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{ "normal_article_id": 183245, "normal_article_title": "Borken (district)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=183245", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-183245-0-0", "normal-183245-0-1", "normal-183245-1-0", "normal-183245-1-1", "normal-183245-1-2", "normal-183245-1-3", "normal-183245-1-4", "normal-183245-1-5", "normal-183245-2-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Borken is a \"Kreis\" (district) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany in the Münster region.", "Neighboring districts are Steinfurt, Coesfeld, Recklinghausen, Wesel, Cleves, Bentheim in the Lower Saxony and the Dutch provinces Gelderland and Overijssel.", "During the era of the Holy Roman Empire the area was subordinate to the Prince-Bishopric of Münster for centuries.", "In 1803 the bishops lost this territory, and the short-lived Principality of Salm was founded.", "After the Napoleonic Wars the region became a part of the Prussian province of Westphalia in 1815.", "At that time the district was created, together with the district Ahaus.", "In 1923 the city Bocholt left the district and became a district-free city.", "In 1975 the district got its current size by incorporating the district Ahaus, the city Bocholt and small parts of the districts Rees, Recklinghausen and Coesfeld.", "The district is located in the western part of the \"Münsterland\", a rather flat and rural area." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 93165, "simple_article_title": "Borken Rural District", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93165", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-93165-0-0", "simple-93165-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Borken is a \"Landkreis\" (rural district, or county) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.", "In 1975 the district was made by joining the old district of Ahaus, the city of Bocholt and small parts of the districts of Rees, Recklinghausen and Coesfeld." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3191271, "normal_article_title": "La Bella Mafia", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3191271", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3191271-0-0", "normal-3191271-0-1", "normal-3191271-0-2", "normal-3191271-1-0", "normal-3191271-1-1", "normal-3191271-1-2", "normal-3191271-1-3", "normal-3191271-1-4", "normal-3191271-2-0", "normal-3191271-2-1", "normal-3191271-3-0", "normal-3191271-3-1", "normal-3191271-3-2", "normal-3191271-3-3", "normal-3191271-3-4", "normal-3191271-3-5", "normal-3191271-3-6", "normal-3191271-3-7", "normal-3191271-4-0", "normal-3191271-4-1", "normal-3191271-5-0", "normal-3191271-6-0", "normal-3191271-6-1", "normal-3191271-6-2", "normal-3191271-6-3", "normal-3191271-6-4", "normal-3191271-6-5", "normal-3191271-6-6", "normal-3191271-6-7", "normal-3191271-6-8", "normal-3191271-7-0", "normal-3191271-7-1", "normal-3191271-7-2", "normal-3191271-8-0", "normal-3191271-8-1", "normal-3191271-9-0", "normal-3191271-9-1", "normal-3191271-9-2", "normal-3191271-9-3", "normal-3191271-9-4", "normal-3191271-10-0", "normal-3191271-10-1", "normal-3191271-10-2", "normal-3191271-10-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "La Bella Mafia is the third studio album by American rapper Lil' Kim.", "It was released on March 4, 2003, by Atlantic Records.", "The album debuted at number five on the US \"Billboard\" 200, was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over one million copies in the United States and over two million copies worldwide.", "\"La Bella Mafia\" received positive reviews from music critics, marking Kim's lyrical ability as impressive and her presence as formidable.", "It produced two singles that attained \"Billboard\" chart success.", "The lead single \"The Jump Off\" peaked at number 17 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.", "The second single \"Magic Stick\", featured 50 Cent, peaked at number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100.", "The singles \"Magic Stick\" and \"Came Back for You\" earned Kim Grammy Award nominations for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group and Best Female Rap Solo Performance, respectively.", "In late 2001, Lil' Kim left Junior M.A.F.I.A. and severed ties with all members.", "She also ended her friendship and business relationship with longtime collaborator Sean \"Diddy\" Combs.", "Recording sessions for \"La Bella Mafia\" began in the spring of 2002.", "In April 2002, Lil' Kim stated in an interview that she had begun working with Dr. Dre in the recording studio.", "She told MTV, \"I've been talking to Dre a lot.", "And Dre and I are talking about possibly doing some collaborations.", "He's a cool cat.", "Our chemistry in the studio was just like, cool.", "We've been working, you know, trying to cook up some things\".", "Kim also stated that she wanted to work with Eminem, Timbaland, and The Neptunes.", "The original title for the album was \"Hollyhood\" (which was also set to be the name of her clothing line and to her skit), but it was changed to \"La Bella Mafia\" (which in Italian means \"The Beautiful Mafia\") after Lil' Kim watched the 1997 film of the same name.", "She stated, \"Any girl who's strong and very dedicated to what they do and don't take no mess, they can be a part of La Bella Mafia\".", "Limited edition collectable cards were included in the first 500,000 US CDs that allowed fans to unlock exclusive content, such as photos and video, from the Internet.", "Altogether \"La Bella Mafia\" spawned two international singles and a third US-only single.", "The lead album's first single, \"The Jump Off\" peaked at number 17 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming Kim's biggest single since her 1997's \"Not Tonight (Ladies Night Remix)\".", "It also reached number eight on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, number seven on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, and number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.", "The second single, \"Magic Stick\", featuring 50 Cent, reached number two on the Hot 100, without a music video, and it was not even released as a single.", "It ended up spending 14 weeks on the chart, becoming Kim's highest-peaking single on that chart.", "It also reached number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, number seven on the Pop chart and number one on the Hot Rap Songs chart.", "The song \"Thug Luv\", featuring Twista, was serviced to US radios only.", "It reached number 60 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number 14 on the Hot Rap Songs.", "A CD single was also released in the US.", "\"La Bella Mafia\" received generally positive reviews, as Metacritic reviews scored it at 65 out of 100.", "AllMusic critic Jason Birchmeier stated her previous album \"The Notorious K.I.M.\" was considered a \"disappointment\" as a follow-up to her debut album \"Hard Core\" and \"La Bella Mafia\" reestablished her as an \"industry icon\".", "Nick Catucci, a critic for \"Spin Magazine\", who gave the album 3 stars claimed, \"The King is dead – long live the Queen\".", "\"Stylus\" magazine critic Brett Berliner gave the album a B+ calling the album \"one of the top hip-hop albums of 2003\" and said, \"Kim is now in a class of female MCs that includes only Rah Digga and MC Lyte – and she's more confident, funny, and sexy than any of them\".", "Sal Cinquemani of \"Slant Magazine\" gave the album 3 stars stating the album was her \"most consistent effort to date,\" and added the album \"plays like one giant bravado about everything: fame, money, power, sex, clothes, rhymes\".", "Critics were also impressed with her lyrical ability.", "Jon Caramanica of \"Rolling Stone\" gave the album 3 stars stating, \"When she really gets her hands dirty, Kim sounds more forceful and engaged than she's been in years\".", "However, some critics felt the album was too long and contained too many fillers.", "Birchmeier of AllMusic stated the album could use a little \"trimming\".", "Brett Berliner of Stylus Magazine said, \"I enjoy about eight songs on this album, but they're tracks I only feel like listening to from time to time\".", "\"La Bella Mafia\" debuted at number five on the US \"Billboard\" 200 and at number four on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, selling 166,000 copies in its first week.", "On October 16, 2003, the album received a Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and had sold 1.1 million copies in the United States by July 2005.", "Intertionally, the album reached number 81 in Switzerland, number 82 in Germany, and number 105 in France.", "\"La Bella Mafia\" had sold over 2,020,558 million copies worldwide as of October 2007." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 512534, "simple_article_title": "La Bella Mafia", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=512534", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-512534-0-0", "simple-512534-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "La Bella Mafia is the third studio album by rapper Lil' Kim; released March 4, 2003 on Atlantic Records.", "It was her third album to be certified platinum." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 663129, "normal_article_title": "Ikaalinen", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=663129", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-663129-0-0", "normal-663129-1-0", "normal-663129-1-1", "normal-663129-1-2", "normal-663129-2-0", "normal-663129-3-0", "normal-663129-4-0", "normal-663129-5-0", "normal-663129-5-1", "normal-663129-5-2", "normal-663129-6-0", "normal-663129-6-1", "normal-663129-7-0", "normal-663129-7-1", "normal-663129-8-0", "normal-663129-8-1", "normal-663129-8-2", "normal-663129-9-0", "normal-663129-10-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ikaalinen is a town and municipality of Finland.", "It is part of the Pirkanmaa region.", "The town has a population of and covers an area of km2 of which km2 is water.", "The population density is", "The municipalities next to it are Hämeenkyrö, Jämijärvi, Kankaanpää, Parkano, Sastamala and Ylöjärvi.", "The municipality is unilingually Finnish.", "The Seitseminen national park is partly located in the municipality.", "Ikaalinen is an old tourist attraction in Finland.", "Its spa tradition dates back to the last century and folk music, especially accordion music is one of its traditions.", "Its beautiful landscape has always fascinated visitors.", "During the last decades Ikaalinen developed into a versatile service centre with good business, educational and recreational facilities.", "Today about 55% of the population earns its living from the service sector and 15% from agriculture, which has always provided an important source of income.", "S. Albert Kivinen, the associate professor of philosophy of the University of Helsinki, is the most famous living native of Ikaalinen, due to his tongue-in-the-cheek horror stories written in Lovecraftian style.", "His most famous fictional work, \"Keskiyön Mato Ikaalisissa\" (\"The Midnight Worm in Ikaalinen\"), is a Lovecraftian story set in his childhood surroundings in Ikaalinen.", "Ikaalinen became an independent municipality in 1641.", "The associated market town was founded in 1858.", "The market town and the municipality were united in 1972 and Ikaalinen became a town in 1977.", "The centre of Ikaalinen is on the beautiful lake Kyrösjärvi nearby the highway 3 (E12).", "The biggest industrial plants are Upofloor, Georgia Pacific Paper, E Avenue and Katsa." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 439149, "simple_article_title": "Ikaalinen", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=439149", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-439149-0-0", "simple-439149-0-1", "simple-439149-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ikaalinen is a town in Pirkanmaa, Finland.", "It had about 7,295 people living there in January 2014.", "The municipalities next to it are Hämeenkyrö, Jämijärvi, Kankaanpää, Parkano, Sastamala and Ylöjärvi." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 501560, "normal_article_title": "Gay bar", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=501560", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-501560-0-0", "normal-501560-1-0", "normal-501560-1-1", "normal-501560-2-0", "normal-501560-2-1", "normal-501560-3-0", "normal-501560-3-1", "normal-501560-3-2", "normal-501560-3-3", "normal-501560-3-4", "normal-501560-4-0", "normal-501560-4-1", "normal-501560-4-2", "normal-501560-5-0", "normal-501560-5-1", "normal-501560-5-2", "normal-501560-5-3", "normal-501560-5-4", "normal-501560-6-0", "normal-501560-6-1", "normal-501560-6-2", "normal-501560-6-3", "normal-501560-6-4", "normal-501560-7-0", "normal-501560-8-0", "normal-501560-8-1", "normal-501560-8-2", "normal-501560-8-3", "normal-501560-8-4", "normal-501560-8-5", "normal-501560-9-0", "normal-501560-9-1", "normal-501560-10-0", "normal-501560-10-1", "normal-501560-10-2", "normal-501560-10-3", "normal-501560-11-0", "normal-501560-11-1", 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"normal-501560-24-3", "normal-501560-25-0", "normal-501560-25-1", "normal-501560-25-2", "normal-501560-26-0", "normal-501560-27-0", "normal-501560-27-1", "normal-501560-27-2", "normal-501560-27-3", "normal-501560-27-4", "normal-501560-27-5", "normal-501560-27-6", "normal-501560-27-7", "normal-501560-28-0", "normal-501560-28-1", "normal-501560-28-2", "normal-501560-28-3", "normal-501560-29-0", "normal-501560-29-1", "normal-501560-30-0", "normal-501560-30-1", "normal-501560-30-2", "normal-501560-31-0", "normal-501560-31-1", "normal-501560-32-0", "normal-501560-32-1", "normal-501560-32-2", "normal-501560-32-3", "normal-501560-33-0", "normal-501560-33-1", "normal-501560-33-2", "normal-501560-33-3", "normal-501560-34-0", "normal-501560-34-1", "normal-501560-34-2", "normal-501560-35-0", "normal-501560-35-1", "normal-501560-35-2", "normal-501560-35-3", "normal-501560-36-0", "normal-501560-36-1", "normal-501560-36-2", "normal-501560-36-3", "normal-501560-36-4", "normal-501560-36-5", "normal-501560-37-0", "normal-501560-37-1", "normal-501560-37-2", "normal-501560-38-0", "normal-501560-38-1", "normal-501560-38-2", "normal-501560-38-3", "normal-501560-38-4", "normal-501560-38-5", "normal-501560-38-6", "normal-501560-39-0", "normal-501560-39-1", "normal-501560-39-2", "normal-501560-40-0", "normal-501560-40-1", "normal-501560-40-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A gay bar is a drinking establishment that caters to an exclusively or predominantly lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) clientele; the term \"gay\" is used as a broadly inclusive concept for LGBT and queer communities.", "Gay bars once served as the centre of gay culture and were one of the few places people with same-sex orientations and gender-variant identities could openly socialize.", "Other names used to describe these establishments include \"boy bar\", \"girl bar\", \"gay club\", \"gay pub\", \"queer bar\", \"lesbian bar\", \"drag bar\", and \"dyke bar\", depending on the niche communities that they served.", "With the advent of the Internet and an increasing acceptance of LGBT people across the Western world, the relevance of gay bars in the LGBT community has somewhat diminished.", "In areas without a gay bar, certain establishments may hold a gay night instead.", "Gathering places favoured by homosexuals have operated for centuries.", "Reports from as early as the 17th century record the existence of bars and clubs that catered to, or at least tolerated, openly gay clientele in several major European cities.", "The White Swan (created by James Cook and Yardley, full name unknown), on Vere Street, in London, England, was raided in 1810 during the so-called Vere Street Coterie.", "The raid led to the executions of John Hepburn and Thomas White for sodomy.", "The site was the scene of alleged gay marriages carried out by the Reverend John Church.", "It's not clear which place is the first gay bar in the modern sense.", "In Cannes, France, such a bar had already opened in 1885, and there were many more in Berlin around 1900.", "In the United Kingdom and the Netherlands gay bars were established throughout the first quarter of the 20th century.", "The very first gay bar in Europe and probably in the world was the Zanzibar in Cannes on the French Riviera.", "The place was opened in 1885 and existed for 125 years, before it was closed in December 2010.", "Among its visitors were many artists, like actor Jean Marais and comedians Thierry Le Luron and Coluche.", "Paris became known as a centre for gay culture in the 19th century, making the city a queer capital during the early 20th century, when the Montmartre and Pigalle districts were meeting places of the LGBT community.", "Although Amsterdam, Berlin, and London had more meeting places and organizations than Paris, the latter was known for the \"flamboyance\" of LGBT quarters and \"visibility\" of LGBT celebrities.", "Paris retained the LGBT capital image after the end of World War II, but the center of the meeting place shifted to Saint-Germain-des-Prés.", "In the 1950s and 1960s the police and authorities tolerated homosexuals as long as the conduct was private and out of view, but gay bar raids occurred and there were occasions when the owners of the bars were involved in facilitating the raids.", "Lesbians rarely visited gay bars and instead socialized in circles of friends.", "Lesbians who did go to bars often originated from the working class.", "Chez Moune, opened in 1936, and New Moon were 20th century lesbian cabarets located in Place Pigalle, which converted to mixed music clubs in the 21st century.", "Since the 1980s, the Le Marais district is the center of the gay scene in Paris.", "In Berlin, there was gay and lesbian night life already around 1900, which throughout the 1920s became very open and vibrant, especially when compared to other capitals.", "Especially in the Schöneberg district around Nollendorfplatz there were many cafes, bars and clubs, which also attracted gay people who had to flee their own country in fear of prosecution, like for example Christopher Isherwood.", "The gay club Eldorado in the Motzstraße was internationally known for its transvestite shows.", "There was also a relatively high number of places for lesbians.", "Within a few weeks after the Nazis took over government in 1933, fourteen of the best known gay establishments were closed.", "After homosexuality was decriminalized in 1969, many gay bars opened in West Berlin, resulting in a lively gay scene.", "In the 18th Century, Molly Houses were clandestine clubs where gay men could meet, drink, dance and have sex with each other.", "One of the most famous was Mother Clap's Molly House.", "The first gay bar in Britain in the modern sense was The Cave of the Golden Calf, established as a night club in London.", "It opened in an underground location at 9 Heddon Street, just off Regent Street, in 1912 and became a haunt for the wealthy, aristocratic and bohemian.", "Its creator Frida Strindberg née Uhl set it up as an avant-garde and artistic venture.", "The club provided a solid model for future nightclubs.", "After homosexuality was decriminalized in the UK in 1967, gay bar culture became more visible and gradually Soho became the centre of the London LGBT community, which was \"firmly established\" by the early 1990s.", "Gay bars, cafes, restaurants and clubs are centred on Old Compton Street.", "Other cities in the UK also have districts or streets with a concentration of gay bars, like for example Stanley Street Quarter in Liverpool, Canal Street in Manchester and the Birmingham Gay Village.", "In Amsterdam, there were already a few gay bars in the first quarter of the 20th century.", "The best known was , in Nes, which was first mentioned in 1911 and existed until the late 1930s.", "The oldest place that still exists is Café 't Mandje, which was opened in 1927 by lesbian Bet van Beeren.", "It closed in 1982, but was reopened in 2008.", "After World War II, the Amsterdam city government acted rather pragmatic and tolerated the existence of gay bars.", "In the 1960s their number grew rapidly and they clustered in and around a number of streets, although this was limited to bars, clubs and shops and they never became residential areas for gays, like the gay villages in the US.", "Since the late 1950s the main Amsterdam gay street was Kerkstraat, which was succeeded by Reguliersdwarsstraat in the early 1980s, when the first openly gay places opened here, like the famous cafe April in 1981, followed by dancing Havana in 1989.", "Other streets where there are still concentrations of gay bars are Zeedijk, Amstel and Warmoesstraat, the latter being the center of the Amsterdam leather scene, where the first leather bar already opened around 1955.", "The bar Centralhjørnet in Copenhagen opened in 1917 and became a gay bar in the 1950s.", "It now claims to be one of the oldest gay bars in Europe.", "Because of the high prevalence of homophobia in Russia, patrons of gay bars there often have had to be on the alert for bullying and attacks.", "In 2013, Moscow's largest gay bar, Central Station, had its walls sprayed with gunfire, had harmful gas released into a crowd of 500 patrons, and had its ceiling nearly brought down by a gang who wanted to crush the people inside.", "Nonetheless, gay nightlife is increasing in Moscow and St. Petersburg, offering drag shows and Russian music, with some bars also offering discreet gay-only taxi services.", "Under the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco from 1939–1975, homosexuality was illegal.", "However, in 1962, Spain's first gay bar, Tony's, opened in Torremolinos and a clandestine gay bar scene also emerged in the 1960s and early 1970s in Barcelona.", "There are many institutions in the United States that claim to be the oldest gay bar in that country.", "Because of a raid on a Mexico City drag ball in 1901, when 41 men were arrested, the number 41 has come to symbolize male homosexuality in Mexican popular culture, figuring frequently in jokes and in casual teasing.", "The raid on the \"Dance of the 41\" was followed by a less-publicized raid of a lesbian bar on 4 December 1901 in Santa Maria.", "Despite the international depression of the 1930s and along with the social revolution overseen by Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–1940), the growth of Mexico City was accompanied by the opening of gay bars and gay bathhouses.", "During the Second World War, ten to fifteen gay bars operated in Mexico City, with dancing permitted in at least two, \"El África\" and \"El Triunfo\".", "Relative freedom from official harassment continued until 1959 when Mayor Ernesto Uruchurtu closed every gay bar following a grisly triple-murder.", "But by the late 1960s several Mexican cities had gay bars and, later, U.S.-style dance clubs.", "These places, however, were sometimes clandestine but tolerated by local authorities, which often meant that they were allowed to exist so long as the owners paid bribes.", "A fairly visible presence was developed in large cities such as Guadalajara, Acapulco, Veracruz and Mexico City.", "Today, Mexico City is home to numerous gay bars, many of them located in the Zona Rosa, particularly on Amberes street, while a broad and varied gay nightlife also flourishes in Guadalajara, Acapulco, in Cancun attracting global tourists, Puerto Vallarta which attracts many Americans and Canadians, and Tijuana with its cross-border crowd.", "However, there are at least several gay bars in most major cities.", "The first recorded use of the term 'gay bar' is in the diaries of homosexual British comedian Kenneth Williams: \"16 January 1947.", "Went round to the gay bar which wasn't in the least gay.\"", "At the time Williams was serving in the British Army in Singapore.", "In the 1970s, straight nightclubs began to open their doors to gay clients on designated nights of the week.", "In the 1980s, a lesbian bar named Crocodile Rock opened in Far East Plaza, which remains to this day the oldest lesbian bar in Singapore.", "Today, many gay bars are located on the Neil Road stretch, from Taboo and Tantric, to Backstage Bar, May Wong's Café, DYMK and Play.", "Mega-clubs like Zouk and Avalon are also a big draw for the gay crowd.", "The oldest gay bar in Beijing is the Half-and-Half, which in 2004 had been open over ten years.", "The first lesbian bar was Maple Bar, opened in 2000 by pop singer Qiao Qiao.", "Qiao Qiao also opened another popular lesbian bar, Feng bar, also known as Pipes, which was closed by the police in 2009.", "The On/Off was a popular bar for both gay men and lesbians.", "The increase in China's gay and lesbian bars in recent years is linked to China's opening up to global capitalism and its consequent economic and social restructuring.", "The oldest continuously operating Japanese gay bar, New Sazae, opened in Tokyo in 1966.", "Most gay bars in Tokyo are located in the Shinjuku Ni-chōme district, which is home to about 300 bars.", "Each bar may only have room to seat about a dozen people; as a result, many bars are specialized according to interest.", "In Seoul, most gay bars were originally congregated near the Itaewon area of Seoul, near the U.S. military base.", "But in recent years, more clubs have located in the Sinchon area, indicating that 'safe spaces' for Korean LGBT people have extended beyond the foreign zones, which were traditionally more tolerant.", "One male bar patron said Korean bar culture was not as direct as in the United States, with customers indicating their interest in another customer by ordering him a drink through a waiter.", "The oldest lesbian bar in Seoul is Lesbos, which started in 1996.", "Jordan's most famous and oldest gay-friendly establishment is a combination bar/cafe/restaurant and bookshop in Amman called Books@cafe, opened in 1997.", "When the bar was first opened, it was infiltrated by government undercover agents who were concerned about its effect on public morality and outed the owner as homosexual to his family and friends.", "Now, however, the owner claims to have no problem with the government and has since opened a second establishment.", "The history of gay and lesbian bars in South Africa reflects the racial divisions that began in the Apartheid era and continue, to some extent, in the 21st century.", "The first white gay bar opened in the Carlton Hotel in downtown Johannesburg in the late 1940s, catering exclusively to men of wealth.", "In the 1960s, other urban bars began to open that drew more middle and working class white men; lesbians were excluded.", "The language of Gayle had its roots in the Cape Coloured and Afrikaans-speaking underground gay bar culture.", "In 1968, when the government threatened to pass repressive anti-gay legislation, queer culture went even further underground, which meant clubs and bars were often the only places to meet.", "These bars were often the targets of police raids.", "The decade of the 1970s was when urban gay clubs took root.", "The most popular gay club of Johannesburg was The Dungeon, which attracted females as well as males, and lasted until the 1990s.", "The 1979 police assault on the New Mandy's Club, in which patrons fought back, has been referred to as South Africa's Stonewall.", "In the 1980s, police raids on white gay clubs lessened as the apartheid government forces found itself dealing with more and more resistance from the black population.", "In the black townships, some of the shebeens, unlicensed bars established in people's homes and garages, catered to LGBTQ clients.", "During the struggle against apartheid, some of these shebeens were important meeting places for black gay and lesbian resistance fighters.", "Lee's, a shebeen in Soweto, for example, was used as a meeting place for black gay men who were part of the Gay Association of South Africa (GASA) but did not feel welcome in the GASA offices.", "With the establishment of the post-apartheid 1996 constitution that outlawed discrimination based on sexual orientation as well as race, South Africa's gay night life exploded, though many bars continued to be segregated by race, and fewer blacks than whites go to the urban bars.", "The 2005 inaugural gay shebeen tour was advertised as a gay pub crawl that would provide an opportunity for South Africans and foreigners to \"experience true African gay Shebeen culture\".", "A number of commentators have suggested that gay bars are facing decline in the contemporary age.", "Andrew Sullivan argued in his essay \"The End of Gay Culture\" that gay bars are declining because \"the Internet dealt them a body blow.", "If you are merely looking for sex or a date, the Web is now the first stop for most gay men\".", "June Thomas explained the decline by noting that there is less need for gay-specific venues like bars because gay people are less likely to encounter discrimination or be made unwelcome in wider society.", "\"Entrepreneur\" magazine in 2007 included them on a list of ten types of business that would be extinct by 2017 along with record stores, used bookstores and newspapers.", "Like most bars and pubs, gay bars range in size from the small, five-seat bars of Tokyo to large, multi-story clubs with several distinct areas and more than one dance floor.", "A large venue may be referred to as a nightclub, club, or bar, while smaller venues are typically called bars and sometimes pubs.", "The only defining characteristic of a gay bar is the nature of its clientele.", "While many gay bars target the gay and/or lesbian communities, some (usually older and firmly established) gay bars have become gay, as it were, through custom, over a long period of time.", "The serving of alcohol is the primary business of gay bars and pubs.", "Like non-gay establishments they serve as a meeting place and LGBT community focal point, in which conversation, relaxation, and meeting potential romantic and sexual partners is the primary focus of the clientele.", "Historically and continuing in many communities, gay bars have been valued by patrons as the only place closeted gay men and lesbians can be open and demonstrative about their sexuality without fear of discovery.", "Gerard Koskovich of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society explains that \"Gay bars were a public place where gay people could meet and start to have a conversation, where they didn't feel like sexual freaks or somehow not part of the larger social fabric; from that came culture, politics, demands for equal rights.\"", "Gay bars traditionally preferred to remain discreet and virtually unidentifiable outside the gay community, relying exclusively on word of mouth promotion.", "More recently, gay clubs and events are often advertised by handing out eye-catching flyers on the street, in gay or gay-friendly shops and venues, and at other clubs and events.", "Similar to flyers for predominantly heterosexual venues, these flyers frequently feature provocative images and theme party announcements.", "While traditional gay pub-like bars are nearly identical to bars catering to the general public, gay dance venues often feature elaborate lighting design and video projection, fog machines and raised dancing platforms.", "Hired dancers (called go-go girls or go-go boys) may also feature in decorative cages or on podiums.", "Gay sports bars are relatively unusual, but it is not unusual for gay bars to sponsor teams in local sports/game leagues, and many otherwise traditional gay pubs are well known for hosting post-game parties—often filling with local gay athletes and their fans on specific nights or when major professional sporting events are broadcast on TV.", "Some of the longest established gay bars are unofficial hosts of elaborate local 'Royal Court' drag pageants and drag-related social groups.", "Gay bars and nightclubs are sometimes segregated by sex.", "In some establishments, people who are perceived to be of the \"wrong\" sex (for example, a man attempting to enter a women's club) may be unwelcome or even barred from entry.", "This may be more common in specialty bars, such as gay male leather fetish or BDSM bars, or bars or clubs which have a strict dress code.", "It is also common in bars and clubs where sex on the premises is a primary focus of the establishment.", "On the other hand, gay bars are usually welcoming of transgender and cross-dressed people, and drag shows are a common feature in many gay bars, even men-only spaces.", "Some gay bars and clubs which have a predominantly male clientele, as well as some gay bathhouses and other sex clubs, may offer occasional women-only nights.", "A few gay bars attempt to restrict entry to only gay or lesbian people, but in practice this is difficult to enforce.", "Most famously, Melbourne's Peel Hotel was granted an exemption from Australia's Equal Opportunities Act by a state tribunal, on the grounds that the exemption was needed to prevent \"sexually-based insults and violence\" aimed at the pub's patrons.", "As a result of the decision, the pub is legally able to advertise as a \"gay only\" establishment, and door staff can ask people whether they are gay before allowing them inside, and can turn away non-gay people.", "Already categorized as gay or lesbian, many gay bars in larger cities/urban areas take this sub-categorization a step further by appealing to distinct subcultures within the gay community.", "Some of these sub-cultures are defined by costume and performance.", "These bars often forge a like-minded community in dozens of cities with leather gay bars, line-dancing gay bars, and drag revues.", "Other subcultures cater to men who fit a certain type, one that is often defined by age, body type, personality, and musical preference.", "There are some bars and clubs that cater more to a working class/blue collar crowd and some that cater to a more upscale clientele.", "There are gay bars that cater to \"twinks\" (young, smooth-bodied pretty boys) and others that cater to bears (older, larger, hairier alternatives to the well-manicured and fey gay stereotype).", "There are also gay bars that cater to certain races, such as ones for Asian men \"and their admirers\", Latin men, or black men.", "Music, either live or, more commonly, mixed by a Disc jockey (DJ), is often a prominent feature of gay bars.", "Typically, the music in gay bars include pop, dance, contemporary R&B, house, trance, and techno.", "In larger North American cities and in Australia, one or more gay bars with a country music theme and line dancing are also common, as are bars known for retro 1960s pop and \"Motown Sound.\"", "While some gay bars open their doors to all LGBTQ people, other bars cater specifically to lesbians.", "In recent years many lesbian bars have closed down.", "In 2015, JD Samson made a documentary exploring the remaining lesbian bars in the United States." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 527222, "simple_article_title": "Gay bar", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=527222", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-527222-0-0", "simple-527222-0-1", "simple-527222-0-2", "simple-527222-0-3", "simple-527222-0-4", "simple-527222-1-0", "simple-527222-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Gay bars are drinking establishments that cater to lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender people.", "The term \"gay\" is used as an inclusive concept for LGBT communities.", "Gay bars once served as the centre of gay culture.", "They were one of the few places people with same-sex orientations and gender-variant identities could openly socialize.", "Other names include \"boy bar\", \"girl bar\", \"lesbian bar\" or \"dyke bar\".", "The Stonewall Inn in New York City is one example of a gay/lesbian bar.", "The gay rights movement was born there." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 583084, "normal_article_title": "Bell Biv DeVoe", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=583084", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-583084-0-0", "normal-583084-1-0", "normal-583084-1-1", "normal-583084-1-2", "normal-583084-1-3", "normal-583084-2-0", "normal-583084-3-0", "normal-583084-3-1", "normal-583084-3-2", "normal-583084-3-3", "normal-583084-3-4", "normal-583084-3-5", "normal-583084-3-6", "normal-583084-3-7", "normal-583084-3-8", "normal-583084-3-9", "normal-583084-3-10", "normal-583084-3-11", "normal-583084-3-12", "normal-583084-4-0", "normal-583084-4-1", "normal-583084-4-2", "normal-583084-4-3", "normal-583084-4-4", "normal-583084-5-0", "normal-583084-5-1", "normal-583084-6-0", "normal-583084-7-0", "normal-583084-8-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Bell Biv DeVoe, also known as BBD, is an American music group formed from members of the New Edition, consisting of Ricky Bell, Michael Bivins, and Ronnie DeVoe.", "The band is best known for their debut album, the multi-platinum selling \"Poison\", a key work in the new jack swing movement of the 1990s that combined elements of traditional soul and R&B with hip hop.", "Two singles from the album, \"Poison\" and \"Do Me!\",", ", both reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1990.", "The band released three more albums, though none had the success of their debut, most recently \"Three Stripes\" which came out in 2017.", "Despite only producing four albums of original material in a 27 year span, the group has continuously toured and performed live, both as an act on their own, and on several New Edition reunion tours.", "The trio of Ricky Bell, Michael Bivins, and Ronnie DeVoe has their origins as founders of the Boston-based quintet New Edition, which had gained notice of famed producer Maurice Starr at a talent show in 1981, and as children had several hits with songs like \"Candy Girl\" and \"Cool It Now\".", "Throughout the 1980s, the line-up changed and the group matured and sought to branch out in new musical directions.", "During a hiatus in 1990, and at the suggestion of producers Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, the three decided to form a new group, and were signed by MCA Records.", "With help from Public Enemy producers Eric Sadler, Hank and Keith Shocklee and several others, Bell Biv Devoe released its debut album \"Poison\" in 1990, an album credited as pioneering the \"new jack swing\" sound of the early 1990s, combining hip-hop, funk, soul, and pop music.", "This fusion of styles helped to expose them to a fan base which preferred a harder edged sound.", "\"Poison\" reached number 1 on \"Billboard\"' s R&B/Hip-Hop chart, and its title track, along with its second single, \"Do Me!\",", ", both reached number 3 on \"Billboard\"' s Hot 100 chart.", "Shortly thereafter, Richard Wolf and Epic Mazur were responsible for the remix of \"Do Me!\"", "(which hit number six on the dance charts).", "\"Poison\" also spawned the singles \"B.B.D. (I Thought It Was Me)?\",", ", \"When Will I See You Smile Again?\"", "\"Poison\" sold over four million copies, and was followed up by a remix album titled \"WBBD-Bootcity\".", "Richard Wolf and Epic Mazur helped create BBD's premiere album, blending rhythm, blues, pop, and rock, and Poison achieve triple Platinum success.", "Bell Biv DeVoe released \"Hootie Mack\" in 1993 on MCA Records, and the more hardcore rap/R&B influenced \"BBD\" in 2001 on Biv 10 Records.", "Neither album was as successful as \"Poison\", though \"Hootie Mack\" did reach Gold success.", "Despite the fact that their last album was released in 2001, the members of Bell Biv Devoe continue to perform together as a group.", "They also participated in several New Edition reunions, and continue to perform with them on tour as part of the group.", "On May 30, 2013, Bell Biv DeVoe performed their hit song \"Poison\" for Boston Strong, a benefit concert to raise money for victims of the Boston Marathon bombing.", "In 2016, BBD released their first track in 15 years, \"Run\", along with an accompanying music video.", "It was the first single off the album \"Three Stripes\", which was released January 27, 2017.", "On June 25, 2019, \"The New York Times Magazine\" listed Bell Biv DeVoe among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "In 1991, the group received the award for Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album of the Year, Group, Band or Duo for \"Poison\" at the Soul Train Music Awards.", "The group also received an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Band/Duo/Group in 1992." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 462822, "simple_article_title": "Bell Biv DeVoe", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=462822", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-462822-0-0", "simple-462822-0-1", "simple-462822-0-2", "simple-462822-1-0", "simple-462822-1-1", "simple-462822-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Bell Biv DeVoe is an American R&B, hip hop and new jack swing group.", "It was formed by members of the group New Edition.", "The group's most successful song was \"Poison\" in 1990.", "The group had other hit singles early in their career.", "One of them was \"Do Me!\"", "The group was established in 1989." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 7506929, "normal_article_title": "Hellsing", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7506929", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-7506929-0-0", "normal-7506929-0-1", "normal-7506929-0-2", "normal-7506929-1-0", "normal-7506929-1-1", "normal-7506929-1-2", "normal-7506929-2-0", "normal-7506929-2-1", "normal-7506929-2-2", "normal-7506929-3-0", "normal-7506929-3-1", "normal-7506929-3-2", "normal-7506929-3-3", "normal-7506929-4-0", "normal-7506929-4-1", "normal-7506929-4-2", "normal-7506929-4-3", "normal-7506929-4-4", "normal-7506929-4-5", "normal-7506929-5-0", "normal-7506929-5-1", "normal-7506929-6-0", "normal-7506929-6-1", "normal-7506929-6-2", "normal-7506929-6-3", "normal-7506929-6-4", "normal-7506929-6-5", "normal-7506929-7-0", "normal-7506929-7-1", "normal-7506929-7-2", "normal-7506929-7-3", "normal-7506929-8-0", "normal-7506929-8-1", "normal-7506929-9-0", "normal-7506929-9-1", "normal-7506929-9-2", "normal-7506929-9-3", "normal-7506929-9-4", "normal-7506929-10-0", "normal-7506929-11-0", "normal-7506929-11-1", "normal-7506929-11-2", "normal-7506929-11-3", "normal-7506929-11-4", "normal-7506929-12-0", "normal-7506929-12-1", "normal-7506929-12-2", "normal-7506929-13-0", "normal-7506929-13-1", "normal-7506929-13-2", "normal-7506929-14-0", "normal-7506929-14-1", "normal-7506929-14-2", "normal-7506929-14-3", "normal-7506929-15-0", "normal-7506929-15-1", "normal-7506929-15-2", "normal-7506929-15-3", "normal-7506929-15-4", "normal-7506929-15-5", "normal-7506929-15-6", "normal-7506929-16-0", "normal-7506929-16-1", "normal-7506929-16-2", "normal-7506929-16-3", "normal-7506929-16-4", "normal-7506929-17-0", "normal-7506929-17-1", "normal-7506929-17-2", "normal-7506929-18-0", "normal-7506929-18-1", "normal-7506929-18-2", "normal-7506929-18-3", "normal-7506929-18-4", "normal-7506929-19-0", "normal-7506929-20-0", "normal-7506929-20-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hellsing (ヘルシング , Herushingu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kouta Hirano.", "It premiered in \"Young King OURs\" in 1997 and ended in September 2008.", "The series chronicles the efforts of the mysterious and secret Hellsing Organization as it combats vampires, ghouls, and other supernatural foes who threaten England.", "The individual chapters were subsequently collected and published in 10 \"tankōbon\" volumes by Shōnen Gahōsha.", "The series was licensed for English language release in North America by Dark Horse Comics, in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment, and in Singapore by Chuang Yi.", "In 2001, Hirano began publishing chapters of a prequel series, \"\", in special editions of \"Young King OURs\", with six chapters released as of September 2008.", "An anime series of the same name was produced by Gonzo.", "Directed by Umanosuke Iida, the series was based on the manga, but used a screenplay by Chiaki J. Konaka and was significantly different from the manga in terms of plot, though it used some of the same characters and similar character designs.", "Spanning 13 episodes, it was broadcast on Japan's Fuji Television from October 10, 2001, to January 16, 2002.", "An original video animation (OVA) entitled \"Hellsing Ultimate\" was produced by Geneon.", "It followed the manga storyline more closely than the anime series.", "The series spanned 10 episodes, released in Japan between February 10, 2006, and December 26, 2012.", "In North America the series ran from December 5, 2006, to October 28, 2014.", "\"Hellsing\" is named after and centered around the Royal Order of Protestant Knights originally led by Abraham Van Helsing.", "The mission of Hellsing is to search for and destroy the undead and other supernatural forces of evil that threaten the queen and the country.", "This organization is currently led by Sir Integra Fairbrook Wingates Hellsing, who inherited the leadership of Hellsing as a child after the death of her father.", "She witnessed his death which turned her from a once innocent and shy little girl to a tough and deadly force.", "She is protected by the faithful Hellsing family butler Walter C. Dornez, a deadly foe in his own right, and Alucard, the original and most powerful vampire, who swore loyalty to the Hellsing family after being defeated by Van Helsing one hundred years before the story takes place.", "These formidable guardians are joined early on in the storyline by former police officer Seras Victoria, whom Alucard turned into a vampire.", "As the scale and frequency of incidents involving the undead escalate in England and all around the world, Sir Integra discovers that the remnants of a Nazi group called Millennium still exist and are intent on reviving Nazi Germany by creating a battalion of vampires.", "Millennium, Hellsing, and the Vatican section XIII Iscariot clash in an apocalyptic three-sided war in London, and Millennium reveals its true objective: to destroy the vampire lord Alucard, ending a feud begun during World War II.", "The series premiered in \"Young King OURs\" in 1997 and ran for 11 years until the final chapter was released in the November 2008 issue.", "The individual chapters are collected and published in \"tankōbon\" volumes by Shōnen Gahōsha, with 10 volumes (the complete series) having been released.", "The series is licensed for an English language release in North America by Dark Horse Comics.", "The first volume was released on December 1, 2003 and as of May 19, 2010, the company has published the entire translated series, at 10 volumes.", "Chuang Yi is releasing the series in English in Singapore, with six volumes released as of October 2008, and through an agreement with the company, Madman Entertainment is re-releasing those volumes in Australia and New Zealand.", "\"Hellsing\" is also licensed for regional language releases in France by Tonkam, in Italy by Dynit, in Hungary by Mangafan, in Germany by Panini Comics, in Spain by Norma Editorial, in Poland by Japonica Polonica Fantastica and in Denmark and Sweden by Mangismo.", "\"Crossfire\" is a three-chapter side story that follows Heinkel Wolfe and Yumie Takagi, a Catholic nun and an assassin who work for the Iscariot organization.", "They call themselves \"earthly agents of divine punishment\".", "\"Crossfire\" also has cameos by Alexander Anderson and Enrico Maxwell, the head of Iscariot.", "Across the three chapters, Heinkel and Yumie face a variety of opposition, including Islamic terrorists, communist revolutionaries, and finally, an obscure pagan cult.", "\"Crossfire\" as a side work was discontinued by Kouta Hirano, but it was republished in the first three volumes of \"Hellsing\" as an extra.", "\"Crossfire\" was adapted into a drama CD and included in \"Hellsing Ultimate\" OVA 6 and 7.", "In 2001, Hirano began publishing chapters of a prequel series, \"Hellsing: The Dawn\", in special editions of \"Young King OURs\", of which six chapters have been released as of May 2009.", "\"The Dawn\" features a fourteen-year-old Walter C. Dornez and Alucard, in the form of a young girl, attacking Millennium's base of operations in Nazi-controlled Poland in September 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising.", "Publication was scheduled to resume after the conclusion of the main \"Hellsing\" series, but there have been no new chapters since the manga's conclusion.", "Chapters of \"The Dawn\" were animated as part of the \"Hellsing Ultimate\" OVA series.", "The three animated entries to \"The Dawn\" were released in conjunction with the 8th, 9th, and 10th OVAs.", "This series includes Kouta's old works, before he started \"Hellsing\" that features the character's prototypes.", "Following the release of the manga, Gonzo produced a 13-episode anime series that uses the same characters and settings, but narrates a different story from its source manga.", "Written by Chiaki J. Konaka and directed by Umanosuke Iida, the series premiered on Fuji Television on October 11, 2001, and ran until its conclusion on January 17, 2002.", "The series is licensed for English language release in North America by Geneon Entertainment, in the United Kingdom previously by ADV Films until September 2009 (as of January 2013, Manga Entertainment has the license), and in Australia by Madman Entertainment.", "Geneon's English dub of the series aired in the United States on STARZ!'", "'s Encore Action channel as part of its \"Animidnight\" late night prime Japanese anime programming block, from December 21, 2003, to March 15, 2004, and in Canada on G4techTV Canada's \"Anime Current\" block in 2007.", "The series uses two pieces of theme music.", "\"Logos Naki World\" (A World Without God) by Yasushi Ishii is used as the opening theme for all thirteen episodes.", "Mr. Big performs the song \"Shine\" for the series ending theme.", "Hellsing Ultimate, known as Hellsing in Japan, is an original video animation (OVA) anime series animated by animation studios Satelight (OVAs I–IV), Madhouse (OVAs V–VII) and Graphinica (OVAs VIII–X), and produced by Geneon.", "The first 50-minute episode was released on Region 2 DVD in Japan on February 10, 2006.", "The ending of each episode uses various pieces of instrumental music composed by Hayato Matsuo and performed by the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra up through OVA V. OVAs VI and VII feature vocal closing themes by Japanese rock group Suilen, titled \"Magnolia\" and \"Shinto-Shite\", respectively.", "On July 27, 2011, \"Hellsing\" OVA VIII was released in Japan after one year and eight months, along with the first episode of \"The Dawn\".", "Episode IX was released on February 15, 2012.", "The 10th and final episode was released in December 2012.", "On August 23, 2014, Adult Swim's Toonami programming block announced that Toonami would air the show beginning on September 13 at 3:00 a.m.", "The OVA series is licensed for release in the United States by Geneon USA.", "In producing the English dub of the series, Geneon used much of the original cast from the dub of the anime series, which the company had also licensed.", "The first episode was released to Region 1 DVD on December 5, 2006, after premiering the episode at the 2006 Anime Expo convention.", "Though Geneon USA stopped self-distribution of its titles in 2007, it remains the licensor of the series and in 2008 the North American distribution was assumed by Funimation Entertainment.", "Funimation released the fourth episode on September 23, 2008.", "Simultaneously, the company re-released the first three episodes.", "At Anime Expo 2010, Funimation Entertainment announced that they had licensed all three of the new OVAs (episodes 5–7 as of that date) and the original TV series.", "Funimation Entertainment additionally announced that they licensed the 8th OVA and would release the first eight episodes in 2012.", "Hellsing Ultimate 5–8 was released on November 13, 2012 as a DVD/Blu-ray set.", "1–4 was also released as a DVD/Blu-ray set on October 30, 2012.", "At Anime Central 2014, Funimation announced that they will release episodes 9 and 10 in Fall 2014.", "At Otakon 2014, Funimation finalized the release date of the final two OVAs, setting it for October 28, 2014.", "Two CD soundtracks composed by Yasushi Ishii have been released by Geneon (Pioneer LDC) for the \"Hellsing\" anime series.", "\"Hellsing Original Soundtrack: Raid\" was released on November 22, 2001 and contained 20 tracks, restocked on July 1, 2003.", "The second soundtrack, \"Hellsing Original Soundtrack: Ruins\", containing an additional 22 tracks followed on February 22, 2002, restocked on September 16, 2003.", "Also, three soundtracks composed by Hayato Matsuo have been released for the \"Hellsing\" OVA series (\"Hellsing Ultimate\").", "\"Hellsing OVA Original Soundtrack – BLACK DOG\" Released on March 21, 2008.", "As well as a DVD-Audio mini-soundtrack released as an extra with \"Hellsing\" OVA IV in Japan, titled \"Premium Disk – Warsaw Recording Selection\" featuring nine tracks.", "The newest one is also an extra with \"Hellsing\" I-V Blu-ray BOX, titled \"Nazi CD\", featuring 13 tracks and one secret track.", "The vocal tracks by \"Suilen\" were released by the band on their recent mini-album \"THE DAWN\".", "To celebrate the 20-year anniversary of the \"Hellsing\" manga release, in 2018 London-based music producer \"Sinner\" sampled Hellsing's \"Original Sin\" from the OST \"RAID\".", "In 2005, the six and seventh volumes of the \"Hellsing\" manga series ranked among Diamond Comics Distributors' list of the top 48 manga volumes sold in the United States for the year.", "In November 2007, the ninth volume was among the top 10 volumes sold according to Japan's monthly sales rankings." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 673489, "simple_article_title": "Hellsing", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=673489", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-673489-0-0", "simple-673489-0-1", "simple-673489-1-0", "simple-673489-1-1", "simple-673489-1-2", "simple-673489-2-0", "simple-673489-2-1", "simple-673489-2-2", "simple-673489-2-3", "simple-673489-2-4", "simple-673489-2-5", "simple-673489-2-6", "simple-673489-2-7", "simple-673489-2-8", "simple-673489-2-9", "simple-673489-2-10", "simple-673489-3-0", "simple-673489-3-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Hellsing (ヘルシング, Herushingu) is a Japanese manga series created by Kouta Hirano.", "The series began in 1997 and ended in September 2008.", "The series is about a secret Hellsing Organization.", "The organization fights against vampires, ghouls, and other supernatural enemy who threaten England.", "The series was licensed for English language release in North America by Dark Horse Comics, in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment, and in Singapore by Chuang Yi.", "An anime series of the same name was produced by Gonzo.", "The series was directed by Umanosuke Iida.", "It was based on the manga but used a screenplay by Chiaki J. Konaka.", "It was different from the manga in terms of plot, though it used some of the same characters and similar character designs.", "It has thirteen episodes.", "It was broadcast on Japan's Fuji Television from October 10, 2001 to January 16, 2002.", "An original video animation (OVA) called \"Hellsing Ultimate\" was produced by Geneon.", "It followed the manga storyline more closely than the anime series.", "The series was 10 episodes long.", "It was released in Japan between February 10, 2006 and December 26, 2012.", "In North America, the series ran from December 5, 2006 to October 28, 2014.", "In 2005, the six and seventh volumes of the \"Hellsing\" manga series ranked among Diamond Comics Distributors' list of the top 48 manga volumes sold in the United States for the year.", "In November 2007, the ninth volume was among the top 10 volumes sold according to Japan's monthly sales rankings." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1090955, "normal_article_title": "Division of Aston", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1090955", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1090955-0-0", "normal-1090955-0-1", "normal-1090955-1-0", "normal-1090955-2-0", "normal-1090955-3-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Division of Aston is an Australian Federal Electoral Division in the state of Victoria.", "The division is located in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including Bayswater, Boronia, Ferntree Gully, Knoxfield, Rowville, Scoresby, The Basin, Wantirna and Wantirna South; and parts of Lysterfield, Sassafras and Upper Ferntree Gully.", "The division was created in 1984 and is named after Tilly Aston, a blind writer and teacher who helped found the Library of the Victorian Association of Braille Writers in 1894.", "The current Member for Aston, since the 2010 federal election, is Alan Tudge, a member of the Liberal Party of Australia who currently serves as a minister in the Morrison Government.", "A classic \"mortgage belt\" seat, it was held by the Australian Labor Party until 1990, but since then it has become increasingly safe for the Liberal Party." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 406264, "normal_article_title": "Menu", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406264", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-406264-0-0", "normal-406264-0-1", "normal-406264-0-2", "normal-406264-0-3", "normal-406264-1-0", "normal-406264-1-1", "normal-406264-2-0", "normal-406264-2-1", "normal-406264-2-2", "normal-406264-3-0", "normal-406264-3-1", "normal-406264-3-2", "normal-406264-4-0", "normal-406264-4-1", "normal-406264-5-0", "normal-406264-5-1", "normal-406264-5-2", "normal-406264-5-3", "normal-406264-5-4", "normal-406264-6-0", "normal-406264-6-1", "normal-406264-6-2", "normal-406264-6-3", "normal-406264-7-0", "normal-406264-7-1", "normal-406264-7-2", "normal-406264-7-3", "normal-406264-7-4", "normal-406264-7-5", "normal-406264-8-0", "normal-406264-8-1", "normal-406264-8-2", "normal-406264-8-3", "normal-406264-8-4", "normal-406264-8-5", "normal-406264-8-6", "normal-406264-9-0", "normal-406264-9-1", "normal-406264-9-2", "normal-406264-9-3", "normal-406264-10-0", "normal-406264-10-1", "normal-406264-10-2", "normal-406264-11-0", "normal-406264-11-1", "normal-406264-11-2", "normal-406264-11-3", "normal-406264-12-0", "normal-406264-13-0", "normal-406264-13-1", "normal-406264-13-2", "normal-406264-13-3", "normal-406264-13-4", "normal-406264-14-0", "normal-406264-14-1", "normal-406264-14-2", "normal-406264-14-3", "normal-406264-15-0", "normal-406264-15-1", "normal-406264-15-2", "normal-406264-16-0", "normal-406264-16-1", "normal-406264-16-2", "normal-406264-16-3", "normal-406264-16-4", "normal-406264-17-0", "normal-406264-17-1", "normal-406264-17-2", "normal-406264-17-3", "normal-406264-17-4", "normal-406264-18-0", "normal-406264-18-1", "normal-406264-18-2", "normal-406264-18-3", "normal-406264-18-4", "normal-406264-19-0", "normal-406264-19-1", "normal-406264-19-2", "normal-406264-20-0", "normal-406264-20-1", "normal-406264-20-2", "normal-406264-20-3", "normal-406264-20-4", "normal-406264-20-5", "normal-406264-21-0", "normal-406264-21-1", "normal-406264-22-0", "normal-406264-22-1", "normal-406264-23-0", "normal-406264-23-1", "normal-406264-23-2", "normal-406264-23-3", "normal-406264-23-4", "normal-406264-24-0", "normal-406264-24-1", "normal-406264-25-0", "normal-406264-25-1", "normal-406264-25-2", "normal-406264-25-3", "normal-406264-25-4", "normal-406264-26-0", "normal-406264-26-1", "normal-406264-27-0", "normal-406264-27-1", "normal-406264-27-2", "normal-406264-27-3", "normal-406264-27-4", "normal-406264-28-0", "normal-406264-28-1", "normal-406264-28-2", "normal-406264-28-3", "normal-406264-28-4", "normal-406264-29-0", "normal-406264-29-1", "normal-406264-29-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In a restaurant, a menu is a list of food and beverages offered to customers and the prices.", "A menu may be à la carte – which presents a list of options from which customers choose – or table d'hôte, in which case a pre-established sequence of courses is offered.", "Menus may be printed on paper sheets provided to the diners, put on a large poster or display board inside the establishment, displayed outside the restaurant, or put on a digital screen.", "Since the late 1990s, some restaurants have put their menus online.", "Menus are also often a feature of very formal meals other than in restaurants, for example at weddings.", "In the 19th and 20th centuries printed menus were often used for society dinner-parties in homes; indeed this was their original use in Europe.", "Menus, as lists of prepared foods, have been discovered dating back to the Song dynasty in China.", "In the larger cities of the time, merchants found a way to cater to busy customers who had little time or energy to prepare an evening meal.", "The variation in Chinese cuisine from different regions led caterers to create a list or menu for their patrons.", "The word \"menu\", like much of the terminology of cuisine, is French in origin.", "It ultimately derives from Latin \"minutus\", something made small; in French, it came to be applied to a detailed list or \"résumé\" of any kind.", "The original menus that offered consumers choices were prepared on a small chalkboard, in French a \"carte\"; so foods chosen from a bill of fare are described as \"à la carte\", \"according to the board.\"", "The earliest European menus, several of which survive from 1751 onwards, appear to have been for the relatively intimate and informal \"soupers intimes\" (\"intimate suppers\") given by King Louis XV of France at the Château de Choisy for between 31 and 36 guests.", "Several seem to have been placed on the table, listing four courses, each with several dishes, plus dessert.", "During the second half of the 18th century, and especially after the French Revolution in 1789, they spread to restaurants.", "Before then, eating establishments or \"tables d'hôte\" served dishes chosen by the chef or proprietors.", "Customers ate what the house was serving that day, as in contemporary banquets or buffets, and meals were served from a common table.", "The establishment of restaurants and restaurant menus allowed customers to choose from a list of unseen dishes, which were produced to order according to the customer's selection.", "A \"table d'hôte\" establishment charged its customers a fixed price; the menu allowed customers to spend as much or as little money as they chose.", "Menus for private functions, pre-paid meals and the like do not have prices.", "In normal restaurants there are two types of menus without prices that were mostly used until the 1970s and 1980s: the \"blind menu\" and the \"women's menu\".", "These menus contained all of the same items as the regular menu, except that the prices were not listed.", "The \"blind menu\" was distributed to guests at business meals where the hosts did not want the diners to see the prices, or to any type of dinner where the host felt that having the prices not listed would make the guests feel more comfortable ordering.", "Until the early 1980s, some high-end restaurants had two menus divided by gender: a regular menu with the prices listed for men and a second menu for women, which did not have the prices listed (it was called the \"ladies' menu\"), so that the female diner would not know the prices of the items.", "In 1980, Kathleen Bick took a male business partner out to dinner at L'Orangerie in West Hollywood; after Bick got a women's menu without prices and her guest got the menu with prices, Bick hired lawyer Gloria Allred to file a discrimination lawsuit, on the grounds that the women's menu went against the California Civil Rights Act.", "Bick stated that getting a women's menu without prices left her feeling \"humiliated and incensed\".", "The owners of the restaurant defended the practice, saying it was done as a courtesy, like the way men would stand up when a woman enters the room.", "Even though the lawsuit was dropped, the restaurant ended its gender-based menu policy.", "While price-less menus for women generally disappeared after the 1980s, in 2010, Tracey MacLeod reported that Le Gavroche in London (UK) still had a price-less women's menu for women who eat at tables booked by men, with tables booked by women getting a regular menu for the woman.", "As early as the mid-20th century, some restaurants have relied on “menu specialists” to design and print their menus.", "Prior to the emergence of digital printing, these niche printing companies printed full-color menus on offset presses.", "The economics of full-color offset made it impractical to print short press runs.", "The solution was to print a “menu shell” with everything but the prices.", "The prices would later be printed on a less costly black-only press.", "In a typical order, the printer might produce 600 menu shells, then finish and laminate 150 menus with prices.", "When the restaurant needed to reorder, the printer would add prices and laminate some of the remaining shells.", "With the advent of digital presses, it became practical in the 1990s to print full-color menus affordably in short press runs, sometimes as few as 25 menus.", "Because of limits on sheet size, larger laminated menus were impractical for single-location independent restaurants to produce press runs of as few as 300 menus, but some restaurants may want to place far fewer menus into service.", "Some menu printers continue to use shells.", "The disadvantage for the restaurant is that it is unable to update anything but prices without creating a new shell.", "During the economic crisis in the 1970s, many restaurants found it costly to reprint the menu as inflation caused prices to increase.", "Economists noted this, and it has become part of economic theory, under the term \"menu costs\".", "In general, such \"menu costs\" may be incurred by a range of businesses, not just restaurants; for example, during a period of inflation, any company that prints catalogs or product price lists will have to reprint these items with new price figures.", "To avoid having to reprint the menus throughout the year as prices changed, some restaurants began to display their menus on chalkboards, with the menu items and prices written in chalk.", "This way, the restaurant could easily modify the prices without going to the expense of reprinting the paper menus.", "A similar tactic continued to be used in the 2000s with certain items that are sensitive to changing supply, fuel costs, and so on: the use of the term \"market price\" or \"Please ask the server\" instead of stating the price.", "This allows restaurants to modify the price of lobster, fresh fish and other foods subject to rapid changes in cost.", "The latest trend in menus is to display them on handheld tablets; customers can browse through these and look at the photographs of the dishes.", "The main categories within a typical menu in the US are appetizers, \"side orders and à la carte\", entrées, desserts and beverages.", "Sides and à la carte may include such items as soups, salads, and dips.", "There may be special age-restricted sections for \"seniors\" or for children, presenting smaller portions at lower prices.", "Any of these sections may be pulled out as a separate menu, such as desserts and/or beverages, or a wine list.", "Children's menus may also be presented as placemats with games and puzzles to help keep children entertained.", "Menus can provide other useful information to diners.", "Some menus describe the chef's or proprietor's food philosophy, the chef's résumé (British: CV), or the mission statement of the restaurant.", "Menus often present a restaurant's policies about ID checks for alcohol, lost items, or gratuities for larger parties.", "In the United States, county health departments frequently require restaurants to include health warnings about raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, and seafood.", "As a form of advertising, the prose found on printed menus is famous for the degree of its puffery.", "Menus frequently emphasize the processes used to prepare foods, call attention to exotic ingredients, and add French or other foreign language expressions to make the dishes appear sophisticated and exotic.", "\"Menu language, with its hyphens, quotation marks, and random outbursts of foreign words, serves less to describe food than to manage your expectations\"; restaurants are often \"plopping in foreign words (80 percent of them French) like \"spring mushroom civet,\" \"pain of rabbit,\" \"orange-jaggery gastrique.\"", "Part of the function of menu prose is to impress customers with the notion that the dishes served at the restaurant require such skill, equipment, and exotic ingredients that the diners could not prepare similar foods at home.", "In some cases, ordinary foods are made to sound more exciting by replacing everyday terms with their French equivalents.", "For example, instead of stating that a pork chop has a dollop of apple sauce, a high-end restaurant menu might say \"Tenderloin of pork \"avec compôte de Pommes\".\"", "Although \"\"avec compôte de Pommes\"\" translates directly as \"with apple sauce\", it sounds more exotic—and more worthy of an inflated price tag.", "Menus may use the culinary terms \"concassé\" to describe coarsely chopped vegetables, \"coulis\" to describe a purée of vegetables or fruit, or \"au jus\", to describe meat served with its own natural gravy of pan drippings.", "Menus vary in length and detail depending on the type of restaurant.", "The simplest hand-held menus are printed on a single sheet of paper, though menus with multiple pages or \"views\" are common.", "In some cafeteria-style restaurants and chain restaurants, a single-page menu may double as a disposable placemat.", "To protect a menu from spills and wear, it may be protected by heat-sealed vinyl page protectors, lamination or menu covers.", "Restaurants consider their positioning in the marketplace (e.g. fine dining, fast food, informal) in deciding which style of menu to use.", "Some restaurants use only text in their menus.", "In other cases, restaurants include illustrations and photos, either of the dishes or of an element of the culture which is associated with the restaurant.", "For instance a Lebanese kebab restaurant might decorate its menu with photos of Lebanese mountains and beaches.", "Particularly with the ancillary menu types, the menu may be provided in alternative formats, because these menus (other than wine lists) tend to be much shorter than food menus.", "For example, an appetizer menu or a dessert menu may be displayed on a folded paper table tent, a hard plastic table stand, a flipchart style wooden \"table stand\", or even, in the case of a pizza restaurant with a limited wine selection, a wine list glued to an empty bottle.", "Take-out restaurants often leave paper menus in the lobbies and doorsteps of nearby homes as advertisements.", "The first to do so may have been New York City's Empire Szechuan chain, founded in 1976.", "The chain and other restaurants' aggressive menu distribution in the Upper West Side of Manhattan caused the \"Menu Wars\" of the 1990s, including invasions of Empire Szechuan by the \"Menu Vigilantes\", the revoking of its cafe license, several lawsuits, and physical attacks on menu distributors.", "Some restaurants – typically fast-food restaurants and cafeteria-style establishments – provide their menu in a large poster or display board format up high on the wall or above the service counter.", "This way, all of the patrons can see all of the choices, and the restaurant does not have to provide printed menus.", "This large format menu may also be set up outside (see the next section).", "The simplest large format menu boards have the menu printed or painted on a large flat board.", "More expensive large format menu boards include boards that have a metal housing, a translucent surface, and a backlight (which facilitates the reading of the menu in low light) and boards that have removable numbers for the prices.", "This enables the restaurant to change prices without having to have the board reprinted or repainted.", "Some restaurants such as cafes and small eateries use a large chalkboard to display the entire menu.", "The advantage of using a chalkboard is that the menu items and prices can be changed; the downside is that the chalk may be hard to read in lower light or glare, and the restaurant has to have a staff member who has attractive, clear handwriting.", "A high-tech successor to the chalkboard menu is the 'write-on wipe-off\" illuminated sign, using LED technology.", "The text appears in a vibrant color against a black background.", "Some restaurants provide a copy of their menu outside the restaurant.", "Fast-food restaurants that have a drive-through or walk-up window will often put the entire menu on a board, lit-up sign, or poster outside so that patrons can select their meal choices.", "High-end restaurants may also provide a copy of their menu outside the restaurant, with the pages of the menu placed in a lit-up glass display case; this way, prospective patrons can see if the menu choices are to their liking.", "Also, some mid-level and high-end restaurants may provide a partial indication of their menu listings–the \"specials\"–on a chalkboard displayed outside the restaurant.", "The chalkboard will typically provide a list of seasonal items or dishes that are the specialty of the chef which is only available for a few days.", "With the invention of LCD and Plasma displays, some menus have moved from a static printed model to one which can change dynamically.", "By using a flat LCD screen and a computer server, menus can be digitally displayed allowing moving images, animated effects and the ability to edit details and prices.", "For fast food restaurants, a benefit is the ability to update prices and menu items as frequently as needed, across an entire chain.", "Digital menu boards also allow restaurant owners to control the day parting of their menus, converting from a breakfast menu in the late morning.", "Some platforms support the ability allow local operators to control their own pricing while the design aesthetic is controlled by the corporate entity.", "Various software tools and hardware developments have been created for the specific purpose of managing a digital menu board system.", "Digital menu screens can also alternate between displaying the full menu and showing video commercials to promote specific dishes or menu items.", "Websites featuring online restaurant menus have been on the Internet for nearly a decade.", "In recent years, however, more and more restaurants outside of large metropolitan areas have been able to feature their menus online as a result of this trend.", "Several restaurant-owned and startup online food ordering websites already included menus on their websites, yet due to the limitations of which restaurants could handle online orders, many restaurants were left invisible to the Internet aside from an address listing.", "Multiple companies came up with the idea of posting menus online simultaneously, and it is difficult to ascertain who was first.", "Menus and online food ordering have been available online since at least 1997.", "Since 1997, hundreds of online restaurant menu web sites have appeared on the Internet.", "Some sites are city-specific, some list by region, state or province.", "Another phenomenon is the so-called \"secret menu\" where some fast food restaurants are known for having unofficial and unadvertised selections that customers learn by word of mouth.", "A prime example of such being UK branches of McDonald's providing a \"tradesmans' secret menu\", whereby the only requirement is that you provide proof of a trade, and as cards are not allowed to be checked in this capacity according to the law, using a drive through in a van is evidence enough.", "Simply ask for the tradesmans' secret menu to enjoy such benefits as buy one get one free on many items.", "Fast food restaurants will often prepare variations on items already available, but to have them all on the menu would create clutter.", "Chipotle Mexican Grill is well known for having a simple five-item menu, but they also offer quesadillas and single tacos, despite neither being on the menu board.", "In-N-Out Burger has a very simple menu of burgers, fries, sodas, and shakes, but has a wide variety of \"secret\" styles of preparations, the most famous being \"Animal Style\" burgers and fries.", "This can also occur in high-end restaurants, which may be willing to prepare certain items which are not listed on the menu (e.g., dishes that have long been favorites of regular clientele).", "Sometimes restaurants may name foods often ordered by regular clientele after them, for either convenience or prestige." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 422150, "simple_article_title": "Menu", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=422150", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-422150-0-0", "simple-422150-0-1", "simple-422150-0-2", "simple-422150-0-3", "simple-422150-0-4", "simple-422150-1-0", "simple-422150-2-0", "simple-422150-2-1", "simple-422150-2-2", "simple-422150-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A menu is a list of dishes to be served at a meal.", "Menus have been around in Europe since the 18th century.", "There is a special need for them in Chinese cuisine because of the wide range of dishes on offer.", "Menus have been discovered from the Song Dynasty in China.", "In the larger cities of the time, the variety of cuisine from different regions led caterers to create a list for their patrons.", "In restaurants, the modern menu, with dishes in a set order of courses, was invented by the great French chef Escoffier.", "Lesser establishments might offer a chalkboard, with the advantage that items can be rubbed out or added on at short notice.", "Fish restaurants in particular depend on daily catches being supplied or bought in the early morning.", "They usually list fish freshly bought (as opposed to frozen).", "In American restaurant management, \"menu engineering\" has become a branch of marketing." ] } }

