooding damage to entire neighborhoods there were no drowning deaths in flooded homes.", "In the area, there were twelve deaths from driving, six from walking, three from electrocution, and one in an elevator.", "Elsewhere in Texas, a man drowned when swimming in a ditch in Mauriceville.", "Damage totaled $5.2 billion (2001 USD) throughout Texas.", "While making its first landfall, Allison's large circulation dropped severe rains on southwest Louisiana.", "Days later, Allison hit the state as a subtropical storm, dropping more heavy rains to the area.", "Rainfall totals peaked at 29.86 inches (758 mm) in Thibodaux, the highest rainfall total in Louisiana from a tropical cyclone since another Tropical Storm Allison in 1989.", "Most of the southeastern portion of the state experienced over 10 inches of rain (255 mm).", "Winds were generally light, peaking at 38 mph (61 km/h) sustained in Lakefront with gusts to 53 mph (85 km/h) in Bay Gardene.", "The storm produced a storm surge of 2.5 feet (0.75 m) in Cameron as it was making landfall in Texas.", "While moving northward through Texas, the outer bands of the storm produced an F1 tornado near Zachary, damaging several trees and a power line.", "A man was killed when a damaged power line hit his truck.", "When Allison first made landfall, heavy rainfall flooded numerous houses and businesses.", "Minor wind gusts caused minor roof damage to 10 houses in Cameron Parish, while its storm surge flooded portions of Louisiana Highway 82.", "When the system returned, more rainfall occurred, flooding over 1,000 houses in St. Tammany Parish, 80 houses in Saint Bernard Parish, and hundreds of houses elsewhere in the state.", "The flooding also forced 1,800 residents from their homes in East Baton Rouge Parish.", "The deluge left numerous roads impassable, while runoff resulted in severe river flooding.", "The Bogue Falaya River in Covington crested past its peak twice to near-record levels.", "The Amite and Comite Rivers reached their highest levels since 1983.", "In addition, the levee along the Bayou Manchac broke, flooding roadways and more houses.", "Damage in Louisiana totaled to $65 million (2001 USD, $84 million 2012 USD).", "In Mississippi, Allison produced heavy rainfall of over 10 inches (255 mm) in one night, while some areas in the southwestern portion of the state received over 15 inches (380 mm).", "The flooding damaged numerous houses and flooded many roadways.", "Thunderstorms from the storm produced four tornadoes, including one in Gulfport, Mississippi that damaged 10 houses.", "Severe thunderstorms in George County damaged 15 houses, destroyed 10, and injured 5 people.", "Damage in Mississippi totaled to over $1 million (2001 USD, $1.3 million 2012 USD).", "Rainfall in Alabama was moderate, with areas near Mobile experiencing more than 10 inches (255 mm).", "Heavy rainfall closed several roads in Crenshaw County.", "The storm, combined with a high pressure, produced coastal flooding in southern Alabama.", "Allison produced an F0 tornado in southwest Mobile County that caused minor roof damage and another F0 tornado in Covington County that caused minor damage to six homes and a church.", "The storm, combined with a high pressure system, produced a strong pressure gradient, resulting in strong rip currents off the coast of Florida.", "The currents prompted sirens, which are normally used for storm warnings, to be activated in Pensacola Beach.", "The rip currents killed 5 off the coast of Florida.", "Outer rain bands from the storm dropped heavy rainfall across the Florida Panhandle of over 11 inches (280 mm) in one day.", "The Tallahassee Regional Airport recorded 10.13 inches (257 mm) in 24 hours, breaking the old 24‐hour record set in 1969.", "Throughout the state, Allison destroyed 10 homes and damaged 599, 196 severely, primarily in Leon County.", "Including the deaths from rip currents, Allison killed eight people in Florida and caused $20 million (2001 USD, $26 million 2012 USD) in damage.", "Over Georgia, the storm dropped heavy rainfall of 10 inches (255 mm) in 24 hours in various locations.", "The deluge caused rivers to crest past their banks, including the Oconee River at Milledgeville which peaked at 33.7 feet (10.3 m).", "The rainfall, which was heaviest across the southwestern portion of the state, washed out several bridges and roads, and flooded many other roads.", "Georgia governor Roy Barnes declared a state of emergency for seven counties in the state.", "The storm also spawned two tornadoes.", "In South Carolina, Allison's outer bands produced 10 tornadoes and several funnel clouds, though most only caused minor damage limited to a damaged courthouse, snapped trees and downed power lines.", "Allison produced from 12 to 16 inches (305 to 406 mm) of rainfall in North Carolina, closing nearly all roads in Martin County and damaging 25 homes.", "The severe flooding washed out a bridge in eastern Halifax County and flooded numerous cars.", "Wet roads caused nine traffic accidents throughout the state.", "In Virginia, Allison produced light rainfall, with the southeastern and south-central portions of the state experiencing over 3 inches (76 mm).", "A tree in a saturated ground fell over and killed one person.", "Allison also produced one tornado in the state.", "Washington, D.C. experienced moderate rainfall from the storm, totaling 2.59 inches (66 mm) in Georgetown.", "In Maryland, rainfall from Tropical Depression Allison totaled to 7.5 inches (190 mm) in Denton, closing eleven roads and causing washouts on 41 others.", "The Maryland Eastern Shore experienced only minor rainfall from one to two inches (25 to 50 mm).", "Damage was light, and no deaths were reported.", "In Delaware, the storm produced moderate rainfall, peaking at 4.2 inches (106 mm) in Greenwood.", "No damage was reported.", "Allison, in combination with an approaching frontal boundary, dropped heavy rainfall across southeastern Pennsylvania, peaking at 10.17 inches (258 mm) in Chalfont in Bucks County and over 3 inches (76 mm) in portions of Philadelphia.", "The rainfall caused rivers to rise, with the Neshaminy Creek in Langhorne peaking at 16.87 ft .", "Several other rivers and creeks in southeastern Pennsylvania crested at over 10 feet (3 m).", "The rainfall downed numerous weak trees and power lines, leaving 70,000 without power during the storm.", "The flooding washed out several roads and bridges, including a few SEPTA rail lines.", "In addition, the rainfall destroyed 241 homes and damaged 1,386 others.", "Flooding at a Dodge dealership totaled 150 vehicles.", "Hundreds of people were forced to be rescued from damaged buildings from flood waters.", "The flooding dislodged a clothes dryer in the basement of the \"A\" building of the Village Green Apartment Complex in Upper Moreland Township, breaking a natural gas line.", "The gas leak resulted in an explosion and an ensuing fire that killed six people.", "Firefighters were unable to render assistance as the building was completely surrounded by floodwaters.", "Additionally, one man drowned in his vehicle in a river.", "Damage in Pennsylvania totaled to $215 million (2001 USD, $279 million 2012 USD).", "In New Jersey, the storm produced heavy rainfall, peaking at 8.1 inches (205 mm) in Tuckerton.", "The rains also caused river flooding, including the north branch of the Metedeconk River in Lakewood which crested at 8 feet (2.5 m).", "The flooding, severe at places, closed several roads, including numerous state highways.", "Gusty winds of up to 44 mph (71 km/h) in Atlantic City downed weak trees and power lines, leaving over 13,000 without power.", "Several people had to be rescued from high waters, though no fatalities occurred in the state.", "Overall damage was minimal.", "Tropical Storm Allison caused flash flooding in New York, dropping up to 3 inches (75 mm) of rain in one hour in several locations and peaking at 5.73 inches (146 mm) in Granite Springs.", "The rains also caused river flooding, including the Mahwah River which crested at 3.79 ft .", "Allison's rainfall damaged 24 houses and several stores, while the flooding closed several major highways in the New York City area.", "Overall damage was light, and no fatalities occurred in New York due to Allison.", "Similarly, rainfall in Connecticut peaked at 7.2 inches (183 mm) in Pomfret, closing several roads and causing minor damage to numerous houses.", "The Yantic River at Yantic crested at 11.1 feet (3.4 m), while a state road was closed when a private dam in Hampton failed from the rainfall.", "In Rhode Island, Allison produced up to 7.1 inches (180 mm) of rainfall in North Smithfield, washing out several roads and houses, and destroying a log house in Foster.", "An isolated severe thunderstorm in the outer bands of Allison produced an F1 tornado in Worcester and Middlesex Counties in Massachusetts, impacting over 100 trees and damaging one house and one small camper.", "A microburst in Leominster and another in Shirley damaged several trees.", "Lightning from the storm hit two houses, causing significant damage there but little elsewhere.", "Allison also produced moderate rainfall in the state, mainly ranging from 3 to 5 inches (75 to 125 mm).", "The rainfall caused drainage and traffic problems.", "Damage in Massachusetts totaled to $400,000 (2001 USD, $520,000 2012 USD).", "Within weeks of the disaster, President George W. Bush declared 75 counties in Texas, southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, northwestern Florida, and southeastern Pennsylvania as disaster areas.", "The declarations allowed affected citizens to receive aid for temporary housing, emergency home repairs, and other serious disaster-related expenses.", "The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) also provided 75% for the cost of debris removal, emergency services related to the disaster, and repairing or replacing damaged public facilities, such as roads, bridges and utilities.", "A few weeks after Allison, FEMA opened six disaster recovery centers across southeast Texas, which provided recovery information to those who applied for disaster assistance.", "The American Red Cross and the Salvation Army opened 48 shelters at the peak of need for people driven from their homes, which served nearly 300,000 meals.", "The National Disaster Medical System deployed a temporary hospital to Houston with 88 professionals, aiding nearly 500 people.", "Thirty-five volunteer services provided aid for the flood victims in Texas, including food, clothing, and volunteers to help repair the houses.", "After nearly 50,000 cars were flooded and ruined, many people attempted to sell the cars across the country without telling of the car's history.", "Following the extreme flooding, a mosquito outbreak occurred, though FEMA provided aid to control the problem.", "By six months after the storm, around 120,000 Texas citizens applied for federal disaster aid, totaling to $1.05 billion (2001 USD).", "Like in Texas, a mosquito outbreak occurred in Louisiana.", "Only pesticides acceptable to the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Fish and Wildlife Service were allowed to be used.", "FEMA officials warned homeowners of the dangers of floodwaters, including mold, mildew, and bacteria.", "By three months after the storm, just under 100,000 Louisiana citizens applied for federal aid, totaling to over $110 million (2001 USD, $143 million 2012 USD).", "$25 million (2001 USD, $32 million 2012 USD) of the total was for business loans, while an additional $8 million was for public assistance for communities and state agencies.", "More than 750 flood victims in Florida applied for governmental aid, totaling to $1.29 million (2001 USD, $1.5 million 2007 USD).", "In Pennsylvania, 1,670 flood victims applied for federal aid, totaling to $11.5 million (2001 USD, $14.3 million 2012 USD).", "$3.4 million (2001 USD, $4.4 million 2012 USD) of the total was to replace a SEPTA rail bridge over Sandy Run in Fort Washington.", "Due to the severe damage and deaths caused by the storm, the name Allison was retired in spring 2002, and will never again be used in the Atlantic basin; the 2001 incarnation of Allison was the only Atlantic tropical system to have its name retired without reaching hurricane strength until the name \"Erika\" was retired following a storm in 2015.", "The name was replaced with Andrea in the 2007 season." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 164743, "simple_article_title": "Tropical Storm Allison", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164743", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-164743-0-0", "simple-164743-0-1", "simple-164743-0-2", "simple-164743-0-3", "simple-164743-0-4", "simple-164743-0-5", "simple-164743-1-0", "simple-164743-1-1", "simple-164743-1-2", "simple-164743-1-3", "simple-164743-1-4", "simple-164743-1-5", "simple-164743-1-6", "simple-164743-1-7", "simple-164743-1-8", "simple-164743-1-9", "simple-164743-1-10", "simple-164743-1-11", "simple-164743-1-12", "simple-164743-1-13", "simple-164743-1-14", "simple-164743-1-15", "simple-164743-1-16", "simple-164743-1-17", "simple-164743-1-18", "simple-164743-1-19", "simple-164743-1-20", "simple-164743-1-21", "simple-164743-2-0", "simple-164743-3-0", "simple-164743-3-1", "simple-164743-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Tropical Storm Allison was one of the worst tropical storms in the history of the United States.", "Most of the damage was in Texas.", "It was mostly the Houston Area.", "Allison caused more than $5 billion in damage.", "Allison also killed 55 people in the United States.", "Allison is the first tropical storm in the Atlantic Ocean to have its name retired without reaching hurricane strength.", "The beginning of Allison was a tropical wave that moved off of Africa on May 21.", "The wave moved all the most across the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea.", "It crossed South America and entered the Pacific Ocean.", "The wave crossed over southern Mexico and entered the Gulf of Mexico.", "The wave moved north until June 4, where it became Tropical Storm Allison.", "It skipped being a tropical depression while forming.", "On the same day Allison reached her top winds, which were at 60 mph.", "Allison weakened down to 50 mph winds.", "On June 5 Allison made landfall in Freeport, Texas with winds at 50 mph.", "Allison quickly weakened to a depression.", "Allison moved very slowly until Allison reached Lufkin, Texas.", "Allison moved very slowly back to the Gulf of Mexico.", "Allison did not reach the Gulf of Mexico until June 9.", "Dry air caused Allison to become a subtropical depression.", "On June 11 Allison made landfall in Louisiana without becoming a tropical depression or tropical storm.", "Clouds moved close to the center of Allison and Allison became a subtropical storm, while over Louisiana.", "Allison quickly weakened back to a subtropical depression.", "Allison moved northeast of the United States until June 15, where it moved very slowly over North Carolina and curved north.", "Allison finally reached the Atlantic on June 17.", "While Allison was south of Long Island, New York for just a little while it became a subtropical storm again.", "Also on June 17 Allison quickly started dying and Allison became extratropical.", "The remains completely died off near Newfoundland on June 20.", "After the storm, President George W. Bush declared a total of 75 counties/parishes as disaster areas.", "Because of the damage, the name \"Allison\" was retired, meaning it will never be used again for a storm in the Atlantic Ocean.", "It has been, to date, the only tropical storm in the history of Atlantic hurricanes to have done so.", "Allison was replaced by Andrea in 2007." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 47798944, "normal_article_title": "Castle House School", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47798944", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-47798944-0-0", "normal-47798944-1-0", "normal-47798944-1-1", "normal-47798944-1-2", "normal-47798944-1-3", "normal-47798944-1-4", "normal-47798944-2-0", "normal-47798944-2-1", "normal-47798944-3-0", "normal-47798944-4-0", "normal-47798944-4-1", "normal-47798944-4-2", "normal-47798944-4-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Castle House School is an independent preparatory day school for boys and girls, first established in 1944, at Chetwynd End, Newport, Shropshire.", "The school is owned and operated by the Castle House School Trust Ltd, a registered charitable organization, by up to twelve governors of the Trust.", "It occupies a Grade II listed main building with extensive grounds.", "Its \"Cherubs Nursery\" takes pre-school children aged from two to four.", "From here boys and girls, in roughly equal numbers, go into the Lower School, which comprises a Reception class and Years 1 and 2.", "The Upper School then caters for children until they leave, usually at the age of eleven.", "French is taught from the Nursery years on, and drama and dance begin in Reception.", "Sporting activities take place every day, and these include gymnastics.", "After leaving Castle House, children typically go on to Adams' Grammar School, Newport High School, Burton Borough School, or Stafford Grammar School, with others moving to Wrekin College, Ellesmere College, Shrewsbury High School, Wolverhampton Girls' High School, Wolverhampton Grammar School, Adcote School, and others.", "A new headteacher, Ian Sterling, took over the school in January 2018.", "The previous head, Richard Walden, was chairman in 2014 of the Independent Schools Association.", "Opening its annual conference in May 2014, he was critical of the state sector, claiming that \"Schools are turning out too many amoral children because teachers cannot find the time to teach the difference between right and wrong.\"", "This was quickly disputed by the government's Education Secretary, Michael Gove." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 27193568, "normal_article_title": "Shrek Forever After", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27193568", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-27193568-0-0", "normal-27193568-0-1", "normal-27193568-0-2", "normal-27193568-0-3", "normal-27193568-0-4", "normal-27193568-1-0", "normal-27193568-1-1", "normal-27193568-1-2", "normal-27193568-1-3", "normal-27193568-1-4", "normal-27193568-1-5", "normal-27193568-2-0", "normal-27193568-2-1", "normal-27193568-2-2", "normal-27193568-3-0", "normal-27193568-3-1", "normal-27193568-4-0", "normal-27193568-4-1", "normal-27193568-4-2", "normal-27193568-5-0", "normal-27193568-5-1", "normal-27193568-5-2", "normal-27193568-6-0", "normal-27193568-6-1", "normal-27193568-6-2", "normal-27193568-6-3", "normal-27193568-6-4", "normal-27193568-6-5", "normal-27193568-7-0", "normal-27193568-7-1", "normal-27193568-7-2", "normal-27193568-7-3", "normal-27193568-8-0", "normal-27193568-8-1", "normal-27193568-8-2", "normal-27193568-9-0", "normal-27193568-9-1", "normal-27193568-10-0", "normal-27193568-10-1", "normal-27193568-11-0", "normal-27193568-11-1", "normal-27193568-11-2", "normal-27193568-12-0", "normal-27193568-12-1", "normal-27193568-12-2", "normal-27193568-12-3", "normal-27193568-12-4", "normal-27193568-13-0", "normal-27193568-14-0", "normal-27193568-14-1", "normal-27193568-14-2", "normal-27193568-14-3", "normal-27193568-15-0", "normal-27193568-15-1", "normal-27193568-16-0", "normal-27193568-16-1", "normal-27193568-16-2", "normal-27193568-16-3", "normal-27193568-16-4", "normal-27193568-17-0", "normal-27193568-17-1", "normal-27193568-18-0", "normal-27193568-18-1", "normal-27193568-18-2", "normal-27193568-18-3", "normal-27193568-18-4", "normal-27193568-19-0", "normal-27193568-19-1", "normal-27193568-19-2", "normal-27193568-19-3", "normal-27193568-20-0", "normal-27193568-20-1", "normal-27193568-20-2", "normal-27193568-20-3", "normal-27193568-21-0", "normal-27193568-21-1", "normal-27193568-21-2", "normal-27193568-21-3", "normal-27193568-21-4", "normal-27193568-21-5", "normal-27193568-21-6", "normal-27193568-21-7", "normal-27193568-22-0", "normal-27193568-22-1", "normal-27193568-22-2", "normal-27193568-23-0", "normal-27193568-23-1", "normal-27193568-24-0", "normal-27193568-24-1", "normal-27193568-24-2", "normal-27193568-25-0", "normal-27193568-25-1", "normal-27193568-25-2", "normal-27193568-25-3", "normal-27193568-25-4", "normal-27193568-26-0", "normal-27193568-27-0", "normal-27193568-27-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Shrek Forever After (previously promoted as Shrek: The Final Chapter) is a 2010 American computer-animated comedy film by DreamWorks Animation.", "It is the fourth installment in the \"Shrek\" film franchise and the sequel to \"Shrek the Third\" (2007).", "The film was directed by Mike Mitchell from a script by Josh Klausner and Darren Lemke, and stars Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Antonio Banderas, Julie Andrews, and John Cleese reprising their previous roles, with Walt Dohrn introduced in the role of Rumpelstiltskin.", "The plot follows Shrek struggling as a family man with no privacy, who yearns for the days when he was once feared.", "He is tricked by Rumpelstiltskin into signing a contract that leads to disastrous consequences.", "The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 21, 2010.", "It was theatrically released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on May 21, 2010, in 3D and IMAX 3D formats.", "The film debuted as the top-grossing film at the box office, a position it held for three consecutive weeks in the United States and Canada.", "Like its predecessor, it received mixed reviews from critics, but grossed a worldwide total of $752 million and becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2010.", "In addition, \"Shrek Forever After\" became DreamWorks Animation's second-highest-grossing film at the foreign box office.", "Although originally marketed as the final installment in the film franchise, a fifth \"Shrek\" film has unofficially been reported to be in production in the years since \"Forever After\" was released.", "In a flashback, King Harold and Queen Lillian are about to sign the kingdom of Far Far Away over to Rumpelstiltskin, in exchange for lifting their daughter's curse.", "The deal is canceled at the last second when a knight informs the King and Queen that Princess Fiona has been rescued by Shrek.", "An angry Rumpelstiltskin laments his loss and wishes Shrek was never born.", "In the present time, Shrek has grown steadily weary of being a family man and celebrity among the local villagers, leading him to wish for when he felt like a \"real ogre\" again.", "When he takes his family to Far Far Away to celebrate his children's first birthday, a series of mishaps further injure his ego, causing him to lose his temper and walk out in anger.", "Shrek encounters Rumpelstiltskin, who seizes his chance, having observed Shrek's angry outburst.", "He follows Shrek and arranges for him to appear to save his life.", "He gives Shrek a day to live like a real ogre, in exchange for a day from his childhood that he would not remember being erased to \"thank\" him.", "Shrek signs the contract and appears in an alternate reality where the events starting from Fiona's rescue never happened.", "Now feared by the villagers, he takes the opportunity to cause some lighthearted mischief until he finds \"WANTED\" posters for Fiona and his home deserted and desolate.", "He is kidnapped by witches and taken to Rumpel, now the King of Far Far Away, which has become derelict.", "Rumpel reveals that he erased the day that Shrek was born.", "Therefore, Shrek does not exist, and consequently the King and Queen signed their kingdom over to Rumpel, making them disappear.", "When the day ends, Shrek will disappear as well.", "Shrek escapes Rumpel's castle with Donkey.", "Initially terrified of Shrek, Donkey decides to trust him after seeing Shrek cry over his erased history, something he had never seen an ogre do before.", "Donkey helps him find a hidden exit clause: the contract can be nullified by \"true love's kiss\".", "They soon encounter an army of ogres who are resisting Rumpel, led by a still-cursed Fiona, who keeps Puss in Boots as a lazy, overweight pet.", "Shrek does everything he can to gain Fiona's love, but she is cynical and disillusioned about the power of true love and is too busy preparing an ambush on Rumpel.", "While sparring with her, Fiona begins to take a liking to Shrek but stops short of kissing him.", "Puss encourages him to continue pursuing Fiona.", "During the ambush, the ogres are captured by the Pied Piper, though Shrek and Fiona escape with the intervention of Puss and Donkey.", "Shrek insists Fiona kiss him, saying it will fix everything, but it does not work because Fiona does not truly love him.", "When he hears that Rumpel is offering a wish to the one who brings him Shrek, Shrek turns himself in and uses the wish to free the other ogres, who storm the castle, battle the witches, and capture Rumpel.", "As the sun rises, Shrek begins to fade from existence, but Fiona, having fallen in love with him, kisses Shrek just before he disappears, restoring Shrek to his world just before he lashed out at the party.", "Shrek embraces his friends and family with a newfound appreciation for everything he has.", "Following the success of \"Shrek 2\", a third and fourth \"Shrek\" film, along with plans for a fifth and final film, were announced in May 2004 by Jeffrey Katzenberg.", "In October 2006, DreamWorks Animation revealed that the fourth film would be released in 2010.", "In October 2007, Katzenberg announced a title for the fourth film, \"Shrek Goes Fourth\", explaining that \"Shrek goes out into the world, forth!\"", "In May 2009, however, DreamWorks Animation retitled the film to \"Shrek Forever After\", indicating that it would be the last in the \"Shrek\" series.", "In November 2009, Bill Damaschke, head of creative production at DreamWorks Animation, confirmed with \"All that was loved about Shrek in the first film is brought to the final film.\"", "Tim Sullivan was hired to write the script in March 2005, but was later replaced by Darren Lemke and Josh Klausner.", "Klausner, about the script's evolution, said, \"When I first came onto the project, it wasn't supposed to be the final chapter—there were originally going to be 5 \"Shrek\" movies.", "Then, about a year into the development, Jeffrey Katzenberg decided that the story that we'd come up with was the right way for Shrek's journey to end, which was incredibly flattering.\"", "In May 2007, shortly before the release of the third film, it was announced Mike Mitchell would be on board to direct the new installment.", "Much of the film was written and recorded in New York City.", "Similar to most of the other \"Shrek\" films, the film's original score was composed by British composer Harry Gregson-Williams.", "\"Shrek Forever After\" premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 21, 2010.", "It was publicly released on May 20, 2010, in Russia, while the American release followed the next day.", "The film was also released in IMAX 3D format.", "In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures and transferred to 20th Century Fox before reverting to Universal Pictures in 2018.", "\"Shrek Forever After\" earned $238.7 million in North America, and $513.9 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $752.6 million.", "This made it the 52nd-highest-grossing film, the 12th-highest-grossing animated film, the fifth-highest-grossing of 2010, the second-highest-grossing animated film of 2010 (behind \"Toy Story 3\") and the second-lowest-grossing film of the \"Shrek\" series.", "\"Shrek Forever After\" had the widest release for an animated film (4,359 theaters, later expanded to 4,389) in North America.", "On its opening day (May 21, 2010), it ranked No.1, grossing $20.8 million, which was lower than the opening days of the last two \"Shrek\" films.", "The film then opened in three days with $70.8 million, lower than box office analysts' predictions of an opening of $105 million and also lower than the two previous films of the franchise.", "Anne Globe, head of worldwide marketing for DreamWorks Animation, said they were \"happy with the film's opening\" since it debuted at No. 1 and also had the fourth-best opening for an animated film, at the time, in the United States and Canada.", "\"Shrek Forever After\" was No.1 for three consecutive weekends.", "In North America, it was the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2010, the fourth-highest-grossing DreamWorks Animation film, 2010's third-highest-grossing animated film, trailing \"Toy Story 3\" and \"Despicable Me\" and the lowest-grossing \"Shrek\" film.", "Executives at DreamWorks Animation were impressed because the film earned $238.7 million in North America, although it was the fourth film in the series, seemingly being outgrown by its fans.", "Having made $513.9 million in other continents, it is the highest-grossing \"Shrek\" film, DreamWorks Animation's second-biggest hit (behind \"\") and the seventh-highest-grossing animated film.", "It topped the weekend box office once on July 16–18, 2010 with $46.3 million.", "In Russia and CIS, its second-highest-grossing country, it had a $19.7 million opening weekend which was a record among animated films.", "It earned $51.4 million in total.", "Third in total earnings came the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta, where it opened with £8.96 million ($13.6 million) and finished its box office run with £31.1 million ($51.1 million).", "On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, \"Shrek Forever After\" has an approval rating of 58% based on 191 reviews and an average rating of 5.9/10.", "The site's critical consensus reads, \"While not without its moments, \"Shrek Forever After\" too often feels like a rote rehashing of the franchise's earlier entries.\"", "On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".", "Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by \"Shrek\" and \"Shrek 2\".", "Stephen Holden of \"The New York Times\" stated \"What fortifies “Shrek Forever After” are its brilliantly realized principal characters, who nearly a decade after the first “Shrek” film remain as vital and engaging fusions of image, personality and voice as any characters in the history of animation.\"", "Pete Hammond of \"BoxOffice\" gave the film 4.5 stars out of 5 and wrote \"Hilarious and heartfelt from start to finish, this is the best \"Shrek\" of them all, and that's no fairy tale.", "Borrowing liberally from Frank Capra's \"It's a Wonderful Life\", this edition blends big laughs and emotion to explore what Far Far Away might have been like if Shrek never existed.\"", "James Berardinelli of \"Reelviews\" awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote \"Even though \"Shrek Forever After\" is obligatory and unnecessary, it's better than \"Shrek the Third\" and it's likely that most who attend as a way of saying goodbye to the Jolly Green Ogre will not find themselves wishing they had sought out a more profitable way of spending 90-odd minutes.\"", "James White of \"Empire\" gave the film four out of four stars, saying \"DreamWorks could be entering a period of fresh creativity.", "With How To Train Your Dragon and a balanced, darker-hued and very funny Shrek finale, they've found the magic again.\"", "Lisa Schwarzbaum of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the film a \"B−\" grade, saying \"Everyone involved fulfills his or her job requirements adequately.", "But the magic is gone and \"Shrek Forever After\" is no longer an ogre phenomenon to reckon with.\"", "Peter Travers of \"Rolling Stone\" wrote \"It's a fun ride.", "What's missing is the excitement of a new interpretation.\"", "Mary Pols of \"Time\" stated in her review \"Can an ogre jump a shark?", "Giving the film 1 star out of 4, Kyle Smith of the \"New York Post\" wrote \"After the frantic spurt of fairy-tale allusions and jokes in the first three \"Shrek\"s, this one inches along with a few mostly pointless action scenes and the occasional mild pun.\"", "\"Shrek Forever After\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 7, 2010.", "As of April 24, 2011, the movie has made $75 million in DVD and Blu-ray sales.", "The film is also included in \"Shrek: The Whole Story\", a box set released on the same day that included all four \"Shrek\" movies and additional bonus content.", "\"Shrek Forever After\" is an action-adventure video game based on the movie of the same name.", "It was released by Activision on May 18, 2010.", "In February 2014, in an interview with Fox Business Network, Katzenberg hinted that a fifth film still may be made, saying, \"We like to let the characters have a little bit of time to rest.", "But I think you can be confident that we'll have another chapter in the Shrek series.", "We're not finished and, more importantly, neither is he.\"", "On June 15, 2016, after NBCUniversal purchased DreamWorks Animation for $3.8 billion, NBCUniversal's president and chief executive officer Steve Burke discussed plans to revive the franchise, as well as other DreamWorks films.", "In July 2016, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" cited sources saying that a fifth film was planned for a 2019 release.", "In September 2016, Eddie Murphy confirmed that the film was expected to be released in 2019 or 2020, and that the script had been completed.", "In October 2016, Mike Mitchell stated that \"Austin Powers\" screenwriter Michael McCullers had written a script based on his own original idea.", "In March 2017, asked about the script, McCullers said it featured \"a pretty big reinvention\" for the film series.", "On November 6, 2018, it was reported by \"Variety\" that Illumination's CEO and founder Chris Meledandri had been tasked by Universal Pictures to revive both \"Shrek\" and \"Puss in Boots\" film series, with the original cast potentially returning.", "\"Puss in Boots\" is a computer-animated adventure comedy film that was released on October 28, 2011.", "The movie is based on and follows the character of the same name on his adventures with Kitty Softpaws and mastermind Humpty Dumpty before his first appearance in \"Shrek 2\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 654061, "simple_article_title": "Shrek Forever After", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=654061", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-654061-0-0", "simple-654061-0-1", "simple-654061-0-2", "simple-654061-1-0", "simple-654061-1-1", "simple-654061-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Shrek Forever After (also known as Shrek: The Final Chapter) is a 2010 American computer-animated comedy movie by DreamWorks Animation.", "It is the fourth park in the \"Shrek\" movie franchise.", "It is the sequel to \"Shrek the Third\" (2007).", "The movie was directed by Mike Mitchell.", "It stars Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Antonio Banderas, Julie Andrews, and John Cleese with Walt Dohrn as Rumpelstiltskin.", "It was theatrically released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on May 21, 2010, in 3D and IMAX 3D formats." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 43385282, "normal_article_title": "Allsvenskan (women's handball)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43385282", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-43385282-0-0", "normal-43385282-0-1", "normal-43385282-0-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Allsvenskan is the Swedish second division in women's team handball.", "Earlier, the name was used by the top division.", "The league is organized by the Swedish Handball Federation." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 7303738, "normal_article_title": "Bhati Gate", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7303738", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-7303738-0-0", "normal-7303738-0-1", "normal-7303738-0-2", "normal-7303738-1-0", "normal-7303738-1-1", "normal-7303738-1-2", "normal-7303738-2-0", "normal-7303738-3-0", "normal-7303738-4-0", "normal-7303738-4-1", "normal-7303738-4-2", "normal-7303738-4-3", "normal-7303738-5-0", "normal-7303738-5-1", "normal-7303738-5-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Rajput Bhati Gate ( , \"Bhati Darwaza\") is one of the historic thirteen gates of the Walled City of Lahore in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.", "Bhati Gate also serves as a union council located in the Ravi Zone.", "The gate is located near Data Darbar and is similar in design to Kashmiri Gate.", "Rajput Bhati Gate entrance is located on the Western wall of the Old City.", "It is one of the two oldest entry points into the Walled City which controlled the only major north-south thoroughfare during Ghaznavid period.", "The gate is said to be named after the Bhati Clan of Rajputs.", "When the Emperor Akbar expanded the city eastward and divided it into nine districts or Rajputs , Rajput Bhati Gate and its bazar marked the boundary between Mubarak Khan in the east, and Rajput Talwarra in the west.", "The famed poet Alama Iqbal lived in a house near Rajput Bhati gate between 1901 and 1905.", "Rajput Bhati Gate is known historically as a centre for arts and literature in Old Lahore.", "The area inside the gate is well known throughout the city for its food.", "Just outside Bhati Gate is Data Durbar, the mausoleum of the Sufi saint Ali Hajweri (also known as Data Sahib Ganjbaksh).", "Every Thursday evening musicians used to gather here to perform Qawwali music, though these are sometimes replaced with Naats and religious sermons.", "The gate serves as the starting point for Lahore's Hakiman Bazaar, and is located near the Fakir Khana Museum.", "Near the gate is also located the Old City's Oonchi Mosque.", "Bhati Gate also serves as Union Council 29 (UC 29) in Tehsil Ravi of Lahore City District." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 464638, "simple_article_title": "Bhaati Gate", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=464638", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-464638-0-0", "simple-464638-0-1", "simple-464638-1-0", "simple-464638-1-1", "simple-464638-1-2", "simple-464638-2-0", "simple-464638-2-1", "simple-464638-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Bhaati Gate is one of the 12 old gates of Lahore's walled city, now in Pakistan.", "It dates from Mughal times.", "The Bhaati Gate was named after the Bhatti tribe of Rajputs who used to live here in large numbers.", "It also has an old bazaar, or market called \"Bazaar i Hakiman\" (Bazaar of the Doctors) where traditional doctors or medical experts, used to help sick people.", "Another famous place here is the Fakir Khana Museum, made by the Fakir Family.", "For a long time, the Bhaati Gate area was also the 'literary home' to many famous writers, living here.", "These included Maulana Muhammad Hussain Azad (a student of Mirza Ghalib), Pakistan's national poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Hakim Ahmad Shuja, Syed Imtiaz Ali Taj, Agha Hashr and others.", "Bhaati area also has many other old buildings and shops etc., that are of interest to tourists." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 900494, "normal_article_title": "Bandung Institute of Technology", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=900494", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-900494-0-0", "normal-900494-0-1", "normal-900494-1-0", "normal-900494-1-1", "normal-900494-1-2", "normal-900494-2-0", "normal-900494-2-1", "normal-900494-2-2", "normal-900494-2-3", "normal-900494-3-0", "normal-900494-4-0", "normal-900494-4-1", "normal-900494-5-0", "normal-900494-6-0", "normal-900494-6-1", "normal-900494-6-2", "normal-900494-7-0", "normal-900494-7-1", "normal-900494-7-2", "normal-900494-7-3", "normal-900494-7-4", "normal-900494-8-0", "normal-900494-8-1", "normal-900494-8-2", "normal-900494-9-0", "normal-900494-10-0", "normal-900494-10-1", "normal-900494-11-0", "normal-900494-11-1", "normal-900494-12-0", "normal-900494-12-1", "normal-900494-12-2", "normal-900494-12-3", "normal-900494-12-4", "normal-900494-13-0", "normal-900494-13-1", "normal-900494-13-2", "normal-900494-14-0", "normal-900494-14-1", "normal-900494-14-2", "normal-900494-14-3", "normal-900494-15-0", "normal-900494-15-1", "normal-900494-16-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Bandung Institute of Technology ( , abbreviated as ITB) is a state, coeducational research university located in Bandung, Indonesia.", "Established in 1920, ITB is the oldest technology-oriented university in Indonesia.", "ITB was considered the top choice among Indonesia's high school students in 2006 and has been credited as one of the most prestigious universities in Indonesia, together with Gadjah Mada University and University of Indonesia.", "Sukarno, the first president of the Republic of Indonesia, earned his engineering degree in civil engineering from ITB.", "Furthermore, B. J. Habibie, the third president of Indonesia, also spent a year in the mechanical engineering department of ITB and is officially recognized as a graduate.", "The university cultivates professional and social activities by supporting its students' unions, the student government councils that exist in every department.", "Each students' union has its own distinctly designed jacket that, among other traditions, serves as part of its member identity.", "There are also a number of student activity units/clubs supporting ITB student interests in rounding out their educational experience.", "It is not uncommon that the students and alumni are identified by the clubs to which they belong (or used to belong) at ITB, in addition to their class year and major.", "The university is a member of LAOTSE, an international network of leading universities in Europe and Asia exchanging students and senior scholars.", "As of early 2016, ITB had nine undergraduate study programs been internationally accredited from an independent U.S.-based accrediting institution, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, where ITB and IPB or Bogor Agricultural University are the only public universities in Indonesia with this particular international accrediting institution.", "The ten study programs are Electrical Engineering, Informatics, Chemical Engineering, Engineering Physics, Industrial Engineering, Engineering Management, Ocean Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Environmental Engineering.", "ITB's march \"Mars ITB\" and hymn \"Hymne ITB\" were arranged by a former professor, Prof. Dr. Sudjoko Danoesoebrata.", "ITB traces its origin to \"de Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (THB)\" which was established by the Dutch colonial administration to meet the needs of technical resources in Dutch East Indies.", "The school building was designed in 1918 by a Dutch architect named Henri Maclaine Pont, who was inspired by Indonesian vernacular architecture and blending it with modern elements.", "When the school opened its door for the first time on July 3, 1920, it only had one department namely 'de Faculteit van Technische Wetenschap' (Faculty of Technical Science) and one academic major of 'de afdeeling der Weg en Waterbouw' (the department of Road and Water resources engineering).", "During the Japanese occupation in 1942-1945, the institute was renamed \"Kōgyō Daigaku\" (工業大学, 'Industrial University').", "When Indonesia declared its independence the campus was renamed \"Sekolah Tinggi Teknik\" (STT) (Technical High School) in 1945.", "However a year later the Netherlands returned to Indonesia and took directorship of the campus, it was used as \"\"Nood-Universiteit van Nederlandsch Indië\"\" (emergency university of Dutch East Indies).", "Later in 1947 the campus housed the \"Faculteit van Technische Wetenschap\" (faculty of engineering) and \"Faculteit van Exacte Wetenschap\" (faculty of science) which is under \"Universiteit van Indonesië\" (later University of Indonesia).", "In 1950 after the Netherlands left Indonesia, the university became faculty of engineering and faculty of natural sciences, under University of Indonesia.", "On March 2, 1959, the 2 faculty of University of Indonesia in Bandung was declared a separate academic entity.", "On Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah) No. 155/2000, ITB was declared a Legal Enterprise (Badan Hukum).", "Bandung Institute of Technology was founded for higher learning in natural sciences, technologies, and fine arts.", "The ITB main campus, to the north of the downtown Bandung, and its other campuses, cover a total area of 770,000 square metres.", "Students and faculty housing, and administrative headquarters are not on the main campus, but are located within proximity.", "Facilities on the campus include book shops, a post office, student cafeteria and medical clinic.", "In addition to lecture rooms, laboratories, workshops and studios, ITB has an art gallery, sports facilities and a student activities' centre.", "For implementation of academic and research activities there are seven academic support facilities, namely, the Central Library (with approximately 150,000 books and 1000 journal titles) on campus, Sports Centre, Language Centre and the Bosscha Observatory (a facility of the Department of Astronomy) in Lembang, 11 kilometres to the north of Bandung.", "Admission to ITB is conducted through nationwide entrance examination (SNMPTN & SBMPTN).", "Historically ITB has been the most selective University in the nation.", "In 2000, the last Asiaweek survey available, ITB ranked first in Asia in student selectivity.", "In the 2007 and 2008 national entrance examination, ITB has the highest average score as well as the highest passing grade in the nation.", "The aggregate admission rate in 2008 was around 4%, which was lower than the admission rate of Harvard in the same year (9%)", "Several national, regional, and global surveys have been conducted to assess the quality of universities.", "ITB is among the first choices of college applicants to enter higher education.", "In a 1991 survey, the top 200 high school students in the national entrance examination indicated ITB as their first choice.", "THE-QS, a UK-based University ranking survey, ranked ITB 80th in the field of Engineering and IT in the world, the only university in Indonesia within the top 100 in its field.", "The first rank in the field was MIT.", "ITB is considered to have the highest selectivity in the field of science and engineering in the SNMPTN (nationwide state university entrance test) in 2009 from 422,159 examinees competing for its limited 2,000 seats.", "As of 2015, Bandung Institute of Technology is ranked #252 worldwide for Engineering and IT and #51 worldwide for Art and Design.", "The passing grades required to enter its top three favorite faculties i.e., Faculty of Industrial Technology (FTI),Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (FTMD),School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (STEI) and Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering (FTTM) are the highest in the nationwide state university entrance test (SNMPTN & SBMPTN).", "Its business school, School of Business and Management (SBM) is considered as the most prestigious and elite business school in Indonesia and regarded as the best business school in Indonesia by eduniversal ranking, global brand magazine and SWA Magazine, the most popular business magazine in Indonesia.", "According to ITB rector, ITB had built an eight-storey mining research centre for both national and international research such as research on oil reservoirs, production optimisation, geological exploitation and coal exploitation development worth Rp110 billion ($12.1 million)." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 43486, "simple_article_title": "Institut Teknologi Bandung", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43486", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-43486-0-0", "simple-43486-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) is a public government-funded, higher education, technology school located in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.", "The symbol of Institut Teknologi Bandung is Ganesha, a Hindu god representing wisdom." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 438044, "normal_article_title": "Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=438044", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-438044-0-0", "normal-438044-0-1", "normal-438044-0-2", "normal-438044-1-0", "normal-438044-1-1", "normal-438044-1-2", "normal-438044-1-3", "normal-438044-2-0", "normal-438044-2-1", "normal-438044-3-0", "normal-438044-3-1", "normal-438044-4-0", "normal-438044-4-1", "normal-438044-5-0", "normal-438044-5-1", "normal-438044-5-2", "normal-438044-6-0", "normal-438044-6-1", "normal-438044-6-2", "normal-438044-7-0", "normal-438044-8-0", "normal-438044-9-0", "normal-438044-9-1", "normal-438044-10-0", "normal-438044-11-0", "normal-438044-11-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib ( ; 568 – 653 CE) was paternal uncle and Sahabi (companion) of Muhammad, just three years older than his nephew.", "A wealthy merchant, during the early years of Islam he protected Muhammad while he was in Mecca, but only became a convert after the Battle of Badr in 624 CE (2 AH).", "His descendants founded the Abbasid Caliphate in 750.", "Abbas, born in 568, was one of the youngest sons of Abd al-Muttalib.", "His mother was Nutayla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.", "After his father's death, he took over the Zamzam Well and the distributing of water to the pilgrims.", "He became a spice-merchant in Mecca, a trade that made him wealthy.", "During the early years, while the Muslim religion was gaining adherents (610-622), Abbas provided protection to his kinsman but did not adopt the faith.", "He acted as a spokesman at the Second Pledge of Aqaba, but he was not among those who emigrated to Medina.", "Having fought on the side of the polytheists, Abbas was captured during the Battle of Badr.", "Muhammad allowed al-Abbas to ransom himself and his nephew.", "Ibn Hisham says that Abbas had become a secret Muslim before the Battle of Badr; but the clear statement is missing from Tabari's citation of the same source.", "It is sometimes said that he converted to Islam shortly after Badr.", "It is elsewhere implied that Abbas did not formally profess Islam until January 630, just before the fall of Mecca, twenty years after his wife Lubaba converted.", "Muhammad then named him \"last of the migrants\" (Muhajirun), which entitled him to the proceeds of the spoils of the war.", "He was given the right to provide Zamzam water to pilgrims, which right was passed down to his descendants.", "Abbas immediately joined Muhammad's army, participating in the Conquest of Mecca, the Battle of Hunayn and the Siege of Ta'if.", "He defended Muhammad at Hunayn when other warriors deserted him.", "After these military exploits, Abbas brought his family to live in Medina, where Muhammad frequently visited them and even proposed marriage to his daughter.", "Later Abbas fought in the expedition to Tabuk.", "Abbas had at least five wives.", "Abbas died in February 653 at the age of 85.", "He is buried at the Jannatul Baqee' cemetery in Medina, Saudi Arabia.", "The Abbasid dynasty founded in 750 by Abu al-`Abbās `Abdu'llāh as-Saffāh claimed the title of caliph (literally \"successor\") through their descent from Abbas's son Abdullah.", "Many other families claim direct descent from Abbas, including the Kalhora's of Sindh, the Berber Banu Abbas, and the modern-day Bawazir of Yemen and Shaigiya and Ja'Alin of Sudan.", "and Awan, Sararra Abbasi of Abbottabad (Union Council Kukmang, Patan, and Boi) and Mansehra, Dhund Abbasi & Jasgam of Murree & Kahuta Pakistan." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 115497, "simple_article_title": "Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=115497", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-115497-0-0", "simple-115497-1-0", "simple-115497-1-1", "simple-115497-1-2", "simple-115497-1-3", "simple-115497-1-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "`Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (c. 566 – c. 653) was a uncle and companion of Muhammad.", "Muhammad had 10 or 11 uncles.", "Four of them earned a great name in history - Abu Talib, Abu Lahab, Hamza and Abbas.", "Abu Talib became important because he brought up his orphan nephew, Muhammad, with great love and care and always supported and protected him.", "Abu Lahab is famous because he tried to \"destroy\" Islam.", "Both Hamza and ‘Abbas became Muslims and remained firm and strong in their faith in Islam." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 158088, "normal_article_title": "Firefly (TV series)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=158088", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-158088-0-0", "normal-158088-0-1", "normal-158088-0-2", "normal-158088-0-3", "normal-158088-0-4", "normal-158088-1-0", "normal-158088-1-1", "normal-158088-1-2", "normal-158088-2-0", "normal-158088-2-1", "normal-158088-2-2", "normal-158088-2-3", "normal-158088-2-4", "normal-158088-2-5", "normal-158088-3-0", "normal-158088-4-0", "normal-158088-4-1", "normal-158088-4-2", "normal-158088-4-3", "normal-158088-4-4", "normal-158088-4-5", "normal-158088-4-6", "normal-158088-4-7", "normal-158088-4-8", "normal-158088-4-9", "normal-158088-4-10", "normal-158088-5-0", "normal-158088-5-1", "normal-158088-5-2", "normal-158088-5-3", "normal-158088-5-4", "normal-158088-6-0", "normal-158088-6-1", "normal-158088-6-2", "normal-158088-6-3", "normal-158088-7-0", "normal-158088-7-1", "normal-158088-7-2", 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2517, after the arrival of humans in a new star system and follows the adventures of the renegade crew of \"Serenity\", a \"\"Firefly\"-class\" spaceship.", "The ensemble cast portrays the nine characters who live on \"Serenity\".", "Whedon pitched the show as \"nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things\".", "The show explores the lives of a group of people, some of whom fought on the losing side of a civil war, who make a living on the fringes of society as part of the pioneer culture of their star system.", "In this future, the only two surviving superpowers, the United States and China, fused to form the central federal government, called the Alliance, resulting in the fusion of the two cultures.", "According to Whedon's vision, \"nothing will change in the future: technology will advance, but we will still have the same political, moral, and ethical problems as today\".", "\"Firefly\" premiered in the U.S. on the Fox network on September 20, 2002.", "By mid-December, \"Firefly\" had averaged 4.7 million viewers per episode and was 98th in Nielsen ratings.", "It was canceled after eleven of the fourteen produced episodes were aired.", "Despite the relatively short life span of the series, it received strong sales when it was released on DVD and has large fan support campaigns.", "It won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2003 for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series.", "\"TV Guide\" ranked the series at No. 5 on their 2013 list of 60 shows that were \"Cancelled Too Soon\".", "The post-airing success of the show led Whedon and Universal Pictures to produce \"Serenity\", a 2005 film which continues from the story of the series, and the \"Firefly\" franchise expanded to other media, including comics and a role-playing game.", "The series takes place in the year 2517, on a variety of planets and moons.", "The TV series does not reveal whether these celestial bodies are within one star system, only saying that \"Serenity\"' s mode of propulsion is a \"gravity-drive\".", "However, re-runs start with Book providing the following backstory: \"\"After the Earth was used up, we found a new solar system and hundreds of new Earths were terraformed and colonized.", "The central planets formed the Alliance, and decided all the planets had to join under their rule.", "There was some disagreement on that point.", "After the war, many of the Independents who had fought and lost drifted to the edges of the system, far from Alliance control.", "Out here, people struggle to get by with the most basic technologies.", "A ship would bring you work.", "A gun would help you keep it.", "A captain’s goal was simple: Find a crew.", "Find a job, Keep flying.\"\"", "The film \"Serenity\" makes clear that all the planets and moons are in one large system and production documents related to the film indicate that there is no faster-than-light travel in this universe.", "The characters occasionally refer to \"Earth-that-was\", and the film establishes that, long before the events in the series, a large population had emigrated from Earth to a new star system in generation ships: \"Earth-that-was could no longer sustain our numbers, we were so many\".", "The emigrants established themselves in this new star system, with \"dozens of planets and hundreds of moons\", and many of these were terraformed.", "The terraforming process was only the first step in making a planet habitable, however, and the outlying settlements often did not receive any further support in the construction of their civilizations.", "This resulted in many of the border planets and moons having forbidding, dry environments, well-suited to the Western genre.", "The show takes its name from the \"\"Firefly\"-class\" spaceship \"Serenity\" that the central characters call home.", "It resembles a firefly in general arrangement, and the tail section, analogous to a bioluminescent insectoid abdomen, lights up during acceleration.", "The ship was named after the Battle of Serenity Valley, where then-Sergeant Malcolm Reynolds and then-Corporal Zoe Alleyne were among the few survivors on the losing side.", "It is revealed in \"Bushwhacked\" that the Battle of Serenity Valley is widely considered to have sealed the fate of the Independents.", "Throughout the series, the Alliance is shown to govern the star system through an organization of \"core\" planets, following its success in forcibly unifying all the colonies under a single government.", "DVD commentary suggests that the Alliance is composed of two primary \"core\" systems, one predominantly Western in culture, the other pan-Asian, justifying the mixed linguistic and visual themes of the series.", "The central planets are firmly under Alliance control, but the outlying planets and moons resemble the 19th-century American West, under little governmental authority.", "Settlers and refugees on the outlying worlds have relative freedom from the central government, but lack the amenities of the high-tech civilization that exists on the inner worlds.", "In addition, the outlying areas of space (\"the black\") are inhabited by the Reavers, a cannibalistic group of nomadic humans that have become savage and animalistic.", "The captain of \"Serenity\" is Malcolm \"Mal\" Reynolds (Nathan Fillion) and the episode \"Serenity\" establishes that the captain and his first mate Zoe Washburne, née Alleyne (Gina Torres) are veteran \"Browncoats\" of the Unification War, a failed attempt by the outlying worlds to resist the Alliance's control.", "A later episode, \"Out of Gas\", reveals that Mal bought the spaceship \"Serenity\" to continue living beyond Alliance control.", "Much of the crew's work consists of cargo runs or smuggling.", "A main story arc centers on River Tam (Summer Glau) and her brother Simon (Sean Maher).", "River is a child prodigy, whose brain was subjected to experiments at the hands of Alliance scientists at a secret government institution.", "As a result, she displays symptoms of schizophrenia and often hears voices.", "It is later revealed that she is a \"reader\", one who possesses telepathic abilities.", "Simon gave up a career as a highly successful trauma surgeon in an Alliance hospital to rescue her, and they are both wanted fugitives.", "In the original pilot, \"Serenity\", Simon joins the crew as a paying passenger with River smuggled on board as cargo.", "As Whedon states in an episodic DVD commentary, every show he does is about creating family.", "By the last episode, \"Objects in Space\", the fractured character of River has finally become whole, partly because the others decided to accept her into their \"family\" on the ship.", "The show blends elements from the space opera and Western genres, depicting humanity's future in a manner different from most contemporary science fiction programs in that there are no large space battles.", "\"Firefly\" takes place in a multi-cultural future, primarily a fusion of Western and East Asian cultures, where there is a significant division between the rich and poor.", "As a result of the Sino-American Alliance, Mandarin Chinese is a common second language; it is used in advertisements, and characters in the show frequently curse in Chinese.", "According to the DVD commentary on the episode \"Serenity\", this was explained as being the result of China and the United States being the two superpowers that expanded into space.", "The show also features slang not used in contemporary culture, such as adaptations of modern words, or new words altogether.", "For example, \"shiny\" is frequently used in a manner similar to the real world slang \"cool\", and \"gorram\" is used as a mild swear word.", "Written and spoken Chinese as well as Old West dialect are also employed.", "As one reviewer noted: \"The dialogue tended to be a bizarre purée of wisecracks, old-timey Western-paperback patois, and snatches of Chinese\".", "Tim Minear and Joss Whedon pointed out two scenes that, they believed, articulated the mood of the show exceptionally clearly.", "One scene is in the original pilot \"Serenity\", when Mal is eating with chopsticks and a Western tin cup is by his plate; the other is in \"The Train Job\" pilot, when Mal is thrown out of a holographic bar window.", "The DVD set's \"making-of\" documentary explains the distinctive frontispiece of the series (wherein \"Serenity\" soars over a herd of horses) as Whedon's attempt to capture \"everything you need to understand about the series in five seconds\".", "One of the struggles that Whedon had with Fox was the tone of the show, especially with the main character Malcolm Reynolds.", "Fox pressured Whedon to make Mal more \"jolly\", as they feared he was too dark in the original pilot, epitomized by the moment he suggests he might \"space\" Simon and River, throwing them out of the airlock to die.", "In addition, Fox was not happy that the show involved the \"nobodies\" who \"get squished by policy\" instead of the actual policy makers.", "\"Firefly\" maintained an ensemble cast that portrayed nine crew members and passengers of the ship, \"Serenity\".", "These characters fight criminals and schemers, Alliance security forces, the utterly psychotic and brutal Reavers, and the mysterious men with \"hands of blue\"—who are apparently operatives of a secret agency which is part of the megacorporation referred to in the DVD commentary only as The Blue Sun Corporation.", "The crew is driven by the need to secure enough income to keep their ship operational, set against their need to keep a low profile to avoid their adversaries.", "Their situation is greatly complicated by the divergent motivations of the individuals on board \"Serenity\", but complex characterization was hampered by the show's brief run.", "All nine of the main characters appeared in every episode, with the exception of \"Ariel\", from which Book is absent—he was meditating at an abbey.", "Whedon developed the concept for the show after reading \"The Killer Angels\", the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Michael Shaara chronicling the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War.", "He wanted to follow people who had fought on the losing side of a war and their experiences afterwards as pioneers and immigrants on the outskirts of civilization, much like the post-American Civil War era of Reconstruction and the American Old West culture.", "He intended the show to be \"a \"Stagecoach\" kind of drama with a lot of people trying to figure out their lives in a bleak pioneer environment\".", "Whedon wanted to develop a show about the tactile nature of life, a show where existence was more physical and more difficult.", "After reading \"The Killer Angels\", Whedon read a book about Jewish partisan fighters in World War II that also influenced him.", "Whedon wanted to create something for television that was more character-driven and gritty than most modern science fiction.", "Television science fiction, he felt, had become too pristine and rarefied.", "Whedon wanted to give the show a name that indicated movement and power, and felt that \"Firefly\" had both.", "This powerful word's relatively insignificant meaning, Whedon felt, added to its allure.", "He eventually wound up creating the ship in the image of a firefly.", "During filming of the pilot episode, Whedon was still arguing with Fox that the show should be displayed in widescreen format.", "Consequently, he purposely filmed scenes with actors on the extreme edge of both sides so that they could only be shown in widescreen.", "This led to a few scenes on the DVD (and later Blu-ray) where objects or setups that were not visible in the original 4:3 broadcasts were now displayed—such as the scene in the pilot where Wash mimes controlling the ship with a non-existent yoke.", "However, the pilot was rejected by the Fox executives, who felt that it lacked action and that the captain was too \"dour\".", "They also disliked a scene in which the crew backed down to a crime boss, since the scene implied the crew was \"being nothing\".", "Thus, Fox told Whedon on a Friday afternoon that he had to submit a new pilot script on Monday morning or the show would not be picked up.", "Whedon and Tim Minear closeted themselves for the weekend to write what became the new pilot, \"The Train Job\".", "At the direction of Fox, they added \"larger than life\" characters such as the henchman \"Crow\", and the \"hands of blue\" men, who also introduced an \"X-Files\"-type ending.", "For the new pilot, Fox made it clear that they would not air the episodes in the widescreen format.", "Whedon and company felt they had to \"serve two masters\" by filming widescreen for eventual DVD release, but keeping objects in frame so it could still work when aired in pan and scan full frame.", "To obtain an immersive and immediate feel, the episodes were filmed in a documentary style with hand-held cameras, giving them the look of \"found footage\", with deliberately misframed or out-of-focus subjects.", "As Whedon related: \"...don't be arch, don't be sweeping—be found, be rough and tumble and documentary and you-are-there\".", "Computer-generated scenes mimicked the motion of a hand-held camera.", "This style was not used, however, when shooting scenes that involved the central government, the Alliance.", "Tracking and steady cameras were used to show the sterility of this aspect of the \"Firefly\" universe.", "Another style employed was lens flares harking back to 1970s television.", "This style was so desired that the director of photography, David Boyd, sent back the cutting-edge lenses which reduced lens flare in exchange for cheaper ones.", "Unlike most other science fiction shows, which add sound to space scenes for dramatic effect, \"Firefly\" portrays space as silent, because sounds cannot be transmitted in the vacuum of space.", "Production designer Carey Meyer built the ship \"Serenity\" in two parts (one for each level) as a complete set with ceilings and practical lighting installed as part of the set that the cameras could use along with moveable parts.", "The two-part set also allowed the second unit to shoot in one section while the actors and first unit worked undisturbed in the other.", "As Whedon recalled: \"...you could pull it away or move something huge, so that you could get in and around everything.", "That meant the environment worked for us and there weren't a lot of adjustments that needed to be made.\"", "There were other benefits to this set design.", "One was that it allowed the viewers to feel they were really in a ship.", "For Whedon, the design of the ship was crucial in defining the known space for the viewer, and that there were not \"fourteen hundred decks and a holodeck and an all-you-can-eat buffet in the back\".", "He wanted to convey that it was utilitarian and that it was \"beat-up but lived-in and ultimately, it was home\".", "As Joss Whedon discusses in the DVD commentary, each room represented a feeling or character, usually conveyed by the paint color.", "He explains that as you move from the back of the ship in the engine room, toward the front of the ship to the bridge, the colors and mood progress from extremely warm to cooler.", "Besides evoking a mood associated with the character who spends the most time in each area, the color scheme also alludes to the heat generated in the tail of the ship.", "Whedon was also keen on utilizing vertical space; thus, having the crew's quarters accessible by ladder was important.", "Another benefit of the set design was that it also allowed the actors to stay in the moment and interact, without having to stop after each shot and reset up for the next.", "This helped contribute to the documentary style Whedon strove for.", "The set had several influences, including the sliding doors and tiny cubicles reminiscent of Japanese hotels.", "Artist Larry Dixon has noted that the cargo bay walls are \"reminiscent of interlaced, overlapping Asian designs, cleverly reminding us of the American-Chinese Alliance setting while artistically forming a patterned plane for background scale reference\".", "Dixon has also remarked on how the set design contributed to the storytelling through the use of color, depth and composition, lighting, as well as its use of diagonals and patterned shadows.", "Their small budget was another reason to use the ship for much of the storytelling.", "When the characters did go off the ship, the worlds all had Earth atmosphere and coloring because they could not afford to design alien worlds.", "\"I didn't want to go to Yucca Flats every other episode and transform it into Bizarro World by making the sky orange\", recalled Whedon.", "As Meyer recalled: \"I think in the end the feel was that we wound up using a lot of places or exteriors that just felt too Western and we didn't necessarily want to go that way; but at some point, it just became the lesser of two evils—what could we actually create in three days?\"", "Greg Edmonson composed the musical score for the series.", "He stated that he wrote for the emotion of the moment.", "However, one reviewer averred that he also wrote for the characters, stating: \"Edmonson has developed a specialized collection of musical symbolism for the series\".", "To help illustrate the collection, the reviewer gave key leitmotifs, or \"signatures\", various names, noting that \"Serenity\" recalls the theme of the show and is used when they return to the ship, or when they were meeting clandestinely; it was \"the sound of their home\".", "The slide guitar and fiddle used in this piece are portable instruments which fit the lifestyle of the crew: \"the music they make calls up tunes played out in the open, by people who were hundreds of miles away yesterday.", "'Serenity' conjures the nomadic lifestyle the crew leads and underlines the western aspect of the show.\"", "Another emotional signature was \"Sad Violin\".", "It was used at the end of the Battle of Serenity Valley, but also helped set up the joke for when Mal tells Simon that Kaylee is dead in the episode \"Serenity\".", "The most memorable use of \"Sad Violin\", however, is at the end of \"The Message\", when the crew mourned the death of Tracey.", "This was also the last scene of the last episode the actors shot, and so this was seen by them, and Edmonson, as \"Firefly\"'s farewell.", "To denote impending danger, \"Peril\" was used, which is \"a low pulse, like a heartbeat, with deep chimes and low strings\".", "The reviewer also noted character signatures.", "The criminal Niska has his own signature: Eastern European or Middle Eastern melodies over a low drone.", "Simon and River's signature was a piano played sparsely with a violin in the background.", "This is in contrast to the portable instruments of \"Serenity\": the piano is an instrument that cannot be easily moved and evokes the image of \"the distant house and family they both long for\".", "The various signatures were mostly established in the first pilot, \"Serenity\", and helped enhance the narrative.", "Whedon's use of music in his television shows has been regarded as 'filmic', in that he has been argued to use it to remind viewers at 'pivotal moments' of earlier events, resulting in a tighter continuity throughout the season.", "The musical score expressed the cultural fusion depicted in the show.", "Cowboy guitar blended with Asian influence produced the atmospheric background for the series.", "The show's theme song, \"The Ballad of Serenity\", was written by Joss Whedon and performed by Sonny Rhodes.", "Whedon wrote the song before the series was greenlit and a preliminary recording performed by Whedon can be found on the DVD release.", "The soundtrack to the series was released on CD on November 8, 2005, by Varèse Sarabande, although a 40-minute soundtrack was released by Fox Music in September 2005 as a digital EP.", "\"The Ballad of Serenity\" was used by NASA as the wake-up song for astronaut Robert L. Behnken and the other crewmembers of STS-130 on February 12, 2010.", "In casting his nine-member crew, Whedon looked first at the actors and considered their chemistry with others.", "Cast member Sean Maher recalls, \"So then he just sort of put us all together, and I think it was very quick, like right out of the gate, we all instantly bonded\".", "All nine cast members were chosen before filming began.", "However, while filming the original pilot \"Serenity\", Whedon decided that Rebecca Gayheart was unsuitable for the role of Inara Serra, and shot her scenes in singles so that it would be easier to replace her.", "Morena Baccarin auditioned for the role and two days later was on the set in her first television show.", "\"Joss brought me down from the testing room like a proud dad, holding my hand and introducing me,\" Baccarin recalled.", "Whedon approached Nathan Fillion to play the lead role of Malcolm Reynolds; after Whedon explained the premise and showed him the treatment for the pilot, Fillion was eager for the role.", "Fillion was called back several times to read for the part before he was cast.", "He noted that \"it was really thrilling.", "It was my first lead, and I was pretty nervous, but I really wanted that part, and I wanted to tell those stories.\"", "Fillion later said he was \"heartbroken\" when he learned the series had been cancelled.", "Fillion has called his time on \"Firefly\" the best acting job he ever had, and compares every job he has had to it.", "Alan Tudyk applied through a casting office and several months later was called in for an audition, where he met with Whedon.", "He was called back to test with two candidates for the role of Zoe (Wash's wife) and was told that it was down to him and one other candidate.", "The Zoes he tested with were not selected (Gina Torres eventually received the role), and Tudyk was sent home but received a call informing him he had the part anyway.", "His audition tape is included in the special features of the DVD release.", "Gina Torres, a veteran of several science fiction/fantasy works (\"Cleopatra 2525\", \"The Matrix Reloaded\", \"Alias\", \"\"), was at first uninterested in doing another science fiction show but \"was won over by the quality of the source material\".", "As she recalled, \"you had these challenged characters inhabiting a challenging world, and that makes for great storytelling.", "For Adam Baldwin, who grew up watching westerns, the role of Jayne Cobb was particularly resonant.", "Canadian actress Jewel Staite videotaped her audition from Vancouver and was asked to come to Los Angeles to meet Whedon, at which point she was cast for the role of Kaylee Frye, the ship's engineer.", "Sean Maher recalls reading for the part and liking the character of Simon Tam, but that it was Whedon's personality and vision that \"sealed the deal\" for him.", "For the role of Simon's sister, River Tam, Whedon called in Summer Glau for an audition and test the same day.", "Glau had first worked for Whedon in the \"Angel\" episode \"Waiting in the Wings\".", "Two weeks later, Whedon called her to tell her she had the part.", "Veteran television actor Ron Glass has said that until \"Firefly\", he had not experienced or sought a science-fiction or western role, but he fell in love with the pilot script and the character of Shepherd Book.", "Tim Minear was selected by Whedon to be the show runner, who serves as the head writer and production leader.", "According to Whedon \"Minear understood the show as well as any human being, and just brought so much to it that I think of it as though he were always a part of it\".", "Many of the other production staff were selected from people Whedon had worked with in the past, with the exception of the director of photography David Boyd, who was the \"big find\" and who was \"full of joy and energy\".", "The writers were selected after interviews and script samplings.", "Among the writers were José Molina, Ben Edlund, Cheryl Cain, Brett Matthews, Drew Z. Greenberg and Jane Espenson.", "Espenson wrote an essay on the writing process with Mutant Enemy Productions.", "A meeting is held and an idea is floated, generally by Whedon, and the writers brainstorm to develop the central theme of the episode and the character development.", "Next, the writers (except the one working on the previous week's episode) meet in the anteroom to Whedon's office to begin 'breaking' the story into acts and scenes.", "For the team, one of the key components to devising acts is deciding where to break for commercial and ensuring the viewer returns.", "\"Finding these moments in the story help give it shape: think of them as tentpoles that support the structure\".", "For instance, in \"Shindig\", the break for commercial occurs when Malcolm Reynolds is gravely injured and losing the duel.", "\"It does not end when Mal turns the fight around, when he stands victorious over his opponent.", "They're both big moments, but one of them leaves you curious and the other doesn't.