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1970, from Kennedy Space Center, but the lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen tank in the service module (SM) exploded two days into the mission.", "The crew instead looped around the Moon, and returned safely to Earth on April 17, 1970, six days after launch.", "The mission was commanded by Jim Lovell with Jack Swigert as Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Fred Haise as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP).", "Swigert was a late replacement for the original CMP Ken Mattingly, who was grounded by the flight surgeon after exposure to German measles.", "The explosion was caused by accidental ignition of damaged wire insulation inside an oxygen tank during a routine tank stirring operation.", "The accident resulted in a rapid loss of all oxygen in the service module, which was necessary for breathable air and for generating electrical power for the command module (CM).", "The command module's power had to be shut down to conserve its remaining resources for reentry, forcing the crew to transfer to the lunar module (LM) to power up its life support and navigational systems.", "These circumstances mandated an abort of the lunar landing and new procedures to bring the crew back to Earth alive.", "Although the LM was designed to support two men on the lunar surface for two days, Mission Control in Houston drafted new procedures so it could support three men for four days.", "The crew experienced great hardship caused by limited power, loss of cabin heat, shortage of potable water, and the critical need to make makeshift repairs to the carbon dioxide removal system.", "The flight passed the far side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km above the lunar surface, and 400,171 km (248,655 mi) from Earth, a spaceflight record marking the farthest humans have traveled from Earth.", "The story of the Apollo 13 mission has been dramatized multiple times, most notably in the 1995 film \"Apollo 13\".", "Lovell was born March 25, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio.", "He initially attended the University of Wisconsin for two years but was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, from which he graduated in 1952 with a Bachelor of Science degree.", "Becoming a naval aviator and test pilot, Lovell was selected as part of the second group of astronauts in 1962.", "A naval captain at the time of Apollo 13, he flew alongside Frank Borman in Gemini 7 and Buzz Aldrin in Gemini 12 before flying in Apollo 8 in 1968, the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.", "Swigert was born on August 30, 1931 in Denver, Colorado.", "He earned a B.S. in mechanical engineering from the University of Colorado in 1953, later gaining a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Science from RPI in 1965, and in 1967 an MBA degree from the University of Hartford.", "He served in the Air Force and in state air national guards, and was an engineering test pilot prior to his selection as one of the fifth group of astronauts in 1966.", "Haise was born in Biloxi, Mississippi on November 14, 1933.", "He received a B.S. degree from the University of Oklahoma in 1959.", "He served in the Oklahoma Air National Guard and the United States Air Force, and was a civilian research pilot for NASA when he was selected alongside Swigert as a Group 5 astronaut.", "According to the standard crew rotation in place during the Apollo program, the prime crew for Apollo 13 would have been the backup crew for Apollo 10 with Mercury and Gemini veteran Gordon Cooper in command, Donn F. Eisele as command module pilot (CMP) and Edgar Mitchell as lunar module pilot (LMP).", "Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, never intended to rotate Cooper and Eisele to another mission, as both were out of favor with NASA management for various reasons (Cooper for his lax attitude towards training, and Eisele for incidents aboard Apollo 7 and an extra-marital affair).", "He assigned them to the backup crew simply because of a lack of flight-qualified manpower in the Astronaut Office at the time the assignment needed to be made.", "Slayton felt Cooper had no more than a very small chance of receiving the Apollo 13 command, if he did an outstanding job with the assignment, which he did not.", "Slayton always intended to assign Eisele to a future Apollo Applications Program mission rather than a lunar mission, but this program was eventually cut down to only the Skylab component.", "Thus, the original assignment Slayton submitted to his superiors for this flight was Commander Alan Shepard, Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa and Lunar Module Pilot Edgar Mitchell.", "For the first time ever, Slayton's recommendation was rejected by management, who felt that Shepard needed more time to train properly for a lunar flight, as he had only recently resumed active astronaut status after undergoing experimental surgery to correct an inner ear disorder which had kept him grounded since his Mercury flight in 1961.", "NASA assigned a backup crew of John Young as commander, Jack Swigert as command module pilot and Charles Duke as lunar module pilot.", "Seven days before launch, Duke contracted rubella from one of his children.", "This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together.", "Mattingly was found to be the only one of the other five who had not had rubella as a child and thus was not immune.", "Three days before launch, at the insistence of the Flight Surgeon, Swigert was moved to the prime crew.", "Mattingly never contracted rubella and was assigned after the mission as command module pilot for Young's crew, which flew Apollo 16, the fifth mission to land on the Moon.", "The CAPCOMs were Kerwin, Brand, Lousma, Young and Mattingly.", "The Apollo 13 mission insignia depicts the Greek god of the Sun, Apollo, with three horses pulling his chariot across the face of the Moon, and the Earth seen in the distance.", "This is meant to symbolize the Apollo flights bringing the light of knowledge to all people.", "The motto, \"Ex luna, scientia\" means \"From the Moon, knowledge\"; Lovell adapted the motto of his alma mater, the Naval Academy, \"Ex trident, scientia\" (From the sea, knowledge).", "The mission insignia was sculpted as a medallion, \"Steeds of Apollo\" by Lumen Martin Winter.", "and was painted as a mural on the wall of a Chicago-area restaurant owned by one of Lovell's children.", "That representation shows four horses, one for each member of the crew who flew, and the fourth for Mattingly.", "The motto was in Lovell's mind when he chose the call sign \"Aquarius\" for the lunar module, taken from Aquarius, the bringer of water.", "Some from the media erroneously reported that the call sign was taken from a song by that name from the musical \"Hair\".", "The command module's call sign, \"Odyssey\", was chosen not only for its Homeric association but to refer to the recent movie, \"\", based on a short story by science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke.", "In his book, Lovell indicated he chose the name \"Odyssey\" because he simply liked the word and its definition: a long voyage with many changes of fortune.", "The Saturn V used to carry Apollo 13 to the Moon was numbered SA-508, and was almost identical to those used on Apollo 8 through 12.", "Including the spacecraft, the rocket was 25600 lb heavier than Apollo 12's.", "The S1-C engines were rated at 100000 lb less total thrust than Apollo 12's, though they remained within specifications.", "Extra fuel was carried; the reason for this was in part as a preliminary to the future J missions to the Moon that would carry heavier payloads.", "This made the vehicle the heaviest yet flown by NASA and made Apollo 13 visibly slower to clear the launch tower than earlier missions.", "On previous missions, a burn had been performed to send the S-IVB third stage into solar orbit once the spacecraft detached from it.", "At the First Lunar Science Conference in January 1970, it was revealed that while the seismometer left by Apollo 12 had detected almost daily impacts of objects onto the Moon, none had been as large as that of Apollo 12's LM, \"Intrepid\", which had been deorbited after being jettisoned.", "In the hope larger impacts would allow scientists on Earth to probe the structure of the Moon's crust, it was decided that beginning with Apollo 13, the launch vehicle's S-IVB stage would be crashed into the Moon.", "The Apollo 13 spacecraft consisted of Command Module 109 and Service Module 109 (together CSM-109), called \"Odyssey\", and Lunar Module 7 (LM–7), called \"Aquarius\".", "Also considered part of the spacecraft were the Launch Escape System which would propel the CM to safety in the event of a problem during launch, and the Spacecraft–LM Adapter, numbered as SLA–16, which housed the LM during the first hours of the mission.", "Concerned about how close Apollo 11's LM, \"Eagle\", had come to running out of fuel during its lunar descent, mission planners decided that beginning with Apollo 13, the CSM would bring the LM to the low orbit from which the landing attempt would commence.", "This was a change from Apollo 11 and 12, on which the LM made the burn to bring it to the lower orbit.", "The change was part of an effort to increase the amount of hover time available to the astronauts as the missions headed into rougher terrain.", "Apollo 11 had left a seismometer on the Moon, but the solar-powered unit did not survive its first two-week-long lunar night.", "The Apollo 12 astronauts also left one as part of its ALSEP installation of nuclear-powered scientific instruments.", "Apollo 13 carried a seismometer similar to Apollo 12's as part of its ALSEP package, which was carried in the LM descent stage's scientific equipment bay.", "That seismometer was to be calibrated by the impact, after jettison, of the ascent stage of Apollo 13's LM, an object of known mass and velocity impacting at a known location.", "Other ALSEP experiments included a Heat Flow Experiment, which would involve the drilling of two holes 10 ft deep.", "This was Haise's responsibility; he was also to drill a third hole of that depth for a core sample.", "A Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment (CPLEE) measured the protons and electrons of solar origin reaching the Moon.", "The package also included a Lunar Atmosphere Detector and a Dust Detector, to measure the accumulation of debris on the ALSEP.", "The heat flow experiment and the CPLEE were flown for the first time on Apollo 13; the other experiments had been flown before.", "To power the ALSEP, the SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator was flown.", "Developed by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, SNAP-27 was first flown on Apollo 12.", "The fuel capsule contained about 8.36 lb of plutonium oxide.", "The cask placed around the capsule for transport to the Moon was built with heat shields of graphite and of beryllium, with structural parts of titanium and of Inconel materials.", "Thus, it was built to take the heat of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere without coming apart, as the Apollo 13 Press Kit put it, \"in the unlikely event of an aborted mission\".", "Like Apollo 11 and 12, Apollo 13 flew the Solar Wind Composition Experiment, a windowshade-like device that would be deployed on the lunar surface and then be folded up and brought back by the astronauts.", "It also flew the Lunar Stereo Closeup Camera, intended to show the fine structure of lunar rocks and soil.", "A United States flag was also taken, to be erected on the Moon's surface.", "For Apollo 11 and 12, the flag had been placed in a heat-resistant tube on the front landing leg; it was moved for Apollo 13 to the Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) in the LM descent stage.", "The structure to fly the flag on the airless Moon was improved from Apollo 12's.", "For the first time, red stripes were placed on the helmet, arms and legs of the commander's A7L spacesuit.", "This was done as after Apollo 11, those reviewing the images taken had trouble distinguishing Armstrong from Aldrin, but the change was approved too late for Apollo 12.", "The Apollo 12 moon walkers had gotten thirsty during their lunar surface activities; the new drink bags that could be placed inside the helmets and sipped from as the astronauts explored were demonstrated by Haise during Apollo 13's final television broadcast before the accident.", "Apollo 12 had shown that lunar astronauts could perform a precision landing.", "Thus, mission planners for Apollo 13 were able to seek a smaller landing target someplace other than the lunar mares, or seas, upon which Apollo 11 and 12 had set down.", "Apollo 11 and 12 each had a backup site for landing in case of launch delays; this requirement also was deleted for Apollo 13.", "This did not open up the whole Moon to planners—sites still had to be in the equatorial region of the near side —but they could be more flexible and could seek a site of greater scientific interest.", "In anticipation of successful lunar landings, the Site Selection Board met in June 1969 to plan Apollo 13, and a site near Fra Mauro crater gained consensus.", "The Fra Mauro formation was believed to contain much material spattered by the impact that had filled the Imbrium basin, early in the Moon's history.", "Dating it would provide information not only about the Moon, but about the Earth's early history.", "The landing site was about 26 mi north of Fra Mauro crater itself, near what was dubbed Cone crater, a site where an impact was believed to have drilled deep into the lunar regolith.", "Due to the roughness of the terrain, the selected landing site was over a mile (two kilometers) from Cone crater, but Lovell, who as commander was to perform the landing, had the option of setting down closer if he believed he could do so safely.", "NASA initially had few high-quality photographs of that location, but after Dick Gordon, CMP of Apollo 12, took more from orbit in November 1969, Fra Mauro was confirmed as Apollo 13's landing site.", "A month before the planned landing, Lovell and Haise undertook a mock EVA at Arizona's Verde Valley, over a landscape made to look as much like the lunar surface as possible.", "The Apollo 13 prime crew undertook over 1,000 hours of mission-specific training, more than five hours for every hour of the mission's ten-day planned duration.", "Each member of the prime crew spent over 400 hours in simulators of the CM and of the LM at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and at Houston, some of which involved the flight controllers at Mission Control.", "Specialized simulators at other locations were also used.", "The plan was to devote the first of the two four-hour lunar surface EVAs to setting up the ALSEP; during the second, \"Aquarius\"'s crew would investigate Cone crater.", "Lovell and Haise wore their spacesuits for some 20 walk-throughs of EVA procedures, including sample gathering and use of tools and other equipment.", "The astronauts flew in the \"Vomit Comet\" in simulated microgravity or lunar gravity, including practice in donning and doffing spacesuits.", "To prepare for the descent to the Moon's surface, Lovell flew the Lunar Landing Training Vehicle (LLTV).", "Despite the fact that four of the five LLTVs and similar Lunar Landing Research Vehicles crashed during the course of the Apollo program, mission commanders considered flying them invaluable experience.", "The LM stages, CM and SM were received at KSC in June 1969; the portions of the Saturn V were received in June and July.", "Thereafter, testing and assembly proceeded, culminating with the rollout of the launch vehicle, with the spacecraft atop it, on December 15, 1969.", "Apollo 13 was originally scheduled for launch on March 12, 1970; in January of that year NASA announced the mission would be postponed until April 11, both to allow additional time for planning and to spread out the Apollo missions over a longer period of time.", "In addition to the goals associated with the lunar landing, the astronauts of Apollo 13 were to accomplish a number of photographic objectives: of candidate sites for future Moon landings, of the Gegenschein from lunar orbit, and of the Moon itself on the journey back to Earth.", "Some of this photography was to be performed by Swigert as Lovell and Haise walked on the Moon.", "The command module pilot was also to take photographs of the Lagrangian points of the Earth-Moon system.", "Apollo 13 had twelve cameras onboard, including those for television and moving pictures.", "The crew was also to downlink bistatic radar observations of the Moon.", "None of these goals could be attempted because of the accident that damaged the spacecraft.", "Several of the experiments for Apollo 13 were completed despite the aborted mission.", "An experiment to measure the amount of atmospheric electrical phenomena during the ascent to orbit had been added after Apollo 12 was struck by lightning; it returned data indicating a heightened risk during marginal weather.", "A series of photographs of Earth was taken to test whether a determination of cloud height could be made from synchronous satellites; this achieved the desired results.", "The third successful experiment, Seismic Detection of Third-Stage Lunar Impact, was the Apollo 12 seismometer's detection of the S-IVB's impact when it hit the Moon.", "The mission was launched at the planned time, 02:13:00 PM EST (19:13:00 UTC) on April 11.", "An anomaly occurred when the second-stage, center (inboard) engine shut down about two minutes early.", "The four outboard engines and the third-stage engine burned longer to compensate, and the vehicle achieved very close to the planned circular 100 nmi parking orbit, followed by a normal translunar injection about two hours later.", "The engine shutdown was determined to be caused by severe pogo oscillations measured at a strength of 68 \"g\" and a frequency of 16 hertz, causing the thrust frame to flex by 3 in .", "The vehicle's guidance system shut the engine down in response to sensed thrust chamber pressure fluctuations.", "Pogo oscillations had been seen on previous Titan rockets, and also on the Saturn V during the uncrewed Apollo 6 mission, but on Apollo 13, they were amplified by an unexpected interaction with turbopump cavitation, caused by pressure that was low, but within specifications, inside the S-II's liquid oxygen system.", "Fixes were already under development by NASA, but time did not permit their inclusion for Apollo 13.", "Swigert performed the separation and transposition maneuvers before docking the CSM \"Odyssey\" to the LM \"Aquarius\", and the spacecraft pulled away from the third stage, which ground controllers then sent on a course to impact the Moon in range of the Apollo 12 seismometer.", "The impact occurred at 77:56:40 into the mission, about 22 hours after the accident, and produced such strong signals in the Moon that the gain on that seismometer, 73 mi from the impact, had to be turned down.", "The crew settled in for the three-day trip to Fra Mauro.", "At 30:40:50 into the mission, with the TV camera running, the crew performed a burn to place Apollo 13 on a hybrid trajectory.", "This was the most fuel-efficient way to reach Fra Mauro, but the departure from a free return trajectory meant that if no further burns were performed, Apollo 13 would miss Earth by some 40000 mi , rather than intercept it, as with a free return.", "Entry into the LM to test its systems had been scheduled for 58:00:00; when the crew awoke on the third day of the mission, they were informed it had been moved up three hours and was later moved up again by another hour.", "A television broadcast was scheduled for 55:00:00; Lovell, acting as emcee, showed the audience the interiors of \"Odyssey\" and \"Aquarius\".", "The audience was limited by the fact that none of the television networks were carrying the broadcast, forcing Marilyn Lovell (Jim Lovell's wife) to go to the VIP room at Mission Control if she wanted to watch her husband and his crewmates.", "Approaching 56 hours into the mission, Apollo 13 was approximately 180000 nmi from Earth en route to the Moon.", "To that point, there had been only minor glitches, not dissimilar to earlier Apollo missions, and all dealt with competently by the crew and mission controllers.", "Approximately six and a half minutes after the end of the TV broadcast, Haise was in the process of closing out the LM, while Lovell was stowing the TV camera.", "Jack Lousma, the CAPCOM, had a number of minor instructions that he sent up to Swigert; these included changing the attitude of the craft to facilitate photography of Comet Bennett.", "Sy Liebergot, the EECOM, in charge of monitoring the CSM's electrical system, was concerned that the sensor that read the pressure in the SM's Oxygen Tank 2 had earlier appeared to be malfunctioning and requested that the crew be asked to turn on the hydrogen and oxygen tank stirring fans in the service module.", "Normally, this would only have been done once daily, after crew wakeup, but Liebergot wanted an additional stir to destratify the cryogenic contents of the two oxygen tanks and make the readings more accurate.", "Lousma passed this up to Swigert, who activated the fans.", "Just under two minutes after Swigert flipped those switches, the astronauts heard a \"pretty large bang,\" accompanied by fluctuations in electrical power and the firing of the attitude control thrusters.", "Communications and telemetry to Earth were lost for 1.8 seconds, until the system automatically corrected by switching the high-gain S-band antenna, used for translunar communications, from narrow-beam to wide-beam mode.", "The accident happened at 55:54:53; Swigert reprorted 26 seconds later, \"Okay, Houston, we've had a problem here,\" echoed at 55:55:42 by Lovell, \"Houston, we've had a problem.", "We've had a Main B Bus undervolt.\"", "Lovell's initial thought on hearing the noise was that Haise had activated the LM's cabin-repressurization valve, which also produced a bang (Haise enjoyed doing to startle his crewmates) but Lovell could see that Haise had no idea what had happened.", "Swigert initially thought that a meteoroid might have struck the LM, but he and Lovell quickly realized there was no leak.", "The Main Bus B undervolt meant that there was insufficient current flowing from the SM's power cells (fueled by hydrogen and oxygen piped from their respective tanks) to the second of the SM's two power distribution systems.", "Almost everything in the CSM required power.", "Although the bus momentarily returned to normal status, soon both buses A and B were showing insufficient voltage.", "Haise checked the status of the three fuel cells, and found that two of the three were dead.", "Mission rules forbade entering lunar orbit unless all three fuel cells were operational, meaning if the fuel cells remained dead, no lunar landing could take place.", "Liebergot initially missed the worrying signs from tank 2 during the stir, as he was focusing on tank 1, believing that its reading would be a good guide to what was present in tank 2; so did controllers supporting him in the \"back room\".", "In the minutes after the accident, there were a number of unusual readings, showing that tank 2 was empty and tank 1's pressure slowly falling, that the computer on the spacecraft had reset, and that the high-gain antenna was not working.", "When the Flight Director, Gene Kranz, questioned Liebergot on this, the EECOM initially responded that there might be a instrumentation problem; he was often teased about that in the years to come.", "Lovell reported seeing out the window that the craft was venting \"a gas of some sort\" into space, making it clear that the issue was not simply false readings from instrumentation.", "The venting convinced Kranz that there was a serious problem with the spacecraft.", "Since the fuel cells needed oxygen to run, when Oxygen Tank 1 ran dry, the remaining fuel cell would shut down, meaning the only significant oxygen and power remaining from the CSM's resources would be the oxygen \"surge tank\" in the CM and its re-entry batteries.", "These consumables would be needed for the final hours of the mission, but the remaining fuel cell, already starved for oxygen, was tapping the surge tank to keep generating power.", "Kranz ordered the surge tank isolated, saving its oxygen, but this meant that the remaining fuel cell would die once most of the oxygen in tank 1 was gone, either consumed or leaked away, within two hours.", "The lunar module had charged batteries and full oxygen tanks, intended to sustain Lovell and Haise during their time on the lunar surface, and Kranz directed that the astronauts be told to power up the LM and use it as a \"lifeboat\".", "Using the LM in this manner had been discussed following a simulation, but had not been considered a situation likely to occur.", "Had the accident occurred when no LM was available (for example, on the return voyage), the astronauts would have died.", "As a lunar landing was no longer feasible, mission controllers discussed how to bring the astronauts home safely.", "Some wanted the astronauts to attempt a direct abort with the SM's main engine, the service propulsion system (SPS), effectively turning around without reaching the Moon.", "Kranz decided not to use the SPS as it took considerable power (the fuel cells would have had to last at least another hour to run the SPS) and it was uncertain whether it had been damaged in the accident.", "Instead, Kranz decided to let the spacecraft swing around the Moon and head back towards Earth, though this would take longer than a successful direct abort.", "Apollo 13 was still on a hybrid trajectory and needed to be returned to a free return.", "The LM's Descent Propulsion System (DPS), although not as powerful as the SPS, would suffice for this burn, which required new software to be written by the IBM technicians assigned to Mission Control's computer bank.", "As the CM was being shut down around him, Lovell copied down the guidance system's orientation information and made manual calculations to transfer it to the LM's system; he had Mission Control check his math to ensure there were no errors.", "The DPS burn of 34.23 seconds at mission time 61:29:43.49 returned Apollo 13 to a free return trajectory.", "The free return trajectory would get Apollo 13 back to Earth in about four days' time, with splashdown in the Indian Ocean, a place where NASA had few recovery forces.", "Jerry Bostick and other Flight Dynamics Officers (FIDO) were anxious both to shorten the time, and to get Apollo 13 down in the Pacific Ocean, where the main recovery forces were located.", "There was a relatively quick option that would shave 36 hours off the return time, but it would involve jettisoning the SM, which would expose the CM's heat shield to space for the return journey, something it had not been designed to endure, as well as other options.", "A full-dress meeting of NASA brass was convened to settle the matter, and a burn that would save 12 hours and land Apollo 13 in the Pacific was decided on.", "This burn would take place with the DPS two hours after the point of closest approach to the Moon, or pericynthion, and was given the shorthand of PC+2 burn.", "Considerable ingenuity under extreme pressure was required from the crew, flight controllers, and support personnel for the safe return.", "The developing drama was shown on television.", "Because electrical power was severely limited, no more live TV broadcasts were made; TV commentators used models and animated footage as illustrations.", "Low power levels made even voice communications difficult.", "The lunar module consumables were intended to sustain two people for a day and a half, not three people for four days.", "Oxygen was the least critical consumable because the LM carried enough to repressurize the LM after each surface EVA.", "Unlike the command and service module (CSM), which was powered by fuel cells that produced water as a byproduct, the LM was powered by silver-zinc batteries, so electrical power and water (used for equipment cooling as well as drinking) were critical consumables.", "To keep the LM life-support and communication systems operational until reentry, the LM was powered down to the lowest levels possible.", "In particular, the LM's Abort Guidance System was used for most of the coast back to Earth instead of the primary guidance system, as it used less power and water.", "Availability of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) for removing carbon dioxide presented a serious problem.", "The LM's internal stock of LiOH canisters was not sufficient to support the crew until return, and the remainder was stored in the descent stage, out of reach.", "The CM had an adequate supply of canisters, but these were incompatible with the LM.", "Engineers on the ground improvised a way to join the cube-shaped CM canisters to the LM's cylindrical canister-sockets by drawing air through them with a suit return hose.", "NASA engineers referred to the improvised device as \"the mailbox.\"", "Another problem to be solved for a safe return was accomplishing a complete power-up from scratch of the completely shut-down command module, something never intended to be done in-flight.", "Flight controller John Aaron, with the support of grounded astronaut Mattingly and many engineers and designers, had to invent a new procedure to do this with the ship's limited power supply and time factor.", "This was further complicated by the fact that the reduced power levels in the LM caused internal temperatures to drop to as low as 4 C .", "The unpowered CM got so cold that water began to condense on solid surfaces, causing concern that this might short out electrical systems when it was reactivated.", "This turned out not to be a problem, partly because of the extensive electrical insulation improvements instituted after the Apollo 1 fire.", "The last problem to be solved was how to separate the lunar module a safe distance away from the command module just before reentry.", "The normal procedure was to use the service module's reaction control system (RCS) to pull the CSM away after releasing the LM along with the command module's docking ring, but this RCS was inoperative because of the power failure, and the useless SM would be released before the LM.", "Grumman called a team of six University of Toronto engineers, led by senior scientist Bernard Etkin, to solve the problem within a day.", "The team concluded that pressurizing the tunnel connecting the lunar module to the command module just before separation would provide the force necessary to push the two modules a safe distance away from each other just prior to reentry.", "The team had 6 hours to accurately compute the pressure required, using slide rules.", "Too high a pressure could damage the hatch and its seal, endangering the astronauts on reentry; too low and the lunar module would not be sufficiently separated.", "Grumman relayed their calculation to NASA, and from there in turn to the astronauts, who used it successfully.", "As Apollo 13 neared Earth, the crew first jettisoned the service module, using the LM's reaction control system to pull themselves a safe distance from it, instead of the normal procedure which used automatic firing of the SM's RCS.", "They photographed it for later analysis of the accident's cause.", "It was then that the crew were surprised to see for the first time that the entire Sector 4 panel had been blown off.", "According to the analysts, these pictures also showed the antenna damage and possibly an upward tilt to the fuel cell shelf above the oxygen tank compartment.", "The command module \"Odyssey\" was the only part of the spacecraft capable of reentry through the atmosphere.", "All three crew were therefore inside it when they jettisoned the lunar module \"Aquarius\" using the above procedure worked out at the University of Toronto, in final preparation for reentry.", "The reentry on a lunar mission was typically accompanied by about four minutes of communications blackout caused by ionization of the air around the command module.", "The blackout in Apollo 13's reentry lasted six minutes, which was 87 seconds longer than had been expected.", "The possibility of heat-shield damage from the O2 tank rupture heightened the tension of the blackout period.", "\"Odyssey\" regained radio contact and splashed down safely in the South Pacific Ocean, , southeast of American Samoa and 6.5 km from the recovery ship, USS \"Iwo Jima\".", "The crew was in good condition except for Haise, who was suffering from a serious urinary tract infection because of insufficient water intake.", "To avoid altering the trajectory of the spacecraft, the crew had been instructed to temporarily stop urine dumps, which forced them to invent ways of storing all urine for the rest of the flight.", "The lunar module and service module reentered the atmosphere over the South Pacific between the islands of Fiji and New Zealand.", "From the time of the accident aboard Apollo 13 to its safe return, the mission was followed by more public attention than most spaceflights to that point, absent the first Moon landing on Apollo 11.", "There were worldwide headlines, and people surrounded television sets to get the latest developments, offered by networks who interrupted their regular programming for bulletins.", "Pope Paul VI led a congregation of 10,000 people in praying for the astronauts' safe return; ten times that number also offered prayers at a religious festival in India.", "NASA Administrator Thomas Paine and Deputy Administrator George Low sent a memorandum to NASA Langley Research Center Director Edgar M. Cortright on April 17, 1970, (date of spacecraft splashdown) advising him of his appointment as chairman of an Apollo 13 Review Board to investigate the cause of the accident.", "The board exhaustively investigated and analyzed the history of the manufacture and testing of the oxygen tank, and its installation and testing in the spacecraft up to the Apollo 13 launch, as documented in detailed records and logs.", "They visited and consulted with engineers at the contractor's sites and the Kennedy Space Center.", "Once a theory of the cause was developed, elements of it were tested, including on a test rig simulation in a vacuum chamber, with a damaged tank installed in the fuel cell bay.", "This test confirmed the theory when a similar explosion was created, which blew off the outer panel exactly as happened in the flight.", "Cortright sent the final \"Report of Apollo 13 Review Board\" to Administrator Paine on June 15, 1970.", "The failure started in the service module's number 2 oxygen tank.", "Damaged Teflon insulation on the wires to the stirring fan inside oxygen tank 2 allowed the wires to short-circuit and ignite this insulation.", "The resulting fire rapidly increased pressure beyond its 1000 psi limit and the tank dome failed, filling the fuel cell bay (Sector 4) with rapidly expanding gaseous oxygen and combustion products.", "It is also possible some combustion occurred of the Mylar/Kapton thermal insulation material used to line the oxygen shelf compartment in this bay.", "The resulting pressure inside the compartment popped the bolts attaching the 13 ft Sector 4 outer aluminum skin panel, which as it blew off probably caused minor damage to the nearby S-band antenna.", "Mechanical shock forced the oxygen valves closed on the number 1 and number 3 fuel cells, leaving them operating for only about three minutes on the oxygen in the feed lines.", "The shock also either partially ruptured a line from the number 1 oxygen tank, or caused its check or relief valve to leak, causing its contents to leak out into space over the next 130 minutes, entirely depleting the SM's oxygen supply.", "The board determined the oxygen tank failure was caused by an unlikely chain of events.", "Tanks storing cryogens, such as liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, require either venting, extremely good insulation, or both, in order to avoid excessive pressure buildup due to vaporization of the tanks' contents.", "The service module oxygen tanks were so well insulated that they could safely contain supercritical hydrogen and oxygen for years.", "Each oxygen tank held several hundred pounds of oxygen, which was used for breathable air and the production of electricity and water.", "The construction of the tanks made internal inspection impossible.", "The heater and protection thermostats were originally designed for the command module's 28-volt DC bus.", "The specifications for the heater and thermostat were later changed to allow a 65-volt ground supply, in order to pressurize the tanks more rapidly.", "Beechcraft, the tank subcontractor, did not upgrade the thermostat to handle the higher voltage.", "The oxygen shelf carrying the oxygen tanks was originally installed in the Apollo 10 service module, but was removed to fix a potential electromagnetic interference problem.", "During removal, the shelf was accidentally dropped about 2 in because a retaining bolt had not been removed.", "The tank appeared to be undamaged, but a loosely fitting filling tube was apparently damaged, and photographs suggested that the close-out cap on the top of the tank may have hit the fuel cell shelf.", "The report of the Apollo 13 review board considers the probability of tank damage during this incident to be \"rather low\".", "After the tank was filled for ground testing, it could not be emptied through the normal drain line.", "To avoid delaying the mission by replacing the tank, the heater was connected to 65-volt ground power to boil off the oxygen.", "Lovell signed off on this procedure.", "It should have taken a few days at the thermostatic opening temperature of 27 C .", "When the thermostat opened, the 65-volt supply fused its contacts closed and the heater remained powered.", "The board confirmed by testing that the thermostats welded themselves closed under the higher voltage.", "This raised the temperature of the heater to an estimated 540 C .", "A chart recorder on the heater current showed that the heater was not cycling on and off, as it should have been if the thermostat was functioning correctly, but no one noticed it at the time.", "Because the temperature sensor was not designed to read higher than the 27 C thermostat opening temperature, the monitoring equipment did not register the true temperature inside the tank.", "The gas boiled off in hours rather than days.", "The sustained high temperatures melted the Teflon insulation on the fan power supply wires and left them exposed.", "When the tank was refilled with oxygen, it became a bomb waiting to go off.", "During the \"cryo stir\" procedure, fan power passed through the bare wires which apparently shorted, producing sparks and igniting the Teflon.", "This in turn boiled liquid oxygen faster than the tank vent could remove it.", "In June 1970, the Cortright Report provided an in-depth analysis of the mission in an extremely detailed five-chapter report with eight appendices.", "This procedure was designed to prevent hardware failure so that the lunar landing mission could be continued.", "The \"Mission Operations Report Apollo 13\" recounts how the master caution and warning alarm had been turned off for a previous low-pressure reading on hydrogen tank 2, and so it did not trigger to call attention to the high oxygen pressure reading.", "Oxygen tank 2 was not the only pressure vessel that failed during this mission.", "Prior to the accident, the crew had moved the scheduled entry into the lunar module forward by three hours.", "This was done to get an earlier look at the pressure reading of the supercritical helium (SHe) tank in the LM descent stage, which had been suspect since before launch.", "After the abort decision, the helium pressure continued to rise and Mission Control predicted the time that the burst disc would rupture.", "The helium tank burst disc ruptured at 108:54, after the lunar flyby.", "The expulsion reversed the direction of the passive thermal control (PTC) roll (nicknamed the \"barbecue roll\").", "While the investigation board did recreate the oxygen tank failure, it did not report on any experiments that would show how effective the Cryogenic Malfunctions Procedures were to prevent the system failure by de-energizing the electrical heater and fan circuits.", "The oxygen tank was redesigned, with the thermostats upgraded to handle the proper voltage.", "The heaters were retained since they were necessary to maintain oxygen pressure.", "The stirring fans, with their unsealed motors, were removed, which meant the oxygen quantity gauge was no longer accurate.", "This required adding a third tank so that no tank would go below half full.", "All electrical wiring in the power system bay was sheathed in stainless steel, and the oxygen quantity probes were changed from aluminum to stainless steel.", "The fuel cell oxygen supply valves were redesigned to isolate the Teflon-coated wiring from the oxygen.", "The spacecraft and Mission Control monitoring systems were modified to give more immediate and visible warnings of anomalies.", "Because Apollo 13 followed the free-return trajectory, its altitude over the lunar far side was approximately 100 km greater than the orbital altitude on the remaining Apollo lunar missions.", "The Moon was almost at apogee during the mission (as it also was during the flights of Apollo 10 and Apollo 15), which also increased the distance from the Earth.", "The combination of the two effects ensures that Apollo 13 holds the absolute altitude record for a crewed spacecraft, reaching a distance of 400171 km from Earth on 7:21 pm EST, April 14, 1970.", "The Apollo 13 mission was called a \"successful failure\" by Lovell, because of the successful safe return of the astronauts, but the failed lunar landing.", "It has also been termed \"NASA's finest hour\".", "President Nixon flew to Houston to award the Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team the Presidential Medal of Freedom on April 18.", "Because the Medal of Freedom was presented as a group award, the members of the Apollo 13 team have the distinction of being the only individuals ever presented with the honor without being given the actual medal itself.", "He then flew to Honolulu to award the crew the Presidential Medal of Freedom for their actions during the mission.", "The Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment (CCGE) which was part of the ALSEP on Apollo 13 was never flown again.", "It was a version of the Cold Cathode Ion Gauge (CCIG) which featured on Apollo 12, Apollo 14, and Apollo 15.", "The CCGE was designed as a standalone version of the CCIG.", "On other missions, the CCIG was connected as part of the Suprathermal Ion Detector (SIDE).", "Because of the aborted landing, this experiment was never deployed.", "Other experiments included on Apollo 13's ALSEP included the Heat Flow Experiment (HFE), the Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE), and the Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment (CPLEE).", "The original lunar plaque affixed to the front landing leg of \"Aquarius\" bore Mattingly's name, so a replacement plaque with Swigert's name was carried in the cabin, for Lovell to place over the other after he descended the ladder.", "He kept the plaque as a souvenir.", "In his book \"Lost Moon\" (later renamed \"Apollo 13\"), Lovell stated that, apart from the plaque and a couple of other pieces, the only other memento he possesses is a letter from Charles Lindbergh.", "The Apollo 13 crew patch featured three flying horses as Apollo's \"chariot\" across space.", "Given Lovell's Navy background, the logo also included the mottoes \"\"Ex Luna, scientia\"\" (\"From the Moon, knowledge\"), borrowed from the U.S. Naval Academy's motto, \"\"Ex scientia tridens\"\" (\"From knowledge, sea power\").", "The mission number appeared in Roman numerals as Apollo XIII.", "The patch did not have to be modified after Mattingly's replacement since it is one of only two Apollo mission insignia—the other being Apollo 11—not to include the names of the crew.", "It was designed by artist Lumen Martin Winter, who based it on a mural he had done for The St. Regis Hotel in New York City.", "The mural was later purchased by actor Tom Hanks, who portrayed Lovell in the movie \"Apollo 13\", and now is on the wall of a restaurant near Chicago owned by Lovell's son.", "As a joke following Apollo 13's successful splashdown, Grumman Aerospace Corporation pilot Sam Greenberg (who had helped with the strategy for re-routing power from the LM to the crippled CM) issued a tongue-in-cheek invoice for $400,540.05 to North American Rockwell, Pratt and Whitney, and Beech Aircraft, prime and subcontractors for the CSM, for \"towing\" the crippled ship most of the way to the Moon and back.", "The figure was based on an estimated 400001 mi at $1.00 per mile, plus $4.00 for the first mile.", "An extra $536.05 was included for battery charging, oxygen, and an \"additional guest in room\" (Swigert).", "A 20% \"commercial discount,\" as well as a further 2% discount if North American were to pay in cash, reduced the total to $312,421.24.", "North American declined payment, noting that it had ferried three previous Grumman LMs to the Moon (Apollo 10, Apollo 11 and Apollo 12) with no such reciprocal charges.", "The command module shell was formerly at the Musée de l'air et de l'espace, in Paris.", "The interior components were removed during the investigation of the accident and reassembled into boilerplate BP-1102A, the water egress training module; and were subsequently on display at the Museum of Natural History and Science in Louisville, Kentucky, until 2000.", "The command module and the internal components were reassembled, and \"Odyssey\" is currently on display at the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas.", "The lunar module burned up in Earth's atmosphere on April 17, 1970, having been targeted to enter over the Pacific Ocean to reduce the possibility of contamination from a SNAP 27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) on board.", "Intended to power the mission's ALSEP, the RTG survived reentry (as designed) and landed in the Tonga Trench.", "While it will remain radioactive for several thousand years, it does not appear to be releasing any of its 3.9 kg of radioactive plutonium-238.", "Lovell's lunar space suit helmet, one of his gloves, and the plaque that had been intended to be left on the Moon are on exhibit at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, Illinois.", "The Apollo 13 S-IVB was guided to crash onto the lunar surface on April 14, providing a signal for the Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment.", "The 1974 movie \"Houston, We've Got a Problem\", while set around the Apollo 13 incident, is a fictional drama about the crises faced by ground personnel when the emergency disrupts their work schedules and places additional stress on their lives; only a couple of news clips and a narrator's solemn voice deal with the actual problems.", "Lovell publicly aired grievances about the movie, saying it was \"fictitious and in poor taste.\"", "\"Houston... We've Got a Problem\" was also the title of an episode of the BBC documentary series \"A Life At Stake\", broadcast in March 1978.", "This was an accurate, if simplified, reconstruction of the events.", "Lovell was approached in 1991 by journalist Jeffrey Kluger about collaborating on a non-fiction account of the mission.", "The resultant book, \"Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13\", was published in 1994.", "The next year, in 1995, a film adaptation of the book, \"Apollo 13\", was released, directed by Ron Howard and starring Tom Hanks as Lovell, Bill Paxton as Haise, Kevin Bacon as Swigert, Gary Sinise as Mattingly, Ed Harris as flight director Gene Kranz, and Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Lovell.", "James Lovell, Eugene Kranz, and other principals have stated that this film depicted the events of the mission with reasonable accuracy, given that some dramatic license was taken.", "For example, the film changes the tense of Lovell's famous follow-up to Swigert's original words from, \"Houston, we've had a problem\" to \"Houston, we have a problem\".", "The film also invented the phrase \"Failure is not an option\".", "The film won two of the nine Academy Awards it was nominated for, Best Film Editing and Best Sound.", "In the 1998 miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\", co-produced by Hanks and Howard, the mission is dramatized in the episode \"We Interrupt This Program\".", "Rather than showing the incident from the crew's perspective as in the \"Apollo 13\" feature film, it is instead presented from an Earth-bound perspective of television reporters competing for coverage of the event.", "In 2008, an interactive theatrical show titled \"\" premiered at BATS Theatre in Wellington, New Zealand.", "The production faithfully recreated the mission control consoles and audience members became part of the storyline.", "The show also featured a \"guest\" astronaut each night: a member of the public who suited up and amongst other duties, stirred the oxygen tanks and said the line \"Houston, we've had a problem.\"", "This \"replacement\" astronaut was a nod to Jack Swigert, who replaced Ken Mattingly shortly before the launch in 1970.", "The production toured to other cities extensively in New Zealand and Australia in 2010–2011.", "The production traveled to the US and performed 45 shows in 2012.", "In the \"DC's Legends of Tomorrow\" episode \"Moonshot\", the oxygen tank explosion is averted when Eobard Thawne disguises himself as Swigert, in order to retrieve a piece of the Spear of Destiny that was hidden in the pole section of the American flag planted on July 21, 1969.", "Thawne and Ray Palmer crash land the lander on the Moon's surface.", "In November 2011, a notebook containing a checklist Lovell used to calculate a trajectory to get the damaged spacecraft, Apollo 13, back to Earth, and handwritten calculations by Lovell, was auctioned off by Heritage Auctions for $388,375.", "NASA made an email inquiry asking Heritage if Lovell had clear title to the notebook, stating that NASA had \"nothing to indicate\" the agency had ever transferred ownership of the checklist to Lovell.", "In January 2012, Heritage stated that the sale had been placed on hold after NASA launched an investigation into whether it was the astronaut's property to sell.", "Later that year Congress passed HR 4158, which affirmed Apollo-era astronauts' right to sell items obtained during their spaceflight career.", "This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 115532, "simple_article_title": "Apollo 13", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=115532", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-115532-0-0", "simple-115532-0-1", "simple-115532-0-2", "simple-115532-1-0", "simple-115532-1-1", "simple-115532-1-2", "simple-115532-1-3", "simple-115532-1-4", "simple-115532-1-5", "simple-115532-2-0", "simple-115532-3-0", "simple-115532-3-1", "simple-115532-3-2", "simple-115532-4-0", "simple-115532-4-1", "simple-115532-4-2", "simple-115532-4-3", "simple-115532-4-4", "simple-115532-5-0", "simple-115532-5-1", "simple-115532-6-0", "simple-115532-6-1", "simple-115532-7-0", "simple-115532-7-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Apollo 13 was the seventh mission of NASA's Project Apollo and the third manned lunar-lander mission.", "The flight was commanded by Jim Lovell.", "The other astronauts on board were Jack Swigert and Fred Haise.", "The craft was launched successfully toward the Moon, but two days after launch a faulty oxygen tank exploded, and the Service Module became damaged, causing a loss of oxygen and electrical power.", "There was a very large chance that the astronauts would die before they could return to Earth.", "They were very short of oxygen.", "Oxygen is not just used to breathe; on the Apollo spacecraft it was used in a device called a Fuel cell to generate electricity.", "So they conserved their remaining air by turning off almost all their electrical equipment, for example heaters.", "It became very cold in the spacecraft.", "In order to stay alive the astronauts also had to move into the Apollo Lunar Module and make it work as a sort of \"lifeboat\".", "When they approached the Earth they were not sure that their parachutes, needed to slow the Command Module down, would work.", "The parachutes were thrown out by small explosive charges that were fired by batteries.", "The cold could have made the batteries fail, in which case the parachutes would not work and the Command Module would hit the ocean so fast that all aboard would be killed.", "Apollo blasted off on the April 11, 1970 at 19:13 UTC from Cape Canaveral and went into temporary low Earth orbit.", "Two hours later they fired the rocket motor again to go towards the Moon.", "They wanted to land at Fra Mauro.", "Despite the hardships, the crew made it back to Earth.", "Though the crew did not land on the Moon, the flight became very well known.", "Some people regarded it as a failure because they did not land on the Moon.", "However, others thought it was possibly the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations' (NASA's) \"greatest\" accomplishment in returning three men in a very damaged spacecraft back to Earth safely.", "Coming up to re-entry, it was thought that the electrical equipment would short circuit because the water in the astronauts' breath had turned back into a liquid all over the computers.", "However, the electronics were fine.", "Books were written about the event, for example one by Jim Lovell, the commander of the mission.", "A movie was also made about it, directed by Ron Howard and starring Tom Hanks." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 727735, "normal_article_title": "Hamilton, Bermuda", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=727735", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-727735-0-0", "normal-727735-0-1", "normal-727735-0-2", "normal-727735-1-0", "normal-727735-1-1", "normal-727735-1-2", "normal-727735-1-3", "normal-727735-2-0", "normal-727735-2-1", "normal-727735-2-2", "normal-727735-2-3", "normal-727735-2-4", "normal-727735-2-5", "normal-727735-3-0", "normal-727735-3-1", "normal-727735-3-2", "normal-727735-3-3", "normal-727735-4-0", "normal-727735-4-1", "normal-727735-4-2", "normal-727735-5-0", "normal-727735-5-1", "normal-727735-6-0", "normal-727735-6-1", "normal-727735-6-2", "normal-727735-7-0", "normal-727735-7-1", "normal-727735-7-2", "normal-727735-8-0", "normal-727735-9-0", "normal-727735-10-0", "normal-727735-10-1", "normal-727735-10-2", "normal-727735-10-3", "normal-727735-11-0", "normal-727735-12-0", "normal-727735-12-1", "normal-727735-12-2", "normal-727735-12-3", "normal-727735-13-0", "normal-727735-13-1", "normal-727735-13-2", "normal-727735-13-3", "normal-727735-13-4", "normal-727735-13-5", "normal-727735-13-6", "normal-727735-13-7", "normal-727735-13-8", "normal-727735-14-0", "normal-727735-15-0", "normal-727735-15-1", "normal-727735-15-2", "normal-727735-15-3", "normal-727735-15-4", "normal-727735-15-5", "normal-727735-16-0", "normal-727735-16-1", "normal-727735-16-2", "normal-727735-17-0", "normal-727735-17-1", "normal-727735-18-0", "normal-727735-18-1", "normal-727735-18-2", "normal-727735-19-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hamilton is the capital of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda.", "It is the territory's financial centre and a major port and tourist destination.", "Its population of 1,010 (2010) is one of the smallest of any capital cities.", "The history of Hamilton as a British city began in 1790 when the government of Bermuda set aside 145 acre for its future seat, officially incorporated in 1793 by an Act of Parliament, and named for Governor Henry Hamilton.", "The colony's capital relocated to Hamilton from St George's in 1815.", "The city has been at the political and military heart of Bermuda ever since.", "Government buildings include the parliament building, the Government House to the north, the former Admiralty House of the Royal Navy to the west (both in Pembroke), and the British Army garrison headquarters at Prospect Camp to its east.", "The Town of Hamilton became a city in 1897, ahead of the consecration in 1911 of the Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity (Church of England), which was under construction at the time.", "A Catholic cathedral, St. Theresa's, was later constructed.", "Today, the city overlooking Hamilton Harbour is primarily a business district, with few structures other than office buildings and shops.", "The City of Hamilton has long maintained a building height and view limit, which states that no buildings may obscure the Cathedral.", "In the 21st century, buildings have been planned and some are under construction that are as high as ten storeys in the area.", "Bermuda's local newspaper, \"The Royal Gazette,\" reports, \"If you don't recognise the city, from 15 years ago, we don't blame you as it has changed so much\".", "Hamilton is located on the north side of Hamilton Harbour, and is Bermuda's main port.", "Although there is a parish of the same name, the city of Hamilton is in the parish of Pembroke.", "The city is named after Sir Henry Hamilton, governor of the territory from 1786 to 1793.", "Hamilton Parish antedates the city.", "The administrative capital of Bermuda, Hamilton, has a limited permanent population around 1,010 (2010); however, 13,340 (40% of Bermuda's population) work here on a daily basis.", "The only incorporated city in Bermuda, Hamilton is smaller than the historic town of St. George's.", "A more representative measure of Bermuda's local residential populations tends to be by parish.", "As the offshore domicile of many foreign companies, Bermuda has a highly developed international business economy; it is an exporter of financial services, primarily insurance, reinsurance, investment funds, and special-purpose vehicles.", "Finance and international business constitute the largest sector of Bermuda's economy, and virtually all of this business takes place within the borders of Hamilton.", "Numerous leading international insurance companies are based in Hamilton, as it is a global reinsurance centre.", "Around 400 internationally owned and operated businesses are physically based in Bermuda, and many are represented by the Association of Bermuda International Companies.", "In total, over 1,500 exempted or international companies are currently registered with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda.", "The city is the registered headquarters of the spirits manufacturer Bacardi, semiconductor manufacturer Marvell Technology, outsourcing company Genpact, telecommunications company Global Crossing, and reinsurance company Tokio Millennium Re Ltd.", "Hamilton is known as the headquarters of international shipping companies, such as DryShips Inc, Frontline Ltd., and Dockwise.", "Its low corporate tax rate makes it attractive to US companies.", "In addition, the corporate headquarters of the Bermuda grocery store chain The MarketPlace is located within the chain's Hamilton MarketPlace location, the largest grocery store in Bermuda.", "Hamilton was named the city with the highest cost of living index in the world.", "The coat of arms of the city of Hamilton incorporate a shield featuring a golden sailing ship, representing the \"Resolution\", surrounded by three cinquefoils, two above the ship and one below, also in gold, all on a plain blue background.", "This shield is supported by a mermaid and heraldic sea horse (i.e., demi-horse, demi-fish), and is placed on a mount in front of which is a scroll containing the motto \"Sparsa Collegit\".", "The shield is topped by a crest featuring a closed helm topped with a torque above which an heraldic seahorse is emerging from the sea holding a flower.", "The city's full motto is \"Hamilton sparsa collegit\", (\"Hamilton has assembled the scattered\").", "The city's flag is a banner of arms, featuring the same details as on the shield of the city's coat of arms, but with the flowers in white rather than gold.", "The city of Hamilton has many parks for its size.", "Probably the most notable park in the city is Victoria Park.", "This park occupies a whole block and was named after Queen Victoria.", "Other parks in the city are Par La Ville Park, Barr's Park, All Buoy's Point Park, and the hidden Cedar Park.", "Although located some distance north of the geographic tropics, Hamilton has a warm trade-wind tropical rainforest climate.", "It is warm enough for coconut palms and other tropical palms to grow, although they may not fruit properly due to the lack of heat or sunshine during the winter months because of latitude.", "Hamilton has uncharacteristically warm temperatures for its latitude (32°N) because of the moderating influence of the North Atlantic and nearby Gulf Stream.", "Hamilton features warm and humid summers and semi-warm \"winters\".", "As temperatures are moderated by the Atlantic Ocean, it rarely gets very hot or cold in the city.", "Precipitation is plentiful throughout the year and Hamilton does not have a dry season month, a month where on average less than 60 mm of precipitation falls.", "Summer precipitation is usually from showers, thunderstorms, and tropical disturbances or even tropical cyclones.", "Meanwhile, winter precipitation is typically derived from westerly moving extra-tropical cyclones and their associated fronts.", "Erratic, extended dry spells occasionally develop because of variations in the semi-permanent sub-tropical ridge locally known as the Bermuda-Azores High.", "Hamilton has a host of beaches, which provide many opportunities for water sports, including surfing, wind surfing, water skiing, jet skiing, sailing and diving.", "The highlight of the sports calendar is the Bermuda Gold Cup (or Argo Group Gold Cup as it is currently known), a sailing event which is a key stage of the World Match Racing Tour, one of only three sailing championships to be sanctioned by the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) with 'Special Event' status.", "The Argo Cup brings the world's best match-racing sailors (including world champions and Olympic sailors) to Bermuda for five days of one-on-one 'match racing'.", "Points accrued during the event contribute to the World Match Racing Tour and ultimately a chance to race in the final event, the Monsoon Cup in Malaysia.", "The winner of that is crowned ISAF World Match Racing Champion.", "Unlike many water-based sports, which occur too far out to view from shore, 'match racing' is a great spectator sport.", "The race takes place only 15m from the shore, and spectators can see the heart of the action.", "The history of the modern Bermuda Gold Cup event dates back to the very beginning of the match racing style of sailing.", "The first 'match race' in a one-design racing yacht, i.e. technically identical boats, was the King Edward VII Gold Cup in Bermuda (now known as the Argo Gold Cup) that was first sailed in 1937.", "The Argo Gold Cup is still a key event in the World Match Racing Tour calendar.", "The King Edward VII Cup itself was originally given at the Tri-Centenary Regatta at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1907, by King Edward VII in commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of the first permanent settlement in America.", "C. Sherman Hoyt won that regatta, and was the first sailor to accept the historic trophy.", "Hoyt held the Gold Cup for three decades before donating it to the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club and proposing an annual one-on-one match-race series in 6-Meter yachts.", "In his letter he expressed the propriety of \"my returning a British Royal trophy to the custody of your club, with its long record of clean sportsmanship and keenly contested races between your Bermuda yachts and ours of Long Island Sound, and elsewhere...\" The first winner of the Cup in its new format was Briggs Cunningham in 1937.", "He was also the first skipper to win the America's Cup in a 12-Meter racing yacht.", "All but one route (Route 6) in Bermuda start from the bus terminal in Hamilton." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 250775, "simple_article_title": "Hamilton, Bermuda", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250775", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-250775-0-0", "simple-250775-0-1", "simple-250775-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Hamilton is the capital city of Bermuda.", "The population of Hamilton as of 2006 is 902.", "The city is named after Sir Henry Hamilton who was the governor of Hamilton from 1778 to 1794." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9693054, "normal_article_title": "Cuiba language", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9693054", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9693054-0-0", "normal-9693054-0-1", "normal-9693054-0-2", "normal-9693054-0-3", "normal-9693054-0-4", "normal-9693054-0-5", "normal-9693054-1-0", "normal-9693054-1-1", "normal-9693054-1-2", "normal-9693054-1-3", "normal-9693054-1-4", "normal-9693054-2-0", "normal-9693054-2-1", "normal-9693054-2-2", "normal-9693054-2-3", "normal-9693054-2-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Cuiba is a Guahiban language that is spoken by about 2,300 people in Colombia and additional 650 in Venezuela.", "More than half of Cuiba speakers are monolingual, and in Colombia there is a 45% literacy rate.", "Cuiva is also referred to as Cuiba, Cuiba-Wámonae, Kuiva, Chiricoa, Hiwi, and Maiben.", "In Colombia, Cuiva is spoken among those who live and who are born surrounding the Colombian rivers, Meta Casanare and Capanaparo.", "The Cuiba ethnic group is often found in the Casanare region.", "In Venezuela the language is spoken in the state of Apure, one of the state border with Colombia, which is found alongside the Capanaparo river.", "The term Cuiba is usually used to describe the ethnic group itself, although they do not refer to themselves as Cuiba.", "Most of those who speak the Cuiba language are monolingual, which is why the language is threatened seeing as the ethnic population itself is only approximately 2,950 and continues to decrease.", "The Cuiba ethnic group are characterized as being hunter-gatherers, who live a nomadic lifestyle in small bands along the borders of Colombia and Venezuela.", "Before 1967, the Cuiba were spread across the Meta rivers: Casanare, Agua Clara, Ariporo, Unchadia, Arauca, and Capanaparo.", "For the most part although the groups of Cuiba today are much smaller, they continue to occupy what is left of the areas around the rivers.", "The banks of the Casanare, Agua Clara, Ariporo, Unchadia, Arauca, and Capanaparo are for the most part known as Cuiba territory and there has been no evidence stating that the Cuiba have occupied other territory but their own.", "The Cuiba have gone through many wars and invasions, which have slightly influenced Cuiba political and cultural practices at some point.", "Although the Europeans have left, some Spanish words survived.", "There is no evidence showing where the Spanish words were originated.", "There have been many attempts after 1533 invasion attempting to remove the Cuiba from their territory, but although the Cuiba have a small population their culture has largely remained unchanged." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 533063, "simple_article_title": "Cuiba language", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533063", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-533063-0-0", "simple-533063-0-1", "simple-533063-0-2", "simple-533063-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Cuiba is a Guahiban language spoken in Colombia and Venezuela.", "There are 2,300 people who speak it in Colombia and 650 in Venezuela.", "More than half of Cuiba speakers do not speak any other language.", "In Colombia the literacy rate among Cuiba speakers is 45%." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 94948, "normal_article_title": "McLeod County, Minnesota", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=94948", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-94948-0-0", "normal-94948-0-1", "normal-94948-0-2", "normal-94948-1-0", "normal-94948-1-1", "normal-94948-2-0", "normal-94948-2-1", "normal-94948-2-2", "normal-94948-2-3", "normal-94948-2-4", "normal-94948-3-0", "normal-94948-4-0", "normal-94948-4-1", "normal-94948-5-0", "normal-94948-5-1", "normal-94948-5-2", "normal-94948-5-3", "normal-94948-5-4", "normal-94948-5-5", "normal-94948-5-6", "normal-94948-5-7", "normal-94948-6-0", "normal-94948-6-1", "normal-94948-6-2", "normal-94948-6-3", "normal-94948-6-4", "normal-94948-6-5", "normal-94948-7-0", "normal-94948-7-1", "normal-94948-7-2", "normal-94948-8-0", "normal-94948-8-1", "normal-94948-8-2", "normal-94948-8-3", "normal-94948-9-0", "normal-94948-9-1", "normal-94948-9-2", "normal-94948-9-3", "normal-94948-10-0", "normal-94948-10-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "McLeod County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota.", "At the 2010 United States Census, the population was 36,651.", "Its county seat is Glencoe.", "McLeod County comprises the Hutchinson, MN Micropolitan Statistical Area and is part of the Minneapolis-St.", "Paul, MN-WI Combined Statistical Area.", "For thousands of years the area was inhabited by indigenous peoples.", "At the time of European contact, it was the territory of the Dakota Sioux.", "The county was created by the Minnesota Territorial legislature on March 1, 1856.", "It was named for Martin McLeod, a Canadian-born adventurer who became a fur trader and later was elected a territorial representative (1849–1856) in Minnesota.", "As a young man, he was part of James Dickson's 1836 expedition to the Red River of the North, a journey recounted in his \"Diary of Martin McLeod\", a manuscript held by the Minnesota Historical Society.", "The county seat was sited at Glencoe as part of the original act; it had been founded (June 11, 1855) by Martin McLeod, who was a member of the townsite company when the county was founded.", "The county was the site of several events during the Dakota War of 1862, including the siege of Hutchinson and the killing of the White family near Brownton.", "It was also the first place to use the Geier Hitch, a kind of animal husbandry that some characterize as animal abuse.", "The South Fork of the Crow River flows easterly through the upper central part of McLeod County, thence into Wright County.", "Buffalo Creek also flows eastward through the lower central part of the county, thence into Wright.", "The county terrain consists of low rolling hills, dotted with lakes and lightly etched by drainages and gullies.", "The area is mostly devoted to agriculture.", "The terrain is sloped to the east, with its highest point on the upper west border at 1,096' (334m) ASL.", "The county has an area of 506 sqmi , of which 491 sqmi is land and 14 sqmi (2.8%) is water.", "McLeod is one of seven southern Minnesota Counties with no native forests.", "Only savanna and prairie soils exist in McLeod County.", "As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 34,898 people, 13,449 households and 9,427 families in the county.", "The population density was 71.1/sqmi (27.4/km2).", "There were 14,087 housing units at an average density of 28.7/sqmi (11.1/km2).", "The racial makeup of the county was 96.62% White, 0.22% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.79% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races.", "3.63% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "57.5% were of German and 8.5% Norwegian ancestry.", "There were 13,449 households of which 34.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.20% were married couples living together, 7.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.90% were non-families.", "25.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.08.", "The county population contained 27.70% under the age of 18, 7.80% from 18 to 24, 29.30% from 25 to 44, 21.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.90% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 36 years.", "For every 100 females there were 98.40 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.10 males.", "The median household income was $45,953 and the median family income was $55,003.", "Males had a median income of $35,709 compared with $25,253 for females.", "The per capita income for the county was $20,137.", "About 2.80% of families and 4.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.80% of those under age 18 and 8.10% of those age 65 or over.", "McLeod County voters have traditionally been Republican.", "In only one national election since 1964 has the county selected the Democratic Party candidate (as of 2016)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5101720, "normal_article_title": "Rami Shaaban", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5101720", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5101720-0-0", "normal-5101720-0-1", "normal-5101720-0-2", "normal-5101720-0-3", "normal-5101720-0-4", "normal-5101720-1-0", "normal-5101720-1-1", "normal-5101720-1-2", "normal-5101720-1-3", "normal-5101720-1-4", "normal-5101720-2-0", "normal-5101720-2-1", "normal-5101720-2-2", "normal-5101720-2-3", "normal-5101720-2-4", "normal-5101720-2-5", "normal-5101720-2-6", "normal-5101720-2-7", "normal-5101720-2-8", "normal-5101720-3-0", "normal-5101720-3-1", "normal-5101720-3-2", "normal-5101720-3-3", "normal-5101720-4-0", "normal-5101720-5-0", "normal-5101720-5-1", "normal-5101720-5-2", "normal-5101720-6-0", "normal-5101720-7-0", "normal-5101720-7-1", "normal-5101720-7-2", "normal-5101720-7-3", "normal-5101720-7-4", "normal-5101720-8-0", "normal-5101720-8-1", "normal-5101720-8-2", "normal-5101720-8-3", "normal-5101720-8-4", "normal-5101720-9-0", "normal-5101720-9-1", "normal-5101720-9-2", "normal-5101720-10-0", "normal-5101720-10-1", "normal-5101720-10-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Rami Shaaban (] ; ; born 30 June 1975) is a Swedish former professional football player.", "He is the son of an Egyptian father and a Finnish mother.", "During his career he played for a number of teams in England, including Arsenal, and in Sweden.", "He was a Swedish national team member until 2008.", "He ended his playing career after the 2011 season.", "Shaaban was born in Solna, Stockholm.", "He started his senior career at local club Saltsjöbadens IF before moving to Cairo to play for Zamalek and Ittihad Osman, while also studying at university.", "Following his time in Egypt, Shaaban returned to Sweden in 1997 and joined Nacka FF, a club based close to where he grew up.", "After a string of impressive performances, he was asked to join Swedish first division outfit Djurgården where he spent two seasons.", "In August 2002, Shaaban earned a move to Arsenal.", "In August 2002, Shaaban joined Arsenal as a potential replacement for David Seaman.", "When Seaman was injured, Shaaban played in two matches in the UEFA Champions League at home against PSV Eindhoven and away against AS Roma, as well as in three matches in the Premier League.", "Shaaban broke his leg during training on Christmas Eve 2002, ultimately sidelining himself for the rest of the season.", "Due to the severity of his injury, Shaaban feared he would not be able to play again, but after rigorous physical therapy Shaaban was able to resume playing.", "When Seaman left Arsenal in the summer of 2003 Arsène Wenger signed Jens Lehmann, who played every match that season as Arsenal went undefeated for the entire 2003–04 league season.", "Shaaban was plagued by injuries and failed to become Arsenal's first-choice keeper.", "In January 2004, Shaaban was loaned to West Ham United for a month, but did not make any appearances for the Hammers.", "He returned to Arsenal after his loan spell and due to an injury to Stuart Taylor he was on the bench for a number of league games as Arsenal completed their Invincibles season.", "He was released by Arsenal at the end of that season.", "In February 2005, he signed for Brighton & Hove Albion on non-contract terms, making his debut in a 2–1 victory over Sunderland, and signed a short-term contract lasting until the end of the season days later.", "After his contract expired he was released on a free transfer and had a trial at Dundee United, playing his only match as United beat Sheffield Wednesday to win the City of Discovery Cup.", "He also had a trial at Bristol City.", "However, Shaaban could not agree terms and was snapped up by Fredrikstad FK.", "On 12 February 2008, Shaaban signed a five-year contract with Swedish team Hammarby IF.", "Shaaban was called up to the Sweden squad for the 2006 World Cup, although he did not have an international cap to his name.", "He made his debut in the warm up game with Finland as a substitute, coming on for 45 minutes and keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw.", "On 10 June 2006, he played in the 2006 World Cup contest against Trinidad and Tobago after starter Andreas Isaksson was hit by a shot in his face and hit the ground with his head two days before the match.", "He also played four games in the Euro 2008 qualifiers, in which he kept a vital clean sheet against Spain national football team, and was also a member of the nation's final stage squad.", "Shaaban grew up in Solna, Stockholm with a Finnish mother and an Egyptian father.", "As a result, he has both Swedish and Egyptian citizenship.", "He was raised as a Muslim.", "In his late teens to early twenties, Shaaban lived in Cairo, where he played football and attended university.", "Prior to joining Arsenal, he also worked as a mountain explosives specialist.", "Shaaban has one son, Gabriel, born 2002 to his ex-wife.", "Several years after his divorce, he began dating a makeup artist named Frida.", "Although they are not married, the two have a son Noah, born in August 2008.", "Shaaban made a move to Hammarby partly to be close to Gabriel.", "He currently lives in a large lake house with his son and wife.", "Reporters often credit Shaaban for remaining down-to-earth.", "Shaaban claims he has friends ranging from sheet metal workers to footballers, such as Freddie Ljungberg: Ljungberg and Shaaban remain close after becoming friends whilst at Arsenal.", "The two are often seen drinking coffee together.", "Shaaban is known for his love of coffee; he is often seen with a cup of coffee in his hand.", "He once said, \"I dare not keep count of how many cups I drink per day.", "But mom is actually even worse.\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2930984, "normal_article_title": "Coat of arms of Iceland", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2930984", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2930984-0-0", "normal-2930984-0-1", "normal-2930984-0-2", "normal-2930984-0-3", "normal-2930984-0-4", "normal-2930984-0-5", "normal-2930984-1-0", "normal-2930984-1-1", "normal-2930984-1-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The coat of arms of Iceland displays a silver-edged, red cross on blue shield.", "This alludes to the design of the flag of Iceland.", "The supporters are the four protectors of Iceland (\"landvættir\") as described in Heimskringla, standing on a block of columnar basalt.", "The bull (\"Griðungur\") is the protector of northwestern Iceland, the eagle or griffin (\"Gammur\") protects northeastern Iceland, the dragon (\"Dreki\") protects the southeastern part, and the rock-giant (\"Bergrisi\") is the protector of southwestern Iceland.", "Great respect was given to these creatures of Iceland, so much that there was a law during the time of the Vikings that no ship should bear grimacing symbols (most often dragonheads on the bow of the ship) when approaching Iceland.", "This was so the protectors would not be provoked unnecessarily.", "The \"landvættir\" (“land wights”) also decorate the obverse (front) of the Icelandic króna coins, but animals of the ocean (fish, crabs, and dolphins) appear on the reverse (back).", "The Icelandic presidency uses a swallowtailed Icelandic flag with the coat of arms.", "The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police uses a white flag with the coat of arms, when the use of the State flag is not warranted, and some other state services do as well." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 667102, "simple_article_title": "Coat of Arms of Iceland", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=667102", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-667102-0-0", "simple-667102-0-1", "simple-667102-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The coat of arms of Iceland has a silver-fimbriated, red cross on blue shield.", "The supporters are the four protectors of Iceland (landvættir) standing on a pahoehoe lava block.", "The bull (\"Griðungur\") is the protector of northwestern Iceland, the eagle or griffin (\"Gammur\") protects northeastern Iceland, the dragon (\"Dreki\") protects the southeastern part, and the rock-giant (\"Bergrisi\") is the protector of southwestern Iceland." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 230878, "normal_article_title": "Armidale, New South Wales", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=230878", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-230878-0-0", "normal-230878-0-1", "normal-230878-0-2", "normal-230878-0-3", "normal-230878-0-4", "normal-230878-0-5", "normal-230878-1-0", "normal-230878-1-1", "normal-230878-1-2", "normal-230878-1-3", "normal-230878-1-4", "normal-230878-1-5", "normal-230878-2-0", "normal-230878-2-1", "normal-230878-3-0", "normal-230878-4-0", "normal-230878-4-1", "normal-230878-4-2", "normal-230878-4-3", "normal-230878-5-0", "normal-230878-5-1", "normal-230878-5-2", "normal-230878-5-3", "normal-230878-6-0", "normal-230878-6-1", "normal-230878-6-2", "normal-230878-6-3", "normal-230878-6-4", "normal-230878-6-5", "normal-230878-7-0", "normal-230878-7-1", "normal-230878-7-2", "normal-230878-7-3", "normal-230878-8-0", "normal-230878-8-1", "normal-230878-8-2", "normal-230878-8-3", "normal-230878-8-4", "normal-230878-9-0", "normal-230878-9-1", "normal-230878-9-2", "normal-230878-9-3", "normal-230878-9-4", "normal-230878-10-0", "normal-230878-11-0", "normal-230878-11-1", "normal-230878-11-2", "normal-230878-12-0", "normal-230878-13-0", "normal-230878-13-1", "normal-230878-14-0", "normal-230878-14-1", "normal-230878-14-2", "normal-230878-14-3", "normal-230878-15-0", "normal-230878-15-1", "normal-230878-15-2", "normal-230878-16-0", "normal-230878-16-1", "normal-230878-16-2", "normal-230878-16-3", "normal-230878-16-4", "normal-230878-16-5", "normal-230878-16-6", "normal-230878-16-7", "normal-230878-17-0", "normal-230878-18-0", "normal-230878-18-1", "normal-230878-18-2", "normal-230878-19-0", "normal-230878-19-1", "normal-230878-19-2", "normal-230878-19-3", "normal-230878-19-4", "normal-230878-19-5", "normal-230878-20-0", "normal-230878-21-0", "normal-230878-22-0", "normal-230878-22-1", "normal-230878-22-2", "normal-230878-22-3", "normal-230878-23-0", "normal-230878-23-1", "normal-230878-23-2", "normal-230878-23-3", "normal-230878-24-0", "normal-230878-24-1", "normal-230878-24-2", "normal-230878-24-3", "normal-230878-24-4", "normal-230878-25-0", "normal-230878-25-1", "normal-230878-25-2", "normal-230878-25-3", "normal-230878-26-0", "normal-230878-26-1", "normal-230878-26-2", "normal-230878-26-3", "normal-230878-26-4", "normal-230878-26-5", "normal-230878-26-6", "normal-230878-27-0", "normal-230878-27-1", "normal-230878-27-2", "normal-230878-27-3", "normal-230878-28-0", "normal-230878-29-0", "normal-230878-30-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Armidale is a city in the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia.", "Armidale had a population of 24,504 as at June 2017.", "It is the administrative centre for the Northern Tablelands region.", "It is approximately halfway between Sydney and Brisbane at the junction of the New England Highway and Waterfall Way.", "Armidale traditional owners are Anaiwan people.", "Many Gumbaynggirr people have settled in Armidale since colonisation.", "Armidale is on the banks of Dumaresq Creek, in the Northern Tablelands in the New England region about midway between Sydney and Brisbane at an altitude (980 m AHD) ranging from 970 metres at the valley's floor to 1,110 metres above sea level at the crests of the hills.", "A short distance to the east of Armidale are heavily forested steep gorges dropping down to the eastern coastal plain.", "Large parts of the highlands are covered by Palaeozoic aged metamorphosed sedimentary rocks.", "Intruding into these meta-sediments are granite plutons which decompose to form sandy soil, slightly deficient in nutrients.", "There are also basalt flows which are more fertile for the soil substrates.", "Those areas away from the deep gorge country tend to display gently undulating terrain mainly used for pastures and where granites occur the areas are usually covered in bushland.", "The area contains a number of places of outstanding natural beauty and scientific interest as well as several World Heritage national parks including the New England National Park and the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.", "To the west is Mount Yarrowyck Nature Reserve.", "The coastal plain can be reached directly at Coffs Harbour via Waterfall Way to Dorrigo and Bellingen on the Bellinger River, a two-hour drive.", "Armidale has a noted problem with air pollution caused by the use of solid fuel domestic wood heaters during the winter months.", "A peer-reviewed study carried out by the University of New England found winter woodsmoke causes 8.8 additional visits per day to GPs in Armidale for respiratory complaints, i.e., about 750 additional visits per year.", "Another peer-reviewed study estimated the use of wood heaters in Armidale was responsible for about 11.5 premature deaths per year with estimated annual health cost of $14.95 million – about $4720 per year for every woodheater in the city.", "A local retired doctor (now Associate Professor at the UNE Medical school) said he is so concerned by the wood smoke situation, he urges people with respiratory problems to leave town.", "Armidale has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) influence.", "Armidale's elevation gives it a milder climate, but the summers are still very warm.", "Winters are long and cool, with many frosty nights.", "Snowfall is rare, on average only one day in every three years.", "The presence of four distinct seasons, unlike most of the rest of Australia, is the reason for the \"New England\" moniker and the autumn colours are a notable feature of the city.", "Summers are characterised by warm to very warm days followed almost always by cool, sometimes cold, nights.", "Thunderstorms often produce heavy falls of rain and occasionally hail in the afternoons and early evenings, also bringing a sudden drop in temperature.", "Unlike nearby coastal areas, Armidale does not usually experience high humidity levels making most of the summer days quite comfortable.", "Temperatures exceed 30 °C on average of 13 days per year, but rarely reach higher than 35 °C.", "The highest temperature recorded at Armidale Airport was 37.1 °C, recorded in February 2017.", "As the leaves turn yellow and fall, day temperatures are mostly still warm, particularly in March and April.", "Days are sunny, the thunderstorm season is over, and rain becomes more sporadic.", "Nights become colder, and residents often awake to a thick fog blanketing the Armidale valley, but by 9 am fogs have cleared to be followed by a bright sunny day.", "The year's first frosts usually occur in April, but they are not severe.", "Winters are cold; overnight temperatures drop below −5 °C with frost on the ground.", "These cold frosty mornings are usually followed by sunny days.", "Day temperatures may make it as high as 16 °C, but sometimes may not climb beyond 10 °C.", "These are typical Northern Tablelands winter days with westerly winds, bleak grey clouds, and showers of rain and very occasionally snow.", "Rainfall during the winter months not infrequent but is usually light.", "In spring temperatures are warmer, although occasional morning frosts still can continue well into October.", "September is usually a pleasantly mild but windy month, and by late October with increasing heat and humidity the thunderstorm season is starting with increasing rainfalls.", "The spring months produce the most variable weather of the year.", "A week of very warm sunny weather can be followed by several milder days with temperatures right back at winter levels before gradually warming up again.", "This cycle often repeats itself many times until the start of summer.", "Armidale has been prone to severe hailstorms and experienced three such storms over the ten-year period from 1996 to 2006.", "On 29 September 1996, hail of up to 80 mm in diameter and southerly winds of up to 150 km/h were reported at the airport weather station.", "The area was declared a disaster zone and State Emergency Service crews were brought in from across the state.", "Damage was estimated to be in excess of A$200 million.", "On 1 January 2000, many homes were damaged by extreme weather conditions which brought large hail stones, strong winds and flash flooding.", "On 21 December 2006, hail stones, high winds and flash flooding damaged more than 1,000 homes and destroyed the Armidale Livestock Exhibition Centre which collapsed entirely under the weight of accumulated hail.", "The city was declared a state of emergency by New South Wales Premier Morris Iemma the following day.", "The Armidale railway station is on the Main North railway line and is served by daily passenger trains to and from Sydney.", "Armidale's airport has five daily scheduled flights to and from Sydney with Qantaslink.", "Regional airline Fly Corporate operates a scheduled air service with flights to and from Brisbane.", "Armidale Airport, at 1,084 metres (3,556 ft), is the highest licensed airport in New South Wales.", "The city is linked further north by daily coach to Tenterfield provided by NSW TrainLink.", "Other bus companies such as Greyhound also provide numerous daily services.", "Local city services are provided on six different routes by Edwards Coaches and Armidale is serviced by 16 taxis.", "Although the hills to the north and the south can be a challenge, cycling is an option to get around Armidale.", "A cycleway exists from the University of New England through the city to the residential areas on the eastern side of city.", "This cycleway snakes back towards Ben Venue School.", "The passage through the city provides easy access for cyclists to the shopping centres.", "Bicycle racks are in strategic locations around the city centre, including at The Armidale Food Emporium, The Armidale Plaza, and Centro Armidale.", "Places are also provided outside the Armidale Dumeresq War Memorial Library, and at either end of the Mall.", "A maze of marked cycleways on the shoulder of the roads in the city's southern residential areas allows cyclists to safely ride on the roads.", "There are also separate cycleways from the Armidale Arboretum along Kellys Plains Road to the south and from the north of the city along Rockvale Road to the Armidale State forest (known as the Pine Forest by locals).", "Before the British colonial settlement of New South Wales, the Indigenous Anēwan people occupied the area that encompasses current day Armidale.", "Armidale was first settled in the early 1830s, following the earlier exploration of the area by John Oxley.", "It was named after Armadale on the Isle of Skye in Scotland by George James MacDonald.", "MacDonald was the Commissioner of Crown Lands and head of the local Border Police detachment in the New England district from 1839 to 1848.", "Oxley recommended the region for grazing, and soon early pioneers set up small farms in the locality.", "The James Barnet-designed heritage-listed Armidale Post Office opened on 1 April 1843.", "The town, which was surveyed in 1848 and gazetted in 1849, was established to provide a market and administration for the farms, but soon after gold was discovered at nearby Rocky River and Gara Gorges, and a gold rush ensued, enlarging the town rapidly in the 1850s.", "The gold mining settlement of Hillgrove about 40 km east of Armidale was supplied by electricity from Australia's first hydro-electric scheme, the Gara River Hydro-Electric Scheme, remains of which are still visible on the Gara River below the Blue Hole at Castle Doyle.", "The nearby town of Uralla holds the grave of the famous Captain Thunderbolt – outlaw Fred Ward – who caused trouble in the area in the 1860s.", "As with Ned Kelly, the locals have adopted him as a larrikin hero and make the most of him as a tourist attraction.", "Armidale became a municipality in 1863 and was proclaimed a city in 1885.", "According to the 2016 census, there were 26,552 people in the Armidale significant urban area.", "Armidale is a cathedral city, being the seat of the Anglican and Roman Catholic bishops of Armidale.", "St Peter's Anglican Cathedral, which replaced the original St Peter's Church, was designed by the Canadian architect John Horbury Hunt, who also designed Booloominbah at the University of New England.", "St Peter's Cathedral opened for worship in 1875 and the tower was added in 1938.", "The Catholic Cathedral of St Mary and St Joseph was dedicated on 12 December 1919.", "The city centre is laid out in a grid of streets.", "The main street is called Beardy Street, named for two of the founding settlers who had beards.", "The court house was built in the 1850s and is still a prominent feature of the central district.", "Much of the rest of the city is residential.", "The Australian Wool Fashion Awards, which showcases the use of Merino wool by fashion designers, are hosted by Armidale in March each year.", "The Autumn Festival is a popular annual event of April in Armidale.", "The festival features a street parade, stalls and celebrations throughout the city.", "It is a regular part of the city's attractions, often promoting Armidale's diverse culture (for instance, posters set up by council attempt to attract tourists with the motto \"Foodies Thrive In Armidale\") and autumn colours.", "During May the annual New England Wool Expo is staged to display wool fashions, handicrafts, demonstrations, shearing competitions, yard dog trials and demonstrations, a wool bale rolling competition and other activities.", "The city is home to a large number of education facilities, including the Armidale Waldorf School (1985), New England Girls' School (1895), The Armidale School (1894), and the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Armidale (PLC Armidale) (1887), schools of the Australian independent education sector.", "O'Connor Catholic College (1975) and St Mary's Primary School are systemic Catholic schools.", "Duval High School (1972) and Armidale High School (1911) are government-funded secondary schools.", "Approximately 27% of Armidale's total population is in the 10–24 year age group, compared with an equivalent NSW figure of 18%.", "The university was founded in 1938, at first as a college of the University of Sydney, but then in its own right in 1954.", "The UNE contributes to Armidale's position as a city of culture and diversity, with a vibrant artistic and cultural element.", "The university has strong links to the rural community, and undertakes a lot of agricultural research.", "There is also a high-technology presence, as well as notable humanities teaching.", "UNE hosts a wide range of courses, and introduced a number of new courses in 2008, including a five-year Bachelor of Medical Science and Doctor of Medicine program as part of a joint medical program with the University of Newcastle.", "The university is built around the historic mansion Booloominbah, which is now used for administration and houses a restaurant.", "UNE is one of the city's main employers.", "Armidale has a pedestrian mall which stretches over three blocks of Beardy Street in the centre of city.", "It features many shops and cafés with outdoor eating areas along with some notable architecture, including Tattersalls Hotel, built in the Art Deco style during the 1930s; Armidale Courthouse; the city's main post office; the former Commonwealth Bank and the New England Hotel.", "The mall was opened in 1973 and was the first of its kind in regional Australia.", "Armidale Dumaresq Council has been undertaking major upgrades to the mall since 2003 as part of the Armidale CBD Streetscape Design Project which aims at easing traffic in the city centre by creating an emphasis on the \"ring road\" around the CBD with the assistance of signage, elevation of roads using paving and the creation of one-way streets.", "The city is serviced by one local newspaper, many radio stations including four local outlets, and all major television stations.", "Subscription Television services are provided by Foxtel.", "The following notable people were either born in, currently live in or previously resided in Armidale" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 276517, "simple_article_title": "Armidale, New South Wales", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=276517", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-276517-0-0", "simple-276517-0-1", "simple-276517-0-2", "simple-276517-0-3", "simple-276517-0-4", "simple-276517-0-5", "simple-276517-0-6", "simple-276517-0-7", "simple-276517-0-8", "simple-276517-0-9" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Armidale is a city in New South Wales, Australia.", "As of 2006 it had a population of 19,485.", "It is found half-way between Brisbane and Sydney.", "It has an average altitude of 980 meters.", "It has a cool climate.", "It also has four seasons, unlike other parts of Australia.", "Armidale sometimes gets hailstorms.", "It was proclaimed a city in 1885.", "It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.", "There are bicycling areas in some parts of the city." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2143953, "normal_article_title": "High and Mighty Color", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2143953", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2143953-0-0", "normal-2143953-0-1", "normal-2143953-1-0", "normal-2143953-1-1", "normal-2143953-1-2", "normal-2143953-1-3", "normal-2143953-1-4", "normal-2143953-1-5", "normal-2143953-1-6", "normal-2143953-1-7", "normal-2143953-2-0", "normal-2143953-2-1", "normal-2143953-2-2", "normal-2143953-2-3", "normal-2143953-2-4", "normal-2143953-2-5", "normal-2143953-2-6", "normal-2143953-2-7", "normal-2143953-2-8", "normal-2143953-2-9", "normal-2143953-2-10", "normal-2143953-2-11", "normal-2143953-2-12", "normal-2143953-2-13", "normal-2143953-3-0", "normal-2143953-3-1", "normal-2143953-3-2", "normal-2143953-3-3", "normal-2143953-3-4", "normal-2143953-4-0", "normal-2143953-4-1", "normal-2143953-4-2", "normal-2143953-5-0", "normal-2143953-5-1", "normal-2143953-5-2", "normal-2143953-5-3", 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"normal-2143953-17-3", "normal-2143953-17-4", "normal-2143953-17-5", "normal-2143953-17-6", "normal-2143953-18-0", "normal-2143953-19-0", "normal-2143953-19-1", "normal-2143953-20-0", "normal-2143953-20-1", "normal-2143953-21-0", "normal-2143953-21-1", "normal-2143953-21-2", "normal-2143953-21-3", "normal-2143953-22-0", "normal-2143953-22-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "High and Mighty Color (stylized as HIGH and MIGHTY COLOR) was a Japanese rock band active from 2003 to 2010.", "They had two vocalists; a male and a female.", "The band started in Okinawa when Sassy and Meg left a Metallica cover band after they decided to make their own music.", "Sassy offered Mackaz the opportunity to join their new band, he accepted and invited long time friend Kazuto to join as well.", "Meg sat in on a school performance one day, and Yuusuke's voice stood out to him, so he offered him a chance to join the band.", "Initially Yuusuke declined due to wanting to be a solo singer, but joined after Meg reportedly asked him to join every day for nearly four months.", "The band, known as Anti-Nobunaga at this time, played mainly in small coffee shops and art theaters for about a year.", "Sassy, the bandleader, sent demo tapes to every major Japanese label, all of whom rejected the band.", "It was not until a small label signed the band that they found their first big break.", "Anti-Nobunaga were now playing areas further from their local hometown and eventually landed a spot at the yearly music festival of Okinawa.", "During the summer of 2003, at the yearly music festival in Okinawa, the band's label promoted their spot and eventually they ended up playing for a sold-out crowd.", "Due to this festival being a \"per show\" ticket selling one, it meant that Anti-Nobunaga was the only band to play for a sold-out crowd.", "A scout for a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan was in the crowd and offered the band the chance to produce music for an upcoming various artists album entitled \"Okinawa 2003\".", "The band then composed their two and only completely original songs under the name of Anti-Nobunaga entitled \"Meaning\" and \"Hate You!\".", "At another festival known as the \"Music Picnic Festival\", vocalist Mākii also grabbed the attention of the same scout that found Anti-Nobunaga.", "The scout felt that both projects on their own were not remarkable, but combined, the band could be something never before seen on the Japanese music scene.", "Mākii first rejected the offer due to her wanting to study English abroad, but was later convinced by her future bandmates to watch them perform.", "After she was impressed by the band's energy, Mākii agreed to join them.", "With the addition of Mākii the band took on a new name, High and Mighty Color.", "After six months of perfecting their craft, they moved up from SMJ's minor label to their major label, in league with bands such as Orange Range.", "High and Mighty Color is some times referred to as the sister band of Orange Range, because they are both from the Okinawa area, an area known for musical fusion thanks in part to various military bases stationed there and were both discovered at the same music festival.", "They spent much of 2004 writing and recording, in late 2004 they released their first single, \"Over\" which was only sold through Tower Records stores.", "It sold out in a month and became immensely scarce, thus it was re-released the next year.", "The album sat at number one spot of the indie Oricon charts for an entire month.", "During 2005, the band released their first major single, \"Pride\".", "It was originally going to be attached to a Japanese football event being held at the same time, but was picked up for something else.", "A Sunrise music partner was looking for a song to use for \"Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Destiny\" and \"Pride\" was chosen to be that song.", "At the time, the show was the number one rated anime, and being attached to this helped the single's sales immensely.", "With a final sales count of 223,208 copies, \"Pride\" remains the band's best selling single of their career.", "Over the next year, the band went on a media blitz, performing for shows such as \"Music Fighter\", \"Music Station\" and \"Hey!", "During August, the band released \"Days\", their fourth single, selling 7,679 copies and not breaking the top 20 mark on the Oricon charts.", "Despite this setback, the band was still honored with the Japanese Record Grand Prix's \"Rookie of the Year\" award, and Mākii's grandmother who had just died was given a tribute just before their performance.", "In April 2006, the band released their second album \"Gou on Progressive\" after only releasing two singles for the album.", "The album sold less copies than their first album, but it stayed on the Oricon charts longer and managed to gain a higher peak position than their first album.", "The band's first single of the year was \"Ichirin no Hana\" and was used as the third opening to the anime adaption of \"Bleach\".", "This was their first and only single to break the top five mark on the Oricon charts since their debut with \"Pride.\"", "They also played their first American concert at an anime convention in Houston, Texas on April 28.", "The band then went on a large-scale tour of Japan.", "They played 65 venues over the course of the next five months.", "They released their seventh single, \"Dive into Yourself\", in August.", "The song was used as the opening theme of the video game \"Sengoku Basara II\".", "For a time this was the band's second lowest selling single and was also their lowest ranking single among the Oricon charts, only managing to reach the 24th spot on the weekly charts.", "Their 8th single \"Enrai ~Tooku ni Aru Akari~\" was released on October 25 and used as the ending theme for the third \"\" compilation movie.", "The single entered the charts 12 spots higher than \"Dive into Yourself\" at number 12.", "\"Energy\", a B-side song from the \"Style ~Get Glory in this Hand~\" single, was used in a tribute compilation album composed for the movie \"Death Note: The Last Name\".", "Mākii made her acting debut with the December 2006 movie, \"Anata wo Wasurenai (I Won't Forget You)\".", "The band performed two songs for the film, \"Tadoritsuku Basho\", the film's theme song, and \"Oxalis\", an insert song.", "The two songs were released as a double A-side single, \"Tadoritsuku Basho/Oxalis\".", "When \"Anata wo Wasurenai\" was released, it entered the Japanese box offices in the 10th position.", "Also, \"Resistance\" was used as the theme song for the Nintendo DS game, \"\".", "On February 4, the official High and Mighty Color website released various 30 second previews of songs from the band's third album, \"San\", which was released on February 21.", "The album contained 15 tracks with 10 being new releases.", "The album was ranked number 10 on the Oricon daily rankings during its first day and 16th on the weekly charts.", "In March, it was announced that Yūsuke would work with former Porno Graffitti bassist, Masami Shiratama.", "Yūsuke provided vocals for the joint single entitled \"Honnō\", the single was released on May 23 featured Yūsuke using what the band describes as his \"machine gun vocals\".", "The band also made their second American performance on May 11 and May 12 during 2007's Anime Central anime convention.", "The 10th single from the band was released on August 1, 2007.", "The title track, \"Dreams\", was used as the second ending theme to the anime \"Darker Than Black\".", "During its first week, the single entered the Oricon charts at the 24th spot.", "On November 4, 2007, the band announced the release of a single collection album entitled \"10 Color Singles\" featuring their first 10 singles and a bonus track, \"Ichirin no Hana (Live Studio Version)\".", "It also includes a DVD with music videos that never made it to DVD like; \"Style\", \"Dreams\", \"Here I Am\", and the new music video for \"Mushroom\".", "In December, they contributed to \"\", covering Luna Sea's song \"Rosier\".", "High and Mighty Color's 12th single, \"Flashback/Komorebi no Uta\", was released on February 27, 2008.", "It was their second double a-side single and was used in promotion with the anime series \"Hero Tales\".", "Their 4th album, \"Rock Pit\", was released on March 19 and became their lowest selling album.", "The band began the fourth volume of their \"Live Bee Loud\" tour on March 17, 2008 at the famous Club Quattro in Japan.", "They then went on to perform at 13 other venues across the country, with the final venue being in their hometown of Okinawa.", "The 13th single of the band, \"Hot Limit\", is a cover of one of T.M. Revolution's early singles.", "The visual style of both the music video and the promotional images is meant to mimic that of the original.", "This was also the first time since \"Dive into Yourself\" that Sony Music Entertainment had produced a commercial for advertisement of a single from the band.", "The single went on to garner the best sales for the band in nearly two years and ranked at number 20 on the Oricon charts in the weekly rankings for its first week.", "On July 1, 2008, it was announced that Mākii had married Dreams Come True singer Masato Nakamura on June 22, 2008 and would be leaving the band by the end of the year.", "In her parting message, Mākii thanked her fellow band members and all of their fans for supporting her and the group for such a long time.", "A special event was planned for Mākii's graduation from the band as well as at least one more single.", "It was also announced that the band will begin searching for a new vocalist in early 2009.", "High and Mighty Color appeared at the Zepp in Nagoya, alongside 175R, One Ok Rock and Gollbetty, on August 15 as part of the \"Steal The Show Friday Night\" lineup.", "The 14th single from the band, \"Remember\", was released on October 15, 2008 and is their final single featuring Mākii.", "The band transferred to Spice Records on January 1, 2009.", "Spice Records was an Okinawa based studio that maintained minor rights to the band while under SME.", "The first live DVD from the band was released on January 25 and reached the 11th spot on the Oricon weekly DVD charts, reaching a peak of 9th on the daily charts.", "After the departure of Mākii, the band began auditions for a replacement vocalist; the auditions were open to women for a month before call backs and performances were done.", "On February 9, 2009, the band announced that a replacement vocalist was found, whose information would soon be added to their website after an extensive overhaul.", "The band planned to begin working on a summer single and live tour to promote the new vocalist in May.", "The first single, titled \"XYZ\", featuring the band's new vocalist Halca, was released on iTunes in both Japan and Australia on July 8, 2009.", "The band released their fifth album, \"Swamp Man\", on September 2, 2009 and took the 25th spot on the Oricon charts on its release date.", "Following the release of the album, High and Mighty Color released a tribute song for two popular manga named \"Red\".", "The song was released digitally in Japan on December 9, 2009 and re-released December 23, 2009 on iTunes Japan and Japan Files.", "On March 13, 2010, the band was scheduled to give a live concert with Halca, titled \"Night Light Parade Vol.", "1.1: One of the New Beginning\" at Shibuya Club Quattro in Tokyo.", "It was announced on May 19 that on August 11 High and Mighty Color would release a single, \"\", which would be the band's last.", "Explaining the breakup, band members cited \"musical differences\" and \"future opportunities\".", "\"Re:ache\" contained three new songs, with four songs in total, the fourth being a live rendition of \"Red\".", "The single was bundled with a DVD of the music videos for \"Re:ache\" and \"Good Bye\", as well as live recordings of their American concert from Sakura-Con 2010.", "After the band broke up, the members began separate activities.", "In 2017, Mackaz and Sassy reunited with Mākii to form the new band DracoVirgo." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 65503, "simple_article_title": "High and Mighty Color", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65503", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-65503-0-0", "simple-65503-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "High and Mighty Color (ハイ・アンド・マイティ・カラー, \"Hai ando Maiti Karā\") is a Japanese rock band signed to Sony Music Entertainment Japan.", "Their single \"Ichirinno Hana\" was used as an OP song for the anime show, \"Bleach\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 51784, "normal_article_title": "Map projection", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51784", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-51784-0-0", "normal-51784-0-1", "normal-51784-0-2", "normal-51784-0-3", "normal-51784-1-0", "normal-51784-1-1", "normal-51784-2-0", "normal-51784-3-0", "normal-51784-4-0", "normal-51784-4-1", "normal-51784-4-2", "normal-51784-4-3", "normal-51784-4-4", "normal-51784-4-5", "normal-51784-5-0", "normal-51784-5-1", "normal-51784-5-2", "normal-51784-5-3", "normal-51784-5-4", "normal-51784-6-0", "normal-51784-6-1", "normal-51784-7-0", "normal-51784-7-1", "normal-51784-7-2", "normal-51784-8-0", "normal-51784-9-0", "normal-51784-9-1", "normal-51784-9-2", "normal-51784-9-3", "normal-51784-10-0", "normal-51784-10-1", "normal-51784-10-2", "normal-51784-10-3", "normal-51784-11-0", "normal-51784-11-1", "normal-51784-11-2", "normal-51784-12-0", "normal-51784-12-1", "normal-51784-12-2", "normal-51784-13-0", "normal-51784-13-1", "normal-51784-13-2", "normal-51784-13-3", "normal-51784-14-0", "normal-51784-14-1", "normal-51784-15-0", "normal-51784-15-1", "normal-51784-16-0", "normal-51784-16-1", "normal-51784-16-2", "normal-51784-17-0", "normal-51784-17-1", "normal-51784-17-2", "normal-51784-17-3", "normal-51784-18-0", "normal-51784-18-1", "normal-51784-18-2", "normal-51784-19-0", "normal-51784-19-1", "normal-51784-19-2", "normal-51784-19-3", "normal-51784-20-0", "normal-51784-20-1", "normal-51784-20-2", "normal-51784-20-3", "normal-51784-21-0", "normal-51784-21-1", "normal-51784-21-2", "normal-51784-21-3", "normal-51784-21-4", "normal-51784-22-0", "normal-51784-22-1", "normal-51784-23-0", "normal-51784-23-1", "normal-51784-23-2", "normal-51784-23-3", "normal-51784-23-4", "normal-51784-24-0", "normal-51784-24-1", "normal-51784-25-0", "normal-51784-25-1", "normal-51784-25-2", "normal-51784-25-3", "normal-51784-26-0", "normal-51784-27-0", "normal-51784-27-1", "normal-51784-28-0", "normal-51784-28-1", "normal-51784-29-0", "normal-51784-29-1", "normal-51784-29-2", "normal-51784-30-0", "normal-51784-31-0", "normal-51784-31-1", "normal-51784-31-2", "normal-51784-31-3", "normal-51784-31-4", "normal-51784-31-5", "normal-51784-31-6", "normal-51784-31-7", "normal-51784-32-0", "normal-51784-32-1", "normal-51784-32-2", "normal-51784-32-3", "normal-51784-32-4", "normal-51784-32-5", "normal-51784-33-0", "normal-51784-33-1", "normal-51784-34-0", "normal-51784-35-0", "normal-51784-36-0", "normal-51784-36-1", "normal-51784-36-2", "normal-51784-37-0", "normal-51784-37-1", "normal-51784-38-0", "normal-51784-38-1", "normal-51784-39-0", "normal-51784-39-1", "normal-51784-39-2", "normal-51784-40-0", "normal-51784-40-1", "normal-51784-40-2", "normal-51784-40-3", "normal-51784-41-0", "normal-51784-41-1", "normal-51784-42-0", "normal-51784-42-1", "normal-51784-43-0", "normal-51784-43-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane.", "Maps cannot be created without map projections.", "All map projections necessarily distort the surface in some fashion.", "There is no limit to the number of possible map projections.", "Projections are a subject of several pure mathematical fields, including differential geometry, projective geometry, and manifolds.", "However, \"map projection\" refers specifically to a cartographic projection.", "Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.", "The surfaces of planetary bodies can be mapped even if they are too irregular to be modeled well with a sphere or ellipsoid.", "Most of this article assumes that the surface to be mapped is that of a sphere.", "The Earth and other large celestial bodies are generally better modeled as oblate spheroids, whereas small objects such as asteroids often have irregular shapes.", "Io is better modeled by triaxial ellipsoid or prolated spheroid with small eccentricities.", "Haumea's shape is a Jacobi ellipsoid, with its major axis twice as long as its minor and with its middle axis one and half times as long as its minor.", "These other surfaces can be mapped as well.", "Therefore, more generally, a map projection is any method of \"flattening\" a continuous curved surface onto a plane.", "Carl Friedrich Gauss's Theorema Egregium proved that a sphere's surface cannot be represented on a plane without distortion.", "The same applies to other reference surfaces used as models for the Earth, such as oblate spheroids, ellipsoids and geoids.", "Since any map projection is a representation of one of those surfaces on a plane, all map projections distort.", "Every distinct map projection distorts in a distinct way.", "The study of map projections is the characterization of these distortions.", "Maps can be more useful than globes in many situations: they are more compact and easier to store; they readily accommodate an enormous range of scales; they are viewed easily on computer displays; they can facilitate measuring properties of the region being mapped; they can show larger portions of the Earth's surface at once; and they are cheaper to produce and transport.", "These useful traits of maps motivate the development of map projections.", "\"Projection\" is not limited to perspective projections, such as those resulting from casting a shadow on a screen, or the rectilinear image produced by a pinhole camera on a flat film plate.", "Rather, any mathematical function transforming coordinates from the curved surface to the plane is a projection.", "Few projections in actual use are perspective.", "Many properties can be measured on the Earth's surface independent of its geography.", "Map projections can be constructed to preserve at least one of these properties, though only in a limited way for most.", "Each projection preserves, compromises, or approximates basic metric properties in different ways.", "The purpose of the map determines which projection should form the base for the map.", "Because many purposes exist for maps, a diversity of projections have been created to suit those purposes.", "Another consideration in the configuration of a projection is its compatibility with data sets to be used on the map.", "Data sets are geographic information; their collection depends on the chosen datum (model) of the Earth.", "Different datums assign slightly different coordinates to the same location, so in large scale maps, such as those from national mapping systems, it is important to match the datum to the projection.", "The slight differences in coordinate assignation between different datums is not a concern for world maps or other vast territories, where such differences get shrunk to imperceptibility.", "The classical way of showing the distortion inherent in a projection is to use Tissot's indicatrix.", "For a given point, using the scale factor \"h\" along the meridian, the scale factor \"k\" along the parallel, and the angle \"θ′\" between them, Nicolas Tissot described how to construct an ellipse that characterizes the amount and orientation of the components of distortion.", "By spacing the ellipses regularly along the meridians and parallels, the network of indicatrices shows how distortion varies across the map.", "Some of the simplest map projections are literal projections, as obtained by placing a light source at some definite point relative to the globe and projecting its features onto a specified surface.", "This is not the case for most projections, which are defined only in terms of mathematical formulae that have no direct geometric interpretation.", "However, picturing the light source-globe model can be helpful in understanding the basic concept of a map projection", "A surface that can be unfolded or unrolled into a plane or sheet without stretching, tearing or shrinking is called a \"developable surface\".", "The cylinder, cone and the plane are all developable surfaces.", "The sphere and ellipsoid do not have developable surfaces, so any projection of them onto a plane will have to distort the image.", "(To compare, one cannot flatten an orange peel without tearing and warping it.)", "One way of describing a projection is first to project from the Earth's surface to a developable surface such as a cylinder or cone, and then to unroll the surface into a plane.", "While the first step inevitably distorts some properties of the globe, the developable surface can then be unfolded without further distortion.", "Once a choice is made between projecting onto a cylinder, cone, or plane, the aspect of the shape must be specified.", "The aspect describes how the developable surface is placed relative to the globe: it may be \"normal\" (such that the surface's axis of symmetry coincides with the Earth's axis), \"transverse\" (at right angles to the Earth's axis) or \"oblique\" (any angle in between).", "The developable surface may also be either \"tangent\" or \"secant\" to the sphere or ellipsoid.", "Tangent means the surface touches but does not slice through the globe; secant means the surface does slice through the globe.", "Moving the developable surface away from contact with the globe never preserves or optimizes metric properties, so that possibility is not discussed further here.", "Tangent and secant lines (\"standard lines\") are represented undistorted.", "If these lines are a parallel of latitude, as in conical projections, it is called a \"standard parallel\".", "The \"central meridian\" is the meridian to which the globe is rotated before projecting.", "The central meridian (usually written \"λ\" ) and a parallel of origin (usually written \"φ\" ) are often used to define the origin of the map projection.", "A globe is the only way to represent the earth with constant scale throughout the entire map in all directions.", "A map cannot achieve that property for any area, no matter how small.", "It can, however, achieve constant scale along specific lines.", "Projection construction is also affected by how the shape of the Earth or planetary body is approximated.", "In the following section on projection categories, the earth is taken as a sphere in order to simplify the discussion.", "However, the Earth's actual shape is closer to an oblate ellipsoid.", "Whether spherical or ellipsoidal, the principles discussed hold without loss of generality.", "Selecting a model for a shape of the Earth involves choosing between the advantages and disadvantages of a sphere versus an ellipsoid.", "Spherical models are useful for small-scale maps such as world atlases and globes, since the error at that scale is not usually noticeable or important enough to justify using the more complicated ellipsoid.", "The ellipsoidal model is commonly used to construct topographic maps and for other large- and medium-scale maps that need to accurately depict the land surface.", "Auxiliary latitudes are often employed in projecting the ellipsoid.", "A fundamental projection classification is based on the type of projection surface onto which the globe is conceptually projected.", "The projections are described in terms of placing a gigantic surface in contact with the earth, followed by an implied scaling operation.", "These surfaces are cylindrical (e.g. Mercator), conic (e.g. Albers), and plane (e.g. stereographic).", "Many mathematical projections, however, do not neatly fit into any of these three conceptual projection methods.", "Hence other peer categories have been described in the literature, such as pseudoconic, pseudocylindrical, pseudoazimuthal, retroazimuthal, and polyconic.", "Another way to classify projections is according to properties of the model they preserve.", "Some of the more common categories are: Because the sphere is not a developable surface, it is impossible to construct a map projection that is both equal-area and conformal.", "The three developable surfaces (plane, cylinder, cone) provide useful models for understanding, describing, and developing map projections.", "However, these models are limited in two fundamental ways.", "For one thing, most world projections in use do not fall into any of those categories.", "For another thing, even most projections that do fall into those categories are not naturally attainable through physical projection.", "As L.P. Lee notes,", "Lee's objection refers to the way the terms \"cylindrical\", \"conic\", and \"planar\" (azimuthal) have been abstracted in the field of map projections.", "If maps were projected as in light shining through a globe onto a developable surface, then the spacing of parallels would follow a very limited set of possibilities.", "Where the light source emanates along the line described in this last constraint is what yields the differences between the various \"natural\" cylindrical projections.", "But the term \"cylindrical\" as used in the field of map projections relaxes the last constraint entirely.", "Instead the parallels can be placed according to any algorithm the designer has decided suits the needs of the map.", "The famous Mercator projection is one in which the placement of parallels does not arise by \"projection\"; instead parallels are placed how they need to be in order to satisfy the property that a course of constant bearing is always plotted as a straight line.", "A \"normal cylindrical projection\" is any projection in which meridians are mapped to equally spaced vertical lines and circles of latitude (parallels) are mapped to horizontal lines.", "The mapping of meridians to vertical lines can be visualized by imagining a cylinder whose axis coincides with the Earth's axis of rotation.", "This cylinder is wrapped around the Earth, projected onto, and then unrolled.", "By the geometry of their construction, cylindrical projections stretch distances east-west.", "The amount of stretch is the same at any chosen latitude on all cylindrical projections, and is given by the secant of the latitude as a multiple of the equator's scale.", "In the first case (Mercator), the east-west scale always equals the north-south scale.", "In the second case (central cylindrical), the north-south scale exceeds the east-west scale everywhere away from the equator.", "Each remaining case has a pair of secant lines—a pair of identical latitudes of opposite sign (or else the equator) at which the east-west scale matches the north-south-scale.", "Normal cylindrical projections map the whole Earth as a finite rectangle, except in the first two cases, where the rectangle stretches infinitely tall while retaining constant width.", "Pseudocylindrical projections represent the \"central\" meridian as a straight line segment.", "Other meridians are longer than the central meridian and bow outward, away from the central meridian.", "Pseudocylindrical projections map parallels as straight lines.", "Along parallels, each point from the surface is mapped at a distance from the central meridian that is proportional to its difference in longitude from the central meridian.", "Therefore, meridians are equally spaced along a given parallel.", "On a pseudocylindrical map, any point further from the equator than some other point has a higher latitude than the other point, preserving north-south relationships.", "This trait is useful when illustrating phenomena that depend on latitude, such as climate.", "Examples of pseudocylindrical projections include: The HEALPix projection combines an equal-area cylindrical projection in equatorial regions with the Collignon projection in polar areas.", "The term \"conic projection\" is used to refer to any projection in which meridians are mapped to equally spaced lines radiating out from the apex and circles of latitude (parallels) are mapped to circular arcs centered on the apex.", "When making a conic map, the map maker arbitrarily picks two standard parallels.", "Those standard parallels may be visualized as secant lines where the cone intersects the globe—or, if the map maker chooses the same parallel twice, as the tangent line where the cone is tangent to the globe.", "The resulting conic map has low distortion in scale, shape, and area near those standard parallels.", "Distances along the parallels to the north of both standard parallels or to the south of both standard parallels are stretched; distances along parallels between the standard parallels are compressed.", "When a single standard parallel is used, distances along all other parallels are stretched.", "Azimuthal projections have the property that directions from a central point are preserved and therefore great circles through the central point are represented by straight lines on the map.", "These projections also have radial symmetry in the scales and hence in the distortions: map distances from the central point are computed by a function \"r\"(\"d\") of the true distance \"d\", independent of the angle; correspondingly, circles with the central point as center are mapped into circles which have as center the central point on the map.", "The mapping of radial lines can be visualized by imagining a plane tangent to the Earth, with the central point as tangent point.", "The radial scale is \"r′\"(\"d\") and the transverse scale \"r\"(\"d\")/(\"R\" sin ) where \"R\" is the radius of the Earth.", "Conformal, or orthomorphic, map projections preserve angles locally, implying that they map infinitesimal circles of constant size anywhere on the Earth to infinitesimal circles of varying sizes on the map.", "In contrast, mappings that are not conformal distort most such small circles into ellipses of distortion.", "An important consequence of conformality is that relative angles at each point of the map are correct, and the local scale (although varying throughout the map) in every direction around any one point is constant.", "Equal-area maps preserve area measure, generally distorting shapes in order to do that.", "Equal-area maps are also called \"equivalent\" or \"authalic\".", "Compromise projections give up the idea of perfectly preserving metric properties, seeking instead to strike a balance between distortions, or to simply make things \"look right\".", "Most of these types of projections distort shape in the polar regions more than at the equator.", "The mathematics of projection do not permit any particular map projection to be \"best\" for everything.", "Something will always be distorted.", "Thus, many projections exist to serve the many uses of maps and their vast range of scales.", "Modern national mapping systems typically employ a transverse Mercator or close variant for large-scale maps in order to preserve conformality and low variation in scale over small areas.", "For smaller-scale maps, such as those spanning continents or the entire world, many projections are in common use according to their fitness for the purpose, such as Winkel tripel, Robinson and Mollweide.", "Reference maps of the world often appear on compromise projections.", "Due to distortions inherent in any map of the world, the choice of projection becomes largely one of aesthetics.", "Thematic maps normally require an equal area projection so that phenomena per unit area are shown in correct proportion.", "However, representing area ratios correctly necessarily distorts shapes more than many maps that are not equal-area.", "The Mercator projection, developed for navigational purposes, has often been used in world maps where other projections would have been more appropriate.", "This problem has long been recognized even outside professional circles.", "A controversy in the 1980s over the Peters map motivated the American Cartographic Association (now Cartography and Geographic Information Society) to produce a series of booklets (including \"Which Map Is Best\") designed to educate the public about map projections and distortion in maps.", "In 1989 and 1990, after some internal debate, seven North American geographic organizations adopted a resolution recommending against using any rectangular projection (including Mercator and Gall–Peters) for reference maps of the world." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 316327, "simple_article_title": "Map projection", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=316327", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-316327-0-0", "simple-316327-0-1", "simple-316327-0-2", "simple-316327-0-3", "simple-316327-0-4", "simple-316327-1-0", "simple-316327-1-1", "simple-316327-2-0", "simple-316327-2-1", "simple-316327-2-2", "simple-316327-2-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A map projection is a way of showing the surface of a three-dimensional sphere on a flat surface.", "Such projections are necessary to create maps.", "The problem with projections is that they change the surface in some way; this is called distortion.", "Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions may be less bad.", "This is why cartographers use different mathematical projections for different maps.", "Carl Friedrich Gauss showed that is not possible to project the surface of a sphere to a plane, without distorting it.", "This theorem is known as Theorema egregium today.", "To understand the projections, it is easier to imagine a light source, a globe, and another geometric object.", "The light source shines \"a shadow\" of each point of the globe onto the geometric object.", "At the end the surface of the geometric object is unrolled, this yields the map.", "It is possible to tell the projections apart by the type of helper object used." ] } }

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"normal-6927-38-1", "normal-6927-38-2", "normal-6927-38-3", "normal-6927-38-4", "normal-6927-38-5", "normal-6927-38-6", "normal-6927-38-7", "normal-6927-39-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Crowded House are a rock band, formed in Melbourne, Australia, in 1985.", "Its founding members were New Zealander Neil Finn (vocalist, guitarist, primary songwriter) and Australians Paul Hester (drums) and Nick Seymour (bass).", "Later band members included Neil Finn's brother, Tim Finn, and Americans Mark Hart and Matt Sherrod.", "Originally active from 1985 to 1996, Crowded House had consistent commercial and critical success in Australia and New Zealand and international chart success in two phases, beginning with a self-titled debut album that reached number twelve on the US Album Chart in 1987 and provided the Top Ten hits \"Don't Dream It's Over\" and \"Something So Strong\".", "Further international success came in the UK, Europe and South Africa with their third and fourth albums (\"Woodface\" and \"Together Alone\") and the compilation album \"Recurring Dream\", which included the hits \"Fall at Your Feet\", \"Weather with You\", \"Distant Sun\", \"Locked Out\", \"Instinct\" and \"Not the Girl You Think You Are\".", "Neil and Tim Finn were each awarded an OBE in June 1993 for their contributions to the music of New Zealand.", "In June 1996, Crowded House announced that it would disband.", "The band played several farewell concerts that year, including the \"Farewell to the World\" concerts in Melbourne and Sydney.", "On 26 March 2005, Hester died by suicide, aged 46.", "In 2006, the group re-formed with drummer Matt Sherrod and released two further albums (in 2007 and 2010), each of which reached number one on Australia's album chart.", "As of July 2010, Crowded House had sold 10 million albums.", "In November 2016, the band was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame.", "Neil Finn (vocals, guitar, piano) and drummer Paul Hester (ex-The Cheks, Deckchairs Overboard) were former members of New Zealand band Split Enz, which spent part of 1975–6 in Australia and several years in England.", "Neil Finn is the younger brother of Split Enz founding member Tim Finn, who joined Crowded House in 1990 on vocals, guitars and keyboards for the album \"Woodface\".", "Bassist Nick Seymour (ex-Plays with Marionettes, Bang, The Horla) is the younger brother of singer-songwriter and guitarist Mark Seymour of the now defunct Australian rock group Hunters & Collectors.", "Finn and Hester decided to form a new band during the first Split Enz farewell tour, \"Enz with a Bang\", in late 1984.", "Seymour approached Finn during the after party for the Melbourne show and asked if he could audition for the new band.", "The Mullanes formed in Melbourne in early 1985 with Finn, Hester, Seymour and guitarist Craig Hooper (ex-The Reels) and first performed on 11 June.", "They secured a record contract with Capitol Records, but Hooper left the band before the remaining trio moved to Los Angeles to record their debut album.", "At Capitol's behest, the band's name was changed to Crowded House, which alluded to the lack of space at the small Hollywood Hills house they shared during the recording of the album \"Crowded House\".", "Former Split Enz keyboardist Eddie Rayner produced the track \"Can't Carry On\" and was asked to join the band.", "He toured with them in 1988, but was unable to become a full member due to family commitments.", "Thanks to their Split Enz connection, the newly formed Crowded House had an established Australasian fanbase.", "They began by playing at festivals in Australia and New Zealand and released their debut album, \"Crowded House\", in August 1986.", "Capitol Records initially failed to see the band's potential and gave them only low-key promotion, forcing the band to play at small venues to try and gain attention.", "The album's first single, \"Mean to Me\", reached the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart top 30 in June.", "It failed to chart in the US, but moderate American airplay introduced US listeners to the group.", "A single, \"Don't Dream It's Over\", was released in December 1986 and proved an international hit, reaching number two on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number one in Canada.", "New Zealand radio stations initially gave the song little support until months later when it became successful internationally.", "Ultimately, the song reached number one on the New Zealand singles chart and number eight in Australia.", "It remains the group's most commercially successful song.", "In March 1987, the group were awarded \"Best New Talent\", along with \"Song of the Year\" and \"Best Video\" awards for \"Don't Dream It's Over\" at the inaugural ARIA Music Awards.", "The video also earned the group the MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist that year.", "The song has often been covered by other artists and gave Paul Young a hit single in 1991.", "It was also used for a New Zealand Tourism Board advertisement in its \"100% Pure New Zealand\" worldwide promotion from October 2005.", "In May 2001, \"Don't Dream it's Over\" was voted seventh in a poll of the best Australian songs of all time by the Australasian Performing Right Association.", "In June 1987, nearly a year after its release, \"Crowded House\" finally reached number one on the Kent Music Report Album Charts.", "It also reached number three in New Zealand and number twelve on the US Billboard album chart.", "The follow-up to \"Don't Dream it's Over\", \"Something So Strong\", was another global smash, reaching the Top 10 in New Zealand, America, and Canada.", "\"World Where You Live\" and \"Now We're Getting Somewhere\" were also released as singles with chart success.", "As the band's primary songwriter, Neil Finn was under pressure to create a second album to match their debut and the band joked that one potential title for the new release was \"Mediocre Follow-Up\".", "Eventually titled \"Temple of Low Men\", their second album was released in July 1988 with strong promotion by Capitol Records.", "The album did not fare as well as their debut in the US, only reaching number 40, but it achieved Australasian success, reaching number one in Australia and number two in New Zealand.", "The first single \"Better Be Home Soon\" peaked at number two on both Australian and New Zealand singles charts and reached top 50 in the US, though the following four singles were less successful.", "Crowded House undertook a short tour of Australia and Canada to promote the album, with Eddie Rayner on keyboards.", "Multi-instrumentalist Mark Hart, who would eventually become a full band member, replaced Rayner in January 1989.", "After the tour, Finn fired Seymour from the band.", "Music journalist Ed Nimmervoll claimed that Seymour's temporary departure was because Finn blamed him for causing his writer's block; however, Finn cited \"artistic differences\" as the reason.", "Seymour said that after a month he contacted Finn and they agreed that he would return to the band.", "Crowded House took a break after the Canadian leg of the \"Temple of Low Men\" tour.", "Neil Finn and his brother Tim recorded songs they had co-written for their own album, \"Finn\".", "Following the recording sessions with Tim, Neil began writing and recording a third Crowded House album with Hester and Seymour, but these tracks were rejected by the record company, so Neil asked Tim if Crowded House could use the \"Finn\" songs.", "Tim jokingly agreed on the proviso that he become a member, which Neil apparently took figuratively.", "With Tim as an official member, the band returned to the studio.", "The new tracks, as well as some from the previously rejected recordings were combined to make \"Woodface\", which was released in July 1991.", "The album features eight tracks co-written by Neil and Tim, which feature the brothers harmonising on lead vocals, except on the sombre \"All I Ask\" on which Tim sang lead.", "The track was later used on AIDS awareness commercials in Australia.", "Five of the album's tracks were Neil's solo compositions and two were by Hester, the exuberant \"Italian Plastic\", which became a crowd favourite at concerts and the hidden track \"I'm Still Here\".", "\"Chocolate Cake\", a humorous comment on American excesses that was not taken well by some US critics and sections of the American public, was released in June 1991 as the first single.", "Perhaps unsurprisingly it failed to chart in the US; however, it reached number two on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart.", "The song peaked at number seven in New Zealand and reached the top 20 in Australia.", "The second single, \"Fall at Your Feet\", was less successful in Australia and New Zealand but did at least reach the US Hot 100.", "The album reached number one in New Zealand, number two in Australia, number six in the UK and made the top 20 in several European countries.", "The third single from \"Woodface\", \"Weather With You\", peaked at No. 7 in early 1992 giving the band their highest UK chart placement.", "By contrast, the album had limited success in the US, only reaching number 83 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart.", "Tim Finn left Crowded House during the \"Woodface\" tour in November 1991, part-way through the UK leg.", "Performances on this tour, at the Town and Country Club in London, were recorded live and given a limited release in Australia, while individual songs from those shows were released as B-sides of singles in some countries.", "In June 1993 the New Zealand Government recommended that the Queen award an OBE to Neil and Tim Finn for their contribution to the music of New Zealand.", "For their fourth album, \"Together Alone\", Crowded House used producer Martin Glover (aka \"Youth\") and invited touring musician Mark Hart (guitar and keyboards) to become a permanent band member.", "The album was recorded at Karekare Beach, New Zealand, which gave its name to the opening track, \"Kare Kare\".", "The album was released in October 1993 and sold well internationally on the strength of lead single \"Distant Sun\" and followup \"Private Universe\".", "It topped the New Zealand Album Chart, reached number 2 in Australia and number 4 in the UK.", "\"Locked Out\" was the album's first US single and received airplay on MTV and VH1.", "This track and \"My Sharona\" by The Knack, which were both included on the soundtrack of the film \"Reality Bites\", were bundled together on a jukebox single to promote the film soundtrack.", "Crowded House were midway through a US tour when Paul Hester quit the band on 15 April 1994.", "He flew home to Melbourne to await the birth of his first child and indicated that he required more time with his family.", "Wally Ingram, drummer for support act Sheryl Crow, temporarily filled in until a replacement, Peter Jones (ex-Harem Scarem, Vince Jones, Kate Ceberano's Septet) was found.", "After the tour, the Finn Brothers released their album \"Finn\" in November 1995.", "In June 1996, at a press conference to announce the release of their greatest hits album \"Recurring Dream\", Neil revealed that Crowded House were to disband.", "The June 1996 concerts in Europe and Canada were to be their final performances.", "\"Recurring Dream\" contained four songs from each of the band's studio albums, along with three new songs.", "The album debuted at number one in Australia, New Zealand and the UK in July 1996.", "Early copies included a bonus CD of live material.", "The album's three new songs, which were released as singles, were \"Instinct\", \"Not the Girl You Think You Are\" and \"Everything Is Good for You\", which featured backing vocals from Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder.", "Paul Hester returned to the band to play drums on the three new tracks.", "Worried that their goodbye had been too low-key and had disregarded their home fans, the band performed the \"Farewell to the World\" concert on the steps of the Sydney Opera House on 24 November 1996, which raised funds for the Sydney Children's Hospital.", "The concert featured the line-up of Neil Finn, Nick Seymour, Mark Hart and Paul Hester.", "Tim Finn and Peter Jones both made guest appearances.", "Support bands on the day were Custard, Powderfinger and You Am I.", "The concert had one of the highest live audiences in Australian history with the crowd being estimated at between 120,000 and 250,000 people.", "\"Farewell to the World\" was released on VHS in December 1996.", "In 2007, a double CD and a DVD were issued as to commemorate the concert's tenth anniversary.", "The DVD featured newly recorded audio commentary by Finn, Hart and Seymour and other new bonus material.", "Following the 1996 break-up of Crowded House, the members embarked upon a variety of projects.", "Neil Finn released two solo studio albums, \"Try Whistling This\" (1998) and \"One Nil\" (2001), as well as two live albums, \"Sessions at West 54th\" (2000) and \"7 Worlds Collide\" (2001).", "\"7 Worlds Collide\" saw him performing with guest musicians including Eddie Vedder, Johnny Marr, Ed O'Brien and Phil Selway of Radiohead, Tim Finn, Sebastian Steinberg, Lisa Germano and Betchadupa (featuring his son Liam Finn).", "A double CD and DVD of the shows were released in November 2001.", "Tim Finn had resumed his solo career after leaving the group in 1992 and he also worked with Neil on a second Finn Brothers album, \"Everyone Is Here\", which was released in 2004.", "Paul Hester joined The Finn Brothers on stage for three songs at their Palais Theatre show in Melbourne at the end of 2004.", "Nick Seymour also joined them on stage in Dublin, where he was living, in 2004.", "Peter Jones and Nick Seymour joined Australian group Deadstar for their second album, \"Milk\", in 1997.", "Seymour later worked as a record producer in Dublin, producing Irish group Bell X1's debut album, \"Neither Am I\" in 2000.", "Mark Hart rejoined Supertramp in the late 1990s and later toured with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band.", "In 2001 he released a solo album, \"Nada Sonata\".", "Paul Hester worked with children's entertainers The Wiggles, playing \"Paul the Cook\".", "He also had his own ABC show \"Hessie's Shed\" in Australia from late 1997.", "He formed the band Largest Living Things, which was the name rejected by Capitol Records in favour of Crowded House.", "It was on \"Hessie's Shed\" that Finn, Hester and Seymour last shared a stage, on an episode filmed as part of Finn's promotion for his solo album \"Try Whistling This\" in 1998.", "Finn and Hester performed \"Not the Girl You Think You Are\" with Largest Living Things, before being joined by Seymour for \"Sister Madly\" and a version of Paul Kelly's \"Leaps and Bounds\", which also featured Kelly on vocals.", "In late 2003, Hester hosted the series \"Music Max's Sessions\".", "Hester and Seymour were reunited when they both joined singer-songwriter Matt O'Donnell's Melbourne-based group Tarmac Adam.", "The band released one album, 2003's \"Handheld Torch\", which was produced by Seymour.", "In May 1999 Crowded House issued a compilation of unreleased songs, \"Afterglow\", which included the track \"Recurring Dream\", recorded when the group were still called The Mullanes and included Craig Hooper on guitar.", "The album's liner notes included information about the songs, written by music journalist David Hepworth.", "Some limited-release versions included a second CD with songwriting commentary by Finn.", "The liner notes confirmed that Crowded House had no plans to reunite at that time.", "A 2003 compilation album, \"Classic Masters\", was released only in the US, while 2005 saw the release of the album \"She Will Have Her Way\", a collection of cover versions of Crowded House, Split Enz, Tim Finn and Finn Brothers songs by Australasian female artists.", "The album reached the top 5 in Australia and New Zealand.", "On 26 March 2005 Paul Hester was found dead, after hanging himself from a tree in a park near his home in Melbourne.", "He was 46 years old.", "His obituary in \"The Sydney Morning Herald\" stated that he had fought \"a long battle with depression.\"", "Following the news of Hester's death, Nick Seymour joined The Finn Brothers on stage at the Royal Albert Hall in London, where the three played in memory of Paul.", "A snare drum with a top hat on it stood at the front of the stage as a tribute.", "Writing in 2010 Neil Finn said, \"When we lost Paul it was like someone pulled the rug out from underneath everything, a terrible jolt out of the dark blue.", "He was the best drummer I had ever played with and for many years, my closest friend.\"", "In 2006 Neil Finn asked Nick Seymour to play bass on his third solo album.", "Seymour agreed and the two joined up with producer and multi-instrumentalist Ethan Johns to begin recording.", "As the recording sessions progressed it was decided that the album would be issued under the Crowded House band name, rather than as a Neil Finn solo album.", "In January 2007, the group publicly announced their reformation and on 23 February, after 20 days of auditions, former Beck drummer Matt Sherrod joined Finn, Seymour and Mark Hart to complete the new line up.", "As Sherrod and Hart had not participated in the initial sessions, four new tracks were recorded with producer Steve Lillywhite including the album's first single \"Don't Stop Now\".", "On 17 March 2007 the band played a live show at their rehearsal studio in front of around fifty fans, friends and family.", "The performance was streamed live as a webcast.", "The two-and-a-half-hour set included some new tracks, including \"Silent House\" co-written by Finn with the Dixie Chicks.", "A concert onboard \"The Thekla\", moored in Bristol, followed on 19 March.", "Crowded House played at the Marquee Theatre in Tempe, Arizona on 26 April as a warm-up for their appearance at the Coachella Festival on 29 April in Indio, California.", "They also played at the Australian Live Earth concert in Sydney on 7 July.", "The next day, Finn and Seymour were interviewed on \"Rove Live\" and the band, with Hart and Sherrod, performed \"Don't Stop Now\" to promote the new album, which was titled \"Time on Earth\".", "The single was a minor hit in Australia and the UK.", "The album was released worldwide in June and July.", "It topped the album chart in New Zealand and made number 2 in Australia and number 3 in the UK.", "On 6 December 2008 Crowded House played the Homebake festival in Sydney, with warm up gigs at small venues in Hobart, Melbourne and Sydney.", "For these shows the band were augmented by multi-instrumentalist Don McGlashan and Neil's younger son, Elroy Finn, on guitar.", "On 14 March 2009 the band joined Neil's older son, Liam Finn, on stage for three songs at the Sound Relief concert in Melbourne.", "Crowded House began recording their follow-up to \"Time on Earth\" in April 2009, at Finn's own Roundhead Studios.", "The album, \"Intriguer\", was produced by Jim Scott who had worked on \"The Sun Came Out\" by Neil's 7 Worlds Collide project.", "In August 2009, Finn travelled to Los Angeles to record some overdubs at Jim Scott's Los Angeles studio before they began mixing tracks.", "The album was released in June 2010, in time for the band's appearance at the West Coast Blues & Roots Festival near Perth.", "Finn stated that the album contains some, \"Unexpected twists and turns\" and some songs that, \"Sound like nothing we've done before.\"", "\"Intriguer\" topped the Australian album chart, reached number 3 in New Zealand and number 12 in the UK.", "Crowded House undertook an extensive world tour in 2010 in support of \"Intriguer\".", "This was the first album where the band regularly interacted with fans via the internet on their own re-launched website, Twitter and Facebook.", "The band sold recordings of the shows on the \"Intriguer\" tour on USB flash drives and made individual live tracks available for free download.", "The band's final concert was at the A Day on the Green festival in Auckland on 27 February 2011.", "A new compilation album, The Very Very Best of Crowded House, was released in October 2010 to celebrate the band's 25th anniversary.", "It includes 19 of the band's greatest hits and is also available in a box set with a 25 track DVD of their music videos.", "A deluxe digital version, available for download only, has 32 tracks including a rare 1987 live recording of the band's version of the Hunters & Collectors song \"Throw Your Arms Around Me\".", "No mention of this album has been made on the band's official website or Twitter page, which suggests that they are not involved with its release.", "Following the success of the album \"She Will Have Her Way\" in 2005, a second album of cover versions of Finn Brothers songs (including numerous Crowded House songs) was released on 12 November 2010.", "Entitled \"He Will Have His Way\", all tracks on this album are performed by Australasian male artists.", "In November 2011, there was an Australian tour by various artists involved with the \"She Will Have Her Way\" and \"He Will Have His Way\" projects, including Paul Dempsey, Clare Bowditch, Seeker Lover Keeper (Sarah Blasko, Sally Seltmann and Holly Throsby), Alexander Gow (Oh Mercy) and Lior.", "Former Crowded House drummer Peter Jones died from brain cancer on 18 May 2012 aged 49.", "A statement issued by the band described him as, \"A warm-hearted, funny and talented man, who was a valuable member of Crowded House.\"", "In September 2015, the song \"Help is Coming\" from the \"Afterglow\" album, was released as a download and limited edition 7\" single to raise money for the charity Save the Children.", "The B-side, \"Anthem\", was a previously unreleased track that was recorded at the same demo session as \"Help is Coming\" in 1995, with the final vocal added in 2015.", "Peter Jones plays drums on both songs.", "The money will be used to provide shelter, water, sanitation and hygiene for refugees in Syria, Lebanon and Iraq.", "Neil Finn said of \"Help Is Coming\"...\"It was always a song about refugees, even if at the time I was thinking about the immigrants setting off on ships from Europe to America, looking for a better life for their families.", "There is such a huge scale and urgency to the current refugee crises that barely a day goes by without some crushing image or news account to confront us.", "We can't be silent any more.\"", "In 2016, Neil Finn confirmed in an interview with the Dutch newspaper \"Volkskrant\" that Crowded House are on indefinite hiatus.", "Later that year however, he and Seymour announced a series of concerts at the Sydney Opera House to mark the 20th anniversary of the \"Farewell to the World\" show (24 Nov 1996).", "The band, with the same lineup as in 2007 - 2010 with Tim Finn as guest performed four shows, 24–27 November 2016.", "Around the same time, each of the band's 7 studio albums (including the rarities collection \"Afterglow\") was reissued in deluxe 2-CD format with bonus tracks including demos, live recordings, alternate mixes, b-sides and outtakes.", "In April 2018, Neil Finn joined Fleetwood Mac, along with Mike Campbell of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, as a full-time member in the wake of Lindsey Buckingham's departure from the band.", "In August 2019, Crowded House announced an Australian exclusive reunion show at the 2020 edition of Byron Bay Bluesfest.", "Shortly afterwards, Mark Hart announced he would not be a part of the group's reunion.", "Finn would confirm Hart's departure on his podcast Fangradio, noting that he \"loves Hart dearly as a friend, as a contributor and a collaborator\" and that \"all will be revealed... trust that good thought and good heart gets put into all of these decisions.\"", "As the primary songwriter for the band, Neil Finn has always set the tone for the band's sound.", "Allmusic said that Finn \"has consistently proven his knack for crafting high-quality songs that combine irresistible melodies with meticulous lyrical detail.\"", "Neil's brother Tim was an early and important musical influence.", "Neil first saw Tim play with Split Enz in 1972, and said \"that performance and those first songs made a lasting impression on me.\"", "His mother was another significant musical influence, encouraging him to listen to a variety of genres, including Irish folk music and Māori music.", "She would play piano at family parties and encourage Neil and Tim to accompany her.", "Bassist Nick Seymour, who is also an artist, designed or co-designed all of the band's album covers and interior artwork.", "He also designed some of the costumes worn by the group, notably those from the cover of the group's debut album \"Crowded House\".", "Seymour collaborated with Finn and Hester on the set design of some of their early music videos, including \"Don't Dream It's Over\" and \"Better Be Home Soon\".", "Since the band reunited, Seymour has again designed their album covers.", "The majority of the covers for the band's singles were not designed by Seymour.", "The artwork for \"Pineapple Head\" was created by Reg Mombassa of Mental As Anything.", "For the first four albums Mombassa and Noel Crombie, who had been the main designer of Split Enz's artwork, assisted Seymour in creating sets and costumes.", "For the \"Farewell to the World\" concerts Crombie designed the set, while Mombassa and Seymour designed promotional materials and artwork.", "Crowded House has won several national and international awards.", "In Australia, the group has won eleven ARIA Awards from 26 nominations, including the inaugural \"Best New Talent\" award in 1987.", "The majority of their ARIAs were awarded for their first two albums, \"Crowded House\" and \"Temple of Low Men\".", "They won eight APRA Awards from eleven nominations and were nominated for \"The New Zealand Silver Scroll\" for \"Don't Stop Now\" in 2007.", "\"Don't Dream It's Over\" was named the seventh best Australian song of all time in 2001.", "In 1987, Crowded House won the American MTV Video Music Award for \"Best New Artist\" for their song \"Don't Dream It's Over\", which was also nominated for three other awards.", "In 1994, the group was named \"International Group of the Year\" at the BRIT Awards.", "In 2009, \"Don't Dream It's Over\" was ranked number fifty on the Triple J \"Hottest 100 of All Time\", voted by the Australian public.", "In November 2016 Crowded House were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame, 30 years after their formation." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 184088, "simple_article_title": "Crowded House", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=184088", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-184088-0-0", "simple-184088-0-1", "simple-184088-0-2", "simple-184088-0-3", "simple-184088-0-4", "simple-184088-0-5", "simple-184088-1-0", "simple-184088-1-1", "simple-184088-2-0", "simple-184088-2-1", "simple-184088-2-2", "simple-184088-3-0", "simple-184088-3-1", "simple-184088-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Crowded House are an Australian rock group.", "They formed in 1985 in Melbourne, led by New Zealand singer-songwriter Neil Finn.", "Finn is the main songwriter and creative director of the band.", "He has led it through several changes.", "The band has people from a few different countries: from New Zealand (Neil and his brother, Tim Finn and Eddie Rayner), Australia (Paul Hester, Nick Seymour, Peter Jones and Craig Hooper) and the United States (Mark Hart, and Matt Sherrod).", "Crowded House are referred to as \"The Crowdies\" by Australian fans.", "Originally active from 1985 to 1996, the band has had consistent commercial and critical success in Australia and New Zealand and international chart success in two phases, beginning with their self-titled debut album, \"Crowded House\", which reached number twelve on the US Album Chart in 1987 and provided the Top Ten hits, \"Don't Dream It's Over\" and \"Something So Strong\".", "Further international success came in the UK and Europe with their third and fourth albums, \"Woodface\" and \"Together Alone\" and the compilation album \"Recurring Dream\", which included the hits \"Fall at Your Feet\", \"Weather with You\", \"Distant Sun\", \"Locked Out\", \"Instinct\" and \"Not the Girl You Think You Are\".", "Founding drummer Hester left in May 1994, citing family reasons, but returned for their \"Farewell to the World\" concerts in Melbourne and Sydney in 1996.", "Neil Finn had decided to end the band to concentrate on his solo career and the Finn Brothers project with Tim.", "On 26 March 2005 Hester committed suicide, aged 46.", "In 2006, the group re-formed with new drummer Matt Sherrod.", "They have since released two albums, which have both reached number one on Australia's Album Chart.", "The new albums are called \"Time on Earth\" (2007) and \"Intriguer\" (2010)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 142481, "normal_article_title": "Moulin Rouge!", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=142481", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-142481-0-0", "normal-142481-0-1", "normal-142481-0-2", "normal-142481-0-3", "normal-142481-1-0", "normal-142481-1-1", "normal-142481-1-2", "normal-142481-2-0", "normal-142481-2-1", "normal-142481-2-2", "normal-142481-2-3", "normal-142481-2-4", "normal-142481-2-5", "normal-142481-3-0", "normal-142481-3-1", "normal-142481-3-2", "normal-142481-3-3", "normal-142481-3-4", "normal-142481-3-5", "normal-142481-3-6", "normal-142481-3-7", "normal-142481-3-8", "normal-142481-3-9", "normal-142481-3-10", "normal-142481-4-0", "normal-142481-4-1", "normal-142481-4-2", "normal-142481-4-3", "normal-142481-4-4", "normal-142481-4-5", "normal-142481-4-6", "normal-142481-4-7", "normal-142481-4-8", "normal-142481-4-9", "normal-142481-5-0", "normal-142481-5-1", "normal-142481-5-2", "normal-142481-5-3", "normal-142481-5-4", "normal-142481-5-5", "normal-142481-5-6", "normal-142481-5-7", "normal-142481-6-0", "normal-142481-6-1", "normal-142481-6-2", "normal-142481-7-0", "normal-142481-8-0", "normal-142481-8-1", "normal-142481-8-2", "normal-142481-9-0", "normal-142481-9-1", "normal-142481-9-2", "normal-142481-10-0", "normal-142481-10-1", "normal-142481-10-2", "normal-142481-10-3", "normal-142481-11-0", "normal-142481-11-1", "normal-142481-11-2", "normal-142481-11-3", "normal-142481-11-4", "normal-142481-11-5", "normal-142481-12-0", "normal-142481-12-1", "normal-142481-13-0", "normal-142481-13-1", "normal-142481-13-2", "normal-142481-13-3", "normal-142481-14-0", "normal-142481-14-1", "normal-142481-14-2", "normal-142481-14-3", "normal-142481-14-4", "normal-142481-15-0", "normal-142481-15-1", "normal-142481-15-2", "normal-142481-16-0", "normal-142481-17-0", "normal-142481-17-1", "normal-142481-18-0", "normal-142481-19-0", "normal-142481-20-0", "normal-142481-21-0", "normal-142481-21-1", "normal-142481-22-0", "normal-142481-22-1", "normal-142481-22-2", "normal-142481-22-3", "normal-142481-22-4", "normal-142481-22-5", "normal-142481-23-0", "normal-142481-23-1", "normal-142481-23-2", "normal-142481-24-0", "normal-142481-25-0", "normal-142481-26-0", "normal-142481-26-1", "normal-142481-26-2", "normal-142481-27-0", "normal-142481-28-0", "normal-142481-28-1", "normal-142481-28-2", "normal-142481-28-3", "normal-142481-28-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "( , from ] ) is a 2001 jukebox musical romantic drama film directed, co-produced, and co-written by Baz Luhrmann.", "The film is the third and final installment of \"Red Curtain Trilogy\", a Luhrmann film concept following \"Strictly Ballroom\" and \"Romeo + Juliet\".", "It tells the story of a young English poet/writer, Christian (Ewan McGregor), who falls in love with the star of the Moulin Rouge, cabaret actress and courtesan Satine (Nicole Kidman).", "It uses the musical setting of the Montmartre Quarter of Paris, France.", "At the 74th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for eight Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Actress for Nicole Kidman, winning two: for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design.", "It was the first musical nominated for Best Picture in 10 years, following Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991).", "In BBC's 2016 poll of the greatest films since 2000, \"Moulin Rouge!