\"", "Next, the writers develop the scenes onto a marker-filled whiteboard, featuring \"a brief ordered description of each scene\".", "A writer is selected to create an outline of the episode's concept—occasionally with some dialogue and jokes—in one day.", "The outline is given to showrunner Tim Minear, who revises it within a day.", "The writer uses the revised outline to write the first draft of the script while the other writers work on developing the next.", "This first draft is usually submitted for revision within three to fourteen days; afterward, a second and sometimes third draft is written.", "After all revisions are made, the final draft would be produced as the 'shooting draft'.", "Jill Ohanneson, \"Firefly\"' s original costume designer, brought on Shawna Trpcic as her assistant for the pilot.", "When the show was picked up, Ohanneson was involved in another job and declined \"Firefly\", suggesting Trpcic for the job.", "The costumes were chiefly influenced by World War II, the American Civil War, the American Old West, and 1861 samurai Japan.", "Trpcic used deep reds and oranges for the main cast, to express a feeling of \"home\", and contrasted that with grays and cool blues for the Alliance.", "Since the characters were often getting shot, Trpcic would make up to six versions of the same costume for multiple takes.", "\"Firefly\" consists of a two-hour pilot and thirteen one-hour episodes (with commercials).", "The series originally premiered in the United States on Fox in September 2002.", "The episodes were aired out of the intended order.", "Although Whedon had designed the show to run for seven years, low ratings resulted in cancellation by Fox in December 2002 after only 11 of the 14 completed episodes had aired in the United States.", "The three episodes unaired by Fox eventually debuted in 2003 on the Sci Fi Channel in the United Kingdom.", "Prior to cancellation, some fans, worried about low ratings, formed the \"Firefly\" Immediate Assistance campaign whose goal was to support the production of the show by sending in postcards to Fox.", "After it was canceled, the campaign worked on getting another network such as UPN to pick up the series.", "The campaign was unsuccessful in securing the show's continuation.", "\"The A.V. Club\" cited several actions by the Fox network that contributed to the show's failure, most notably airing the episodes out of sequence, making the plot more difficult to follow.", "For instance, the double episode \"Serenity\" was intended as the premiere, and therefore contained most of the character introductions and back-story.", "However, Fox decided that \"Serenity\" was unsuitable to open the series, and \"The Train Job\" was specifically created to act as a new pilot.", "In addition, \"Firefly\" was promoted as an action-comedy rather than the more serious character study it was intended to be, and the showbiz trade paper \"Variety\" noted Fox's decision to occasionally preempt the show for sporting events.", "Fox remastered the complete series in 1080i high-definition for broadcast on Universal HD, which began in April 2008.", "On March 12, 2009, the series was the winner of the first annual Hulu awards in the category \"Shows We'd Bring Back\".", "The Science Channel began airing the series on March 6, 2011.", "All episodes aired in the intended order, including episodes \"Trash\", \"The Message\" and \"Heart of Gold\", which were not aired in the original Fox series run.", "Along with each episode, Dr. Michio Kaku provided commentary about the real-life science behind the science fiction of the show.", "A box set containing the fourteen completed episodes (including those which had not yet aired in the United States) was released on region 1 DVD on December 9, 2003, region 2 on April 19, 2004, and region 4 on August 2, 2004.", "The box features the episodes in the original order in which the show's producers had intended them to be broadcast, as well as seven episode commentaries, outtakes and other features.", "The DVDs feature the episodes as they were shot in 16:9 widescreen, with anamorphic transfers and Dolby Surround audio.", "By September 2005, its DVD release had sold approximately 500,000 copies.", "The series was re-released on Blu-ray Disc on November 11, 2008, comprising three discs; exclusive extras to the Blu-ray release include extra audio commentary from Joss Whedon, Nathan Fillion, Alan Tudyk and Ron Glass for the episode \"Our Mrs. Reynolds\", as well as an additional featurette, \"\"Firefly\" Reunion: Lunch with Joss, Nathan, Alan and Ron\".", "Many reviews focused on the show's fusion of Wild West and outer space motifs.", "\"TV Guide\"' s Matt Roush, for instance, called the show \"oddball\" and \"offbeat\", and noted how literally the series took the metaphor of space operas as Westerns.", "Roush opined that the shift from space travel to horseback was \"jarring\", but that once he got used to this, he found the characters cleverly conceived, and the writing a crisp balance of action, tension and humor.", "Several reviewers, however, criticized the show's setting; Tim Goodman of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" felt that the melding of the western and science fiction genres was a \"forced hodgepodge of two alarmingly opposite genres just for the sake of being different\" and called the series a \"vast disappointment\", and Carina Chocano of Salon.com said that while the \"space as Wild West\" metaphor is fairly redundant, neither genre connected to the present.", "Emily Nussbaum of the \"New York Times\", reviewing the DVD set, noted that the program featured \"an oddball genre mix that might have doomed it from the beginning: it was a character-rich sci-fi western comedy-drama with existential underpinnings, a hard sell during a season dominated by \"Joe Millionaire\"\".", "The \"Boston Globe\" described \"Firefly\" as a \"wonderful, imaginative mess brimming with possibility\".", "The review further notes the difference between the new series and other programs was that those shows \"burst onto the scene with slick pilots and quickly deteriorate into mediocrity... \"Firefly\" is on the opposite creative journey.\"", "Jason Snell called the show one of the best on television, and one \"with the most potential for future brilliance\".", "Reviewers also compared \"Firefly\" to Whedon's other series, \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\".", "Chocano noted that the series lacks the psychological tension of \"Buffy\", and suggests that this might be attributable to the episodes being aired out of order.", "MSN, on the other hand, pointed out that after viewing the DVD boxed set it was easy to see why the program had attracted many die-hard fans.", "\"All of Whedon's fingerprints are there: the witty dialogue, the quirky premises and dark exploration of human fallacy that made \"Buffy\" brilliant found their way to this space drama\".", "\"Firefly\" generated a loyal base of fans during its three-month original broadcast run on Fox in late 2002.", "These fans, self-styled Browncoats, used online forums to organize and try to save the series from being canceled by Fox only three months after its debut.", "Their efforts included raising money for an ad in \"Variety\" magazine and a postcard writing campaign to UPN.", "While unsuccessful in finding a network that would continue the show, their support led to a release of the series on DVD in December 2003.", "A subsequent fan campaign raised over $14,000 in donations to have a purchased \"Firefly\" DVD set placed aboard 250 U.S. Navy ships by April 2004 for recreational viewing by their crews.", "These and other continuing fan activities eventually persuaded Universal Studios to produce a feature film, \"Serenity\".", "(The title of \"Serenity\" was chosen, according to Whedon, because Fox still owned the rights to the name 'Firefly').", "Numerous early screenings of rough film cuts were held for existing fans starting in May 2005 as an attempt to create a buzz to increase ticket sales when the final film cut was released widely on September 30, 2005.", "The film was not as commercially successful as fans had hoped, opening at number two and making only $40 million worldwide during its initial theatrical release.", "On June 23, 2006, fans organized the first worldwide charity screenings of \"Serenity\" in 47 cities, dubbed as Can't Stop the Serenity or CSTS, an homage to the movie's tagline, \"Can't stop the signal\".", "The event raised over $65,000 for Whedon's favorite charity, Equality Now.", "In 2007, $106,000 was raised; in 2008, $107,219; and in 2009, $137,331.", "In July 2006, a fan-made documentary was released, titled \"Done the Impossible\", and is commercially available.", "The documentary relates the story of the fans and how the show has affected them, and features interviews with Whedon and various cast members.", "Part of the DVD proceeds are donated to Equality Now.", "NASA Browncoat astronaut Steven Swanson took the \"Firefly\" and \"Serenity\" DVDs with him on Space Shuttle Atlantis's STS-117 mission in June 2007.", "The DVDs were added to the media collection on the International Space Station as entertainment for the station's crews.", "A fan-made, not-for-profit, unofficial sequel to \"Serenity\", titled \"Browncoats: Redemption\", premiered at Dragon*Con 2010 on September 4, 2010.", "According to the film's creator and producer, Whedon gave \"his blessing\" to the project.", "The film was sold on DVD and Blu-ray at the film's website, with all proceeds being distributed among five charities.", "The film was also screened at various science-fiction conventions across the United States, with admission receipts similarly being donated.", "All sales ended on September 1, 2011, one year after its premiere, with total revenues exceeding $115,000.", "In 2005, \"New Scientist\" magazine's website held an internet poll to find \"The World's Best Space Sci-Fi Ever\".", "\"Firefly\" came in first place, with its cinematic follow-up \"Serenity\" in second.", "In 2012, \"Entertainment Weekly\" listed the show at No. 11 in the \"25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years,\" commenting, \"as it often does, martyrdom has only enhanced its legend.\"", "Brad Wright, co-creator of \"Stargate SG-1\" has said that the 200th episode of SG-1 is \"a little kiss to \"Serenity\" and \"Firefly\", which was possibly one of the best canceled series in history\".", "In the episode, \"Martin Lloyd has come to the S.G.C. Stargate Command because even though 'Wormhole X-Treme!'", "was canceled after three episodes, it did so well on DVD they're making a feature film\".", "The follow-up film, \"Serenity\", was voted the best science fiction movie of all time in an \"SFX\" magazine poll of 3,000 fans.", "\"Firefly\" was later ranked #25 on \"TV Guide\"' s Top Cult Shows Ever.", "The name for the Google beta app Google Wave was inspired by this TV series.", "In an interview on February 17, 2011, with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Nathan Fillion joked that: \"If I got $300 million from the California Lottery, the first thing I would do is buy the rights to \"Firefly\", make it on my own, and distribute it on the Internet\".", "This quickly gave rise to a fan-run initiative to raising the funds to purchase the rights.", "On March 7, 2011, the organizers announced the closure of the project due to lack of endorsement from the creators, with $1 million pledged at the time it was shut down.", "Joss Whedon, Tim Minear, and cast members Nathan Fillion, Alan Tudyk, Summer Glau, Adam Baldwin and Sean Maher reunited at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con for a 10th anniversary panel.", "Ten thousand people lined up to get into the panel, and the panel ended with the entire crowd giving the cast and crew a standing ovation.", "A tenth anniversary special, \"Browncoats Unite\", was shown on the Science Channel on November 11, 2012.", "The special featured Whedon, Minear, and several of the cast members, in a discussion on the series' history.", "According to \"Reason\"' s Julian Sanchez, \"Firefly\"' s cult following \"seems to include a disproportionate number of libertarians.\"", "The story themes are often cautionary about too-powerful central authority and its capacity to do bad while being considered by the majority as good.", "The characters each exhibit traits that exemplify core libertarian values, such as the right to bear arms (Jayne, Zoe), legal prostitution (Inara), freedom of religion (Book), logic and reasoning (Simon), and anti-conscription (River).", "Joss Whedon notes this theme, saying \"Mal is, if not a Republican, certainly a libertarian, he's certainly a less-government kinda guy.", "He's the opposite of me in many ways.\"", "At the time the series was cancelled by Fox, it averaged 4.7 million viewers and ranked 98th in Nielsen ratings.", "On the CBS sitcom, \"The Big Bang Theory\", Sheldon Cooper is a fan of \"Firefly\".", "When he and Leonard Hofstadter are discussing their roommate agreement, they include a passage in which they dedicate Friday nights to watching \"Firefly\", as Sheldon believes it will last for years.", "Upon its cancellation, he brands Rupert Murdoch, the owner of Fox, a traitor.", "During the second season of \"The Big Bang Theory\", in episode 17 (\"The Terminator Decoupling\"), Summer Glau appears as herself, encountering Sheldon, Leonard, and their friends on a train to San Francisco.", "When Raj tries to hit on her he says that although he is an astrophysicist, she was actually in space during the shooting of Firefly.", "Glau chides him for believing this and Raj backtracks, saying, \"Those are crazy people!\"", "On the NBC comedy \"Community\", the characters Troy and Abed are fans of the show.", "They have an agreement that if one of them dies, the other will stage it to look like a suicide caused by the cancellation of \"Firefly\", in the hopes that it will bring the show back.", "In the 2003 \"Battlestar Galactica\" miniseries/pilot, a ship resembling \"Serenity\" appears in the background of the scene with Laura Roslin (Mary McDonnell).", "\"Serenity\" is one of several spaceships inserted as cameos into digital effects scenes by Zoic Studios, the company responsible for digital effects in both \"Firefly\" and \"Battlestar Galactica\".", "The television series \"Castle\", where Fillion plays the lead character Richard Castle, has made ongoing homages to \"Firefly\".", "Castle has props from \"Firefly\" as decorative items in his home, has dressed up as a \"space cowboy\" for Halloween (\"You wore that five years ago,\" cracked his daughter), speaks Chinese that he learned from \"a TV show he loved\", and has made rapid \"two-by-two\" finger motions while wearing blue surgical gloves.", "He has been humorously asked if he has ever heard of a spa known as \"Serenity\", and \"Firefly\" catchphrases such as \"shiny\", \"special hell\", and \"I was aiming for the head\" have been used as punchlines during various dramatic scenes in \"Castle\".", "He has worked a murder case at a science fiction convention with suspects being the cast of a long-cancelled space opera that only ran for a season, and has had incidental interaction with people portrayed by \"Firefly\" cast members.", "\"Con Man\", a 2015 comedy web series created by Tudyk and co-produced by Fillion, draws on the pair's experiences as cult science fiction actors touring the convention circuit.", "Though it is not autobiographical, the show's fictional \"Spectrum\" echoes \"Firefly\" and Tudyk's and Fillion's roles reflect their own \"Firefly\" roles.", "Staite, Torres and Maher made guest appearances.", "Maher played himself as a former \"Firefly\" actor.", "The popularity of the short-lived series served as the launching point for a media franchise within the \"Firefly\" universe, including the feature film \"Serenity\", which addresses many plot points left unresolved by the series' cancellation.", "Additionally, there are two comic-book mini-series, \"\" (3 issues, 104 pages, 2006), \"\" (3 issues, 80 pages, 2008) and a one-shot hardcover \"Serenity: The Shepherd's Tale\" (56 pages, 2010), along with the one-shots \"Serenity: Downtime and The Other Half\" and \"Serenity: Float Out\" in which Whedon explored plot strands he had intended to explore further in the series.", "The comics are set, in plot terms, between the end of the TV series and the opening of the feature film.", "The two mini-series were later published in collected form as hardcover and paperback graphic novels.", "A six-issue series titled \"Serenity: Leaves on the Wind\" began in January 2014 and the series takes place after the events of the film.", "A six-issue series titled \"Serenity: No Power in the 'Verse\" began in October 2016 and the series is set about 1.5 years after \"Leaves on the Wind\".", "In July 2018, Boom!", "Studios announced that they had acquired the comic book and graphic novel publishing license to \"Firefly\" with plans to release new monthly comic book series, limited series, original graphic novels and more.", "In July 2014, the release of video game \"Firefly Online\" was announced that planned to have the cast reprise their roles." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 45281, "simple_article_title": "Firefly (TV series)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45281", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-45281-0-0", "simple-45281-0-1", "simple-45281-0-2", "simple-45281-0-3", "simple-45281-0-4", "simple-45281-0-5", "simple-45281-0-6", "simple-45281-1-0", "simple-45281-1-1", "simple-45281-1-2", "simple-45281-1-3", "simple-45281-1-4", "simple-45281-1-5", "simple-45281-2-0", "simple-45281-2-1", "simple-45281-2-2", "simple-45281-2-3", "simple-45281-2-4", "simple-45281-2-5", "simple-45281-2-6", "simple-45281-2-7", "simple-45281-2-8", "simple-45281-2-9", "simple-45281-2-10", "simple-45281-3-0", "simple-45281-3-1", "simple-45281-3-2", "simple-45281-3-3", "simple-45281-3-4", "simple-45281-3-5", "simple-45281-4-0", "simple-45281-4-1", "simple-45281-4-2", "simple-45281-4-3", "simple-45281-5-0", "simple-45281-5-1", "simple-45281-5-2", "simple-45281-5-3", "simple-45281-5-4", "simple-45281-5-5", 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science fiction television series.", "It first aired in the United States and Canada on September 20, 2002.", "It is set in the future, but also has many things about it which would be expected in a story of the American Old West.", "This combination of past and future gives a unique science fiction setting for the story.", "It was created by writer and director Joss Whedon, creator of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" and \"Angel\".", "He created it with his production company, Mutant Enemy.", "Whedon was the executive producer, along with Tim Minear.", "\"Firefly\" was first broadcast on the FOX network.", "It was cancelled after only eleven of the fourteen episodes were shown.", "Even though the show did not last long, it sold very well when it was released onto DVD and had great fan support.", "Because of this, Whedon and Universal Pictures made a movie based on the series, titled \"Serenity\".", "The movie was named after the fictional spaceship in the show.", "It won an Emmy in 2003 for \"Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series\".", "The series is set in 2517 AD.", "It follows the adventures of the crew of \"Serenity\", a \"Firefly\"-class spaceship.", "The cast play the nine characters who live on \"Serenity\".", "Whedon described the show as \"nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things\".", "The show looks at the changing lives of people who fought on the losing side of a civil war.", "It also shows the pioneer culture that is on the edges of their star system.", "It is a future where the only two superpowers, the United States and China, joined to create a single government.", "This government was called the \"Alliance\".", "This also caused the two cultures to blend into each other.", "Whedon said that nothing has changed in the future.", "There are more people with better technology, but they still have the same problems politically, morally and ethically.", "Whedon came up with the idea for the show after reading \"The Killer Angels\", a novel about the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War.", "He wanted to follow people who had fought on the losing side of a war.", "He wanted to look at their lives after the war on the edges of civilization.", "It was meant to be the kind of drama with a lot of people trying to figure out their lives in a pioneer environment.", "Whedon wanted to have a show that was about when life was physical and things did not come easy to people.", "Whedon was also very interested in science fiction and wanted to make something for television that was character-driven and dirty.", "For the name of the show, Joss Whedon wanted something that had strength and movement.", "He felt that the word \"firefly\" had both.", "The fact that it was also something small with a powerful name made him like it more.", "From there, he created the ship in the image of a firefly.", "While making the first episode, Whedon was arguing with FOX that the show should be shown in widescreen format.", "Because of this, he filmed scenes with actors on the edge of both sides so that they would have to show it that way.", "However, the pilot was turned down by the FOX executives.", "They thought that it did not have enough action.", "They also did not like the captain.", "FOX told Whedon on a Friday afternoon that he had to make a new script by Monday morning or they would not do it.", "Whedon and Tim Minear spent the weekend writing a new episode, \"The Train Job\".", "In this new episode, the captain was more \"happy\" and they added \"larger than life\" characters.", "These characters were the henchman \"Crow\", and the \"hands of blue\" men, that also introduced a \"X-Files\"-type ending.", "Production designer Carey Meyer built the ship \"Serenity\" in two parts.", "It was built as a complete set.", "It had ceilings and working lights built in as part of the set that the cameras could use.", "It also had movable parts.", "This helped with moving the camera around inside the set.", "There were other good things about this set design.", "One was that it let the people watching feel that they were really in a ship.", "For Whedon, the design of the ship was very important.", "It defined the known space for the viewer.", "He wanted to show that it was simple and that it was \"beat-up but lived-in and ultimately, it was home\".", "Each room had a feel to it, usually shown by the paint color.", "Their small budget was a reason to use the ship for much of telling the story.", "When the characters did go off of the ship, the worlds all had Earth atmosphere and colors.", "They could not afford to build alien worlds.", "The theme song, \"The Ballad of Serenity\", was written by Joss Whedon and performed by Sonny Rhodes.", "Whedon wrote the song before the series was approved by Fox.", "An early recording done by Whedon can be found on the DVD release.", "The soundtrack to the series was released on CD on November 8, 2005 by Varèse Sarabande.", "The musical score matches the blending of cultures in the show.", "Cowboy guitar blended with an Asian feel was the musical background for the series.", "Greg Edmonson wrote the music for the series.", "He said that he wrote for the emotion of the moment.", "In casting his nine-member crew, Whedon looked first at the actor and how they got along with others.", "All nine cast members were chosen before filming began.", "However, while filming the original pilot \"Serenity\", Whedon saw that the actress cast as Inara Serra (Rebecca Gayheart) was not right for the role.Morena Baccarin auditioned for the role and two days later was on the set in her first television show.", "Whedon asked Nathan Fillion to play the lead role of Malcolm Reynolds.", "After telling him the idea for the show and showing him the pilot, Fillion wanted the role.", "Fillion was called back several times to read for the part before he was cast.", "Alan Tudyk auditioned and was told to come back in to test with the possible Zoes (the character's wife).", "It was down to him and one other person.", "The Zoes did not work out and Tudyk was sent home.", "He got a call telling him he had the part anyway.", "Veteran science fiction-fantasy actress Gina Torres (\"The Matrix Reloaded\", \"\") did not at first want to do another science fiction show, but \"was won over by the quality of the source material.\"", "As she recalled, \"So you had these challenged characters inhabiting a challenging world and that makes for great storytelling.", "Adam Baldwin grew up watching westerns.", "The character of Jayne Cobb was a role that was perfect for him.", "Canadian actress Jewel Staite has been an actress since age nine.", "She videotaped her audition from Vancouver.", "she was asked to come to Los Angeles to meet Whedon, where she was cast for the role of Kaylee Frye, the ship's engineer.", "Sean Maher remembers reading for the part and liking the character of Simon Tam.", "He said it was Whedon's personality and vision that \"sealed the deal\" for him.", "For the role of Simon's sister, Whedon called in Summer Glau for an audition and test the same day.", "Glau had first worked for Whedon on an episode of \"Angel\".", "Two weeks later Whedon called her to tell her she had the part.", "This was Glau's first speaking role.", "The veteran television actor Ron Glass (\"Barney Miller\", \"All in the Family\"), has said that until \"Firefly\", he had not thought about a science-fiction western role but he fell in love with the pilot script and the character of Shepherd Book.", "The series takes place in the year 2517, on several planets and moons.", "The television series does not say if these are in one star system.", "The movie \"Serenity\" makes clear that all the planets and moons are in one large system.", "The characters refer to \"Earth-that-was\" and in the movie, it is said that long before the events in the series a large population had left from Earth to a new star system: \"Earth that was could no longer sustain our numbers, we were so many.\"", "The people settled in this new star system, with \"dozens of planets and hundreds of moons.\"", "Many of these were terraformed, a process in which a planet or moon is altered to resemble the Earth.", "The terraforming process was only the first step in making a planet livable.", "Only the most central planets got more treatment.", "This caused many of the border planets and moons to have environments that fit the Western setting.", "The show takes its name from the \"Firefly\"-class spaceship \"Serenity\" that the main characters call home.", "Its tail section lights up during acceleration, looking like the glowing part of a firefly.", "The Alliance is shown to control the star system through an organization of \"core\" planets.", "DVD commentary suggests that two main \"core\" planets make up the Alliance.", "One is mostly Occidental in culture, the other is Asian.", "This explains the series' mixed linguistic and visual themes.", "The central planets are under Alliance control, but the outer planets and moons resemble the 19th century American West, with little government control.", "Settlers people on the outer worlds have relative freedom from the central government.", "The outer areas also have Reavers, a cannibalistic race.", "The captain of the crew of \"Serenity\" is Malcolm \"Mal\" Reynolds (Nathan Fillion).", "The episode \"Serenity\" shows that the captain and his first mate Zoe Washburne (Gina Torres) are veteran \"Browncoats\" of the civil war.", "A later episode, titled \"Out of Gas\", shows that Mal bought the spaceship \"Serenity\" to continue living beyond Alliance control.", "Much of the crew's work is made up of cargo runs or smuggling.", "One of the main story arcs is that of River Tam (Summer Glau) and her brother Simon (Sean Maher).", "River was a child prodigy.", "Her brain was experimented on.", "She seems to have schizophrenia and often hears voices.", "It is later found out that she is a \"reader\", someone with psychic abilities.", "Simon gave up a very good career as a surgeon to save her from the Alliance.", "They join the crew in the original \"Serenity\".", "Because of this rescue, they are both wanted criminals.", "\"Firefly\" takes place in a multi-cultural future.", "Because of this, Mandarin Chinese is a common second language.", "It is used in advertisements, and characters in the show often use Chinese words and curses.", "The show also has slang not used in today's culture.", "There are changes to modern words, or new words (\"shiny\" is a synonym of \"cool\").", "The Japanese katakana and an Old West dialect are also used.", "One of the problems that Whedon had with FOX was the tone of the show, especially with the main character Malcolm Reynolds.", "FOX wanted Whedon to make his character more \"jolly\".", "They felt he was too dark in the original pilot.", "\"Firefly\" had an ensemble cast that played the nine crew members of the ship, \"Serenity\".", "These characters fight criminals, Alliance security forces, the insane Reavers, and the mysterious men with \"hands of blue\" - who seem to work for a secret agency which is part of the huge corporation, The Blue Sun Corporation.", "The crew needs to get enough income to keep their ship working.", "While doing this, they must stay hidden from people looking for them.", "All nine major characters are in every episode, with one exception: Book is absent from \"Ariel\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 63941, "normal_article_title": "Session key", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63941", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-63941-0-0", "normal-63941-0-1", "normal-63941-1-0", "normal-63941-1-1", "normal-63941-2-0", "normal-63941-2-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A session key is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session.", "A closely related term is content encryption key (CEK), traffic encryption key (TEK), or multicast key which refers to any key used to encrypt messages, as opposed to other uses, like encrypting other keys (key encryption key (KEK) or key wrapping key).", "Session keys can introduce complication into a system.", "However, they solve some real problems.", "Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they cannot be predicted by an attacker, usually requiring them to be chosen randomly.", "Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major (and too common in actual practice) design flaw in any crypto system." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 140926, "simple_article_title": "Session key", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140926", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-140926-0-0", "simple-140926-0-1", "simple-140926-0-2", "simple-140926-1-0", "simple-140926-1-1", "simple-140926-2-0", "simple-140926-2-1", "simple-140926-2-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A session key is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session.", "A closely related term is traffic encryption key or TEK, which refers to any symmetric key that is used to encrypt traffic messages.", "Typically TEKs are changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message.", "Session keys introduce complexities in a cryptosystem.", "However, they also help with some real problems, which is why they are used.", "Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they are unpredictable by an attacker.", "In the usual case, this means that they must be chosen randomly.", "Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major drawback in any cryptosystem." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 119557, "normal_article_title": "Skyline, Minnesota", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=119557", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-119557-0-0", "normal-119557-0-1", "normal-119557-0-2", "normal-119557-0-3", "normal-119557-1-0", "normal-119557-1-1", "normal-119557-2-0", "normal-119557-3-0", "normal-119557-4-0", "normal-119557-4-1", "normal-119557-4-2", "normal-119557-4-3", "normal-119557-4-4", "normal-119557-5-0", "normal-119557-5-1", "normal-119557-5-2", "normal-119557-6-0", "normal-119557-6-1", "normal-119557-6-2", "normal-119557-7-0", "normal-119557-7-1", "normal-119557-7-2", "normal-119557-7-3", "normal-119557-7-4", "normal-119557-8-0", "normal-119557-8-1", "normal-119557-8-2", "normal-119557-9-0", "normal-119557-9-1", "normal-119557-9-2", "normal-119557-9-3", "normal-119557-10-0", "normal-119557-10-1", "normal-119557-10-2", "normal-119557-10-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Skyline is a city in Blue Earth County, Minnesota, United States.", "The population was 289 at the 2010 census.", "However, the population was estimated to be 296 in 2018.", "It is adjacent to the city of Mankato and is part of the Mankato–North Mankato Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.17 sqmi , all of it land.", "Its elevation is 980 feet above sea-level.", "Minnesota State Highway 66 serves as a main route for the community.", "U.S. Route 169 / Minnesota State Highway 60 (co-signed) is nearby.", "As of the census of 2010, there were 289 people, 113 households, and 90 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1700.0 PD/sqmi .", "There were 118 housing units at an average density of 694.1 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the city was 98.6% White, 0.3% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 0.3% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.", "There were 113 households of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.5% were married couples living together, 2.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 20.4% were non-families.", "18.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 15% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.78.", "The median age in the city was 52.2 years.", "19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 13.5% were from 25 to 44; 34.7% were from 45 to 64; and 26% were 65 years of age or older.", "The gender makeup of the city was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 330 people, 124 households, and 105 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1,752.5 people per square mile (670.6/km2).", "There were 125 housing units at an average density of 663.8 per square mile (254.0/km2).", "The racial makeup of the city was 97.58% White, 0.91% Native American, 1.21% Asian, and 0.30% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population.", "There were 124 households out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.3% were married couples living together, 2.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.3% were non-families.", "14.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 2.90.", "In the city, the population was spread out with 24.5% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.0% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 44 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $59,583, and the median income for a family was $104,063.", "Males had a median income of $65,625 versus $50,972 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $25,778.", "None of the families and 0.3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 43587086, "normal_article_title": "Magnum Bonum", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43587086", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-43587086-0-0", "normal-43587086-0-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Magnum Bonum was a pop group from Huddinge in Sweden, scoring several chart successes in Sweden during the 1970s and 80's.", "Famous songs are \"Skateboard\" (\"LA Run\"), \"Marie\", \"Lover Boy\", \"Vi vill ha mer\", \"Hög hatt\" and \"Digital panik\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1620, "normal_article_title": "Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1620", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1620-0-0", "normal-1620-0-1", "normal-1620-0-2", "normal-1620-0-3", "normal-1620-0-4", "normal-1620-1-0", "normal-1620-1-1", "normal-1620-1-2", "normal-1620-2-0", "normal-1620-2-1", "normal-1620-2-2", "normal-1620-2-3", "normal-1620-2-4", "normal-1620-2-5", "normal-1620-2-6", "normal-1620-2-7", "normal-1620-2-8", "normal-1620-2-9", "normal-1620-2-10", "normal-1620-2-11", "normal-1620-2-12", "normal-1620-2-13", "normal-1620-2-14", "normal-1620-2-15", "normal-1620-3-0", "normal-1620-3-1", "normal-1620-3-2", "normal-1620-4-0", "normal-1620-4-1", "normal-1620-4-2", "normal-1620-5-0", "normal-1620-5-1", "normal-1620-5-2", "normal-1620-6-0", "normal-1620-6-1", "normal-1620-7-0", "normal-1620-7-1", "normal-1620-7-2", "normal-1620-8-0", "normal-1620-8-1", "normal-1620-8-2", "normal-1620-8-3", "normal-1620-8-4", "normal-1620-8-5", "normal-1620-8-6", "normal-1620-8-7", "normal-1620-9-0", "normal-1620-9-1", "normal-1620-9-2", "normal-1620-9-3", "normal-1620-9-4", "normal-1620-9-5", "normal-1620-10-0", "normal-1620-11-0", "normal-1620-11-1", "normal-1620-11-2", "normal-1620-12-0", "normal-1620-12-1", "normal-1620-12-2", "normal-1620-13-0", "normal-1620-13-1", "normal-1620-13-2", "normal-1620-13-3", "normal-1620-14-0", "normal-1620-14-1", "normal-1620-14-2", "normal-1620-14-3", "normal-1620-14-4", "normal-1620-14-5", "normal-1620-15-0", "normal-1620-16-0", "normal-1620-17-0", "normal-1620-17-1", "normal-1620-18-0", "normal-1620-18-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Alexei Petrovich Romanov (28 February 1690 – 7 July 1718) was a Russian Tsarevich.", "He was born in Moscow, the son of Tsar Peter I and his first wife, Eudoxia Lopukhina.", "Alexei despised his father and repeatedly thwarted Peter's plans to raise him as successor to the throne.", "His brief defection to Austria scandalized the Russian government, leading to harsh repressions against Alexei and his associates.", "Alexei died after interrogation under torture, and his son Peter Alexeyevich became the new heir apparent.", "The young Alexei was brought up by his mother, who fostered an atmosphere of disdain towards his father, the Tsar.", "Alexei's relations with his father suffered from the hatred between his father and his mother, as it was very difficult for him to feel affection for his mother's worst persecutor.", "From the ages of 6 to 9, Alexei was educated by his tutor Vyazemsky, but after the removal of his mother by Peter the Great to the Suzdal Intercession Convent, Alexei was confined to the care of educated foreigners, who taught him history, geography, mathematics and French.", "In 1703, Alexei was ordered to follow the army to the field as a private in a bombardier regiment.", "In 1704, he was present at the capture of Narva.", "At this period, the preceptors of the Tsarevich had the highest opinion of his ability.", "Alexei had strong leanings towards archaeology and ecclesiology.", "However, Peter had wished his son and heir to dedicate himself to the service of new Russia, and demanded from him unceasing labour in order to maintain Russia's new wealth and power.", "Painful relations between father and son, quite apart from the prior personal antipathies, were therefore inevitable.", "It was an additional misfortune for Alexei that his father should have been too busy to attend to him just as he was growing up from boyhood to manhood.", "He was left in the hands of reactionary boyars and priests, who encouraged him to hate his father and wish for the death of the Tsar.", "In 1708 Peter sent Alexei to Smolensk to collect provender and recruits, and after that to Moscow to fortify it against Charles XII of Sweden.", "At the end of 1709, Alexei went to Dresden for one year.", "There, he finished lessons in French, German, mathematics and fortification.", "After his education, Alexei married Princess Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, whose family was connected by marriage to many of the great families of Europe (i.e., Charlotte's sister Elizabeth was married to Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy).", "He met with Princess Charlotte, both were pleased with each other and the marriage went forward.", "In theory, Alexei could have refused the marriage, and he had been encouraged by his father to at least meet his intended.", "\"Why haven't you written to tell me what you thought about her?\"", "wrote Peter in a letter dated 13 August 1710.", "The marriage contract was signed in September.", "The wedding was celebrated at Torgau, Germany, on 14 October 1711 (O.S.).", "One of the terms of the marriage contract agreed to by Alexei was that while any forthcoming children were to be raised in the Orthodox faith, Charlotte herself was allowed to retain her Protestant faith, an agreement opposed by Alexei's followers.", "As for the marriage itself, the first 6 months went well but quickly became a failure within the next 6 months.", "Alexis was drunk constantly and Alexei pronounced his bride \"pock-marked\" and \"too thin\".", "He insisted on separate apartments and ignored her in public.", "Three weeks later, the bridegroom was hurried away by his father to Toruń to superintend the provisioning of the Russian troops in Poland.", "For the next twelve months Alexei was kept constantly on the move.", "His wife joined him at Toruń in December, but in April 1712 a peremptory ukase ordered him off to the army in Pomerania, and in the autumn of the same year he was forced to accompany his father on a tour of inspection through Finland.", "Peter Alexeyevich would succeed as the Emperor Peter II in 1727.", "With his death in 1730, the direct male-line of the House of Romanov became extinct.", "After the birth of Natalia in 1714, Alexei brought his long-time Finnish serf mistress Afrosinia to live in the palace.", "Some historians speculate that it was his conservative powerbase's disapproval of his foreign, non-Orthodox bride, more so than her appearance, that caused Alexei to spurn Charlotte.", "Another influence was Alexander Kikin, a high-placed official who had fallen out with the Tsar and had been deprived of his estates.", "Immediately on his return from Finland, Alexei was dispatched by his father to Staraya Russa and Lake Ladoga to see to the building of new ships.", "This was the last commission entrusted to him, since Peter had not been satisfied with his son's performance and his lack of enthusiasm.", "Nevertheless, Peter made one last effort to \"reclaim\" his son.", "On 22 October 1715 (O.S.), Charlotte died, after giving birth to a son, the grand-duke Peter, the future Emperor Peter II.", "On the day of the funeral, Peter sent Alexei a stern letter, urging him to take interest in the affairs of the state.", "Peter threatened to cut him off if he did not acquiesce in his father's plans.", "Alexei wrote a pitiful reply to his father, offering to renounce the succession in favour of his infant son Peter.", "Peter would agree but on the condition that Alexei remove himself as a dynastic threat and become a monk.", "While Alexei was pondering his options, on 26 August 1716 Peter wrote to Alexei from abroad, urging him, if he desired to remain tsarevich, to join him and the army without delay.", "Rather than face this ordeal, Alexei fled to Vienna and placed himself under the protection of his brother-in-law, the emperor Charles VI, who sent him for safety first to the Tirolean fortress of Ehrenberg (near Reutte), and finally to the castle of Sant'Elmo at Naples.", "He was accompanied throughout his journey by Afrosinia.", "That the emperor sincerely sympathized with Alexei, and suspected Peter of harbouring murderous designs against his son, is plain from his confidential letter to George I of Great Britain, whom he consulted on this delicate affair.", "Peter felt insulted: the flight of the tsarevich to a foreign potentate was a reproach and a scandal, and he had to be recovered and brought back to Russia at all costs.", "This difficult task was accomplished by Count Peter Tolstoi, the most subtle and unscrupulous of Peter's servants.", "Alexei would only consent to return on his father solemnly swearing, that if he came back he should not be punished in the least, but cherished as a son and allowed to live quietly on his estates and marry Afrosinia.", "On 31 January 1718, the tsarevich reached Moscow.", "Peter had already determined to institute a searching inquisition in order to get at the bottom of the mystery of the flight.", "On 18 February a \"confession\" was extorted from Alexei which implicated most of his friends, and he then publicly renounced the succession to the throne in favour of the baby grand-duke Peter Petrovich.", "A brutal reign of terror ensued, in the course of which the ex-tsaritsa Eudoxia was dragged from her monastery and publicly tried for alleged adultery, while all who had in any way befriended Alexei were impaled or broken on the wheel while having their flesh torn with red-hot pincers on their bare backs or bare feet slowly roasted over burning coals, and were otherwise lingeringly done to death.", "Alexei's servants were beheaded or had their tongues cut out.", "All this was done to terrorize the reactionaries and isolate the tsarevich.", "In April 1718 fresh confessions were extorted from, and in regard to, Alexei.", "This included the words of Afrosinia, who had turned state's evidence.", "\"I shall bring back the old people...\" Alexei is reported to have told her, \"...and choose myself new ones according to my will; when I become sovereign I shall live in Moscow and leave Saint Petersburg simply as any other town; I won't launch any ships; I shall maintain troops only for defense, and won't make war on anyone; I shall be content with the old domains.", "In winter I shall live in Moscow, and in summer in Iaroslavl.\"", "Despite this and other hearsay evidence, there were no facts to go upon.", "The worst that could be brought against him was that he had wished his father's death.", "In the eyes of Peter, his son was now a self-convicted and most dangerous traitor, whose life was forfeit.", "But there was no getting over the fact that his father had sworn to pardon him and let him live in peace if he returned to Russia.", "The whole matter was solemnly submitted to a grand council of prelates, senators, ministers and other dignitaries on 13 June 1718 (O.S.).", "The clergy, for their part, declared the Tsarevich Alexei,", "\"...had placed his Confidence in those who loved the ancient Customs, and that he had become acquainted with them by the Discourses they held, wherein they had constantly praised the ancient Manners, and spoke with Distaste of the Novelties his Father had introduced.\"", "Declaring this to be a civil rather than an ecclesiastical matter, the clergy left the matter to the tsar's own decision.", "At noon on 24 June (O.S.), the temporal dignitaries—the 126 members of both the Senate and magistrates that comprised the court—declared Alexei guilty and sentenced him to death.", "But the examination by torture continued, so desperate was Peter to uncover any possible collusion.", "On 19 June (O.S.), the weak and ailing tsarevich received twenty-five strokes with the knout, and then, on 24 June (O.S.), he was subject to fifteen more.", "On 26 June (O.S.), Alexei died in the Peter and Paul fortress in Saint Petersburg, two days after the senate had condemned him to death for conspiring rebellion against his father, and for hoping for the cooperation of the common people and the armed intervention of his brother-in-law, the emperor." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 202406, "simple_article_title": "Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=202406", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-202406-0-0", "simple-202406-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Alexei Petrovich Romanov (28 February O.S. 18 February 1690 – 7 July O.S. 26 June 1718), was a Russian Tsarevich.", "He was born in Moscow, the son of Tsar Peter I and his first wife Eudoxia Lopukhina." ] } }

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for violations of discipline, such as murder, hostage-taking, deadly assault, and rioting.", "However, it is also used as a measure of protection for inmates whose safety is threatened by other inmates.", "Solitary confinement is colloquially referred to in American English as \"the hotbox\", \"the hole\", \"AdSeg\" (administrative segregation), the \"SHU\" (pronounced \"shoe\"), an acronym for \"Special Housing Unit\" or \"Security Housing Unit\"; in Australian English as \"the Slot\" or \"the Pound\"; in British English as \"the block\", \"The Segregation Unit\", or \"the cooler\".", "It has also been called prison \"'segregation' and 'restrictive housing.'\"", "Solitary confinement has received severe criticism for having detrimental psychological effects and, to some and in some cases, constituting torture.", "According to a 2017 review study, \"a robust scientific literature has established the negative psychological effects of solitary confinement\", leading to \"an emerging consensus among correctional as well as professional, mental health, legal, and human rights organizations to drastically limit the use of solitary confinement.\"", "Research surrounding the possible psychological and physiological effects of solitary confinement dates back to the 1830s.", "When the new prison discipline of separate confinement was introduced at the Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia in 1829, commentators attributed the high rates of mental breakdown to the system of isolating prisoners in their cells.", "Charles Dickens, who visited the Philadelphia Penitentiary during his travels to America, described the \"slow and daily tampering with the mysteries of the brain to be immeasurably worse than any torture of the body\".", "Prison records from the Denmark institute in 1870 to 1920 indicate that staff noticed inmates were exhibiting signs of mental illnesses while in isolation, revealing that the persistent problem has been around for decades.", "The first comment by the Supreme Court of the United States about solitary confinement's effect on prisoner mental status was made in 1890 (In re Medley 134 U.S. 160).", "In it the court found that the use of solitary confinement produced reduced mental and physical capabilities.", "The use of solitary confinement in prisons was first introduced to regulate unruly prisoners and keep them away from the rest of the prison society (Haney, Craig; Lynch, Mona).", "However, solitary confinement has been linked to several developments of mental disorders, one of which being Ganser syndrome.", "A man developed Ganser syndrome after being held in solitary confinement for a long-term sentence; however, that development is seen as rare and is unlikely in most cases.", "The effects of solitary confinement on mental health are undeniable.", "According to the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry online, solitary confinement can cause an array of mental disorders, as well as provoke an already existing mental disorder in a prisoner, causing more trauma and symptoms.", "Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment practiced worldwide, but no positive effects of the punishment have been proven (Jaapl).", "Nonetheless, penal confinement involving solitude has been described as having a beneficent effect on anthrophobes.", "The practice is used when a prisoner is considered dangerous to themselves or to others, is suspected of organizing or being engaged in illegal activities outside of the prison, or, as in the case of a prisoner such as a pedophile or witness, is at a high risk of being harmed by another inmate or inmates.", "The latter example is a form of protective custody.", "Solitary confinement is also the norm in supermax prisons where prisoners who are deemed dangerous or of high risk are held.", "It may be hard to determine the number of people currently being held in solitary confinement because some prisons have a hard time defining it.", "However, it is estimated that 80,000 to 100,000 people are currently in solitary confinement.", "The effects of solitary confinement on juveniles can be highly detrimental to their growth.", "The isolation of solitary confinement can cause anguish, provoke serious mental and physical health problems, and work against rehabilitation for juveniles.", "Because young people are still developing, traumatic experiences like solitary confinement may have a profound effect on their chance to rehabilitate and grow.", "Solitary confinement can worsen both short- and long-term psychological and physical problems or make it more likely that such problems will develop.", "The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Human Rights Watch created a report that incorporated the testimony of some juvenile inmates.", "Many interviews described how their placement in solitary confinement exacerbated the stresses of being in jail or prison.", "Many spoke of harming themselves with staples, razors, even plastic eating utensils, having hallucinations, losing touch with reality, and having thoughts of or attempting suicide – all this while having very limited access to health care.", "Juveniles in solitary confinement are routinely denied access to treatment, services, and programming required to meet their medical, psychological, developmental, social, and rehabilitative needs.", "The ACLU and the Human Rights Watch have made recommendations at both a State and Federal level regarding their lack of access to medical services etc.", "As well as severe and damaging psychological effects, solitary confinement manifests physiologically as well.", "Solitary confinement has been reported to cause hypertension, headaches and migraines, profuse sweating, dizziness, and heart palpitations.", "Many inmates also experience extreme weight loss due to digestion complications and abdominal pain.", "Many of these symptoms are due to the intense anxiety and sensory deprivation.", "Inmates can also experience neck and back pain and muscle stiffness due to long periods of little to no physical activity.", "These symptoms often worsen with repeated visit to solitary confinement.", "The UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and other UN bodies have stated that the solitary confinement (physical and social isolation of 22–24 hours per day for 1 day or more) of young people under age 18, for any duration, constitutes cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment.", "In the UK, the state has a duty to “set the highest standards of care” when it limits the liberties of children.", "Many believe, Frances Crook included, that incarceration and solitary confinement are the harshest forms of possible punishments and “should only be taken as a last resort.”", "Additionally, because children are still mentally developing, incarceration should not encourage them to commit more violent crimes.", "The penal system has been cited as failing to protect juveniles in custody.", "In the UK, “twenty-nine children have died in penal custody in 1990.", "Some 41% of the children in custody were officially designated as being vulnerable.”", "This is attributed to the fact that isolation and physical restraint are being used as the first response to punish them for simple rule infractions.", "Moreover, Frances Crook argues that these punitive policies not only violate their basic rights, but also leave the children mentally unstable and left with illnesses that are often ignored.", "Overall, the solitary confinement of youth is considered to be counterproductive because the “restrictive environment...and intense regulation of children” aggravates them, instead of addressing the issue of rehabilitation.", "The penal system in the United States developed under two separate systems known as the Auburn system and Pennsylvania system.", "The current system of solitary confinement was derived originally from the Pennsylvania model which was characterized by \"isolation and seclusion.\"", "Evidence has shown that Quakers and Calvinists supported solitary confinement as an alternative form of punishment.", "At the time it was meant to provide a prisoner with solitude “to reflect on his misdeeds” and restore his relationship with God.", "Solitary confinement was intended as an alternative to public floggings which were common at the time.", "In 1818, New York reformer and Friend, Thomas Eddy, lobbied for inmate labor and solitary confinement in place of other forms of punishment such as hanging.", "Shortly after, New York decided to include solitary confinement and inmate labor into their penal system.", "In the US Federal Prison system, solitary confinement is known as the Special Housing Unit (SHU), pronounced like \"shoe\" .", "California's prison system also uses the abbreviation SHU, but it stands for Security Housing Units.", "In other states, it is known as the Special Management Unit (SMU).", "Current estimates of the number of inmates held in solitary confinement are difficult to determine, though generally the minimum held at any given time has been determined to be 20,000, with estimates as high as 80,000.", "The inmate held in solitary confinement for the longest time in U.S. federal prison was Thomas Silverstein, held in solitary confinement at the ADX Florence federal penitentiary in Colorado.", "Silverstein died in late May of 2019.", "The inmate held in solitary confinement for the longest time in the United States is Albert Woodfox, the last of the Angola Three, in solitary in Louisiana State Penitentiary from 1972 to 2016.", "A May 2013 report on California's Pelican Bay State Prison in \"Mother Jones\" magazine also cites one inmate there who \"recently marked his 40th year in solitary\".", "Juveniles are held in solitary confinement in jails and prisons across the United States, often for days, weeks, months, or even years in order to punish, protect, or house, some of the youth held there.", "There is significant controversy surrounding the use of solitary confinement in cases of juveniles.", "The Troubled Teen Industry is a loosely connected series of for-profit wilderness therapy programs, boot camps, therapeutic boarding schools, and residential treatment centers.", "These facilities house youth after parents sign away custody of their children.", "These children can be sent to these facilities for any reason, without committing a crime, without a trial, and without legal representation.", "Solitary confinement is used widely in these programs, including wilderness programs, where children are left alone for weeks in the wilderness.", "Some programs place children in solitary rooms.", "Other times, \"code silence,\" or \"comm block,\" is used, which means that the child is not allowed to speak, and the other inmates must ignore them and pretend they do not exist.", "This practice was documented at Island View Residential Treatment Center.", "Patients in psychiatric hospitals are often put into solitary confinement, usually for 24 hours at a time, when staff members determine that they are a danger to themselves or others.", "The use of SHUs within the Federal Bureau of Prisons is regulated under 28 C.F.R. 541 .", "When placed in the SHU, prisoners are either in \"administrative detention status\", a non-punitive status which removes prisoners from the general population when necessary to ensure the safety, security, and orderly operation of correctional facilities, or protect the public, or \"disciplinary segregation status\", a punitive status imposed only by a Discipline Hearing Officer (DHO) as a sanction for committing prohibited acts.", "There are more than 100 prohibited acts, all of which may result in solitary confinement, including unauthorized physical contact such as kissing, using abusive or obscene language, feigning illness, circulating a petition, insolence towards a staff member, engaging in or encouraging a group demonstration or protest, and participating in or encouraging a labor strike (also known as a prison strike), gang activity, among others.", "Woodbourne Correctional Facility houses the inmate in with the most time spent in New York state's solitary confinement units.", "Inmate Willie Bosket, now suffering mental and health problems, was confined in Woodbourne Correctional Facility.", "He has been in SHU for over 20 years after violent incidents directed at prison staff.", "Allowed no physical contact with humans, he is watched on camera at all times, takes showers in his cell (the water turns on for 10 minutes every two days) and is fed through a metal slot.", "He is currently serving a sentence of 82 years to life at Five Points Correctional Facility.", "Luis Rosado, known as 'Blue Boy', is another prisoner with a violent history facing indefinite solitary confinement in New York State's Correctional system.", "Pavle Stanimirovic writes about both inmates or as he distinguishes between convict and inmate in a book about his 4 years time in Solitary Confinement and long term keep lock .", "True Crime Author Burl Barer talks about Pavle \"Punch\" Stanimirovic and how it was in SHU with Blue Boy, in Danamora Clinton CF, Upstate NY.", "This is the only known comprehensive first hand account about treatment in Solitary Confinement in the NYSDOCS.", "Solitary confinement is becoming more and more popular throughout the U.S. with some \"supermax\" prisons have nothing but solitary confinement cells.", "\"Some people are held in solitary confinement in special \"supermax\" prisons, such as California's Pelican Bay, Virginia's Red Onion, and the federal government's ADX in Florence, Colorado.", "At least 44 states and the federal system now have supermax prisons, which are generally composed solely of solitary confinement cells.", "Other prisoners live in SHUs, RHUs, and IMUs within ordinary prisons, and even inside local jails.\"", "When California opened its first \"adjustment center\", the goal was to return prisoners to the mainline prison population and ultimately to a society through an enrichment program of psychological and social services.", "However, the plan was never executed.", "In 1983, George Deukmejian was elected as the California governor and during his time, he formed what was then the state's newest prison – a massive, windowless “security housing unit” (SHU).", "SHU was intended to segregate over a thousand prisoners from the rest of the prison system through isolation.", "Deukmejian boasted that the Pelican Bay State Prison was a \"state-of-the-art prison that will serve as a model for the rest of the nation...\".", "The prisoners are kept confined to their cells almost twenty-three hours a day and all forms of human contact through refined locking and monitoring systems are minimized.", "Pelican Bay SHU was one of the first visible “super-maximum security” facilities and thus it attracted lots of media attention.", "Those opposing the conditions of California's “supermax” resulted in the federal court criticizing certain features of the prison but left the basic regimen of segregation and isolation largely intact.", "One of the policies of supermax confinement among other policies is designed to increase punishment by removing gang members from the mainline population and subject them to solitary confinement, whether it is for a set amount of time or an indefinite duration.", "In a recent study, it noted that the California Department of corrections has implemented ways to fix their alleged gang problem, such as using ‘confidential informants,’ segregating gang members, intercepting gang communications, setting up task forces to monitor and track gang members, locking up gang leaders in high security prisons, and ‘locking down’ entire institutions.", "These facilities, supermax prisons, were originally designed to contain and control the worst criminals and those who did not adhere to the rules of prisons, AKA \"the worst of the worst\".", "As of 2001, the count of inmates in administrative segregation in California was 5,982 representing an 80.2% change over time, but this number is not quite correct due to deficient files provided.", "Increasingly, the practice of using solitary confinement long term, instead of the intended three-month period, in the supermax prisons as inmate management has become the norm.", "The selected inmates, who wear jumpsuits that differentiate them from the general population, will spend around 23 hours a day alone in a cell where they are offered very little and fully monitored as is procedure at Pelican Bay State Prison which is one of the largest supermax prisons in the United States.", "In order to be sent to Pelican Bay, the inmate has either committed murder, assault, riots, threatening staff or fellow inmates, and even gang affiliation which must be validated by the prison staff.", "There are 22 SHU units of Pelican Bay which include 132 eight-cell pods that are lit by heavy Plexiglass skylights enclosed by steel cell doors.", "The inmates are provided with a concrete slab as a bed, a toilet, small shelf, and a concrete stool with no windows in an 80 sq. foot space.", "SHU inmates are allotted for an hour and a half of exercise every day where they are taken to a 26 by 20 foot area surrounded by 20 foot high cement walls.", "Only one prisoner from each pod can move at a time and will be placed in waist restraints for any medical/dental appointments to assist in the examination process and may also have leg restraints placed on them before they are able to leave the unit depending on the purpose of the appointment.", "In San Quentin State Prison, the violence rates were still high in the 1980s despite the similar lockdowns and procedures of Pelican Bay because these prisoners use the small windows out of lockdown to either harm themselves or others.", "They typically will try not to harm themselves while in the psychiatric hospital ward either, but they will plan out while in lockdown until they can see their plan through.", "However even as they near their release dates, they are moved to “prerelease programs” out of the SHU which are successful with some prisoners, but it causes most others to become even more uncontrollable and unpredictable due to their mental states that aren’t properly cared for or screened.", "In May 2012, California's prison system faced a lawsuit from the Center for Constitutional Rights and a group of California attorneys for the use of long terms of solitary confinement, some lasting for decades.", "In September 2014, easing some conditions for inmates in near-solitary confinement in California prisons has died in the state legislature.", "The bill was among others supposed to reform Security Housing Units rules to allow the inmates to keep photographs and make a phone call after three months of good behavior was listed as inactive on Friday after a decision on Thursday evening by state Senator Loni Hancock to drop it.", "In 2012, a report was conducted by the Vera Institute of Justice revealed that Maryland's use of restricted housing was twice the national average (8.5% versus an average of 4%).", "Legislation was introduced in in 2015.", "According to a psychiatrist, Dr. Annette Hanson's article, who works with Maryland's Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services (DPSCS), prolonged segregation does not provide deleterious effects on inmates.", "DPSCS also asserted that solitary confinement doesn't exist in their institutions.", "Since the 1980s, the New York City Department of Correction has increased the use of segregation as a discipline and management tool.", "In effect, segregation is a secondary sentence imposed by the correctional facility, which is usually unrelated to the conviction for which the person is incarcerated.", "There are high rates of use of solitary confinement in New York when compared to other U.S. states.", "Within the New York prison system, solitary confinement is frequently imposed for nonviolent, “trivial prisoner offenses.”", "Usually the common misconception is that solitary confinement is a punishment of last resort, reserved for inmates who present a threat of violence or escape.", "Inmates that are released from solitary confinement go through a “transitional unit” but failure in the program results in their return to solitary confinement.", "Overall, most of the inmates fail and return to solitary confinement.", "New York has the highest rate of “disciplinary segregation” in the country, making solitary confinement a regular every day action among the prison.", "Although prisons nationwide have decreased use of solitary confinement, the New York City Department of Correction expanded its capacity by 27 percent in 2011 and another 44 percent in 2012, according to the NYC Jails Action Coalition.", "Although the DOC housed 1,000 more inmates in 1990 than it does today, its jails have more solitary cells now.", "Due to this the city is topping the charts of municipalities with a high rate of solitary confinement.", "On any given day, there are about 4,500 men, women, and children in some form of isolated confinement in New York State prisons.", "This is not including New York City's jails, which are run under a separate system, where those in solitary confinement reach close to 1,000 or more.", "A new bill was introduced by Councilman Danny Dromm would require the Department of Correction to post a monthly report on its website about punitive segregation.", "It would also require data on the number of people in punitive segregation, the length of time in this setting, the nature of the infractions, age, mental health, if they were prescribed medication or moved to a hospital, violence against others and inmate requests.", "Many are supportive of this bill with the goal being to make jail facilities safer for inmates and correction officers.Individuals who are released and experience solitary confinement go back into their communities and reoffend at higher rates than general population prisoners causing them to land back into prison.", "Policy changes that will reduce the use and long-term impact of segregation will benefit not only the staff and prisoners in these units but also ultimately the well-being of facilities, systems, and the community.", "Councilman Dromm also issued a separate resolution seeking to end the practice of the time owed.", "For example, an inmate, because of good behavior or other reasons, might only have served 100 of his or her 180-day sentence in solitary and then was released.", "A few years or even decades later the person is rearrested.", "Under current rules he or she must complete those unserved 80 days in solitary.", "This resolution however is only a request since the Council does not have the authority to make the Department of Correction adhere.", "The New York City Department of Corrections reported that in fiscal year 2012 more than 14.4 percent of all adolescents detained at Rikers Island between the ages of 16 and 18 were held in at least one period of solitary confinement while detained.", "The average length of time young people spent in solitary confinement at Rikers Island was 43 days.", "More than 48 percent of adolescents at this institution have diagnosed mental health problems.", "As violence associated with the crack epidemic became increasingly common, new measures were taken.", "The Red ID card system, instituted in the early 1990s, was a way of identifying inmates with histories of inciting riots, cuttings, stabbings, and other dangerous behaviors.", "It almost always meant the convict had spent time in a notorious ward designated for punitive confinement called \"The Bing\" (HDM 5 Block).", "Prisoners Pavle Stanimirović, James Rosado, Tyrone Green, Pedro Hernandez, Willie Bosket, Hector Rivera, Ángel Díaz, John Maldonado and Dominick Pollatti all spent time in \"The Bing.\"", "The New York City Department of Correction ended punitive segregation for adolescents in December 2014, and ended punitive segregation for young adults, 18 to 21, in October 2016.", "This is partly due to the case of Kalief Browder.", "The European Court of Human Rights has three labels for solitary confinement: complete sensory isolation, total social isolation and relative social isolation.", "European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, or CPT, defines solitary confinement as \"whenever a prisoner is ordered to be held separately from other prisoners, for example, as a result of court decision, as a disciplinary sanction imposed within the prison system, as a preventative administrative measure or for the protection of the prisoner concerned\".", "In Italy, a person sentenced to more than one life sentence is required to serve a period of between 6 months to 3 years in solitary confinement.", "Solitary confinement as a disciplinary measure for prisoners in Europe was largely reduced or eliminated during the twentieth century.", "In 2004, only 40 out of 75,000 inmates held in England and Wales were placed in solitary confinement cells.", "The headquarters for the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN) in Plaza Venezuela, Caracas, have an underground detention facility that has been dubbed \"La Tumba\" (The Tomb).", "The facility is located where the underground parking for the Metro Caracas were to be located.", "The cells are two by three meters that have a cement bed, white walls, security cameras, no windows and barred doors, with each cell aligned next to one another so there are no interactions between prisoners.", "Such conditions have caused prisoners to become very ill, though they are denied medical treatment.", "Bright lights in the cells are kept on so prisoners lose their sense of time, with the only sounds heard being from the nearby Caracas Metro trains.", "Those who visit the prisoners are subjected to strip searches by multiple SEBIN personnel.", "Allegations of torture in La Tumba, specifically white torture, are also common, with some prisoners attempting to commit suicide.", "Such conditions according to NGO Justice and Process are to force prisoners to plead guilty to crimes they are accused of.", "Officially, the purpose of placing prisoners in secure housing units (SHUs) is to increase control over dangerous inmates.", "Some hope the SHU encourages prisoners to reflect on their actions.", "These units are characterized by extreme isolation of prisoners who \"are housed in small cells with solid steel doors...for 22 to 23 hours per day.\"", "Inmates are also deprived of social interaction and denied access to educational or therapeutic programs and health care while being held in SHUs.", "It has been shown that the conditions of these secure housing units have severe mental and psychological effects on prisoners.", "Prisoners in SHUs are isolated for long periods of time.", "Instances of assault and torture against these prisoners in response to trivial things have also been cited.", "Social isolation housing, can reduce environmental stimulation, and causes a feeling of loss of control over all aspects of a prisoner's daily life.", "These environmental stimulations include but aren't limited to hypersensitivity to stimuli, distortions and hallucinations, increased anxiety and nervousness, diminished impulse control, severe and chronic depression, appetite loss and weight loss, heart palpitations, talking to oneself, problems sleeping, nightmares, self-mutilation, difficulties with thinking, concentration, and memory, and lower levels of brain function.", "Researchers at McGill University paid a group of male graduate students to stay in small chambers that were to replicate solitary confinement cells.", "This study was to conduct an experiment on sensory deprivation and how it can cause psychiatric disorders while in solitary confinement as you are deprived of most of your senses in there.", "The plan was to observe these students for six weeks, but none lasted more than seven days.", "The common justification by officials is that prisoners of certain natures deserve to be punished for the threat that they pose to society.", "This can be attributed to the fear of increasing crime rates and therefore, support the government's effort to enforce harsher forms of punishment.", "The most \"notorious example of the extreme social isolation found in supermaximum custody units\" is the SHU at SouthPort NYDOCS Upstate Correctional Facility & Pelican Bay State Prison.", "From studying conditions at Pelican Bay, researchers argue that long-term social isolation \"carries major psychiatric risks.\"", "Prisoners are susceptible to developing mental illnesses because they are confined to coffin-like conditions and denied access to basic health services.", "Illnesses range from anxiety, clinical depression, and self-mutilation to suicidal thoughts and SHU syndrome.", "Yet, it is important to note that the duration of the isolation is the most important factor in determining the effects of solitary confinement.", "Supermax prisons, large-scale implementations of secure housing units, employ solitary confinement to isolate predatory, disorderly inmates from the rest of the prison community.", "Federal Bureau of Prisons create special supermax facilities to contain the most aggressive inmates in a protective effort.", "Kate King, professor and director of Criminal Justice at Murray State University, Benjamin Steiner, professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati, and Stephanie Ritchie Breach, director of the Third District Youth Court, explain how while violence has always been a factor in prison life, the level of aggression is magnified in facilities where all such members of the prison system are concentrated.", "These scholars argue that the violent nature of supermax prisons such as Pelican Bay State Prison are perpetrated by prison culture itself.", "King, Steiner, and Breach question the effectiveness of these institutions and claim the violent reputation of American prisons stems from this departure from the treatment model.", "Supermax prisons are also scrutinized on legal and ethical bases.", "Scholars Jesenia Pizarro and Vanja Stenius note that the overall constitutionality of these prisons are still quite unclear.", "Many argue the conditions in which these inmates live do not meet the standards of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "Shira E. Gordon, a University of Michigan Law Student, argues that solitary confinement leads to an increase in recidivism and violence.", "To substantiate this conclusion, she cites two quantitative research based studies that support this nexus and counters those who argue that solitary confinement deters recidivism.", "Daniel Mears and William Bales “compared recidivism rates by matching...prisoners who were incarcerated in solitary confinement with prisoners who had been in the general prison population.”", "They found that \"24.2 percent of the prisoners held in solitary confinement were reconvicted of a violent crime compared to 20.5 percent of prisoners held in population.\"", "And this behavior may be attributed to the mental illnesses prisoners may develop, as well as the dehumanizing treatment they are subject to.", "According to a March 2014 article in \"American Journal of Public Health\", “Inmates in jails and prisons attempt to harm themselves in many ways, resulting in outcomes ranging from trivial to fatal.\"", "Self-harm is greatly increased among inmates who are in solitary confinement.", "It was seven times higher among the inmates as seven percent of the jail population was confined in isolation and fifty-three percent of all acts of self harm took place there.", "Self-harm included, but was not limited to cutting, banging heads, self-amputations of fingers and/or testicles.", "The challenges rose as these inmates were in bare cells, but it drove these prisoners to jumping off their beds head first into the floor or even biting through their veins in their wrists.", "While some inmates are known to have psychiatric disorders prior to entering the prison, others develop mental disorders as a result of being placed in solitary confinement.", "A main issue within the prison system and solitary confinement is the high number of inmates who turn to self-harm.", "Studies have shown that the longer one stays in the prison, the more at risk he or she is to self-harm.", "One study has shown that “inmates ever assigned to solitary confinement were 3.2 times as likely to commit an act of self-harm per 1000 days at some time during their incarceration as those never assigned to solitary.”", "The study has concluded that there is a direct correlation between inmates who self-harm and inmates that are punished into solitary confinement.", "Many of the inmates look to self-harm as a way to “avoid the rigors of solitary confinement.”", "Mental health professionals ran a series of tests that ultimately concluded that “self-harm and potentially fatal self-harm associated with solitary confinement was higher independent of mental illness status and age group.”", "Physicians have concluded that for those inmates who enter the prison already diagnosed with a mental illness, the punishment of solitary confinement is extremely dangerous in that the inmates are more susceptible to exacerbating the symptoms.", "Professional organizations, like the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC), the American College of Correctional Physicians, and American Psychiatric Association (APA), work to improve the mental health services, however, the systems within the prisons \"remain woefully inadequate.\"", "\"Psychological effects can include anxiety, depression, anger, cognitive disturbances, perceptual distortions, obsessive thoughts, paranoia, and psychosis.\"", "These studies suggest that a main issue with isolating prisoners who are known to have mental illnesses is that it prevents the inmates from ever possibly recovering.", "Instead, many \"mentally ill prisoners decompensate in isolation, requiring crisis care or psychiatric hospitalization.\"", "It is also noted that if a prisoner is restrained from interacting with the individuals they wish to have contact with they exhibit similar effects.", "Suicide is often seen as a means to escape from solitary confinement, especially amongst those who deal with deeper mental illnesses like depression.", "Depression is one of the most common reasons why inmates often kill themselves.", "Solitary confinement has been said to increase symptoms of those with mental health issues.", "\"Prisoner mental health is becoming increasingly important,\" and has caught the attention of the World Health Organization, which aims to reduce the \"effects of imprisonment on mental health.\"", "One study focused on the \"prison environment rather than on individual factors.\"", "The study tested two time periods, short-term and long-term, that evaluated the \"mental state changes in response to changes in the environment or prison setting.\"", "It ultimately concluded that solitary confinement was \"associated with negative effects on mental health.\"", "Segregation, though similar to solitary confinement, could not be proven to have lasting negative effects on inmates, although those who were segregated had worse mental health than those who were not segregated.", "The study also concluded that crowding had its own problems, as \"increased levels of social density had negative effects on the mental health of inmates.