\"", "In the year 1900, a man named Christian, suffering from depression, begins writing on his typewriter (\"Nature Boy\").", "As Christian narrates, the film flashes back to one year earlier upon Christian's move to the Montmartre district of Paris to become a writer among members of the area's Bohemian movement.", "He soon discovers that his neighbours are a loose troupe of performers led by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.", "Toulouse-Lautrec and the others ask for Christian's help, and his writing skills allow them to finish their proposed show, \"Spectacular Spectacular\", that they wish to sell to the owner of the Moulin Rouge, Harold Zidler.", "The group arrives at the Moulin Rouge as Zidler and his \"Diamond Dog Dancers\" perform for the audience (\"Zidler's Rap Medley/Can Can Dance\").", "Toulouse arranges for Christian to see Satine, the star courtesan, in her private quarters to present the work, unaware that Zidler has been promising Satine to the wealthy and psychopathic Duke of Monroth, a potential investor in the cabaret (\"Sparkling Diamonds\").", "Satine mistakes Christian for the Duke, and dances with him before retiring to her private chamber with him to discuss things confidentially (\"Rhythm of the Night\", \"Meet Me in the Red Room\"), but soon learns he is just a writer (\"Your Song\").", "The Duke interrupts them; Christian and Satine claim they were practicing lines for \"Spectacular Spectacular\".", "With Zidler's help, Toulouse and the rest of the troupe pitch the show to the Duke with an improvised plot about an evil maharajah attempting to woo an Indian courtesan who loves a poor sitar player (\"The Pitch (\"Spectacular Spectacular\")\").", "The Duke backs the show on the condition that only he may see Satine.", "Satine contemplates Christian and her longing to leave the Moulin Rouge to become \"a real actress\" (\"One Day I'll Fly Away\").", "Christian goes back to Satine to convince her that they should be together, and she eventually falls for him (\"Elephant Love Medley\").", "As the cabaret is converted to a theater, Christian and Satine continue seeing each other under the pretense of rehearsing Satine's lines.", "The Duke becomes suspicious of their frequent meetings and warns Zidler that he may stop financing the show; Zidler arranges for Satine to dine with the Duke that evening, but she falls ill from tuberculosis (\"If I should die (Górecki)\").", "Zidler makes excuses to the Duke, claiming that Satine has gone to confession (\"Like a Virgin\").", "Zidler learns from the doctor treating Satine that she does not have long to live, but keeps this knowledge from Christian.", "Satine tells Christian that their relationship endangers the show, but he counters by writing a secret love song to affirm their love (\"Come What May\").", "As the Duke watches Christian rehearsing with Satine, Nini, a jealous performer, points out that the play is a metaphor for Christian, Satine and the Duke.", "Enraged, the Duke demands the ending be changed with the courtesan choosing the maharajah; Satine offers to spend the night with the Duke to keep the original ending.", "At the Duke's quarters, Satine sees Christian on the streets below, and realizes she cannot sleep with the Duke.", "(\"El Tango de Roxanne (Roxanne)\").", "The Duke attempts to rape her, but she is saved by Le Chocolat, one of the cabaret's male dancers.", "Reunited with Christian, he urges her to run away with him.", "The Duke tells Zidler he will have Christian killed if Satine is not his.", "Zidler reiterates this warning to Satine, but when she refuses to return, he finally informs her that she is dying (\"A Fool to Believe\").", "Zidler tells Satine that to save Christian's life, she has to tell him that she will be staying with the Duke and she doesn't love him (\"The Show Must Go On\").", "Christian tries following her, but is denied entry to the Moulin Rouge, and becomes depressed, even though Toulouse insists that Satine does love him.", "The night of the show, Christian sneaks into the Moulin Rouge, intending to pay Satine her fee as a courtesan (\"Hindi Sad Diamonds\").", "He catches Satine before she steps on stage and demands she tell him she does not love him.", "Suddenly they find themselves in the spotlight; Zidler improvises and convinces the audience that Christian is the sitar player in disguise.", "Christian denounces Satine and walks off the stage.", "From the rafters, Toulouse cries out, \"The greatest thing you'll ever learn is just to love and be loved in return\", spurring Satine to sing the song Christian wrote to express their love.", "Christian returns to the stage, joining her in the song and reaffirming his love for her.", "The Duke orders his bodyguard to kill Christian, but is thwarted, while the Duke's own attempt is stopped by Zidler.", "The Duke storms out of the cabaret as Christian and Satine complete their song (\"Come What May (Reprise)\", \"Coup d'État (Finale)\").", "After the curtain closes, Satine succumbs to tuberculosis.", "Before she dies, Christian and Satine affirm their love and she tells him to write their story.", "A year later, the Moulin Rouge has closed down, and Christian finishes writing the tale of his love for Satine, a \"love that will live on\" (\"Nature Boy (Reprise)\".", "When asked about his inspiration for \"Moulin Rouge!\",", "Luhrmann revealed that he drew from the Greek tragedy of Orpheus and Eurydice in the DVD's audio commentary.", "The legend of Orpheus says he was a musical genius, far surpassing anyone in his world; the filmmakers chose to replicate this by using songs from the mid-to-late 20th century, many decades after the film's 1899 setting.", "In this way, Christian would appear to the other characters to be ahead-of-his-time as a musician and writer.", "Leonardo DiCaprio, who worked with Luhrmann on \"Romeo + Juliet\", auditioned for the role of Christian.", "Luhrmann also considered younger actors for the role, including Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal before Ewan McGregor won the part.", "Courtney Love auditioned for the role of Satine and assisted in clearing licensing rights for \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" to be used in the film.", "Production began in November 1999 and was completed in May 2000, with a budget of $52.5 million.", "Filming generally went smoothly, with the only major problem occurring when Kidman injured her ribs twice while filming one of the more complicated dance sequences and torn knee cartilage resulting from a fall during the \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" production song; she also stated in an interview with Graham Norton that she broke a rib while getting into a corset, by tightening it as much as possible to achieve an 18-inch waist.", "The production also overran in its shooting schedule and had to be out of the Fox Studios in Sydney to make way for \"\" (in which McGregor also starred).", "This necessitated some pick-up shots being filmed in Madrid.", "In the liner notes to the film's Special Edition DVD, Luhrmann writes that \"the whole stylistic premise has been to decode what the Moulin Rouge was to the audiences of 1899 and express that same thrill and excitement in a way to which contemporary movie-goers can relate.\"", "With that in mind, the film takes well-known popular music, mostly drawn from the MTV Generation, and anachronizes it into a tale set in a turn-of-the-century Paris cabaret.", "The movie also features editing that several critics compared to a music video, involving swirling camera motion, loud music, dancing, and frenetic cutting.", "Some of the songs sampled include \"Chamma Chamma\" from the Hindi movie \"China Gate\", Queen's \"The Show Must Go On\" (arranged in operatic format), David Bowie's rendition of Eden Ahbez's \"Nature Boy\", \"Lady Marmalade\" by Patti LaBelle (the Christina Aguilera/P!n", "nk/Mýa/Lil' Kim cover commissioned for the film), Madonna's \"Material Girl\" and \"Like a Virgin\", Elton John's \"Your Song\", the titular number of \"The Sound of Music\", \"Roxanne\" by The Police (in a tango format using the composition \"Tanguera\" by Mariano Mores), and \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" by Nirvana, a song rarely used in films.", "The film uses so much popular music that it took Luhrmann almost two years to secure all the rights to the songs.", "Originally set for release on Christmas 2000 as a high-profile Oscar contender, 20th Century Fox eventually moved the release to the following spring so director Luhrmann would have more time during post-production.", "The film premiered at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival on 9 May – making it the festival's opening title.", "received generally positive reviews from critics.", "The film holds a rating of 66/100 at Metacritic based on 35 reviews, and a 76% \"Fresh\" rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 198 reviews, and a 64% \"Fresh\" rating, based on 42 \"top\" reviewers, saying \"A love-it-or-hate-it experience, Moulin Rouge is all style, all giddy, over-the-top spectacle.", "But it's also daring in its vision and wildly original.\"", "In December 2001, it was named the best film of the year by viewers of \"Film 2001\".", "The film was selected by the National Board of Review as the best film of 2001.", "It picked up six Golden Globe nominations including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy (for Nicole Kidman), Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy (for Ewan McGregor), Best Original Score (for Craig Armstrong), Best Director (for Baz Luhrmann) and Best Song (\"Come What May\").", "It won three including the coveted Best Picture trophy.", "A few weeks later, it received 13 nominations at the BAFTA Awards, making it the most nominated film of the year for that ceremony.", "It took home three, including Best Supporting Actor for Jim Broadbent.", "The film received eight Oscar nominations, including Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Picture.", "The film was not nominated for Best Director (Luhrmann); commenting on this during the Oscar ceremony, host Whoopi Goldberg remarked, \"I guess \"Moulin Rouge!\"", "The film won the awards for Best Costume Design and Best Art Direction.", "\"Come What May\" (the only original song in the film) was disqualified from nomination for an Oscar because it was originally written (but unused) for Luhrmann's previous film \"Romeo + Juliet\" and not written expressly for \"Moulin Rouge!\".", "\"Entertainment Weekly\" put it on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \"Baz Luhrmann's trippy pop culture pastiche from 2001 was an aesthetically arresting ode to poetry, passion, and Elton John.", "It was so good, we'll forgive him for \"Australia.\"\"(", "The following is a partial list of songs featured in the film along with the artist that popularized them.", "The following is a list of songs featured in the medley, along with the names of the writers and singers of the original.", "The \"Elephant Love Medley\" also contains additional original lyrics by Italian pop tenor Alessandro Safina.", "In the Blu-ray release, it was revealed that the song that was planned to open the film was originally Cat Stevens' \"Father and Son\", sung by Christian where he argues with his father for making him see that he has to go to Paris in order to make his dreams come true.", "Cat Stevens refused the permission for using the song in the film, therefore the song was changed to \"Nature Boy\".", "Two soundtrack albums were released, with the second coming after the first one's massive success.", "The first volume featured the smash hit single \"Lady Marmalade\", performed by Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mýa and Pink.", "The first soundtrack, \"Moulin Rouge!", "Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film\", was released on 8 May 2001, with the second \"Moulin Rouge!", "Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film, Vol.", "2\" following on 26 February 2002.", "In 2002–2003, there was speculation about the possibility of a stage musical based on \"Moulin Rouge!\",", ", possibly in Las Vegas, but there have been no public talks in the years since.", "Some sources claimed in 2006 that the director, Baz Luhrmann, had approached the leads of the film, Kidman and McGregor, to star in the potential stage version.", "In 2008, a stage adaptation, \"La Belle Bizarre du Moulin Rouge\" (The Bizarre Beauty of the Moulin Rouge) toured Germany and produced a cast recording.", "In 2016, it was announced that a stage musical was being developed by Global Creatures, with direction by Alex Timbers.", "\"Moulin Rouge: The Musical\" premiered on July 10, 2018 at the Colonial Theatre in Boston, MA.", "The book is written by John Logan with direction by Alex Timbers.", "It is starring Aaron Tveit as Christian and Karen Olivo as Satine.", "The Broadway production began previews at the Al Hirscheld Theatre on June 28, 2019, and officially opened on July 26.", "In the 2017-2018 figure skating season, Canadian figure skaters, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir, skated to music selections from \"Moulin Rouge!\"", "at the 2018 Winter Olympics.", "They won the gold medal in the team figure skating event and the individual figure skating event.", "They interpreted the story of Christian and Satine using the songs The Show Must Go On, El Tango de Roxanne, and Come What May in their performance.", "At this event, Virtue and Moir became the most decorated figure skaters of all time." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 88464, "simple_article_title": "Moulin Rouge!", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=88464", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-88464-0-0", "simple-88464-0-1", "simple-88464-0-2", "simple-88464-0-3", "simple-88464-1-0", "simple-88464-1-1", "simple-88464-1-2", "simple-88464-1-3", "simple-88464-2-0", "simple-88464-2-1", "simple-88464-2-2", "simple-88464-2-3", "simple-88464-2-4", "simple-88464-2-5", "simple-88464-2-6", "simple-88464-2-7", "simple-88464-2-8", "simple-88464-2-9", "simple-88464-2-10", "simple-88464-2-11", "simple-88464-2-12", "simple-88464-2-13", "simple-88464-2-14", "simple-88464-2-15", "simple-88464-3-0", "simple-88464-3-1", "simple-88464-3-2", "simple-88464-3-3", "simple-88464-3-4", "simple-88464-3-5", "simple-88464-3-6", "simple-88464-3-7", "simple-88464-3-8", "simple-88464-4-0", "simple-88464-4-1", "simple-88464-4-2", "simple-88464-4-3", "simple-88464-5-0", "simple-88464-5-1", "simple-88464-5-2", "simple-88464-5-3", "simple-88464-5-4", "simple-88464-5-5", "simple-88464-5-6", "simple-88464-6-0", "simple-88464-6-1", "simple-88464-6-2", "simple-88464-7-0", "simple-88464-7-1", "simple-88464-7-2", "simple-88464-7-3", "simple-88464-7-4", "simple-88464-8-0", "simple-88464-8-1", "simple-88464-8-2", "simple-88464-8-3", "simple-88464-9-0", "simple-88464-9-1", "simple-88464-9-2", "simple-88464-9-3", "simple-88464-9-4", "simple-88464-9-5", "simple-88464-9-6", "simple-88464-9-7", "simple-88464-10-0", "simple-88464-10-1", "simple-88464-10-2", "simple-88464-10-3", "simple-88464-10-4", "simple-88464-10-5", "simple-88464-10-6", "simple-88464-10-7", "simple-88464-10-8", "simple-88464-11-0", "simple-88464-11-1", "simple-88464-11-2", "simple-88464-11-3", "simple-88464-11-4", "simple-88464-11-5", "simple-88464-11-6", "simple-88464-11-7", "simple-88464-12-0", "simple-88464-12-1", "simple-88464-12-2", "simple-88464-13-0", "simple-88464-13-1", "simple-88464-13-2", "simple-88464-13-3", "simple-88464-13-4", "simple-88464-13-5", "simple-88464-13-6", "simple-88464-14-0", "simple-88464-15-0", "simple-88464-16-0", "simple-88464-16-1", "simple-88464-16-2", "simple-88464-16-3", "simple-88464-16-4", "simple-88464-16-5", "simple-88464-17-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "is a 2001 Academy Award-winning Australian-American romantic drama musical movie directed by Baz Luhrmann.", "It stars Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor.", "The movie is set in Paris, France in 1900.", "It tells the story of a young British writer called Christian, who falls in love with an actress called Satine, the leading lady of the famous nightclub, the Moulin Rouge.", "was mostly shot at Fox Studios in Sydney, Australia.", "It was nominated for eight Oscars.", "It won two; for art direction and costume design.", "In 2006 it was ranked #25 on the American Film Institute's list of best musicals.", "The \"Moulin Rouge\" is a famous nightclub with a cabaret (or dance show).", "The name \"Moulin Rouge\" means \"Red Windmill\".", "In the late 1800s there was a real windmill where the nightclub stands near Montmartre in Paris.", "Now there is a large model of a windmill on the roof of the building.", "Since 1889 this nightclub has been famous for its dancing, in particular for the \"can-can\", a very lively dance in which the dancers, wearing long frilly skirts, kick their legs very high and show their underwear.", "(In the 1890s, women wore long dresses, to their ankles.)", "Even though this entertainment was not thought of as very polite, it was very popular and the \"can-can\" became a symbol of Paris.", "The \"Moulin Rouge\" is still very popular.", "The word Bohemian was first used in Paris to mean a Gypsy because many people thought that Gypsies came from Bohemia.", "The word was then used for poor artists and writers, who often travelled to Paris from other towns and tried to earn money by their painting or writing.", "Paris was a famous town for both painters and writers to gather, to learn from each other and to enjoy the life of the city.", "Many of them lived at Montmartre, not far from the \"Moulin Rouge\".", "One of the most famous painters to live in Montmartre was Henri Toulouse-Lautrec.", "He loved to paint the can-can dancers and prostitutes.", "He did many posters to advertise the nightclubs.", "The posters are now famous works of art.", "\"La bohème\" means \"the Bohemian\".", "It is the name of a famous opera written by Giacomo Puccini.", "It is about a young man who lives in a group of poor artists and writers, and who meets and falls in love with a beautiful girl.", "The opera is very well known and Baz Luhrmann deliberately used parts of the story in his movie.", "The plot of the movie is very much like another opera called \"La traviata\" written by Giuseppe Verdi.", "It is also thought that Luhrmann may have got the idea to make \"Moulin Rouge!\"", "after watching \"Dil Se\".", "This movie was made in 1998 and directed by Mani Ratnam.", "It is a love story set in India.", "There have been four previous movies called \"Moulin Rouge\".", "The earliest was a silent movie made in 1928.", "The latest was made in 1956 and was about the life of the painter, Toulouse-Lautrec.", "Baz Luhrmann used Toulouse-Lautrec as an important character in his movie.", "Baz Luhrmann had directed another movie in which a love story is set against a background of dance, costumes and colourful scenes.", "This is \"Strictly Ballroom\" made in 1992.", ", he chose the colourful life of Paris in a time often called \"the Naughty Nineties\" as a background.", "But Lurhmann's plan was not to make a movie about history.", "He wanted to make a movie that the people of today would enjoy, just as much as the people of Paris had enjoyed the can-can in the 1890s.", "So Luhrmann did not use the music, dance-styles and lighting of the 1890s.", "He used popular modern music that young people already knew, and he used modern lighting, special effects and costume ideas to create a movie that young people would think was very entertaining.", "Kate Winslet, Charlize Theron, Renee Zellweger, and Catherine Zeta-Jones were all thought of for the part of Satine.", "Courtney Love was almost cast in the role, but lost out to Kidman at the last minute because Luhrmann felt that Love would not fit into the movie well.", "Heath Ledger, Hugh Jackman, and Russell Crowe were all considered for the part of Christian.", "Production on the movie began in November 1999 and was finished in May 2000, with a budget of just over $50 million.", "Nicole Kidman reportedly wasn't interested in doing the musical until she heard Baz Luhrmann would be directing it.", "Filming generally went smoothly, with the only major problem being when Nicole Kidman injured her knee while filming one of the more complicated dance sequences.", "The production also overran in its shooting schedule and had to be out of the Fox Studios in Sydney to make way for \"\" (in which Ewan McGregor also starred).", "This meant some parts had to be filmed in Madrid, Spain.", "The movie is set in the year 1900.", "Christian (played by Ewan McGregor) is a British writer who came to the village of Montmartre in Paris in 1899, when the Bohemian movement was at its most popular.", "He sits in a flat looking down on the closed-down theatre called the Moulin Rouge while writing on a typewriter.", "The story he is writing is about the woman he loved, Satine (played by Nicole Kidman).", "In 1899, Christian arrives in Paris, and makes friends with a group of Bohemians who visit the Moulin Rouge regularly.", "They are trying to produce a musical called \"Spectacular Spectacular\", which the owner of the Moulin Rouge, Harold Zidler (played by Jim Broadbent), plans to show at the cabaret.", "The Bohemians' leader, Toulouse-Lautrec (played by John Leguizamo), is pleased with Christian's talent at writing and insists that he write their musical, \"Spectacular Spectacular\".", "Once they find out that Christian is an amazing writer, they come up with an complicated plan of presenting Christian to Satine, who is a beautiful courtesan, in the hopes that she will be impressed with him and persuade Zidler to hire Christian as the writer of the musical.", "Satine understands what her work involves, although she hopes of leaving the Moulin Rouge to become a \"real\" actress.", "Through a series of misunderstandings, she mistakes Christian for the rich and powerful Duke who will invest in the musical, \"Spectacular Spectacular\".", "She is enchanted by his poetry.", "She declares that she has fallen in love with him, but is shocked to realize he's actually a poor Bohemian poet.", "After a bit, the real Duke (played by Richard Roburgh) finds Christian and Satine together.", "They manage to trick him into believing that they were working on the musical, \"Spectacular Spectacular\".", "The main cast arrive and improvise the plot of the show on the spot: a beautiful Indian courtesan has her kingdom invaded by an \"evil maharaja\".", "She sets out to seduce him to save her kingdom, but accidentally seduces and then falls in love with a penniless sitar player.", "The two must hide their love and avoid the maharaja, though it is implied that one of them may die at the end of the story.", "(It is soon realized that the theme of their play foreshadows what happens in the movie's plot.)", "The Duke agrees to support the show.", "But, he quickly shows that he is a violently jealous man who will shut down the Moulin Rouge if he does not get Satine to himself.", "Nevertheless, he accepts that Satine will be busy with rehearsals and in close contact with Christian, the writer of the musical.", "Christian and Satine fall in love, while Zidler struggles to keep the Duke interested in the musical \"Spectacular Spectacular\" even though Satine has not yet slept with him.", "Harold Zidler also discovers that Satine is dying of a disease called tuberculosis, but does not tell anyone because of his motto, \"The show must go on\".", "Meanwhile, Christian continues to work on the play, in which the courtesan and the penniless sitar player end up together.", "The Duke, however, does not appreciate the ending and tells the cast that the courtesan must end up with the maharaja.", "To convince the Duke to change his mind, Satine finally agrees to spend the night with him.", "Christian is overcome with jealousy while Satine has dinner with the Duke, who offers her everything she has dreamt of.", "However, when Satine spots Christian on the street below, she refuses the Duke's offer, and he tries to rape her.", "After she escapes, Satine and Christian plan to run away.", "By now, the Duke has realized Satine's tricks, and tells Zidler that, if the \"maharaja\" does not get his \"courtesan\", he will have the \"penniless sitar player\" killed.", "Nonetheless, Zidler must inform Satine of her final condition before she agrees to give up on the escape plan.", "She goes to Christian and lies to him, convincing him that her love was an act in the hopes that this will make him want to leave Paris and therefore save his life.", "As the show opens, Satine performs tiredly, knowing that her life is almost up.", "Christian, refusing to give up on Satine, confronts her backstage.", "When she tries to force him off again, he takes the place of the show's hero, throwing money at her feet to \"pay his whore\", and storming off the stage.", "Satine confesses her love for him in the form of his secret song, and Christian and Satine get back together in full view of the audience and the Duke.", "The Duke attempts to shoot Christian, but Zidler forces him off.", "The audience applauds what they think is a good drama, but backstage, Satine is overcome by her illness and dies in Christian's arms.", "As her final wish, she asks Christian to tell their story.", "A year later, still in his flat overlooking the empty red windmill, Christian finally types the last page of his work, ending it with the couplet, \"The greatest thing you will ever learn, is just to love, and be loved in return.\"", "The following is a list of some of the songs featured in the movie along with the artist that popularized them.", "Two soundtrack albums were released, with the second coming after the huge success of the first one.", "The first volume featured the smash hit single \"Lady Marmalade\", performed by Christina Aguilera, Lil’ Kim, Mýa and Pink.", "The first soundtrack, \"Moulin Rouge!", "Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film\", was released in May 2001, with the second \"Moulin Rouge!", "Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film, Vol.", "2\" following in 2002.", "The greatest thing you'll ever learn is just to love and be loved in return" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 198570, "normal_article_title": "Oil well", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=198570", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-198570-0-0", "normal-198570-0-1", "normal-198570-0-2", "normal-198570-1-0", "normal-198570-1-1", "normal-198570-1-2", "normal-198570-1-3", "normal-198570-1-4", "normal-198570-1-5", "normal-198570-2-0", "normal-198570-2-1", "normal-198570-2-2", "normal-198570-3-0", "normal-198570-3-1", "normal-198570-3-2", "normal-198570-3-3", "normal-198570-4-0", "normal-198570-5-0", "normal-198570-6-0", "normal-198570-6-1", "normal-198570-6-2", "normal-198570-7-0", "normal-198570-7-1", "normal-198570-7-2", "normal-198570-7-3", "normal-198570-8-0", "normal-198570-8-1", "normal-198570-8-2", "normal-198570-9-0", "normal-198570-9-1", "normal-198570-9-2", "normal-198570-10-0", "normal-198570-11-0", "normal-198570-11-1", "normal-198570-11-2", "normal-198570-11-3", "normal-198570-12-0", "normal-198570-12-1", "normal-198570-13-0", "normal-198570-14-0", "normal-198570-14-1", "normal-198570-15-0", "normal-198570-15-1", "normal-198570-15-2", "normal-198570-15-3", "normal-198570-16-0", "normal-198570-16-1", "normal-198570-16-2", "normal-198570-16-3", "normal-198570-17-0", "normal-198570-17-1", "normal-198570-17-2", "normal-198570-17-3", "normal-198570-17-4", "normal-198570-17-5", "normal-198570-17-6", "normal-198570-18-0", "normal-198570-18-1", "normal-198570-18-2", "normal-198570-18-3", "normal-198570-19-0", "normal-198570-19-1", "normal-198570-20-0", "normal-198570-20-1", "normal-198570-20-2", "normal-198570-21-0", "normal-198570-21-1", "normal-198570-21-2", "normal-198570-21-3", "normal-198570-22-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "An oil well is a boring in the Earth that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface.", "Usually some natural gas is released along with the oil.", "A well that is designed to produce only gas may be termed a gas well.", "The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 CE.", "These wells had depths of up to about 240 m and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles.", "The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt.", "By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs.", "The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating.", "Petroleum was known as \"Burning water\" in Japan in the 7th century.", "According to Kasem Ajram, petroleum was distilled by the Persian alchemist Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) in the 9th century, producing chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic (\"al-ambiq\"), and which was mainly used for kerosene lamps.", "Arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes.", "Through Islamic Spain, distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century.", "Some sources claim that from the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku, Azerbaijan, to produce naphtha for the petroleum industry.", "These places were described by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those oil wells as hundreds of shiploads.", "When Marco Polo in 1264 visited Baku, on the shores of the Caspian Sea, he saw oil being collected from seeps.", "He wrote that \"on the confines toward Geirgine there is a fountain from which oil springs in great abundance, in as much as a hundred shiploads might be taken from it at one time.\"", "Ignacy Łukasiewicz, a Polish pharmacist and petroleum industry pioneer built one of the world's first modern oil wells in 1854 in Polish village Bóbrka, Krosno County who in 1856 built one of the world's first oil refineries.", "In North America, the first commercial oil well entered operation in Oil Springs, Ontario in 1858, while the first offshore oil well was drilled in 1896 at the Summerland Oil Field on the California Coast.", "The earliest oil wells in modern times were drilled percussively, by repeatedly raising and dropping a cable tool into the earth.", "In the 20th century, cable tools were largely replaced with rotary drilling, which could drill boreholes to much greater depths and in less time.", "The record-depth Kola Borehole used non-rotary mud motor drilling to achieve a depth of over 12000 m .", "Until the 1970s, most oil wells were vertical, although lithological and mechanical imperfections cause most wells to deviate at least slightly from true vertical.", "However, modern directional drilling technologies allow for strongly deviated wells which can, given sufficient depth and with the proper tools, actually become horizontal.", "This is of great value as the reservoir rocks which contain hydrocarbons are usually horizontal or nearly horizontal; a horizontal wellbore placed in a production zone has more surface area in the production zone than a vertical well, resulting in a higher production rate.", "The use of deviated and horizontal drilling has also made it possible to reach reservoirs several kilometers or miles away from the drilling location (extended reach drilling), allowing for the production of hydrocarbons located below locations that are either difficult to place a drilling rig on, environmentally sensitive, or populated.", "Before a well is drilled, a geologic target is identified by a geologist or geophysicist to meet the objectives of the well.", "The target (the end point of the well) will be matched with a surface location (the starting point of the well), and a trajectory between the two will be designed.", "There are many considerations to take into account when designing the trajectory such as the clearance to any nearby wells (anti-collision) or if this well will get in the way of future wells, trying to avoid faults if possible and certain formations may be easier/more difficult to drill at certain inclinations or azimuths.", "When the well path is identified, a team of geoscientists and engineers will develop a set of presumed properties of the subsurface that will be drilled through to reach the target.", "These properties include pore pressure, fracture gradient, wellbore stability, porosity, permeability, lithology, faults, and clay content.", "This set of assumptions is used by a well engineering team to perform the casing design and completion design for the well, and then detailed planning, where, for example, the drill bits are selected, a BHA is designed, the drilling fluid is selected, and step-by-step procedures are written to provide instruction for executing the well in a safe and cost-efficient manner.", "With the interplay with many of the elements in a well design and making a change to one will have a knock on effect on many other things, often trajectories and designs go through several iterations before a plan is finalised.", "The well is created by drilling a hole 12 cm to 1 meter (5 in to 40 in) in diameter into the earth with a drilling rig that rotates a drill string with a bit attached.", "After the hole is drilled, sections of steel pipe (casing), slightly smaller in diameter than the borehole, are placed in the hole.", "Cement may be placed between the outside of the casing and the borehole known as the annulus.", "The casing provides structural integrity to the newly drilled wellbore, in addition to isolating potentially dangerous high pressure zones from each other and from the surface.", "With these zones safely isolated and the formation protected by the casing, the well can be drilled deeper (into potentially more-unstable and violent formations) with a smaller bit, and also cased with a smaller size casing.", "Modern wells often have two to five sets of subsequently smaller hole sizes drilled inside one another, each cemented with casing.", "This process is all facilitated by a drilling rig which contains all necessary equipment to circulate the drilling fluid, hoist and turn the pipe, control downhole, remove cuttings from the drilling fluid, and generate on-site power for these operations.", "After drilling and casing the well, it must be 'completed'.", "Completion is the process in which the well is enabled to produce oil or gas.", "In a cased-hole completion, small holes called perforations are made in the portion of the casing which passed through the production zone, to provide a path for the oil to flow from the surrounding rock into the production tubing.", "In open hole completion, often 'sand screens' or a 'gravel pack' is installed in the last drilled, uncased reservoir section.", "These maintain structural integrity of the wellbore in the absence of casing, while still allowing flow from the reservoir into the wellbore.", "Screens also control the migration of formation sands into production tubulars and surface equipment, which can cause washouts and other problems, particularly from unconsolidated sand formations of offshore fields.", "After a flow path is made, acids and fracturing fluids may be pumped into the well to fracture, clean, or otherwise prepare and stimulate the reservoir rock to optimally produce hydrocarbons into the wellbore.", "Finally, the area above the reservoir section of the well is packed off inside the casing, and connected to the surface via a smaller diameter pipe called tubing.", "This arrangement provides a redundant barrier to leaks of hydrocarbons as well as allowing damaged sections to be replaced.", "Also, the smaller cross-sectional area of the tubing produces reservoir fluids at an increased velocity in order to minimize liquid fallback that would create additional back pressure, and shields the casing from corrosive well fluids.", "In many wells, the natural pressure of the subsurface reservoir is high enough for the oil or gas to flow to the surface.", "However, this is not always the case, especially in depleted fields where the pressures have been lowered by other producing wells, or in low permeability oil reservoirs.", "Installing a smaller diameter tubing may be enough to help the production, but artificial lift methods may also be needed.", "Common solutions include downhole pumps, gas lift, or surface pump jacks.", "Many new systems in the last ten years have been introduced for well completion.", "Multiple packer systems with frac ports or port collars in an all in one system have cut completion costs and improved production, especially in the case of horizontal wells.", "These new systems allow casings to run into the lateral zone with proper packer/frac port placement for optimal hydrocarbon recovery.", "The production stage is the most important stage of a well's life; when the oil and gas are produced.", "By this time, the oil rigs and workover rigs used to drill and complete the well have moved off the wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a Christmas tree or production tree.", "These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the wellbore in case further completion work is needed.", "From the outlet valve of the production tree, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply the product to refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals.", "As long as the pressure in the reservoir remains high enough, the production tree is all that is required to produce the well.", "If the pressure depletes and it is considered economically viable, an artificial lift method mentioned in the completions section can be employed.", "Workovers are often necessary in older wells, which may need smaller diameter tubing, scale or paraffin removal, acid matrix jobs, or completing new zones of interest in a shallower reservoir.", "Such remedial work can be performed using workover rigs – also known as \"pulling units\", \"completion rigs\" or \"service rigs\" – to pull and replace tubing, or by the use of well intervention techniques utilizing coiled tubing.", "Depending on the type of lift system and wellhead a rod rig or flushby can be used to change a pump without pulling the tubing.", "Enhanced recovery methods such as water flooding, steam flooding, or CO flooding may be used to increase reservoir pressure and provide a \"sweep\" effect to push hydrocarbons out of the reservoir.", "Such methods require the use of injection wells (often chosen from old production wells in a carefully determined pattern), and are used when facing problems with reservoir pressure depletion, high oil viscosity, or can even be employed early in a field's life.", "In certain cases – depending on the reservoir's geomechanics – reservoir engineers may determine that ultimate recoverable oil may be increased by applying a waterflooding strategy early in the field's development rather than later.", "Such enhanced recovery techniques are often called \"tertiary recovery\".", "A well is said to reach an \"economic limit\" when its most efficient production rate does not cover the operating expenses, including taxes." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 41244, "simple_article_title": "Oil well", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41244", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-41244-0-0", "simple-41244-0-1", "simple-41244-0-2", "simple-41244-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "An oil well is a well to get petroleum from the ground.", "People in the petroleum industry look for a place that might have oil.", "They drill a hole deep in the ground and, if the oil is there, then pump it up from the hole.", "Most oil is very deep underground." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 296388, "normal_article_title": "Lucy Lawless", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=296388", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-296388-0-0", "normal-296388-0-1", "normal-296388-1-0", "normal-296388-1-1", "normal-296388-2-0", "normal-296388-2-1", "normal-296388-3-0", "normal-296388-3-1", "normal-296388-3-2", "normal-296388-4-0", "normal-296388-5-0", "normal-296388-5-1", "normal-296388-6-0", "normal-296388-6-1", "normal-296388-6-2", "normal-296388-7-0", "normal-296388-7-1", "normal-296388-7-2", "normal-296388-7-3", "normal-296388-7-4", "normal-296388-7-5", "normal-296388-7-6", "normal-296388-8-0", "normal-296388-8-1", "normal-296388-8-2", "normal-296388-9-0", "normal-296388-9-1", "normal-296388-10-0", "normal-296388-10-1", "normal-296388-10-2", "normal-296388-10-3", "normal-296388-11-0", "normal-296388-12-0", "normal-296388-12-1", "normal-296388-12-2", "normal-296388-13-0", "normal-296388-13-1", "normal-296388-14-0", "normal-296388-15-0", "normal-296388-15-1", "normal-296388-16-0", "normal-296388-16-1", "normal-296388-17-0", "normal-296388-18-0", "normal-296388-18-1", "normal-296388-18-2", "normal-296388-18-3", "normal-296388-19-0", "normal-296388-19-1", "normal-296388-19-2", "normal-296388-19-3", "normal-296388-19-4", "normal-296388-20-0", "normal-296388-20-1", "normal-296388-21-0", "normal-296388-21-1", "normal-296388-21-2", "normal-296388-21-3", "normal-296388-21-4", "normal-296388-22-0", "normal-296388-22-1", "normal-296388-22-2", "normal-296388-22-3", "normal-296388-23-0", "normal-296388-23-1", "normal-296388-24-0", "normal-296388-24-1", "normal-296388-24-2", "normal-296388-24-3", "normal-296388-25-0", "normal-296388-25-1", "normal-296388-25-2", "normal-296388-26-0", "normal-296388-26-1", "normal-296388-27-0", "normal-296388-28-0", "normal-296388-28-1", "normal-296388-28-2", "normal-296388-28-3", "normal-296388-28-4", "normal-296388-28-5", "normal-296388-28-6", "normal-296388-29-0", "normal-296388-29-1", "normal-296388-30-0", "normal-296388-30-1", "normal-296388-30-2", "normal-296388-30-3", "normal-296388-31-0", "normal-296388-32-0", "normal-296388-32-1", "normal-296388-32-2", "normal-296388-33-0", "normal-296388-34-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lucille Frances Lawless, (née Ryan ; born 29 March 1968), is a New Zealand actress and singer.", "She portrayed the title character in television series \"\" (1995–2001); cylon model Number Three D'Anna Biers on the re-imagined \"Battlestar Galactica\" series (2005–2009); and Lucretia in the television series \"\" (2010), its prequel \"\" (2011), and its sequel \"\" (2012).", "Lawless had recurring roles as Diane Lewis-Swanson on the NBC sitcom \"Parks and Recreation\" (2012–2015), and as Countess Palatine Ingrid Von Marburg on the WGN America supernatural series \"Salem\" (2015).", "She also starred as Ruby on the Starz horror-comedy series \"Ash vs Evil Dead\" (2015–2018).", "Lucille Frances \"Lucy\" Ryan was born in the Auckland suburb of Mount Albert to teacher Julie Ryan and Mount Albert's mayor, banker Frank Ryan.", "She is the fifth of six siblings (she has four brothers and one sister) and has described her family as \"this big, sprawling Irish-Catholic family\", and while filming in Ireland for the Discovery Channel in 2004, she told \"Ireland on Sunday\" that her father's family originated in Quilty, County Clare.", "Ryan appeared in her first musical at age 10 and began acting in secondary school.", "She attended Marist College, Auckland, and at 18, like many young New Zealanders, she went on her \"overseas experience\", travelling through Europe and Australia with her future husband, Garth Lawless.", "At 21, she won the 1989 Mrs New Zealand competition.", "Lawless has said she suffered from bulimia as a child, but she was able to overcome the illness.", "Her debut on television was 2 1/2 seasons as a cast member in the New Zealand sketch-comedy series \"Funny Business.\"", "After that, she studied drama at the William Davis Centre for Actors Study in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.", "In 1994, Lawless appeared in \"Hercules and the Amazon Women\", a Pacific Renaissance Pictures made-for-television film that became the television pilot for \".\"", "In that , she played a man-hating Amazon named Lysia.", "She went on to play another character, Lyla, in the first-season episode \"As Darkness Falls.\"", "Lawless received her best-known role when she was asked to play a heroic warrior woman named Xena in the first season of ‘’Hercules’’.", "She first appeared in the episode \"The Warrior Princess,\" which aired in March 1995 (R. J. Stewart, one of Pacific Renaissance Pictures's in-house writers, dramatised the teleplay from a story that Robert G. \"Rob\" Tapert commissioned John Schulian to write).", "The character proved to be a fan favorite.", "Vanessa Angel was originally cast in the role, but she fell ill and was unable to travel to New Zealand for shooting.", "To differentiate between Xena and the similar Lysia, Lawless' hair, previously an ash blonde, was dyed black.", "She also wore a much darker costume.", "Lawless returned as Xena in two more episodes of the first season of \"Hercules,\" which portrayed her turn from villainess to a good, heroic character.", "The character was popular enough that a spin-off series was created: \"\" debuted on 4 September 1995.", "\"Xena: Warrior Princess,\" like its parent programme, was a huge hit and achieved high ratings and cultural significance, lasting six seasons.", "The series brought Lawless an immense amount of attention and she became an international celebrity.", "While taping an appearance on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" in October 1996, Lawless suffered a fractured pelvis when the horse she was riding lost its footing in the studio car park.", "She made a complete recovery, but several episodes of the second season of \"Xena\" were rewritten to focus on background characters to minimise the time Lawless was needed on set.", "Xena's ambiguous romantic relationship with travelling companion Gabrielle (Renee O’Connor) led to Lawless becoming a lesbian icon, a role of which she has said she's proud.", "She has said that during the years she was playing the role, she had been undecided on the nature of the relationship, but in a 2003 interview with \"Lesbian News\" magazine, she said that after viewing the series finale, she had come to see Xena and Gabrielle's relationship as definitely gay, adding \"they're married, man.\"", "This reputation became cemented after her \"graphic lesbian sex scenes\" in \"\".", "She has appeared at gay pride events such as the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras.", "For her strong support of LGBT rights, including her public support for same-sex marriage, in 2017 Lawless was given the Star 100–Ally of the Year award at the Australian LGBTI Awards ceremony.", "Lawless first appeared on Broadway in September 1997 in the \"Grease\" revival, as the \"bad girl\" character Betty Rizzo.", "She wanted to play the lead role of Sandy and later stated her belief that the producers typecast her to play \"bad girls\" following her success as Xena.", "She said the Sandy character was very similar to her sheltered childhood, growing up in New Zealand with many protective older brothers.", "From 2005 to 2009, she had a recurring role in the television series \"Battlestar Galactica.\"", "Lawless appeared as D'Anna Biers, a reporter with the Fleet News Service who worked on a critical documentary about the crew of the \"Galactica\" and was later revealed to be a Cylon (Number Three).", "Lawless competed as one of the celebrity singers on the Fox reality TV show \"Celebrity Duets\" in 2006, finishing as the runner-up to winner Alfonso Ribeiro.", "Lawless has also performed as a voice actor in several animated features: In 2008, Lawless voiced the animated character of Diana Prince/Wonder Woman in the direct-to-video superhero animated film, \"\", adapted from the DC Comics limited series.", "In 2014, Lawless voiced the militaristic \"Queen of the Ants\" in the American animated television series \"Adventure Time\" on the Cartoon Network.", "In 2007, Lawless was to appear as one of the leads in the ensemble cast of the ABC television series, \"Football Wives,\" based on the popular British series \"Footballers' Wives\".", "The series did not continue past the pilot episode, but the network extended the options on its contracts with Lawless and the other actors slated to star in the series, including Gabrielle Union, Kiele Sanchez, Ving Rhames, and James Van Der Beek.", "Lawless returned to television on 10 November 2008 in a guest-starring role on the CBS television series \",\" in a Season 7 episode, \"Cheating Death\", playing a madam with connections to a murder and helping Horatio \"H\" Caine with his inquiries.", "In 2009, Lawless appeared in two episodes of the final season of \"The L Word\" as Sergeant Marybeth Duffy.", "She played a role in the Adam Sandler movie \"Bedtime Stories\" released Christmas 2008.", "Also in 2008, Lawless appeared with her former \"Xena\" stuntwoman Zoë Bell in Sony (Crackle)'s new web series \"Angel of Death,\" written by Ed Brubaker, which debuted online in early 2009.", "In 2009, Lawless guest-starred in the HBO series \"Flight of the Conchords\" as Paula, assistant to the Prime Minister of New Zealand.", "Lawless co-starred in the Starz original series \".\"", "The show was based on the life of Spartacus, the famous gladiator, and the slave revolt he led, and was produced by long-time \"Xena\" producers Sam Raimi and \"Rob\" Tapert, her own husband.", "Lawless played the role of Lucretia, the wife of Lentulus Batiatus, who were both the owners of a gladiator ludus, which also saw Lawless doing nude scenes for the first time.", "Lawless won the 2011 Saturn Award as Best Supporting Actress for her role as Lucretia in \"Spartacus: Blood and Sand.\"", "Lawless reprised her role as Lucretia in \",\" which chronicled life in the Ludus before Spartacus's arrival, and she also returned for the sequel \".\"", "Lawless provided the voice of Goldmoon for \",\" a direct-to-DVD animated movie based on the novel of the same name, as well as Wonder Woman in the direct-to-video animated movie \".\"", "From 2012 to 2015, Lawless had a recurring role on the NBC series \"Parks and Recreation\" as Diane, the love interest and eventual wife of Ron Swanson.", "In 2014, she guest starred in \"Agents of Shield\" as Isabelle Hartley in the season two premiere, and reprised the role later in episode 15 of season two, 'One Door Closes.'", "In 2015, Lawless landed the recurring guest role of Countess Palatine Ingrid Von Marburg in WGN America's \"Salem\".", "She plays Countess Marburg, one of the last remaining survivors of the legendary line of ancient German witches.", "In March 2015, it was announced that she would be portraying the role of Ruby in Starz horror-comedy series \"Ash vs Evil Dead\".", "The series ended in 2018.", "Lawless, who has a background in musical theatre, played Betty Rizzo on Broadway in a production of \"Grease\" in 1997.", "She continued to sing during the run of \"Xena,\" even contributing dirge music of her own composition; this made it into the episode \"The Path Not Taken\" as the dirge \"Burial,\" which she sang for the first time in the episode.", "Two musically-oriented episodes, \"The Bitter Suite\" and \"Lyre, Lyre, Heart's On Fire,\" also showcased not only her singing but also that of some of her castmates.", "(\"See also\" \"for details.\")", "Lucy was encouraged to pursue a singing career after being a contestant on \"Celebrity Duets,\" which she finished as runner-up to Alfonso Ribeiro.", "She made her onstage debut at the Roxy in Hollywood, a venue of 500 seats, on 13 January 2007, with a sold-out crowd for back-to-back concerts.", "Lawless is a member of the board of trustees of the \"StarShip Foundation,\" the charity arm of the Starship Children's Health (hospital) which is part of the Auckland District Health Board.", "It is set up to provide additional equipment, support and help to staff, patients and families.", "She devotes much time and energy to fundraising for the organisation.", "She recently sat for the New Zealand television series \"The Sitting,\" an arts series where celebrity portraits are produced during an interview session, with the portraits later auctioned for charity.", "Lawless attended the auction where her portrait fetched the top price , with the whole event raising $39,000 for Starship.", "Lawless has often raised money for concerts and events, donates part of her salary in favour of the institution, and has sold some Xena costumes to contribute funds.", "In mid February 2012, Lawless sang at New Zealander of the Year donating her appearance fee to the Starship Foundation.", "Since 2006, 21 September marks \"Lucy Lawless Feel the Love Day/Week.\"", "The day, organised by the Official Lucy Lawless Fan Club, begins a week of charitable acts and donations by fans in honour and support of Lawless.", "In May 2009 Lawless became a \"climate ambassador\" for the Greenpeace \"Sign On\" campaign.", "In February 2012, Lawless and six other Greenpeace activists boarded an oil drilling ship at Port Taranaki, New Zealand, and remained on it for 77 hours to stop it leaving for the Arctic where it was going to take part in oil exploration.", "She was subsequently arrested and charged with burglary, which carries an imprisonment term of up to 10 years if convicted.", "She pleaded guilty on 14 June 2012 to trespass charges regarding the February incident.", "Lawless said she intends for now to remain involved with Greenpeace.", "In February 2013, Lawless and the other six activists were each sentenced to pay a fine of NZ$651 (about US$547) and 120 hours of community service.", "The judge denied the $545,000 in reparations that Shell Todd Oil Services had sought from the activists.", "Following the sentencing, Lawless said: \"I consider it a great victory that the court has struck down the reparation demand from Shell, which I think was absolutely ludicrous.\"", "Astronomer Michael E. Brown nicknamed his newly discovered dwarf planet \"Xena\"—finding this name more convenient to use than the then-official designation, 2003 UB313.", "When this object was initially determined to be larger than Pluto, it gained international attention and forced a year-long debate among astronomers as to the definition of a planet (Observations made by New Horizons subsequently found Pluto to be marginally larger than Eris).", "The object's nickname \"Xena\" was used in the press.", "\"New Scientist\" magazine polled the public on their preferred final name for the so-called tenth planet; \"Xena\" ranked number 4.", "Lawless rang Mike Brown in December 2005 to thank him for his \"senseless act of beauty,\" and claimed that she \"never dared hope the name would stick.\"", "Eventually, both it and Pluto were deemed not to be planets, and were instead classified as dwarf planets.", "Although \"Xena\" is now officially known as Eris, Brown made an indirect tribute to Lawless by naming Eris' moon Dysnomia after the Greek goddess of lawlessness.", "In 1988, 19-year-old Lawless became pregnant by her boyfriend Garth Lawless while working with him in the Australian outback.", "They married in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia that year, then returned to New Zealand, where their daughter was born.", "They divorced in 1995.", "On 28 March 1998, Lawless married \"Xena's\" executive producer, Pacific Renaissance Pictures CEO Robert G. \"Rob\" Tapert.", "Lawless became a member of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2004 Queen's Birthday Honours List, which entitled her to use the postnominal letters MNZM." ] } }

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"simple-129305-10-0", "simple-129305-10-1", "simple-129305-11-0", "simple-129305-11-1", "simple-129305-12-0", "simple-129305-12-1", "simple-129305-12-2", "simple-129305-12-3", "simple-129305-12-4", "simple-129305-13-0", "simple-129305-13-1", "simple-129305-13-2", "simple-129305-13-3", "simple-129305-13-4", "simple-129305-13-5", "simple-129305-14-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Lucille Frances Ryan (born March 29, 1968 in Auckland) is a New Zealand actress.", "When she was twenty years old, she got her first acting job in the TV program \"Funny Business\".", "In 1995, she starred in her first television series, \"\", becoming in an international star in this role.", "Lawless is also known for her role as \"D'anna Biers\" in the TV series \"Battlestar Galactica\" between 2005 and 2008.", "During a break in 1997 between filming seasons on Xena, Lawless made her onstage debut singing songs on Broadway as Rizzo in the remake of the musical play Grease.", "Since her role as Xena, Lawless has pursued a new career in singing after being a contestant on \"Celebrity Duets\".", "She sang at the Roxy in Hollywood in 2007, and has since performed regularly in concerts and released several CDs.", "She has a contralto singing range.", "She was born in Auckland on 29 March, 1968.", "Lawless' mother, Julie, was teacher, and her father, Frank, was mayor.", "She has 6 brothers.", "She had bulimia and Depression.", "Lawless began acting in secondary school, attending Marist College, New Zealand, in Mount Albert.", "She studied foreign languages at Auckland University for a year before dropping out and leaving for Europe with her boyfriend, Garth Lawless, to travel to Germany and Switzerland.", "The couple then moved to Australia, where she worked briefly as a gold miner.", "Lawless wanted to act since she was five.", "She took her first acting class at the school.", "Lawless starred various national television commercials when she was a child.", "One of these was for McDonald's.", "She played an Amazon in the TV movie \"Hercules and the Amazon Women\", in 1994, and Lisya in his Spin-off, the TV series \"\" em 1995.", "In the same year, she plays Xena in three episodes, returning later.", "In September, Xena won her own series, \"\", Lawless was the star in the program during 6 years.", "Lawless first appeared on Broadway in September 1997 in the \"Grease play remake\", as the \"bad girl\" Rizzo character.", "She applied to play the squeaky-clean naive blond girl Sandra Dee, but she claimed the producers after Xena had typed her to playing only \"bad girls.\"", "She said the Sandy character was very similar to her sheltered childhood, growing up in New Zealand with many protective older brothers.", "Lawless has since appeared onstage in the \"Vagina Monologues\" and as a television guest star in episodes of The Simpsons, The X-Files, Just Shoot Me!,", ", Veronica Mars, Burn Notice, and Curb Your Enthusiasm.", "She was also featured in the short-lived television series Tarzan.", "Lawless has made cameo appearances in the movies EuroTrip, Spider-Man and Boogeyman.", "She returned to television in the TV movie Locusts!", "and its sequel Vampire Bats.", "From 2005 to 2008, Lawless has had a recurring role in the television series Battlestar Galactica.", "She portrays D'Anna Biers, a reporter with the \"Fleet News Service\" who works on a critical documentary about the crew of the Galactica and is later revealed to be a Cylon.", "In 1997, Lawless was named one of the \"50 Most Beautiful People in the World\" by People magazine.", "Days earlier on 6 May 1997, Lawless inadvertently exposed a breast as she concluded a performance of the US national anthem at an NHL hockey game in Anaheim, California between the Mighty Ducks and Detroit Red Wings.", "Lawless has enjoyed a particular cult status in the lesbian community.", "Some of the lesbian fan base sees Lawless as a lesbian icon.", "A group called The Marching Xenas has participated in many gay and lesbian pride parades.", "Some fans felt that the sexual nature of Xena and the character Gabrielle's relationship was cemented by an interview given by Lucy Lawless to \"Lesbian News\" magazine in 2003.", "Lawless stated that after the series finale, where Gabrielle revives Xena with a mouth-to-mouth water transfer filmed to look like a full kiss, she had come to believe that Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was \"definitely gay... there was always a 'well, she might be or she might not be' but when there was that drip of water passing between their lips in the very final scene, that cemented it for me\".", "In 2006, Lucy Lawless donated her personal Xena costume to the Museum of American History.", "In an interview the same year with \"Smithsonian\" magazine, she was asked the question \"Was the Warrior Princess outfit comfortable?\"", "Not at first, because they would put boning in the corset.", "It would cover up those little floating ribs that are so important for breathing, so I'd feel like I was having panic attacks.", "But it just became a second skin after a while.", "It was very functional, once I got over the modesty factor.", "I admit to being a little bit embarrassed the first couple weeks because I'd never worn anything so short.", "At the age of nineteen, Lawless became pregnant with Garth's child.", "In 1988, they married in Kalgoorlie, Australia.", "They returned to New Zealand and had a daughter, Daisy Lawless (born 15 July 1988), who also attended Marist College, New Zealand.", "The couple divorced in 1995.", "Lawless married \"Xena\" executive producer Robert Tapert on 28 March 1998.", "Lawless and Tapert have two sons: Julius Robert Bay Tapert (born 16 October 1999) and Judah Miro Tapert (born 7 May 2002), both born in Auckland.", "The following table shows all the movies she has been in, the role she played and when the movie was released" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 15673933, "normal_article_title": "Andryes", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15673933", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-15673933-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Andryes is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 378883, "simple_article_title": "Andryes", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378883", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-378883-0-0", "simple-378883-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Andryes is a commune.", "It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 97177, "normal_article_title": "Nefertem", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=97177", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-97177-0-0", "normal-97177-0-1", "normal-97177-1-0", "normal-97177-1-1", "normal-97177-1-2", "normal-97177-1-3", "normal-97177-2-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Nefertem ( ; possibly \"beautiful one who closes\" or \"one who does not close\"; also spelled Nefertum or Nefer-temu) was, in Egyptian mythology, originally a lotus flower at the creation of the world, who had arisen from the primal waters.", "Nefertem represented both the first sunlight and the delightful smell of the Egyptian blue lotus flower, having arisen from the primal waters within an Egyptian blue water-lily, \"Nymphaea caerulea\".", "Nefertem was eventually seen as the son of the creator god Ptah, and the goddesses Sekhmet and Bast were sometimes called his mother.", "In art, Nefertem is usually depicted as a beautiful young man having blue water-lily flowers around his head.", "As the son of Bastet, he also sometimes has the head of a lion or is a lion or cat reclining.", "The ancient Egyptians often carried small statuettes of him as good-luck charms.", "There is a Head of Nefertem depicting Tutankhamun as a child." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 344521, "simple_article_title": "Nefertem", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=344521", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-344521-0-0", "simple-344521-0-1", "simple-344521-0-2", "simple-344521-0-3", "simple-344521-1-0", "simple-344521-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Nefertem was a deity honored by the ancient Egyptians.", "According to a creation myth, he was originally a lotus flower at the time of creation.", "He was worshipped as a god of healing and beauty.", "Since the blue lotus is a flower and a symbol of rebirth, Nefertem is often compared to it.", "His father is Ptah and his mother is Sekhmet.", "They are all worshiped evenly." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 21392729, "normal_article_title": "George C. Martin", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21392729", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-21392729-0-0", "normal-21392729-1-0", "normal-21392729-1-1", "normal-21392729-1-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "George Coleman Martin (May 16, 1910, Everett, Washington - May 21, 2003) was a project engineer on the Boeing B-47 and chief project engineer of the Boeing B-52.", "After graduating from Everett High School, Martin enrolled at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he majored in aeronautical engineering.", "While a student at Washington, he was inducted into the Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society, and became a brother of the Alpha Kappa Lambda social fraternity.", "He graduated from Washington in 1931." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 459252, "simple_article_title": "George C. Martin", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=459252", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-459252-0-0", "simple-459252-0-1", "simple-459252-1-0", "simple-459252-1-1", "simple-459252-1-2", "simple-459252-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "George Coleman Martin (May 16, 1910 - May 21, 2003) was an American project engineer on the Boeing B-47 and chief project engineer of the Boeing B-52.", "Martin was born in Everett, Washington.", "After graduating from Everett High School, Martin enrolled at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he majored in aeronautical engineering.", "While a student at Washington, he was inducted into the Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society, and became a brother of the Alpha Kappa Lambda social fraternity.", "He graduated from Washington in 1931.", "Martin died from pneumonia in Everett, Washington, aged 93." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 44942137, "normal_article_title": "Coconut lorikeet", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44942137", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-44942137-0-0", "normal-44942137-0-1", "normal-44942137-1-0", "normal-44942137-1-1", "normal-44942137-1-2", "normal-44942137-1-3", "normal-44942137-1-4", "normal-44942137-1-5", "normal-44942137-2-0", "normal-44942137-2-1", "normal-44942137-2-2", "normal-44942137-2-3", "normal-44942137-2-4", "normal-44942137-3-0", "normal-44942137-3-1", "normal-44942137-3-2", "normal-44942137-4-0", "normal-44942137-5-0", "normal-44942137-5-1", "normal-44942137-5-2", "normal-44942137-5-3", "normal-44942137-5-4", "normal-44942137-5-5", "normal-44942137-6-0", "normal-44942137-7-0", "normal-44942137-7-1", "normal-44942137-7-2", "normal-44942137-8-0", "normal-44942137-8-1", "normal-44942137-8-2", "normal-44942137-8-3", "normal-44942137-9-0", "normal-44942137-9-1", "normal-44942137-9-2", "normal-44942137-9-3", "normal-44942137-9-4", "normal-44942137-9-5", "normal-44942137-10-0", "normal-44942137-10-1", "normal-44942137-10-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The coconut lorikeet (\"Trichoglossus haematodus\") is a parrot in the family Psittaculidae.", "Seven species of lorikeets now recognised were once lumped together under \"Trichoglossus haematodus\".", "In 1758, English naturalist George Edwards described this species as the red-breasted parrakeet in his work \"Gleanings of Natural History\".", "He had obtained a stuffed specimen from a China warehouse in London, that had come from the East Indies.", "\"It is a parrakeet, equal to any I have seen for beauty; and I believe hath never been described or figured until now.\"", "In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the coconut lorikeet in his \"Ornithologie\" based on a specimen collected on the island of Ambon in Indonesia.", "He used the French name \"La perruche variée d'Amboine\" and the Latin name \"Psittaca amboinensis varia\".", "Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.", "Acknowledging both previous authors as having written about the same species, Carl Linnaeus formally described the coconut lorikeet in 1771 as \"Psittacus haematod.(", "He had abbreviated the name to avoid it spilling over onto the next line.", "The shortened form was followed for many years.", "The specific epithet is from the Ancient Greek \"haimatōdēs\" for \"blood-red\".", "Hence the translation of its binomial name is \"bloody hair-tongue\".", "For many years, the species was broadly defined with 20 or 22 subspecies recognised, and was known as the rainbow lorikeet.", "This name has been reapplied to eastern Australian populations, now classified as a distinct species \"Trichoglossus moluccanus\".", "Also recognised as distinct species are the sunset lorikeet (\"T. forsteni\"), leaf lorikeet (\"T. weberi\"), marigold lorikeet (\"T. capistratus\"), red-collared lorikeet (\"T. rubritorquis\"), and Biak lorikeet (\"T. rosenbergii\").", "\"Coconut lorikeet\" has been designated as the official common name for the species by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).", "The coconut lorikeet measures in length and weighs around .", "The bill is orange-red, and the head dark blue fading to brown at the neck.", "It has a yellow collar and green upperparts.", "The breast is red with blue-black barring, and the belly is green with yellow barring.", "The tail is green above and barred in green and yellow below.", "The male’s iris is bright red, while in the female it is orange-red.", "\"Trichoglossus haematodus\" is found in eastern Indonesia, on Buru, Seram, Misool, Waigeo, Numfoor, Yapen and the Aru Islands, in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea on New Guinea, in the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia.", "The species occupies a wide range of lowland and wooded hill habitats, including mangroves, rainforest, nypa forest, swamps, savanna and woodland.", "It also occupies human-modified areas including coconut plantations, gardens, agricultural land and disturbed forest.", "It is found from sea level up to as high as 2440 m ; this upper altitude level varies by location.", "These lorikeets have on the tip of their specialized tongue a small brush, which is actually the tongue's extended papillae.", "With the help of the tongue, they are able to feed on nectar and pollen from flowers.", "They mainly feed on nectar and pollen, but they also eat other parts of the flowers, as well as seeds, fruits, berries, insects, and larvae.", "They usually make a huge noise during flight, emitting screeching calls (\"e.g.\" “peaow-peaow-peaow”), at regular intervals.", "Coconut lorikeets are monogamous birds, choosing only one partner for their whole life.", "They are diurnal birds living in very large bands.", "In the evening, they join their fellows in a dormitory tree.", "These birds may breed throughout most of year, depending on the region.", "Usually they breed in the spring, from July to December.", "They usually raise one brood a year, sometimes two.", "Nests are usually located in holes in decaying wood, such as hollows of eucalyptus trees, at a height of 25 m above the ground.", "Females lay two matte white, round eggs and incubate them for 23–25 days.", "Parents feed the chicks for 7–8 weeks, after which they leave the nest and after another 2–3 weeks they become completely independent." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 173563, "simple_article_title": "Rainbow lorikeet", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173563", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-173563-0-0", "simple-173563-0-1", "simple-173563-1-0", "simple-173563-1-1", "simple-173563-2-0", "simple-173563-3-0", "simple-173563-3-1", "simple-173563-3-2", "simple-173563-4-0", "simple-173563-4-1", "simple-173563-4-2", "simple-173563-4-3", "simple-173563-4-4", "simple-173563-4-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The rainbow lorikeet (\"Trichoglossus haematodus\") is an Australasian parrot.", "This brightly colored parrot lives on the east coast of Australia, eastern Indonesia (Maluku and Western New Guinea), Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.", "In Australia, it is common along the eastern seaboard, from Queensland to South Australia and Tasmania.", "Its habitat is rainforest, coastal bush and woodland areas.", "It has a number of subspecies, in fact, some classifications list about 20 subspecies.", "Rainbow lorikeets are monogamous and pair for life, and the two sexes look almost identical.", "They are strongly territorial, and chase off other birds.", "In some places (Western Australia, North Island of New Zealand) they have been artificially introduced, and are looked on as a pest species.", "It is a large lorikeet, about 12 in tall.", "It is has green feathers on its back, wings and tail.", "It has bright red feathers on the chest, with orange and yellow feathers on the sides of its chest.", "It has deep blue feathers on its abdomen and head.", "It also has stripes of yellow among its green feathers.", "It has a bright red bill with grey legs and feet." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 145646, "normal_article_title": "Paul Lukas", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=145646", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-145646-0-0", "normal-145646-0-1", "normal-145646-1-0", "normal-145646-1-1", "normal-145646-2-0", "normal-145646-2-1", "normal-145646-2-2", "normal-145646-2-3", "normal-145646-2-4", "normal-145646-2-5", "normal-145646-3-0", "normal-145646-3-1", "normal-145646-3-2", "normal-145646-3-3", "normal-145646-3-4", "normal-145646-4-0", "normal-145646-4-1", "normal-145646-4-2", "normal-145646-5-0", "normal-145646-5-1", "normal-145646-5-2", "normal-145646-6-0", "normal-145646-7-0", "normal-145646-7-1", "normal-145646-8-0", "normal-145646-8-1", "normal-145646-9-0", "normal-145646-9-1", "normal-145646-10-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Paul Lukas (born Pál Lukács; May 26, 1894 – August 15, 1971) was a Hungarian actor.", "He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film \"Watch on the Rhine\" (1943), reprising the role he created on the Broadway stage.", "Lukas was born Pál Lukács in Budapest into a Jewish family, the son of Adolf Munkácsi and Mária Schneckendorf.", "He was later adopted by Mária (née Zilahy) and János Lukács, an advertising executive.", "Lukas made his stage debut in Budapest in 1916 and his film debut in 1917.", "At first, he played elegant, smooth womanizers, but increasingly he became typecast as a villain.", "He had a successful stage and film career in Hungary, Germany, and Austria, where he worked with Max Reinhardt.", "He arrived in Hollywood in 1927 and became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937.", "He was busy in the 1930s, appearing in such films as the melodrama \"Rockabye\", the crime caper \"Grumpy\", Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Lady Vanishes\", the comedy \"Ladies in Love\", and the drama \"Dodsworth\".", "He followed William Powell and Basil Rathbone portraying the series detective Philo Vance, a cosmopolitan New Yorker, once in \"The Casino Murder Case\" (1935).", "His major film success came in \"Watch on the Rhine\" (1943), where he played a man working against the Nazis, a role he originated in the Broadway premiere of the play of the same name in 1941.", "His portrayal of Kurt Mueller, a German émigré with an American wife, played by Bette Davis, was universally lauded by critics.", "Brooks Atkinson of the \"New York Times\", wrote, \"As the enemy of fascism, Mr. Lukas' haggard, loving, resourceful determination becomes heroic by virtue of his sincerity and his superior abilities as an actor.\"", "He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for the role.", "He also received the New York Film Critics Award for his performance.", "In 1943, he guest starred as the eponymous character in an episode of the radio program \"Suspense\", \"Mr. Markham, Antique Dealer\".,", ", as well as the character of a blind composer in the episode \"A World of Darkness\".", "On April 2, 1944, he starred in \"The Steadfast Heart\" on \"Silver Theater\".", "Modern viewers also remember Lukas for his role as Professor Aronnax in Walt Disney's film version of Jules Verne's \"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\" (1954).", "By that time, however, he was, at age 60, suffering from memory problems during the production, apparently leading him to lash out at cast and crew alike.", "Even friend Peter Lorre was not immune to the abuse.", "In the 1940s, Lukas was a charter member of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a conservative lobbying group opposed to possible Communist influence in Hollywood.", "Lukas' film career picked up momentum in the 1960s with six films, including \"Fun in Acapulco\" with Elvis Presley in 1963 and \"Lord Jim\" with Peter O'Toole in 1965.", "His final film, \"The Challenge\", was released in 1970.", "The remainder of his career moved from Hollywood to the stage to television.", "His only singing role was as Cosmo Constantine in the original 1950 Broadway stage version of Irving Berlin's \"Call Me Madam\", opposite Ethel Merman (although he is heard singing a song in the 1933 film \"Little Women\", displaying a pleasant voice).", "Lukas died August 15, 1971, in Tangier, Morocco, reportedly while searching for a place to spend his retirement years.", "He is buried in Spain.", "Lukas was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6821 Hollywood Boulevard on February 8, 1960." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 274464, "normal_article_title": "Montreal Wanderers", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=274464", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-274464-0-0", "normal-274464-0-1", "normal-274464-0-2", "normal-274464-0-3", "normal-274464-1-0", "normal-274464-2-0", "normal-274464-2-1", "normal-274464-2-2", "normal-274464-2-3", "normal-274464-3-0", "normal-274464-3-1", "normal-274464-3-2", "normal-274464-3-3", "normal-274464-3-4", "normal-274464-3-5", "normal-274464-4-0", "normal-274464-4-1", "normal-274464-4-2", "normal-274464-4-3", "normal-274464-4-4", "normal-274464-5-0", "normal-274464-5-1", "normal-274464-5-2", "normal-274464-6-0", "normal-274464-6-1", "normal-274464-6-2", "normal-274464-7-0", "normal-274464-7-1", "normal-274464-8-0", "normal-274464-8-1", "normal-274464-8-2", "normal-274464-8-3", "normal-274464-8-4", "normal-274464-8-5", "normal-274464-8-6", "normal-274464-8-7", "normal-274464-9-0", "normal-274464-9-1", "normal-274464-9-2", "normal-274464-9-3", "normal-274464-9-4", "normal-274464-9-5", "normal-274464-10-0", "normal-274464-10-1", "normal-274464-10-2", "normal-274464-10-3", "normal-274464-10-4", "normal-274464-11-0", "normal-274464-11-1", "normal-274464-12-0", "normal-274464-12-1", "normal-274464-12-2", "normal-274464-12-3", "normal-274464-13-0", "normal-274464-13-1", "normal-274464-13-2", "normal-274464-13-3", "normal-274464-13-4", "normal-274464-14-0", "normal-274464-15-0", "normal-274464-15-1", "normal-274464-16-0", "normal-274464-17-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Montreal Wanderers were an amateur, and later professional, men's ice hockey team based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.", "The team played in the Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL), the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA), the National Hockey Association (NHA) and briefly the National Hockey League (NHL).", "The Wanderers were four-time Stanley Cup winners.", "Prior to the formation of the NHL, the \"Redbands\" were one of the most successful teams in hockey.", "James Strachan announced the formation of the new club on December 1, 1903.", "The club had formed over a dispute over the control of the Montreal Hockey Club.", "Along with teams rejected for membership in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL), the club helped found the Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL) on December 5, 1903.", "Many of the early Wanderers had been members of the Montreal Hockey Club team of 1902–03, which won the Stanley Cup.", "That team had been known as the \"Little Men of Iron\" because of the players' tenacity and small stature, and the nickname carried over to the new club.", "The Wanderers first Stanley Cup challenge was played against the Ottawa Hockey Club on March 2, 1904, resulting in a 5–5 tie game.", "The Wanderers would refuse to continue the series unless the tie was replayed in Montreal, and forfeited the series.", "This was the start of a terrific rivalry as Ottawa and the Wanderers would split the championship between them from 1903 until 1911.", "Ottawa and the Wanderers would meet again in 1906, after a regular season tie for first place in the ECAHA, and played a two-game total goals series for the league championship and the Cup.", "The Wanderers won the first game in Montreal 9–1.", "The 'Silver Seven' would storm back in the return match in Ottawa, with a 9–1 lead at one point in the game evening the total goals, but only won 9–3 as the Wanderers scored the last two goals, to win the series, and their first Stanley Cup.", "Montreal defended the Cup in its first challenge as champions in December 1906.", "The Wanderers defeated the New Glasgow Cubs 17–5 in a two-game total goals series.", "Montreal repeated as league champions in 1907, then faced the Kenora Thistles in a Cup challenge in January 1907.", "Kenora defeated Montreal 4–2 and 8–6, taking the Cup back to Northern Ontario.", "The Wanderers would regain the Cup from Kenora two months later in Winnipeg, Manitoba, defeating the Thistles 7–2 and 5–6.", "The Wanderers won their third consecutive league title in 1908 while defending the Cup in a mid-season challenge by the Ottawa Victorias in January.", "After their third consecutive ECAHA title, the Wanderers were given its trophy, the Arena Cup permanently.", "The Cup is on display in the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto.", "After the 1908 regular season, Montreal defended the Stanley Cup twice in March 1908, in challenges by the Winnipeg Maple Leafs, and the Toronto Professional Hockey Club.", "The 1908 Wanderers team scratched their names inside the bowl, which was just prior to the second band being added to the Cup.", "The team included five future Honoured Members of the Hockey Hall of Fame: Moose Johnson, Hod Stuart, Riley Hern, Lester Patrick, and Ernie Russell.", "Before the 1909 season started, Montreal defended its Cup in a challenge by the Edmonton Eskimos, winning 13–10 in two games.", "The Wanderers would lose the Cup they had held for two years, finishing second place in the ECAHA to Ottawa.", "The Wanderers were involved in the formation of the NHA.", "After the 1908 season, the Wanderers had been sold to P. J. Doran, owner of the Jubilee Rink who now made plans to move the club from the Montreal Arena to the smaller Jubilee for the 1910 season.", "This upset the other members of the ECHA, who would receive a smaller share of the proceeds from games played in the Wanderers rink.", "The other ECHA members suspended the ECHA and set up the Canadian Hockey Association league and rejected the application of the Wanderers to join.", "The Wanderers' representative at the meeting, Jimmy Gardner met Ambrose O'Brien in the ground floor of the hotel where the league was meeting.", "Gardner suggested to O'Brien, who had been rejected in his application for the Renfrew Creamery Kings to join the ECHA, that they form a new league, including the Wanderers, Renfrew and the Cobalt and Haileybury teams that O'Brien owned.", "O'Brien agreed and on December 4, 1909, the NHA was founded.", "Later in January 1910, the CHA folded and Ottawa and Montreal Shamrocks joined the NHA.", "The Wanderers regained the Cup in 1910, winning the championship of the new NHA and the new O'Brien Cup.", "The Wanderers successfully defended the Stanley Cup for the final time versus the Berlin Dutchmen in March 1910.", "Montreal fell to fourth place the following season, and lost the privilege to defend the Stanley Cup.", "The Wanderers would then miss the playoffs four seasons in a row.", "Montreal's last winning season came in 1914–15, when they tied for first place and lost in a playoff for the league championship.", "The Wanderers would win only 15 of their next 44 games in two seasons, before the NHA was reorganized as the National Hockey League (NHL).", "The Wanderers played only four games in the NHL's inaugural season and lost all but one before their home rink, the Montreal Arena, burned down on January 2, 1918.", "At the time, they had lost star players Sprague Cleghorn and Odie Cleghorn and had appealed to the other teams for player help.", "Before the fire, they had successfully obtained goaltender Hap Holmes from Seattle of the PCHA and it seemed that they might turn around their misfortunes.", "After the fire, the Wanderers again appealed for reinforcements, but none were forthcoming.", "The team defaulted its next two games, against the Montreal Canadiens and Toronto, and then disbanded.", "The last active Wanderers player was George Geran, who played his last NHL game in 1926.", "Dave Ritchie and Phil Stevens also played that season, but not the full year.", "After the founding of the Montreal Canadiens, a team that specifically appealed to Montreal's Francophone community, the Wanderers drew their support from Montreal's English-speaking community.", "A new team, the Montreal Maroons, was later established to take the Wanderers' place.", "The owners originally intended to use the name Wanderers but were unable to obtain rights to the name.", "The Maroons, too, would eventually fold in 1938, ending efforts to entrench separate Montreal-based teams for French- and English-speaking fans.", "The Wanderers nickname was the namesake of several earlier Montreal teams.", "These teams each only lasted one year throughout the latter portion of the 19th Century.", "The first had played in the Montreal Winter Carnival hockey tournament in 1884.", "Another was an independent team that played various challenges in 1893.", "A third played in the \"Independent Amateur Hockey League\" in 1895, while a fourth played in the \"Cyclists Interclub Hockey League\" in 1897.", "The Wanderers were created in December 1903, played their first league game the following month, won their first league championship the next month, and challenged the Ottawa \"Silver Seven/Senators\" Hockey Club (HC) for the Stanley Cup on March 2, 1904.", "While they lost that first challenge, it marked the start of a period of eight consecutive years through March 5, 1912, where these two teams would co-exist and either the Montreal Wanderers (1,390 days) or the Ottawa HC (1,474 days) would hold the Stanley Cup.", "Only the Kenora Thistles, for 61 days in 1907 (January 23 through March 25), would impinge on these two teams.", "The Wanderers would win or defend the Cup ten times in their first seven years of existence, and lost only two direct challenges (to Ottawa March 1904 and Kenora January 1907) during that period.", "\"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against\" Note: 1 = first half of season, 2 = second half of season" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 992991, "normal_article_title": "Vowel length", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=992991", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-992991-0-0", "normal-992991-0-1", "normal-992991-0-2", "normal-992991-0-3", "normal-992991-0-4", "normal-992991-1-0", "normal-992991-1-1", "normal-992991-1-2", "normal-992991-1-3", "normal-992991-1-4", "normal-992991-2-0", "normal-992991-2-1", "normal-992991-2-2", "normal-992991-3-0", "normal-992991-3-1", "normal-992991-4-0", "normal-992991-4-1", "normal-992991-4-2", "normal-992991-4-3", "normal-992991-4-4", "normal-992991-4-5", "normal-992991-5-0", "normal-992991-5-1", "normal-992991-5-2", "normal-992991-5-3", "normal-992991-6-0", "normal-992991-7-0", "normal-992991-7-1", "normal-992991-7-2", "normal-992991-7-3", "normal-992991-7-4", "normal-992991-7-5", "normal-992991-7-6", "normal-992991-7-7", "normal-992991-8-0", "normal-992991-8-1", "normal-992991-9-0", "normal-992991-9-1", "normal-992991-9-2", "normal-992991-9-3", "normal-992991-9-4", "normal-992991-10-0", "normal-992991-10-1", "normal-992991-10-2", "normal-992991-10-3", "normal-992991-10-4", "normal-992991-11-0", "normal-992991-12-0", "normal-992991-12-1", "normal-992991-12-2", "normal-992991-12-3", "normal-992991-12-4", "normal-992991-13-0", "normal-992991-13-1", "normal-992991-14-0", "normal-992991-14-1", "normal-992991-14-2", "normal-992991-14-3", "normal-992991-15-0", "normal-992991-15-1", "normal-992991-15-2", "normal-992991-15-3", "normal-992991-16-0", "normal-992991-16-1", "normal-992991-16-2", "normal-992991-16-3", "normal-992991-17-0", "normal-992991-17-1", "normal-992991-17-2", "normal-992991-18-0", "normal-992991-18-1", "normal-992991-18-2", "normal-992991-18-3", "normal-992991-19-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound.", "Often the chroneme, or the \"longness\", acts like a consonant, and may have arisen from one etymologically, such as in Australian English.", "While not distinctive in most other dialects of English, vowel length is an important phonemic factor in many of the world's languages and dialects, for instance in Arabic, Finnish, Fijian, Kannada, Japanese, Old English, Scottish Gaelic and Vietnamese.", "It plays a phonetic role in the majority of dialects of British English and is said to be phonemic in a few other dialects, such as Australian English, South African English and New Zealand English.", "It also plays a lesser phonetic role in Cantonese, unlike other varieties of Chinese.", "Many languages do not distinguish vowel length phonemically.", "Those that do usually distinguish between short vowels and long vowels.", "A very few languages distinguish three phonemic vowel lengths, such as Luiseño and Mixe.", "However, some languages with two vowel lengths also have words in which long vowels appear adjacent to other short or long vowels of the same type: Japanese \"hōō\" \"phoenix\" or Ancient Greek \"ἀάατος\" a.áː.a.tos \"inviolable\".", "Some languages that do not ordinarily have phonemic vowel length but permit vowel hiatus may similarly exhibit sequences of identical vowel phonemes that yield \"phonetically\" long vowels, such as Georgian გააადვილებ ɡa.a.ad.vil.eb \"you will facilitate it\".", "Stress is often reinforced by allophonic vowel length, especially when it is lexical.", "For example, French long vowels are always in stressed syllables.", "Finnish, a language with two phonemic lengths, indicates the stress by adding allophonic length, which gives four distinctive lengths and five physical lengths: short and long stressed vowels, short and long unstressed vowels, and a half-long vowel, which is a short vowel found in a syllable immediately preceded by a stressed short vowel: \"i-so\".", "Among the languages with distinctive vowel length, there are some in which it may occur only in stressed syllables, such as in Alemannic German, Scottish Gaelic and Egyptian Arabic.", "In languages such as Czech, Finnish, some Irish dialects and Classical Latin, vowel length is distinctive also in unstressed syllables.", "In some languages, vowel length is sometimes better analyzed as a sequence of two identical vowels.", "In Finnic languages, such as Finnish, the simplest example follows from consonant gradation: \"haka → haan\".", "In some cases, it is caused by a following chroneme, which is etymologically a consonant: \"jää\" \"ice\" ← Proto-Uralic *\"jäŋe\".", "In non-initial syllables, it is ambiguous if long vowels are vowel clusters; poems written in the Kalevala meter often syllabicate between the vowels, and an (etymologically original) intervocalic \"-h-\" is seen in that and some modern dialects (\"taivaan\" vs. \"taivahan\" \"of the sky\").", "Morphological treatment of diphthongs is essentially similar to long vowels.", "Some old Finnish long vowels have developed into diphthongs, but successive layers of borrowing have introduced the same long vowels again so the diphthong and the long vowel now again contrast (\"nuotti\" \"musical note\" vs. \"nootti\" \"diplomatic note\").", "In Japanese, most long vowels are the results of the phonetic change of diphthongs; \"au\" and \"ou\" became \"ō\", \"iu\" became \"yū\", \"eu\" became \"yō\", and now \"ei\" is becoming \"ē\".", "The change also occurred after the loss of intervocalic phoneme /h/ .", "For example, modern \"Kyōto\" (Kyoto) has undergone a shift: /kjauto/ → /kjoːto/.", "Another example is \"shōnen\" (\"boy\"): /seuneɴ/ → /sjoːneɴ/ ɕoːneɴ.", "Many languages make a phonemic distinction between long and short vowels: Arabic, Sanskrit, Japanese, Biblical Hebrew, Scottish Gaelic, Finnish, Hungarian, Kannada, etc.", "Long vowels may or may not be analyzed as separate phonemes.", "In Latin and Hungarian, long vowels are analyzed as separate phonemes from short vowels, which doubles the number of vowel phonemes.", "Vowel length contrasts with more than two phonemic levels are rare, and several hypothesized cases of three-level vowel length can be analysed without postulating this typologically unusual configuration.", "Estonian has three distinctive lengths, but the third is suprasegmental, as it has developed from the allophonic variation caused by now-deleted grammatical markers.", "For example, half-long 'aa' in \"saada\" comes from the agglutination *\"saata+ka\" \"send+(imperative)\", and the overlong 'aa' in \"saada\" comes from *\"saa+ta\" \"get+(infinitive)\".", "As for languages that have three lengths, independent of vowel quality or syllable structure, these include Dinka, Mixe, Yavapai and Wichita.", "An example from Mixe is poʃ \"guava\", poˑʃ \"spider\", poːʃ \"knot\".", "In Dinka the longest vowels are three moras long, and so are best analyzed as overlong /oːː/ etc.", "Four-way distinctions have been claimed, but these are actually long-short distinctions on adjacent syllables.", "For example, in kiKamba, there is ko.ko.na , kóó.ma̋ , ko.óma̋ , nétónubáné.éetɛ̂ \"hit\", \"dry\", \"bite\", \"we have chosen for everyone and are still choosing\".", "The vowels of Received Pronunciation are commonly divided into short and long phonemes.", "The short vowels are /ɪ/ (as in \"kit\"), /ʊ/ (as in \"foot\"), /ɛ/ (as in \"dress\"), /ʌ/ (as in \"strut\"), /æ/ (as in \"trap\"), /ɒ/ (as in \"lot\"), and /ə/ (as in the first syllable of \"ago\" and in the second of \"sofa\").", "The long vowels are /iː/ (as in \"fleece\"), /uː/ (as in \"goose\"), /ɜː/ (as in \"nurse\"), /ɔː/ as in \"north\" and \"thought\", and /ɑː/ (as in \"father\" and \"start\").", "While a different degree of length is present, there are also differences in the \"quality\" (lax vs tense) of these vowels.", "In General American, only tenseness is usually distinguished and vowels are transcribed without the length mark.", "In most varieties of English, for instance Received Pronunciation and General American, there is allophonic variation in vowel length: vowels are shortened before fortis consonants but have full length in all other contexts (i.e. word-finally, before lenis consonants, nasals and /l/ ).", "The process is known as \"pre-fortis clipping\".", "Thus the vowel in \"bad\" /bæd/ is of normal length but the vowel in \"bat\" /bæt/ is shortened.", "Also compare \"neat\" with \"need\" .", "The clipping effect can result in phonologically long vowels becoming shorter than phonologically short vowels when they occur in pre-fortis position.", "In Australian English, there is contrastive vowel length in closed syllables between long and short /e æ ɐ/ and sometimes /ɪ/ .", "In English spelling, vowel letters in words of the form \"CVC\" and \"CVCe\" (consonant + vowel + consonant + the letter \"e\") are traditionally called \"short\" and \"long\" (and actually represent single vowels or diphthongs combinations of two vowels).", "A vowel letter is called \"long\" if it's pronounced the same as the letter's name and \"short\" otherwise.", "This is commonly used for educational purposes when teaching children how to read, but this system does not cover all vowels of English and the terminology is not linguistic.", "In phonetic transcription, \"long\" vowels may be marked with a macron; for example, /ā/ may be used to transcribe IPA /eɪ/.", "This is sometimes used in dictionaries, most notably in Merriam-Webster (see Pronunciation respelling for English for more).", "Vowel length may often be traced to assimilation.", "In Australian English, the second element ə of a diphthong eə has assimilated to the preceding vowel, giving the pronunciation of \"bared\" as beːd , creating a contrast with the short vowel in \"bed\" bed .", "Another common source is the vocalization of a consonant such as the voiced velar fricative ɣ or voiced palatal fricative, e.g. Finnish illative case, or even an approximant, as the English 'r'.", "A historically-important example is the laryngeal theory, which states that long vowels in the Indo-European languages were formed from short vowels, followed by any one of the several \"laryngeal\" sounds of Proto-Indo-European (conventionally written h, h and h).", "When a laryngeal sound followed a vowel, it was later lost in most Indo-European languages, and the preceding vowel became long.", "However, Proto-Indo-European had long vowels of other origins as well, usually as the result of older sound changes, such as Szemerényi's law and Stang's law.", "Vowel length may also have arisen as an allophonic quality of a single vowel phoneme, which may have then become split in two phonemes.", "For example, the Australian English phoneme /æː/ was created by the incomplete application of a rule extending /æ/ before certain voiced consonants, a phenomenon known as the bad–lad split.", "An alternative pathway to the phonemicization of allophonic vowel length is the shift of a vowel of a formerly-different quality to become the short counterpart of a vowel pair.", "That too is exemplified by Australian English, whose contrast between /a/ (as in \"duck\") and /aː/ (as in \"dark\") was brought about by a lowering of the earlier /ʌ/ .", "Estonian, a Finnic language, has a rare phenomenon in which allophonic length variation has become phonemic after the deletion of the suffixes causing the allophony.", "Estonian had already inherited two vowel lengths from Proto-Finnic, but a third one was then introduced.", "For example, the Finnic imperative marker *\"-k\" caused the preceding vowels to be articulated shorter.", "After the deletion of the marker, the allophonic length became phonemic, as shown in the example above.", "In the International Phonetic Alphabet the sign ː (not a colon, but two triangles facing each other in an hourglass shape; Unicode ) is used for both vowel and consonant length.", "This may be doubled for an extra-long sound, or the top half (ˑ ) may be used to indicate that a sound is \"half long\".", "A breve is used to mark an extra-short vowel or consonant.", "Some languages make no distinction in writing.", "This is particularly the case with ancient languages such as Latin and Old English.", "Modern edited texts often use macrons with long vowels, however.", "Australian English does not distinguish the vowels /æ/ from /æː/ in spelling, with words like 'span' or 'can' having different pronunciations depending on meaning.", "In non-Latin writing systems, a variety of mechanisms have also evolved." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 675198, "simple_article_title": "Vowel length", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675198", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-675198-0-0", "simple-675198-0-1", "simple-675198-1-0", "simple-675198-1-1", "simple-675198-1-2", "simple-675198-1-3", "simple-675198-2-0", "simple-675198-2-1", "simple-675198-3-0", "simple-675198-3-1", "simple-675198-3-2", "simple-675198-3-3", "simple-675198-3-4", "simple-675198-3-5", "simple-675198-4-0", "simple-675198-4-1", "simple-675198-4-2", "simple-675198-4-3", "simple-675198-4-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Vowel length is a feature in languages when how long a vowel is spoken in a word can create a completely different word.", "Although this is a feature in many languages like Japanese, Arabic, Hawaiian, Classical Latin, and Thai, there are also many languages that do not have this feature.", "An example of this would be the Japanese words \"chizu\", which has a short vowel (a vowel spoken for a short time), and \"chīzu\", which has a long vowel (a vowel spoken for a long time).", "The only difference that can be heard is how long the vowel \"I\" is spoken.", "The amount of time the vowel is spoken could create two entirely different words.", "\"Chizu\" means \"map\", while \"chīzu\" \"cheese\".", "When using IPA, the colon (:) is used to show that the vowel before it is a long vowel.", "For example, \"chizu\" in IPA is written as /t͡ɕizɯ/, but \"chīzu\" is written as /t͡ɕi:zɯ/.", "While Old English had vowel lengthening, most modern dialects of English do not.", "For example, the words \"God\" and \"good\" used to have the same vowel sound, but the vowel in \"good (\"/go:d/), which was a long vowel, was said longer than it was in \"God\" (\"/\"god\"/)\", which was a short vowel.", "Although the vowel sounds in Modern English are very different than in Old English, readers can often get an idea of how vowels used to sound like based on an English word's spelling, which often shows words' historical roots rather than their current pronunciation.", "Long vowels in Old English could be written with a bar on top of the vowel like in \"gōd\" (good)\".\"", "Later, during the days of Middle English, spellings used to spell long vowels included spelling with two vowels together like in \"book\" or \"break\" and putting a silent \"E\" at the end of the word like in \"hate\".", "These vowels were all long vowels until the Great Vowel Shift in English, in which the vowel sounds in English changed to sound very differently from before.", "Classical Latin had both vowel and consonant lengthening, and long vowels had a macron, or a straight horizontal line, written above them.", "In Classical Latin, \"ānus (\"/ˈaː.nus/), \"annus (\"/ˈan.nus/), and \"anus\" (/ˈa.nus/) were all different words.", "\"Ānus\" means \"buttocks\", \"annus\" means year, and \"anus\" means old woman.", "Today, none of the Romance languages, the languages that are daughter languages of Latin, can distinguish words by vowel length, though Italian can distinguish words by consonant length: /anno/ \"year\", /ano/ \"anus\".", "Italian also has vowel lengthening in accented syllables ending in a vowel, but vowel length cannot make the difference between two words as it could in Latin." ] } }

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"normal-158483-148-0", "normal-158483-149-0", "normal-158483-150-0", "normal-158483-150-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "King's College London (informally King's or KCL) is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, and a founding college and member institution of the federal University of London.", "King's was established in 1829 by King George IV and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, when it received its first royal charter (as a university college), and claims to be the fourth oldest university institution in England.", "In 1836, King's became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London.", "In the late 20th century, King's grew through a series of mergers, including with Queen Elizabeth College and Chelsea College of Science and Technology (in 1985), the Institute of Psychiatry (in 1997), the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals and the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery (in 1998).", "King's has five campuses: its historic Strand Campus in central London, three other Thames-side campuses (Guy's, St Thomas' and Waterloo) and one in Denmark Hill in south London.", "In 2017/18, King's had a total income of £841.1 million, of which £194.4 million was from research grants and contracts.", "It is the 12th largest university in the United Kingdom by total enrolment.", "It has the fifth largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, and the largest of any in London.", "Its academic activities are organised into nine faculties, which are subdivided into numerous departments, centres, and research divisions.", "King's is generally considered part of the 'golden triangle' of research-intensive English universities alongside the University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, University College London, Imperial College London, and The London School of Economics.", "It is a member of academic organisations including the Association of Commonwealth Universities, European University Association, and the Russell Group.", "King's is home to six Medical Research Council centres and is a founding member of the King's Health Partners academic health sciences centre, Francis Crick Institute and MedCity.", "It is the largest European centre for graduate and post-graduate medical teaching and biomedical research, by number of students, and includes the world's first nursing school, the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery.", "Globally, it was ranked 33rd in the 2020 QS World University Rankings, 98th in the 2019 CWTS Leiden Ranking, 38th in the 2019 THE World University Rankings, and 56th in the 2018 ARWU.", "King's was ranked 42nd in the world for reputation in the annual Times Higher Education survey of academics for 2018.", "Nationally it was ranked 25th in the 2020 Complete University Guide, 35th in the 2019 Times/Sunday Times University Guide, and 63rd in the 2020 Guardian University Guide.", "King's alumni and staff include 12 Nobel laureates; contributors to the discovery of DNA structure, Hepatitis C and the Higgs boson; pioneers of in-vitro fertilisation, stem cell/mammal cloning and the modern hospice movement; and key researchers advancing radar, radio, television and mobile phones.", "Alumni also include heads of states, governments and intergovernmental organisations; nineteen members of the current House of Commons and seventeen members of the current House of Lords; and the recipients of three Oscars, three Grammys and an Emmy.", "King's College, so named to indicate the patronage of King George IV, was founded in 1829 in response to the theological controversy surrounding the founding of \"London University\" (which later became University College, London) in 1826.", "London University was founded, with the backing of Utilitarians, Jews and Nonconformists, as a secular institution, intended to educate \"the youth of our middling rich people between the ages of 15 or 16 and 20 or later\" giving its nickname, \"the godless college in Gower Street\".", "The need for such an institution was a result of the religious and social nature of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which then educated solely the sons of wealthy Anglicans.", "The secular nature of London University was disapproved by The Establishment, indeed, \"the storms of opposition which raged around it threatened to crush every spark of vital energy which remained\".", "Thus, the creation of a rival institution represented a Tory response to reassert the educational values of The Establishment.", "More widely, King's was one of the first of a series of institutions which came about in the early nineteenth century as a result of the Industrial Revolution and great social changes in England following the Napoleonic Wars.", "By virtue of its foundation King's has enjoyed the patronage of the monarch, the Archbishop of Canterbury as its visitor and during the nineteenth century counted among its official governors the Lord Chancellor, Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Mayor of London.", "The simultaneous support of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (who was also Prime Minister of the United Kingdom then), for an Anglican King's College London and the Roman Catholic Relief Act, which was to lead to the granting of almost full civil rights to Catholics, was challenged by George Finch-Hatton, 10th Earl of Winchilsea, in early 1829.", "Winchilsea and his supporters wished for King's to be subject to the Test Acts, like the universities of Oxford, where only members of the Church of England could matriculate, and Cambridge, where non-Anglicans could matriculate but not graduate, but this was not Wellington's intent.", "Winchilsea and about 150 other contributors withdrew their support of King's College London in response to Wellington's support of Catholic emancipation.", "In a letter to Wellington he accused the Duke to have in mind \"insidious designs for the infringement of our liberty and the introduction of Popery into every department of the State\".", "The letter provoked a furious exchange of correspondence and Wellington accused Winchilsea of imputing him with \"disgraceful and criminal motives\" in setting up King's College London.", "When Winchilsea refused to retract the remarks, Wellington – by his own admission, \"no advocate of duelling\" and a virgin duellist – demanded satisfaction in a contest of arms: \"I now call upon your lordship to give me that satisfaction for your conduct which a gentleman has a right to require, and which a gentleman never refuses to give.\"", "The result was a duel in Battersea Fields on 21 March 1829.", "Winchilsea did not fire, a plan he and his second almost certainly decided upon before the duel; Wellington took aim and fired wide to the right.", "Accounts differ as to whether Wellington missed on purpose.", "Wellington, noted for his poor aim, claimed he did, other reports more sympathetic to Winchilsea claimed he had aimed to kill.", "Honour was saved and Winchilsea wrote Wellington an apology.", "\"Duel Day\" is still celebrated on the first Thursday after 21 March every year, marked by various events throughout King's, including reenactments.", "King's opened in October 1831 with the cleric William Otter appointed as first principal and lecturer in divinity.", "The Archbishop of Canterbury presided over the opening ceremony, in which a sermon was given in the chapel by Charles James Blomfield, the Bishop of London, on the subject of combining religious instruction with intellectual culture.", "Despite the attempts to make King's Anglican-only, the initial prospectus permitted, \"nonconformists of all sorts to enter the college freely\".", "William Howley: the governors and the professors, except the linguists, had to be members of the Church of England but the students did not, though attendance at chapel was compulsory.", "King's was divided into a senior department and a junior department, also known as King's College School, which was originally situated in the basement of the Strand Campus.", "The Junior department started with 85 pupils and only three teachers, but quickly grew to 500 by 1841, outgrowing its facilities and leading it to relocate to Wimbledon in 1897 where it remains today, though it is no longer associated with King's College London.", "Within the Senior department teaching was divided into three courses: a general course comprised divinity, classical languages, mathematics, English literature and history; a medical course; and miscellaneous subjects, such as law, political economy and modern languages, which were not related to any systematic course of study at the time and depended for their continuance on the supply of occasional students.", "In 1833 the general course was reorganised leading to the award of the Associate of King's College (AKC), the first qualification issued by King's.", "The course, which concerns questions of ethics and theology, is still awarded today to students and staff who take an optional three-year course alongside their studies.", "The river frontage was completed in April 1835 at a cost of £7,100, its completion a condition of King's College London securing the site from the Crown.", "Unlike those in the school, student numbers in the Senior department remained almost stationary during King's first five years of existence.", "During this time the medical school was blighted by inefficiency and the divided loyalties of the staff leading to a steady decline in attendance.", "One of the most important appointments was that of Charles Wheatstone as professor of Experimental Philosophy.", "At this time neither King's, \"London University\", nor the medical schools at the London hospitals could confer degrees.", "In 1835 the government announced that it would establish an examining board to grant degrees, with \"London University\" and King's both becoming affiliated colleges.", "This became the University of London in 1836, the former \"London University\" becoming \"University College, London\" (UCL).", "The first University of London degrees were awarded to King's College London students in 1839.", "In 1840, King's opened its own hospital on Portugal Street near Lincoln's Inn Fields, an area composed of overcrowded rookeries characterised by poverty and disease.", "The governance of King's College Hospital was later transferred to the corporation of the hospital established by the King's College Hospital Act 1851.", "The hospital moved to new premises in Denmark Hill, Camberwell in 1913.", "The appointment in 1877 of Joseph Lister as professor of clinical surgery greatly benefited the medical school, and the introduction of Lister's antiseptic surgical methods gained the hospital an international reputation.", "In 1845 King's established a Military Department to train officers for the Army and the British East India Company, and in 1846 a Theological Department to train Anglican priests.", "In 1855, King's pioneered evening classes in London; that King's granted students at the evening classes certificates of college attendance to enable them to sit University of London degree exams was cited as an example of the worthlessness of these certificates in the decision by the University of London to end the affiliated colleges system in 1858 and open their examinations to everyone.", "In 1882 the King's College London Act amended the constitution.", "The act removed the proprietorial nature of King's, changing the name of the corporation from \"The Governors and Proprietors of King's College, London\" to \"King's College London\" and annulling the 1829 charter (although King's remained incorporated under that charter).", "The act also changed King's College London from a (technically) for-profit corporation to a non-profit one (no dividends had ever been paid in over 50 years of operation) and extended the objects of King's to include the education of women.", "The Ladies' Department of King's College London was opened in Kensington Square in 1885, which later in 1902 became King's College Women's Department.", "The King's College London Act 1903, abolished all remaining religious tests for staff, except within the Theological department.", "In 1910, King's was (with the exception of the Theological department) merged into the University of London under the King's College London (Transfer) Act 1908, losing its legal independence.", "During World War I the medical school was opened to women for the first time.", "The end of the war saw an influx of students, which strained existing facilities to the point where some classes were held in the Principal's house.", "In World War II, the buildings of King's College London were used by the Auxiliary Fire Service with a number of King's staff, mainly those then known as college servants, serving as firewatchers.", "Parts of the Strand building, the quadrangle, and the roof of apse and stained glass windows of the chapel suffered bomb damage in the Blitz.", "During the post-war reconstruction, the vaults beneath the quadrangle were replaced by a two-storey laboratory, which opened in 1952, for the departments of Physics and Civil and Electrical Engineering.", "One of the most famous pieces of scientific research performed at King's were the crucial contributions to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, together with Raymond Gosling, Alex Stokes, Herbert Wilson and other colleagues at the Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics at King's.", "Major reconstruction of King's began in 1966 following the publication of the Robbins Report on Higher Education.", "A new block facing the Strand designed by E. D. Jefferiss Mathews was opened in 1972.", "In 1980 King's regained its legal independence under a new Royal Charter.", "In 1993 King's, along with other large University of London colleges, gained direct access to government funding (which had previously been through the university) and the right to confer University of London degrees itself.", "This contributed to King's and the other large colleges being regarded as \"de facto\" universities in their own right.", "King's College London underwent several mergers with other institutions in the late 20th century.", "These including the reincorporation in 1983 of the King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, which had become independent of King's College Hospital at the foundation of the National Health Service in 1948, mergers with Queen Elizabeth College and Chelsea College of Science and Technology in 1985, and the Institute of Psychiatry in 1997.", "In 1998 the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals merged with King's to form the King's College London GKT School of Medical Education.", "Also in 1998 Florence Nightingale's original training school for nurses merged with the King's Department of Nursing Studies as the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery.", "The same year King's acquired the former Public Record Office building on Chancery Lane and converted it at a cost of £35 million into the Maughan Library, which opened in 2002.", "In July 2006, King's College London was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right, as opposed to through the University of London, by the Privy Council.", "This power remained unexercised until 2007, when King's announced that all students starting courses from September 2007 onwards would be awarded degrees conferred by King's itself, rather than by the University of London.", "The new certificates however still make reference to the fact that King's is a constituent college of the University of London.", "All current students with at least one year of study remaining were in August 2007 offered the option of choosing to be awarded a University of London degree or a King's degree.", "The first King's degrees were awarded in summer 2008.", "In April 2011 King's became a founding partner in the UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation, subsequently renamed the Francis Crick Institute, committing £40 million to the project.", "The Chemistry department was reopened in 2011 following its closure in 2003.", "In February 2012, Her Majesty The Queen officially opened Somerset House East Wing.", "In September 2014 King's College London opened King's College London Mathematics School, a free school sixth form located in Lambeth that specialises in mathematics.", "In October 2014, Ed Byrne replaced Rick Trainor as Principal of King's College London, the latter having served for 10 years.", "In December 2014, King's announced its plans to rebrand its name to 'King's London'.", "It was emphasised that there were no plans to change the legal name of King's, and that the name 'King's London' was designed to promote King's and to highlight the fact that King's is a university in its own right.", "King's announced that the rebranding plans had been dropped in January 2015.", "On 10 March 2015, King's acquired a 50-year lease for the Aldwych Quarter site incorporating the historic grand Bush House building.", "It began occupation of the Bush House Building in September 2016 and will occupy the adjacent King House and Strand House from 2017 and Melbourne House from 2025.", "In October 2016, King's announced it had also taken a separate 50-year lease on the North-West Block of the Aldwych Quarter which it will incorporate from 2018.", "The Strand Campus is the founding campus of King's and is located on the Strand in the City of Westminster, sharing its frontage along the River Thames.", "The original campus comprises the Grade I listed King's Building of 1831 designed by Sir Robert Smirke, and the King's College London Chapel redesigned in 1864 by Sir George Gilbert Scott, with the subsequent purchase of much of adjacent Surrey Street (including the Norfolk and Chesham Buildings) since the Second World War and the 1972 Strand Building.", "The Macadam Building of 1975 houses the Strand Campus Students' Union and is named after King's alumnus Sir Ivison Macadam, first President of the National Union of Students.", "The Strand Campus houses the arts and science faculties of King's, including the faculties of Arts & Humanities, Law, Business, Social Science & Public Policy and Natural & Mathematical Sciences (formerly Physical Sciences & Engineering).", "Since 2010, the campus has expanded rapidly to incorporate the East Wing of Somerset House and the Virginia Woolf Building next to LSE on Kingsway.", "On 10 March 2015, King's acquired a 50-year lease for the Aldwych Quarter site incorporating the historic grand Bush House building.", "It began occupation of the Bush House Building in September 2016 and will occupy the adjacent King House and Strand House from 2017 and Melbourne House from 2025.", "In October 2016, King's announced it had also taken a separate 50-year lease on the North-West Block which it will incorporate from 2018.", "The nearest Underground stations are Temple, Charing Cross and Covent Garden.", "Guy's Campus is situated close to London Bridge and the Shard on the South Bank of the Thames and is home to the Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine and the Dental Institute.", "The campus is named for Thomas Guy, the founder and benefactor of Guy's Hospital established in 1726 in the London Borough of Southwark.", "Building include; the Henriette Raphael building, constructed in 1902, the Gordon Museum of Pathology, the Hodgkin building, Shepherd's House and Guy's Chapel.", "The Students' Union has extensive facilities on the Guy's Campus including activity rooms, meeting rooms alongside a student cafe; The Shed and student bar; Guy's Bar.", "Guy's Campus is located opposite the Old Operating Theatre Museum, which was part of old St Thomas Hospital in Southwark.", "The nearest Underground stations are London Bridge and Borough.", "The Waterloo Campus is located across Waterloo Bridge from the Strand Campus, near the South Bank Centre in the London Borough of Lambeth and consists of the James Clerk Maxwell Building and the Franklin–Wilkins Building.", "Cornwall House, now the Franklin-Wilkins Building, constructed between 1912 and 1915 was originally the His Majesty's Stationery Office (responsible for Crown copyright and National Archives), but was requisitioned for use as a military hospital in 1915 during World War I.", "It became the King George Military Hospital, and accommodated about 1,800 patients on 63 wards.", "Now the largest university building in London, the building was acquired by King's in the 1980s and underwent extensive refurbishment in 2000.", "The building is named after Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins for their major contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA.", "Today it is home to: The adjacent James Clerk Maxwell Building houses the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing & Midwifery, much of the central professional services functions of the College and the President & Principal's Office.", "The Building was named after Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who was the Professor of Natural Philosophy at King's from 1860 to 1865.", "The nearest Underground station is Waterloo.", "The St Thomas' Campus in the London Borough of Lambeth, facing the Houses of Parliament across the Thames, houses parts of the School of Medicine and the Dental Institute.", "The Florence Nightingale Museum is also located here.", "The museum is dedicated to Florence Nightingale, the founder of the Nightingale Training School of St Thomas' Hospital (now King's Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery).", "St Thomas' Hospital became part of King's College London School of Medicine in 1998.", "The St Thomas' Hospital and Campus were named after St Thomas Becket.", "The Department of Twin Research (TwinsUk), King's College London is located in St. Thomas' Hospital.", "The nearest Underground station is Westminster.", "Denmark Hill Campus is situated in south London near the borders of the London Borough of Lambeth and the London Borough of Southwark in Camberwell and is the only campus not situated on the River Thames.", "The campus consists of King's College Hospital, the Maudsley Hospital and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN).", "In addition to the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, parts of the Dental Institute and School of Medicine, and a large hall of residence, King's College Hall, are situated here.", "Other buildings include the campus library known as the Weston Education Centre (WEC), the James Black Centre, the Rayne Institute (haemato-oncology) and the Cicely Saunders Institute (palliative care).", "The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute was opened by the Princess Royal in 2015 at the Denmark Hill Campus.", "It is named after British philanthropist Maurice Wohl, who had a long association with King’s and supported many medical projects.", "The nearest Overground station is Denmark Hill.", "As of 2016, King's is undergoing a £1 billion redevelopment programme of its estates.", "Since 1999 over half of the activities of King's have been relocated in new and refurbished buildings.", "Major completed projects include a £35 million renovation of the Maughan Library in 2002, a £40 million renovation of buildings at the Strand Campus, a £25 million renovation of Somerset House East Wing, a £30 million renovation of the Denmark Hill Campus in 2007, the renovation of the Franklin-Wilkins Library at the Waterloo Campus and the completion of the £9 million Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care in 2010.", "The College Chapel at the Strand was also restored in 2001, and its organ in 2018.", "The Strand Campus redevelopment won the Green Gown Award in 2007 for sustainable construction.", "The award recognised the \"reduced energy and carbon emissions from a sustainable refurbishment of the historic South Range of the King's Building\".", "King's was also the recipient of the 2003 City Heritage Award for the conversion of the Grade II* listed Maughan Library.", "Current projects include a £45 million development for the Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, £18 million on modernising King's learning and teaching environments, a sports pavilion at Honor Oak Park.", "In April 2012 a £20 million redevelopment of the Strand Campus Quad was announced and will provide an additional 3,700 square metres of teaching space and student facilities.", "King's acquired a lease for the Aldwych Quarter with initial term of 50 years.", "King's will occupy Bush House and Strand House from September 2016, and King House and Melbourne House from 2025.", "The then-Chairman of King's College London, Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington said that the King's Strand Campus has had inadequate and cramped teaching space for too long, and the acquisition will transform the original campus of King's which dates back to 1829.", "The head of King's College London is formally the Principal, currently held by Ed Byrne.", "The office is established by the charter of King's as \"the chief academic and administrative officer of the College\" and King's statutes require the principal to have the general responsibility to the council for \"ensuring that the objects of the College are fulfilled and for maintaining and promoting the efficiency, discipline and good order of the College\".", "The charter and statutes granted in 2009 created the additional position of \"president\".", "As such the full title of the head of King's College London is the \"President and Principal\".", "Senior officers are called the Principal's Central Team.", "Two Vice-Principals and Provosts for Health and Arts & Sciences deputies for the Principal and oversee the Executive Dean's of Faculty, whilst five Vice-Principals have responsibilities for specific vision areas of strategic importance - Education, Research, Service, International and London.", "There are also Senior Vice-Principals for Operations (COO), Finance (CFO), a Deputy Principal for Global Health an Executive Director for and Fundraising.", "The council is the supreme governing body of King's College London established under the charter and statutes, comprising 21 members.", "Its membership include the president of King's College London Students' Union (KCLSU), as the student member; the principal and president; up to seven other staff members; and up to 12 lay members who must not be employees of King's.", "It is supported by a number of standing committees.", "Sir Christopher Geidt succeeded Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington as Chairman of Council from the beginning of the 2016 academic year; he subsequently became Lord Geidt on 3 November 2017.", "The dean of King's College is an ordained person, which is unusual among British universities.", "The dean is \"responsible for overseeing the spiritual development and welfare of all students and staff\".", "The Office of the Dean co-ordinate the Associateship of King's College programme, the chaplaincy and the chapel choir, which includes 25 choir scholarships.", "One of the dean's roles is to encourage and foster vocations to the Church of England priesthood.", "The Archbishop of Canterbury is the King's College London's visitor by right of office owing to the role of the Church of England in King's foundation.", "In the 19th century, King's College London had five departments: Theological, General Literature and Science, Applied Sciences, Medical and Military.", "The Theological Department provided studies in ecclesiastical history, pastoral theology and Exegesis of testaments.", "Languages and literature, history, law and jurisprudence, political economy, commerce, fencing, mathematics, zoology and natural history were taught within the Department of General Literature and Science, and natural philosophy, geology, mineralogy and arts-related subjects were taught within the Department of Applied Sciences.", "s of 2017 , King's comprises nine academic faculties, which are subdivided into schools (for Social Science & Public Policy, Life Sciences & Medicine), departments, centres and research divisions.", "The latest addition was King's Business School, hosted in Bush House, which opened in August 2017.", "The Faculty of Arts and Humanities was formed in 1989 following the amalgamation of the faculties of Arts, Music and Theology.", "The faculty encompasses traditional disciplinary subjects, as well as less-common subjects such as Hellenic, Portuguese and Medieval Studies, and emerging disciplines such as Digital Humanities and Queer Studies.", "The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) is administered through King's, and its students graduate alongside members of the departments which form the Faculty of Arts and Humanities.", "As RADA does not have degree awarding powers, its courses are validated by King's.", "The Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences (formerly Dental Institute) is the dental school of King's and focuses on understanding disease, enhancing health and restoring function.", "The institute is the successor of Guy's Hospital Dental School, King's College Hospital Dental School, Royal Dental Hospital of London School of Dental Surgery, and the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals.", "It was a part of King's School of Medicine and Dentistry until 2005, when the dental school became the Dental Institute and then renamed in 2019.", "In 1799 Joseph Fox started to give a series of lectures on dental surgery at Guy’s Hospital, and was appointed dental surgeon in the same year.", "Thomas Bell succeeded Fox as dental surgeon either in 1817 or 1825.", "Frederick Newland Pedley, who was appointed assistant dental surgeon at Guy’s Hospital in 1885, advocated the establishment of a dental school within the hospital, and he flooded the two dental schools in London, the Metropolitan School of Dental Science and the London School of Dental Surgery, with patients to prove that a further hospital was needed.", "In December 1888, Guy’s Hospital Dental School was established.", "Guy’s Hospital Dental School was recognised as a school of the University of London in 1901.", "In the 1970s, since there was a decline in the demand for dental services, the Department of Health of the UK suggested that there should be a decrease in the number of dental undergraduate students as well as the duration of all courses.", "In response to the recommendations, Royal Dental Hospital of London School of Dental Surgery amalgamated with the Guy’s Hospital Dental School of the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals on 1 August 1983.", "The establishment of King's College Hospital Dental School was proposed by Viscount Hambleden at a Hospital Management Committee meeting on 12 April 1923.", "The dental school was opened on 12 November 1923 in King’s College Hospital.", "Under the 1948 National Health Act, King's Medical and Dental School split from King's and became an independent school, but the school remerged with King's in 1983.", "The school further merged with the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals in 1998.", "The Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine was created as a result of the merger of the School of Medicine with the School of Biomedical Sciences in 2014.", "There are two schools of education in the Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine: the GKT School of Medical Education is responsible for the medical education and training of students on the MBBS programme, and the School of Bioscience Education is responsible for the biomedical and health professions education and training.", "The faculty is further divided into 7 schools, including Basic & Medical Biosciences, Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Life Course Sciences and Population Health Sciences.", "The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN) is a faculty and a research institution dedicated to discovering what causes mental illness and diseases of the brain, and to help identify new treatments of the diseases.", "The institute is the largest centre for research and postgraduate education in psychiatry, psychology and neuroscience in Europe.", "Originally established in 1924 as the Maudsley Hospital Medical School, the institute changed its name to the Institute of Psychiatry in 1948, merged with King’s College London in 1997, and was renamed IoPPN in 2014.", "The Dickson Poon School of Law is the law school of King's.", "Law has been taught at King's since 1831.", "The Faculty of Laws was founded in 1909 and became the School of Law in 1991.", "The school includes various research centres and groups which serve as focal points for research activity, including the Centre of European Law (established in 1974), Centre of Medical Law and Ethics (established in 1978), Centre of British Constitutional Law and History (established in 1988), Centre of Construction Law, Centre for Technology, Ethics and Law in Society, Centre for Politics, Philosophy and Law, Transnational Law Institute and Trust Law Committee.", "The Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences was established in 2010, following the reorganisation of the School of Physical Sciences and Engineering.", "The faculty provides education and research in chemistry, informatics, physics, mathematics and telecommunications.", "Physics and Mathematics has been studied at the university since 1829 and 1830 respectively, and there are six Nobel laureates who were either students or academic staff of the faculty.", "Chemistry has been taught at King's since its foundation in 1829, and Copley medallist John Frederic Daniell was appointed the first professor.", "The Department of Chemistry was forced to close in 2003 due to a decline in student numbers and reduced funding.", "In 2012, a new Department of Chemistry was established and a new undergraduate degree, Chemistry with Biomedicine, was launched.", "The new department covers traditional areas of chemistry (organic, inorganic, physical and computational chemistry) and other academic discipline including cell biology and physics.", "The Department of Engineering was established in 1838, making it arguably the oldest school of engineering in England.", "The Department of Engineering was the largest engineering school in the UK in 1893.", "The Division of Engineering was closed in 2013.", "The Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery is a school for nurses and midwives.", "It also carries out nursing research and provides continuing professional development and postgraduate programmes.", "Formerly known as the Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the faculty was established by Florence Nightingale in 1860, and is the first nursing school in the world to be continuously connected to a fully serving hospital and medical school.", "The Nightingale Training School was amalgamated in 1996 with the Olive Haydon School of Midwifery and the Thomas Guy and Lewisham School of Nursing, and all staff and students were integrated at King’s by 1996.", "The Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy was established in 2001, and is one of the largest university centres focusing on policy-oriented research in the UK.", "The Department of War Studies is unique in the UK and is supported by research facilities such as the King's Centre for Strategic Communications, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives and the King's Centre for Military Health Research (KCMHR).", "Set up in 2002, the King's Centre for Risk Management (KCRM) holds international research relating to risk management, governance and communication, and supports various projects, conferences and academic fellowships, facilitating in translating risk research into relevant and practical policy solutions.", "The faculty also houses the African Leadership Centre, Institute for Contemporary British History, and London Asia Pacific Centre for Social Science.", "King's Business School was established in 2017 at Bush House.", "The School of Management and Business within the Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy was reformed to create King's Business School.", "It offers programmes in economics, management, finance, entrepreneurship, human resource management and marketing.", "In the financial year ended 31 July 2014, King's had a total income of £603.67 million (2012/13 – £586.95 million) and total expenditure of £605.81 million (2012/13 – £577.38 million).", "Key sources of income included £201.08 million from tuition fees and education contracts (2012/13 – £174.58 million), £171.55 million from research grants and contracts (2012/13 – £164.03 million), £122.43 million from Funding Council grants (2012/13 – £130.67 million) and £5.77 million from endowment and investment income (2012/13 – £6.4 million).", "During the 2012/13 financial year King's had a capital expenditure of £105.9 million (2012/13 – £73 million).", "At 31 July 2014 King's had total endowments of £162.6 million (31 July 2013 – £154.09 million) and total net assets of £828.37 million (31 July 2013 – £810.05 million).", "King's has a credit rating of AA from Standard & Poor's.", "In 2013/14, King's had the seventh-highest total income of any British university.", "In October 2010 King's launched a major fundraising campaign—\"World questions|King's answers\"—fronted by former British Prime Minister John Major, with a goal to raise £500 million by 2015.", "This was surpassed even before 2015 and King's subsequently increased the target to £600 million.", "It again met and beat this new target by raising £610 million.", "The coat of arms displayed on the King's College London charter is that of George IV.", "The shield depicts the royal coat of arms together with an inescutcheon of the House of Hanover, while the supporters embody King's motto of \" \".", "No correspondence is believed to have survived regarding the choice of this coat of arms, either in King's archives or at the College of Arms, and a variety of unofficial adaptations have been used throughout the history of King's.", "The current coat of arms was developed following the mergers with Queen Elizabeth College and Chelsea College in 1985 and incorporates aspects of their heraldry.", "\"Or on a Pale Azure between two Lions rampant respectant Gules an Anchor Gold ensigned by a Royal Crown proper on a Chief Argent an Ancient Lamp proper inflamed Gold between two Blazing Hearths also proper\".", "The crest and supporters: \"On a Helm with a Wreath Or and Azure Upon a Book proper rising from a Coronet Or the rim set with jewels two Azure (one manifest) four Vert (two manifest) and two Gules a demi Lion Gules holding a Rod of Dexter a female figure habited Azure the cloak lined coif and sleeves Argent holding in the exterior hand a Lond Cross botony Gold and sinister a male figure the Long Coat Azure trimmed with Sable proper shirt Argent holding in the interior hand a Book proper\".", "Although the St Thomas's Hospital Medical School and Guy's Medical School became legal bodies separate from St Thomas' Hospital and Guy's Hospital in 1948, the tradition of using the hospitals' shields and coat of arms continues today.", "In 1949, St Thomas's Hospital Medical School was granted its own coat of arms.", "However, the St Thomas' Hospital coat of arms has still been used.", "Guy’s Medical School proposed to apply for its own coat of arms after separating from Guy’s Hospital, yet the school decided to continue to use Guy's Hospital’s arms in 1954.", "The two medical schools merged in 1982 and became the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals (UMDS).", "Simon Argles, secretary of UMDS, said that because of the name of the medical school it was more appropriate to use the hospital's coat of arms.", "UMDS merged with King's College Hospital to become Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine in 1998.", "The shields of Guy’s and St Thomas’ hospitals are used in conjunction with King's shield in the medical schools' publications and graduation materials.", "King's College London is a constituent college and was one of the two founding members of the federal University of London.", "King's is a member of Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU), European University Association (EUA) and Universities UK.", "In 1998, King's joined the Russell Group, an association of 24 public research universities established in 1994.", "King's is currently the only British member of the Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe (UNICA), a network of major higher education institutions in the European capital cities.", "King's is a founding member of Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC), the largest life science bio-cluster in the world established with the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, University College London and Imperial College London.", "King's is also the founding partner of FutureLearn, a massive open online course learning platform founded in December 2012.", "Launched in 2014, MedCity is the collaboration between King's and the other two main science universities in London, Imperial College and University College London.", "In 2016, King's College London, together with Arizona State University and University of New South Wales, forms the PLuS Alliance, an international university alliance to address global challenges.", "King's is typically also regarded as part of the \"golden triangle\", a group of elite universities located in the English cities of Cambridge, Oxford and London, including the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, Imperial College London, London School of Economics and University College London.", "King's College London is also a part of King's Health Partners, an academic health science centre comprises Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London itself.", "King's is a participant and one of the founding members of the Francis Crick Institute.", "King's offers joint degrees with many universities and other institutions, including Columbia University, University of Paris I, University of Hong Kong, National University of Singapore, Royal Academy of Music, British Library, Tate Modern, Shakespeare’s Globe, National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery and British Museum.", "The university is also a member of the Screen Studies Group, London.", "King's was tied for the 14th highest average entry qualification for undergraduates of any UK university in 2019, with new students averaging 171 UCAS points, equivalent to between AABB and ABBB in A-level grades.", "In 2015, the university gave offers of admission to 66.7% of its applicants, the 7th lowest amongst the Russell Group.", "24.4% of King's undergraduates are privately educated, the fourteenth highest proportion amongst mainstream British universities.", "In the 2016-17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 67:12:20 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 62:37.", "A freedom-of-information request in 2015 revealed that the university received 31,857 undergraduate applications and made 13,302 offers in 2014–15.", "This resulted in an offer rate of 41.8%, a yield rate on offers of 45.3% and an overall acceptance rate of 18.9%.", "The School of Medicine received 1,764 applications, only 39 offers were made resulting in an offer rate of just 2.2%.", "Nursery & Midwifery, Physiotherapy and Clinical Dentistry had the lowest offer rates of 14%, 16% and 17% respectively.", "King's academic year runs from the last Monday in September to the first Friday in June.", "Different faculties and departments adopt different academic term structures.", "For example, the academic year of the Mathematics School and Department of War Studies is divided into three terms (Autumn, Spring and Summer terms); while the Faculty of Arts & Humanities academic year runs in two semesters.", "Graduation ceremonies are held in January (winter) and June or July (summer), with ceremonies for students from most faculties held in Europe's largest arts complex, the Barbican Centre.", "Owing to St Thomas's Medical School roots that could be traced to St Mary Overie Priory, students from the GKT School of Medical Education and Dental Institute graduate from Southwark Cathedral adjacent to Guy's Campus.", "After being vested the power to award its own degrees separately from the University of London in 2006, graduates began wearing King's College London academic dress in 2008.", "King's graduates have since worn gowns designed by Vivienne Westwood.", "In 2013/14 King's had a total research income of £171.55 million, of which £47.64 million was from UK charitable bodies; £38.26 million from Research Councils; £32.97 million from UK central government, local authorities, health and hospital authorities; £21.38 million from EU government and other bodies; £17.09 million from overseas (excluding EU); £13.11 million from UK industry, commerce and public corporations; and £1.11 million from other sources.", "King's submitted a total of 1,369 staff across 27 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment (compared with 1,172 submitted to the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE 2008)).", "In the REF results 40% of King's submitted research was classified as 4*, 45% as 3*, 13% as 2* and 2% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.23.", "In rankings produced by \"Times Higher Education\" based upon the REF results King's was ranked 6th overall for research power and 7th for GPA (compared to 11th and joint 22nd respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008).", "The \"Times Higher Education\" described King's as \"arguably the biggest winner\" in REF2014 after it rose 15 places on GPA, while submitting about 200 more people.", "King's claims to be the largest centre for healthcare education in Europe.", "King's College London School of Medicine has over 2,000 undergraduate students, over 1,400 teachers, four main teaching hospitals – Guy's Hospital, King's College Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital and University Hospital Lewisham – and 17 associated district general hospitals.", "King's College London Dental Institute is the largest dental school in Europe.", "The Florence Nightingale School of Nursing & Midwifery is the oldest professional school of nursing in the world.", "King's is a major centre for biomedical research.", "It is a founding member of King's Health Partners, one of the largest academic health sciences centres in Europe with a turnover of over £2 billion and approximately 25,000 employees.", "It also is home to six Medical Research Council centres, and is part of two of the twelve biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England – the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London.", "The Drug Control Centre at King's was established in 1978 and is the only WADA accredited anti-doping laboratory in the UK and holds the official UK contract for running doping tests on UK athletes.", "In 1997, it became the first International Olympic Committee accredited laboratory to meet the ISO/IEC 17025 quality standard.", "The centre was the anti-doping facility for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.", "King's library facilities are spread across its campuses.", "The collections encompass over one million printed books, as well as thousands of journals and electronic resources.", "The Maughan Library is King's largest library and is housed in the Grade II* listed 19th century gothic former Public Record Office building situated on Chancery Lane at the Strand Campus.", "The building was designed by Sir James Pennethorne and is home to the books and journals of the Schools of Arts & Humanities, Law, Natural & Mathematical Sciences, and Social Science & Public Policy.", "It also houses the Special Collections and rare books.", "Inside the Library is the octagonal Round Reading Room, inspired by the reading room of the British Museum, and the former Rolls Chapel (renamed the Weston Room following a donation from the Garfield Weston Foundation) with its stained glass windows, mosaic floor and monuments, including a Renaissance terracotta figure by Pietro Torrigiano of Dr Yonge, Master of the Rolls, who died in 1516.", "Additionally, King's students and staff have full access to Senate House Library, the central library for the University of London and the School of Advanced Study.", "Undergraduate and postgraduate students also have reference access to libraries of other University of London institutions under the University of London Libraries Access Agreement.", "King's currently operates two museums: Gordon Museum of Pathology and Museum of Life Sciences.", "Opened in 1905 at Guy's Campus, the Gordon Museum is the largest medical museum in the United Kingdom, and houses a collection of approximately 8000 pathological specimens, artefacts, models and paintings, including Astley Cooper's specimens and Sir Joseph Lister's antiseptic spray.", "The Museum of Life Sciences was founded in 2009 adjacent to the Gordon Museum, and it houses historic biological and pharmaceutical collections from the constituent colleges of the modern King's College London.", "Between 1843 and 1927, the King George III Museum was a museum within King's College London which housed the collections of scientific instruments of George III and eminent nineteenth-century scientists (including Sir Charles Wheatstone and Charles Babbage).", "Due to space constraints within King's, much of the museum's collections were transferred on loan to the Science Museum in London or kept in King's College London Archives.", "The Anatomy Museum was a museum situated on the 6th floor of the King's Building at the Strand Campus.", "The Anatomy Theatre was built next door to the museum in 1927, where anatomical dissections and demonstrations took place.", "The Anatomy Museum's collection includes casts of injuries, leather models, skins of various animals from Western Australia donated to the museum in 1846, and casts of heads of John Bishop and Thomas Williams, the murderers in the Italian Boy's murder in 1831.", "The last dissection in the Anatomy Theatre was performed in 1997.", "The Anatomy Theatre and Museum was renovated and refurbished in 2009, and is now a facility for teaching, research and performance at King's.", "The Foyle Special Collections Library also houses a number of special collections, range in date from the 15th century to present, and in subject from human anatomy to Modern Greek poetry.", "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) Historical Collection is the largest collection contains material from the former FCO Library.", "The collection was a working tool used by the British government to inform and influence foreign and colonial policy.", "Transferred to King’s in 2007, the FCO Historical Collection contains over 80,000 items including books, pamphlets, manuscript, and photographic material.", "The Medical Collection include the historical library collections of the constituent medical schools and institutes of King's.", "The Rare Books Collection holds 12,000 printed books, including a 1483 Venice printing of Silius Italicus’s \"Punica\", first editions of Charles Dickens' novels, and the 1937 (first) edition of George Orwell's \"The Road to Wigan Pier\".", "King’s College London Archives holds the institution's records, which are among the richest higher education records in London.", "King's archives collections include institutional archives of King's since 1828, archives of institutions and schools that were created by or have merged with King's, and records relating to the history of medicine.", "Founded in 1964, the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives holds the private papers of over 800 senior British defence personnel who held office since 1900.", "Science Gallery London is set to open in 2018 on the Guy's Campus.", "It is a public science centre where 'art and science collide', and is a part of Global Science Gallery Network.", "A flagship project for 'Culture at King’s College London', Science Gallery will include 2,000 m2 of public space and a newly landscaped Georgian courtyard.", "There will be exhibition galleries, theatres, meeting spaces and a café; while unlike other science centre, it will have no permanent collection.", "Daniel Glaser, the former Head of Engaging Science at Wellcome Trust, is Director of Science Gallery London.", "Internationally, King's is consistently ranked among the top universities in the world by all major global university rankings compilers, having been placed between 19th by the 2015 \"QS World University Rankings\", 27th by the world university rankings of the \"Times Higher Education\" and 50th worldwide by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.", "In 2019, it ranked 58th among the universities around the world by \"SCImago Institutions Rankings\".", "As of 2017, King's is ranked in the top seven UK universities in all the six major academic rankings of global universities: \"QS\", \"Times Higher Education\", \"ARWU\", \"University Ranking by Academic Performance\", \"U.S. News & World Report\" (Best Global Universities Rankings) and Center for World University Rankings.", "King's was ranked joint 14th overall in \"The Sunday Times\" 10-year (1998–2007) average ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance.", "In recent years, however, the university has performed less well in domestic league tables, being placed outside of the top 20 in all three major tables for 2016.", "The methodologies of these tables include student satisfaction scores with teaching and feedback as a significant input.", "In common with most other London institutions, King's performs less well on the National Student Survey (NSS), ranking 133rd for student satisfaction (out of 160 institutes) in the 2015 survey.", "According to the 2015 \"Times\" and \"Sunday Times\" University Guide, their inclusion of student satisfaction scores, along with international guides including reputation scores from academics and employers, explains the disparity between King's ranking on their (domestic) table and global tables.", "They add that when the university is ranked according to student satisfaction scores from undergraduates on factors such as academic support, teaching, assessment and feedback, \"King’s ranks 106 out of 123 institutions\", although \"despite the iffy student satisfaction scores, students continue to apply here in their droves\" with an average of 8.1 applicants per place available for 2014 entry.", "However, although the Complete University Guide has used the results of the NSS since at least 2011, King's retained a position in their top 20 until the 2015 tables (published 2014), managing 19th on the 2014 tables despite ranking joint 102nd (out of 124) for student satisfaction.", "According to the 2017 \"Complete University Guide\", 8 out of the 30 subjects offered by King's rank within the top 10 nationally, including Education (4th), Food Science (4th), Dentistry (5th), Law (5th), Music (5th), Business & Management Studies (6th), History (9th), and Classics & Ancient History (10th).", "The Guardian University Guide 2017 ranks King's in the top ten in 8 subjects, including Law (4th), Economics (6th), Media & film studies (6th), Anatomy & physiology (8th), Dentistry (8th), Politics (9th), Classics & ancient history (10th), and History (10th).", "King's College London has had 24 of its subject-areas awarded the highest rating of 5 or 5* for research quality, and in 2007 it received a good result in its audit by the Quality Assurance Agency.", "It is in the top tier for research earnings.", "The \"Times Higher Education\" listed King's College London as eighth in the list of the top 10 universities in clinical, pre-clinical and health subjects in its 2016 world rankings.", "In September 2010, the \"Sunday Times\" selected King's as the \"University of the Year 2010–11\".", "King's was ranked as the 5th best university in the UK for the quality of graduates according to recruiters from the UK's major companies.", "In a survey by \"The New York Times\" assessing the most valued graduates by business leaders, King's College London graduates ranked 22nd in the world and 5th in the UK.", "In the 2015 Global Employability University Survey of international recruiters, King's is ranked 43rd in the world and 7th in the UK.", "King's was chosen as the 5th best UK university by major British employers in 2015.", "In 2014, King's ranked 5th amongst multidisciplinary UK universities for highest graduate starting salaries (i.e. graduates' average annual salary six months after graduation).", "In a big data research by the Institute for Fiscal Studies, University of Cambridge and Harvard University, it was revealed the top 10% of King's male graduates working in England were the 7th highest earning students 10 years after graduation in comparison to graduates of all Higher Education providers (both multi and uni-disciplinary universities) in the UK and the top 10% of its female graduates were the 9th highest earning students 10 years after graduation in the same study.", "The Guardian University Guide 2017 named King's as the 6th best university in the country for graduate career prospects, with 84.3% of students finding graduate-level jobs within six months of graduation.", "The Associateship of King's College (AKC) is the original award of King's College, dating back to its foundation in 1829 and first awarded in 1835.", "It was designed to reflect the twin objectives of King's College's 1829 royal charter to maintain the connection between \"sound religion and useful learning\" and to teach the \"doctrines and duties of Christianity\".", "Today, the AKC is a modern tradition that offers an inclusive, research-led programme of lectures that gives students the opportunities to engage with religious, philosophical and ethical issues alongside their main degree course.", "Graduates of King’s College London may be eligible to be elected as 'Associates' of King's College by the authority of King's College London council, delegated to the academic board.", "After election, they are entitled to use the post-nominal letters \"AKC\".", "The Fellowship of King's College (FKC) is the highest award that can be bestowed upon an individual by King's College London.", "The award of the fellowship is governed by a statute of King's College London and reflects distinguished service to King's by a member of staff, conspicuous service to King's, or the achievement of distinction by those who were at one time closely associated with King's College London.", "The proposal to establish a fellowship of King's was first considered in 1847.", "John Allen, a former chaplain of King's, was the first FKC.", "Each fellow had to pay two guineas for the fellowship privilege initially, but the fee was ceased from 1850.", "A wide variety of people were elected as fellows of King's, including former principal Alfred Barry, former King’s student then professor Thorold Rogers, architect William Burges and ornithologist Robert Swinhoe.", "The first women fellows were elected in 1904.", "Lilian Faithfull, vice-principal of the King’s Ladies’ Department from 1894 to 1906, was one of the first women fellows.", "Founded in 1873, King's College, London Union Society which later, in 1908, reorganised into King's College London Students' Union, better known by its acronym KCLSU, is the oldest students' union in London (University College London Union being founded in 1893) and has a claim to being the oldest Students' Union in England.", "Athletic Club was one of the nineteenth-century student societies at King's formed in 1884.", "The union provides a wide range of activities and services, including over 50 sports clubs (which includes the boat club which rows on the River Thames and the rifle club which uses the college's shooting range located at the disused Aldwych tube station beneath the Strand Campus), over 200 activity groups, a wide range of volunteering opportunities, two bars/eateries (The Waterfront and Guy's Bar), a shop (\"King's Shop\") and a gym (Kinetic Fitness Club).", "Between 1992 and 2013 the union operated a nightclub, Tutu's, named after alumnus Desmond Tutu.", "The former President of KCLSU, Sir Ivison Macadam, after whom the students' union building on the Strand Campus (Macadam Building) has since been named, went on to be elected as the first president of the National Union of Students.", "\"Reggie the Lion\" (informally \"Reggie\") is the official mascot of the students' union.", "In total there are four Reggies in existence.", "The original can be found on display in the Macadam Building in the students' union student centre at the Strand Campus.", "A papier-mâché Reggie lives outside the Great Hall at the Strand Campus.", "The third Reggie, given as a gift by alumnus Willie Kwan, guards the entrance of Willies Common Room in Somerset House East Wing.", "A small sterling silver incarnation is displayed during graduation ceremonies, which was presented to King’s by former Halliburton Professor of Physiology, Robert John Stewart McDowall, in 1959.", "KCLSU owns and operates several student run social spaces, including the cafe/coffee shop The Shed, and the bars Guy's Bar (both on Guy's Campus), The Waterfront and Philosophy Bar (both on Strand campus).", "KCLSU Student Media won Student Media of the Year 2014 at the Ents Forum awards and came in the top three student media outlets in the country at the NUS Awards 2014.", "\"Roar News\" is a tabloid newspaper for students at King's which is owned and funded by KCLSU.", "It is editorially independent of both the university and the students' union and its award-winning website is read by tens of thousands of people per month in over 100 countries.", "In 2014 it had a successful awards season, scooping several national awards and commendations, including a Mind Media Award and Student Media of the Year.", "The radio station of KCLSU, KCL Radio, was founded in 2009 as a podcast producer.", "The first live broadcast of KCL Radio was in 2011 at the London Varsity.", "In 2013, KCL Radio relaunched as a live station with more than 45 hours of live programming a week.", "The schedule of the radio station includes news, music, entertainment, debate, sport and live performance.", "Other King's student media groups include the student television station KingsTV, and the photographic society KCLSU PhotoSoc.", "There are over 50 sports clubs, many of which compete in the University of London and British Universities & Colleges (BUCS) leagues across the South East.", "The annual Macadam Cup is a varsity match played between the sports teams of King's College London proper (KCL) and King's College London Medical School (KCLMS).", "King's students and staff have played an important part in the formation of the London Universities and Colleges Athletics.", "Created in January 2013, King’s Sport, a partnership between King's College London and KCLSU, manages all the sports activities and facilities of King's.", "King’s Sport runs the King’s Sport Health and Fitness Centre situated at the Waterloo Campus, which has been refurbished in 2014 and features an indoor cycling studio, fixed resistance and free weights and cardiovascular areas.", "King’s Sport also operates 3 sports grounds in New Malden, Honor Oak Park and Dulwich.", "There are also on-campus sports facilities at Guy’s, St Thomas's and Denmark Hill campuses.", "King's students and staff can utilize Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust's fitness centre and swimming pool based within the Guy's and St Thomas' hospitals.", "In addition to their sporting societies, King's College London also boast 300 other societies and groups in a wide variety of activities.", "The Societies can be categorised by twelve main groups; Academic, Business & Entrepreneurship, Campaign, Common Interest, Culture, Faith & Spirituality, Fundraising, Media, Medical, Music Performance & Creative, Political and Volunteering.", "In February 2011, King's College London students founded London's first student-led think tank, the King’s Think Tank (formerly known as KCL Think Tank).", "With a membership of more than 2000, it is the largest organisation of its kind in Europe.", "This student initiative organises lectures and discussions in seven different policy areas, and assists students in lobbying politicians, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and other policymakers with their ideas.", "Every September, it produces a peer-reviewed journal of policy recommendations called \"The Spectrum\".", "There are many music societies at King's including a cappella groups, orchestras, choir, musical theatre and jazz society.", "King's has three orchestras: King's College London Symphony Orchestra (KCLSO), King's College London Chamber Orchestra and KCL Concert Orchestra.", "Founded in 1945, the Choir of King's College London, one of the most acclaimed university choirs in England, consists of around 30 choral scholars.", "The choir regularly broadcasts on BBC Radio 3 and Radio 4 and has made recordings mainly focus on 16th-century English and Spanish repertoire.", "All the King's Men (AtKM) is an all-male a cappella ensemble from King's College London.", "Founded in 2009, it has since risen to prominence in the university, becoming the first group outside of Oxford and Cambridge to win The Voice Festival UK.", "Pop Superstar, Taylor Swift played at Strand Campus for her first UK gig.", "Competition within the University of London is most intense between King's and University College London, the two oldest institutions.", "Indeed, the University of London when it was established has been described as \"an umbrella organisation designed to disguise the rivalry between UCL and KCL.