\"", "Some sociologists argue that prisons create a unique social environment that do not allow inmates to create strong social ties outside or inside of prison life.", "Men are more likely to become frustrated, and therefore more mentally unstable when keeping up with family outside of prisons.", "Extreme forms of solitary confinement and isolation can affect the larger society as a whole.", "The resocialization of newly released inmates who spent an unreasonable amount of time in solitary confinement and thus suffer from serious mental illnesses is a huge dilemma for society to face.", "The effects of isolation unfortunately do not stop once the inmate has been released.", "After release from segregated housing, psychological effects have the ability to sabotage a prisoner's potential to successfully return to the community and adjust back to ‘normal’ life.", "The inmates are often startled easily, and avoid crowds and public places.", "They seek out confined small spaces because the public areas overwhelm their sensory stimulation.", "In 2002, the Commission on Safety and Abuse in America, chaired by John Joseph Gibbons and Nicholas Katzenbach found that: \"The increasing use of high-security segregation is counter-productive, often causing violence inside facilities and contributing to recidivism after release.\"", "Solitary confinement has been traditionally used as a behavioral reform of isolating prisoners physically, emotionally and mentally in order to control and change inmate behavior.", "Recently arrived inmates are more likely to violate prison rules than their inmate counterparts and thus are more likely to be put in solitary confinement.", "Additionally, individual attributes and environmental factors combine to increase an inmate's likelihood of being put into solitary confinement.", "Solitary confinement is considered to be a form of psychological torture with measurable long-term physiological effects when the period of confinement is longer than a few weeks or is continued indefinitely.", "According to a law review article by Elizabeth Vasiliades, America's detention system is far below the basic minimum standards for treatment of prisoners under international law and has caused an international human rights concern: \"U.S. solitary confinement practices contravene international treaty law, violate established international norms, and do not represent sound foreign policy.\"", "The documented psychological effects led one judge in a 2001 suit to rule that \"Solitary confinement units are virtual incubators of psychoses—seeding illness in otherwise healthy inmates and exacerbating illness in those already suffering from mental infirmities.\"", "In fact, as of 2016, there have been thirty-five U.S. Supreme Court cases petitioning solitary confinement.", "In October 2011, UN Special Rapporteur on torture, Juan E. Méndez, told the General Assembly's third committee, which deals with social, humanitarian, and cultural affairs, that the practice could amount to torture.", "“Considering the severe mental pain or suffering solitary confinement may cause, it can amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment when used as a punishment, during pre-trial detention, indefinitely or for a prolonged period, for persons with mental disabilities or juveniles,” he warned.", "the United Nations Committee Against Torture noted that full isolation for 22–23 hours a day in super-maximum security prisons is unacceptable.", "The United Nations have also banned the use of solitary confinement for longer than 15 days.", "Misuse of solitary confinement has been widely controversial.", "In immigration detention centers, reports have surfaced concerning its use against detainees in order to keep those knowledgeable about their rights away from other detainees.", "In the prison-industrial complex itself, reports of solitary confinement as punishment in work labor prisons have also summoned much criticism.", "One issue prison reform activists have fought against is the use of Security Housing Units (extreme forms of solitary confinement).", "They argue that they do not rehabilitate inmates but rather serve only to cause inmates psychological harm.", "Further reports of placing prisoners into solitary confinement based on sexual orientation, race and religion have been an ongoing but very contentious subject in the last century.", "Opponents of solitary confinement hold that it is a form of cruel and unusual punishment and torture because the lack of human contact, and the sensory deprivation that often go with solitary confinement, can have a severe negative impact on a prisoner's mental state that may lead to certain mental illnesses such as depression, permanent or semi-permanent changes to brain physiology, an existential crisis, and death.", "Research has shown that the routine features of prison can make huge demands on limited coping resources.", "After prison many ex-convicts with mental illness do not receive adequate treatment for their mental health issues, because health services turn them away.", "This is caused by restrictive policies or lack of resources for treating the formerly incarcerated individual.", "In a study focusing on women and adolescent men, those who had health insurance, received mental health services, or had a job were less likely to return to jail.", "However, very few of the 1,000 individuals in this study received support from mental health services.", "Treating mentally ill patients by sentencing them into solitary confinement has captured the attention of human rights experts who conclude that “solitary confinement may amount to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment” that violates rights specifically targeting cruel, inhuman treatment.", "Health care professionals and organizations recognize the fact that solitary confinement is not ethical, yet the segregating treatment fails to come to a halt.", "“Experience demonstrates that prisons can operate safely and securely without putting inmates with mental illness in typical conditions of segregation.”", "Despite this and medical professionals’ obligations, segregation policies have not changed because mental health clinics believe that “isolation is necessary for security reasons.”", "In fact, many believe that it is ethical for physicians to help those in confinement but that the physicians should also be trying to stop the abuse.", "If they cannot do so they are expected to undertake public advocacy.", "The legality of solitary confinement has been frequently challenged over the past sixty years as conceptions surrounding the practice have changed.", "Much of the legal discussion concerning solitary confinement has centered on whether or not it constitutes torture or cruel and unusual punishment.", "While international law has generally begun to discourage solitary confinement's use in penal institutions, opponents of solitary confinement have been less successful at challenging it within the United States legal system.", "Throughout the twentieth century, the United Nations' stance on solitary confinement has become increasingly oppositional.", "International law has reflected this change, and UN monitoring has led to a major reduction of solitary confinement.", "In 1949, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly.", "Although the Declaration is non-binding, the basic human rights outlined within it have served as the foundation of customary international law.", "The relevance of the Declaration to solitary confinement is found in Article 5, which states that “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.\"", "Thus, if solitary confinement is believed to constitute torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, then the country practicing solitary confinement is violating the provisions set by the UDHR.", "The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), effective 1976, reiterates the fifth article of the UDHR; Article 7 of the ICCPR identically states, “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.\"", "Because the ICCPR is a legally binding agreement, any nation that is signatory to the covenant would be violating international law if it practiced torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.", "At the time that the UDHR and ICCPR were adopted, solitary confinement was not yet believed to constitute torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.", "Its practice, therefore, was not believed to violate international law.", "This changed, however, after the UN definition of torture was outlined in detail in the 1984 Convention Against Torture (CAT); Article 1.1 of the CAT states that torture is \"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person\" for any reason such as obtaining information or punishment, and Article 16 of the same convention prohibits \"other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment\".", "Based on these provisions, many members of the UN began to believe that solitary confinement's detrimental psychological effects could, indeed, constitute cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, if not, torture.", "In the years following the CAT, UN representatives \"have publicly decried the use of solitary confinement as a violation of the CAT and ICCPR,\" as well as the UDHR.", "In more recent years, UN representatives have strengthened their efforts to stop solitary confinement from being used worldwide.", "The urgency with which representatives have undertaken these efforts is largely due to the UN Special Rapporteurs on Torture, Manfred Nowak and Juan Méndez.", "Nowak and Méndez have both \"repeatedly unequivocally stated that prolonged solitary confinement is cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and may amount to torture\".", "Nowak and Méndez have been especially critical of long-term or prolonged solitary confinement, which they define as lasting fifteen days or more.", "Their authority and explicit characterization of solitary confinement as cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment has led the UN to include long-term to indefinite solitary confinement in the group of practices that violate the provisions outlined in the UDHR, ICCPR, and CAT.", "Solitary confinement lasting for a short period of time, however, is allowed under international law when used as a last resort, though Nowak, Mendez, and many other UN representatives believe that the practice should be abolished altogether.", "In the U.S., opponents of solitary confinement have argued (with varying success) that the practice violates prisoners’ Constitutional rights.", "Despite the long history of litigation over the practice, the Supreme Court has yet to definitively state whether or not solitary confinement is unconstitutional.", "The Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of long-term solitary confinement only once in the ‘‘Wilkinson v. Austin'’ case.", "In contrast to the Supreme Court's inaction, lower courts of the U.S. have imposed constitutional limitations on the use of solitary confinement.", "Despite such limitations, the federal courts have refused to find that solitary confinement is per se unconstitutional.", "The U.S. has also effectively “insulated itself from any official sanction for international violations by not submitting to the jurisdiction” of committees that enforce the ICCPR or CAT.", "Beginning August 1, 2020, the state of New Jersey will limit solitary confinement to 20 consecutive days and a total of 30 days during a 60-day period.", "The Isolated Confinement Restriction Act (A314/S3261) was signed by Gov. Phil Murphy on July 11, 2019.", "Since solitary confinement has been designated as “cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment” under international law, many lawyers have argued that it is also the kind of “cruel and unusual punishments” prohibited by the Eighth Amendment.", "Proving this to be the case, however, has been a difficult task for attorneys at every level of the court system.", "The lack of clarity of the Eighth Amendment has raised questions with the use of solitary confinement that specifically constitutes “cruel and unusual punishment.”", "In light of the serious, long-lasting psychological effects solitary confinement can have, inmates have argued that the mental injuries they suffer qualify as “cruel and unusual punishment.”", "Prison officials contend that placing inmates in prolonged solitary confinement is necessary for various reasons.", "Some of these reasons include separating violent prisoners from the general population, separating vulnerable inmates (such as juveniles) from others, and punishing those prisoners who attempt to cause riots or try to escape.", "Prisoners argue, however, that the nature of these kinds of offenses does not justify the use of solitary confinement; in their eyes “there is simply no strong security need for the total social isolation that exists at some supermax prisons”.", "A large portion of the court cases addressing solitary confinement have approached the practice as a violation of Eighth Amendment rights.", "Courts have generally agreed that solitary confinement is, indeed, a violation of the Eighth Amendment for inmates with preexisting mental illness or juveniles.", "However, the Supreme Court concluded that “while there was a risk of serious psychological injury to inmates, that risk was not of ‘sufficiently serious magnitude’ to find a ‘per se’ violation of the Eighth Amendment for ‘‘all’’ prisoners placed in long-term solitary confinement”.", "Despite recognition of the negative consequences of forced isolation in prisons, the excessive practice of solitary confinement remains constitutional in the United States.", "Showing that solitary confinement constitutes cruel and unusual punishment has proven difficult for inmates and their attorneys.", "The Supreme Court requires ‘extreme deprivations’ in order to have merits for a ‘conditions-of-confinement claim’ and courts have also held that inmates are only protected against “certain kinds of extreme deprivations” by the Eighth Amendment.", "In ‘‘Farmer v. Brennan’’, the Supreme Court set two requirements that must be fulfilled in order to challenge solitary confinement as “cruel and unusual”.", "First, prisoners must show that a “substantial risk of serious harm to inmates” and second, that the prison officials were “deliberately indifferent” to such risk.", "To prove a prison official's “deliberate indifference,” the prisoner must “show evidence that the official was ‘actually’ aware of a prisoner's serious need and chose to ignore it”.", "Since the psychological impact of solitary confinement is not believed to be “objectively” cruel and unusual within the U.S. legal system, and because it is difficult to establish that prison officials are “indifferent” to prisoner health and safety, inmates and attorneys alleging these two requirements have faced limited success.", "The Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) further complicates inmates’ ability to claim that solitary confinement's psychological damage constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.", "Section 1997e(e) of the PLRA states that", "Litigating against solitary confinement on the basis of the Fourteenth Amendment and due process is another less common strategy inmates have used.", "The Fourteenth Amendment limits the “types of prisoners” that can be placed in solitary confinement and the time the prisoners can be confined.", "The due process clause within the Fourteenth Amendment also regulates solitary confinement in that prisoners must be given reviews before and during their placement in solitary confinement.", "Court cases made on these bases do not necessarily address any “underlying problems” of solitary confinement, but they do call for increased monitoring, hearing, and reviews.", "Inmates who are placed in solitary confinement “must be accorded meaningful periodic review to ensure that segregation solitary confinement is not a ‘pretext for indefinite confinement’”.", "As Jules Lobel, professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, explains,", "In \"Wilkinson v. Austin\", the Supreme Court held that, in addition to the due process right to meaningful review, prisoners also have a due process right to “a statement of the reasons why they were placed or retained at the supermax” so they can better understand how to behave in the future in order to be released from solitary confinement.", "Lobel argues that this “implies that the officials must provide something more than a general statement that the prisoner is very dangerous”.", "According to Lobel this is not what usually happens at supermax facilities, so the inmates’ due process rights are violated in this way as well.", "In recent circuit court cases, courts have ruled that solitary confinement of 305 days or more constitutes an “atypical and significant hardship” that implicates due process.", "Recognizing that the amount of proof needed to show that solitary confinement violates prisoners’ rights “is simply too high to trigger constitutional protections,” attorneys have started to approach solitary confinement from a different angle.", "John F. Cockrell, a recent graduate from the University of Alabama School of Law, suggests that those who challenge solitary confinement do so in context of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA).", "In the past few years, several internal committees and administrative bodies involved in the United States prison and legal systems have also begun to question solitary confinement's legality.", "In June 2012, for example, the US Senate Judiciary Committee held its first hearing on solitary confinement.", "Likewise, as of 2013, the US Bureau of Prisons has announced that it will conduct its first review of how solitary confinement is used in federal prisons.", "Additionally, the US Department of Justice found multiple violations of the Constitution and ADA after investigating the use of solitary confinement for mentally ill inmates in two Pennsylvania prisons.", "The US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) has also revised segregation procedures for detainees.", "Studies have illustrated that mentally ill inmates and juveniles are two groups more severely affected by solitary confinement than other prisoners.", "As such, the solitary confinement of mentally ill inmates and juveniles has been upheld as cruel and unusual in both international and US courts.", "The UN has “expressly prohibited solitary confinement of juveniles and individuals with mental illness”.", "The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Convention on the Rights of the Child have played major roles in establishing the UN's position on solitary confinement of mentally ill inmates and juveniles respectively.", "Within the US legal system, too, courts have held that the solitary confinement of the mentally ill is “cruel and unusual”.", "In fact, David Fathi, Director of the ACLU's National Prison Project, found that “every federal court that has considered claims by severely mentally ill prisoners held in solitary confinement has found this treatment unconstitutional”.", "These court rulings are significant in light of the fact that more than half of the prisoners currently serving jail time in the US are mentally ill according to the US Bureau of Prisons.", "Furthermore, approximately 30% or more of prisoners in solitary confinement are mentally ill.", "These rulings have the potential to dramatically change how prisons deal with mentally ill inmates, as prison officials would no longer be able to “warehouse” “difficult” prisoners if they have a preexisting mental illness.", "It should be noted, however, that these rulings do not guarantee that the mentally ill will not be put in solitary confinement; while they are considered a vulnerable group, these prisoners still have “limited” recourse to the Eighth Amendment.", "One landmark case, \"Madrid v. Gomez\", challenged the conditions of the Security Housing Unit (SHU) in the Pelican Bay State Prison.", "The court ruled that the current conditions were not “per se violative of the Eighth Amendment” with respect to all inmates.", "However, in regard to SHU's isolation of the mentally ill and the conditions of their solitary confinement, the court found that the prison had violated the Eighth Amendment.", "Despite it being a landmark case, the rulings of the case have yet to set a trend among cases against other prison systems because SHU's conditions were known to be more extreme and harsh than other supermax prisons.", "Juveniles who are charged as adults and placed in adult prisons are usually put in protective custody, and often the conditions of protective custody are similar to those of solitary confinement.", "Juvenile justice experts, social scientists, and national correctional standards all agree that solitary confinement is an “ineffective therapeutic tool” that is detrimental to juveniles who are still in an “uncertain, unformed state of social identity”.", "Given that they are developing mentally and physically, some experts have suggested that “they are severely and permanently damaged by such conditions to a greater extent than adults”.", "The use of long-term solitary confinement, along with other grievances, has triggered organized resistance from prisoners and advocacy groups in the United States.", "Prisoners in California and elsewhere have launched hunger strikes, citing cruel and unusual uses of solitary confinement as a major reason.", "Hundreds of prisoners in the United States, acting through the Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law, have in 2012 filed a petition against solitary confinement at the United Nations.", "The petition alleges that solitary confinement constitutes torture and should be addressed by the international community.", "The 2013 California prisoner hunger strike saw approximately 29,000 prisoners protesting conditions.", "This statewide hunger strike reaching 2/3 of California's prisons began with the organizing of inmates at Pelican Bay State Prison.", "On 11 July 2011, prisoners at Pelican Bay State Prison began a hunger strike to “protest torturous conditions in the Security Housing Unit (SHU) there”...and to advocate for procedural and policy changes like the termination of the “debriefing process” which forces prisoners “to name themselves or others as gang members as a condition of access to food or release from isolation”.", "Nearly 7,000 inmates throughout the California prison system stood in solidarity with these Pelican State Bay prisoners in 2011 by also refusing their food.", "Also in solidarity with the 2011 Pelican Bay prisoners on strike is the Bay Area coalition of grassroots organizations known as the Prisoner Hunger Strike Solidarity coalition.", "This coalition has aided the prisoners in their strike by providing a legal support force for their negotiations with the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and by creating and running a media based platform to raise support and awareness for the strikers and their demands among the general public.", "The CDCR's failure to meet the demands of the Pelican State Bay Prison hunger strikers in 2011 resulted in the aforementioned 2013 California prisoner hunger strike.", "Similar to the Pelican Bay State Prison hunger strike is the organizing of January 2011 in the supermax Ohio State Penitentiary, where prisoners Bomani Shakur, Siddique Abdullah Hasan, Jason Robb, and Namir Abdul Mateen began a hunger strike “to protest what they call their harsh mistreatment under solitary confinement”.", "These prisoners decided to start rejecting their meals until they could be relocated from solitary confinement to death row where their treatment as prisoners would improve.", "Another example took place in Fall of 2010, when prisoners throughout Georgia's prison system organized a strike in opposition to violations of the US Constitution 8th amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment for minute infractions of rules.", "Inmates throughout the state, in facilities like Rogers State Prison and Hays State Prison engaged in a “self-imposed lockdown” to incite action from the Georgia Department of Corrections in meeting their demands.", "Similar to other prison strikes demanding systemic change in the policing and policies of prisons like the Pelican State Bay hunger strike, this self-imposed lockdown strike has reached “across multiple facilities and across racial and factional lines”.", "Solitary confinement has served as a site of inspiration for protest-organizing against its use in and outside of prisons and conversely, as a response tactic for prisons to react to the protest-organizing of its prisoners.", "In March 2014, authorities at the Northwest Detention Center in Washington relegated multiple detainees to solitary confinement units after their participation in protests for the improvement of conditions within the facility and in solidarity with activist organizing against deportation escalations outside of the facility.", "Organizing against the use of solitary confinement isn't limited to the work of prisoners subject to or at risk for this treatment.", "Community organizing outside of prisons has also occurred to shed light on the use of solitary confinement in prisons and work towards its abolition or highly refined use.", "Free and accessible journals like “Turning the Tide: Journal of Anti-Racist Action, Research, & Education” and web-based projects like Solitary Watch and the Prisoner Hunger Strike Solidarity Coalition website also work to disseminate information about the use of solitary confinement in prisons and support actions to bring about the end of this practice in prisons.", "Dr. Eisenman, an Art History professor and activist, who is involved in many “stop max” movements centered in Illinois, studies solitary confinement and explains its eventual decline.", "Since the 1800s solitary confinement was practiced in the penitentiary systems and its implementation and popularity at various prisons grew throughout the centuries.", "The practice of solitary confinement grew partly because of stigmatizing language used to refer to certain prisoners like ‘the worst of the worst,’ which became a form of “self-justifying the logic of torture”.", "Yet, as the use of solitary confinement progressed, public discourse around solitary confinement transitioned from a legitimate form of punishment to torture.", "Because many prisoners in solitary confinement suffered severe mental and physical illnesses, Eisenman describes that by the end of the nineteenth century “prisoner isolation and sensory deprivation were widely understood to be forms of torture”.", "Therefore, human rights groups condemned the use of solitary confinement or ‘supermax’ systems, and national and local ‘stop max’ movements have initiated in America and worldwide to stop the use of solitary confinement.", "Scrutiny of super-maximum security prisons and the institutionalization of solitary confinement is accompanied by suggestions for alternative methods.", "One alternative is to administer medical treatment for disorderly inmates who display signs of mental illness.", "The Correction Department of New York City implemented plans to transfer mentally ill inmates to an internal facility for further help rather than solitary confinement in 2013.", "Dora B. Schriro, correction commissioner, said that treatment would help turn a “one size fits all” policy into a program to promote success in jail and the outside world.", "A second alternative is to deal with long-term inmates by promoting familial and social relationships through the encouragement of visitations which may help boost morale.", "Carl Kummerlowe believes that familial counseling and support may be useful for inmates nearing the end of a long-term sentence that may otherwise exhibit signs of aggression.", "This alternative would help inmates cope with extreme long term sentences in prisons such as those harbored in Pelican Bay.", "A third alternative would involve regular reevaluation and accelerated transition of isolated inmates back to prison population to help curb long-term effects of solitary confinement.", "These alternative methods suggest a more restorative justice approach to handling high-security offenders.", "Many states such as Colorado, Mississippi, and Maine have implemented plans to reduce use of supermax prisons and solitary confinement and have begun to show signs of reform.", "Joseph Ponte, Corrections Commissioner of Maine, cut supermax prison population by half.", "Colorado has announced reforms to limit the use of solitary confinement in prisons following a study that showed significant levels of confinement and isolation in prisons.", "Washington has also showed signs of decreased use of solitary confinement, low segregation of overall prison population, and emphasis on alternative methods.", "There have been studies that have shown no difference between inmates in solitary confinement and those in normal lockup.", "For example, \"Effect of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners\" examines a study that compared twenty prison inmates that were put into isolation to twenty inmates from general population that were used as the controls.", "The subjects were tested immediately before and after being put into isolation and the results showed that although there was a slight difference in subjective feelings, there were no mental or psychomotor changes.", "\"Effect of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners\" argues that the negative effects of solitary have often been overemphasized and that the reason these negative findings are often reported is due to the characteristic difference between those who end up in solitary confinement and those who do not.", "\"Reactions and Attributes of Prisoners in Solitary Confinement,\" analyzes multiple studies conducted at different prisons throughout the United States.", "There was no difference found in the stress levels between the inmates inside of solitary confinement and those in general lockup according to this study.", "Interviews were conducted that showed that inmates had a fear of the mental effects that solitary confinement would have, but that mental harm rarely occurred.", "There was also no significant difference between the results of the CPI Scale between the control and the experimental group according to \"Reactions and Attributes of Prisoners in Solitary Confinement.\"", "This article proposes the idea that some inmates have inherent characteristics that allow them to better adapt to solitary confinement while others do not, similar to the ability to adapt to any new environment.", "Furthermore, it showed that the majority of inmates adapted to solitary confinement within a few days finding ways to pass time such as sleeping, thinking about the future, and exercising.", "This article argues that this study gives a better representation of the effects of solitary confinement as it claims the participants are average inmates in traditional solitary confinement conditions, rather than controlled experimental conditions.", "The conclusions drawn from this study include the argument of consistency; that in order to prove that solitary confinement is harmful to inmates, there needs to be some sort of consistent negative result and their findings do not match this.", "It should be emphasized that these studies were conducted in 1963 and 1982, respectively.", "Proponents of solitary confinement propound that solitary confinement can improve the safety of inmates and prison staff.", "Earlier justifications for solitary confinement in the mid 20th century included protection for a prisoner whose sexual orientation, religion, or race were far too different and seen as vulnerable to attack from fellow inmates.", "Maintaining a sense of order is the main job of correctional officers, and having solitary confinement gives them a resource to control and punish offensive or prohibited behaviors of inmates.", "This also allows for solitary confinement to act as a deterrent to incarcerated people as they may want to avoid acting out in order to not end up in isolation.", "Critically, penitentiaries were created and named under the root word \"penitence\", and giving prisoners a space where they are forced to be alone with their thoughts is seen as a way to reform their character and promote their penitence.", "While studies have shown the effects of solitary confinement to be detrimental to all inmates, solitary confinement of women has particular consequences for women that may differ from the way it affects men.", "Solitary confinement rates for women in the United States are roughly comparable to those for men and about 20% of prisoners will be in solitary confinement at some point during their prison career.", "According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ report from 2011-2012, about 20% of female prison inmates and 17% of female jail inmates spent some time in solitary confinement during that year, numbers which are comparable to rates for men.", "Solitary confinement is allegedly used to prevent violence within the prison population, and is becoming more common with the prison industrial complex and the rise in incarceration rates.", "In most prisons, inmates that are put into solitary confinement fall into one of three categories: disciplinary segregation, voluntary administrative segregation, and involuntary administrative segregation.", "Disciplinary segregation is used as a punishment, while administrative segregation is a preventative measure intended to protect either the inmate being isolated or the other inmates.", "While segregation as a disciplinary measure or a precaution that protects other inmates is allegedly reserved for offenders who have committed violent acts while in prison, women in particular are often put into solitary for much smaller offenses, such as throwing things or talking back to guards.", "It is also often used against women who complain of sexual assault from prison guards or other inmates.", "Once they are in solitary confinement, women are often monitored more closely and disciplined more harshly than men are.", "An offender who has committed a “serious disciplinary offense” may be put in solitary confinement as a punitive measure.", "Inmates put into disciplinary segregation are not required to be given the same privileges as those put into administrative segregation, but the duration of their stay in isolation tends to be shorter.", "According to a magazine written by inmates in a California prison, the practice operates under a “guilty until proven innocent” protocol, holding prisoners in solitary confinement even before it is clear that they committed the infraction.", "Inmates who are considered to be politically threatening are sometimes put into isolation; although the United States does not officially hold political prisoners, some inmates in solitary confinement are there because of their political activism.", "This justification often means that minorities are more likely to end up in solitary confinement.", "Administrative segregation, or “ad seg,\" is typically more common than disciplinary segregation, and serves to protect either the inmate being placed in solitary or others in the prison.", "An offender may be put into administrative segregation if they are thought to be dangerous to others or if their own safety is in danger, or if “the inmate has the potential to interfere with an ongoing investigation.\"", "Often women who vocalize the fact that they feel threatened by someone else will be put into solitary confinement, and similarly, if they are accused of acting threatening in any way, they are put into solitary without being able to defend themselves.", "Women who are put into administrative segregation tend to be those women who have had trouble adjusting to prison life and who are seen as “high-risk” and “high-needs” when they enter the prison.", "Because this type of segregation is not intended as punishment, inmates in administrative segregation are legally required to be treated in the same way as those in general confinement in the prison.", "Women prisoners sometimes request to be put into solitary confinement, most often for their own protection.", "Specifically, some women are thought to request solitary confinement to avoid “further assaults on their identity” that might arise from their interactions and experiences in prison.", "Studies have found that women who have been in voluntary administrative segregation tend to have high personal or emotional needs, and some have struggled with substance abuse, although few have difficulty with “community functioning.”", "Women prisoners who are deemed to be dangerous to other prisoners are sometimes put into administrative segregation; a prisoner can also be put in segregation if the officers determine that she herself is in danger and needs this protection.", "Like women who are voluntarily put into segregation, these women tend to have high personal and emotional needs, but many of them also have difficulties functioning in the community or associating with other people.", "In general, women tend to be subjected to harsher disciplinary practices in prisons than men.", "In the case of solitary confinement, women are often put into segregation for committing small errors while in prison, for example spitting at a guard, while men must commit more violent infractions, such as attacking a guard, for segregation to become necessary.", "This could arise from the fact that women in prison are held to especially high standards of femininity, and prisons encourage them to conform to very traditional ideas of being a woman.", "This model of femininity requires women to be “pure, passive, heterosexual, and located in motherhood.\"", "When women do not comply with this standard while imprisoned, they are punished further.", "In fact, some prisons specifically isolate women who seem “butch” or not traditionally feminine.", "Another catalyst for being put into solitary confinement that applies overwhelmingly to women is that prisoners who complain of abusive treatment by guards are often segregated as retaliation.", "In particular, women who speak out after guards have sexually harassed them are often put into segregation.", "Not only does this mean that guards who are guilty of sexually harassing inmates go unpunished, it also decreases the likelihood that women will report harassment.", "In some prisons, women may be put into solitary confinement because their mental health issues prove to be too difficult for the authorities to deal with or are exhausting their resources.", "If the prison authorities are unable to address their inmates’ health concerns, they may put them into solitary confinement to avoid solving the problem.", "This means that the women in solitary confinement are often already at risk for mental health or other challenges, due to previous health concerns or sexual abuse.", "Solitary confinement has been shown to be detrimental to the mental and physical well-being of all inmates, but there are some ways in which being put into segregation can be more harmful for women than for men.", "They “experience segregation \"as women\"”; they are both subjected to slightly different treatment than men are and their perception of this treatment may differ as well.", "Being put into solitary confinement can be very damaging to the mental health of female inmates, particularly those with a history of mental or physical illness, as has been found in a number of studies that observed and interviewed women who were being held in solitary confinement.", "Being held in a small space without access to objects, recreation, or human contact can lead to claustrophobia, anger, depression, hallucinations, insomnia, and obsessive ideation or fixation on dying.", "On a psychosomatic level, inmates in solitary confinement often experience a loss of appetite and/or weight, dizziness, or heart palpitations.", "Prison staff often do not respond adequately to complaints of any of these symptoms, and sometimes refuse to offer medical care or medication.", "Some of the anxiety that inmates, particularly female inmates, experience in solitary confinement comes from a loss or confusion of identity.", "Prisoners in solitary confinement are not allowed to decorate the small rooms that they are in or to bring most of their possessions that they were allowed in general confinement.", "This prevents the women from having any sort of entertainment, but also exacerbates feelings of a loss of individuality and of personal identity.", "Studies of the conditions of segregation, and interviews with the women who are subjected to them, have shown that women may also experience a collapse or confusion of identity while in prison because of their removal from their community and because of the unusual experience of space and time while in solitary confinement.", "Prisoners attach a lot of importance to the items that they have in their rooms; when they are placed into solitary confinement and no longer allowed to keep these identifying objects with them, they begin to lose their sense of self.", "Further, because prisoners kept in segregation often interact little with the outside world, and because the routines of eating and cleaning may be different from in general confinement, the women lose their ability to mark time.", "\"The Fire Inside\" magazine, written by offenders in California women's prisons, quotes one prisoner as saying that her recommendation for those held in solitary confinement is “to create a schedule” and figure out the time of day, because it “helps to assert control over your own life and not be totally defined by whatever ‘routine’ the prison is forcing on you.”", "Another aspect of their identity that is destroyed is their ability to form relationships with others.", "In most societies, women are perceived as being particularly social; having relationships with other people is seen as an essential element of their role as women in particular.", "This is of course impossible when in solitary confinement.", "It has been argued that this has a harmful effect on women especially.", "These conclusions were drawn from interviews with women who were still in solitary confinement, women who had been in solitary but had since been transferred back to the general prison population, and women who had been in solitary but had been released from incarceration, suggesting that these effects carry over beyond their time in segregation.", "Some prisons do allow inmates in solitary confinement to use recreation rooms and exercise yards, but these are often monitored by cameras, creating a sense of powerlessness and humiliating and deterring the women from using these facilities.", "Feelings of powerlessness or hopeless are exacerbated by the fact that women are often unsure of how long they will be held in solitary confinement.", "All of these factors combined can have different effects on women, making them either increasingly anxious or increasingly indifferent.", "While some women feel desperate and angry, others attempt to feel as little as possible in order to mitigate the effects of segregation.", "Because of the detrimental effect on their mental stability, inmates in solitary confinement often resort to self-harm; this behavior is more common in women than in men.", "This can sometimes lead to women being held in solitary confinement for longer, as punishment for their destructive actions.", "Similarly, it reinforces the guards’ perceptions of these women as particularly violent or dangerous to the rest of the prison community.", "Women in solitary confinement are often watched over by male guards, which can result in sexual harassment ranging from discomfort caused by guards watching them during private moments to nonconsensual sexual contact.", "Male guards often are present while women shower or undress, stripping away the women's right to the privacy of their own bodies.", "Because women in solitary confinement experience so little human contact, the gaze of their guards is often the only interaction that they have with another person; this can exacerbate the feelings of loss of privacy.", "Similarly, the clothing the women are required to wear is sexualized and humiliating.", "In some prisons, women in segregation wear a “baby doll,” a long shapeless dress, with no underclothes.", "Although men sometimes are required to wear the “baby doll” as well, women find that wearing it while being watched by their male guards is degrading and makes them feel powerless.", "Beyond this, women in segregation are sometimes subjected to sexual abuse or physical harassment by their male guards.", "They are often forced to undergo thorough strip searches, during which the guards are more forceful and invasive than is strictly necessary and serves mostly to demonstrate the guards’ authority over the inmates.", "Because so many female inmates have been victims of sexual or physical abuse, this forces them to relive the trauma of their previous abuse.", "This can be especially devastating for women whose mental states are already deteriorating, due to prior mental illness or to the effects of being in segregation.", "It can also result in pregnancy, and pregnant women in solitary confinement—whether the pregnancy was a result of a rape by a guard or not—are often denied proper medical care.", "Women have also reported stories of being publicly humiliated when asking for additional sanitary pads during their menstrual periods, or being forced to hand in their used pads in order to acquire a new one, according to the women who contributed to \"The Fire Inside\" magazine.", "They are entirely dependent on male guards, even for such personal needs as this.", "Women are more likely than men to be the primary guardian of a child or children; having a mother who is in solitary confinement, then, can be very detrimental to the children.", "Inmates in solitary confinement have much less frequent contact with family members, and when they do, they are usually separated by a partition.", "Although inmates are allowed some visits from immediate family members, a long background check is required.", "Children with mothers in prison are at a greater risk for depression or anxiety, substance abuse, or involvement in crime.", "These factors are only furthered by the more distanced relationship that becomes necessary with a mother in solitary confinement and the restrictions on visitation that accompany that.", "Women who are released from solitary confinement into the general prison population are more likely than men to experience stigmatization and humiliation from the prison guards.", "This often leads to them isolating themselves and not interacting with other prisoners even when they are not in solitary confinement.", "Once they are released from prison, too, they often have a harder time adjusting to being a part of society again, and frequently end up back in prison.", "Ex-offenders who were held in solitary confinement are more likely to commit violent acts against others once released than those who spent all their time in the general prison population.", "As one California prisoner who wrote for \"The Fire Inside\" prison magazine put it, “We go through these kind of mental, emotional, and spiritual stages.", "At first when you get here you’re angry and disoriented...Paranoia sets in...I slowly began to think of this cell as my safe place...What happens next year when they take the box away?”", "She, and other women in solitary confinement, become unequipped to deal with the outside world and the knowledge of technological advancement, social interaction skills, and mental stability that it requires.", "In general, women of color, like men of color, are more likely to be put in prison than white women and men.", "Likewise, they are thought to be somewhat disproportionately represented in the solitary confinement population.", "The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that in 2011-2012, 16% of white prison inmates, 20% of black/African American prison inmates, 16% of Hispanic or Latino prison inmates, and 20% of prison with some other racial identification were in solitary confinement at some point.", "The difference was slightly less pronounced in jails, with 17% of white, 17% of black/African American, 15% of Hispanic/Latino, and 21% of other inmates spending time in solitary confinement.", "There is no data available that specifically documents the intersection between race and gender.", "Although the number of people of color in isolation is only slightly higher than the number of white people, their experiences in solitary confinement may differ.", "Women in solitary confinement are treated as less than human, in ways which parallel not only the larger societal degradation of women but also that of people of color.", "The sexually abusive nature of their interactions with the guards, and the denial of medical care, social contact, and resources, can be seen as racialized.", "In particular, guards often refer to women in solitary confinement using slurs that are both misogynist and racist.", "Women who are put into solitary confinement are often isolated because of actions that challenge dominant perspectives of femininity.", "Because women of color are often seen as possessing these non-feminine qualities already, they are more susceptible to being put into solitary confinement because of this kind of behavior.", "Black women are often perceived as “aggressive and recalcitrant,” Latina women are thought to be “loud and belligerent, sexually aggressive, or...unable to speak English,” and Native American women are seen as “backward, savage, and/or primitive.”", "Because of these preconceptions, women of color are thought to deviate strongly from the feminine ideal, which can be grounds for putting them in solitary confinement.", "Representations of crime in popular media serve to perpetuate racial stereotypes as well.", "Offenders of color, including women, are often portrayed as violent, hypersexual, or drug-addicted.", "While this is true of women of color in the general prison population as well as those held in solitary confinement, there is a particularly strong culture of fear that is built up around segregation units and the prisoners who are held there.", "Inmates who appear to belong to particular minority groups are often profiled by prison guards as more likely to be dangerous, violent, or involved in a gang, and therefore are moved into isolation; for example, prisoners who speak a language other than English are sometimes targeted as foreign and therefore gang-involved or dangerous.", "Birckhead, T. R. (2015).", "Children in isolation: The solitary confinement of youth.", "Wake Forest Law Review 50(1), 1-80." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 268535, "simple_article_title": "Solitary confinement", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=268535", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-268535-0-0", "simple-268535-0-1", "simple-268535-0-2", "simple-268535-0-3", "simple-268535-1-0", "simple-268535-1-1", "simple-268535-1-2", "simple-268535-2-0", "simple-268535-2-1", "simple-268535-2-2", "simple-268535-2-3", "simple-268535-2-4", "simple-268535-2-5", "simple-268535-3-0", "simple-268535-3-1", "simple-268535-3-2", "simple-268535-4-0", "simple-268535-4-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Solitary confinement is a punishment or special form of imprisonment.", "A prisoner is not allowed contact with anyone, except the prison staff.", "It may be a kind of psychological torture.", "It is also used to protect one prisoner from other inmates in the prison.", "Solitary confinement has many other names.", "In American English it is also called the 'hole', 'lockdown', the 'SHU' (pronounced 'shoe') or the 'pound'.", "In British English people say 'block' or 'the cooler'.", "People who think solitary confinement is necessary give several reasons.", "Some prisoners are considered dangerous to other people in the prison.", "Other prisoners might be able to lead crime groups even from inside jail.", "Also, solitary confinement can be used to stop prisoners from communicating with others because of possible fears about national security.", "Finally, it may be used for prisoners who are at high risk of being attacked by other inmates, such as pedophiles, celebrities, or witnesses who are in prison themselves.", "This form of solitary confinement is sometimes called protective custody.", "In the US Federal Prison system, solitary confinement is known as the Special Housing Unit (SHU), pronounced .", "California's prison system also uses the abbreviation SHU, but it stands for Security Housing Units.", "In other states, it is known as the Special Management Unit (SMU), pronounced /ˈsmuː/.", "Opponents of solitary confinement claim that it is cruel and unusual punishment and torture Taking away human contact, and the sensory input is usually part of solitary confinement and can have a powerful negative effect on a prisoner's mind.", "This may lead to mental illnesses such as depression and even death." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 25044583, "normal_article_title": "Chesterton Community Sports College", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25044583", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-25044583-0-0", "normal-25044583-0-1", "normal-25044583-1-0", "normal-25044583-1-1", "normal-25044583-1-2", "normal-25044583-2-0", "normal-25044583-2-1", "normal-25044583-3-0", "normal-25044583-3-1", "normal-25044583-3-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Chesterton Community Sports College is a secondary school and specialist sports college in Newcastle Under Lyme attended by an estimated 700 students.", "Feeder schools include Chesterton Primary, Crackley Bank, churchfields primary and St. Chads's", "In 2006 they introduced music and drama into the curriculum.", "The school also has a full-time music teacher and a full-time drama teacher.", "CCSC has recently gained their best GCSE Results yet.", "All pupils have five lessons a day, which include: Maths, English, Science, PHSCE (which happens during form), PE, RE, Geography, Art, Technology, History, Music and IT.", "From Year 9 on students take their options, which include: GCSE Dance, GCSE ICT, History and many more.", "The school has a library, hall stage and sports hall.", "There are also neo-culture technology rooms, a music room and a drama room.", "Students have their own personal tablet computers provided by the school from Year 9 onwards" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 435993, "simple_article_title": "Chesterton Community Sports College", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=435993", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-435993-0-0", "simple-435993-0-1", "simple-435993-0-2", "simple-435993-0-3", "simple-435993-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Chesterton Community Sports College is a school in Newcastle-under-Lyme.", "It has received very good GCSE results.", "There are 5 periods in a day, all one hour each way.", "Break time is fifteen minutes.", "Lunch is fifty-five minutes." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 72362, "normal_article_title": "Franklin County, Florida", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72362", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-72362-0-0", "normal-72362-0-1", "normal-72362-0-2", "normal-72362-1-0", "normal-72362-1-1", "normal-72362-1-2", "normal-72362-2-0", "normal-72362-2-1", "normal-72362-3-0", "normal-72362-4-0", "normal-72362-4-1", "normal-72362-4-2", "normal-72362-5-0", "normal-72362-6-0", "normal-72362-6-1", "normal-72362-6-2", "normal-72362-6-3", "normal-72362-7-0", "normal-72362-8-0", "normal-72362-8-1", "normal-72362-8-2", "normal-72362-8-3", "normal-72362-8-4", "normal-72362-9-0", "normal-72362-9-1", "normal-72362-9-2", "normal-72362-10-0", "normal-72362-10-1", "normal-72362-10-2", "normal-72362-10-3", "normal-72362-11-0", "normal-72362-11-1", "normal-72362-11-2", "normal-72362-11-3", "normal-72362-12-0", "normal-72362-12-1", "normal-72362-13-0", "normal-72362-13-1", "normal-72362-14-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Franklin County is a county along the Gulf of Mexico in the Florida panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida.", "As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,549, making it the third-least populous county in Florida.", "The county seat is Apalachicola.", "The county includes several large preserved areas and rivers and has been home to commercial timber and fishing industry.", "More recently it has become popular for tourism and retirement.", "It includes several rivers, state parks, and islands.", "Franklin County was founded in 1832.", "It was named for Benjamin Franklin.", "The second largest town in Franklin County is Carrabelle, 25 miles east of Apalachiola on the Carrabelle River.", "During World War II most of Franklin County was used by the U.S. military for jungle training.", "The beaches and islands were ideal for amphibious training.", "When the war ended and the military left, Lanark Village was established from the remaining officer's quarters.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1026 sqmi , of which 535 sqmi is land and 492 sqmi (47.9%) is water.", "Franklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest.", "Bald Point State Park is nearby.", "The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers.", "The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River.", "Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 11,057 people, 4,096 households, and 2,727 families residing in the county.", "The population density was 20 people per square mile (8/km2).", "There were 7,180 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile (5/km2).", "The racial makeup of the county was 81.24% White, 16.32% Black or African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 1.34% from two or more races.", "2.42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "There were 4,096 households out of which 24.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.50% were married couples] living together, 9.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.40% were non-families.", "28.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.77.", "In the county, the population was spread out with 18.00% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 30.80% from 25 to 44, 27.80% from 45 to 64, and 15.70% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 41 years.", "For every 100 females there were 129.60 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 135.70 males.", "The median income for a household in the county was $26,756, and the median income for a family was $31,157.", "Males had a median income of $25,101 versus $20,494 for females.", "The per capita income for the county was $16,140.", "About 11.80% of families and 17.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.20% of those under age 18 and 13.90% of those age 65 or over.", "Franklin County residents are within the Franklin County School District.", "All Students K-12 attend the Franklin County School at Eastpoint, FL, except those attending the Apalachicola Bay Charter School or other private schools.", "The Franklin County Public Library works with the Wilderness Coast Public Libraries.", "The FCPL has two library branches.", "According to the Secretary of State's office, Democrats comprise a majority of registered voters in Franklin County." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 280223, "simple_article_title": "Franklin County, Florida", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=280223", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-280223-0-0", "simple-280223-0-1", "simple-280223-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on June 13, 1915.", "As of 2000, 11,057 people lived there.", "Franklin County's seat is Apalachicola." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1260880, "normal_article_title": "Ephraïm Inoni", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1260880", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1260880-0-0", "normal-1260880-0-1", "normal-1260880-0-2", "normal-1260880-1-0", "normal-1260880-1-1", "normal-1260880-1-2", "normal-1260880-1-3", "normal-1260880-2-0", "normal-1260880-2-1", "normal-1260880-3-0", "normal-1260880-3-1", "normal-1260880-3-2", "normal-1260880-3-3", "normal-1260880-4-0", "normal-1260880-4-1", "normal-1260880-4-2", "normal-1260880-4-3", "normal-1260880-5-0", "normal-1260880-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ephraïm Inoni (born 16 August 1947) is a Cameroonian politician who was Prime Minister of Cameroon from 2004 to 2009.", "He was a long-time aide of President Paul Biya and is a member of the ruling Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC).", "He was appointed to the position of Prime Minister by Biya on December 8, 2004 and was sworn in that day.", "Inoni is an Anglophone and a member of the Bakweri ethnic group.", "He was born in the village of Bakingili, near Limbé, in the Southwest Region of Cameroon.", "He was Municipal Treasurer of Douala from 1981 to 1982, then treasurer of the Cameroonian Embassy to the United States from 1982 to 1984 and Director of Account Balancing at the Ministry of Finance from 1984 to 1988.", "He was later named Secretary of State for Finances on April 9, 1992 and then Deputy Secretary General to the Presidency on November 27, 1992, serving in the latter position until his appointment as prime minister in December 2004.", "Inoni is a member of the Central Committee of the RDPC.", "He was part of the campaign team for Biya's election campaign in the 2004 presidential election and was the president of the campaign's support committee in the Southwest Province.", "Biya dismissed Inoni from his post as prime minister on June 30, 2009, appointing another anglophone, Philémon Yang, to replace him.", "The reshuffle was the largest shakeup since Inoni's own appointment as Prime Minister.", "President Biya stated on state radio that twelve ministers were sacked (including Inoni and the defence minister), six joined and three changed places.", "It is thought that public anger over rising food prices and the high level of government corruption in conjunction with Biya's attempts to shore up support for the next presidential election led to the sacking, while Inoni had been in the midst of securing $140 million in aid from the International Monetary Fund, although an official explanation was not given.", "Suspected of corruption during his time in office, Inoni was arrested on 16 April 2012.", "This arrest came as part of Operation Epevier (sparrow hawk), an anti-corruption campaign launched by President Paul Biya in 2004.", "This arrest was in connection with Operation Albatross, over the purchase at great expense in 2003 of the presidential aircraft, which turned out to have serious flaws on its maiden flight with the presidential couple from the Douala International airport to Paris in 2004.", "He was one of a number of high-level officials arrested during the course of a crackdown on corruption.", "Ephraim Inoni has been under interrogation behind closed doors by examining magistrates as part of the judicial process in the case popularly knowned in Cameroon as the \"Albatross Affair\".", "He was placed under pre-trial detention by the Mfoundi High Court in Yaounde." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 50549, "simple_article_title": "Ephraïm Inoni", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50549", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-50549-0-0", "simple-50549-0-1", "simple-50549-0-2", "simple-50549-0-3", "simple-50549-0-4", "simple-50549-0-5", "simple-50549-0-6" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ephraïm Inoni (born 16 August, 1947) is the former Prime Minister of Cameroon, a country in central west Africa.", "H.E. Ephraim Inoni comes from the South West province in Cameroon, which is part of the Anglophone provinces in Cameroon.", "Ephraim Inoni is a member of the ruling party and a strong supporter of President Paul Biya.", "He was part of President Paul Biya's campaign team in 2006.", "\"Chief Inoni Ephraim claimed his innocence after the judge gave him a 20 years sentence for his alleged participation in funds embezzlement in the Albatross affair.\"", "Inoni was found guilty of conspiracy in the embezzlement of about $31 million in a fouled up 2001 deal to purchase an airplane for the President Paul Biya of Cameroon.", "He was sentenced to 20 years in prison by the Yaounde Special Criminal Tribunal." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 13213631, "normal_article_title": "Franc Veliu", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13213631", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-13213631-0-0", "normal-13213631-0-1", "normal-13213631-1-0", "normal-13213631-1-1", "normal-13213631-2-0", "normal-13213631-2-1", "normal-13213631-2-2", "normal-13213631-3-0", "normal-13213631-4-0", "normal-13213631-5-0", "normal-13213631-5-1", "normal-13213631-5-2", "normal-13213631-5-3", "normal-13213631-6-0", "normal-13213631-6-1", "normal-13213631-6-2", "normal-13213631-6-3", "normal-13213631-6-4", "normal-13213631-6-5", "normal-13213631-6-6", "normal-13213631-7-0", "normal-13213631-7-1", "normal-13213631-8-0", "normal-13213631-8-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Franc Veliu (born 11 November 1988 in Vlorë) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays mainly as a defender for Albanian club Flamurtari Vlorë and the Albania national team.", "His natural position is left back but he has also played as a left midfielder and even as a central defender.", "He only played for one club team at professional level between 2006 and 2015, before joining Kukësi in 2015.", "He has only ever won two trophies in his career so far, two times Albanian Cup in 2009 and 2014 after winning in the final against Tirana and against current club Kukësi in 2009 and 2014 respectively.", "He made his debut for Flamurtari Vlorë in 2006 and since then has cemented his place in his hometown club's first team.", "He has spent most of his career in the left back position but he has also played as a left midfielder and most recently as a central defender as well.", "On 29 October 2008, he scored his first hat-trick, an unusual achievement for a defender, in a 1–6 away win against Naftëtari Kuçovë valid for the first leg of the first round of 2008–09 Albanian Cup.", "He was voted Flamurtari's player of the year for 2014 by the club's fans, beating Bruno Telushi and Ardit Shehaj who came second and third respectively.", "After making 263 appearances for Flamurtari between 2006 and 2015, Veliu left to join fellow Albanian Superliga club Kukësi.", "On 1 February 2016, Veliu joined Partizani Tirana where he signed a contract until the end of the season with an option to extend it for a further year.", "After some matches in bench, Veliu made his first appearance with \"Red Bulls\" on 20 March by playing in the last 13 minutes of a 0–2 win at Teuta Durrës.", "He played his first match as starter later on 17 April in the 3–0 home win over Vllaznia Shkodër; he was however replace at the end of first half.", "Veliu left the club following the end of the season after making only three appearances, collecting only 80 minutes as the team finished runner-up in the championship.", "On 22 July 2016, Veliu officially returned to Flamurtari Vlorë by joining as a free agent.", "He was allocated his old squad number 11, and made his return debut on 7 September in the opening league match of the season, a 2–1 away defeat to Skënderbeu Korçë.", "On 27 May, in the final matchday, Veliu scored his first goal of the season after an individual effort in a 3–0 win over Korabi Peshkopi, as Flamurtari avoided the relegation by just one point.", "In June, following the departure of team captain Bruno Telushi in Croatia, Veliu was renamed the new captain, three years after losing the status.", "He suffered a major injury during the summer preparation phase which forced him to miss the entire first half of 2017–18 season.", "On 22 July 2017, Veliu signed a contract running until July 2018.", "He returned on action in the first days of January 2018 where he played in a friendly against the under-19 side.", "Veliu was selected by Josip Kuže for a friendly against Argentina on 20 June 2011.", "He was in the starting line up on his debut in a game which ended in a 4–0 loss.", "Veliu was arrested on 25 October 2015 for driving his car while he was drunk, which was confiscated.", "For making of this penal act, Veliu was jailed for one month." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 368383, "normal_article_title": "Nancy Lopez", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=368383", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-368383-0-0", "normal-368383-0-1", "normal-368383-1-0", "normal-368383-1-1", "normal-368383-2-0", "normal-368383-2-1", "normal-368383-2-2", "normal-368383-3-0", "normal-368383-3-1", "normal-368383-3-2", "normal-368383-4-0", "normal-368383-4-1", "normal-368383-4-2", "normal-368383-4-3", "normal-368383-4-4", "normal-368383-5-0", "normal-368383-5-1", "normal-368383-5-2", "normal-368383-5-3", "normal-368383-6-0", "normal-368383-6-1", "normal-368383-6-2", "normal-368383-6-3", "normal-368383-6-4", "normal-368383-6-5", "normal-368383-7-0", "normal-368383-7-1", "normal-368383-7-2", "normal-368383-8-0", "normal-368383-8-1", "normal-368383-8-2", "normal-368383-8-3", "normal-368383-8-4", "normal-368383-8-5", "normal-368383-8-6", "normal-368383-8-7", "normal-368383-9-0", "normal-368383-10-0", "normal-368383-11-0", "normal-368383-12-0", "normal-368383-12-1", "normal-368383-12-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Nancy Marie Lopez (born January 6, 1957) is a retired American professional golfer.", "She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1977 and won 48 LPGA Tour events, including three major championships.", "Lopez won the New Mexico Women's Amateur at age 12 in 1969, and the U.S. Girls' Junior in 1972 and 1974, at ages 15 and 17, respectively.", "Shortly after graduation from Goddard High School in Roswell, she played in the U.S. Women's Open as an amateur, first in 1974 and again in 1975 where she tied for second.", "As a collegiate freshman in 1976, Lopez was named All-American and Female Athlete of the Year for her play at the University of Tulsa.", "That year she won the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) national intercollegiate golf championship and was a member of the U.S. Curtis Cup and World Amateur teams.", "Lopez left college after her sophomore year and turned pro in 1977, and again was the runner-up at the U.S. Women's Open.", "During her first full season on the LPGA Tour in 1978, Lopez won nine tournaments, including five consecutive.", "She appeared on the cover of \"Sports Illustrated\" in July, won the Vare Trophy for lowest scoring average, LPGA Rookie of the Year, LPGA Player of the Year and was named the Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year.", "She won another eight times in 1979, and won multiple times in each year from 1980 to 1984, although she played only half-seasons in 1983 and 1984 due to the birth of her first child.", "Playing full-time again in 1985, Lopez posted five wins, five seconds, five thirds, won the money title, the scoring title, the Player of the Year Award, and was named Associate Press Female Athlete of the Year for a second time.", "She entered only four events in 1986, when her second daughter was born, but came back with multiple wins in 1987–89 - three times each in 1988 and 1989 - and once again won Player of the Year honors in 1988.", "Lopez' schedule was curtailed again in the early 1990s when her third daughter was born.", "In 1992 she won twice.", "Lopez continued to play short schedules - from 11 to 18 tournaments - through 2002, then in 2003 cut back to just a half dozen or fewer events a year.", "Lopez was considered to be one of the greats of women's golf, and she was the game's best player from the late 1970s to late 1980s.", "She won three majors, and all were at the LPGA Championship, at the same course, in 1978, 1985, and 1989.", "Lopez never won the U.S. Women's Open, but finished second four times, the last in 1997 when she became the first in the event's history to score under 70 for all four rounds, yet lost to Alison Nicholas.", "She won the Colgate-Dinah Shore in 1981, two years before it became a major, and was a runner-up three times at the du Maurier Classic in Canada.", "Lopez was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1987.", "She was a member of the United States Solheim Cup team in 1990 and was captain of the team in 2005.", "Lopez retired from regular tournament play in 2002 and attempted a return in 2007 and 2008.", "In her return season, she played six tournaments, missed the cut in each, and only broke 80 in three of the 12 rounds.", "In 2008, she played in three events, with a low score of 76, never making the cut.", "She was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 2002.", "Lopez is the only woman to win LPGA Rookie of the Year, Player of the Year, and the Vare Trophy in the same season (1978).", "Her company, Nancy Lopez Golf, makes a full line of women's clubs and accessories.", "She also does occasional television commentary.", "Lopez was married to Houston sportscaster Tim Melton from 1979 to 1982.", "Shortly after her divorce, she married Major League All-Star baseball player Ray Knight, then a member of the Houston Astros, in October 1982 in Pelham, Georgia.", "They were married for 27 years, divorcing in 2009, and have three daughters.", "While married, Lopez and Knight lived in Georgia in his hometown of Albany.", "Since 1986, she has hosted the Nancy Lopez Hospice Golf Classic at the Doublegate Country Club to raise money for Albany Community Hospice, returning yearly even after her divorce from Knight in 2009.", "She currently resides in The Villages, Florida where she hosts an annual golf tournament to benefit the charity AIM (Adventures in Movement), an organization that helps mentally challenged, visually impaired, hearing impaired, physically handicapped and other children and adults with special needs.", "She has hosted the tournament since 1981 and also serves as a National Ambassador with AIM, along with Baseball Hall of Famer Joe Morgan.", "Lopez is a Republican.", "\"this list may be incomplete\"", "\"Note: Lopez won the Colgate-Dinah Shore (now known as the Kraft Nabisco Championship) before it became a major championship.\"", "LPGA Tour playoff record (8–7)", "^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001.", "LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half=way cut.", "WD = withdrew \"T\" = tied" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 36050408, "normal_article_title": "Bad Girls Club (season 9)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36050408", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-36050408-0-0", "normal-36050408-0-1", "normal-36050408-0-2", "normal-36050408-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The ninth season of \"Bad Girls Club\" is titled Bad Girls Club: Mexico and premiered on July 9, 2012 and was filmed in Cabo San Lucas in early 2012.", "This is the fourth season to take place in a different location from Los Angeles, the first being season five (filmed in Miami), the second being season seven (filmed in New Orleans), and the third being season eight (filmed in Las Vegas).", "\"Bad Girls Club: Mexico\" was the first season to have a three-part reunion.", "In each season of the \"Bad Girls Club\", one or more girls is asked to leave the house either from violence, physical fighting, or leaves on their own accord, which then gives the producers a chance at a new \"bad girl\" who arrives to the house in a couple days to replace the fellow bad girl who was removed or left." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 352748, "simple_article_title": "Bad Girls Club (season 9)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=352748", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-352748-0-0", "simple-352748-0-1", "simple-352748-0-2", "simple-352748-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Bad Girls Club Season 9 is the ninth season of the American television series \"Bad Girls Club\".", "It was broadcast on July 9, 2012 and is currently airing on Oxygen.", "It was filmed in Mexico.", "^Note 1 : Age at the time of filming." ] } }

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born 8 November 1935) is a French actor and businessman.", "He is known as one of Europe's most prominent actors and screen sex symbols from the 1960s.", "He achieved critical acclaim for roles in films such as \"Rocco and His Brothers\" (1960), \"Plein Soleil (\"1960), \"L'Eclisse\" (1962), \"The Leopard\" (1963), \"The Yellow Rolls-Royce\" (1965), \"Lost Command\" (1966) and \"Le Samouraï\" (1967).", "Over the course of his career Delon worked with many well known directors, including Luchino Visconti, Jean-Luc Godard, Jean-Pierre Melville, Michelangelo Antonioni and Louis Malle.", "He acquired Swiss citizenship in 1999.", "Alain Delon was born in Sceaux, Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), Île-de-France, an upscale suburb of Paris.", "His parents, Édith (née Arnold; 1911—1995) and Fabien Delon (1904—1977), divorced when Delon was four.", "Both remarried and as a result, Delon has a half-sister and two half-brothers.", "His paternal grandmother was Corsican, from Prunelli-di-Fiumorbo.", "When his parents divorced, Delon was sent to live with foster parents.", "When those died, his parents shared him but the arrangement proved unsatisfactory.", "He attended a Catholic boarding school, the first of several schools from which he was expelled because of unruly behavior.", "Teachers once tried to persuade him to enter the priesthood because of his aptitude in religious studies.", "At 14, Delon left school, and worked for a brief time at his stepfather's butcher shop.", "He enlisted in the French Navy three years later, aged 17, and in 1953-1954, he served as a \"fusilier marin\" in the First Indochina War.", "Delon has said that out of his four years of military service he spent 11 months in a military jail for being \"undisciplined\".", "In 1956, after being dishonorably discharged from the military, he returned to France.", "He had little money, and got by on whatever employment he could find.", "He spent time working as a waiter, a porter, a secretary and a sales assistant.", "During this time he became friends with the actress Brigitte Auber, and joined her on a trip to the Cannes Film Festival, where his film career would begin.", "At Cannes, Delon was seen by a talent scout for David O. Selznick.", "After a screen test Selznick offered him a contract, provided he learn English.", "Delon returned to Paris to study the language, but when he met French director Yves Allégret, he was convinced that he should stay in France to begin his career.", "Selznick allowed Delon to cancel his contract, and Allégret gave him his debut in the film with Edwige Feuillère, \"Quand la femme s'en mêle\" (1957) (\"Send a Woman When the Devil Fails\").", "Marc Allégret cast him in \"Be Beautiful But Shut Up\" (1958), which featured a young Jean-Paul Belmondo.", "He was then given his first lead, supporting Romy Schneider in the period romance \"Christine\" (1958), based on a novel by Arthur Schnitzler.", "He and Schneider began a highly publicised romance in real life.", "The film was the seventeenth most popular movie at the French box office that year.", "Delon was given the lead in the comedy \"Women Are Weak\" (1959).", "This was a big hit in France and was the first of Delon's films to be seen in America.", "Delon made some personal appearances in New York to promote the movie.", "He was a known associate of Serbian-born gangster Vojislav Stanimirovic and frequented his establishments owned and operated in Manhattan", "Delon then made two films which ensured his international reputation.", "In 1960, he appeared in René Clément's \"Plein Soleil,\" released in the US as \"Purple Noon,\" which was based on the Patricia Highsmith novel \"The Talented Mr. Ripley\".", "Delon played protagonist Tom Ripley to critical acclaim; Highsmith was a fan of his portrayal.", "The movie was a hit in France and on the art house circuit in English-speaking countries.", "He then played the title role in Luchino Visconti's \"Rocco and His Brothers\" (1960).", "Critic Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" wrote Delon's work was \"touchingly pliant and expressive.\"", "Delon made his stage debut in 1961 in the John Ford play \"'Tis Pity She's a Whore\" alongside Romy Schneider in Paris.", "Visconti directed the production which broke box office records.", "He was reunited with Rene Clement in the Italian comedy film about fascism, \"The Joy of Living\" (1961).", "It was a minor success.", "More popular was an all-star anthology film \"Famous Love Affairs\" (1961); Delon's segment cast him as Albert III, Duke of Bavaria, opposite Brigitte Bardot.", "Around this time Delon was mentioned as a possibility for the lead in \"Lawrence of Arabia\".", "Peter O'Toole was cast instead, but then Delon was signed by Seven Arts to a four-picture deal, including a big budget international movie of the Marco Polo story and \"The King of Paris\", about Alexandre Dumas.", "Neither project came to fruition.", "Instead he was cast by Michelangelo Antonioni opposite Monica Vitti in \"L'Eclisse\" (1962), a major critical success, although audiences were small.", "More popular was another all-star anthology film, \"The Devil and the Ten Commandments\" (1963); Delon's segment cast him with Danielle Darrieux.", "Producer Jacques Bar was making a heist film with Jean Gabin with backing from MGM, titled \"Any Number Can Win\" (1963).", "Gabin's co-star was meant to be Jean-Louis Trintignant until Delon lobbied Bar for the role.", "He took the film's distribution rights in certain countries instead of a straight salary.", "Because this had never been done before in France, this was known as \"Delon's method.\"", "The gamble paid off well, with Jean Gabin later claiming that Delon earned 10 times more money than he did as a result.", "However, in 1965, Delon claimed \"no one else has tried it since and made money.\"", "Nonetheless, the experience gave Delon a taste for producing.", "He also signed a five-picture deal with MGM, of which \"Any Number Can Win\" was the first.", "His reputation was further enhanced when he worked with Visconti again for \"Il Gattopardo\" (\"The Leopard\") with Burt Lancaster and Claudia Cardinale.", "This was the seventh biggest hit of the year in France; \"Any Number Can Win\" was the sixth.", "\"The Leopard\" was also widely screened in the U.S. through 20th Century Fox.", "Delon was now one of the most popular stars in France.", "He starred in a swashbuckler, \"The Black Tulip\" (1964), from a novel by Alexandre Dumas, another hit.", "\"Les Félins\" (1964), which reunited him with Rene Clement and co-starred Jane Fonda, was filmed in French and English versions.", "The latter was distributed by MGM, but it was not a success.", "In 1964, the Cinémathèque Française held a showcase of Delon's films and Delon started a production company, Delbeau Production, with Georges Beaume.", "They produced a film called \"The Unvanquished\" (\"L'insoumis\") (1964), where Delon played an OAS assassin.", "It had to be re-edited because of legal issues.", "Despite being distributed by MGM, audiences were small.", "Typecast as a \"Latin Lover\", Delon spent the next few years focused on making it in Hollywood.", "He started with a small part in an all-star anthology for MGM titled \"The Yellow Rolls-Royce\" (1965), opposite Shirley MacLaine.", "It was popular although Delon had little to do.", "He had his first English-language lead in \"Once a Thief\", where he co-starred with Ann-Margret.", "It was based on a novel by Zekial Marko who had written \"Any Number Can Win\", but it was not as successful.", "It was financed by MGM who announced Delon would appear in a Western \"Ready for the Tiger\" directed by Sam Peckinpah, but the film was never made.", "Instead Delon signed a three-picture deal with Columbia, for whom he appeared in the big budget action film \"Lost Command\" (1966), playing a member of the French Foreign Legion, alongside Anthony Quinn and Claudia Cardinale.", "The studio also announced that he would appear in the biopic \"Cervantes\", but this was never made.", "Universal Studios used Delon in a Western, opposite Dean Martin, \"Texas Across the River\".", "Ray Stark wanted to use him in \"The Night of the Iguana\" and \"This Property Is Condemned\".", "He did not appear in either film but was in that producer's \"Is Paris Burning?\",", ", directed by René Clement, playing Jacques Chaban-Delmas.", "This was a massive hit in France but performed disappointingly at the US box office - as did all of Delon's Hollywood financed films.", "Delon remained a massive star in France.", "Along with Steve McQueen and Sean Connery he was one of the biggest stars in Japan.", "However he could not make headway in the U.S.", "After six Hollywood movies Delon returned to France to make \"The Last Adventure\" opposite Lino Ventura.", "It was one of Delon's most popular films of the 1960s but was not popular in North America.", "He was meant to work again with Visconti in \"The Stranger\" but did not end up playing it.", "Instead he appeared on stage in Paris, \"Les Yeux Creves\" and made \"Le Samouraï\" with Jean-Pierre Melville, which became another classic.", "He played an amnesiac in \"Diabolically Yours\" (1968) for Julien Duvivier and had a role in another all-star anthology, \"Spirits of the Dead\" (1968); his segment was directed by Louis Malle, and co-starred Brigitte Bardot.", "Delon had another attempt at English-language cinema with \"The Girl on a Motorcycle\" (1968) with Marianne Faithfull for director Jack Cardiff.", "It was a surprise hit in Britain.", "Far more popular at the French box office was \"Farewell Friend\" (\"Adieu l'ami\"), where Delon and Charles Bronson played former legionnaires who get involved in a heist.", "The film helped turn Charles Bronson into a genuine star in Europe.", "While making the thriller \"The Swimming Pool\" (1969) with Romy Schneider, Delon's friend and bodyguard Stevan Marković was found murdered in a rubbish dumpster near Paris.", "The police investigation would reveal, allegations of sex parties involving celebrities such as Delon and members of government including future French Prime Minister Georges Pompidou, whose wife, Claude Pompidou, was allegedly the focus of a series of compromising photos at one such party.", "Corsican crime boss François Marcantoni also became embroiled in the scandal after a note left by Marković stated that anything happened to him would be because of Delon and Marcantoni.", "The affair gained notoriety throughout France and in the French press as the \"Marković affair\".", "In a 1969 BBC interview, Delon was questioned about his alleged involvement in the death of Marković, rumours of his involvement in sex parties, and Delon's own sexual tastes.", "Delon then starred in a series of gangster films.", "First was \"Jeff\" (1969), for his own production company, Adel.", "\"The Sicilian Clan\" (1969) teamed him with Lino Venura and Jean Gabin, and was a blockbuster.", "Even more popular was \"Borsalino\" (1970), which Delon produced and co-starred opposite Jean-Paul Belmondo.", "Neither of these broke through in the US the way Delon hoped.", "Neither did \"The Red Circle\", despite Delon appearing with Yves Montand.", "For a change of pace, he produced a romantic drama, \"The Love Mates\" (1971), which was not a success.", "Neither was a comedy \"Easy, Down There!\"", "In the early 1970s, Delon made another attempt at the English speaking market.", "\"The Assassination of Trotsky\" (1972) for Joseph Losey was poorly received but \"Red Sun\" (1972), with Charles Bronson and Toshiro Mifune, did well.", "In France he appeared opposite Simone Signoret in \"The Widow Couderc\" (1971).", "He made his third film with Melville, \"Un flic\" (1972).", "He produced and starred in a romantic drama, \"Indian Summer\" (1972), then made some thrillers: \"Traitement de choc\" (1973), and \"Tony Arzenta\" (1973).", "In 1973, he recorded with Dalida \"Paroles, paroles\", a popular French-language version of the Italian song \"Parole parole\".", "He tried again for Hollywood stardom with \"Scorpio\" (1973), with Burt Lancaster for director Michael Winner.", "It was only a minor hit.", "In France, he made \"The Burned Barns\" (1973) and \"Creezy\" (1974).", "He produced \"Two Men in Town\" (1974) which re-teamed him with Jean Gabin, and \"Borsalino & Co.\" (1974), a sequel to his earlier hit.", "After another gangster thriller, \"Icy Breasts\" (1974), Delon returned to his first swashbuckler since \"The Black Tulip\", playing the title character in the 1975 Italian-French film \"Zorro\".", "He made some more crime filmes: \"The Gypsy\" (1975), \"Flic Story\" (1975) (with Jean Louis Triginant), \"Boomerang\" (1976) and \"Armaguedon\" (1976).", "In 1976, Delon starred in \"Monsieur Klein\", which won him the César Award (French equivalent of the Oscar).", "In 1979, Delon stated only a quarter of his business activities involve films: In 1979 he made a final attempt at Hollywood stardom, signing with agent Sue Mengers and starring in \"The Concorde ... Airport '79\" (1979).", "The film was not a big success.", "Delon returned to French films which he produced: \"The Medic\" (1979) and \"Three Men to Kill\" (1980).", "\"Teheran 43\" (1981) was a change of pace.", "In this big Soviet production he co-starred with Claude Jade and Curd Jürgens in a co-starring role beside Russian actors.", "Then it was back to crime: \"For a Cop's Hide\" (1981), \"Le choc\" (1982), \"Le Battant\" (1983) (which Delon directed).", "He was awarded the Best Actor César Award for his role in Bertrand Blier's \"Notre histoire\" (1984), and portrayed the aristocratic dandy Baron de Charlus in a film adaptation of Marcel Proust's novel \"Swann in Love\" in the same year.", "The thrillers resumed: \"Parole de flic\" (1986), \"The Passage (1986 film)\", \"Let Sleeping Cops Lie\" (1988), and \"Dancing Machine (film)\" (1990).", "One notable film during this time was Jean-Luc Godard's \"Nouvelle Vague\" in 1990, in which Delon played twins.", "Delon's last major role was in Patrice Leconte's \"Une chance sur deux\" in 1998, another box office disappointment.", "Delon announced his decision to give up acting in 1997, although he still occasionally accepts roles.", "Delon acquired Swiss citizenship on 23 September 1999, and the company managing products sold under his name is based in Geneva.", "He resides in Chêne-Bougeries in the canton of Geneva.", "In 2001, Delon starred in the French television drama \"Fabio Montale\".", "He played an ageing policeman dressed in stylish clothes, a \"signature Delon\" role for audiences.", "The show was a big hit.", "In 2003, Delon tried to recreate the success of \"Fabio Montale\" and produced and starred in another French television police drama, \"Frank Riva\".", "It did well but less so than \"Fabio Montale\".", "He starred, in 2008, as Jules Cesar in the box-office hit \"Asterix aux jeux Olympiques\" which co-starred Gerard Depardieu.", "Around this time he mostly took roles in TV movies and also played some roles on the French stage.", "He directed a TV movie himself in 2008 co-starring Anouk Aimee, titled \"Love Letters\" based on a play by A.R. Gurney.", "In 2018, after a seven-year hiatus from cinema, Delon was planning to star in a new movie, titled \"La Maison Vide\", co-starring Juliette Binoche and directed by Patrice Leconte.", "However, in November 2018 the French media announced that the project was canceled.", "No specific reason was given for the cancelation.", "His last roles to date have been in the 2011 television movie \"Une journée ordinaire\" and in the 2012 Russian production \"S Novym godom, Mamy!\"", "in which he starred as himself.", "In April 2019, at 83, Delon released a new single.", "The track, titled \"Je n'aime que toi\", was composed by Rick Allison and Julia Paris.", "Already in 1973 Delon scored a huge international hit duetting with Egyptian-French singer Dalida on the song \"Paroles...paroles\".", "In 1983 he collaborated with Shirley Bassey on the international hit song \"Thought I'd ring you\".", "At the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, which was held from May 14 to 25, Delon was the recipient of an honorary Palme d'Or for his long standing career in the movies.", "A retrospective of some of his films played at the festival.", "There was much controversy surrounding Delon receiving this award because of his presumed remarks he made concerning the treatment of women during his career and in his private life.", "Thierry Fremaux, the artistic director of the festival, told the Cannes audience during a homage at the ceremony, \"We know that intolerance is back, we're being asked to believe that if we all think the same it will protect us from the risk of being disliked or being wrong, but Alain Delon is not afraid of being wrong, being disliked, and he doesn't think like others, and he's not afraid of being alone\".\"", "\"For me, it's more than the end of a career.", "It's the end of a life.", "It feels that I'm receiving a posthumous tribute while being alive,\" said Delon.", "He received the award from his daughter Anouchka Delon.", "In the 1970s, Delon expanded his interests.", "He bought trotters and promoted fights.", "Since the formation of a perfume label in his name, Delon has had a variety of products sold under his name including wristwatches, clothing, eyewear, stationery and cigarettes.", "Delon's sunglasses brand became particularly popular in Hong Kong after actor Chow Yun-fat wore them in the 1986 crime film \"A Better Tomorrow\" (as well as two sequels).", "Delon reportedly wrote a letter thanking Chow for helping the sunglasses sell out in the region.", "The film's director John Woo has acknowledged Delon as one of his idols and wrote a short essay on \"Le Samourai\" as well as \"Le Cercle Rouge\" for the Criterion Collection DVD releases.", "In 2009 and 2015, Christian Dior used images of the young Alain Delon and excerpts of his 1960s films The Swimming Pool and The Last Adventure respectively in the Eau Sauvage cologne advertising campaigns.", "On 20 March 1959, Delon was engaged to actress Romy Schneider, whom he met when they co-starred in the film \"Christine\" (1958).", "During their relationship, he had an affair with German actress, singer and model Nico.", "On 11 August 1962, Nico gave birth to a son, (Ari Päffgen) \"Ari\", fathered by Delon .", "The child was raised mostly by Delon's parents.", "In December 1963, Schneider and Delon decided to break the engagement.", "On 13 August 1964, Delon married Nathalie Barthélemy.", "Their son, Anthony Delon, was born in September.", "In late 1967, Delon filed for divorce but they continued to live under the same roof.", "The couple divorced on 14 February 1969.", "In 1968, during the shooting of the film \"Jeff\", he met French actress Mireille Darc with whom he started a 15-year relationship, lasting until 1982.", "In 1987, Delon met Dutch model Rosalie van Breemen on the set of the music video for his song \"Comme au cinéma\" and started a relationship.", "They had two children: Anouchka Delon \"Anouchka\" (25 November 1990) and (18 March 1994).", "The relationship ended in October 2002.", "Delon lives in Chêne-Bougeries in the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland with his two youngest children.", "During an interview in 2013, Delon came out in support of the French far-right political party National Front, saying \"The National Front, like the MCG Geneva Citizens’ Movement in Geneva, is very important...I encourage it and I perfectly understand it\".", "Alain Delon was good friends with, among others, Argentine world champion boxer Carlos Monzon.", "On 1 October 1968, in the village of Élancourt, Yvelines, on the western outskirts of Paris, the body of Stevan Marković, ex-bodyguard of Delon, was found in a public dump.", "Alain Delon and a Corsican gangster François Marcantoni came under investigation.", "One of the factors pointing in that direction was a letter from Stevan Marković to his brother Aleksandar, in which he wrote: \"If I get killed, it's 100% the fault of Alain Delon and his godfather Francois Marcantoni.\"", "Later, the investigation involved the former French Prime Minister (and later President) Georges Pompidou after a few press articles and a testimony of Borivoj Ackov.", "He testified that he was present at parties with Pompidou's wife, Marković and Delon.", "The death of Stevan Marković provoked a lot of rumours, suggesting the existence of group sex photos with Pompidou's wife.", "Pompidou himself accused Louis Wallon and Henri Capitant for using the French espionage service SDECE with an aim to set him up.", "After becoming President of the Republic, he named Alexandre de Marenches as the head of the SDECE in order to reform it.", "Assisted by Michel Roussin, his principal private secretary, de Marenches expelled a \"secret agent\" involved in the investigation of Jean-Charles Marchiani.", "In 1969, Delon was sentenced to four months in jail by an Italian court for assaulting an Italian photographer.", "In 1970, it was reported that Delon, through a friend Mr Stan purchased a copy of the original manuscript of Charles De Gaulle's 1940 speech to the French encouraging them to resist the Germans.", "Delon paid 300,000 francs for the manuscript and then returned it to the government.", "Delon suffered a stroke in June 2019.", "He was admitted to hospital after experiencing dizziness and headaches.", "In August 2019, he was recovering in a Swiss hospital.", "Delon's favourite actor is John Garfield.", "He also admires Montgomery Clift, Marlon Brando and Robert Walker." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 331218, "simple_article_title": "Alain Delon", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=331218", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-331218-0-0", "simple-331218-0-1", "simple-331218-0-2", "simple-331218-0-3", "simple-331218-0-4", "simple-331218-0-5", "simple-331218-1-0", "simple-331218-1-1", "simple-331218-2-0", "simple-331218-2-1", "simple-331218-2-2", "simple-331218-2-3", "simple-331218-2-4", "simple-331218-3-0", "simple-331218-3-1", "simple-331218-3-2", "simple-331218-3-3", "simple-331218-3-4", "simple-331218-3-5", "simple-331218-3-6", "simple-331218-4-0", "simple-331218-4-1", "simple-331218-5-0", "simple-331218-5-1", "simple-331218-5-2", "simple-331218-5-3", "simple-331218-5-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon (]; born 8 November 1935) is a French actor.", "He became famous quickly, and by the age of 23, he was already being compared to French actors like Gérard Philipe and Jean Marais.", "He was also compared to American actor James Dean.", "He was even called the male Brigitte Bardot.", "During his career, Delon has worked with many well-known directors.", "Some of these are Luchino Visconti, Jean-Luc Godard, , Michelangelo Antonioni and Louis Malle.", "Delon was given Swiss citizenship in 1999.", "He has a company managing product company, and it is based in Geneva.", "Delon was born in Sceaux, Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), Île-de-France, which is a suburb of Paris.", "His parents, Édith (née Arnold) and Fabien Delon, divorced when Delon was four.", "Both remarried, and Delon has a half-sister and two half-brothers.", "He went to a Roman Catholic boarding school.", "This was the first school he was removed from because of bad behavior.", "When he was 14, Delon left school.", "He then worked for at his stepfather's butcher shop for some time.", "He joined the French Navy three years later.", "In 1953 and 54 he served as a \"fusilier marin\" in the First Indochina War.", "Delon has said that out of his four years of military service he spent eleven months in prison for being \"undisciplined\", meaning that his bad behaviour ended up getting him jailed.", "In 1956, he returned to France after being dishonourably discharged from the navy.", "He did not have any money, and lived on whatever money he could find.", "Since his perfume company was started, Delon has had many products sold under his name.", "Some of these are wristwatches, clothes, eyewear, stationery and cigarettes.", "Delon's sunglasses brand became very popular in Hong Kong after actor Chow Yun-fat wore them in the 1986 movie \"A Better Tomorrow\".", "He wore these in two movies after this.", "It is said that Delon wrote a letter to thank Chow for helping the sunglasses sell out in the region.", "The movie's director John Woo has said that Delon is one of his idols.", "He wrote a short essay on \"Le Samourai\" as well as \"Le Cercle Rou\" for the Criterion Collection DVDs." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1031258, "normal_article_title": "Evangeline Lilly", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1031258", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1031258-0-0", "normal-1031258-0-1", "normal-1031258-0-2", "normal-1031258-1-0", "normal-1031258-1-1", "normal-1031258-2-0", "normal-1031258-3-0", "normal-1031258-3-1", "normal-1031258-3-2", "normal-1031258-4-0", "normal-1031258-4-1", "normal-1031258-4-2", "normal-1031258-4-3", "normal-1031258-4-4", "normal-1031258-5-0", "normal-1031258-5-1", "normal-1031258-5-2", "normal-1031258-6-0", "normal-1031258-6-1", "normal-1031258-6-2", "normal-1031258-6-3", "normal-1031258-6-4", "normal-1031258-6-5", "normal-1031258-7-0", "normal-1031258-7-1", "normal-1031258-7-2", "normal-1031258-7-3", "normal-1031258-7-4", "normal-1031258-7-5", "normal-1031258-7-6", "normal-1031258-7-7", "normal-1031258-7-8", "normal-1031258-7-9", "normal-1031258-7-10", "normal-1031258-8-0", "normal-1031258-8-1", "normal-1031258-8-2", "normal-1031258-8-3", "normal-1031258-9-0", "normal-1031258-9-1", "normal-1031258-9-2", "normal-1031258-9-3", "normal-1031258-9-4", "normal-1031258-9-5", "normal-1031258-9-6", "normal-1031258-10-0", "normal-1031258-10-1", "normal-1031258-10-2", "normal-1031258-10-3", "normal-1031258-11-0", "normal-1031258-12-0", "normal-1031258-12-1", "normal-1031258-13-0", "normal-1031258-13-1", "normal-1031258-13-2", "normal-1031258-13-3", "normal-1031258-13-4", "normal-1031258-14-0", "normal-1031258-14-1", "normal-1031258-14-2", "normal-1031258-15-0", "normal-1031258-15-1", "normal-1031258-16-0", "normal-1031258-16-1", "normal-1031258-16-2", "normal-1031258-16-3", "normal-1031258-16-4", "normal-1031258-17-0", "normal-1031258-17-1", "normal-1031258-17-2", "normal-1031258-17-3", "normal-1031258-18-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Nicole Evangeline Lilly (born August 3, 1979) is a Canadian actress.", "She gained popular acclaim for her first leading role as Kate Austen in the ABC series \"Lost\" (2004–10), which garnered her a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series and won her a Screen Actors Guild Award.", "In 2008, Lilly starred as Connie James in the Academy Award winning war film \"The Hurt Locker\" (2008) and followed it with a role in the science fiction film \"Real Steel\" (2011).", "Lilly starred as Tauriel in \"The Hobbit\" film series, appearing in \"\" (2013) and \"\" (2014).", "Since 2015, she has portrayed Hope van Dyne / Wasp in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, starring in \"Ant-Man\" (2015), \"Ant-Man and the Wasp\" (2018) and \"\" (2019).", "Lilly is also the author of the ongoing children's book series \"The Squickerwonkers\" (2013–present), which has been planned to be two different series consisting of nine different books each.", "Lilly was born in Fort Saskatchewan in Alberta on August 3, 1979.", "She was raised in British Columbia by her mother, a produce manager and her father, a home economics teacher.", "She has an older sister and a younger sister.", "Lilly graduated from W. J. Mouat Secondary School in Abbotsford, British Columbia; she played soccer and was vice-president of the student council.", "While in college, she worked as a waitress, did \"oil changes and grease jobs on big rig trucks\", and worked as a flight attendant for Royal Airlines to pay for her tuition.", "She grew up Christian.", "Her religion influenced her to visit the Philippines at age 18.", "Her interest in humanitarian causes and world development led her to major in International Relations at the University of British Columbia.", "Lilly's acting career began when she was discovered by a Ford Modelling Agency agent while walking the streets of Kelowna, British Columbia.", "She took the agent's business card but did not immediately pursue acting.", "She eventually called and the agency landed her several roles in commercials and non-speaking parts in the TV shows \"Smallville\" and \"Kingdom Hospital\".", "Lilly was encouraged by a friend to audition for ABC's \"Lost\", and did not expect to get cast.", "The secrecy campaign meant auditioning actors could not access the full script, could only read short scenes and only knew the basic premise of people surviving a plane crash on a tropical island: this reminded Lilly of \"The Blue Lagoon\" and she thought \"Lost\" would \"at best be a mediocre TV show\".", "Around 75 women auditioned for the part of Kate Austen.", "Writer and co-creator Damon Lindelof said that he and executive producer and co-creator J. J. Abrams \"were fast-forwarding through a tape, and he saw her and said, 'That's the girl.'\"", "The character almost had to be recast, as Lilly had trouble acquiring a work visa to enter the United States.", "Her application was finally accepted after nearly 20 tries and she arrived in Hawaii for filming one day late.", "\"Lost\" ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2010.", "It was one of the top shows on ABC's primetime schedule during its run, winning one Golden Globe Award and ten Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2005, and was ranked the top-rated TV show of the decade by IMDb.", "Lilly appeared in 108 of the show's 121 episodes, and her character, Kate Austen, was the show's female lead.", "\"Entertainment Weekly\" voted Lilly one of its \"Breakout Stars of 2004.\"", "In 2006, she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama.", "Robert Bianco of \"USA Today\" praised Lilly's performance in the episode \"Eggtown\", saying that it was almost worthy of a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series nomination.", "In 2007, Lilly's portrayal was voted #1 Sexiest Woman on Television by \"TV Guide\" and made \"FHM\"'s Top Sexiest.", "Evangeline was voted one of People Magazine's '50 Most Beautiful People'.", "After shooting the final episode of \"Lost\", Lilly said she was considering taking a break from acting to focus on her charity and humanitarian efforts.", "She told \"Vulture\", \"I consider acting a day job — it's not my dream; it's not my be-all, end-all.\"", "She says she uses her high-profile roles to further her humanitarian efforts, not to achieve stardom.", "In 2008, Lilly appeared in the Academy Award-winning film \"The Hurt Locker\".", "She and the rest of the cast won the Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Cast and the Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble.", "Lilly followed this role with a leading part in psychological thriller film \"Afterwards\".", "In 2010, Lilly stated her intention to focus on children's book writing and on feature film roles.", "On May 11, 2010, Lilly announced on \"The View\" that she places writing and being a mother as top priorities, but she likes acting as a day job and she will continue acting when possible.", "Lilly took short retirement and was not in contact with Hollywood at all.", "In 2011, she appeared as Bailey Tallet in \"Real Steel\".", "Despite having turned down a number of film offers, she travelled to Los Angeles to get the part after director Shawn Levy sent her the script.", "Levy said: \"She's magnificent to look at, she's soulful, and she's sexy.", "I needed someone who you believed had grown up in a man's world.", "Bailey needed to have a strength and a toughness that was not at the expense of her being womanly.\"", "In 2012, Lilly was cast as the Mirkwood elf Tauriel in Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's \"The Hobbit\".", "The character, which does not appear in the original book by Tolkien, was created by Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh as the head of the Elven guard who wields a bow and two daggers as weapons.", "Lilly, who had been a fan of Tolkien's books since she was 13, underwent training for swordplay and archery, as well as in the Elvish language for the role.", "In 2015, Lilly played Hope van Dyne / Wasp in the superhero film \"Ant-Man\", and later reprised her role in \"Ant-Man and the Wasp\" (2018) and \"\" (2019).", "She will star alongside Armie Hammer and Gary Oldman in \"Dreamland\", directed by Nicholas Jarecki.", "In June 2010, Lilly announced on \"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson\" that she would be writing a children's book and recited several excerpts.", "She has stated that her literary inspirations are children's book authors such as Roald Dahl and Edward Gorey.", "On July 18, 2013, Lilly debuted the book, titled \"The Squickerwonkers\".", "The release event was held at the San Diego Comic-Con, where she attended a book signing for the work in addition to providing a reading performance.", "Lilly has stated that the idea for the book first came to her when she was 14 years old.", "The foreword to the book was written by director Peter Jackson.", "She described the work as \"a graphic book series designed for children\", stating that the book is about a young girl who joins a group of characters she described as \"this family, the Squickerwonkers, and they're strange outcasts who all have very particular vices\".", "Lilly has stated that future books will each reveal a new Squickerwonker character and unique vice, which will eventually become the undoing of the character.", "The illustrator for the book is Johnny Fraser-Allen of Weta Workshop, a New Zealand-based concept design firm that worked on films including \"The Hobbit\".", "Lilly stated that the goal was to \"make a book that we would like to have read as children and that we would still enjoy as adults today\".", "On December 20, 2006, an electrical problem set fire to her house in Kailua, Hawaii, destroying the house and all of her possessions while she was on the set of \"Lost\".", "Though she lost all of her belongings, she said that the fire \"was almost liberating, I'm in no hurry to clutter up my life again.\"", "Lilly was married to Canadian Murray Hone from 2003 to 2004.", "She was also in a relationship with her \"Lost\" co-star Dominic Monaghan from 2004 to 2009.", "In 2010, Lilly began a long term relationship with Norman Kali.", "She gave birth to their first child, a son in 2011.", "Their second child, another son, was born in October 2015.", "She works with non-profits such as the GO Campaign.", "In 2009, Lilly auctioned off custom lingerie in support of Task Brasil, \"a non-profit organization dedicated to helping the lost street children of Brazil by providing them secure housing\".", "In 2010, she auctioned off three lunches in Vancouver, Honolulu, and Los Angeles to help widows and orphans in Rwanda, a country she has made numerous trips to as part of her charity work.", "Afterwards, in 2012, Lilly auctioned off a Hawaiian hike to raise money for the Sierra Club.", "Lilly received wide-scale media attention for stating in a 2014 interview with \"The Huffington Post\": \"I'm very proud of being a woman, and as a woman, I don't even like the word feminism because when I hear that word, I associate it with women trying to pretend to be men, and I'm not interested in trying to pretend to be a man.\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 22740090, "normal_article_title": "Rälla", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22740090", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-22740090-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Rälla is a locality situated in Borgholm Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 407 inhabitants in 2010." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 479153, "simple_article_title": "Rälla", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=479153", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-479153-0-0", "simple-479153-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Rälla is a locality in Borgholm Municipality in Kalmar County in Sweden.", "In 2010, 407 people lived there." ] } }

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"normal-30270690-37-7", "normal-30270690-38-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "\"Born This Way\" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga, and the lead single from her second studio album of the same name.", "Written by Gaga and Jeppe Laursen, who produced it along with Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow, the track was developed while Gaga was on the road with The Monster Ball Tour.", "Inspired by 1990s music which empowered women and the gay community, Gaga explained that \"Born This Way\" was her freedom song.", "She sang part of the chorus at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards in 2010 and announced the song as the lead single from the album, released on February 11, 2011.", "\"Born This Way\" is backed by rumbling synth sounds, a humming bass and additional chorus percussion, with sole organ toward the end.", "The lyrics discuss the self-empowerment of minorities including the LGBT community as well as racial minorities, referring to \"cholas\" and \"orients\".", "Critics positively reviewed the song, calling it a \"club-ready anthem\", though it faced criticism for having similarities with Madonna's 1989 single \"Express Yourself\".", "The song reached number one in over 25 countries and was her third single to top the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and the 1,000th song in that chart's history (since 1958) to reach number one.", "\"Born This Way\" has sold 8.2 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time.", "Nick Knight directed the accompanying music video, which was inspired by surrealist painters like Salvador Dalí and Francis Bacon.", "Gaga is depicted as giving birth to a new race during a prologue.", "After a series of dance sequences, the video concludes with the view of a city populated by this race.", "Critics noted the video's references to the work of Madonna, Michael Jackson, Björk, and the late fashion designer Alexander McQueen, as well as to Greek mythology and surrealism.", "Gaga performed the song at the 53rd Grammy Awards after coming out of an incubating vessel.", "Shortly after, she added it to the setlist of the last leg of The Monster Ball Tour.", "\"Born This Way\" was later performed on television shows, such as the \"Saturday Night Live\", \"Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve\" and \"Good Morning America\", many of the singer's tours, and it was notably part of her Super Bowl LI halftime show set.", "The song was treated with different remixes, including a \"Country Road\" version recorded by Gaga herself and another by Indian production duo Salim-Sulaiman.", "Alice Cooper, Madonna, Katy Perry, Maria Aragon, and the cast of the TV series \"Glee\" have covered the song.", "In 2019, the song was covered in the Disney Channel series Andi Mack.", "In 2010, Lady Gaga was touring for her second world tour, The Monster Ball.", "At that time she started developing ideas for her second studio album, \"Born This Way\".", "The first song written and recorded for the album was the title track itself which she wrote in Liverpool and Manchester, England, described by Gaga as a \"magical message\" song.", "She wrote it in ten minutes and compared the process to an Immaculate Conception.", "White Shadow, one of the producers of the track, credited Gaga for coming up with the idea and the theme behind the song.", "\"We recorded it around the world, on the road, in whatever was available.", "It sounds like it reads, but not like you think until you hear it,\" he added.", "Gaga wanted to record her own freedom song, and explained with \"Billboard\" her inspiration behind the song: I want to write my this-is-who-the-fuck-I-am anthem, but I don't want it to be hidden in poetic wizardry and metaphors.", "I want it to be an attack, an assault on the issue because I think, especially in today's music, everything gets kind of washy sometimes and the message gets hidden in the lyrical play.", "Harkening back to the early '90s, when Madonna, En Vogue, Whitney Houston and TLC were making very empowering music for women and the gay community and all kind of disenfranchised communities, the lyrics and the melodies were very poignant and very gospel and very spiritual and I said, 'That's the kind of record I need to make.", "That's the record that's going to shake up the industry.'", "It's not about the track.", "It's not about the production.", "It's about the song.", "Anyone could sing 'Born This Way'.", "It could've been anyone.", "On February 8, 2011, Gaga tweeted the words \"Trois Jours\" (\"Three Days\"), along with a picture of the official single artwork, via TwitPic.", "Gaga is shown topless in the black-and-white cover art and displays the tattoos on her back.", "Her hair is air-blown and she wears heavy make-up while sharp edges protrude from her face and shoulders.", "The artwork was described by Charlie Amter from \"The Hollywood Reporter\" as harkening back to the classic record covers from the 1980s.", "He compared it to the artworks by bands like Missing Persons, Roxy Music and Duran Duran.", "Gordon Smart from \"The Sun\" also felt that the \"stark black and white image\" had a glossy eighties air about it.", "Tanner Stransky from \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave a positive review of the cover art, feeling that Gaga looked almost \"animalistic\" in the picture, and her flowing hair made her look like a creature from the African jungle.", "She also added that the artwork was \"totally and completely fierce\".", "Archana Ram from the same publication found similarities between the \"Born This Way\" cover art and Kylie Minogue's cover art for her 2007 single \"2 Hearts\".", "Nicole Eggenberger from \"OK!\"", "described the artwork as a perfect balance between the singer's \"wild side\" and her \"glamorous\" looks.", "Leah Collins from \"Dose\" believed that the extreme make-up and tattoos were an ironic play on the title of the song.", "Gaga had sung a few lines from the song while accepting the 2010 MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year, for \"Bad Romance\".", "Given as a Christmas gift to her fans, Gaga announced, via Twitter, the release dates of the album and the lead single at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Day, 2011.", "The single was dated to be released on February 13, 2011, while the album on May 23, 2011.", "Supplementing this announcement came a black-and-white photograph in which Gaga, according to Jocelyn Vena from MTV, is \"nude from the waist down, with her hair blowing about, and sporting a jacket with 'Born This Way' emblazoned in what looks like bedazzled jewels.\"", "In late January 2011, Gaga released the lyrics of the song, before announcing that she planned to release the single two days prior to its stipulated date.", "Hence the song was premiered on radio stations worldwide at 6 a.m. EST on February 11, 2011, and was released for digital download from online retailers at 9 a.m. EST the same day.", "\"Born This Way\" was written by Gaga and Jeppe Laursen (formerly of the band Junior Senior), and produced with Paul Blair (a.k.a. DJ White Shadow) and Fernando Garibay, while it was mixed at Abbey Road Studios in London and Germano Studios in New York.", "The electropop song begins with Gaga's voice uttering the line \"It doesn't matter if you love him or capital H-I-M\" on a loop, backed by a rumbling synth sound and a humming bass.", "As the synths change into a beat, Gaga belts out the song's first verse, followed by the bass dropping off and the percussion-backed chorus, \"I'm beautiful in my way, 'cause God makes no mistakes; I'm on the right track, baby, I was born this way\", which Jocelyn Vena from MTV likened as being \"meant to be heard in a big space.", "It's fast and hard-hitting.\"", "After the chorus she chants the line \"Don't be a drag, Just be a queen\" a number of times on top of handclaps, before moving to the second verse.", "After the second chorus an interlude follows, where Gaga chants the names of various communities.", "Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine felt that the interlude is a mixture of the music from American television show, \"Glee\", and the song \"There But For the Grace of God Go I\" by Machine.", "The music fades out for a moment as Gaga sings a cappella, before the addition of an organ and Gaga closes the song.", "According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, \"Born This Way\" is written in the time signature of common time, with a moderate dance beat tempo of 124 beats per minute.", "It is composed in the key of B major (in the F♯ Mixolydian mode) as Gaga's voice spans the tonal nodes of F♯ to C♯ .", "\"Born This Way\" follows a chord progression of F♯ –F♯ –E–B–F♯ in the chorus.", "The lyrics during the verses talk about empowerment, while the chorus talks about making no apologies and accepting one as themselves.", "It features the names of LGBT and other minority communities, which was due to the support Gaga had received from the community over the years.", "She also explained that since \"The Fame\" and \"The Fame Monster\" did not directly address those communities, \"Born This Way\" was her chance to create something that not only supported her political and social beliefs, but also empowered her to artistically say, \"'I'm not being safe with this record.'", "I'm not trying to gain new fans.", "I love the fans I already have, and this is for them.\"", "After the early release of the lyrics, it had garnered criticism from some Asian and Hispanic communities, including Latino groups MECha and Chicanos Unidos Arizona, claiming that the usage of the terms \"chola\" and \"orient\" was offensive and derogatory.", "In response to the lyrics, Robert Paul Reyes of Newsblaze.com stated that while he agreed with its pro-gay stance, he questioned the use of the term \"chola\", asking, \"Are Latinos supposed to be grateful that a white superstar, born of privilege, included a racist shout out to our community?", "Not all Latino ladies are 'cholas' in the barrio, some of them are teachers, writers, engineers and nurses and doctors.\"", "Radio stations in Malaysia chose to censor the part of the lyrics dealing with the acceptance of the LGBT community, due to censorship in the country of content that may be deemed offensive.", "In response, Gaga urged her Malaysian fans, who wanted the uncensored version to be played, to take action by stating: \"It is your job and it is your duty as young people to have your voices heard.", "You must do everything that you can if you want to be liberated by your society.", "You must call, you must not stop, you must protest peaceably.\"", "A number of remixes were commissioned by Interscope Records, to accompany the song.", "The first set of remixes were done by LA Riots, Chew Fu and DJ White Shadow.", "Titled \"Born This Way – The Remixes Part 1\", the remixes were released as CD single and digital download on March 15, 2011.", "Another set of remixes were done by Michael Woods, Grum, Dada Life, Zedd, Bimbo Jones and Twin Shadow.", "It was released on March 29, 2011, for digital download only, with the name \"Born This Way – The Remixes Part 2\".", "Gaga released a \"Country Road Version\" of the song on March 15, 2011, via her Twitter account.", "The version opens with the sound of guitars and then introduces a fuzzed-out slide guitar and harmonica wheeze, with the original disco beats replaced by restrained brush drumming and a more laid-back vibe.", "Once the first chorus starts, the song chugs alongside the harmonica sounds.", "Just before the three-minute mark, Gaga sings new lyrics, \"If I wanna make it country, baby, then it's OK, cuz I was born, I was born, I was born this way,\" over a picked mandolin.", "According to Gil Kaufman of MTV, the song breaks into full-on country-rock mode, reminiscent of late-period Bon Jovi music, in the final minute.", "A portion of the money earned from sales of \"Country Road Version\" went to the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN).", "A Bollywood version of the song was done by Indian music producer duo Salim and Sulaiman Merchant.", "The remix was released on DesiHits.com, a website for South Asian music and entertainment news.", "The Merchants were discussing music projects with Anjula Acharia-Bath of DesiHits.com, when they came to learn that Gaga, who did not have much reach within the Indian diaspora, was interested in a Bollywood remix for \"Born This Way\".", "The Merchants were contacted by Gaga's manager, Troy Carter, and the remix was finalized.", "Sulaiman explained that they received Gaga's raw vocals from \"Born This Way\", and using it as a base, they designed the remix.", "\"We sent her a rough cut of our composition for initial feedback on whether we were giving it the right groove.", "She loved it and that's how we went about it,\" he added.", "The Merchants used a number of Indian musical instruments like the dugi, sitar by Sunil Das, and the dhol and dholak in the chorus.", "Salim said that he sang a little bit of alaap to give the remix a Sufi touch, \"as that's the kind of music we do and it was also about adding our signature.\"", "Gaga's management team were satisfied with their remix and wanted them to do another remix of her next song, \"Judas\".", "The Bollywood remixes were a part of the Indian track list of \"Born This Way\".", "\"Born This Way\" received generally positive reviews from music critics upon its release.", "Michael Cragg from \"The Guardian\" called the song an \"almost disco anthem\", and said the chorus \"crashes in with the weight of a discarded meat dress\".", "He also felt that the \"campness\" of the music made the lyrics sound less serious than it is.", "Guthrie Graves-Fitzsimmons of \"The Washington Post\" stated that \"Born This Way\" was a \"hymn for LGBT Christians\".", "Rick Florino of Artistdirect gave the song five out of five stars and labeled it as \"an immediate pop classic\", complimenting the hook and the chorus.", "Alison Schwartz from \"People\" added that \"the club-ready anthem, complete with a few a cappella chants and Italian lyrics, shows off Gaga's powerhouse vocal chords—and knack for powerful songwriting.\"", "Jem Aswad from \"Billboard\" responded positively to the anthemic nature of the song, and felt that it would become a staple song to be played on the radio and dancefloors in the following months.", "Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song five out of five stars, describing it as a \"life-affirming equality anthem, a straight-up club pumper and a flat-out fantastic pop song.\"", "Writing for Slant Magazine, Sal Cinquemani understood that Gaga \"has tapped into something truly special, maybe even important.\"", "He also complimented the song's underlying message of equality.", "Meghan Casserly of \"Forbes\" expected \"Born This Way\" to be the biggest gay anthem ever, since, according to her, it was written with that purpose in mind, and she also points out that it is \"the next girl power song\".", "Annie Yuan of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" labeled the song \"a hodge-podge of other pop tunes.\"", "Kevin O'Donnell of \"Spin\" gave a mixed review, pointing out lyrical similarities to Michael Jackson's \"Black or White\" (1991).", "He added that seeing the hype surrounding the project, he expected Gaga to release a song \"as epic and instantly classic as The Beatles' 'A Day in the Life' or Queen's 'Bohemian Rhapsody'.", "Imagine what she'd come up with if she'd spent more than ten minutes writing the song.\"", "Many critics noted similarities between \"Born This Way\" and Madonna's 1989 song, \"Express Yourself\", referring to \"similar chords, same uplifting, girl-power theme (...), same tempo\".", "Rob Sheffield of \"Rolling Stone\" acknowledged the influences of Madonna but pointed out that they would not overshadow the song, as it \"summed up all the complex Gaga mythos, all her politics and Catholic angst and smeared lipstick, in one brilliant pop blast.\"", "Caryn Ganz, while writing for Yahoo! Music, criticized \"Born This Way\", stating that the song was \"overworked, overwrought, noisy, cheesy, and very, very derivative.\"", "She specifically noted the similarities to songs like \"When Love Takes Over\" (2010), \"Waterfalls\" (1995), and three of Madonna's songs: \"Express Yourself\", \"Ray of Light\" (1998), and \"Vogue\".", "Megan Friedman from \"Time\" and Marissa Moss from \"The Huffington Post\" summarized their reaction as \"mixed\", due to the similarities they found with \"Express Yourself\".", "Neil McCormick of \"The Daily Telegraph\" noted that the imitative nature of the song would affect perceptions of Gaga's artistry, since \"Born This Way\" was \"basically a reworking of Madonna's 'Express Yourself' with a touch of 'Vogue', which is a bit too much Madonna for someone who is trying to establish her own identity as the, er, new Madonna.\"", "The song has also attracted some academic attention: Juliet A. Williams, Professor of Gender studies UCLA, mentioning Madonna's \"Express Yourself\" and Judith Butler's \"Gender Trouble\", points out its post-essentialist feminist message.", "Ann Powers of the \"Los Angeles Times\" concluded that \"Born This Way\" had an entirely different message from the Madonna songs it was being compared to and further defended it by saying, \"Whether its sound comes too close to one or another Madonna song seems beside the point; what current pop hit doesn't go green by recycling something familiar?\".", "Gaga herself addressed the comparisons on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\", explaining that she had received an e-mail from Madonna's representatives, who had mentioned their support for \"Born This Way\".", "\"If the Queen says it shall be, then it shall be,\" she added.", "CNN later reported that Madonna's representatives were not aware that the singer, or her team, had sent Gaga an e-mail regarding the situation.", "Two months later, while getting interviewed by \"NME\" magazine, Gaga further addressed the comparisons to \"Express Yourself\": Why would I try to put out a song and think I'm getting one over everybody?", "I will look in your eyes and tell you that I'm not dumb enough or moronic enough to think that you are dumb or moronic enough not to see that I would have stolen a melody.", "If you put the songs next to each other, side by side, the only similarities are the chord progression.", "It's the same one that has been in disco music for the last 50 years.", "Just because I'm the first fucking artist in 25 years to think of putting it on Top 40 radio, it doesn't mean I'm a plagiarist, it means I'm fucking smart.", "When interviewed by ABC News in 2012, Madonna was asked about the similarities between \"Born This Way\" and \"Express Yourself\", stating: \"When I heard 'Born This Way' on the radio ... I said, 'that sounds very familiar' ... It felt reductive.\"", "She also came to report to The Newsweek Daily Beast Company what she had in mind when she heard \"Born This Way\": \"I thought, 'What a wonderful way to redo my song'.", "I mean, I recognised the chord changes.", "I thought it was... interesting.\"", "At the end of 2011, \"Slant Magazine\" listed \"Born This Way\" as the fifth best song of the year, with Ed Gonzalez from the website commenting that the song is an \"unmistakable landmark pop-cultural moment, a post-irony, post-metaphor, pansexual celebration, aimed squarely at the audience that probably needs it the most.\"", "It also placed the same rank on the list by MTV, with Gil Kaufman from the channel saying that the song and the music video \"added to Gaga's mind-tripping visual canon and further established her as one of the biggest triple threats in music.\"", "PopMatters listed it at position 73 on their list of \"The 75 Best Songs of 2011\", with Sean McCarthy from the website saying that although \"Born This Way\" \"is a labor to listen to because of its over-the-topness.", "No such problems exist with the title track.", "All of the Gaga's strengths on her one-hour monolith are condensed into a four-minute unstoppable ode to the outcasts of the world.\"", "Furthermore, \"The Guardian\" listed \"Born This Way\" as the 18th best song of 2011.", "The video won two awards at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, in the categories of Best Female Video and Best Video With a Message.", "Along with the song winning the 2011 MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song, Gaga won also the award for Best Video with \"Born This Way\" at the same event.", "The song also set a world record at the Guinness World Records as the \"Fastest-selling Single\" on iTunes, with over a million copies sold in five days since its release.", "In the United States, \"Born This Way\" debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, for the issue dated February 26, 2011, as well as becoming Gaga's third number one single.", "\"Born This Way\" became the nineteenth song to debut at number one on the Hot 100, and the 1000th number one single in the chart's history.", "The song sold 448,000 digital downloads in three days, the most downloads in a first week by a female artist, beating the previous record held by Britney Spears' \"Hold It Against Me\".", "The record would be later broke by Taylor Swift's \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" when it sold 623,000 digital copies in its debut week in the week ending September 1, 2012.", "\"Born This Way\" remained at the top the following week, selling another 509,000 copies in its first full week of release, and becoming the first song to enter the Hot 100 at number one and hold that position for a second week since Clay Aiken's \"This Is The Night\" in 2003.", "Subsequently, the song held the number one spot for six weeks making it the only song to debut at number one and stay there for over a month since Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind 1997\" in 1997.", "\"Born This Way\" went on to break the record for the fastest selling song in iTunes history, selling a million copies worldwide in five days.", "The song's CD single sold 24,000 copies in its first week of release and a total of 40,000 copies till March 2011.", "\"Born This Way\" sold 3.47 million digital copies in 2011 and became the tenth-best-selling song of the year in the United States.", "It is her eighth consecutive song to top the two million mark, and her sixth song to reach three million downloads.", "As of February 2019, it has sold 4.3 million digital downloads in the US.", "\"Born This Way\" debuted at number 14 on the \"Billboard\" Pop Songs chart with 4,602 plays after three days of availability, the highest detections total by a debuting song in the chart's history.", "It was the second-highest debut on that chart, behind Mariah Carey's \"Dreamlover\" (1993) which debuted at number 12.", "In its seventh week on the chart, \"Born This Way\" reached the top, becoming Gaga's seventh number-one song there, thus tying her with Pink and Rihanna as the artist's with the most number one songs on the chart.", "In addition, the song broke the overall airplay debut record with a first week audience of 78.5 million, entering at number six on the Radio Songs chart; this feat surpassed Janet Jackson's \"All for You\" (2001) which had debuted at number nine with an audience of 70 million.", "\"Born This Way\" topped the chart after seven weeks, becoming her second number-one radio song after \"Paparazzi\".", "\"Born This Way\" topped the Japan Hot 100 and Hot Dance Club Songs charts, reached top-ten on Latin Pop Airplay and Adult Contemporary, and number 11 on Adult Top 40 charts.", "\"Born This Way\" took the number one position in its debut week in Canada, remaining atop the Canadian Hot 100 for seven weeks.", "On February 20, 2011, the single debuted at number one in Australia on the official ARIA Singles Chart, becoming Gaga's third number-one single there, and the highest selling song to debut at the top.", "\"Born This Way\" was certified four-times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 280,000 copies of the single.", "The single debuted at number one on the New Zealand RIANZ charts, becoming Gaga's second number-one single there after \"Poker Face\" (2008).", "It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for shipment of 15,000 copies of the single.", "In the United Kingdom, \"Born This Way\" logged first week sales of 60,000 digital copies, landing it at number three on the UK Singles Chart, which became its peak position.", "It sold 625,000 copies in 2011 in the UK and 712,600 copies by September 2016.", "Elsewhere, the song debuted atop the charts in Spain, Finland, Ireland, and the Netherlands.", "\"Born This Way\" debuted at number two in Italy, France, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Germany, and Belgium (Flanders).", "In addition, it debuted at number-four in Denmark and then moved to the second spot.", "\"Born This Way\" had sold 8.2 million digital copies by November 2011 and had become the fifth best-selling digital single of the year, worldwide.", "The music video was shot the weekend of January 22–24, 2011 in New York City, and was described by Gaga's team as a \"profound, so inspiring and so incredibly beautiful\" video.", "The video was directed by Nick Knight.", "Choreographer Laurieann Gibson told MTV News that the video would be \"shocking\" and one can expect the execution of the highest level of vocal music art and dance.", "Hollywoodlife.com reported that Gaga spent the first week of February editing the video at the Greenwich Hotel, New York, working during the night as she had to spend the morning rehearsing for her upcoming Grammy Awards performance.", "Media reports suggested that the singer might play the character of Jo Calderone, the male model she had portrayed in the September issue of Japanese \"Vogue Hommes\".", "Fernando Garibay explained that the video \"is of cultural relevance, and hopefully helps people that are an outcast, bullied.", "Hopefully makes people aware that it's OK to be yourself.\"", "According to Gaga, she was inspired by the paintings of Salvador Dalí and Francis Bacon, and their surrealistic images.", "When she played it for me, it took me a while to find out the visual interpretation that I could give back to her.", "And so I woke up one night and I got it, and I said, 'I got it: We have to birth a new race.'", "From the gate, Gaga was like, 'I want Nick Knight for this video.", "I want a visual.'", "She was always birthing something visual in her head, and Nick Knight is just, well, he's prolific but he's so genius.", "It was about pushing the bar of what a music video should be and can be.", "... It's a different time; it's a different era; there are no limits.", "It is a viral message.", "I think that there's something in there for everyone, and that's what's so amazing about the video and so specific about the message.", "Gibson recalled having to work with Gaga on her dancing in the video, and to make her a better dancer she wanted Gaga to be confident.", "Gaga chose New York to shoot the video because the city is her birthplace.", "Before shooting started, Gibson and Gaga decided there was only one place to work on the avant-garde, modern dance routine for the video, Alvin Alley, where Gibson had studied dance.", "\"We rehearsed there because the choreography is really modern-based.", "It's, like, more technical than anything she's ever done,\" she recalled.", "Shooting also took place in Brooklyn for two days.", "Since Gaga did not want set pictures to be taken before the video was ready, her team had to hide the location and were successful, except at the last day when paparazzi started sneaking around.", "The video featured full-bodied tattooed model Rick Genest (Rico), better known by his stage name Zombie Boy.", "Gaga painted her face in a similar way to Genest, in one of the main series of sequences.", "She said that the sequences displayed the fact that she would not allow society or critics to dictate her sense of beauty.", "\"I tell you what I think is beauty, and hence the scene was of me and Rico defining ourselves in artistic way and not relying on society to dictate it,\" she added.", "The costumes for the video were designed by Formichetti, who blogged about the various designer pieces shown in it.", "In the opening sequence of the video, Gaga wore a head accessory by Alexis Bittar, a diamond neckpiece by Erickson Beamon with earrings by Pamela Love, and a stained-glass dress by Petra Storrs.", "Finger rings were provided by Erickson Beamon and chiffon clothes by Thierry Mugler.", "For the skeletons sequences, both she and Rico wore tuxedos by Mugler while the slime during the orgy scenes were courtesy of Bart Hess.", "For her Michael Jackson impression in the alley at the video's end, Gaga wore shirt and pants by Haus of Gaga, shoes by Natacha Marro, a Billykirk belt and LaCrasia gloves.", "Released on Monday, February 28, 2011, the video begins with a brief shot of a unicorn's silhouette in a steam-filled alley, inside a pink triangle frame.", "The triangle transitions to a shot of Gaga, with two opposite facing heads, inspired by Janus, the Roman god of transition and beginnings, sitting in an ornate glass throne amidst a star-filled space.", "As Bernard Herrmann's prelude to the movie \"Vertigo\" plays, Gaga tells the story of the creation of an extraterrestrial race that \"bears no prejudice, no judgment, but boundless freedom.\"", "Gaga sits in the throne, giving birth to a \"new race within the race of humanity.\"", "She explains that this was followed by the birth of evil, due to which Gaga splits into two opposing forces of good and evil.", "Her new half gives birth to a machine gun and fires it.", "The prologue concludes with Gaga questioning, \"How can I protect something so perfect, without evil?\"", "Gaga, with shoulder and facial protrusions (prosthetic makeup mimicking subdermal implants) walks in a seemingly endless black space, where people are on their hands and knees in an organized pattern.", "She raises her hand and crouches down to join them.", "When the first verse begins, everyone dances to choreography.", "The scenes alternate between the dance, and Gaga singing on her throne in space.", "In the second verse, Gaga and Rico are in tuxedos, with her face painted to mirror his.", "Alternating clips show Gaga caressing and attempting to dance with him while he stays expressionless and motionless for the most part.", "When the chorus plays for the second time, Gaga sings in a room of mirrors, with her head displayed in a glass box among oddly distorted mannequin heads.", "In the succeeding shots, she is once again shown on her throne giving birth to more members of the new race.", "After choreographed routines by Gaga and her dancers, they all gather in a circle and embrace in a hug.", "In the video's conclusion, Gaga's silhouette struts in an alley in a tribute to Jackson's \"The Way You Make Me Feel\" video.", "Her face is misconstrued, with sharp horns protruding from her face, glowing eyes, uneven hair, and a distinct Madonna-esque gap between her front teeth.", "Gaga has commented that she was teased as kids would call her \"rabbit teeth\".", "She sheds a single tear as the pink triangle frame appears again, and inside it, a silhouette of Gaga sitting atop the unicorn.", "A city and a rainbow appear in the background, and Gaga is seen in her zombie makeup, chewing bubble gum and blowing it, as the pink triangle zooms away.", "The music video for \"Born This Way\" was met with generally positive reception among music critics.", "James Montgomery of MTV praised the overall creationism concept of the music video, adding that it \"sort of makes sense, it sort of doesn't, but that 100 percent doesn't really matter much.", "This is Gaga at her most fabulous, her most out-there, her most, well, Gaga.\"", "In conclusion of his review, he wrote that the fantasy aspects of the video is overshadowed by the overall spectacle, which he believed was analogous to Gaga, \"after thoroughly dominating this world with 'Born This Way,' she seems content to create brand-new worlds to tower over.\"", "Myrddin Gwynedd of \"The New Zealand Herald\" felt that Gaga's penchant for eccentric and provocative imagery, was extreme in the video.", "Raphael Chestang from \"Entertainment Tonight\" praised the performance of Gaga and her dancers in the video, also complimenting the fashion.", "Monica Herrera from \"Billboard\" noticed that the video bore similarities to the music video of Madonna's \"Vogue\" and \"Borderline\" (1984), while believing it to be \"more of a high-fashion short film than a conventional music video\".", "Jim Farber from \"New York Daily News\" wanted Gaga to add more humor in her videos, adding that although the video had \"joyous\" shock value, it definitely lacked creativity.", "Oscar Moralde from Slant Magazine noted that in the video, \"Gaga fully embraces the monstrous as a part of her.\"", "Moralde further explained that previously the singer had acknowledged her role as \"Mother Monster\", but never to the visceral, fully embodied extent that she does in the video.", "\"The things that are monstrous, the things that are different—for Gaga, those are the things that are beautiful,\" he concluded.", "Gina Serpe from E! Online criticized it for being a \"Madonna rip-off\", while Matthew Perpetua of \"Rolling Stone\" noted similarities to some of Madonna's work and the imagery from in the 1927 German expressionist film, \"Metropolis\".", "Ann Powers from \"Los Angeles Times\" noted that the video paid tribute to the Goddess movement and feminism.", "According to her, with the video Gaga made goddess culture accessible to the mass, by portraying images borrowed from fine art, cinema and cool subcultures.", "Examples given by her included the portrayal of Rico as her partner, instead of a conventional-looking male or female consort.", "Powers further added that \"Gaga has found a way to place female empowerment at the center of her vision without sacrificing the gains she makes by being a daddy's girl or a 'boy toy'.\"", "Megan Powers from \"Time\" criticized the video and Gaga's usage of shock-imagery, which she still found \"strange\".", "The video has been noted for its cultural references and artistic similarities, not only to other recording artists such as Jackson and Madonna, but to Greek and Roman mythology, surrealism and the work of Swiss painter H. R. Giger and late fashion designer Alexander McQueen.", "On the February 9, 2011, episode of \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", singers Justin Bieber and James Blunt performed their own rendition of the song along with DeGeneres, improvising the music, while singing the chorus.", "During the show, Gaga confirmed via telephone that she would perform \"Born This Way\" on February 13, 2011, at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards.", "Gaga arrived at the ceremony in a giant incubating vessel that was carried onto the red carpet by numerous fashion models.", "She later emerged from another bigger egg on stage, dressed in a high ponytail, gold bra top and long skirt, with black and gold makeup and pointed shoulders and horns protruding from her face.", "The \"Born This Way\" performance was introduced by Ricky Martin.", "In the first few seconds after performing the intro of the song, Gaga emerged from the egg, and after the first chorus, she whipped her hair in a manner similar to singer Willow Smith.", "Before the \"No matter gay, straight or bi\" line of the song, an organ emerged from the stage floor.", "Gaga played the music on the organ, which was surrounded by mannequin heads submerged in gel, before belting out the rest of the bridge as her dancers surrounded her.", "Before leaving the stage, Gaga put on her trench and hat as the song faded out and Gaga and her dancers ended the performance with their hands put up in paws.", "According to Gaga the Grammy performance was inspired by many things, including Gregorian music, Alvin Ailey dance moves and Martha Graham's dance energy.", "On \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" she explained that Smith inspired her to \"whip my hair back and forth on stage,\" referring to Smith's similar named song.", "Gaga continued that the incubating vessel was meant to signify an artistic statement of birthing a new race with no prejudice.", "The idea occurred to her when she was in Amsterdam on her tour bus, and was thinking about birth and embryos.", "She had thought to herself, \"Gosh, the thing I hate most about doing award shows is, it can be distracting... I want to exist only for my fans and for the stage.", "I don't want to exist in this machine or this circus that is the industry.", "I wish I could be encapsulated for three days and just think only about my performance, think only about the album, think only about the future of my fans.", "So that's what I did.\"", "Jocelyn Vena from MTV felt that the performance was \"surprisingly\" sparse compared to Gaga's previous \"over-the-top\" endeavors.", "Soraya Roberts from \"New York Daily News\" was disappointed with the \"highly expected\" performance, feeling that it had copied Madonna and her Blond Ambition World Tour choreography.", "Jason Lipscultz from \"Billboard\" described the performance as \"spirited\", and felt that Gaga's appearance inside the egg was one of the memorable moments of the Grammy Awards.", "Jennifer Armstrong from \"Entertainment Weekly\" praised the performance saying that although there were definite influences of Madonna in it, the performance was one of the highlights of the show.", "Matthew Perpetua from \"Rolling Stone\" concurred that \"It should come as no surprise that Lady Gaga's performance of her new single 'Born This Way' was the evening's most visually stunning and bizarre spectacle.\"", "Starting from the February 19, 2011 date of The Monster Ball Tour, Gaga performed \"Born This Way\" as a second encore to the show, using the same general attire and choreography as the Grammy performance, however the incubation vessel was not present and slight alterations were made in the outfits of her dancers.", "Tris McCall from \"The Star-Ledger\" was most impressed with the performance, calling it one of the highlights of the concert.", "He added that \"reinterpretation of the single, which was far more Laura Nyro than Madonna, was such an improvement over the mechanized, tricked-out hit version that it was hard not to wish she could get back to the studio and re-cut it before the album comes out.\"", "Gaga performed an acoustic version on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", in May 2011, along with another song from \"Born This Way\", \"You and I\".", "Sitting atop a high stool, Gaga—in a red leather blazer, a floppy mask-like hat and see-through leopard bodysuit—played a piano made out of a wire high-heel structure.", "At \"The Graham Norton Show\" in May 2011, Gaga performed \"Born This Way\" as the closing song of the show, while on Radio 1's Big Weekend in Carlisle, Cumbria it was the opening song of the set list.", "Another performance took place at the season finale of \"Saturday Night Live\", where the singer wore a metallic dress and a side ponytail.", "Midway through her performance, she displayed a pregnant belly as she emerged from within her dancers.", "A few days later, Gaga performed the song on \"Good Morning America\" as a part of their \"Summer Concert Series\".", "She wore gold horns and a gold sequined jacket, and near the end of the performance she joined her dancers in a tank filled with 1800 lb of dyed gel.", "During a promotional visit in Europe in June 2011, piano versions of the song was performed on the final show of the sixth season of \"Germany's Next Topmodel\", and at the EuroPride 2011 in Rome.", "A medley of \"Judas\" and \"Born This Way\" was the closing performance on the \"Paul O'Grady Live\" show in London.", "Gaga closed the 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards with \"Born This Way\", appearing on stage inside a hanging cocoon.", "While touring Japan, \"Born This Way\" was performed along with \"The Edge of Glory\" on the 2011 MTV Video Music Aid Japan.", "After finishing performing \"The Edge of Glory\", she sneaked around the stage, and climbed some stairs to reach her piano—which was decked up to look like a giant spider—before launching into an acoustic version of \"Born This Way\".", "The song was included on the Born This Way Ball tour (2012–2013), during which she came out screaming from a giant alien womb.", "Gaga was dressed in Medieval inspired cloths similar to her performance of the song at the Grammys.", "In 2014, Gaga performed an acoustic version of \"Born This Way\" during her residency show at Roseland Ballroom and at the tour.", "In July 2016, Gaga visited an orphanage in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, where she sang an acoustic version of the song described as \"emotional\" by Megan McCluskey from \"Time\".", "Later that year, she appeared in the Carpool Karaoke segment of \"The Late Late Show with James Corden\", where \"Born This Way\" was between the selected songs Gaga sang with Corden in the vehicle.", "On February 5, 2017, Gaga was the headliner of the Super Bowl LI halftime show and \"Born This Way\" was part of the performance.", "Nico Lang from \"Salon\" noted that compared to other songs performed during the event, which were mostly shortened into a medley, Gaga chose to perform the biggest part of \"Born This Way\", and \"her singing its lyrics made Gaga the first person to ever say the words 'lesbian', 'gay', 'bi', or 'transgender' at the Super Bowl.\"", "Many other journalists highlighted the significance of singing the song at the Super Bowl, calling it a subtle political statement.", "In April 2017, Gaga performed \"Born This Way\" during both weeks of the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.", "The song was also part of the Joanne World Tour (2017–2018).", "After singing songs on the piano, Gaga strapped on a long white skirt for the performance of \"Born This Way\".", "The singer performs the song during Lady Gaga Enigma (2018–2019), her Las Vegas residency, which involves two different shows.", "During the Enigma shows, Gaga performs it as the penultimate song in a \"champagne-hued gold\" dress, while on the Jazz and Piano show, she performs the song while playing on the piano.", "Chris Willman, from \"Variety\" reacted positively to her latter performance, saying that \"Born This Way\" \"should have been born this way, the way she sings it alone at the piano, as a sort of slow gospel number; it no longer sounds like a kicky 'Vogue' knockoff but something more primal and spiritual, and it's surprisingly moving in this more reverent frame.\"", "On March 3, 2011, during her concert in Toronto (Canada), Gaga performed an acoustic version of the song with ten-year-old Maria Aragon.", "Gaga had been impressed by Aragon's singing abilities when the ten-year-old uploaded her own version of \"Born This Way\" to YouTube.", "Aragon was subsequently invited on stage to sing with Gaga.", "She appeared wearing a fedora hat and carrying a stuffed monkey.", "Gaga sat at the piano, pulled Aragon onto her lap, before proceeding to sing a soul-inspired rendition of \"Born This Way\", trading off verses.", "\"Maria represents what this song is all about,\" Gaga told the Canadian crowd after the performance.", "\"It's all about the next generation and the future.\"", "Later, Aragon was invited at Radio Hot 103, where she sang the chorus of \"Born This Way\" through the phone.", "She also performed the song on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" on February 23, 2011.", "Fellow American singer Katy Perry performed a stripped down version of \"Born This Way\", on the March 7, 2011, date of her California Dreams Tour, in Paris.", "The performance was accompanied by two guitarists playing acoustic guitars.", "The \"Glee\" cast covered the song during a thematic episode of their second season.", "The episode was named \"Born This Way\", and aired in the United States in April 2011, on Fox.", "Their version of the song was released for digital download, and sold 73,000 copies to enter the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 44, and on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 31.", "Later, the \"Glee\" cover version was performed at the 2011 leg of the Glee Live!", "tour, the song also was included on the concert-film \"\" and the original .", "American singer-songwriter and parodist \"Weird Al\" Yankovic had sought permission from Gaga to parody \"Born This Way\", providing a brief description of the concept for his song.", "Her management responded that she must hear the song before providing approval.", "Yankovic obliged with the lyrics of \"Perform This Way\", which was released on April 25, 2011, as the first single from his thirteenth studio album, \"Alpocalypse\", on iTunes Store.", "After what Yankovic described as \"considerable expense\" in writing, recording, and mastering the song in the studio, he contacted Gaga's management again with a completed recording of the song.", "He was subsequently refused permission, without Gaga listening to the track and Yankovic getting the impression that the refusal came from the singer herself.", "Left with a completed song and abandoned plans for an outlandish music video to promote the song and album, Yankovic released it on YouTube.", "It was then that Gaga actually heard the song, and personally contacted Yankovic, giving him green light to include the song on \"Alpocalypse\", telling him that her manager had been the one to refuse permission, which was done without her knowledge or input.", "BBC Radio 1's Alex Full a.k.a. the Cornish Fairy and singer Kirsten Joy Gill recorded a cover of the song called \"Cornish This Way\" in August 2011 as a modern Cornish anthem.", "The song was recorded at the Maida Vale Studios in London, and the music video was shot in Newquay, Cornwall at the Boardmasters Festival.", "On May 20, 2012, a video leaked from rehearsals of Madonna's The MDNA Tour (2012) showed the singer incorporating \"Born This Way\" into \"Express Yourself\" followed by a performance of \"She's Not Me\", from her 2008 album \"Hard Candy\".", "It created a media frenzy with many speculating that she was \"dissing\" Gaga and the song.", "Madonna included the sequence in her tour, during the second segment.", "Alice Cooper added a cover of the song to the 2012 leg of his No More Mr. Nice Guy tour.", "It features altered lyrics, though it maintains the chorus and melody of Gaga's version.", "Later, Gaga showed appreciation for the cover on her Twitter account.", "Credits adapted from \"Born This Way\" album liner notes." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 283250, "simple_article_title": "Born This Way (song)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=283250", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-283250-0-0", "simple-283250-0-1", "simple-283250-0-2", "simple-283250-0-3", "simple-283250-0-4", "simple-283250-0-5", "simple-283250-0-6", "simple-283250-1-0", "simple-283250-1-1", "simple-283250-1-2", "simple-283250-1-3", "simple-283250-2-0", "simple-283250-2-1", "simple-283250-2-2", "simple-283250-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "\"Born This Way\" is a single by American pop singer Lady Gaga.", "It was released on February 11, 2011.", "The song premiered on KIIS-FM's American Top 40 with Ryan Seacrest on February 11th.", "The single was produced by Mexican music producer Fernando Garibay as well as DJ White Shadow and Gaga herself.", "The song is the lead single for Gaga's 2nd studio album \"Born This Way\" which was released on May 23, 2011.", "The single's music video was filmed on January 22, 2011.", "Gaga performed the song live at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards on February 13, 2011, two days after the song's release.", "While accepting the Video of the Year award (for \"Bad Romance\") at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga, after tearfully announcing her forthcoming album's title, sang a few lines from the song: \"I'm beautiful in my way, 'cause God makes no mistakes; I'm on the right track, baby, I was born this way.\"", "Given as a Christmas \"gift\" to her fans at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Day 2011, she announced (via Twitter) that May 23, 2011 and February 13, 2011 would see the release of Born This Way and this song respectively.", "The song, however, was released on February 11, two days prior to its original release, after revealing this on her Twitter page on February 7.", "Prior to its release in late January, Gaga (via Twitter) released the full set of lyrics to \"Born This Way\" onto the Internet.", "On February 16, 2011, Billboard announced that \"Born This Way\" entered at the number-one position of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100.", "The song became the 1000th number-one single in the chart's history and the nineteenth song to debut at number one.", "The song also reached number one in Australia and Canada and reached the top three in the United Kingdom.", "Critics positively reviewed the song, though it faced criticism for having similarities with Madonna's 1989 single \"Express Yourself\"." ] } }

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