\"", "In the early twentieth century, King's College London and UCL rivalry was centred on their respective mascots.", "University College's was Phineas Maclino, a wooden tobacconist's sign of a kilted Jacobite Highlander purloined from outside a shop in Tottenham Court Road during the celebrations of the relief of Ladysmith in 1900.", "King's later addition was a giant beer bottle representing \"bottled youth\".", "In 1923 it was replaced by a new mascot to rival Phineas – Reggie the Lion, who made his debut at a King's–UCL sporting rag in December 1923, protected by a lifeguard of engineering students armed with T-squares.", "Thereafter, Reggie formed the centrepiece of annual freshers' processions by King's students around Aldwych in which new students were typically flour bombed.", "Although riots between respective college students occurred in central London well into the 1950s, rivalry is now limited to the rugby union pitch and skulduggery over mascots, with the annual London Varsity series culminating in the historic match between King's College London RFC and University College London RFC.", "On 2 December 2005, tensions between King's and the London School of Economics (LSE) were ignited when at least 200 students from LSE (located in Aldwych near the Strand Campus) diverted off from the annual \"barrel run\" and caused an estimated £32,000 of damage to the English department at King's.", "\"The Times\" reported that LSE director Howard Davies attended the fun run event, while LSE claimed that Davies only attended for a short time.", "King's principal, Sir Rick Trainor, deplored the behaviour, appealed to King's students to remain calm and called for no retaliation.", "The LSE Students' Union later on 6 December issued a formal apology, condemned the actions, as well as promising to foot the bill for the damage repair.", "King's has a total of thirteen halls of residence located throughout London.", "Accommodation is guaranteed for first year undergraduates and international postgraduates.", "Great Dover Street Apartments, Wolfson House and Iris Brook and Orchard Lisle are located on Guy's Campus in London Bridge.", "Brian Creamer House, which was named after Dean of St Thomas's Hospital Medical School Brian Creamer, and the Rectory are situated in the grounds of Lambeth Palace near St Thomas' Campus.", "Stamford Street Apartments is located opposite Waterloo Campus and within walking distance of Strand Campus, and Champion Hill Residence is close to Denmark Hill Campus in south London.", "Urbanest Tower Bridge is located within a walking distance from the Tower of London and Tower Bridge.", "There are two new accommodations for 2018 such as Atlas and Vauxhall.", "Angel Lane in Stratford, Ewen Henderson Court, Julian Markham House in Elephant and Castle, Moonraker Point in Southwark and Stratford One are nominated residences run by the Unite Group.", "Hampstead Residence was a residence near the former King's Hampstead Campus, but was sold by King's College London and is no longer a King's venue.", "In addition to halls of residence run by King's, full-time students are eligible to stay at one of the Intercollegiate Halls of Residence offered by the University of London.", "King's has the largest number of bedspaces in the University of London Intercollegiate Halls.", "There are a total of eight intercollegiate halls of the University of London.", "Canterbury Hall, College Hall, Commonwealth Hall, Connaught Hall, Hughes Parry Hall and International Hall are located near Russell Square in Bloomsbury.", "Lillian Penson Hall is situated in Paddington, and Nutford House is situated in Marble Arch.", "Additionally, students can apply to live in International Students House.", "Notable alumni in the sciences include Nobel laureates Peter Higgs (Physics), Michael Levitt (Chemistry), Max Theiler (Medicine) and Sir Frederick Hopkins (Medicine); polymath Sir Francis Galton; Raymond Gosling who took Photograph 51 which was critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA; co-discoverers of Hepatitis C and of the Hepatitis D genome Michael Houghton and Qui-Lim Choo; pioneer of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) Patrick Steptoe; mammal cloning pioneer Keith Campbell; pathologist Thomas Hodgkin; founder of modern hospice philosophy Dame Cicely Saunders; botanist David Bellamy; Shaw Prize laureate Sir Richard Doll; Kyoto Prize laureate Anthony Pawson; Wolf Prize laureates Michael Fisher (Physics) and Sir James Gowans (Medicine); Lasker Award winner John Hughes; Gairdner Foundation International Award winner R. John Ellis; Beriberi researcher Takaki Kanehiro; inventor of Kerosene Abraham Pineo Gesner; inventor of the Seismometer John Milne, and at least 111 Fellows of the Royal Society.", "Notable King's alumni in poetry and literature include the poet John Keats (Guy's Hospital), the dramatist Sir W. S. Gilbert, and the writers Thomas Hardy, Sir Arthur C. Clarke, Virginia Woolf, Alain de Botton, Sir Michael Morpurgo, W. Somerset Maugham, Charles Kingsley, C. S. Forester, John Ruskin, Radclyffe Hall, Susan Hill, Hanif Kureishi, Maureen Duffy, Khushwant Singh, Sir Leslie Stephen and the Booker Prize winner Anita Brookner.", "King's alumni in religion include the Nobel Peace Prize laureate and Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town, Desmond Tutu, former Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Carey, former Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth, Lord Sacks, Primate of All Ireland, Richard Clarke, Archbishops of Cape Town, Njongonkulu Ndungane and Joost de Blank, Archbishop of the West Indies John Holder, Archbishop of New Zealand Churchill Julius, and the Ethiopian cardinal Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel.", "King's has educated numerous foreign Heads of State and Government including two former Presidents of Cyprus, Tassos Papadopoulos and Glafcos Clerides, Prime Minister of Jordan Marouf al-Bakhit, President of the Seychelles France-Albert René, Prime Minister of the Bahamas Sir Lynden Pindling, President of Uganda Godfrey Binaisa, Prime Minister of Iraq Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz, Prime Minister of Grenada Maurice Bishop, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis Sir Lee Moore, Governor General of Ghana William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel, Governor General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sir Sydney Gun-Munro, Governor of The British Virgin Islands Augustus Jaspert, Governors of the Turks and Caicos Islands Martin Bourke and John Freeman, Governor of the Falkland Islands Nigel Phillips, and Acting Prime Minister of Moldova Natalia Gherman.", "At ministerial level King's alumni include Deputy Prime Ministers of Canada (Anne McLellan), Singapore (S. Rajaratnam) and Egypt (Ziad Bahaa-Eldin); Vice Presidents of Kenya (Michael Kijana Wamalwa) and Sierra Leone (Francis Minah and Abdulai Conteh); Foreign Ministers of Bulgaria (Nickolay Mladenov, now UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process), Japan (Hayashi Tadasu), Malaysia (Rais Yatim), Pakistan (Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, later President of the UN General Assembly and the International Court of Justice), Ghana (Obed Asamoah), Kenya (James Nyamweya), Sierra Leone (J. B. Dauda) and Guyana (Sir Shridath Ramphal, later Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, and Frederick Wills); and Irish Finance Minister Michael Collins.", "Notable King's alumni to have held senior positions in British politics include two Speakers of the House of Commons (Lord Maybray-King and Lord Ullswater) and the former Cabinet ministers Lord Watkinson, Lord Passfield and Lord Wilmot.", "As of the current Parliament there are 19 King's graduates in the House of Commons, namely Alex Burghart, Nic Dakin, Mark Francois, John Glen, Dan Jarvis, Phillip Lee, Brandon Lewis, Sarah Newton, Matthew Offord, Dan Poulter, Lucy Powell, Bob Seely, Tulip Siddiq, Keith Simpson, Sir Gary Streeter, Gareth Thomas, Michael Tomlinson, David Warburton, and Sarah Wollaston.", "As of the current Parliament there are 17 King's graduates in the House of Lords including Lord Carlile, Lord Clinton-Davis, Lord Dunlop, Lord Kakkar, Lord MacGregor, Baroness Morgan, Baroness O'Loan, Lord Owen, Lord Plant, Lord Rowlands, Baroness Watkins, and the Lords Spiritual Tim Dakin, Nick Holtam, and Tim Thornton.", "King's alumni in the arts include the impressionist Rory Bremner; Queen bassist John Deacon; Chief Executive of the Royal Opera House Alex Beard; Oscar winners Greer Garson, Edmund Gwenn and Anne Dudley; Grammy Award winners Boris Karloff, Sir John Eliot Gardiner and Peter Asher; Emmy Award winning director Sacha Gervasi, and the Golden Globe-winning composer Michael Nyman.", "In law, King's alumni include the current High Court judges Sir David Foskett, Dame Geraldine Andrews and Dame Bobbie Cheema-Grubb; Judge of the International Court of Justice, Patrick Lipton Robinson; former Chief Justice of Western Australia, Wayne Martin and the current Attorneys General of Jamaica (Marlene Malahoo Forte), Trinidad and Tobago (Faris Al-Rawi) and Bermuda (Trevor Moniz).", "King's alumni in the military include the current Chairman of the NATO Military Committee Petr Pavel, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe Sir Adrian Bradshaw, the former head of the British Army Lord Harding, First Sea Lord Tony Radakin, Chief of the Air Staff Michael Wigston, head of the Singapore Armed Forces Neo Kian Hong, head of the Nigerian Armed Forces Ola Ibrahim, head of the Maltese Armed Forces Martin Xuereb, head of the Malaysian Army Md Hashim bin Hussein, head of the Pakistan Air Force Sohail Aman, head of the Sri Lankan Air Force Harsha Abeywickrama and two heads of the Indian Air Force, Pratap Chandra Lal and Sir Richard Peirse; four Commandant Generals of the Royal Marines, Matthew Holmes, Ed Davis, Andy Salmon, and Sir Robert Fry, and two recipients of the Victoria Cross, Ferdinand Le Quesne and Mark Sever Bell.", "King's is also the alma mater of the founder of Bentley Motors, Walter Bentley; oil magnate and philanthropist Calouste Gulbenkian; journalists Martin Bashir, Sophie Long, Jane Corbin, Tom Rogan, Sean Fletcher, Anita Anand and David Bond; and the Olympic gold medalists Dame Katherine Grainger, Paul Bennett, and Kieran West.", "There are 12 Nobel laureates who were either students or academics at King's College London.", "King's has benefited from the services of academics and staff at the top of their fields, including Sir Charles Lyell (lawyer and geologist), Sir Charles Wheatstone (best known for the Wheatstone bridge), Robert Bentley Todd (best known for describing Todd's paresis), James Clerk Maxwell (mathematical physicist), Florence Nightingale (the founder of modern nursing), Joseph Lister (pioneer of antiseptic surgery), Charles Barkla (best known for the study of X-rays), Sir Charles Sherrington (known for his work on the functions of neurons), Sir Edward Appleton (physicist), Sir Owen Richardson (physicist), Maurice Wilkins (best known for contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA), Rosalind Franklin (best known for contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA), Mario Vargas Llosa (writer), Sir Roger Penrose (mathematical physicist) and John Ellis (theoretical physicist).", "The neoclassical facade of King's, with the passage which connects the Strand to the Somerset House terrace has been utilised to reproduce the late Victorian Strand in the opening scenes of Oliver Parker's 2002 film \"The Importance of Being Earnest\".", "The East Wing of King's appears, as a part of Somerset House, in a number of other productions, such as \"Wilde\", \"Flyboys\", and \"The Duchess\".", "The Maughan Library has also been the location of some film shoots of popular movies, most notably \"Johnny English\" (see Maughan Library description), \"The Imitation Game\" and \"V for Vendetta\".", "Part of Dan Brown's novel \"The Da Vinci Code\" was set in the Round Reading Room of the Maughan Library, although no part of the film adaption was filmed there.", "In September 1979, The Greenwood Theatre at Guy's Medical School (now King's GKT Medical School) became the first home for the \"BBC's\" \"Question Time\" programme.", "In December 2018, \"Question Time\" returned to the Greenwood Theatre for David Dimbleby's last programme as host." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 292484, "simple_article_title": "King's College London", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=292484", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-292484-0-0", "simple-292484-1-0", "simple-292484-1-1", "simple-292484-2-0", "simple-292484-3-0", "simple-292484-4-0", "simple-292484-4-1", "simple-292484-5-0", "simple-292484-6-0", "simple-292484-6-1", "simple-292484-6-2", "simple-292484-6-3", "simple-292484-6-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "King's College London (King's or KCL) is a large university in London, and a college of the federal University of London.", "University College London (1826) was founded before it.", "However, King's (1829) was the third oldest university in England to get its royal charter.", "In 1836 King's became, with University College, one of the two founding colleges of the University of London.", "King's is arranged into nine Schools of Study, spread across four Thames-side campuses in central London and one in Denmark Hill, South London.", "King's is one of the largest centres for graduate and post-graduate medical teaching and biomedical research in Europe.", "It is home to six Medical Research Council centres, the most of any British university.", "King's has around 18,600 full-time students and 5,030 staff and had a total income of £508 million in 2009/10, of which £144 million was from research grants and contracts.", "There are 12 Nobel Prize winners amongst King's alumni and former faculty.", "King's is ranked 5th nationally and 19th in the world in the 2015 \"QS World University Rankings,\" 7th nationally and 27th in the world in the 2015 \"The Times Higher Education World University Rankings \"and 7th nationally and 55th in the world in the 2015\" \"Academic Ranking of World Universities.", "In September 2010, \"The Sunday Times\" selected King's as its \"University of the Year\".", "King's is a member of the European University Association and the Russell Group.", "It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 6788916, "normal_article_title": "Ottenbach, Switzerland", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6788916", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-6788916-0-0", "normal-6788916-1-0", "normal-6788916-1-1", "normal-6788916-1-2", "normal-6788916-1-3", "normal-6788916-2-0", "normal-6788916-2-1", "normal-6788916-2-2", "normal-6788916-3-0", "normal-6788916-3-1", "normal-6788916-3-2", "normal-6788916-3-3", "normal-6788916-3-4", "normal-6788916-3-5", "normal-6788916-3-6", "normal-6788916-4-0", "normal-6788916-4-1", "normal-6788916-5-0", "normal-6788916-5-1", "normal-6788916-6-0", "normal-6788916-6-1", "normal-6788916-6-2", "normal-6788916-6-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ottenbach is a municipality in the district of Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.", "Ottenbach is first mentioned in 831 as \"in loco vocato marcha Hotumbacharia\".", "In 1169 it was mentioned as \"Arnoldus de Ottonbac\".", "Since the end of the 18th century, the textile industry had expanded as a home industry (Putting-out system) in Ottenbach: In 1784, the cotton spinning mill employed 49% of the local population (430 people, 287 of whom worked all year round).", "At the beginning of the 19th century there were around 350 weaving looms and the Zurich Mechanical Silk Weaving Mill employed more than 200 people in Ottenbach from the village and the surrounding area.", "Ottenbach has an area of 5 km2 .", "Of this area, 56.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 20.7% is forested.", "Of the rest of the land, 19.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (3.8%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).", "It is located near the Reuss River on the border with the Canton of Aargau.", "Ottenbach owns the Ottenbach Small Hydro power plant with original equipment of 1920 which is still running for guided visits.", "It produced current for operating looms of the silk weaving factory A.F. Haas & Co. until 1975.", "Ottenbach has a population (as of 31 December 2017 ) of .", "s of 2007 , 7.3% of the population was made up of foreign nationals.", "Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 5.5%.", "Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks German (93.6%), with Italian being second most common ( 1.7%) and English being third ( 1.0%).", "In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 34.1% of the vote.", "The next three most popular parties were the SPS (20%), the FDP (15.5%) and the Green Party (11.2%).", "The age distribution of the population (as of 2000 ) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 26.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 9.6%.", "In Ottenbach about 84.9% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\").", "Ottenbach has an unemployment rate of 2.04%.", "s of 2005 , there were 47 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 21 businesses involved in this sector.", "144 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 19 businesses in this sector.", "388 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 82 businesses in this sector." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 587517, "simple_article_title": "Ottenbach, Switzerland", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=587517", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-587517-0-0", "simple-587517-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ottenbach is a municipality of the district of Affoltern in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.", "In 2015, 2,566 people lived there." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 214476, "normal_article_title": "List of largest cities and towns in Turkey", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=214476", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-214476-0-0", "normal-214476-0-1", "normal-214476-1-0", "normal-214476-1-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "This is a list of cities and towns in Turkey by population, which includes cities and towns that are provincial capitals or have a population of at least 7,001.", "The total population of Turkey is 78,741,053 according to the 2015 estimate, making it the 19th most populated country in the world.", "Cities and Towns with a population of over 7,000 inhabitants according to the Turkish Statistical Institute are listed in the following table, along with the results of the censuses from 21 October 1990 and 22 October 2000, as well as the provinces in which the cities are located.", "The numbers of inhabitants refer to the actual city, not including urban areas." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 366154, "simple_article_title": "List of cities in Turkey", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=366154", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-366154-0-0", "simple-366154-0-1", "simple-366154-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "This is a list of cities in Turkey by population.", "The total population of Turkey is 79,749,461 according to the 2012 estimate.", "This makes it the 17th most populated country in the world." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5344719, "normal_article_title": "Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5344719", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5344719-0-0", "normal-5344719-0-1", "normal-5344719-0-2", "normal-5344719-0-3", "normal-5344719-0-4", "normal-5344719-0-5", "normal-5344719-0-6", "normal-5344719-1-0", "normal-5344719-1-1", "normal-5344719-1-2", "normal-5344719-1-3", "normal-5344719-1-4", "normal-5344719-2-0", "normal-5344719-2-1", "normal-5344719-3-0", "normal-5344719-3-1", "normal-5344719-3-2", "normal-5344719-3-3", "normal-5344719-3-4", "normal-5344719-3-5", "normal-5344719-4-0", "normal-5344719-4-1", "normal-5344719-4-2", "normal-5344719-4-3", "normal-5344719-4-4", "normal-5344719-5-0", "normal-5344719-5-1", "normal-5344719-5-2", "normal-5344719-5-3", "normal-5344719-5-4", "normal-5344719-5-5", "normal-5344719-5-6", "normal-5344719-5-7", "normal-5344719-5-8", "normal-5344719-5-9", "normal-5344719-5-10", "normal-5344719-6-0", "normal-5344719-6-1", "normal-5344719-6-2", "normal-5344719-7-0", "normal-5344719-7-1", "normal-5344719-7-2", "normal-5344719-7-3", "normal-5344719-7-4", "normal-5344719-7-5", "normal-5344719-7-6", "normal-5344719-7-7", "normal-5344719-7-8", "normal-5344719-7-9", "normal-5344719-8-0", "normal-5344719-8-1", "normal-5344719-8-2", "normal-5344719-8-3", "normal-5344719-8-4", "normal-5344719-8-5", "normal-5344719-9-0", "normal-5344719-9-1", "normal-5344719-9-2", "normal-5344719-9-3", "normal-5344719-9-4", "normal-5344719-9-5", "normal-5344719-9-6", "normal-5344719-9-7", "normal-5344719-9-8", "normal-5344719-9-9", "normal-5344719-9-10", "normal-5344719-9-11", "normal-5344719-10-0", "normal-5344719-10-1", "normal-5344719-10-2", "normal-5344719-10-3", "normal-5344719-10-4", "normal-5344719-10-5", "normal-5344719-10-6", "normal-5344719-10-7", "normal-5344719-11-0", "normal-5344719-11-1", "normal-5344719-11-2", "normal-5344719-11-3", "normal-5344719-11-4", "normal-5344719-11-5", "normal-5344719-11-6", "normal-5344719-12-0", "normal-5344719-12-1", "normal-5344719-12-2", "normal-5344719-12-3", "normal-5344719-12-4", "normal-5344719-13-0", "normal-5344719-13-1", "normal-5344719-14-0", "normal-5344719-15-0", "normal-5344719-16-0", "normal-5344719-17-0", "normal-5344719-18-0", "normal-5344719-18-1", "normal-5344719-19-0", "normal-5344719-20-0", "normal-5344719-20-1", "normal-5344719-21-0", "normal-5344719-22-0", "normal-5344719-23-0", "normal-5344719-24-0", "normal-5344719-25-0", "normal-5344719-26-0", "normal-5344719-26-1", "normal-5344719-27-0", "normal-5344719-27-1", "normal-5344719-27-2", "normal-5344719-27-3", "normal-5344719-28-0", "normal-5344719-28-1", "normal-5344719-29-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "with Ruff Ruffman (sometimes shortened as Fetch!)", "is an American animated television series that was on PBS Kids.", "It is a reality-game show that is hosted by an animated anthropomorphic dog named Ruff Ruffman who dispenses challenges to the show's real-life contestants.", "The series ran for five seasons and 100 episodes from May 29, 2006, to November 4, 2010, on PBS, with 30 contestants in that time.", "On June 14, 2010, WGBH announced that the series would end due to lack of funding (although a 6th season was planned).", "In June 2008, the series received its first Emmy for Best Original Song for its theme.", "It previously aired reruns on the 24 hour PBS Kids Channel.", "was produced at WGBH Studios in Boston.", "Seasons were filmed about a year before they aired.", "Season four was the first season to be filmed in High Definition (HD) in 2009.", "Due to a lack of funding, WGBH announced that \"Fetch!\"", "would be canceled at the end of its fifth season, even though casting had been completed.", "The challenges were filmed mostly in Boston (as well as other areas in the US State of Massachusetts) and various other parts of the USA, depending on the challenges, during summertime when the children are out of school.", "The challenges, which were out on the field, are cut documentary-style, very similar to network reality TV shows.", "After the FETCHers finished filming the challenges, contestants acted in-studio, with the voice of Ruff.", "Jim Conroy traveled to Boston from New York for the two weeks they spent shooting in the studio.", "The fourth camera simply captured Conroy doing his lines as Ruff in the audio booth.", "The kids heard him in the studio and he heard their reactions in his headphones.", "Ruff's lines were the only lines that were scripted out, though he would sometimes ad-lib an answer to a question or comment from a FETCHer.", "Once the lines were recorded, the show went into editing, where the challenges were sorted into the show order.", "Then they were sent to Jim Conroy in New York City, to voice dialog for Ruff's animation.", "Once that was complete, it was sent back to WGBH where editors placed audio clips of the animated characters.", "Once all of this was done, the episode was sent to Global Mechanic to animate the show.", "One out of the four editors had an off-set four-week system in place where one of them was ready to send a cut of a new episode to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada every Friday.", "This process took about six months to complete one season of the show.", "Studio G is the studio for \"Fetch!", "Three segments of the show take place in the studiothe intro, halftime quiz show, and \"Triumph Tally\".", "In season 1, the contestants recognized that Studio G looked like a garage and asked Ruff why, which in the episode, really annoyed Ruff and told them it was not a garage and that it was \"Studio G\".", "Over the course of the show's five seasons, the studio changed.", "For season 1 and 2, the studio was relatively unaltered, but sizable changes were made to the studio for season 3.", "The television through which the contestants communicate with Ruff was changed to a more current flat screen TV, and Ruff's owner parked her car, a dusty Volkswagen Karmann Ghia, in the studio.", "A flamingo and trees as well as a \"Studio G\" sign and a \"wall of fame\" displaying past Fetch!", "contestant season winners were added to the studio in season 2.", "In season 4, a new remote control mailbox was placed on the TV Screen, which popped out when a challenge was in the mailbox.", "Season 5's major renovation occurred during the season finaleit became the Go Get It!", "studio (Studio P), and was a remodeled version of the Studio G set with new carpeting and pink furniture.", "is a reality-based game show where young contestants (ages 10-14) take on various challenges to gain points.", "During these challenges, the contestants must complete a variety of tasks assigned to them ahead of time (and on the fly) by Ruff and surrogates, depending on the situation.", "There is also an educational component, as contestants often must learn something (i.e. Astronomy, Carpentry, Engineering, Food Science, Biology, Physics, Mathematics, etc.) in order to complete the task.", "Not all contestants leave the studio each episode to complete tasks.", "\"As determined by the Fetch 3000\"(according to Ruff), the contestants who remain behind in the studio participate in the \"Half-Time Quiz Show\", in which Ruff asks them up to ten questions with the limited time based on the activities of the contestants out on challenges.", "Out on challenges, contestants will have the potential to earn up to 100 points.", "The contestants in the studio will have a chance to win a maximum of 50 in the \"Half-Time Quiz Show\".", "The show has a \"Fetch Fairness Guarantee\"; that every contestant will \"compete for the same number of points\" through thirteen challenges and six \"Half-time Quiz Shows\" before the final episode.", "Additionally, Ruff assigns \"Bone-us\" points (usually 5 or 10, but sometimes 15 or 20) to the stand-out contestants.", "On rare occasions, there is the possibility to earn more than 100 points (outside of any bonuses).", "The record for most points earned in one episode was 125, by Brian, Noah, and Khalil in episode 5, season 1.", "In Season 4, contestants are able to have 1/2 points (i.e. 515⁄ points).", "At the end of the season, a final point tally is conducted, with the winner of the tally being declared winner of that season to win the \"Grand Prize\".", "Prizes are not always desirable, and sometimes the prize holder winds up with a \"booby prize\"; for example, in \"Good Dancing and Bad Breath\", Anna and Brian had to dance a waltz in the studio.", "During the first season, the contestant had the choice of keeping the prize or giving it to a fellow contestant.", "During the remaining four seasons, there are two unknown prizes between which the winner chooses.", "The chosen prize may be \"mailed\" to the mailbox in Studio G, although occasionally large prizes are hidden elsewhere on the set.", "In one episode of Season 2, Rosario gave his prize to Nina, and in another, he gave it to Madi.", "In a season 4 episode, Sterling returned his prize to the mailbox.", "with Ruff Ruffman\" contains a considerable number of direct cultural references for a PBS Kids show, which makes up a large chunk of the series’s comedic style.", "In the season 2 premiere, when Nina does a rather sloppy job at making chocolate candy, Ruff remarks that it is the \"Jackson Pollock candy.\"", "In the following episode, Ruff mentions that he likes REO Speedwagon.", "In Season 3, Episode 13, when Sam and Harsha throw sacks in a pail, Ruff makes a comment saying, \"I feel like Shaq in the free throw line\", making a reference to Shaquille O' Neal.", "In season 4, Episode 14, when Talia found a horseshoe crab while working on a shrimp boat, a horrified Ruff exclaimed, \"Looks like Darth Vader's face with a billion legs coming out of it!\"", "In Episode 17 of the same season, Talia was starstruck when she discovered that she was holding Roger Federer's tennis racket.", "In Episode 15 of Season 2, when the scuba instructors arrived at the beach, Ruff claimed that they were \"faster than Batman\" and that he \"hoped Batman was watching the show\".", "When Rubye and Marc in Season 5 learned skydiving signs, Ruff remarked that one of the signs looked like \"one of Beyoncé's dance moves.\"", "In Season 2, Episode 4, when Rosario voiced Ruff for the first time, Ruff remarked: \"Is that Ruff Ruffman or Marge Simpson?\"", "In Season 4, Episode 16, when Ruff called Isaac, who was dressed as an old lady, he accidentally called him \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" and then corrects himself and says Mrs. Issacson.", "In Season 5, Episode 18, when Joe explained to the FETCHers, he told Michelle about the book she read.", "Michelle said: \"I believe that was Green Eggs and Ham.\"", "The show also had some guest stars.", "In season 1, Aaron Carter and the contestants all appeared in his new music video.", "In season 2, episode 2, Ruff sends Madi and Willie to meet the Blue Man Group.", "In Season 3, Episode 4, Sam meets Senator Edward Kennedy.", "In season 5, episode 4, Crush the sea turtle from the movie \"Finding Nemo\" makes an appearance via Ruff's Fetch 3000.", "Andrew Stanton reprises his role as Crush here.", "In episode 2 of season 4, the host of Design Squad Nathan Ball appeared in a pole vault challenge.", "In episode 17 of season 4, Gary Sohmers, an appraiser for 13 seasons of \"Antiques Roadshow\", made his appearance challenging two of the contestants to explore Brimfield Antiques and Collectibles Show in Brimfield, Massachusetts.", "The show had auditions for their sixth season in January 2010, but on June 14, 2010, WGBH Boston announced that Season 5 will be the final season due to lack of funding.", "On June 27, 2010, Jim Conroy (the voice of Ruff) made the official announcement at the Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony.", "On his Facebook page, he said, \"It's such an impossible task going up against Sesame Street, Cyberchase, and The Electric Company.", "So you have to consider the nomination as a win.", "PBS gave us 100 episodes and 5 seasons.", "Many good shows never saw that kind of time.\"", "aired its fifth and final season in October 2010, with the final episode date being 11/4/10.", "WGBH and Global Mechanic had announced plans to produce a spin-off of \"Fetch!\"", "based on the online game \"Spyhounds\".", "It would feature Ruff, Blossom, and Chet having a new career as super-spies, and Ruff is in \"way\" over his head.", "Luckily, he has lots of help: four clever kids, a purple poodle named Trixie, and millions of kids online.", "The spinoff plans were announced but were later canceled.", "Later, in May 2014, a new spin-off was announced, called \"Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius\".", "This spin-off debuted in Fall 2014 and features short animations of Ruff Ruffman, focusing on internet safety.", "•No. 1: \"Texting and You!\"", "•No. 2: \"Photos and You!\"", "•No. 3: \"Searching and You!\"", "•No. 4: \"Technology and You!\"", "•No. 5: \"Technology and You!", "Bonus Video: Chicken Island\" (January 2015)", "•No. 6: \"Hang Up and Drive!\"", "•No. 7: \"Hang Up and Drive!", "Bonus Video: Just Drive!\"", "•No. 8: \"Privacy and You!\"", ": Deleted Scene\" (January 2016)", "•No. 9: \"The Internet and Chet\" (March 2016)", "•No. 11: \"Getting the Most From the Internet\" (June 2016)", "•No. 12: \"An Orange Dog Goes Green\" (January 2017)", "On July 30, 2017, PBS Kids and WGBH announced that Ruff Ruffman along with his two assistants Blossom and Chet will be making a comeback in a new digital series called The Ruff Ruffman Show, where they answer questions from real kids, take on challenges and learns the value of perseverance—all while modeling science inquiry skills.", "The digital series premiered on September 28, 2017.", "The show was an instant hit with audiences and received critical acclaim.", "\"The New York Times\" praise the series, writing \"The show’s creators have written in all the sarcasm and amazingness of a more sophisticated and harder-edged show, but not in a way that condones such behavior.", "There’s a kind to the game show ever.\"", "Larisa Wiseman of Common Sense Media gave the series four out of five stars, saying this entertaining PBS series combines the comedy of a cartoon, the challenge of a game show, and the best of reality TV.", "To audition for the program, potential contestants were required to be between the ages of 10 and 14 and be able to live in the greater Boston area over the summer, during school vacations, and a few weekends during the school year, FETCHers needed to be filmed without missing school.", "Auditions were handled by Maura Tighe Casting.", "has received numerous awards over the years." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 127479, "simple_article_title": "Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=127479", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-127479-0-0", "simple-127479-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "With Ruff Ruffman is a reality children's television program that is shown on PBS.", "It is hosted by an animated dog, Ruff Ruffman, who gives out challenges to the six kids competing on the program." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 225765, "normal_article_title": "Bratwurst", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225765", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-225765-0-0", "normal-225765-0-1", "normal-225765-0-2", "normal-225765-1-0", "normal-225765-2-0", "normal-225765-2-1", "normal-225765-2-2", "normal-225765-2-3", "normal-225765-3-0", "normal-225765-3-1", "normal-225765-3-2", "normal-225765-3-3", "normal-225765-4-0", "normal-225765-4-1", "normal-225765-4-2", "normal-225765-4-3", "normal-225765-5-0", "normal-225765-5-1", "normal-225765-5-2", "normal-225765-5-3", "normal-225765-5-4", "normal-225765-5-5", "normal-225765-6-0", "normal-225765-6-1", "normal-225765-7-0", "normal-225765-7-1", "normal-225765-7-2", "normal-225765-8-0", "normal-225765-9-0", "normal-225765-9-1", "normal-225765-10-0", "normal-225765-10-1", "normal-225765-10-2", "normal-225765-10-3", "normal-225765-11-0", "normal-225765-11-1", "normal-225765-11-2", "normal-225765-12-0", "normal-225765-12-1", "normal-225765-12-2", "normal-225765-13-0", "normal-225765-13-1", "normal-225765-13-2", "normal-225765-13-3", "normal-225765-13-4", "normal-225765-14-0", "normal-225765-14-1", "normal-225765-14-2", "normal-225765-15-0", "normal-225765-15-1", "normal-225765-15-2", "normal-225765-16-0", "normal-225765-16-1", "normal-225765-16-2", "normal-225765-16-3", "normal-225765-16-4", "normal-225765-16-5", "normal-225765-16-6", "normal-225765-16-7", "normal-225765-17-0", "normal-225765-18-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Bratwurst (] ) is a type of German sausage made from veal, beef, or most commonly pork.", "The name is derived from the Old High German \"Brätwurst\", from \"brät-\", finely chopped meat, and \"Wurst\", sausage, although in modern German it is often associated with the verb \"braten\", to pan fry or roast.", "Beef and veal are usual in halal and kosher bratwurst, which never include pork for religious reasons.", "While sausage recipes can be found as early as 228 AD, the first documented evidence of the \"Bratwurst\" in Germany dates to 1313 and can be found in the Franconian city of Nuremberg, which is still an internationally renowned center for the production of grilling sausages.", "Recipes for the sausage vary by region and even locality; some sources list over 40 different varieties of German bratwurst, many of the best known originating in Franconia (today for the most part situated in northern Bavaria, but still culturally quite distinct), its northern neighbour Thuringia and adjacent areas.", "How the sausages are served is also locally different, but most commonly they are regarded as a snack served with or in a white bread roll made from wheat flour and eaten with mustard.", "As a pub dish, it is often accompanied by sauerkraut or potato salad and sometimes served with dark, crusty country bread made predominantly from rye flour, less commonly with a \"Brezel\" (pretzel).", "It is a very popular form of fast food in German-speaking countries, often cooked and sold by street vendors from small stands.", "The Franconian sausage is a relatively long (10 – ), thick, coarse sausage, common to the whole Franconian region with slight variations.", "It dates back to 1313.", "With marjoram as a characteristic ingredient, it is close in taste to the \"Nürnberger Bratwurst\" but juicier, due to its size and coarseness.", "The \"Fränkische Bratwurst\" is traditionally served with sauerkraut or potato salad.", "\"Bratwurst\" originating in the city of Coburg in Franconia was first documented there in 1498.", "It is made from pork and a minimum of 15% beef, seasoned with only salt, pepper, nutmeg, and lemon zest, and bound with raw egg.", "It is coarse in texture and is about 25 cm long.", "Traditionally, it is grilled over pinecones and served in a bread roll (\"Brötchen\").", "The \"Kulmbacher Bratwurst\" is a finely-ground Rohwurst from the city of Kulmbach in Upper Franconia.", "Long and thin, it is made mostly from very finely ground veal, with very little pork.", "This sausage may be seasoned with salt, white pepper, nutmeg, lemon peel, marjoram, caraway, and garlic.", "The exact mixture is a closely guarded trade secret of each butcher.", "Kulmbacher bratwursts are usually pan-fried, or grilled over a wood fire.", "They are sold and served freshly grilled from vendors' stands in the Marktplatz, in pairs, with or without mustard, on crusty rolls sprinkled with anise.", "The small, thin bratwurst from Franconia's largest city, Nuremberg, was first documented in 1567; it is 7 to long, and weighs between 20 and 25 g.", "The denominations \"Nürnberger Bratwurst\" and \"Nürnberger Rostbratwurst\" (\"Rost\" comes from the grill above the cooking fire) are Protected Geographical Indications (PGI) under EU law since 2003, and may therefore only be produced in the city of Nürnberg, where an \"Association for the Protection of \"Nürnberger Bratwürste\"\" was established in 1997.", "Pork-based and typically seasoned with fresh marjoram which gives them their distinctive flavour, these sausages are traditionally grilled over a beechwood fire.", "As a main dish three to six pairs are served on a pewter plate with either sauerkraut or potato salad, and accompanied by a dollop of horseradish or mustard.", "They are also sold as a snack by street vendors as \"Drei im Weckla\" (three in a bun; the spelling \"Drei im Weggla\" is also common, \"Weggla\"/\"Weckla\" being the word for \"bread roll\" in the Nuremberg dialect), with mustard.", "Another way of cooking Nuremberg sausages is in a spiced vinegar and onion stock; this is called \"Blaue Zipfel\" (blue lobes).", "The \"Würzburger Bratwurst\", also known as the \"Winzerbratwurst\", comes from the city of Würzburg in Franconia.", "Its size is similar to the \"Thüringer Rostbratwurst\", but its ingredients include white Franken-Wine.", "The \"Thüringer Rostbratwurst\" is a spicy sausage from Thuringia.", "It is thin and 15 – long.", "It is traditionally grilled over a charcoal fire and eaten with mustard and bread.", "The name \"Thüringer Rostbratwurst\" is also recognised as a PGI under EU law.", "Triggered by the discovery in 2000 of an account entry of 1404 first mentioning the \"Bratwurst\" in Thuringia in the town of Arnstadt, the association \"Friends of the \"Thuringian Bratwurst\"\" was founded in 2006.", "In the same year, the association established the \"Erstes Deutsches Bratwurstmuseum\" (First German Bratwurst Museum) in the village of Holzhausen.", "A two-metre-high wooden monument of a \"Bratwurst\" in a bun on a local traffic roundabout advertises the museum.", "The 20 cm -long \"Nordhessische Bratwurst\" (from northern Hessen) is similar to the \"Thüringer Rostbratwurst\" in taste.", "It is made from coarsely ground pork and is heavily seasoned.", "Traditionally, it is grilled over a wood fire and served on a cut-open roll with mustard.", "The \"Rote Wurst\" (red sausage) is a favorite \"Bratwurst\" of the Swabian region.", "It is similar to the \"Bockwurst\", and is made from finely ground pork and bacon.", "Its taste is spicy.", "To prevent splitting during grilling or pan frying, an X is cut into the ends of the sausage, which opens during cooking.", "Sometimes a row of x-shaped cuts are made along its length.", "In 1438, bratwurst started to become popular in eastern Switzerland, especially in St. Gallen.", "\"St. Galler bratwurst\" has been famous since then.", "You can find shops which sell St. Galler bratwurst with a round bread (Swiss German: \"bürli\") on the street, also served in the restaurant with hash browns (Swiss German: \"rösti\").", "Bratwurst, often shortened to \"brat\" in American English, is a common type of sausage in the United States, especially in the state of Wisconsin, where the largest ancestry group is German.", "Originally brought to North America by German immigrants, it is a common sight at summer cookouts, alongside the more famous hot dog.", "Wisconsin is also the home of the \"beer brat\", a regional favorite where the bratwurst are simmered in beer (generally a mixture of a pilsner style beer with butter and onions) either before or after grilling over charcoal.", "Bratwurst was popularized in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, in the 1920s.", "In general, each local butcher shop would take orders and hand make bratwurst fresh to be picked up on a particular day.", "The fat content of the sausages was substantial, making daily pick up necessary to avoid spoilage; some of the fat is lost on cooking over charcoal.", "Bratwurst has also become popular as a mainstay of sports stadiums, especially baseball parks, after Bill Sperling introduced bratwurst to Major League Baseball in Milwaukee County Stadium in 1954.", "The brats, which sold for 35 cents, were grilled and placed into a container of a special tomato sauce with green pepper and onions before being served.", "The bratwursts were such a hit, Sperling said, that Duke Snider of the Brooklyn Dodgers took a case back to New York City.", "Miller Park in Milwaukee sells more bratwurst than hot dogs.", "Current Miller Park foodservice provider Delaware North (through their Sportservice subsidiary) markets Secret Stadium Sauce at retail as a compliment to bratwurst.", "Every year, during the Memorial Day weekend, the city of Madison, Wisconsin, hosts the Brat Fest, which is billed as the \"world's largest bratwurst festival\".", "The town of Bucyrus, Ohio, (which calls itself the \"Bratwurst Capital of America\") has held the three-day Bucyrus Bratwurst Festival annually since 1967." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 10292, "simple_article_title": "Bratwurst", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10292", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-10292-0-0", "simple-10292-0-1", "simple-10292-0-2", "simple-10292-0-3", "simple-10292-0-4", "simple-10292-0-5", "simple-10292-1-0", "simple-10292-2-0", "simple-10292-2-1", "simple-10292-2-2", "simple-10292-3-0", "simple-10292-3-1", "simple-10292-3-2", "simple-10292-4-0", "simple-10292-4-1", "simple-10292-4-2", "simple-10292-4-3", "simple-10292-5-0", "simple-10292-5-1", "simple-10292-6-0", "simple-10292-7-0", "simple-10292-7-1", "simple-10292-7-2", "simple-10292-7-3", "simple-10292-8-0", "simple-10292-8-1", "simple-10292-8-2", "simple-10292-9-0", "simple-10292-9-1", "simple-10292-10-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A bratwurst is a kind of food.", "It is a type of sausage.", "It is composed of pork or beef, and sometimes veal.", "\"Bratwurst\" is German, from Old High German \"brätwurst\", from \"brät\" which is a derivative of the Old High German word \"brato\".", "\"Brato\" originally meant \"hacked meat\", \"intestine\"s.", "The other part of the word is \"wurst\" which means sausage.", "Though originally Celtic in origin, the German \"Bratwurst\" comes from Franconia, specifically Weißenburg-Treuchtlingen.", "There are many different kinds of these sausages.", "All are special in their own way: A \"Bratwurst meal\" often is eaten with sauerkraut, mashed potatoes and roasted onions.", "Sometimes, it is also served with a potato sauce, or a potato salad.", "Today, most kinds of Bratwurst are prepared by roasting them.", "Depending on the kind of Bratwurst, it may have been cooked beforehand.", "Sausages that use raw meat, and that are not roasted or cooked before they are eaten are usually not called Bratwurst.", "The sausage is usually eaten with a hot or sweet German mustard or sliced and eaten as Currywurst.", "Sometimes, some hot French mustard is served as well.", "Bratwurst is almost always served with a hard German roll and usually accompanied by a beer.", "It is a popular snack in German-speaking countries, where it is sold at various fast food outlets and is often consumed while standing.", "In the United States, bratwurst are usually eaten with bread (a hot dog bun or a hardroll, for example) and topped with mustard and/or many of the other condiments often eaten with hot dogs, including onions (grilled and/or raw), relish, sauerkraut, etc.", "The bratwurst is occasionally eaten with a pair of brat links nestled in a buttered hardroll with these same toppings, which is called a 'double brat'.", "Within the US, bratwurst is strongly identified with Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and other areas in a band stretching from the north side of Chicago up through Minnesota and scattered pockets elsewhere in the Midwest.", "They are especially popular in areas of the US where German-Americans settled in large numbers, like Sheboygan, Wisconsin, which is informally known as the \"Bratwurst Capital of the World\" because of the city and county's very strong German roots and connections to bratwurst.", "Johnsonville Foods, the nation's largest bratwurst maker, is based in the nearby unincorporated village of Johnsonville.", "The city also celebrates Sheboygan Bratwurst Days, a community festival held on the first Thursday-Saturday of August each year that celebrates the bratwurst.", "Other traditional Wisconsin brat manufacturers include Klement's Sausage Company and Usinger's, both of which are based in Milwaukee.", "The city of Madison, Wisconsin, holds an annual festival billed as the World's Largest Brat Fest.", "The four-day charity event sees tens of thousands of brats sold by \"celebrity\" cashiers, usually local television, radio, and government personalities.", "Brat Fest's self-proclaimed world record is 189,432 brats consumed during the 2004 event.", "Another town with German-American roots associated with bratwurst is Bucyrus, Ohio, which is known for its unique recipe incorporating fennel.", "It holds a bratwurst festival annually in mid-August attracting over 100,000 visitors annually.", "Bratwurst(s) is/are often simply called \"brat(s)\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 47173, "normal_article_title": "Pope Paul II", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47173", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-47173-0-0", "normal-47173-0-1", "normal-47173-0-2", "normal-47173-0-3", "normal-47173-1-0", "normal-47173-1-1", "normal-47173-1-2", "normal-47173-1-3", "normal-47173-1-4", "normal-47173-2-0", "normal-47173-2-1", "normal-47173-2-2", "normal-47173-3-0", "normal-47173-3-1", "normal-47173-3-2", "normal-47173-3-3", "normal-47173-3-4", "normal-47173-3-5", "normal-47173-3-6", "normal-47173-3-7", "normal-47173-3-8", "normal-47173-3-9", "normal-47173-4-0", "normal-47173-4-1", "normal-47173-4-2", "normal-47173-4-3", "normal-47173-5-0", "normal-47173-5-1", "normal-47173-5-2", "normal-47173-5-3", "normal-47173-5-4", "normal-47173-5-5", "normal-47173-6-0", "normal-47173-6-1", "normal-47173-6-2", "normal-47173-6-3", "normal-47173-6-4", "normal-47173-6-5", "normal-47173-6-6", "normal-47173-7-0", "normal-47173-7-1", "normal-47173-7-2", "normal-47173-7-3", "normal-47173-7-4", "normal-47173-8-0", "normal-47173-8-1", "normal-47173-8-2", "normal-47173-8-3", "normal-47173-8-4", "normal-47173-9-0", "normal-47173-9-1", "normal-47173-9-2", "normal-47173-9-3", "normal-47173-10-0", "normal-47173-10-1", "normal-47173-10-2", "normal-47173-10-3", "normal-47173-10-4", "normal-47173-10-5", "normal-47173-10-6", "normal-47173-10-7", "normal-47173-11-0", "normal-47173-12-0", "normal-47173-12-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Pope Paul II ( ; 23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 30 August 1464 to his death in 1471.", "When his maternal uncle, Gabriele Condulmer, became Pope Eugenius IV, Pietro switched from training to be a merchant to religious studies.", "His rise in the Church was relatively rapid.", "Elected pope in 1464, he amassed a great collection of art and antiquities.", "Paul was born in Venice, a nephew of Pope Eugenius IV (1431–1447) through his mother.", "Through his father he was a member of the noble Barbo family.", "His adoption of the spiritual career, after having been trained as a merchant, was prompted by his uncle's election as pope.", "His consequent promotion was rapid; and the ambitious young cleric became a cardinal in 1440 and gained popularity through his generosity.", "He boasted that if elected pope he would buy each cardinal a villa to escape the summer heat.", "After having been lay abbot of Santa Maria in Sylvis since 1441, in 1445 he succeeded Giuliano Cesarini as archpriest of the Vatican Basilica.", "Platina reported that Pius II suggested he should have been called \"Maria Pietissima\" (Our Lady of Pity), as \"when he could not obtain what he aimed at by praying, entreating, and requesting, he would join tears to his petitions to make them the sooner believed.\"", "Some historians have suggested the nickname may also have been an allusion either to Paul's propensity to enjoy dressing up in sumptuous ecclesiastical finery, or possibly a lack of masculinity.", "He was elected to succeed Pope Pius II by the accessus in the first ballot of the papal conclave of 1464 with a majority of fourteen of the nineteen cardinals present.", "Beforehand, to secure to the cardinals a greater share of power than they had enjoyed under Pius II, a capitulation was subscribed by all except Ludovico Trevisan.", "It bound the future Pope to continue the Turkish war, but he was not to journey outside Rome without the consent of a majority of the cardinals, nor to leave Italy without the consent of all.", "The maximum number of cardinals was limited to twenty-four, and any new Pope was to be limited to only one cardinal-nephew.", "All creations of new cardinals and advancements to certain important benefices were to be made only with the consent of the College of Cardinals.", "Upon taking office, Paul II was to convene an ecumenical council within three years.", "But these terms of subscription were modified by Paul II at his own discretion, and this action lost him the confidence of the College of Cardinals.", "The justification for setting aside the capitulations, seen to be under way by the Duke of Milan's ambassador as early as 21 September, lay in connecting any abridgement of the Pope's absolute monarchy in the Papal States with a consequent abridgement of his sole authority in spiritual matters.", "Almost from his coronation, Paul withdrew and became inaccessible: audiences were only granted at night and even good friends waited a fortnight to see him.", "His suspiciousness was widely attested.", "He wore rouge in public.", "The story of Cardinal Ammanati that he meant to take the name \"Formosus II\" (\"handsome\"), but was persuaded not to, is more often repeated than the story that he was dissuaded from \"Marcus\", being Venetian and the Cardinal of San Marco, because it was also the war-cry of Venice.", "He had a papal tiara made for his own use studded with \"diamonds, sapphires, emeralds, topaz, large pearls, and every kind of precious gem\".", "He built the Palazzo San Marco (now the Palazzo Venezia) and lived there even as pope, amassing a great collection of art and antiquities.", "A sore point was his abuse of the practice of creating cardinals \"in pectore\", without publishing their names.", "Eager to raise new cardinals to increase the number who were devoted to his interests, but restricted by the terms of the capitulation, which gave the College a voice in the creation of new members, in the winter of 1464–65 Paul created two secret cardinals both of whom died before their names could be published.", "In his fourth year as Pope, he created eight new cardinals on 18 September 1467.", "Five were candidates pressed by kings, placating respectively James II of Cyprus, Edward IV of England, Louis XI of France, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Ferdinand I of Naples; one was the able administrator of the Franciscans; and the last two elevated his old tutor and a first cardinal-nephew.", "Two further cardinal-nephews were added on 21 November 1468.", "In a sign of his increasing secretiveness and paranoia, he added two more cardinals secretly at the same consistory, and four more at the beginning of 1471, expecting to reveal them only in his testament.", "Tensions with the College of Cardinals came to the fore when in 1466, attempting to eliminate redundant offices, Paul II proceeded to annul the College of Abbreviators, whose function it was to formulate papal documents; a storm of indignation arose, inasmuch as rhetoricians and poets with humanist training, of which Paul deeply disapproved, had long been accustomed to benefiting from employment in such positions.", "Bartolomeo Platina, who was one of these, wrote a threatening letter to the Pope, and was imprisoned, but later discharged.", "However, in February 1468, Platina was again imprisoned on the charge of having participated in a conspiracy against the Pope, and was tortured along with other abbreviators, such as Filip Callimachus, who fled to Poland in 1478, all of whom had been accused of pagan views.", "Not unaccountably, Platina, in his \"Vitae pontificum\", set forth an unfavorable delineation of the character of Paul II.", "Though Platina's writing after the conflict would tarnish the legacy of Paul II, the conflict would prove to have a greater effect on the intellectual environment of Rome.", "Peter Partner explains, \"Probably its most important result was to convince men of letters that cultural conformity would be enforced in Rome.\"", "More tangibly, after the crackdown of Paul II, the Roman Academy took on a more religious flavour, turning in part to theology as a means of legitimizing its pursuits.", "Pope Paul rejected King George of Poděbrady of Bohemia because he upheld the conventions of the Council of Basel in favor of the Utraquists.", "In August 1465, Paul II summoned Poděbrady before his Roman tribunal.", "When the King failed to come, Paul allied himself with the insurgents in Bohemia and released the King's subjects from their oath of allegiance.", "In December 1466, he pronounced the ban of excommunication and sentence of deposition against Poděbrady.", "Poděbrady's apologist, Gregory of Heimberg, subsequently accused Paul of immorality, a move that resulted in Gregory's own excommunication.", "Just when the King's goodwill disposed the Pope in favor of reconciliation, Paul died suddenly of a heart attack on 26 July 1471.", "Reports of the death varied.", "Some claimed he had collapsed from severe indigestion after eating melon in excess.", "Some (mainly the pontiff's detractors) say that he had died whilst being sodomized by a page boy.", "Nevertheless, his death resulted in the creation of a power vacuum in Central Europe – especially after Poděbrady himself died in March of that same year.", "Although Paul II was a committed opponent of humanist learning, he oversaw and approved the introduction of printing into the Papal States, first at Subiaco in 1464 by Arnold Pannartz and Konrad Sweynheim, and at Rome itself in 1467.", "The result was that books and other documents became far more numerous and less expensive to procure than the previous handwritten manuscripts.", "Printing put the materials needed for an advanced education into the hands of more people than ever before, including an increasing number of laypeople.", "The output of printing presses at this period was, as a matter of course, subject to governmental scrutiny; during Paul II's reign, books produced in the Papal States were largely limited to Latin classical literature and ecclesiastical texts.", "The chronicler Stefano Infessura's republican and anti-papal temper makes his diary a far from neutral though well-informed witness.", "But it is certain that although Paul II opposed the humanists, he yet provided for popular amusements: in 1466 he permitted the horse-race that was a feature of Carnival to be run along the main street, the Via Lata, which now became known from this annual event as the Via del Corso.", "So that nobody felt left out of the event, the Pope instituted races for boys, adult men, old people and Jews, with appropriate prizes for each group.", "He tried as Pope to reduce or stop blood feuds and vendettas in Italy, and to make sure that Jews were treated fairly.", "Paul II displayed an extravagant love of personal splendor that gratified his sense of self-importance.", "After his death Sixtus IV and a selected group of cardinals inspected the treasure laid up against expenditures against the Turks: they found 54 silver shells filled with pearls, to a value of 300,000 ducats, jewels and gold intended for refashioning, worth another 300,000 ducats, and a magnificent diamond worth 7,000 ducats, which was sent to Cardinal d'Estouteville to cover monies he had advanced to the pontiff.", "The coin was not immediately found.", "He had also amassed a collection of 800 gemstones.", "However, the \"Catholic Encyclopedia\" asserts, \"justice requires notice of his strict sense of equity, his reforms in the municipal administration, and his fight against official bribery and traffic in posts of dignity.\"", "In statecraft, Paul II lacked eminence and achieved nothing of consequence for Italy.", "In the Papal States, however, in 1465 he eliminated the regime of the counts of Anguillara, a house that had played a consistent anti-papal role since the plot of Stefano Porcari and the unruly insurrection of Tiburzio di Maso in 1460." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 312528, "simple_article_title": "Pope Paul II", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312528", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-312528-0-0", "simple-312528-1-0", "simple-312528-1-1", "simple-312528-2-0", "simple-312528-2-1", "simple-312528-3-0", "simple-312528-4-0", "simple-312528-5-0", "simple-312528-6-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Pope Paul II (; 23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 212th Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471.", "Pietro Barbo was born in Venice.", "He was a nephew of Pope Eugene IV.", "Barbo became a cardinal in 1440.", "He was sometimes called the Venetian cardinal.", "Barbo was elected Pope on 30 August 1464; and he chose to be called Paul II.", "Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.", "The Cardinals' right to wear the red biretta was granted by Paul II.", "The accounts of histories written soon after his death were unfavorable." ] } }

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principal city of the Dover, DE Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Kent County and is part of the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD Combined Statistical Area.", "It is located on the St. Jones River in the Delaware River coastal plain.", "It was named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England.", "As of 2010, the city had a population of 36,047.", "First recorded in its Latinised form of \"Portus Dubris\", the name derives from the Brythonic word for waters (\"dwfr\" in Middle Welsh).", "The same element is present in the town's French (Douvres) and Modern Welsh (Dofr) forms.", "The city is named after Dover, Kent in England.", "Dover was founded as the court town for newly established Kent County in 1683 by William Penn, the proprietor of the territory generally known as the \"Lower Counties on the Delaware.\"", "Later, in 1717, the city was officially laid out by a special commission of the Delaware General Assembly.", "The capital of the state of Delaware was moved here from New Castle in 1777 because of its central location and relative safety from British raiders on the Delaware River.", "Because of an act passed in October 1779, the assembly elected to meet at any place in the state they saw fit, meeting successively in Wilmington, Lewes, Dover, New Castle, and Lewes again, until it finally settled down permanently in Dover in October 1781.", "The city's central square, known as The Green, was the location of many rallies, troop reviews, and other patriotic events.", "To this day, The Green remains the heart of Dover's historic district and is the location of the Delaware Supreme Court and the Kent County Courthouse.", "Dover was most famously the home of Caesar Rodney, the popular wartime leader of Delaware during the American Revolution.", "He is known to have been buried outside Dover, but the precise location of his grave is unknown.", "A cenotaph in his honor is erected in the cemetery of the Christ Episcopal Church near The Green in Dover.", "Dover and Kent County were deeply divided over the issue of slavery, and the city was a \"stop\" on the Underground Railroad because of its proximity to slave-holding Maryland and free Pennsylvania and New Jersey.", "It was also home to a large Quaker community that encouraged a sustained emancipation effort in the early 19th century.", "There were very few slaves in the area, but the institution was supported, if not practiced, by a small majority, who saw to its continuation.", "The Bradford-Loockerman House, Building 1301, Dover Air Force Base, John Bullen House, Carey Farm Site, Christ Church, Delaware State Museum Buildings, John Dickinson House, Dover Green Historic District, Eden Hill, Delaware Governor's Mansion, Greenwold, Hughes-Willis Site, Loockerman Hall, Macomb Farm, Mifflin-Marim Agricultural Complex, Old Statehouse, Palmer Home, Town Point, Tyn Head Court, and Victorian Dover Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Dover is located at (39.1581680, −75.5243682).", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.7 sqmi , of which 22.4 sqmi is land and 0.3 sqmi , or 1.32%, is water.", "Dover has a warm temperate climate or humid subtropical climate (Köppen \"Cfa\").", "Summers are hot and humid, with 23 days per year reaching or surpassing 90 °F .", "Brief, but heavy summer thunderstorms are common.", "Winters are moderated by the Delaware Bay and the partial shielding of the Appalachians, though there are normally 8−9 days when the daily high remains below freezing and 15 nights with lows below 20 °F .", "Snow is typically light and sporadic, averaging only 15.7 in per season, and does not usually remain on the ground for long.", "Spring and autumn provide transitions of reasonable length and are similar, though spring is more wet.", "The monthly mean temperature ranges from 35.2 °F in January to 77.7 °F in July.", "The annual total precipitation of around 46 in is spread rather evenly year-round.", "Dover averages 2300 hours of sunshine annually.", "In 2010, Dover had a population of 36,047 people.", "The racial makeup of the city was 48.3% White, 42.2% African American, 0.5% Native American, 2.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.1% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races.", "6.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 32,135 people, 12,340 households, and 7,502 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1,435.0 people per square mile (554.1/km2).", "There were 13,195 housing units at an average density of 589.2 per square mile (227.5/km2).", "The racial makeup of the city was 54.94% White, 37.22% African American, 0.45% Native American, 3.16% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.57% from other races, and 2.62% from two or more races.", "4.13% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "There were 12,340 households out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 16.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were non-families.", "31.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.98.", "In the city of Dover the age distribution of the population shows 23.5% under the age of 18, 15.7% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 33 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $38,669, and the median income for a family was $48,338.", "Males had a median income of $34,824 versus $26,061 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $19,445.", "About 11.5% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.6% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.", "Dover is governed via the council-manager system with an elected mayor, currently Robin R. Christiansen since 2014.", "The council consists of nine members, eight of whom are elected from four districts with each district having two members.", "One member of the council is elected at large.", "Municipal elections, which are nonpartisan, are held on the third Tuesday in April in odd-numbered years.", "The mayor is elected directly by the city voters for a four-year term.", "City council members are elected to staggered four-year terms.", "There have been four full-time Mayors of Dover to date: James \"Hutch\" Hutchison from 1994 to 2004; Stephen Speed from 2004 to 2007; Carleton Carey from 2007 to 2014; Robin R. Christiansen since 2014.", "The Dover Police Department provides police services to the city of Dover.", "The police department is led by a Chief of Police, currently Marvin C. Mailey, and consists of 101 officers, responding to 43,000 calls a year.", "The Dover Police Department is composed of several sworn police units along with civilian units.", "Fire protection in Dover is provided by the Dover Fire Department, a volunteer fire department which has served the city since 1882 and operates two stations in Dover.", "Station 1 is the department's headquarters and houses Engines 4, 6, and 7; Ladder 2; Rescue 1; Brush 9; and Marine 1.", "The Dover Fire Department Museum is also located at the headquarters.", "Station 2 houses Engines 2 and 3; Ladder 1; Utility 1; and the foam trailer.", "Dover is the only state capital in the United States with a volunteer fire department.", "Federally, Dover is part of Delaware's at-large congressional district, represented by Democrat Lisa Blunt Rochester, first elected in 2016.", "The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Tom Carper, first elected in 2000.", "The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Chris Coons, first elected in 2010.", "The governor of Delaware is Democrat John Carney, first elected in 2016.", "Delaware's largest employer is also Dover's – the state government.", "A large portion, but not all, of the state's bureaucracy is located in and around Dover.", "However, like some other American states, Delaware's capital is not its largest city.", "Consequently, Wilmington, in the northern part of the state and its largest city, has many state offices and employees one would normally expect to find in the state capital, including the headquarters of the Office of the Attorney General, especially as many large American corporations maintain nominal offices in that city to register their Delaware corporation.", "Dover is one of the fast-growing areas in the state of Delaware, due in large part to the relatively low cost of living.", "As a consequence, the Kent County government is a major employer in the area as well.", "Apart from the state and county governments, Dover's significant employers include Dover Air Force Base, located within the southeast corporate limits of the city.", "The base houses two airlift wings as well as the U.S. military's only mortuary in the continental United States, which accepts and processes the remains of soldiers killed in battle.", "In addition, Kraft Foods and Procter & Gamble have manufacturing facilities in Dover.", "The Kraft Foods plant in Dover has been the plant that manufactures Jell-O since 1964 when it relocated from Bloomfield, New York.", "The P&G plants makes Pampers Baby Fresh wipes.", "ILC Dover, in nearby Frederica, is the producer of fabrics for military and aerospace uses, along with being the primary contractor for production of the Apollo and Skylab spacesuits, as well as the spacesuit assembly for the Space Shuttle's Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU).", "Several local and national retailers and restaurants line US 13 through Dover, with the Dover Mall situated along this corridor and serving as the only shopping mall in the area.", "Two weekends a year, NASCAR races are held at Dover International Speedway, attracting about 65,000 spectators.", "Attendance to the races is much lower than in the 1990s and 2000s, when 140,000 spectators came to Dover International Speedway and led to traffic snarls throughout the city and on US 13 approaching Dover.", "The races bring in increased patronage for local businesses, and hotels and motels sell out weeks in advance.", "Many race fans camp in RVs and tents adjacent to the track.", "These races, and in recent years adjacent slot machine gambling at Dover Downs Hotel & Casino, contribute millions of dollars to Dover's economy.", "Firefly Music Festival is held in The Woodlands of Dover International Speedway every summer since 2012.", "The main north–south highway through Dover is U.S. Route 13, which runs through the main commercial strip of Dover on the multi-lane, divided Dupont Highway.", "An alternate route of U.S. Route 13, U.S. Route 13 Alternate, passes through downtown Dover on Governors Avenue.", "The limited-access Delaware Route 1 toll road, which provides the main route to Wilmington and the Delaware Beaches, passes to the east of Dover.", "It ends near the Dover Air Force Base and DE 1 continues south on Bay Road.", "U.S. Route 113 formerly ran along Bay Road from Milford to US 13 near the State Capitol Complex, however it was decommissioned north of Milford in 2004 to avoid the concurrency with DE 1 between the Dover Air Force Base and Milford.", "Delaware Route 8 is the main east–west route through Dover, passing through downtown on Division Street and West Dover on Forrest Avenue.", "It continues west toward Maryland to provide access to the Chesapeake Bay Bridge.", "Delaware Route 15 passes north-south through the western part of Dover along Hazlettville Road, West North Street, Saulsbury Road, and McKee Road.", "Dover is one of only four state capitals not served by an Interstate highway.", "Pierre, South Dakota; Jefferson City, Missouri; and Juneau, Alaska are the other three state capitals with this distinction.", "Parking in the downtown area of Dover consists of free on-street two-hour parking and five off-street parking lots offering a total of 440 spaces.", "Parking lots in downtown Dover contain a mix of permit parking, parking meters, and free two-hour, 15-minute, and handicapped parking spaces along with spaces reserved for tenants and apartments.", "Parking is free on evenings and weekends.", "Dover Air Force Base is located within the southeast corporate limits of Dover.", "Airports near Dover with commercial air service include the Wicomico Regional Airport in Salisbury, Maryland, the Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport in Baltimore, and the Philadelphia International Airport in Philadelphia.", "Other general aviation airports near Dover include Chandelle Estates Airport to the northeast of the city, Delaware Airpark near Cheswold, and Jenkins Airport near Wyoming.", "Dover is located on a former Pennsylvania Railroad line, later operated by Penn Central, Conrail, and Norfolk Southern and now operated by the Delmarva Central Railroad as its Delmarva Subdivision.", "At one time Dover had daily passenger service until the Pennsylvania Railroad's \"Blue Diamond\" was discontinued on December 31, 1965.", "In later years, Dover was served by special Amtrak trains to NASCAR races at Dover International Speedway and the Delaware State Fair in Harrington.", "Today, the rail line is just used for local freight.", "The closest passenger rail station is the Wilmington station in Wilmington, served by Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and SEPTA Regional Rail's Wilmington/Newark Line.", "DART First State provides local bus service throughout Dover and Kent County, radiating from the Dover Transit Center in downtown.", "They also provide inter-county service to Wilmington on the Route 301, Newark on the Route 302, Georgetown on the Route 303, and Lewes on the Route 307 and seasonal service to Lewes and Rehoboth Beach on the Route 305 \"Beach Connection\".", "Greyhound Lines are provided as inter-city bus transportation along a route running between the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City and Norfolk, Virginia, with a bus stop at the 7-Eleven store along U.S. Route 13 in the northern part of Dover.", "The city of Dover provides various utility services to businesses and residents.", "The Department of Public Works provides trash collection, recycling, water, and sewer service to the city.", "Republic Services provides recycling collection under contract to the city.", "The City of Dover Electric Department provides electricity to the city and some surrounding areas to the south and east, including the town of Little Creek.", "The city's electric department is a member of the Delaware Municipal Electric Corporation, a wholesale electric utility that represents municipal electric departments in the state of Delaware.", "The City of Dover Electric Department generates some of its electricity from the McKee Run Generating Station, which consists of three natural gas-powered units that are used on a limited basis.", "The city also generates electricity from solar power at the Dover SUN Park, a 10 MW solar power farm on 103 acres at the Garrison Oak technology park that is owned by SunPower.", "The remainder of the city's electricity is purchased.", "Natural gas service in Dover is provided by Chesapeake Utilities.", "Bayhealth Medical Center operates the Bayhealth Hospital, Kent Campus in Dover.", "The hospital offers various inpatient services including a birthing room and cardiovascular and cancer services.", "The Kent Campus also offers numerous outpatient services, patient and family support services, community outreach, and imaging services.", "The hospital has a 24-hour emergency room with a Level III trauma center.", "Dover is home to Delaware State University, a land-grant university and Delaware's only historically black university, and Wesley College.", "Campus Community School, a public charter school, is located on the Wesley College grounds.", "It is also home to the Terry Campus of the Delaware Technical Community College and that college's administrative offices.", "Dover also has satellite locations of the University of Delaware and Wilmington University.", "Three public school districts serve Dover residents.", "The majority of the city is served by the Capital School District, which includes Dover High School.", "The southern portion of Dover is served by the Caesar Rodney School District, which includes Caesar Rodney High School located just outside the city in Camden.", "The Polytech School District, which includes Polytech High School located in Woodside, serves as an overlay district for vocational-technical students.", "The Dover Air Force Base Middle School is located on the premises of the Dover Air Force Base.", "This school is unusual in that it is run not by the Department of Defense, but by the Caesar Rodney School District.", "The former Dover Opera House, built in 1904, was renovated and converted to the Schwartz Center for the Arts, which hosted performances by the Dover Symphony Orchestra, ballet, and classic films.", "The Schwartz Center for the Arts closed on June 30, 2017 due to financial issues.", "Dover is also home to The Children's Theatre, Inc. of Dover and Kent County, a non-profit organization.", "The Delaware State Library, the Delaware State Museum, and the Delaware State Archives are in downtown Dover and are open to the public for research and browsing.", "In Dover's historical district is the Sewell C. Biggs Museum of American Art, featuring collections from the Colonial days to the present.", "An Amish community resides to the west of Dover, consisting of 9 church districts and about 1,650 people.", "The Amish first settled in Kent County in 1915.", "The area is home to several Amish businesses selling items such as Amish food, furniture, quilts, and handmade crafts.", "Every September, the Amish Country Bike Tour, one of the largest cycling events in Delaware, takes place in the area.", "In recent years, increasing development has led to the decline in the number of Amish living in the community.", "The City of Dover Parks & Recreation Department maintains several parks in the city, consisting of 3 larger parks and 27 smaller parks.", "Silver Lake Park is a 182-acre park located along Silver Lake and offers fishing, boating, a walking/jogging path that provides views of the lake, a playground, benches, and pavilions.", "Schutte Park offers a variety of athletic facilities including 10 multipurpose fields, 4 lighted softball fields, a pavilion, a playground, a cross country course, waking paths, the Dover Little League baseball fields, and the John W. Pitts Recreation Center.", "The recreation center at Schutte Park has meeting rooms, a gym with 2 basketball courts and 3 volleyball courts, and an indoor walking track; it is home to a variety of fitness classes, sports, and sport leagues.", "Dover Park offers 3 tennis courts, a softball field, multipurpose field, 2 basketball courts, a disc golf course, and two pavilions.", "Dover is home to several smaller neighborhood parks including City Hall Plaza, Continental Park, Crossgates Park, Division & Kirkwood Streets Park, Kirkwood & Mary Streets Park, Hamlet, Heatherfield East, Mallard Pond, Mayfair Park, Millcreek Park, New & Dover Streets Park, Orville Myers, Paul's Property, Richardson Park, Saulsbury Park, The Green, Turner Drive, Westfield, Westwind Meadows, Williams Park, and Woodbrook.", "Two newspapers are headquartered in Dover, the \"Dover Post\", printed weekly and online, and the daily Delaware State News.", "Kent County is within the , with the local Xfinity cable system carrying most channels from that city, alongside Salisbury stations WBOC-TV 16 (CBS), WMDT 47 (ABC) and WCPB 28 (PBS), plus low-powered Rehoboth Beach NBC affiliate WRDE-LD 31.", "WBOC-TV maintains a bureau in Dover, and WHYY-TV 12, the PBS member station in Philadelphia, maintains a studio and broadcasting facility in Dover.", "WMDT operates a local repeater serving Dover, WEVD-LP channel 27, while WHYY programming is seen locally on WDPB-TV channel 64 from Seaford (part of the Salisbury television market).", "WDDE, Delaware's first NPR station, launched in August 2012.", "It broadcasts on 91.1 FM.", "Delaware was the last state in the nation to have an NPR station located within its borders.", "Dover International Speedway is home to two NASCAR race weekends, one in the late spring and one in the early fall.", "The spring race weekend features the Camping World Truck Series on Friday, the Xfinity Series on Saturday, and the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series on Sunday while the fall race weekend features the K&N Pro Series East on Friday, the Xfinity Series on Saturday, and the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series on Sunday.", "Located with Dover International Speedway is Dover Downs, a harness horse racing track, hotel and casino.", "The harness track is located within the NASCAR track.", "The two colleges in town are both active in sports.", "The Wesley College Wolverines are a perennial powerhouse in NCAA Division III football, where they began play in the New Jersey Athletic Conference in 2015, while other sports compete in the Capital Athletic Conference.", "The Delaware State Hornets compete in NCAA Division I, with football competing at the FCS level of Division I, as a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference made up of other historically black colleges and universities.", "For one week during the middle of July every year, Dover also hosts the Big League (Little League 16-18) Eastern Regionals, attracting teams from all of New England and the Mid-Atlantic.", "There are several golf courses located near Dover.", "They include the Maple Dale Country Club in Dover, Wild Quail Country Club near Camden, Jonathan's Landing Golf Course near Magnolia, Dover Center Par 3 and Driving Range in Dover, and the Eagle Creek Golf Course (Must have military I.D.) on the Dover Air Force Base.", "Historically, Dover hosted a farm team of the Philadelphia Phillies in the Eastern Shore Baseball League.", "It also served as an affiliate of the minor-league Baltimore Orioles.", "The teams were variously known as the Senators, Dobbins, Orioles, and Phillies.", "In 2008 \"Sporting News\" ranked Dover 215th in its list of the 400 Best Sports Cities based on the year October 2007 – October 2008, a year which saw high attendance for the NASCAR races and Delaware State's football team making its first FCS tournament appearance.", "Combat Zone Wrestling held its yearly Tournament of Death in Dover twice." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 18640, "simple_article_title": "Dover, Delaware", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18640", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-18640-0-0", "simple-18640-0-1", "simple-18640-0-2", "simple-18640-0-3", "simple-18640-0-4", "simple-18640-0-5", "simple-18640-0-6", "simple-18640-0-7", "simple-18640-0-8", "simple-18640-0-9", "simple-18640-1-0", "simple-18640-2-0", "simple-18640-2-1", "simple-18640-2-2", "simple-18640-3-0", "simple-18640-3-1", "simple-18640-3-2", "simple-18640-3-3", "simple-18640-3-4", "simple-18640-3-5", "simple-18640-3-6", "simple-18640-3-7", "simple-18640-4-0", "simple-18640-4-1", "simple-18640-5-0", "simple-18640-5-1", "simple-18640-5-2", "simple-18640-6-0", "simple-18640-6-1", "simple-18640-7-0", "simple-18640-8-0", "simple-18640-8-1", "simple-18640-8-2", "simple-18640-9-0", "simple-18640-9-1", "simple-18640-10-0", "simple-18640-10-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Dover is the capital city of the U.S. state of Delaware.", "It is the county seat of Kent County, which is in the middle of the state.", "Dover had 36,047 people in 2010.", "William Penn founded Dover as the court town for newly established Kent County in 1683.", "Penn was the proprietor of the territory generally known as the \"Lower Counties on the Delaware.\"", "In 1717, a special commission of the Delaware General Assembly laid out the city.", "The capital of the state of Delaware was moved here from Newcastle in 1777 because of its central location and relative safety from British raiders on the Delaware River.", "Because of an act passed in October 1779, the assembly elected to meet at any place in the state they saw fit, meeting successively in Wilmington, Lewes, Dover, Newcastle, and Lewes again, until the capital moved to Dover permanently in October 1781.", "The city's central square, known as The Green, was the location of many rallies, troop reviews, and other patriotic events.", "Today, The Green remains the heart of Dover's historic district and is the location of the Delaware Supreme Court and the Kent County Courthouse.", "Dover was most famously the home of Caesar Rodney, the popular wartime leader of Delaware during the American Revolution.", "Dover and Kent County were deeply divided over the issue of slavery, and the city was a \"stop\" on the Underground Railroad.", "It was also home to a large Quaker community that encouraged a sustained emancipation effort in the early nineteenth century.", "There were very few slaves in the area, but a majority of people wanted to keep slavery legal until the Civil War.", "The main north–south highway through Dover is U.S. Route 13, which runs through the main commercial strip of Dover on the multi-lane, divided Dupont Highway.", "An alternate route of U.S. Route 13, U.S. Route 13 Alternate, passes through downtown Dover on Governors Avenue.", "The Delaware Route 1 turnpike, which provides the main route to Wilmington and the Delaware beaches, passes to the east of Dover.", "It ends near the Dover Air Force Base and DE 1 continues south on Bay Road.", "U.S. Route 113 formerly ran along Bay Road from Milford to US 13 near the State Capitol Complex, however it was decommissioned in 2004 to avoid the concurrency with DE 1 between the Dover Air Force Base and Milford.", "Delaware Route 8 is the main east–west route through Dover, passing through downtown on Division Street and West Dover on Forrest Avenue.", "It continues west toward Maryland to provide access to the Chesapeake Bay Bridge.", "Dover is one of only four state capitals not served by an interstate highway.", "Dover Air Force Base is inside the southeast corporate limits of Dover, however the closest sizable civilian airport to Dover is the New Castle Airport in New Castle.", "The closest airports with commercial air service to Dover include the Wicomico Regional Airport in Salisbury, Maryland, the Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport in Baltimore, Maryland, and the Philadelphia International Airport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "Dover is on a former Pennsylvania Railroad line, which is now served by Norfolk Southern.", "At one time Dover had a daily Amtrak passenger service; however, the line now is just used for local freight.", "The closest passenger rail station is the Amtrak station in Wilmington.", "DART First State provides weekday local bus service throughout Dover, speading from the Water Street Transfer Center in downtown.", "They also provide inter-county service to Wilmington and Georgetown and seasonal service to Rehoboth Beach.", "Greyhound Lines are provided as inter-city bus transportation.", "Dover has Delaware State University, a land-grant university and Delaware's only historically black university, and Wesley College.", "It is also home to the Terry Campus of the Delaware Technical & Community College and that college's administrative offices.", "Dover also has satellite locations of the University of Delaware and Wilmington University.", "Three public high schools serve Dover residents.", "Caesar Rodney High School, in the Caesar Rodney School District (just outside the city in Camden); Dover High School, in the Capital School District; and Polytech High School, in the Polytech School District (in Woodside).", "The Dover Air Force Base Middle School is on the grounds of the Dover Air Force Base.", "This school is unusual in that it is run by the Caesar Rodney School District and not the Department of Defense." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 40019738, "normal_article_title": "Álvaro Valera Muñoz-Vargas", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40019738", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-40019738-0-0", "normal-40019738-1-0", "normal-40019738-1-1", "normal-40019738-2-0", "normal-40019738-2-1", "normal-40019738-2-2", "normal-40019738-3-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Alvaro Valera Muñoz-Vargas (born 16 October 1986 in Seville) table tennis player from Spain.", "In 2012, he lived in Madrid.", "In 2013, he was awarded the silver Real Orden al Mérito Deportivo.", "He played table tennis at the 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012 Summer Paralympics.", "He won a gold medal in Sydney in 2000, the only gold medal in table tennis in Spanish Paralympic history.", "In 2008, he finished third in the Class 7 men's singles.", "In London 2012, he finished second in the Class 6 men's singles and in the team class 6–8 event." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 410145, "simple_article_title": "Álvaro Valera Muñoz-Vargas", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=410145", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-410145-0-0", "simple-410145-0-1", "simple-410145-0-2", "simple-410145-0-3", "simple-410145-0-4", "simple-410145-0-5", "simple-410145-0-6" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Alvaro Valera Muñoz-Vargas (born October 16, 1982 in Seville) is a table tennis athlete from Spain.", "He has a physical disability: he is class 3 player and competes while using a wheelchair.", "In 2012, he lived in Madrid.", "He played table tennis at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics, 2012 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.", "In 2008, he finished third in the Class 3 singles table tennis game.", "In 2008, he finished third in the Class 7 men's singles.", "In 2012, he finished second in the Class 6 men's singles and in the Team Class 6-8 game." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 92646, "normal_article_title": "Chaac", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=92646", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-92646-0-0", "normal-92646-0-1", "normal-92646-0-2", "normal-92646-1-0", "normal-92646-1-1", "normal-92646-1-2", "normal-92646-2-0", "normal-92646-2-1", "normal-92646-3-0", "normal-92646-3-1", "normal-92646-3-2", "normal-92646-4-0", "normal-92646-4-1", "normal-92646-4-2", "normal-92646-4-3", "normal-92646-4-4", "normal-92646-5-0", "normal-92646-5-1", "normal-92646-5-2", "normal-92646-5-3", "normal-92646-5-4", "normal-92646-5-5", "normal-92646-6-0", "normal-92646-6-1", "normal-92646-6-2", "normal-92646-6-3", "normal-92646-7-0", "normal-92646-7-1", "normal-92646-7-2", "normal-92646-7-3", "normal-92646-8-0", "normal-92646-8-1", "normal-92646-8-2", "normal-92646-8-3", "normal-92646-9-0", "normal-92646-9-1", "normal-92646-9-2", "normal-92646-9-3", "normal-92646-9-4", "normal-92646-9-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Chaac (also spelled Chac or, in Classic Mayan, Chaahk ] ) is the name of the Maya rain deity.", "With his lightning axe, Chaac strikes the clouds and produces thunder and rain.", "Chaac corresponds to Tlaloc among the Aztecs (a local civilisation to the Mayans).", "Like other Maya gods, Chaac is both one and manifold.", "Four Chaacs are based in the cardinal directions and wear the directional colors.", "In 16th-century Yucatán, the directional Chaac of the east was called \"Chac Xib Chaac\" 'Red Man Chaac', only the colors being varied for the three other ones.", "Contemporary Yucatec Maya farmers distinguish many more aspects of the rain and the clouds and personify them as different, hierarchically-ordered rain deities.", "The Chorti Maya have preserved important folklore regarding the process of rain-making, which involved rain deities striking rain-carrying snakes with their axes.", "The rain deities had their human counterparts.", "In the traditional Mayan (and Mesoamerican) community, one of the most important functions was that of rain maker, which presupposed an intimate acquaintance with (and thus, initiation by) the rain deities, and a knowledge of their places and movements.", "According to a Late-Postclassic Yucatec tradition, \"Chac Xib Chaac\" (the rain deity of the east) was the title of a king of Chichen Itza, and similar titles were bestowed upon Classic rulers as well (see below).", "Among the rituals for the rain deities, the Yucatec \"Chʼa Cháak\" ceremony for asking rain centers on a ceremonial banquet for the rain deities.", "It includes four boys (one for each cardinal point) acting and chanting as frogs.", "Asking for rain and crops was also the purpose of 16th-century rituals at the cenotes, of Yucatán.", "Young men and women were lowered into these wells, so as to make them enter the realm of the rain deities.", "Alternatively, they were thrown into the wells later to be drawn up again, and give oracles.", "The rain deity is a patron of agriculture.", "A well-known myth in which the Chaacs (or related Rain and Lightning deities) have an important role to play is about the opening of the mountain in which the maize was hidden.", "In Tzotzil mythology, the rain deity also figures as the father of nubile women representing maize and vegetables.", "In some versions of the Qʼeqchiʼ myth of Sun and Moon, the rain deity Choc (or Chocl) 'Cloud' is the brother of Sun; together they defeat their aged adoptive mother and her lover.", "Later, Chocl commits adultery with his brother's wife and is duly punished; his tears of regret give origin to the rain.", "Versions of this myth show the rain deity Chac in his war-like fury, pursuing the fleeing Sun and Moon, and attacking them with his lightning bolts.", "Chaac is usually depicted with a human body showing reptilian or amphibian scales, and with a non-human head evincing fangs and a long, pendulous nose.", "In the Classic style, a shell serves as his ear ornament.", "He often carries shield and lightning-axe, the axe being personified by a closely related deity, god K, called Bolon Dzacab in Yucatec.", "The Classic Chaac sometimes shows features of the Central Mexican (Teotihuacan) precursor of Tlaloc.", "A large part of the most important Maya book, the Dresden Codex, is dedicated to the Chaacs, their locations, and activities.", "It illustrates the intimate relationship existing between the Chaacs, the Bacabs, and the aged goddess, Ixchel.", "The main source on the 16th-century Yucatec Maya, Bishop Diego de Landa, combines the four Chaacs with the four Bacabs and Pauahtuns into one concept.", "The Bacabs were aged deities governing the subterranean sphere and its water supplies.", "In the Classic period, the king often impersonated the rain deity (or an associated rain serpent) while a portrait glyph of the rain deity can accompany the king's other names.", "This may have given expression to his role as a supreme rain-maker.", "Often, however, it is the war-like fury of the rain deity that receives emphasis (as is also the case in the myth mentioned above).", "The king personifying the rain deity is then shown carrying war implements and making prisoners, while his actions seem to be equated with the violence of a thunderstorm.", "About Chaac's role in Classic period mythological narrative, little is known.", "He is present at the resurrection of the Maya maize god from the carapace of a turtle possibly representing the earth.", "The so-called 'confrontation scenes' are of a more legendary nature.", "They show a young nobleman and his retinue wading through the waters and being approached by warriors.", "One of these warriors is a man personifying the rain deity.", "He probably represents an ancestral king, and seems to be referred to as \"Chac Xib Chac\" Together with the skeletal Death God (God A), Chaac also appears to preside over an initiate's ritual transformation into a jaguar." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 422067, "simple_article_title": "Chac", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=422067", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-422067-0-0", "simple-422067-0-1", "simple-422067-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Chac (also spelled Chaac) is the rain god of the Maya.", "He has a lightning axe.", "He uses it to hit the clouds and make thunder and rain." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 213552, "normal_article_title": "Year 10,000 problem", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=213552", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-213552-0-0", "normal-213552-0-1", "normal-213552-1-0", "normal-213552-2-0", "normal-213552-2-1", "normal-213552-2-2", "normal-213552-2-3", "normal-213552-3-0", "normal-213552-4-0", "normal-213552-4-1", "normal-213552-5-0", "normal-213552-5-1", "normal-213552-5-2", "normal-213552-5-3", "normal-213552-6-0", "normal-213552-6-1", "normal-213552-7-0", "normal-213552-8-0", "normal-213552-8-1", "normal-213552-9-0", "normal-213552-9-1", "normal-213552-10-0", "normal-213552-10-1", "normal-213552-11-0", "normal-213552-12-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The year 10,000 problem (also known as the Y10K problem or the deca-millennium bug) is the class of all potential time formatting and storage bugs that would emerge when the need to express years with five digits arises.", "The problem can have discernible effects today, but is also sometimes mentioned for humorous effect as in RFC 2550.", "Five-digit years are already a problem today for many forward-looking analysis programs (e.g. software that examines proposals for the long-term handling of nuclear waste).", "This problem can be seen in the spreadsheet program Microsoft Excel through at least its Office 2013 release, which stores dates as the number of days since 31 December 1899 (day 1 is 1900-01-01); similarly, Microsoft Access stores dates as the number of days since 30 December 1899 (day 1 is 1899-12-31).", "In either application, a date value of 2958465 will be correctly formatted as \"31 December 9999\", but adding 1 to that to step over to the expected date of \"1 January 10000\" will cause a formatting error; in Excel, for example, it will be displayed in the cell as a series of \"#\" characters.", "Excel also cannot automatically convert date-formatted strings such as \"12/12/2007\" to dates if the year exceeds 9999; \"12/12/9999\" is automatically converted to a date when entered into a cell, but \"12/12/10000\" is not.", "The Long Now Foundation ran into this limitation of Excel during the design of the 10,000 year clock.", "SAP NetWeaver handles date variables as strings of 8 characters (YYYYMMDD).", "The open source OpenOffice.org Calc program is able to display dates beyond the year 9999 correctly with five digit years, but at least through version 2.4 falls victim to the Year 32,768 problem: \"31 December 32,767\" is the highest available date it can properly display.", "32767, or 2 − 1, is the highest positive number that can be represented using a 16-bit signed integer, adding one to this value causes it to overflow, and Calc interprets the year as a large negative number, \"1 January −32,768\".", "The GNU Fortran compiler, g77, makes reference in runtime environment limits to year 10,000 (Y10K) problems when using intrinsic functions with this compiler suite.", "The problem is simply stated as, \"Most intrinsics returning, or computing values based on, date information are prone to Year-10,000 (Y10K) problems, due to supporting only 4 digits for the year.\"", "The failure mode suggested in all of the intrinsic functions is that, \"Programs making use of this intrinsic might not be Year 10000 (Y10K) compliant.", "For example, the date might appear, to such programs, to wrap around (change from a larger value to a smaller one) as of the Year 10000.\"", "Python's codice_1 module explicitly only supports one- to four-digit dates.", "Using a date containing a later or earlier year results in a codice_2 being raised.", "PHP's codice_3 class can handle five-digit years, except for parsing date strings with e.g. codice_4.", "Unlike the Year 2000 problem, where significant digits were omitted from the stored values of years, fixing the Year 10,000 problem does not require updating old records (assuming they are already Y2K-compliant), since all four significant digits are present.", "It only requires that record storage in decimal be able to store five or more digits.", "There is, however, a potential problem with record sets that make use of lexical sorting.", "For example, representations of dates in the range 10,000–19,999 would appear interlaced with dates in the range 1000–1999 rather than after the year 9999.", "The Long Now Foundation is attempting to foster the custom of writing years with five digits, so that the year 2019 would be written as \"02019\".", "This would preempt the Year 10,000 problem, but would in turn be susceptible to the \"Year 100,000 problem\".", "The Internet Kermit Service Daemon (IKSD) uses a five-digit field for the year in the Database Record Format: \"Date-time fields are right-adjusted within a field of 18 with the leading blank reserved for Y10K\".", "ISO 8601 specifies that years be written with four digits, but allows for extension to five or more digits, with prior agreement between the parties exchanging the information." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 270851, "simple_article_title": "Year 10,000 problem", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=270851", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-270851-0-0", "simple-270851-1-0", "simple-270851-1-1", "simple-270851-1-2", "simple-270851-2-0", "simple-270851-2-1", "simple-270851-2-2", "simple-270851-2-3", "simple-270851-3-0", "simple-270851-3-1", "simple-270851-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Year 10,000 problem (also known as the Y10K problem, Y10K Bug, and Y10K) is an error machines and computers will encounter when the need to express five digits for a year.", "Some people practice the art of cutting the last two digits of a decade.", "For example, the \"1970's\" becomes just the \"70's\".", "However, this becomes a problem, because to keep order, one will now need to take the last three digits, rather than two.", "This is also a problem because the \"000's\" might be confused with the legit \"00's\", representing a new century.", "Also, the year can overflow with certain computer programs.", "On Microsoft Excel, for instance, in a cell the date 12/31/9999 is a legit date, but 1/1/10000 causes a problem.", "The date \"ten thousand\" is unable to be supported, producing a large negative instead.", "So far, the Long Now Foundation is able to preempt the Y10K by adding a \"0\" in front of the date.", "So the current year of 2019, will be look like 02019.", "However, it would still be subsceptible to a \"Y100K\" problem." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 19540884, "normal_article_title": "Victor Hammer (businessman)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19540884", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-19540884-0-0", "normal-19540884-1-0", "normal-19540884-1-1", "normal-19540884-1-2", "normal-19540884-1-3", "normal-19540884-2-0", "normal-19540884-2-1", "normal-19540884-2-2", "normal-19540884-2-3", "normal-19540884-2-4", "normal-19540884-3-0", "normal-19540884-3-1", "normal-19540884-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Victor J. Hammer (born 1901 in New York City, d. July 21, 1985) was a businessman, founder and owner of Hammer Galleries in New York City, and philanthropist.", "Hammer was born in New York City, to Ukrainian-born Jewish immigrants, Julius and Rose (Lipshitz) Hammer.", "His father came to the United States from Odessa in the Russian Empire (today Ukraine) in 1875, and settled in The Bronx, where he ran a general medical practice and five drugstores.", "Victor Hammer attended Princeton University, where he graduated in 1921 with a degree in Art History.", "His older brother was businessman Armand Hammer.", "He was business partner to his brother Armand on several business ventures, including Hammer Galleries in New York City, founded in 1928 as a way to funnel profits made in Soviet Russia out of that country.", "At one point, British Intelligence believed Hammer Galleries was a front for Soviet Intelligence.", "The Hammer brothers had been in contact with Soviet authorities for a number of reasons, such as famine relief as well as when the Soviets sought a buyer for the treasures of the Hermitage Museum as a way to earn hard currency.", "Victor was responsible for acquisitions for Hammer Galleries, including the so-called Romanov Treasures and Fabergé eggs.", "In 1937, \"Time Magazine\" described Victor and Armand as \"Two of the most startling characters in the U.S. art world are the Brothers Armand and Victor Hammer, one with a medical degree, both friends of Soviet Russia.\"", "He was a prolific philanthropist.", "Alongside his brothers Harry and Armand, he purchased the Roosevelt estate on Campobello Island in New Brunswick and donated it to the United States and Canada as the countries' first joint park, known as Roosevelt Campobello International Park", "Hammer was married to Ireene Wicker; they had two children: Nancy Hammer Eilan; and Armand Hammer." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 132444, "simple_article_title": "Victor Hammer (businessman)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=132444", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-132444-0-0", "simple-132444-1-0", "simple-132444-2-0", "simple-132444-2-1", "simple-132444-2-2", "simple-132444-2-3", "simple-132444-2-4", "simple-132444-3-0", "simple-132444-3-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Victor Hammer (1901 in New York City - July 21, 1985), was a businessman, founder and owner of the famed Hammer Galleries in New York City, and the younger brother of Armand Hammer.", "Victor attended Princeton University, where he graduated in 1921 with a degree in Art History.", "Victor was business partner to his brother Armand Hammer on several business ventures, including Hammer Galleries in New York City, founded in 1928 as a way to funnel profits made in Soviet Russia out of that country.", "At one point, British Intelligence believed Hammer Galleries was a front for Soviet Intelligence.", "The Hammer brothers had been in contact with Soviet authorities for a number of reasons, such as famine relief as well as when the Soviets sought a buyer for the treasures of the Hermitage as a way to earn hard currency.", "Victor was responsible for acquisitions for Hammer Galleries, including the so-called Romanov Treasures and Fabergé eggs.", "In 1937, Time Magazine described Victor and Armand as \"Two of the most startling characters in the U. S. art world are the Brothers Armand and Victor Hammer, one with a medical degree, both friends of Soviet Russia.\".", "Victor Hammer was a prolific philanthropist.", "He, along with his brothers Harry and Armand, purchased Campobello Island and donated it to the US and Canada as the countries' first joint park, known as Roosevelt Campobello International Park" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3319500, "normal_article_title": "Arrondissement of Barcelonnette", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3319500", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3319500-0-0", "normal-3319500-0-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The arrondissement of Barcelonnette is an arrondissement of France in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.", "It has 14 communes." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 554377, "simple_article_title": "Arrondissement of Barcelonnette", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=554377", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-554377-0-0", "simple-554377-0-1", "simple-554377-1-0", "simple-554377-2-0", "simple-554377-2-1", "simple-554377-3-0", "simple-554377-4-0", "simple-554377-5-0", "simple-554377-6-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The arrondissement of Barcelonnette is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.", "Its capital is the city of Barcelonnette.", "When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the \"arrondissement\" of Barcelonnette was part of that original department.", "The \"arrondissement\" of Barcelonnette is in the northeast of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.", "It is bordered to the northeast by Italy, to the southeast by the Alpes-Maritimes department, to the south by the Castellane and Digne-les-Baines \"arrondissements\" and to the west and north by the Hautes-Alpes department.", "The \"arrondissement\" of Barcelonnette is the smallest \"arrondissement\" of the department both in area, 1027.7 km2, and population (8,004 inhabitants).", "After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the \"arrondissements\" so they could have \"communes\" that belong to different \"arrondissements\".", "There is only one canton in the \"arrondissement\" of Barcelonnette, with all its communes in the \"arrondissement\": the canton of Barcelonnette .", "The \"arrondissement\" of Barcelonnette has 14 \"communes\"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 20889, "normal_article_title": "Miso", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20889", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-20889-0-0", "normal-20889-0-1", "normal-20889-0-2", "normal-20889-0-3", "normal-20889-1-0", "normal-20889-1-1", "normal-20889-2-0", "normal-20889-2-1", "normal-20889-2-2", "normal-20889-2-3", "normal-20889-2-4", "normal-20889-2-5", "normal-20889-2-6", "normal-20889-3-0", "normal-20889-4-0", "normal-20889-4-1", "normal-20889-5-0", "normal-20889-5-1", "normal-20889-5-2", "normal-20889-5-3", "normal-20889-6-0", "normal-20889-6-1", "normal-20889-7-0", "normal-20889-8-0", "normal-20889-8-1", "normal-20889-9-0", "normal-20889-9-1", "normal-20889-10-0", "normal-20889-10-1", "normal-20889-10-2", "normal-20889-11-0", "normal-20889-11-1", "normal-20889-11-2", "normal-20889-11-3", "normal-20889-12-0", "normal-20889-12-1", "normal-20889-12-2", "normal-20889-12-3", "normal-20889-12-4", "normal-20889-13-0", "normal-20889-13-1", "normal-20889-13-2", "normal-20889-14-0", "normal-20889-15-0", "normal-20889-15-1", "normal-20889-15-2", "normal-20889-15-3", "normal-20889-15-4", "normal-20889-15-5", "normal-20889-16-0", "normal-20889-16-1", "normal-20889-16-2", "normal-20889-16-3", "normal-20889-17-0", "normal-20889-17-1", "normal-20889-18-0", "normal-20889-18-1", "normal-20889-18-2", "normal-20889-19-0", "normal-20889-19-1", "normal-20889-20-0", "normal-20889-21-0", "normal-20889-21-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Miso (みそ 味噌 ) is a traditional Japanese seasoning produced by fermenting soybeans with salt and koji (the fungus \"Aspergillus oryzae\") and sometimes rice, barley, seaweed or other ingredients.", "The result is a thick paste used for sauces and spreads, pickling vegetables or meats, and mixing with dashi soup stock to serve as miso soup called , a Japanese culinary staple.", "High in protein and rich in vitamins and minerals, miso played an important nutritional role in feudal Japan.", "Miso is still widely used in Japan, both in traditional and modern cooking, and has been gaining worldwide interest.", "Typically, \"miso\" is salty, but its flavor and aroma depend on various factors in the ingredients and fermentation process.", "Different varieties of miso have been described as salty, sweet, earthy, fruity, and savory.", "The origin of the miso of Japan is not completely clear.", "In the Kamakura period (1192–1333), a common meal was made up of a bowl of rice, some dried fish, a serving of miso, and a fresh vegetable.", "Until the Muromachi period (1337 to 1573), miso was made without grinding the soybeans, somewhat like \"nattō\".", "In the Muromachi era, Buddhist monks discovered that soybeans could be ground into a paste, spawning new cooking methods using miso to flavor other foods.", "In medieval times, the word \"temaemiso\", meaning home-made miso, appeared.", "Miso production is a relatively simple process, so home-made versions spread throughout Japan.", "Miso was used as military provisions during the Sengoku period, and making miso was an important economic activity for \"daimyō\"s of that era.", "During the Edo period (1603–1868), miso was also called \"hishio\" (醤) and \"kuki\" (豆支) and various types of miso that fit with each local climate and culture emerged throughout Japan.", "Today, miso is produced industrially in large quantities, and traditional home-made miso has become a rarity.", "In recent years, many new types of miso have appeared, including ones with added soup stocks or calcium, or made with beans other than soy, or having reduced salt for health, among other varieties, are available.", "The ingredients used to produce miso may include any mix of soybeans, barley, rice, buckwheat, millet, rye, wheat, hemp seed, and cycad, among others.", "Lately, producers in other countries have also begun selling miso made from chickpeas, corn, azuki beans, amaranth, and quinoa.", "Fermentation time ranges from as little as five days to several years.", "The wide variety of Japanese miso is difficult to classify, but is commonly done by grain type, color, taste, and background.", "Many regions have their own specific variation on the miso standard.", "For example, the soybeans used in Sendai miso are much more coarsely mashed than in normal soy miso.", "Miso made with rice such as \"shinshu\" and \"shiro\" are called \"kome\" miso.", "The taste, aroma, texture, and appearance of miso all vary by region and season.", "Other important variables that contribute to the flavor of a particular miso include temperature, duration of fermentation, salt content, variety of \"kōji\", and fermenting vessel.", "Although white and red (\"shiromiso\" and \"akamiso\") are the most common types of misos available, different varieties may be preferred in particular regions of Japan.", "In the eastern Kantō region that includes Tokyo, the darker brownish \"akamiso\" is popular while in the western Kansai region encompassing Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe, the lighter \"shiromiso\" is preferred.", "Miso's unique properties and flavour profile can be attributed to the compounds produced through the fermentation process.", "Miso, depending on the variety, consists of a starter culture called koji, soybeans, and usually a grain (either rice, barley, or rye).", "The miso goes through a two step process; first creating the koji, and second the koji is combined with the other components and the mixture is left to be enzymatically digested, fermented and aged.", "Koji is produced by introducing the mould \"Aspergillus oryzae\" onto steamed white rice.", "This mould culture comes from dried \"A. oryzae\" spores called \"tane-koji\" or \"starter koji\" and is isolated from plant matter (usually rice) and cultivated.", "In the past, the natural presence of \"A. oryzae\" spores was relied upon to create koji, but because of the difficulty of producing the culture, tane-koji is added almost exclusively in both industrial and traditional production of miso.", "Tane-koji is produced much in the same way as koji, but also has a small portion of wood ash added to the mixture which gives important nutrients to the fungus as well as promotes sporulation.", "\"A. oryzae\" is an aerobic fungus and is the most active fermenting agents in koji as it produces amylolytic, and proteolytic enzymes which are essential to creating the final miso product.", "Amyloytic enzymes such as amylase aid in the breakdown of starch in the grains to sugar and dextrin, while proteolytic enzymes such as protease catalyze the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.", "These both aid in the enzymatic digestion of the mixture of rice and soybeans.", "Depending on the strain of \"A. oryzae\", enzymatic composition varies thereby changing the characteristics of the final miso product.", "For example, the strain used to create the sweeter white miso would likely produce a higher content of amylolytic enzymes, while comparatively a soybean miso might have a higher content of proteolytic enzyme.", "To create optimal conditions for enzymatic production and the growth of \"A. oryzae\", the koji's environment must be carefully regulated.", "Temperature, humidity and oxygen content, are all important factors in not only maximizing mould growth and enzyme production, but to prevent other harmful bacteria from producing.", "Once the koji has reached a desirable flavour profile it is usually mixed with salt to prevent further fermentation.", "Although other strains of fungi have been used to produce koji, \"A. oryzae\" is the most desirable because of a number of properties, including the fact that it does not produce aflatoxin.", "Miso typically comes as a paste in a sealed container requiring refrigeration after opening.", "Natural miso is a living food containing many beneficial microorganisms such as \"Tetragenococcus halophilus\" which can be killed by overcooking.", "For this reason, the miso should be added to soups or other foods being prepared just before they are removed from the heat.", "Using miso without any cooking may be even better.", "Outside Japan, a popular practice is to add miso only to foods that have cooled to preserve \"kōjikin\" cultures in miso.", "Nonetheless, miso and soy foods play a large role in the Japanese diet, and many cooked miso dishes are popular.", "Miso is a part of many Japanese-style meals.", "It most commonly appears as the main ingredient of miso soup, which is eaten daily by much of the Japanese population.", "The pairing of plain rice and miso soup is considered a fundamental unit of Japanese cuisine.", "This pairing is the basis of a traditional Japanese breakfast.", "Miso is used in many other types of soup and soup-like dishes, including some kinds of\" ramen, udon, nabe\", and\" imoni\".", "Generally, such dishes have the title \"miso\" prefixed to their name (for example, \"miso-udon\"), and have a heavier, earthier flavor and aroma compared to other Japanese soups that are not miso-based.", "Many traditional confections use a sweet, thick miso glaze, such as \"mochidango\".", "Miso-glazed treats are strongly associated with Japanese festivals, although they are available year-round at supermarkets.", "The consistency of miso glaze ranges from thick and taffy-like to thin and drippy.", "Soy miso is used to make a type of pickle called \"misozuke\".", "These pickles are typically made from cucumber, daikon, Nappa cabbage, or eggplant, and are sweeter and less salty than the standard Japanese salt pickle.", "Claims that miso is high in vitamin B have been contradicted in some studies.", "Some experts suggest that miso is a source of \"Lactobacillus acidophilus\".", "Miso is relatively high in salt which can contribute to increased blood pressure in the small percentage of the population with sodium-sensitive prehypertension or hypertension." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 21786, "simple_article_title": "Miso", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21786", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-21786-0-0", "simple-21786-0-1", "simple-21786-0-2", "simple-21786-0-3", "simple-21786-0-4", "simple-21786-0-5", "simple-21786-0-6", "simple-21786-0-7", "simple-21786-1-0", "simple-21786-1-1", "simple-21786-1-2", "simple-21786-1-3", "simple-21786-1-4", "simple-21786-1-5", "simple-21786-2-0", "simple-21786-2-1", "simple-21786-2-2", "simple-21786-2-3", "simple-21786-2-4", "simple-21786-3-0", "simple-21786-3-1", "simple-21786-3-2", "simple-21786-3-3", "simple-21786-3-4", "simple-21786-4-0", "simple-21786-4-1", "simple-21786-4-2", "simple-21786-4-3", "simple-21786-4-4", "simple-21786-4-5", "simple-21786-5-0", "simple-21786-5-1", "simple-21786-5-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Miso is a thick paste.", "It is similar to the Korean \"doenjang\".", "It is made by fermenting soy beans with sea salt and \"kōji\".", "Kōji is the product of fermenting rice, barley, or soybeans with a mold culture, \"Kōji-kin\" (Aspergillus oryzae).", "Often, grains such as barley or rice, and sometimes other ingredients, are added.", "Miso is high in protein and rich in vitamins and minerals.", "Miso tastes salty and, depending on the grains used and fermentation time, may also be sweet.", "Miso is used to make miso soup.", "Miso is a very important part of Japanese food.", "There are different kinds of miso.", "\"Kome miso\" is made from rice and beans.", "\"Mame miso\" is made from beans.", "\"Mugi miso\" is made from barley and beans.", "Tyougo miso is a mix of these misos.", "Miso first came to Japan from China or the Korean peninsula.", "Ancient Chinese \"jan\" (醤) is the origin of miso.", "\"Jan\" is an ancient fermented seasoning.", "According to classical scholars, \"jan\" was called \"hishio\" or \"kuki\" in the Edo era.", "In China, \"jan\" was written about in the \"Shurai\".", "Miso existed in the Jomon era in Japan.", "\"Jan\" is the Japanese original seasoning.", "In the Nara era, \"jan\" was found in Nishi city, Heiankyo.", "Miso was used for seasoning porridge made of rice and vegetables.", "In the Sengoku period, Miso was important to preserved food.", "Many Japanese used to make miso in their own homes.", "This was called \"Temae-miso\".", "In the Muromachi era, it was used as a food preservative and as a seasoning.", "Miso was an important source of nutrients for soldiers.", "In the Edo era, industrial mass production method of miso began.", "\"Temae-miso\" became less common.", "There are many different flavors of miso.", "It depends on the region.", "\"Shiromiso\" is popular in the western Kansai region and \"akamiso\" is popular in the eastern Kantō region." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 328310, "normal_article_title": "Yamagata, Yamagata", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=328310", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-328310-0-0", "normal-328310-0-1", "normal-328310-0-2", "normal-328310-1-0", "normal-328310-1-1", "normal-328310-2-0", "normal-328310-2-1", "normal-328310-2-2", "normal-328310-3-0", "normal-328310-4-0", "normal-328310-4-1", "normal-328310-4-2", "normal-328310-4-3", "normal-328310-4-4", "normal-328310-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Yamagata (山形市 , Yamagata-shi , ]) is the capital city of Yamagata Prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan.", "As of 1 June 2019, the city had an estimated population of 249,743, and a population density of 655 persons per km2.", "The total area is 381.30 km2 .", "Yamagata is located in mountainous southeast Yamagata Prefecture.", "The Mogami River passes through the city, which includes Mount Zaō within its borders.", "Yamagata City falls within the southern extremity of the humid continental climate, transitioning into the humid subtropical climate in the south.", "This climate zone is characterized by hot, humid summers with daytime temperatures commonly higher than 30 °C and moderately long, cold and very snowy winters.", "Yamagata city is part of the heavy snow area of Japan (Gosetsu chitai, ) with snowfall most days throughout the winter season.", "Yamagata City is located in a wide central valley that can heat up quickly in spring and summer and is often grey and humid, while to the east in Miyagi Prefecture on the Pacific coast it is usually clearer and more temperate.", "The area of present-day Yamagata was part of Dewa Province.", "During the Edo period, it was the center of Yamagata Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate.", "The modern city of Yamagata was founded on April 1, 1889 as the capital of Yamagata Prefecture.", "The city attained special city status on April 1, 2001.", "The city's status is then further elevated into a core city on April 1, 2019.", "Yamagata is twinned with the following towns and cities." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 359940, "simple_article_title": "Yamagata, Yamagata", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=359940", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-359940-0-0", "simple-359940-0-1", "simple-359940-0-2", "simple-359940-1-0", "simple-359940-2-0", "simple-359940-2-1", "simple-359940-2-2", "simple-359940-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Yamagata (山形市, Yamagata-shi) is a city in the Tōhoku region of Japan.", "It is on the island of Honshu.", "It is the capital city of Yamagata Prefecture.", "It has been recognized as a special city since 2001.", "The sightseeing spot of Yamagata are the peaks of the Zaou, Rissyaku Temple and Yamagata castle.", "This place is site of Hanagaza festival.", "This festival is held in August.", "Yamagata is hot in summer and cold in winter." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 22727787, "normal_article_title": "Åsarna", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22727787", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-22727787-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Åsarna, older spelling: Åsarne, is a locality situated in Berg Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden with 268 inhabitants in 2010." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 474847, "simple_article_title": "Åsarna", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=474847", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-474847-0-0", "simple-474847-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Åsarna, older spelling: Åsarne, is a locality in Berg Municipality in Jämtland County in Sweden.", "In 2010, 268 people lived there." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4611192, "normal_article_title": "Malaucène", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4611192", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4611192-0-0", "normal-4611192-1-0", "normal-4611192-2-0", "normal-4611192-2-1", "normal-4611192-2-2", "normal-4611192-3-0", "normal-4611192-3-1", "normal-4611192-3-2", "normal-4611192-3-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Malaucène is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.", "Malaucène is a typical provençal village located in Provence (South of France) at the foot of Mont Ventoux.", "The village itself dates from the tenth century.", "It features Medieval, Gallic and Roman structures (even prehistoric vestiges).", "The best views are on top of the Calvaire located in the middle of the older part of town.", "There is an outside market every Wednesday morning.", "Local merchants sell olives, salamis, potteries, handicrafts, clothes, etc.", "Malaucène has several restaurants, cafés, and wineries.", "Several places exhibit local artists, especially painters." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 139530, "simple_article_title": "Malaucène", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=139530", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-139530-0-0", "simple-139530-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Malaucène is a commune of 2,669 people (2008).", "It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France." ] } }

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"normal-588746-56-3", "normal-588746-56-4", "normal-588746-56-5", "normal-588746-57-0", "normal-588746-57-1", "normal-588746-57-2", "normal-588746-57-3", "normal-588746-57-4", "normal-588746-58-0", "normal-588746-58-1", "normal-588746-59-0", "normal-588746-59-1", "normal-588746-59-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Mullingar ( ; , meaning \"the incorrect mill, because it turned in a counter-clockwise fashion\" ) is the county town of County Westmeath in Ireland.", "It is the 3rd most populous town in the midlands region, with a population of 20,928 in the 2016 census.", "The Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543, proclaimed Westmeath a county, separating it from Meath.", "Mullingar became the administrative centre for County Westmeath.", "The town was originally named \"Maelblatha\", and takes its modern name from a mill noted in the legend of Colman of Mullingar.", "Traditionally a market town serving the large agricultural hinterland, Mullingar remains a significant commercial location.", "It had a tradition of cattle-trading until 2003, when its cattle market was closed for development of a mixed commercial and residential scheme called Market Point.", "However, in 2014 the local County Council have allowed an annual Christmas Market to take place on Mount Street.", "Mullingar has a number of neighbouring lakes, Lough Owel, Lough Ennell and Lough Derravaragh, which attract anglers.", "Lough Derravaragh is also known for its connection with the Irish legend of the Children of Lir.", "The town of Mullingar is linked to Lough Ennell via Lacy's Canal and the River Brosna.", "Another nearby waterway is the Royal Canal, which loops around Mullingar.", "Westmeath County Council is the local authority for Westmeath.", "The county council comprises two constituencies or “municipal districts”.", "Mullingar town is in the Mullingar Municipal District which comprises thirteen members.", "The current mayor is Councillor Ken Glynn.", "The town is part of the Longford–Westmeath constituency for elections to Dáil Éireann.", "There is a \"Chamber of Commerce\" in Mullingar, and Mullingar is one of the three towns that forms the \"Midlands Gateway\" region, along with Athlone and Tullamore, set up as part of the Government’s National Spatial Strategy 2002–2020.", "Mullingar's main tourist attractions are its lakes – Lough Owel, Lough Derravaragh and Lough Ennell – which are visited by anglers.", "Also nearby is Belvedere House and Gardens.", "The town has several hotels.", "The Greville Arms Hotel has latterly begun creating a mini-museum, and also holds the two Brit awards presented to Niall Horan.", "James Joyce's connection with the hotel is marked on the premises.", "In the rooftop garden, there stands a large granite monument which formerly stood at Dominick Street.", "It was presented to the town by Lord Greville.", "Mullingar's most notable building is the cathedral of Christ the King Mullingar, the cathedral of the Diocese of Meath.", "The Cathedral was dedicated on the day World War II broke out.", "Columb Barracks, which closed in March 2012, was a military base which housed the 4th Field Artillery Regiment, the 4th Field Supply & Transport Company and the HQ of the 54 Reserve Field Artillery Regiment (Army Reserve).", "The 1916 Centenary Monument Green Bridge Mullingar was unveiled by Cllr Billy Collentine MCC on Easter Monday 2017.", "Mullingar Tidy Towns were the organisation that built this monument in memory of the 1916 Easter Rising.", "Mullingar Town Park (Irish: Páirc Bhaile an Mhuilinn Chearr) is a public park located in Mullingar, Co.", "Westmeath, Republic of Ireland|Ireland.", "The park includes a wide variety of playgrounds, a swimming pool and a large pond near the centre.", "On 22 July 2016 the park became one of 22 public spaces in Ireland to be awarded a Green Flag.", "Among Mullingar's exports are items of pewterware produced by Mullingar Pewter.", "Also associated with Mullingar is Genesis Fine Art, which produces gift items.", "The \"Pilgrims\" sculpture on Mullingar's Austin Friars Street, at which location there once stood an Augustinian Friary, was crafted by Genesis on foot of a commission by the Mullingar chapter of Soroptimists International.", "Mullingar's commercial sector has expanded in recent years from just a few shops on the town's main thoroughfares – Oliver Plunkett Street, Austin Friars Street, and Mount Street – to several major shopping areas.", "There is an out-of-town retail park at Lakepoint (about 1.6 km from the town centre), the Harbour Place Shopping Centre near the town centre, and a development at the Green – on the site of the former Avonmore and Penneys units.", "The town has a mix of local retailers and chain stores, and branches of the major banks.", "The town also has one of the country's largest credit unions (St Colman's Credit Union) .", "A proposed development, named \"Mullingar Central\", was to have been located between Mount Street, the Railway station and Blackhall Street.", "Planning permission was granted for retail, commercial and residential units.", "Phase 1, which included tax offices, library, civic offices and County Council buildings was officially opened on 11 June 2009.", "Phase 2 did not, however proceed.", "Mullingar contains several industrial estates including Lough Sheever Corporate Park and Clonmore Industrial Estate and Mullingar Business Park.", "The Industrial Development Authority (IDA) also has a business park at Marlinstown.", "As of 2015, only one plot on the site has been acquired by an employer, Patterson Pumps, which is constructing a new plant to which it intends moving its entire Irish operation from its current location, at Mullingar Business Park.", "Two of the town's manufacturing plants – Penn tennis balls and Tarkett – both closed in the early 2000s causing many job losses.", "Other local employers include the Midland Regional Hospital at Mullingar, P.E.M. Engineering, Trend Technologies, Taconic International, and Mullingar Pewter.", "Iralco, an automotive component manufacturer, is located nearby in Collinstown.", "The town is home to a €25m Lidl warehouse and distribution centre.", "Mullingar is served by internet providers, and speeds of up to 240 Mbit/s are available in the town.", "As of April 2015, eircom Wholesale announced that by mid-2017, it would be able to offer ISPs the opportunity to purchase access to Fibre to the Home (FTTH) technology in Mullingar, as well as Athlone and Kinnegad, which will allow for speeds of up to 1,000 Mbs.", "Mullingar has a Chamber of Commerce which represents almost 160 businesses from varying commercial sectors.", "Mullingar lies near the national primary route N4, the main Dublin – Sligo road, 79 km from the capital.", "The N52 also connects Mullingar to the Galway-Dublin M6 motorway.", "The town is served by Bus Éireann services to Dublin, Athlone (where passengers can catch connecting buses), Sligo, Cavan, Tullamore and Ballina.", "In the 19th century the town was served for a time by the Royal Canal – however displaced first by the railway and then the car, it is no longer commercially used for the transport of goods or people.", "The town of Mullingar is also linked to Lough Ennell via Lacy's Canal and the River Brosna.", "The Midland Great Western Railway line to Mullingar from Dublin opened in stages from 1846 to 1848, arriving in Mullingar on 2 October 1848.", "This was to a temporary station, adjacent to the greyhound stadium.", "The original mainline ran from Dublin (Broadstone Station) to Galway via Mullingar, then via Moate to Athlone, the Mullingar to Galway section opening in August 1851.", "The present station opened with the branch line to Longford on 14 December 1855.", "There were two secondary stations in Mullingar, Canal Crossing cattle bank was on the Sligo Line and on the Athlone Line, Newbrook racecourse had its own station.", "This was a two-platformed station with both platforms on the Down Line.", "These days, the Dublin-Sligo railway line northwest to Longford and Sligo is the mainline, Galway is accessed from Heuston Station via Portarlington and the line between Mullingar and Athlone is currently disused.", "Mullingar station is served by national rail company Iarnród Éireann's \"Arrow\" commuter services to Dublin and \"InterCity\" trains to/from Sligo.", "The Railway Preservation Society of Ireland have a secondary base in the town.", "There is a photo survey of the disused Athlone Line via Moate.", "The Midland Regional Hospital at Mullingar serves the Longford-Westmeath area.", "An extension was built in the early 1990s to accommodate the ever-increasing population.", "A change in government, however, halted investment and the extension lay as an empty shell until late 2006 when funding was finally secured to ensure its completion.", "There are several other hospitals in the town: St Loman's, which provides psychiatric services to the Irish Midlands; St Mary's, a care centre for older people; and the St Francis Private Hospital.", "The town has several primary schools.", "Those run under the Catholic ethos are Presentation NS, St Mary's NS and St Colman's NS, as well as the Irish language primary school, Gaelscoil an Muileann.", "All Saints NS is a Church of Ireland School.", "Other schools serving the town are the Educate Together NS; Gaelscoil an Choilin, at Cullion, and Curraghmore NS, due to move (2015) onto a new building on a greenfield site on the Ardmore Road.", "Second level schools are Coláiste Mhuire, the town's oldest post-primary school, St Finian's College; Loreto College and Mullingar Community College.", "Coláiste Mhuire is primarily a boys school, however the repeat Leaving Certificate class is co-educational.", "Just to the north of Mullingar on the old Longford Road is St Finian's College.", "Until 2003, St Finian's was an all-boys boarding school; however, in 2003 the decision was made to phase out the boarding school by 2007, and to admit girls as well as boys.", "Loreto College for girls is the largest secondary school in the town, while Mullingar Community College is a co-educational school for boys and girls.", "The Community College also runs evening courses for adults and awards the FETAC certificates.", "Wilson's Hospital School, a co-educational boarding school, operates under the patronage of the Church of Ireland (Anglican Communion).", "It is located in the nearby village of Multyfarnham.", "It serves day-students from the Mullingar area.", "Two print newspapers serve the community: the \"Westmeath Examiner\" and the \"Westmeath Topic\".", "The Mullingar Town Band was founded in 1879 by Father Polland as a Holy Family Confraternity Band.", "The local military barracks supplied some of the early members, who themselves were serving members of the British Regimental bands stationed in Mullingar.", "The Mullingar Confraternity Band remained under the auspices of the Confraternity until the 1940s, when it was handed over to a committee and continued under the title of Mullingar Brass and Reed Band.", "The band has a dual role as a concert band and a marching band (the latter known as the Celtic Crusaders).", "In 2015 the Celtic Crusaders were Irish Marching Band Association League champions, after securing one first and two second-place results in the IMBA League.", "First opened in 1989, \"The Stables\" is a music venue in Mullingar which hosts a variety of music and has featured well-known performers.", "Critic and writer Ronan Casey has described it as an \"essential\" stop for national touring acts.", "Niall Horan, born and raised in Mullingar, is a member of the boy band \"One Direction\".", "Horan has won four Brit Awards and four MTV Video Music Awards with One Direction.", "Niall Breslin, from the band \"The Blizzards\", is also from Mullingar.", "\"The Academic\" are another local band.", "Live venues include the Mullingar Arts Centre, the Greville Arms, and the Mullingar Park Hotel.", "In \"Doubt\", a 2008 film adaptation of the John Patrick Shanley stage play, starring Meryl Streep and Philip Seymour Hoffman, the town is referenced in dialogue between the main character, Sister Aloysius (Streep), and the school caretaker.", "Mullingar featured on \"Three Men in a Boat\" on BBC 2 on 30 December 2009, in an episode called \"Three Men Go to Ireland\".", "Dara Ó Briain, Rory McGrath and Griff Rhys Jones were greeted by a large crowd on the Market Square and spent a night at the Mullingar Greyhound Stadium during this episode where Dara O'Briain's dog Snip Nua raced.", "The Furey Brothers also sang \"The Reason I Left Mullingar\", a song written in 1980 by Pat Cooskey.", "The song \"Ode in Praise of The City of Mullingar\", was written by William J Macquorn Rankine.", "Mullingar is mentioned in the song \"The Rocky Road to Dublin\" by \"The Dubliners\".", "It is one of the few songs in the 2009 film, \"Sherlock Holmes\" that was not composed for the film.", "The town is also associated with Irish author James Joyce, who was an occasional visitor to Mullingar during his youth.", "Joyce's father, John, was a civil servant posted from Dublin to compile an electoral register of Mullingar and the surrounding townlands.", "He often stayed in the Greville Arms Hotel.", "James referred to Mullingar in three of his novels, mentioning it twelve times in Ulysses, in chapter 14 of Stephen Hero, and three times in Finnegans Wake.", "Mullingar was mentioned at the end of the song \"Horse Outside\" by the Rubberbandits, in which the bridesmaid was promised a horse-back ride out to Mullingar.", "\"Pat of Mullingar\" is an Irish rebel song.", "\"Outside Mullingar\", a play by John Patrick Shanley.", "Starred 'Will and Grace' star Debra Messing.", "Mullingar is mentioned several times in \"The Hostage\", a play by Irish playwright Brendan Behan, in the context of the Civil War.", "A short video was compiled for Niall Horan's song 'This Town' showing an illustrated outline of Mullingar.", "Mullingar has a tradition in athletics with the club Mullingar Harriers producing many international athletes and several Olympians.", "Bobby Begley was Irish Team Manager when Eamonn Coughlan won the 5,000 meters World Championship in Helsinki.", "There are seven G.A.A. football clubs in the Mullingar area: Mullingar Shamrocks, St. Loman's Mullingar, Ballymore GAA, Raharney GAA, St. Mary's GAA and The Downs are the senior teams.", "Shandonagh fields an intermediate team.", "St Oliver Plunkett's and Cullion respectively facilitate both senior and intermediate hurling players.", "The Westmeath GAA team plays its home games at Cusack Park.", "Mullingar also supports women's teams including Mullingar Shamrocks and St Lomans Mullingar", "Mullingar has three adult football teams: Mullingar Athletic (who play in Gainstown) and Mullingar Town (who have their grounds in D'Alton Park).", "The third, set up in 2009, are known as Hibernian Celtic AFC, they were originally formed in 1948, but ceased in 1986.", "They play their home games in the Raithin community pitch in which they share with Grange Utd, an under 18 side formed in 2009.", "Outside the town there are Rathowen Utd, Raharney FC, Rochfortbridge, Milltownpass Wanderers and Coralstown FC.", "All teams play in the CCFL league system.", "Mullingar rugby football club is located in Cullionbeg, and has had a degree of success in the 1990s with two towns cup final appearances.", "The club also made it to the 1989 towns cup final.", "The club has a pick of up to 50 players with three senior teams in very competitive leagues.", "The 3rd team won the Anderson Cup.", "There has been an Australian Rules Football team, the Midland Tigers – based in the town since 2000.", "Over the years the club have provided numerous International Players for the Irish Warriors, the national team for the sport in Ireland and they compete annually in the Aussieproperty.com Premiership.", "Westmeath Snooker Ranking events at Junior, Intermediate and Senior levels are hosted by St Mary's Snooker Club Mullingar and is a member of the Republic of Ireland Billiards & Snooker Association.", "The club's \"Handicap Cup\" is the longest running snooker event in the midlands running since 1963.", "The four ranking events are the Midland Open, St Marys Open Classic, Westmeath Championships & the Mullingar Open Snooker Championship at all levels.", "St Mary's Snooker Club team won the Peter McNally Memorial Cup 1997 in Edenderry Snooker Club defeating Kildare in the final of the tournament in memory of Peter McNally, an Irish International Snooker player that was fatally injured in a car accident.", "The Mullingar Tennis and Badminton Club is located in the heart of the town and includes eight outdoor tennis courts and a hall containing two badminton courts The committee consists of eight members and president John Murphy.", "The club was founded in 1892 by members of the Uisneach Badminton Club.", "It now has eight courts, a practice wall, coaching service, changing room facilitates, kitchen, meeting room, tabletennis table and balcony's.", "When programmed, greyhound track racing occurs upon the Lynn Greyhound track on Thursday and Saturday evenings.", "For television broadcasting purposes, races are interlaced with those from Shelbourne Dublin.", "The track featured on the BBC 'Three Men Go to Ireland' show where Dara O'Briain's dog Snip Nua raced.", "The club was created in 1953, and has now developed to be 6685 yards.", "Mullingar golf club hosts every August bank holiday weekend a leading amateur golf competition, i.e.", "The Mullingar Scratch Cup.", "This competition has been won by Hughie Myres, Des Smyth, Pádraig Harrington, Darren Clarke, Paul McGinley, Nick Grant.", "The 2006 winner was Rory McIlroy.", "Mullingar player Gerry Purcell is former An Post Golf Society Irish Champion on two occasions.", "The Mullingar Monarchs were formed in 2001, training from the CBS gym in the town centre.", "Recently however the Monarchs have switched training locations to Rochfortbridge.", "While the club took 2 years to get off the ground they are now one of the most decorated in the Midland League, securing one treble and two double titles.", "The team have also played in the National League Division 1, one step away from the superleague.", "The Mullingar Dragons were formed in 2007 and play in the North Eastern Basketball League.", "In July 2008 a Women's team was added to the already established Men's team.", "The Cricket club is based on the St. Finian's ground in Mullingar.", "The club fields three men's teams in Leinster and Midland Cup and league competitions.", "First IX – Leinster Division 4 Second IX – Leinster Division 9 Third IX – Leinster Division 14.", "Mullingar Hockey Club has 3 adult teams and a thriving underage section.", "The club play its matches in the Loreto College, on the Harbour Road, not far from the Midlands Regional Hospital.", "The men's side of the club were formed in February 1983, with the 1st team plying their trade in the 4th tier of Leinster, the 2nd team play in Division 7.", "The Ladies side of the club were formed in 1979, but folded in the early 00's, but were reformed in 2006.", "They are currently in division 9 of the Leinster League.", "Most matches are played every Saturday (an odd Sunday game does occur) and are free to view open by members of the public.", "The Club has massively increased its membership in the last few years, due to the growth of popularity of the sport.", "Senior training is on a Tuesday evening @ 7:30pm, with under 14's & 16's on a Sunday from 11am to 12 noon.", "Training for 8's, 10's & 12's are also on a Sunday from 12noon to 1pm.", "The Mullingar Jets Swimming Club is based in the town swimming pool located in Mullingar Town Park.", "Lakeside Wheelers Mullingar Cycling club has leisure and touring cyclist members of all ages and abilities.", "The Club's main touring activities are short, medium and longer distance cycles on Saturday and Sunday morning and in the summer months on Monday and Wednesday evenings.", "Lakeside Wheelers Cycling Club was formed over 20 years ago, having previously been known as Mullingar Cycling Club.", "The club is affiliated to Cycling Ireland, the governing body covering cycling in Ireland.", "The club has grown over the last number of years increasing its membership from 40 members in 2003 to the current high of over 450 members.", "There is also a growing mountain bike section of the club.", "Mullingar is also the home of one of Ireland's international riding centres.", "Mullingar Equestrian Centre ( 5 minutes outside the town) regularly hosts competitions.", "Also they are available for lessons, and on Friday evenings during the year there are competitions for riders to compete in.", "Other schools in the area include Ladestown House Riding Stables and Catherinestown Riding School.", "Studs include Tally Ho Stud, Cleaboy Stud, and Charlestown Stud.", "Two-time Olympian boxer John Joe Nevin is from Mullingar.", "He won a silver medal in the bantamweight competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round.", "The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"\" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).", "With a yearly mean of 9.3 degrees Celsius, Mullingar is the coldest place in Ireland." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 467801, "simple_article_title": "Mullingar", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=467801", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-467801-0-0", "simple-467801-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Mullingar (Irish: An Muileann gCearr) is the County town of County Westmeath.", "As of 2011, 20,103 people live in Mullingar." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3844745, "normal_article_title": "Ermoupoli", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3844745", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3844745-0-0", "normal-3844745-0-1", "normal-3844745-0-2", "normal-3844745-0-3", "normal-3844745-1-0", "normal-3844745-1-1", "normal-3844745-1-2", "normal-3844745-1-3", "normal-3844745-2-0", "normal-3844745-2-1", "normal-3844745-2-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ermoupoli , also known by the formal older name Ermoupolis or Hermoupolis ( < \"Town of Hermes\"), is a town and former municipality on the island of Syros, in the Cyclades, Greece.", "Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Syros-Ermoupoli, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.", "It is also the capital of the South Aegean region.", "The municipal unit has an area of 11.181 km.", "Ermoupoli was founded during the Greek Revolution in the 1820s, as an extension to the existing Ano Syros township, by refugees from other Greek islands because of the War.", "It soon became the leading commercial and industrial center of Greece, as well as its main port.", "The renowned Greek Steamship Company was founded in the city in 1856.", "Thousands of ships were built in the various Syros shipyards.", "Eventually Ermoupoli was eclipsed by Piraeus in the late 19th century.", "In the following decades the city declined.", "Recently, its economy has greatly improved, based on the service industry." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 178446, "simple_article_title": "Ermoupolis", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=178446", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-178446-0-0", "simple-178446-0-1", "simple-178446-0-2", "simple-178446-0-3", "simple-178446-0-4", "simple-178446-0-5", "simple-178446-0-6", "simple-178446-1-0", "simple-178446-1-1", "simple-178446-1-2", "simple-178446-1-3", "simple-178446-2-0", "simple-178446-2-1", "simple-178446-2-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ermoupolis is a Greek town.", "It is on the island Syros and it is the capital of Cyclades islands.", "Ermoupolis has 13.496 people.", "Ermoupolis has many beautiful old buildings which note the wealth, which there was in the past.", "Several buildings have a big architectural value, such as ermoupolis' town hall and Apollon theater.", "Around Ermoupolis there are many places where Catholic people live.", "The existence of Catholic people has dates back in the Franks and Venetian rule in Middle Ages.", "Ermoupolis was founded in the first decades of 19th century and it was developed quickly.", "Ermoupolis was built next to the Catholic old town Ano Syros.", "Soon, it became the biggest port of Greece and an important commercial center.", "The development of the city stopped when Piraeus port developed.", "Ermoupolis has many interesting places, which the visitors can see.", "Near Ermoupolis there are many beautiful villages and beaches.", "Near Syros are the islands, Mykonos and Tinos which they are very touristic." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 91373, "normal_article_title": "Washington County, Vermont", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=91373", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-91373-0-0", "normal-91373-0-1", "normal-91373-0-2", "normal-91373-0-3", "normal-91373-1-0", "normal-91373-2-0", "normal-91373-3-0", "normal-91373-3-1", "normal-91373-3-2", "normal-91373-3-3", "normal-91373-4-0", "normal-91373-5-0", "normal-91373-5-1", "normal-91373-5-2", "normal-91373-6-0", "normal-91373-7-0", "normal-91373-7-1", "normal-91373-7-2", "normal-91373-8-0", "normal-91373-8-1", "normal-91373-8-2", "normal-91373-9-0", "normal-91373-9-1", "normal-91373-9-2", "normal-91373-9-3", "normal-91373-10-0", "normal-91373-11-0", "normal-91373-11-1", "normal-91373-12-0", "normal-91373-13-0", "normal-91373-13-1", "normal-91373-14-0", "normal-91373-15-0", "normal-91373-16-0", "normal-91373-17-0", "normal-91373-18-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Vermont.", "Named after George Washington, its county seat is the city of Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the United States, and the most populous municipality is Barre.", "As of the 2010 census, the population was 59,534, making it the third-most populous county in Vermont, but the third-least populous capital county in the United States after Hughes County, South Dakota and Franklin County, Kentucky.", "If Carson City, Nevada and Juneau, Alaska were to be treated as counties, Washington County would be the fifth-least populous capital county.", "Washington County comprises the Barre, Vermont micropolitan statistical area.", "In 2010, the center of population of Vermont was located in Washington County, in the town of Warren.", "Washington County is one of several Vermont counties created from land ceded by the state of New York on January 15, 1777 when Vermont declared itself to be a distinct state from New York.", "The land originally was contested by Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New Netherland, but it remained undelineated until July 20, 1764 when King George III established the boundary between New Hampshire and New York along the west bank of the Connecticut River, north of Massachusetts and south of the parallel of 45 degrees north latitude.", "New York assigned the land gained to Albany County.", "On March 12, 1772 Albany County was partitioned to create Charlotte County, and this situation remained until Vermont's independence from New York and Britain.", "Washington County was originally established as Jefferson County in 1810 from parts of Caledonia County, Chittenden County, and Orange County and organized the following year.", "In 1814 it was renamed to Washington County.", "The name change occurred after the Federalists took control of the Vermont Legislature from the Jeffersonians.", "Vermont which conducted significant trade with British Canada had suffered particularly by passage of the Embargo Act of 1807 during the Jefferson administration.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 695 sqmi , of which 687 sqmi is land and 8.2 sqmi (1.2%) is water.", "As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 59,534 people, 25,027 households, and 15,410 families residing in the county.", "The population density was 86.6 PD/sqmi .", "There were 29,941 housing units at an average density of 43.6 /sqmi .", "Of the 25,027 households, 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 38.4% were non-families, and 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals.", "The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.81.", "The median age was 42.3 years.", "The median income for a household in the county was $55,313 and the median income for a family was $66,968.", "Males had a median income of $45,579 versus $38,052 for females.", "The per capita income for the county was $28,337.", "About 5.9% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.", "In 1828, Washington County was won by National Republican Party candidate John Quincy Adams.", "In 1832, the county was won by Democratic Party incumbent president Andrew Jackson.", "Democratic Martin Van Buren was also able to win the county in 1836.", "In 1840, the county was won by Whig Party candidate William Henry Harrison.", "In 1844, the county was won by Democratic candidate James K. Polk.", "Democratic candidate Lewis Cass was also able to win the county in 1848.", "In 1852, Whig Party candidate Winfield Scott won the county.", "From John C. Frémont in 1856 to Richard Nixon in 1960, the Republican Party would have a 104 year winning streak within Washington County.", "In 1964, the county was won by Democratic Party incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson.", "Following the Democrats victory in 1964, the county went back to voting for Republican candidates for another 20 year winning streak starting with Richard Nixon in 1968 and ending with George H. W. Bush in 1988, who became the last Republican presidential candidate to win the county.", "In 1992, the county was won by Bill Clinton and has been won by Democratic candidates ever since." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 147476, "normal_article_title": "Maya calendar", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=147476", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-147476-0-0", "normal-147476-1-0", "normal-147476-1-1", "normal-147476-2-0", "normal-147476-3-0", "normal-147476-3-1", "normal-147476-3-2", "normal-147476-3-3", "normal-147476-4-0", "normal-147476-4-1", "normal-147476-4-2", "normal-147476-4-3", "normal-147476-4-4", "normal-147476-4-5", "normal-147476-4-6", "normal-147476-4-7", "normal-147476-4-8", "normal-147476-4-9", "normal-147476-5-0", "normal-147476-6-0", "normal-147476-6-1", "normal-147476-6-2", "normal-147476-7-0", "normal-147476-7-1", "normal-147476-7-2", "normal-147476-7-3", "normal-147476-8-0", "normal-147476-8-1", "normal-147476-8-2", "normal-147476-9-0", "normal-147476-9-1", "normal-147476-9-2", "normal-147476-9-3", "normal-147476-10-0", "normal-147476-11-0", "normal-147476-11-1", "normal-147476-11-2", "normal-147476-11-3", 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"normal-147476-37-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Maya calendar is a system of calendars used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and in many modern communities in the Guatemalan highlands, Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.", "The essentials of the Maya calendar are based upon a system which had been in common use throughout the region, dating back to at least the 5th century BCE.", "It shares many aspects with calendars employed by other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec and Olmec and contemporary or later ones such as the Mixtec and Aztec calendars.", "By the Maya mythological tradition, as documented in Colonial Yucatec accounts and reconstructed from Late Classic and Postclassic inscriptions, the deity Itzamna is frequently credited with bringing the knowledge of the calendar system to the ancestral Maya, along with writing in general and other foundational aspects of Maya culture.", "The Maya calendar consists of several cycles or \"counts\" of different lengths.", "The 260-day count is known to scholars as the \"Tzolkin\", or \"Tzolkʼin\".", "The Tzolkin was combined with a 365-day vague solar year known as the Haabʼ to form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 Haabʼ, called the \"Calendar Round\".", "The Calendar Round is still in use by many groups in the Guatemalan highlands.", "A different calendar was used to track longer periods of time and for the inscription of calendar dates (i.e., identifying when one event occurred in relation to others).", "This is the \"Long Count\".", "It is a count of days since a mythological starting-point.", "According to the correlation between the Long Count and Western calendars accepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known as the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson, or GMT, correlation), this starting-point is equivalent to August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or September 6, in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical).", "The GMT correlation was chosen by John Eric Sydney Thompson in 1935 on the basis of earlier correlations by Joseph Goodman in 1905 (August 11), Juan Martínez Hernández in 1926 (August 12) and Thompson himself in 1927 (August 13).", "By its linear nature, the Long Count was capable of being extended to refer to any date far into the past or future.", "This calendar involved the use of a positional notation system, in which each position signified an increasing multiple of the number of days.", "The Maya numeral system was essentially vigesimal (i.e., base-20) and each unit of a given position represented 20 times the unit of the position which preceded it.", "An important exception was made for the second-order place value, which instead represented 18 × 20, or 360 days, more closely approximating the solar year than would 20 × 20 = 400 days.", "The cycles of the Long Count are independent of the solar year.", "Many Maya Long Count inscriptions contain a supplementary series, which provides information on the lunar phase, number of the current lunation in a series of six and which of the nine Lords of the Night rules.", "Less-prevalent or poorly understood cycles, combinations and calendar progressions were also tracked.", "An \"819-day Count\" is attested in a few inscriptions.", "Repeating sets of 9 days (see below \"Nine lords of the night\") associated with different groups of deities, animals and other significant concepts are also known.", "The \"tzolkʼin\" (in modern Maya orthography; also commonly written \"tzolkin\") is the name commonly employed by Mayanist researchers for the Maya Sacred Round or 260-day calendar.", "The word \"tzolkʼin\" is a neologism coined in Yucatec Maya, to mean \"count of days\" (Coe 1992).", "The various names of this calendar as used by precolumbian Maya people are still debated by scholars.", "The Aztec calendar equivalent was called \"Tonalpohualli\", in the Nahuatl language.", "The tzolkʼin calendar combines twenty day names with the thirteen day numbers to produce 260 unique days.", "It is used to determine the time of religious and ceremonial events and for divination.", "Each successive day is numbered from 1 up to 13 and then starting again at 1.", "Some systems started the count with 1 Imix, followed by 2 Ikʼ, 3 Akʼbʼal, etc. up to 13 Bʼen.", "The day numbers then start again at 1 while the named-day sequence continues onwards, so the next days in the sequence are 1 Ix, 2 Men, 3 Kʼibʼ, 4 Kabʼan, 5 Etzʼnabʼ, 6 Kawak and 7 Ajaw.", "With all twenty named days used, these now began to repeat the cycle while the number sequence continues, so the next day after 7 Ajaw is 8 Imix.", "The repetition of these interlocking 13- and 20-day cycles therefore takes 260 days to complete (that is, for every possible combination of number/named day to occur once).", "The earliest known inscription with a Tzolkʼin is an Olmec earspool with 2 Ahau 3 Ceh - 6.3.10.9.0, September 2, -678 (Julian astronomical).", "The Haabʼ was made up of eighteen months of twenty days each plus a period of five days (\"nameless days\") at the end of the year known as \"Wayeb\"' (or \"Uayeb\" in 16th-century orthography).", "The five days of Wayebʼ were thought to be a dangerous time.", "Foster (2002) writes, \"During Wayeb, portals between the mortal realm and the Underworld dissolved.", "No boundaries prevented the ill-intending deities from causing disasters.\"", "To ward off these evil spirits, the Maya had customs and rituals they practiced during Wayebʼ.", "For example, people avoided leaving their houses and washing or combing their hair.", "Bricker (1982) estimates that the Haabʼ was first used around 550 BCE with a starting point of the winter solstice.", "The Haabʼ month names are known today by their corresponding names in colonial-era Yukatek Maya, as transcribed by 16th-century sources (in particular, Diego de Landa and books such as the \"Chilam Balam\" of Chumayel).", "Phonemic analyses of Haabʼ glyph names in pre-Columbian Maya inscriptions have demonstrated that the names for these twenty-day periods varied considerably from region to region and from period to period, reflecting differences in the base language(s) and usage in the Classic and Postclassic eras predating their recording by Spanish sources.", "Each day in the Haabʼ calendar was identified by a day number in the month followed by the name of the month.", "Day numbers began with a glyph translated as the \"seating of\" a named month, which is usually regarded as day 0 of that month, although a minority treat it as day 20 of the month preceding the named month.", "In the latter case, the seating of Pop is day 5 of Wayebʼ.", "For the majority, the first day of the year was 0 Pop (the seating of Pop).", "This was followed by 1 Pop, 2 Pop as far as 19 Pop then 0 Wo, 1 Wo and so on.", "Because the Haabʼ had 365 days and the tropical year is 365.2422 days, the days of the Haabʼ did not coincide with the tropical year.", "A Calendar Round date is a date that gives both the Tzolkʼin and Haabʼ.", "This date will repeat after 52 Haabʼ years or 18,980 days, a Calendar Round.", "For example, the current creation started on 4 Ahau 8 Kumkʼu.", "When this date recurs it is known as a Calendar Round completion.", "Arithmetically, the duration of the Calendar Round is the least common multiple of 260 and 365; 18,980 is 73 × 260 Tzolkʼin days and 52 × 365 Haabʼ days.", "Not every possible combination of Tzolkʼin and Haabʼ can occur.", "For Tzolkʼin days Imix, Kimi, Chwen and Kibʼ, the Haabʼ day can only be 4, 9, 14 or 19; for Ikʼ, Manikʼ, Ebʼ and Kabʼan, the Haabʼ day can only be 0, 5, 10 or 15; for Akbʼalʼ, Lamat, Bʼen and Etzʼnabʼ, the Haabʼ day can only be 1, 6, 11 or 16; for Kʼan, Muluk, Ix and Kawak, the Haabʼ day can only be 2, 7, 12 or 17; and for Chikchan, Ok, Men and Ajaw, the Haabʼ day can only be 3, 8, 13 or 18.", "A \"Year Bearer\" is a Tzolkʼin day name that occurs on the first day of the Haabʼ.", "If the first day of the Haabʼ is 0 Pop, then each 0 Pop will coincide with a Tzolkʼin date, for example, 1 Ikʼ 0 Pop.", "Only these four of the Tzolkʼin day names can coincide with 0 Pop and these four are called the \"Year Bearers\".", "\"Year Bearer\" literally translates a Mayan concept.", "Its importance resides in two facts.", "For one, the four years headed by the Year Bearers are named after them and share their characteristics; therefore, they also have their own prognostications and patron deities.", "Moreover, since the Year Bearers are geographically identified with boundary markers or mountains, they help define the local community.", "The classic system of Year Bearers described above is found at Tikal and in the Dresden Codex.", "During the Late Classic period a different set of Year Bearers was in use in Campeche.", "In this system, the Year Bearers were the Tzolkʼin that coincided with 1 Pop.", "These were Akʼbʼal, Lamat, Bʼen and Edznab.", "During the Post-Classic period in Yucatán a third system was in use.", "In this system the Year Bearers were the days that coincided with 2 Pop: Kʼan, Muluc, Ix and Kawak.", "This system is found in the Chronicle of Oxkutzcab.", "In addition, just before the Spanish conquest in Mayapan the Maya began to number the days of the Haabʼ from 1 to 20.", "In this system the Year Bearers are the same as in the 1 Pop – Campeche system.", "The Classic Year Bearer system is still in use in the Guatemalan highlands and in Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.", "Since Calendar Round dates repeat every 18,980 days, approximately 52 solar years, the cycle repeats roughly once each lifetime, so a more refined method of dating was needed if history was to be recorded accurately.", "To specify dates over periods longer than 52 years, Mesoamericans used the Long Count calendar.", "The Maya name for a day was \"kʼin\".", "Twenty of these kʼins are known as a \"winal\" or \"uinal\".", "Eighteen winals make one \"tun\".", "Twenty tuns are known as a \"kʼatun\".", "Twenty kʼatuns make a \"bʼakʼtun\".", "The Long Count calendar identifies a date by counting the number of days from the Mayan creation date 4 Ahaw, 8 Kumkʼu (August 11, 3114 BC in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or September 6 in the Julian calendar -3113 astronomical dating).", "But instead of using a base-10 (decimal) scheme like Western numbering, the Long Count days were tallied in a modified base-20 scheme.", "Thus 0.0.0.1.5 is equal to 25 and 0.0.0.2.0 is equal to 40.", "As the winal unit resets after only counting to 18, the Long Count consistently uses base-20 only if the tun is considered the primary unit of measurement, not the kʼin; with the kʼin and winal units being the number of days in the tun.", "The Long Count 0.0.1.0.0 represents 360 days, rather than the 400 in a purely base-20 (vigesimal) count.", "There are also four rarely used higher-order cycles: piktun, kalabtun, kʼinchiltun and alautun.", "Since the Long Count dates are unambiguous, the Long Count was particularly well suited to use on monuments.", "The monumental inscriptions would not only include the 5 digits of the Long Count, but would also include the two tzolkʼin characters followed by the two haabʼ characters.", "Misinterpretation of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar was the basis for a popular belief that a cataclysm would take place on December 21, 2012.", "December 21, 2012 was simply the day that the calendar went to the next bʼakʼtun, at Long Count 13.0.0.0.0.", "The date on which the calendar will go to the next piktun (a complete series of 20 bʼakʼtuns), at Long Count 1.0.0.0.0.0, will be on October 13, 4772.", "Many Classic period inscriptions include a series of glyphs known as the Supplementary Series.", "The operation of this series was largely worked out by John E. Teeple (1874–1931).", "Each night was ruled by one of the nine lords of the underworld.", "This nine-day cycle was usually written as two glyphs: a glyph that referred to the Nine Lords as a group, followed by a glyph for the lord that would rule the next night.", "A lunar series generally is written as five glyphs that provide information about the current lunation, the number of the lunation in a series of six, the current ruling lunar deity and the length of the current lunation.", "The Maya counted the number of days in the current lunation.", "They used two systems for the zero date of the lunar cycle: either the first night they could see the thin crescent moon or the first morning when they could not see the waning moon.", "The Maya counted the lunations.", "This cycle appears in the lunar series as two glyphs that modern scholars call the 'C' and 'X' glyphs.", "The C glyph could be prefixed with a number indicating the lunation.", "No prefixing number meant one, whereas the numbers two through six indicated the other lunations.", "There was also a part of the C glyph that indicated where this fell in a larger cycle of 18 lunations.", "Accompanying the C glyph was the 'X' glyph that showed a similar pattern of 18 lunations.", "The present era lunar synodic period is about 29.5305877 mean solar days or about 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes and 2+/ seconds.", "As a whole number, the number of days per lunation will be either 29 or 30 days, with the 30-day intervals necessarily occurring slightly more frequently than the 29-day intervals.", "The Maya wrote whether the lunar month was 29 or 30 days as two glyphs: a glyph for lunation length followed by either a glyph made up of a moon glyph over a bundle with a suffix of 9 for a 29-day lunation or a moon glyph with a suffix of 10 for a 30-day lunation.", "Since the Maya didn't use fractions, lunations were approximated by using the formula that there were 149 lunations completed in 4400 days, which yielded a rather short mean month of exactly / = 29+/ days = 29 days 12 hours 43 minutes and 29+/ seconds, or about 29.5302 days.", "Some Mayan monuments include glyphs that record an 819-day count in their Initial Series.", "These can also be found in the Dresden codex.", "This is described in Thompson.", "More examples of this can be found in Kelley.", "Each group of 819 days was associated with one of four colors and the cardinal direction with which it was associated black corresponded to west, red to east, white to north and yellow to south.", "The 819-day count can be described several ways: Most of these are referred to using a \"Y\" glyph and a number.", "Many also have a glyph for Kʼawill the god with a smoking mirror in his head.", "Kʼawill has been suggested as having a link to Jupiter.", "In the Dresden codex almanac 59 there are Chaacs of the four colors.", "The accompanying texts begin with a directional glyph and a verb for 819-day-count phrases.", "Anderson provides a detailed description of the 819-day count.", "During the late Classic period the Maya began to use an abbreviated short count instead of the Long Count.", "An example of this can be found on altar 14 at Tikal.", "In the kingdoms of Postclassic Yucatán, the Short Count was used instead of the Long Count.", "The cyclical Short Count is a count of 13 kʼatuns (or 260 tuns), in which each kʼatun was named after its concluding day, Ahau ('Lord').", "1 Imix was selected as the recurrent 'first day' of the cycle, corresponding to 1 Cipactli in the Aztec day count.", "The cycle was counted from katun 11 Ahau to katun 13 Ahau, with the coefficients of the katuns' concluding days running in the order 11 – 9 – 7 – 5 – 3 – 1 – 12 – 10 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 2 – 13 Ahau (since a division of 20 × 360 days by 13 falls 2 days short).", "The concluding day 13 Ahau was followed by the re-entering first day 1 Imix.", "This is the system as found in the colonial Books of Chilam Balam.", "In characteristic Mesoamerican fashion, these books project the cycle onto the landscape, with 13 \"Ahauob\" 'Lordships' dividing the land of Yucatán into 13 'kingdoms'.", "1897 text by Cyrus Thomas" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 291032, "simple_article_title": "Maya calendar", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=291032", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-291032-0-0", "simple-291032-1-0", "simple-291032-1-1", "simple-291032-1-2", "simple-291032-2-0", "simple-291032-2-1", "simple-291032-2-2", "simple-291032-2-3", "simple-291032-3-0", "simple-291032-3-1", "simple-291032-3-2", "simple-291032-3-3", "simple-291032-3-4", "simple-291032-3-5", "simple-291032-3-6", "simple-291032-3-7", "simple-291032-3-8", "simple-291032-3-9", "simple-291032-3-10", "simple-291032-3-11", "simple-291032-4-0", "simple-291032-4-1", "simple-291032-4-2", "simple-291032-4-3", "simple-291032-4-4", "simple-291032-4-5", "simple-291032-4-6", "simple-291032-4-7", "simple-291032-4-8", "simple-291032-4-9", "simple-291032-4-10" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Maya calendar is a system of calendars and almanacs used in the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and in some modern Maya communities in highland Guatemala.", "It shares many aspects with calendars employed by other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec and Olmec, and contemporary or later ones such as the Mixtec and Aztec calendars.", "Although the Mesoamerican calendar did not originate with the Maya, their subsequent extensions and refinements of it were the most sophisticated.", "Along with those of the Aztecs, the Maya calendars are the best-documented and most completely understood.", "There are three main Maya calendars: the 260 day ritual calendar called \"Tzolk'in\", the 365 day \"Haab\"', and the \"Long Count\".", "Approximately 52 years pass before the Haab and Tzolkin calendars converge and are back in the same alignment.", "This is called the Calendar round.", "The Tzolk'in is still in use today by the Ixil, Kek'chi and Quiche peoples of the Guatemalan highlands.", "Here is an example of a Maya calendar date: 12.18.16.2.6, 3 Cimi 4 Zotz.", "The “12.18.16.2.6” is the Long Count.", "Going from right to left, the units are: kin (1 day), uinal (20 kin = 20 days), tun (18 uinal = 360 days), katun (20 tun = approximately 20 years), baktun (20 katun =394 years).", "The Long Count was used to track periods of time longer than the 52 years of the Calendar Round.", "The mythical starting date of the current creation was August 11, 3114 BCE (Gregorian).", "“3 Cimi” is the Tzolkin date.", "The Tzolkin date is a combination of thirteen days numbered one-thirteen and twenty day-names.", "“4 Zotz” is the Haab' date.", "The Haab' year contains 18 months (each named) with 20 days each.", "The number before the word is the day of that month.", "The Maya then added five days to the calendar after the last month, Cumku, ends, in order to make the year 365 days long.", "Those five days, called \"Uayeb,\" were considered to be unlucky.", "A common myth about the Maya calendar was that it predicted that the world would end on December 21, 2012.", "This belief was mistaken.", "According to the Maya, there were three previous worlds.", "The first began with “the creation of the Earth, and it had upon it vegetation and living beings.", "Unfortunately, because they lacked speech, the birds and animals were unable to pay homage to the gods and were destroyed.", "In the second and third Ages the gods created humans of mud and then wood, but these also failed to please and were wiped out.", "The \"zero date\" 13.0.0.0.0 on the Long Count was when, according to the Maya, the third world ended and the fourth one, the current world, began.", "Another 13.0.0.0.0 would occur on December 21, 2012.", "There is no evidence that the Long Count would end on 13.0.0.0.0 or that the Maya believed that this would be the date of the apocalypse.", "Still, a variety of popular books and movies have contributed to the publicity surrounding the Maya calendar's supposed prediction of the end of the world in 2012.", "Some believershave taken advantage of this publicity to sell guides to surviving the apocalypse." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4454377, "normal_article_title": "Courthézon", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4454377", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4454377-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Courthézon is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 139497, "simple_article_title": "Courthézon", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=139497", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-139497-0-0", "simple-139497-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Courthézon is a commune of 5,364 people (1999).", "It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 132112, "normal_article_title": "Piteå Municipality", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=132112", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-132112-0-0", "normal-132112-0-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Piteå Municipality is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden.", "Its seat is located in Piteå." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 410272, "simple_article_title": "Piteå Municipality", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=410272", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-410272-0-0", "simple-410272-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Piteå Municipality is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden.", "The seat is in Piteå." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2074421, "normal_article_title": "Tommy Thayer", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2074421", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2074421-0-0", "normal-2074421-0-1", "normal-2074421-1-0", "normal-2074421-1-1", "normal-2074421-2-0", "normal-2074421-2-1", "normal-2074421-2-2", "normal-2074421-3-0", "normal-2074421-3-1", "normal-2074421-4-0", "normal-2074421-4-1", "normal-2074421-4-2", "normal-2074421-4-3", "normal-2074421-5-0", "normal-2074421-5-1", "normal-2074421-6-0", "normal-2074421-6-1", "normal-2074421-6-2", "normal-2074421-6-3", "normal-2074421-7-0", "normal-2074421-7-1", "normal-2074421-8-0", "normal-2074421-8-1", "normal-2074421-8-2", "normal-2074421-8-3", "normal-2074421-8-4", "normal-2074421-9-0", "normal-2074421-9-1", "normal-2074421-10-0", "normal-2074421-10-1", "normal-2074421-10-2", "normal-2074421-11-0", "normal-2074421-11-1", "normal-2074421-11-2", "normal-2074421-12-0", "normal-2074421-12-1", "normal-2074421-12-2", "normal-2074421-12-3", "normal-2074421-12-4", "normal-2074421-13-0", "normal-2074421-13-1", "normal-2074421-14-0", "normal-2074421-14-1", "normal-2074421-15-0", "normal-2074421-15-1", "normal-2074421-15-2", "normal-2074421-16-0", "normal-2074421-16-1", "normal-2074421-16-2", "normal-2074421-17-0", "normal-2074421-17-1", "normal-2074421-17-2", "normal-2074421-18-0", "normal-2074421-18-1", "normal-2074421-19-0", "normal-2074421-19-1", "normal-2074421-20-0", "normal-2074421-20-1", "normal-2074421-21-0", "normal-2074421-21-1", "normal-2074421-21-2", "normal-2074421-22-0", "normal-2074421-22-1", "normal-2074421-22-2", "normal-2074421-23-0", "normal-2074421-23-1", "normal-2074421-23-2", "normal-2074421-24-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Thomas Cunningham Thayer (born November 7, 1960) is an American musician and songwriter.", "He is the lead guitarist for the American hard rock band Kiss, and was lead guitarist for the band Black 'n Blue.", "Thomas Cunningham Thayer was born on November 7, 1960, in Portland, Oregon, and grew up in the nearby suburb of Beaverton, Oregon.", "His mother Patricia Thayer (née Cunningham) was a classically trained violinist and singer, and father James Thayer (1922–2018) was a businessman, community leader and retired brigadier general in the US Army.", "Early on, Thayer was raised in a musical family with three brothers and a sister amidst sounds that ranged from classical to the Beatles and other classic 1960s pop music.", "Thayer's passion for early 1970s hard rock bands drove his desire to pick up electric guitar at age 13.", "After graduating from Sunset High School in 1978, Thayer played in many local garage and club bands, eventually forming his own group with singer Jaime St. James, which eventually took the name Black 'n Blue.", "Formed in November 1981, Black 'n Blue played gigs in the Portland area for over a year before making a move to Southern California in early 1983.", "Black 'n Blue had immediate success as a top draw in Hollywood's rock clubs, and within six months signed a major worldwide recording contract with Geffen Records.", "The band traveled to Germany in early 1984 to work with Scorpions producer Dieter Dierks, releasing \"Black 'n Blue\" in August 1984, featuring the songs \"Hold on to 18\" and \"School of Hard Knocks,\" both co-written by Thayer and St. James.", "The follow-up Bruce Fairbairn-produced album, \"Without Love\", was released in 1985 with Thayer, St. James and Jim Vallance co-writing the single \"Miss Mystery.\"", "After touring for two months as opening act for Kiss in fall 1985, Black 'n Blue hired Kiss bassist Gene Simmons to produce the band's next studio album \"Nasty Nasty\", released in 1986 and \"In Heat\" in 1988.", "Geffen subsequently dropped the band in late 1988.", "Although no longer a permanent member of the band, Thayer has performed periodically with the other original members of Black 'n Blue for several one-off reunion and benefit concerts.", "In October 2010, the band was inducted into the Oregon Music Hall of Fame in Portland, with all five members of the classic lineup (including Thayer) attending.", "John Kalodner from Geffen Records invited Thayer to play on Jimmy Barnes' Australian album \"For The Working Class Man\" (released outside the Australian market as \"Jimmy Barnes\").", "Both Barnes and Thayer's group Black 'n Blue were signed to Geffen.", "The album was recorded in Los Angeles and New York in 1984-85.", "When interviewed some years later he recalled that the two sessions he played on included Mick Fleetwood on drums, and Billy Burnette on guitar.", "In 1989, Thayer co-wrote songs with Gene Simmons and played session guitar on song demos for Kiss' 1989 release, \"Hot in the Shade\", which includes the Simmons and Thayer songs \"Betrayed\" and \"The Street Giveth, The Street Taketh Away\".", "That same year, Thayer recorded guitar tracks for singer-songwriter Teresa Straley and producer Pat Regan's record deal with Reprise Records.", "Thayer co-produced and played guitar on Doro Pesch's 1991 Polygram Records release, \"Doro\".", "In 1992, Thayer joined Los Angeles rock band Shake the Faith and recorded the album \"America the Violent\", which was released in Japan in 1994.", "Thayer persuaded journalist Hunter S. Thompson to create the original artwork for the album cover.", "Thayer and other members of Shake the Faith continued in the band No. 9, which recorded a 12 album for Elektra Records that was never released.", "The No. 9 album included a cover of Elvis Costello's \"Allison\".", "In 1994, Kiss' Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley hired Thayer to work part-time on their forthcoming book \"Kisstory\", which led to other projects and eventually a full-time role with Kiss.", "Thayer's work for Stanley and Simmons began by performing such tasks as painting Stanley's house and cleaning out Simmons' gutters.", "Thayer managed the 1995 Worldwide Kiss Convention tour and the Kiss \"MTV Unplugged\" concert.", "In preparation for 1996's Kiss Alive/Worldwide Tour, Thayer worked with guitarist Ace Frehley and drummer Peter Criss, to help them relearn their original guitar and drum parts from the 1970s.", "Thayer worked as producer and editor of Kiss' long form video and film releases including: \"Kiss, The Second Coming\" in 1998, New Line Cinema's feature \"Detroit Rock City\" in 1998, and Showtime Television's pay-per-view, \"The Last Kiss\" in 2000.", "By 2002 and with the growing uncertainty of Ace Frehley's involvement in the band, Thayer stood by for a Kiss performance at the 2002 Winter Olympics Closing Ceremony in Salt Lake City to fill-in on lead guitar if necessary.", "One month later Thayer got the call and donned the Spaceman makeup for the first time, filling in and performing onstage with Kiss at a private concert in Trelawny, Jamaica.", "Several TV appearances followed in 2002 including ABC's \"Dick Clark's American Bandstand 50th Anniversary Show\" and \"That 70s Show\" on Fox.", "Thayer became the lead guitarist for Kiss in 2002, performing on stage with Kiss for the first time at a private concert in Trelawny, Jamaica.", "In 2003 Thayer with Kiss joined forces with the 70-piece Melbourne Symphony Orchestra (all in Kiss makeup) for a concert at the Telstra Dome in Melbourne Australia.", "Recorded and filmed in front of 40,000 fans, a pay-per-view, \"\" CD and DVD were released worldwide later in the year.", "In 2004 Thayer produced the RIAA double-platinum selling DVD set, \"Rock the Nation Live!\",", ", released worldwide in December 2004.", "\"Sonic Boom\", the first Kiss studio album in 11 years, was released worldwide in October 2009, debuting at No. 2 on the Billboard magazine album chart.", "Thayer co-wrote three songs on the record, including his own lead vocal debut on \"When Lightning Strikes.”", "A new Kiss studio album, titled \"Monster\", was released in October 2012; Thayer co-wrote 10 songs and sang lead vocal on \"Outta This World\".", "Thayer produced \"Kiss Rocks Vegas\", a Kiss live album and DVD released on August 26, 2016, commemorating the band's November 2014 residency at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas) during their 40th anniversary tour.", "Thayer's Epiphone Les Paul signature model \"Spaceman\" guitar was officially released on January 1, 2013.", "In October, Epiphone announced the first run of 1,000 guitars had sold-out.H", "He uses Seymour Duncan pickups and inspired by Jimmy Page, each signature guitar has the neck pickup covered and the bridge uncovered.", "January 1, 2015 saw the release of Thayer's second Epiphone signature model, the \"White Lightning\" Les Paul.", "\"My new White Lightning signature model is the pinnacle of looks, style and flash,” Thayer stated, “I'm proud to put my name on a serious guitar that can be enjoyed at home or rock the biggest stages in the world.\"", "In December 2016 Epiphone announced the 1,500 guitar limited edition run had sold-out.", "Epiphone released the third Tommy Thayer signature model guitar, the \"White Lightning\" Explorer in Fall 2017.", "\"My Epiphone signature guitars are a tried and true part of my arsenal.", "I never leave home without 'em!\"", "Thayer was elected to the board of trustees at Pacific University in Forest Grove, Oregon, in September 2005.", "He continues to serve on the board in 2019.", "Through 2006 and 2007, Thayer arranged for new musical instruments to be donated to jump-start ailing school band programs in Oregon.", "In February 2010, Thayer and Kiss were featured in ABC's \"\" helping a family in need with new instruments for their home-based, non-profit music school.", "Kiss headlined Rockin' the Corps, an outdoor concert in 2005 at Camp Pendleton, California dedicated to US Marines and US Military personnel stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan.", "In March 2007, Thayer and Gene Simmons visited the Marines of Camp Pendleton again with a rally and live performance featuring a medley of the armed forces anthems; it was filmed for an hour-long \"Gene Simmons Family Jewels\" TV special on A&E that aired on Memorial Day 2007.", "Thayer donates all royalties earned from sales of his Hughes & Kettner signature guitar amplifier to the Children's Hospital Los Angeles to support of the important medical needs of sick and injured children.", "In 2012, Thayer was actively involved in the organization of the fundraising event \"All-Star Salute to the Oregon Military\", on May 18 at the Oregon Golf Club in West Linn, Oregon.", "The event was the kick-off of the five-year $20 million capital campaign to raise funds in support of the new Oregon Military Museum that will be named in honor of Thayer's father, Brigadier General James B. Thayer Sr.", "The 2014 \"All-Star Salute to the Oregon Military\" organized by Thayer, raised $1.2 million in one night for the museum campaign.", "The exclusive summer party at a private residence in Lake Oswego, Oregon featured an appearance and acoustic set by Kiss.", "Thayer organized a similar event in 2017, with funds raised being donated to the development of the Oregon Military Museum.", "In 2016, Thayer along with his brother Jim Thayer Jr and Amy Maxwell, formed the Oregon Military Museum Project (OMMP), a 501(c)(3) organization representing the private fundraising for the Oregon Military Museum.", "Thayer is currently President of the OMMP.", "The museum is called \"The Brigadier General James B. Thayer Oregon Military Museum.\"", "At its May 2018 commencement, Pacific University honored Thayer with an honorary doctorate of humane letters \"in recognition of his tremendous career and philanthropic leadership efforts.\"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 290250, "simple_article_title": "Tommy Thayer", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=290250", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-290250-0-0", "simple-290250-1-0", "simple-290250-1-1", "simple-290250-1-2", "simple-290250-1-3", "simple-290250-1-4", "simple-290250-2-0", "simple-290250-3-0", "simple-290250-3-1", "simple-290250-3-2", "simple-290250-3-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Tommy Thayer (born November 7, 1960 in Portland, Oregon) is a former guitarist of Black 'N Blue (1981-1989, 1998) and current guitarist of the band Kiss (2002-present).", "Tommy Thayer in his childhood was influenced by bands like Black Sabbath and Deep Purple.", "In early 1980's Tommy Thayer, way the band of Heavy Metal Movie Star, with vocalist Jaime St. James.", "The band then changed his name to Black N' Blue.", "Thayer would record four studio albums for the band.", "Black 'N Blue (1984), Without Love (1985), Nasty Nasty (1986) and In Heat (1988).", "His father was World War II general James B. Thayer.", "In 1989, Thayer began working for Kiss, co-writing the themes \"Betrayed\" And \"The Street Giveth & The Street Taketh Away\" of the album Hot In The Shade (1989).", "Tommy Thayer replaced guitarist Ace Frehley when leaving Kiss in 2002, He used Frehley's makeup and became the \"Spaceman\".", "Tommy Thayer recorded one live album, \"Kiss Symphony: Alive IV\" (2003) and two studio albums with the band.", "\"Kiss Klassics\" (2008), and \"Sonic Boom\" (2009)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 6429362, "normal_article_title": "Caricaceae", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6429362", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-6429362-0-0", "normal-6429362-0-1", "normal-6429362-0-2", "normal-6429362-0-3", "normal-6429362-1-0", "normal-6429362-1-1", "normal-6429362-1-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Caricaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found primarily in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa.", "They are typically short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small trees growing to 5–10 m tall.", "One species, \"Vasconcellea horovitziana\" is a liana and the three species of the genus \"Jarilla\" are herbs.", "Some species, such as the papaya, bear edible fruit and produce papain.", "Based on molecular analyses, this family has been proposed to have originated in Africa in the early Cenozoic era, ~66 million years ago (mya).", "The dispersal from Africa to Central America occurred ~35 mya, possibly via ocean currents from the Congo delta.", "From Central America, the family reached South America 19-27 mya." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 132190, "simple_article_title": "Caricaceae", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=132190", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-132190-0-0", "simple-132190-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Caricaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa.", "They are short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small trees growing to 5–10 m tall; many bear edible fruit." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9137, "normal_article_title": "Divine right of kings", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9137", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9137-0-0", "normal-9137-0-1", "normal-9137-0-2", "normal-9137-0-3", "normal-9137-0-4", "normal-9137-1-0", "normal-9137-1-1", "normal-9137-1-2", "normal-9137-2-0", "normal-9137-2-1", "normal-9137-2-2", "normal-9137-2-3", "normal-9137-2-4", "normal-9137-2-5", "normal-9137-2-6", "normal-9137-2-7", "normal-9137-2-8", "normal-9137-2-9", "normal-9137-3-0", "normal-9137-3-1", "normal-9137-4-0", "normal-9137-4-1", "normal-9137-4-2", "normal-9137-4-3", "normal-9137-5-0", "normal-9137-5-1", "normal-9137-6-0", "normal-9137-7-0", "normal-9137-7-1", "normal-9137-7-2", "normal-9137-7-3", "normal-9137-7-4", "normal-9137-7-5", "normal-9137-7-6", "normal-9137-8-0", "normal-9137-9-0", "normal-9137-9-1", "normal-9137-9-2", "normal-9137-9-3", "normal-9137-10-0", "normal-9137-10-1", "normal-9137-10-2", "normal-9137-11-0", "normal-9137-11-1", "normal-9137-11-2", "normal-9137-11-3", "normal-9137-11-4", "normal-9137-11-5", "normal-9137-11-6", "normal-9137-12-0", "normal-9137-12-1", "normal-9137-12-2", "normal-9137-12-3", "normal-9137-12-4", "normal-9137-12-5", "normal-9137-12-6", "normal-9137-13-0", "normal-9137-13-1", "normal-9137-13-2", "normal-9137-13-3", "normal-9137-14-0", "normal-9137-15-0", "normal-9137-15-1", "normal-9137-15-2", "normal-9137-16-0", "normal-9137-16-1", "normal-9137-17-0", "normal-9137-17-1", "normal-9137-17-2", "normal-9137-17-3", "normal-9137-17-4", "normal-9137-17-5", "normal-9137-18-0", "normal-9137-18-1", "normal-9137-18-2", "normal-9137-19-0", "normal-9137-19-1", "normal-9137-19-2", "normal-9137-19-3", "normal-9137-20-0", "normal-9137-20-1", "normal-9137-21-0", "normal-9137-21-1", "normal-9137-21-2", "normal-9137-21-3", "normal-9137-22-0", "normal-9137-22-1", "normal-9137-22-2", "normal-9137-22-3", "normal-9137-22-4", "normal-9137-23-0", "normal-9137-23-1", "normal-9137-23-2", "normal-9137-23-3", "normal-9137-24-0", "normal-9137-24-1", "normal-9137-25-0", "normal-9137-26-0", "normal-9137-27-0", "normal-9137-27-1", "normal-9137-27-2", "normal-9137-28-0", "normal-9137-28-1", "normal-9137-29-0", "normal-9137-29-1", "normal-9137-29-2", "normal-9137-29-3", "normal-9137-29-4", "normal-9137-29-5", "normal-9137-30-0", "normal-9137-31-0", "normal-9137-32-0", "normal-9137-33-0", "normal-9137-33-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.", "It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.", "The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm.", "It implies that only God can judge an unjust king and that any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act.", "It is often expressed in the phrase \"by the Grace of God\", attached to the titles of a reigning monarch.", "Outside of Christianity, kings were often seen as either ruling with the backing of heavenly powers or perhaps even being divine beings themselves.", "However, the Christian notion of a divine right of kings is traced to a story found in 1 Samuel, where the prophet Samuel anoints Saul and then David as \"mashiach\" or king over Israel.", "The anointing is to such an effect that the monarch became inviolable, so that even when Saul sought to kill David, David would not raise his hand against him because \"he was the Lord's anointed\".", "Adomnan of Iona is one of the earliest Christian proponents of this concept of kings ruling with divine right.", "He wrote of the Irish King Diarmait mac Cerbaill's assassination and claimed that divine punishment fell on his assassin for the act of violating the monarch.", "Adomnan also recorded a story about Saint Columba supposedly being visited by an angel carrying a glass book, who told him to ordain Aedan mac Gabrain as King of Dal Riata.", "Columba initially refused, and the angel answered by whipping him and demanding that he perform the ordination because God had commanded it.", "The same angel visited Columba on three successive nights.", "Columba finally agreed, and Aedan came to receive ordination.", "At the ordination Columba told Aedan that so long as he obeyed God's laws, then none of his enemies would prevail against him, but the moment he broke them, this protection would end, and the same whip with which Columba had been struck would be turned against the king.", "Adomnan's writings most likely influenced other Irish writers, who in turn influenced continental ideas as well.", "Pepin the Short's coronation may have also come from the same influence.", "The Carolingian dynasty and the Holy Roman Emperors also influenced all subsequent western ideas of kingship.", "In the Middle Ages, the idea that God had granted earthly power to the monarch, just as he had given spiritual authority and power to the church, especially to the Pope, was already a well-known concept long before later writers coined the term \"divine right of kings\" and employed it as a theory in political science.", "For example, Richard I of England declared at his trial during the diet at Speyer in 1193: \"\", and it was Richard who first used the motto \"\"Dieu et mon droit\"\" (\"God and my right\") which is still the motto of the Monarch of the United Kingdom.", "With the rise of nation-states and the Protestant Reformation in the late 16th century, the theory of divine right justified the king's absolute authority in both political and spiritual matters.", "Henry VIII of England declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England, and exerted the power of the throne more than any of his predecessors.", "As a political theory, it was further developed by James VI of Scotland (1567–1625), and came to the force in England under his reign as James I of England (1603–1625).", "Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) strongly promoted the theory as well.", "The Scots textbooks of the divine right of kings were written in 1597–1598 by James VI of Scotland despite Scotland never having believed in the theory and where the monarch was regarded as the \"first among equals\" on a par with his people.", "His \"Basilikon Doron\", a manual on the powers of a king, was written to edify his four-year-old son Henry Frederick that a king \"acknowledgeth himself ordained for his people, having received from the God a burden of government, whereof he must be countable\".", "James's reference to \"God's lieutenants\" is apparently a reference to the text in Romans 13 where Paul refers to \"God's ministers\".", "The conception of ordination brought with it largely unspoken parallels with the Anglican and Catholic priesthood, but the overriding metaphor in James's handbook was that of a father's relation to his children.", "\"Just as no misconduct on the part of a father can free his children from obedience to the fifth commandment\", James also had printed his \"Defense of the Right of Kings\" in the face of English theories of inalienable popular and clerical rights.", "The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.", "It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the will of God.", "The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including (in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries) the church.", "A weaker or more moderate form of this political theory does hold, however, that the king is subject to the church and the pope, although completely irreproachable in other ways; but according to this doctrine in its strong form, only God can judge an unjust king.", "The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act.", "One passage in scripture supporting the idea of divine right of kings was used by Martin Luther, when urging the secular authorities to crush the Peasant Rebellion of 1525 in Germany in his \"Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants\", basing his argument on St. Paul's Epistle to the .", "It is related to the ancient Catholic philosophies regarding monarchy, in which the monarch is God's vicegerent upon the earth and therefore subject to no inferior power.", "However, in Roman Catholic jurisprudence, the monarch is always subject to natural and divine law, which are regarded as superior to the monarch.", "The possibility of monarchy declining morally, overturning natural law, and degenerating into a tyranny oppressive of the general welfare was answered theologically with the Catholic concept of extra-legal tyrannicide, ideally ratified by the pope.", "Until the unification of Italy, the Holy See did, from the time Christianity became the Roman state religion, assert on that ground its primacy over secular princes; however this exercise of power never, even at its zenith, amounted to theocracy, even in jurisdictions where the Bishop of Rome was the temporal authority.", "The French Huguenot nobles and clergy, having rejected the pope and the Catholic Church, were left only with the supreme power of the king who, they taught, could not be gainsaid or judged by anyone.", "Since there was no longer the countervailing power of the papacy and since the Church of England was a creature of the state and had become subservient to it, this meant that there was nothing to regulate the powers of the king, and he became an absolute power.", "In theory, divine, natural, customary, and constitutional law still held sway over the king, but, absent a superior spiritual power, it was difficult to see how they could be enforced, since the king could not be tried by any of his own courts.", "Some of the symbolism within the coronation ceremony for British monarchs, in which they are anointed with holy oils by the Archbishop of Canterbury, thereby \"ordaining\" them to monarchy, perpetuates the ancient Roman Catholic monarchical ideas and ceremonial (although few Protestants realize this, the ceremony is nearly entirely based upon that of the Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor).", "However, in the UK, the symbolism ends there, since the real governing authority of the monarch was all but extinguished by the Whig revolution of 1688–89 (see Glorious Revolution).", "The king or queen of the United Kingdom is one of the last monarchs still to be crowned in the traditional Christian ceremonial, which in most other countries has been replaced by an inauguration or other declaration.", "The concept of divine right incorporates, but exaggerates, the ancient Christian concept of \"royal God-given rights\", which teach that \"the right to rule is anointed by God\", although this idea is found in many other cultures, including Aryan and Egyptian traditions.", "In pagan religions, the king was often seen as a kind of god and so was an unchallengeable despot.", "The ancient Roman Catholic tradition overcame this idea with the doctrine of the \"Two Swords\" and so achieved, for the very first time, a balanced constitution for states.", "The advent of Protestantism saw something of a return to the idea of a mere unchallengeable despot.", "On the other hand, Aquinas forbade the overthrow of any morally, Christianly and spiritually legitimate king by his subjects.", "The only human power capable of deposing the king was the pope.", "The reasoning was that if a subject may overthrow his superior for some bad law, who was to be the judge of whether the law was bad?", "If the subject could so judge his own superior, then all lawful superior authority could lawfully be overthrown by the arbitrary judgement of an inferior, and thus all law was under constant threat.", "Towards the end of the Middle Ages, many philosophers, such as Nicholas of Cusa and Francisco Suarez, propounded similar theories.", "The Church was the final guarantor that Christian kings would follow the laws and constitutional traditions of their ancestors and the laws of God and of justice.", "Similarly, the Chinese concept of Mandate of Heaven required that the emperor properly carry out the proper rituals and consult his ministers; however, this concept made it extremely difficult to undo any acts carried out by an ancestor.", "Khvarenah (Avestan: 'xvarənah;' Persian: \"far\") is a Zoroastrian concept, which literally means \"glory\", about divine right of the kings.", "In Zoroastrian view, kings would never rule, unless Khvarenah is with them, and they will never fall unless Khvarenah leaves them.", "For example, according to the \"Kar-namag of Ardashir,\" when Ardashir I of Persia and Artabanus V of Parthia fought for the throne of Iran, on the road Artabanus and his contingent are overtaken by an enormous ram, which is also following Ardashir.", "Artabanus's religious advisors explain to him that the ram is the manifestation of the \"khwarrah\" of the ancient Iranian kings, which is leaving Artabanus to join Ardashir.", "Before the Reformation the anointed king was, within his realm, the accredited vicar of God for secular purposes (see the Investiture Controversy); after the Reformation he (or she if queen regnant) became this in Protestant states for religious purposes also.", "In England it is not without significance that the sacerdotal vestments, generally discarded by the clergy – dalmatic, alb and stole – continued to be among the insignia of the sovereign (see Coronation of the British monarch).", "Moreover, this sacrosanct character he acquired not by virtue of his \"sacring\", but by hereditary right; the coronation, anointing and vesting were but the outward and visible symbol of a divine grace adherent in the sovereign by virtue of his title.", "Even Roman Catholic monarchs, like Louis XIV, would never have admitted that their coronation by the archbishop constituted any part of their title to reign; it was no more than the consecration of their title.", "In England the doctrine of the divine right of kings was developed to its most extreme logical conclusions during the political controversies of the 17th century; its most famous exponent was Sir Robert Filmer.", "It was the main issue to be decided by the English Civil War, the Royalists holding that \"all Christian kings, princes and governors\" derive their authority direct from God, the Parliamentarians that this authority is the outcome of a contract, actual or implied, between sovereign and people.", "In one case the king's power would be unlimited, according to Louis XIV's famous saying: \"\"L' état, c'est moi!\"\",", ", or limited only by his own free act; in the other his actions would be governed by the advice and consent of the people, to whom he would be ultimately responsible.", "The victory of this latter principle was proclaimed to all the world by the execution of Charles I.", "The doctrine of divine right, indeed, for a while drew nourishment from the blood of the royal \"martyr\"; it was the guiding principle of the Anglican Church of the Restoration; but it suffered a rude blow when James II of England made it impossible for the clergy to obey both their conscience and their king.", "The Glorious Revolution of 1688 made an end of it as a great political force.", "This has led to the constitutional development of the Crown in Britain, as held by descent modified and modifiable by parliamentary action.", "In early Mesopotamian culture, kings were often regarded as deities after their death.", "Shulgi of Ur was among the first Mesopotamian rulers to declare himself to be divine.", "This was the direct precursor to the concept of \"Divine Right of kings\", as well as in the Egyptian and Roman religions.", "In China and East Asia, rulers justified their rule with the philosophy of the Mandate of Heaven, which, although similar to the European concept, bore several key differences.", "While the divine right of kings granted unconditional legitimacy, the Mandate of Heaven was dependent on the behaviour of the ruler, the Son of Heaven.", "Heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, but it could be displeased with a despotic ruler and thus withdraw its mandate, transferring it to a more suitable and righteous person.", "This withdrawal of mandate also afforded the possibility of revolution as a means to remove the errant ruler; revolt was never legitimate under the European framework of divine right.", "In China, the right of rebellion against an unjust ruler had been a part of the political philosophy ever since the Zhou dynasty, whose rulers had used this philosophy to justify their overthrow of the previous Shang dynasty.", "Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that the Mandate of Heaven had passed on to the usurper.", "In Japan, the Son of Heaven title was less conditional than its Chinese equivalent.", "There was no divine mandate that punished the emperor for failing to rule justly.", "The right to rule of the Japanese emperor, descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu, was absolute.", "The Japanese emperors traditionally wielded little secular power; generally, it was the duty of the sitting emperor to perform rituals and make public appearances, while true power was held by regents, high-ranking ministers, a commander-in-chief of the emperor's military known as the \"shōgun\", or even retired emperors depending on the time period.", "In the Malay Annals, the rajas and sultans of the Malay States (today Malaysia, Brunei and Philippines) as well as their predecessors, such as the Indonesian kingdom of Majapahit, also claimed divine right to rule.", "The sultan is mandated by God and thus is expected to lead his country and people in religious matters, ceremonies as well as prayers.", "This divine right is called \"Daulat\" (which means 'state' in Arabic), and although the notion of divine right is somewhat obsolete, it is still found in the phrase \"Daulat Tuanku\" that is used to publicly acclaim the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the other sultans of Malaysia.", "The exclamation is similar to the European \"Long live the King\", and often accompanies pictures of the reigning monarch and his consort on banners during royal occasions.", "In Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, the sultan's divine right is more commonly known as the \"way\", or 'revelation', but it is not hereditary and can be passed on to distant relatives.", "In Dravidian culture, before Brahmanism and especially during the Sangam period, emperors were known as இறையர் (\"Iraiyer\"), or \"those who spill\", and kings were called கோ (\"Ko\") or கோன் (\"Kon\").", "During this time, the distinction between kingship and godhood had not yet occurred, as the caste system had not yet been introduced.", "Even in Modern Tamil, the word for temple is 'கோயில்', meaning \"king's house\".", "Kings were understood to be the \"agents of God\", as they protected the world like God did.", "Historically, many notions of rights were authoritarian and hierarchical, with different people granted different rights, and some having more rights than others.", "For instance, the right of a father to respect from his son did not indicate a right for the son to receive a return from that respect; and the divine right of kings, which permitted absolute power over subjects, did not leave a lot of room for many rights for the subjects themselves.", "In contrast, modern conceptions of rights often emphasize liberty and equality as among the most important aspects of rights, for example in the American Revolution and the French Revolution.", "In the sixteenth century, both Catholic and Protestant political thinkers began to question the idea of a monarch's \"divine right\".", "The Spanish Catholic historian Juan de Mariana put forward the argument in his book \"De rege et regis institutione\" (1598) that since society was formed by a \"pact\" among all its members, \"there can be no doubt that they are able to call a king to account\".", "Mariana thus challenged divine right theories by stating in certain circumstances, tyrannicide could be justified.", "Cardinal Robert Bellarmine also \"did not believe that the institute of monarchy had any divine sanction\" and shared Mariana's belief that there were times where Catholics could lawfully remove a monarch.", "Among groups of English Protestant exiles fleeing from Queen Mary I, some of the earliest anti-monarchist publications emerged.", "\"Weaned off uncritical royalism by the actions of Queen Mary ... The political thinking of men like Ponet, Knox, Goodman and Hales.\"", "In 1553, Mary I, a Roman Catholic, succeeded her Protestant half-brother, Edward VI, to the English throne.", "Mary set about trying to restore Roman Catholicism by making sure that: Edward's religious laws were abolished in the Statute of Repeal Act (1553); the Protestant religious laws passed in the time of Henry VIII were repealed; and the Revival of the Heresy Acts were passed in 1554.", "The Marian Persecutions began soon afterwards.", "In January 1555, the first of nearly 300 Protestants were burnt at the stake under \"Bloody Mary\".", "When Thomas Wyatt the Younger instigated what became known as Wyatt's rebellion, John Ponet, the highest-ranking ecclesiastic among the exiles, allegedly participated in the uprising.", "He escaped to Strasbourg after the Rebellion's defeat and, the following year, he published \"A Shorte Treatise of Politike Power\", in which he put forward a theory of justified opposition to secular rulers.", "\"Ponet's treatise comes first in a new wave of anti-monarchical writings ... It has never been assessed at its true importance, for it antedates by several years those more brilliantly expressed but less radical Huguenot writings which have usually been taken to represent the Tyrannicide-theories of the Reformation.\"", "Ponet's pamphlet was republished on the eve of King Charles I's execution.", "According to U.S. President John Adams, Ponet's work contained \"all the essential principles of liberty, which were afterward dilated on by Sidney and Locke\", including the idea of a three-branched government.", "In due course, opposition to the divine right of kings came from a number of sources, including poet John Milton in his pamphlet \"The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates\", and Thomas Paine in his pamphlet \"Common Sense\".", "Probably the two most famous declarations of a right to revolution against tyranny in the English language are John Locke's \"Essay concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil-Government\" and Thomas Jefferson's formulation in the United States Declaration of Independence that \"all men are created equal\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 421350, "simple_article_title": "Divine right of kings", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=421350", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-421350-0-0", "simple-421350-0-1", "simple-421350-0-2", "simple-421350-0-3", "simple-421350-1-0", "simple-421350-1-1", "simple-421350-1-2", "simple-421350-1-3", "simple-421350-1-4", "simple-421350-1-5", "simple-421350-1-6", "simple-421350-1-7", "simple-421350-1-8", "simple-421350-2-0", "simple-421350-2-1", "simple-421350-2-2", "simple-421350-2-3", "simple-421350-2-4", "simple-421350-2-5", "simple-421350-2-6", "simple-421350-2-7", "simple-421350-2-8", "simple-421350-2-9", "simple-421350-2-10", "simple-421350-3-0", "simple-421350-3-1", "simple-421350-3-2", "simple-421350-3-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The divine right of kings, was a political and religious doctrine.", "It meant that a monarch was given the right to rule by God alone.", "His authority could not be questioned because he ruled in God's name.", "It gave a king absolute rule over his subjects.", "Pharaohs and some other ancient Kings were thought to actually be gods or descendants of gods.", "That concept went away when monotheism spread.", "A medieval principle held that God gave the right in to rule in secular matters to political rulers.", "God gave the right to rule over spiritual matters to the Pope as head of the Church.", "This has been called the 'doctrine of the two swords'.", "In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor.", "From that time on the Emperor was the secular power while the Pope was the power.", "This concept began to break down prior to the First Crusade.", "Rather than have the Emperor provide the manpower for the crusade, the Pope called on the nobility of Europe directly.", "In England, Henry VIII broke free of the Catholic church and the authority of the Pope.", "By the Acts of Supremacy in 1534 Henry was both king and \"Supreme Head\" of the Church of England.", "Following the Protestant Reformation the theory of divine right gave the king absolute authority as God's representative on earth in both political and spiritual matters.", "It made him accountable to no one but God.", "James I of England in his speech to Parliament in 1609 said: In France the theory had been considered from the 13th century.", "Although France remained Catholic, her kings gradually pulled away from papal rule.", "By the 16th century the king replaced the pope as supreme authority over the French church.", "After the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89 the divine rights theory was no longer popular in England.", "In France, kings including Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) continued the divine rights doctrine.", "That was until the French revolution in 1789.", "By the 19th century it no longer had any .", "The Chinese culture had a similar but older concept called the 'Mandate of Heaven'.", "A good ruler had the blessings of heaven.", "But one who ruled badly would cause the mandate to be removed.", "When the People's Republic of China was formed in 1949, they claimed the Mandate of Heaven from the people." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 25074257, "normal_article_title": "Ueli Gegenschatz", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25074257", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-25074257-0-0", "normal-25074257-1-0", "normal-25074257-2-0", "normal-25074257-2-1", "normal-25074257-3-0", "normal-25074257-3-1", "normal-25074257-3-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ueli Gegenschatz (January 3, 1971 – November 13, 2009, Zurich) was a Swiss BASE jumper, paraglider and skydiver who held several world records.", "Ueli Gegenschatz was known for his expert paragliding, skydiving and BASE jumping and Wingsuit flying.", "A member of the Swiss national paragliding team for four years, Gegenschatz co-founded the Red Bull acro team in 1995.", "Among his BASE jumping achievements, many of which are available as YouTube videos, were jumps off Eiffel Tower, the Petronas Towers in KL as well as jumps off of the Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau peaks all in one day.", "On November 11, 2009, during a jump for Red Bull from the Sunrise Tower in Zurich, Switzerland, a gust of wind hit Gegenschatz and he lost control of his jump.", "He hit the ground and was seriously injured.", "He died on November 13." ] } }

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"normal-62578-62-0", "normal-62578-62-1", "normal-62578-62-2", "normal-62578-62-3", "normal-62578-63-0", "normal-62578-63-1", "normal-62578-63-2", "normal-62578-64-0", "normal-62578-64-1", "normal-62578-64-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Bendigo is a city in Victoria, Australia, located near the geographical centre of the state and approximately 150 km north west of the state capital, Melbourne.", "As of June 2016, Bendigo had an urban population of 95,587, making it the fourth-largest inland city in Australia and fourth-most populous city in the state.", "It is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Bendigo, which encompasses both the urban area and outlying towns spanning an area around 3,000 km (1,158 sq mi) and over 111,000 people.", "The discovery of gold in the soils of Bendigo during the 1850s made it one of the most significant Victorian-era boomtowns in Australia.", "News of the finds intensified the Victorian gold rush, bringing an influx of migrants to the city from around the world within a year and transforming it from a sheep station to a major settlement in the newly proclaimed Colony of Victoria.", "Once the alluvial gold had been mined out, mining companies were formed to exploit the rich underground quartz reef gold.", "Since 1851, about 25 e6ozt of gold have been extracted from Bendigo's goldmines, making it the highest producing goldfield in Australia in the 19th century and the largest gold-mining economy in eastern Australia.", "It is also notable for its Victorian architectural heritage.", "The city took its name from the Bendigo Creek and its residents from the earliest days of the gold rush have been called \"Bendigonians\".", "Although the town flourished in its beginnings as a result of the discovery of gold, it experienced a reversal of fortune in the early 20th century.", "However, its growth accelerated in the postwar years and has continued to increase steadily since.", "The original inhabitants of the Mount Alexander area that includes Greater Bendigo were the Dja Dja Wurrung (Jarra) people, who exploited the rich local hunting grounds.", "These grounds were eventually noticed by white settlers, who established the first of many vast sheep runs in 1837.", "The Mount Alexander North sheep run was bordered by a creek that came to be known as Bendigo, after a local shepherd nicknamed for the English bare-knuckle prizefighter William Abednego (\"Bendigo\") Thompson.", "Gold was discovered in the area in September 1851, just after the other significant goldfields in neighbouring Castlemaine, from where many diggers migrated, bringing the total to 40,000 in less than a year.", "(Many of these were Chinese, whose descendants are still living in the area.)", "In 1853, a massive protest was held over the cost of the licence fee for prospectors, though it passed off peacefully, due to good diplomacy by police and miners’ leaders.", "From being a tent city, the boomtown grew rapidly into a major urban centre with many grand public buildings.", "The municipality became a borough in 1863, officially known as Sandhurst until 1891, but always unofficially as Bendigo.", "The railway had reached here by 1862, stimulating rapid growth, with flour mills, woollen mills, tanneries, quarries, foundries, eucalyptus oil production, food production industries, and timber cutting.", "When the alluvial gold ran out, the gold fields evolved into major mines with deep shafts to mine the quartz-based gold.", "Bendigo was declared a city in 1871.", "Rapid population growth brought a water shortage, partially solved with a new viaduct that harnessed the Coliban River.", "The architect William Charles Vahland left an important mark on Bendigo during this period.", "He is credited with the popular cottage design with verandahs decorated in iron lace, a style that was soon adopted right across the state of Victoria.", "Vahland also designed more than 80 buildings, including the Alexandra Fountain, arguably the most prominent monument in Bendigo, with its granite dolphins, unicorns, nymphs, and allegorical figures.", "A tram network was in use by 1890.", "After a temporary drop in population, renewed growth occurred from the 1930s, as the city consolidated as a manufacturing and regional service centre, though gold mining continued until 1954.", "Recent growth has been most heavily concentrated in areas such as Epsom, Kangaroo Flat, Strathdale, and Strathfieldsaye.", "In 1994, the City of Bendigo was abolished and merged with the Borough of Eaglehawk, the Huntly and Strathfieldsaye shires, and the Rural City of Marong to form the larger City of Greater Bendigo.", "The population of the city increased from around 78,000 in 1991 to about 100,617 in 2012.", "Bendigo is currently one of the fastest-growing regional centres in Victoria.", "The city is surrounded by components of the Greater Bendigo National Park, as well as the Bendigo Box-Ironbark Region Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for swift parrots and other woodland birds.", "A dozen species of insect-eating bats and the pollinating grey-headed flying fox inhabit the area.", "Bendigo has a relatively dry temperate climate with warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters.", "Under the Köppen-Geiger classification, it lies on a humid subtropical/oceanic transitional climate zone (\"Cfa/Cfb\"), due to its location being on the boundary of the hot, sultry inland areas to the north and the cool, damp Southern Ocean to the south.", "Bendigo gets 109.9 clear days annually.", "The mean minimum temperature in January is 14.3 °C and the maximum 28.7 °C , although temperatures above 35 °C are commonly reached.", "The highest temperature officially recorded was 45.4 °C , during the early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave.", "There is also a disputed recording of 47.4 °C (on 14 January 1862).", "The mean minimum temperature in July is 3.5 °C and winter minima below 0 °C are recorded 28 nights per year on average.", "Mean maximum winter temperatures in July are 12.1 °C .", "Most of the city's annual rainfall of 582.1 mm falls between May and September.", "Snowfalls are virtually unknown; however, frosts can be a common occurrence during the winter.", "A series of great floods occurred in Bendigo in 1859.", "Substantial flooding also occurred in 1903.", "Tornadoes have been seen around the area of Bendigo, and although rare, the 2003 Bendigo tornado passed through Eaglehawk and other parts of the city, causing major damage to homes and businesses.", "Bendigo was in severe drought from 2006 to 2010, and during this time, the city had some of the harshest water restrictions in Australia, with no watering outside the household.", "Heavy rains from the middle to later months of 2010 filled most reservoirs to capacity and only wasteful water use (e.g. hosing down footpaths) is currently banned.", "Bendigo was affected by the Black Saturday bushfires in 2009.", "A fire to the west of the city burned out 500 ha .", "The fire broke out at about 4.30 pm on the afternoon of 7 February, and burned through Long Gully and Eaglehawk, coming within 2 km of central Bendigo, before it was brought under control late on 8 February.", "It destroyed about 58 houses in Bendigo's western suburbs, and damaged an electricity transmission line, resulting in blackouts to substantial parts of the city.", "One fatality from the fire occurred.", "Flash floods occurred across Bendigo during 2010, the first in March and the most severe at the beginning of September.", "According to the 2016 census of population, 92,379 people were in Bendigo Urban Centre.", "\"(*) From preliminary ABS estimate\"", "The central area (CBD) of Bendigo consists of around 20 blocks of mixed-use area.", "The main street is the Midland Highway, the section running through the CBD is also known as \"Pall Mall\", while the main shopping area is centred around Hargreaves Mall.", "The contiguous urban area of Bendigo covers roughly 82 km of the local government area's 3048 km.", "Bendigo has several suburbs, some of which (such as Eaglehawk) were once independent satellite townships and many that extend into the surrounding bushland.", "Bendigo's suburbs include Ascot, California Gully, Eaglehawk, Eaglehawk North, East Bendigo, Epsom, Ironbark, Flora Hill, Golden Square, Golden Gully, Longlea, Junortoun, Kangaroo Flat, Kennington, Long Gully, Maiden Gully, North Bendigo, Quarry Hill, Sailors Gully, Spring Gully, Strathdale, Strathfieldsaye, West Bendigo, and White Hills.", "As a legacy of the gold boom, Bendigo has many ornate buildings built in a late Victorian colonial style.", "Many buildings are on the Victorian Heritage Register and registered by the National Trust of Australia.", "Prominent buildings include the Bendigo Town Hall (1859, 1883–85), the Old Post Office, the Bendigo Law Courts (1892–96), the Shamrock Hotel (1897), the Institute of Technology, and the Memorial Military Museum (1921), all in the Second Empire style.", "The architect Vahland encouraged European artisans to emigrate to the Sandhurst goldfields and so create a \"Vienna of the south\".", "Bendigo's Sacred Heart Cathedral, a large sandstone church, is the third-largest cathedral in Australia and one of the largest cathedrals in the Southern Hemisphere.", "The main building was completed between 1896 and 1908 and the spire between 1954 and 1977.", "Fortuna Villa is a large surviving Victorian mansion, built for Christopher Ballerstedt and later owned by George Lansell.", "Many other examples of Bendigo's classical architecture rank amongst the finest classical commercial buildings in Australia and include the Colonial Bank building (1887) and the former Masonic Hall (1873–74), which is now a performing-arts centre.", "Bendigo's Joss House, a historic temple, was built in the 1860s by Chinese miners and is the only surviving building of its kind in regional Victoria, which continues to be used as a place of worship.", "The historic Bendigo Tram Sheds and Power Station (1903) now house Bendigo's tramway museum.", "The Queen Elizabeth Oval still retains its ornate 1901 grandstand.", "The central city is skirted by Rosalind Park, a Victorian-style garden featuring statuary and a large blue stone viaduct.", "The main entrance corner of the park is on the intersection known as Charing Cross, formerly the intersection of two main tram lines (now only one).", "It features a large statue of Queen Victoria.", "The Charing Cross road junction features the large, ornate Alexandra Fountain (1881) and is built on top of a wide bridge that spans the viaduct.", "The park elevates toward Camp Hill, which features a historic school and former mine poppet head.", "Further from the city is Lake Weeroona, a large, ornamental lake adjacent to the Bendigo Botanical Gardens, which opened in 1869.", "The gardens are home to many native species of animals, including brushtailed and ring-tailed possums, ducks, coots, purple swamp hens, microbats (small insect-eating bats), the grey-headed flying fox, several species of lizards, owls, and the tawny frogmouth.", "The Bendigo Art Gallery is one of Australia's oldest and largest regional art galleries.", "In March 2012, it hosted a royal visit from Princess Charlene of Monaco at the opening of an exhibition about Grace Kelly.", "The Capital Theatre, originally the Masonic temple, is located next to the art gallery in View Street and hosts performing arts and live music.", "It also hosts the annual Bendigo Writers Festival, founded in 2012, which runs across the second weekend in August each year.", "The Ulumbarra Theatre was opened on April 16, 2015.", "It was originally the Sandhurst/Old Bendigo Gaol.", "The renovated theatre retains some original architectural features of the gaol.", "The venue hosts performing arts and live music.", "It also acts as a ceremonial and teaching space for local secondary schools and universities.", "The city hosts the Bendigo National Swap Meet for car parts every year in early November.", "It is regarded as the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere and attracts people from all over Australia and the world.", "The city hosts the Victorian event of the annual Groovin' the Moo music festival.", "It is held at the Bendigo Showgrounds and is usually held in late April or early May.", "The festival regularly sells out and brings many Australian and international acts to the city.", "It also attracts thousands of people from around Victoria to the city for the weekend.", "The Bendigo Blues and Roots Music Festival has been taking place each November since 2011.", "With over 80 artists from all over Australia, the not-for-profit festival is hosted in many of the venues around Bendigo, and is headlined by a large, family-friendly, free concert held in Rosalind Park.", "The Bendigo Easter Festival is held each year and attracts tens of thousands of tourists to the city over the Easter long weekend.", "Attractions include parades, exhibitions, and a street carnival.", "The Bendigo Queer Film Festival (BQFF) is one of Australia's few regional annual festivals celebrating the Queer film genre.", "The BQFF started in 2004 and takes place in the second half of April.", "The Festival of Light is a multicultural celebration of peace and harmony inspired by the Buddha's birthday held in May each year since 2013 at the Great Stupa.", "The festival's program includes dancing and musical acts followed by a fireworks display at night.", "Bendigo is served by two newspapers: the \"Bendigo Advertiser\" and the \"Bendigo Weekly\".", "Also, eight locally based radio stations are active; 105.1 Life FM, EasyMix Ten71am and 98.3FM, Hit 91.9, 3BO FM, and ABC Local Radio, as well as the community radio stations Radio KLFM 96.5, Phoenix FM, Fresh FM, and Vision Australia Radio 3BPH Bendigo 88.7 FM", "Regular network television is broadcast in the Bendigo region by Prime7 (7), WIN Television (10), Nine Bendigo (9), ABC, and SBS.", "Local programming consists of 30-minute weeknight news bulletins on WIN and short news updates on Southern Cross Ten.", "Prime Television maintains a sales office in Bendigo.", "On 5 May 2011, analogue television transmissions ceased in most areas of regional Victoria and some border regions including Bendigo and surrounding areas.", "All local free-to-air television services are now being broadcast in digital transmission only.", "This was done as part of the federal government's plan for digital terrestrial television in Australia, where all analogue television transmission is being gradually switched off and replaced with DVB-T transmission.", "Several live music venues offer local independent bands and artists performing on a regular basis.", "These venues include the Music Man Megastore, the Gold Dust Lounge at the Hotel Shamrock, and the Golden Vine hotel, also the Bendigo Blues Club.", "Also, several adult choirs and the Bendigo Youth Choir often perform overseas; the Bendigo Symphony Orchestra, the Bendigo Symphonic Band, the Bendigo and District Concert Band, several brass bands and three pipe bands perform, as well.", "Musicians originally from Bendigo include Patrick Savage – film composer and former principal first violin of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London.", "\"Australian Idol\" winner Kate DeAraugo grew up in Bendigo where her family still live.", "Cricket and Australian rules football are the most popular sports in Bendigo.", "The Queen Elizabeth Oval (referred to locally as the QEO) hosts both sports.", "The Bendigo and District Cricket Association is the controlling body for 10 senior cricket clubs within the Bendigo area.", "The Emu Valley Cricket Association organises matches for 13 clubs around the Bendigo district, from Marong in the north to Heathcote is the south.", "In terms of Australian rules, Bendigo Gold were a semiprofessional team that competed in the Victorian Football League until 2014.", "The Bendigo region is also home to the historic Bendigo Football League, a strong local Australian rules competition.", "The Bendigo Cup is a prominent horse-racing event.", "The stadium hosted basketball games during the 2006 Commonwealth Games.", "Bendigo's men's team is called the Bendigo Braves and the women's team is called Bendigo Spirit.", "In both 2013 and 2014, the women's team won the Women's National Basketball League championship.", "The city co-hosted the 2003 FIBA Oceania Championship.", "Bendigo was the host to the second Commonwealth Youth Games, held from 30 November to 3 December 2004.", "Bendigo is a large and growing service economy.", "The major industries are health, finance (headquarters of the Bendigo and Adelaide Bank), tourism, commerce, education, food processing, and primary industries, with some significant engineering industries (see below under \"Manufacturing\").", "Bendigo's growth has stimulated growth in small surrounding rural towns (such as Elmore, Heathcote, Rochester, Inglewood, Dunolly and Bridgewater).", "Tourism is a major component of the Bendigo economy, generating over A$364 million in 2008/09.", "Bendigo is popular with heritage tourists and cultural tourists with the focus of tourism on the city's gold rush history.", "Prominent attractions include the Central Deborah Gold Mine, the Bendigo Tramways (both of which are managed by the Bendigo Trust, a council-intertwined organisation dedicated to preserving Bendigo's heritage), the Golden Dragon Museum, the Bendigo Pottery, and the Great Stupa.", "The main retail centre of Bendigo is the central business district, with the suburbs of Eaglehawk, Kangaroo Flat, Golden Square, Strathdale, and Epsom also having shopping districts.", "The city was home to Australia's only provincial stock exchange, the Bendigo Stock Exchange (BSX), founded in the 1860s.", "The city is the home of the headquarters of the Bendigo Bank, established in 1858 as a building society.", "It is now a large retail bank with community bank branches throughout Australia.", "The bank is headquartered in Bendigo and is a major employer in the city (it also has a regional office at Melbourne Docklands).", "The City of Greater Bendigo Community Profile indicated that about 10.2% of the workforce were employed in manufacturing in 2011.", "After the Victorian gold rush, the introduction of deep quartz mining in Bendigo caused the development of a heavy manufacturing industry.", "Little of that now remains, but a large foundry (Keech Castings) makes mining, train, and other steel parts and a rubber factory remains (Motherson Elastomers, formerly Empire Rubber).", "Thales Australia (formerly ADI Limited) is an important heavy engineering company.", "Australia Defence Apparel is another key defence industry participant making military and police uniforms and bulletproof vests.", "Intervet (formerly Ausvac) is an important biotechnology company, producing vaccines for animals.", "The Bendigo Senior Secondary College is the largest VCE provider in the state.", "Catherine McAuley College follows close after, which ranges from years 7–9 at the Coolock campus and 10–12 at the St Mary's campus.", "Girton Grammar School, an independent school, provides education to students from years Prep-12.T", "The Bendigo campus of La Trobe University is also a large and growing educational institution with over 5,000 undergraduates and postgraduates in its two colleges.", "The surrounding area, or \"gold country\", is quite harsh, rocky land with scrubby regrowth vegetation.", "The box-ironbark forest is used for timber (mainly sleepers and firewood) and beekeeping.", "Sheep and cattle are grazed in the cleared areas.", "There are some large poultry and pig farms.", "Some relatively fertile areas are present along the rivers and creeks, where wheat and other crops such as canola are grown.", "The area produces premium wines, including Shiraz, from a growing viticulture industry.", "Salinity is a problem in many valleys, but is under control.", "A relatively small eucalyptus oil industry operates there.", "Bendigo provides services (including a large livestock exchange) to a large agricultural and grazing area on the Murray plains to its north.", "One of the major revolutions in gold mining (during the Victorian gold rush) came when fields such as Bendigo, but also Ballarat, Ararat, and the goldfields close to Mount Alexander, turned out to have large gold deposits below the superficial alluvial deposits that had been (partially) mined out.", "Gold at Bendigo was found in quartz reef systems, hosted within highly deformed mudstones and sandstones or were washed away into channels of ancient rivers.", "Tunnels as deep as 3000 ft (900 m) (Stawell) were possible.", "Until overtaken in the 1890s by the Western Australia goldfields, Bendigo was the most productive Australian gold area, with a total production over 20 million ounces (622 tonnes).", "Over the 100-odd year period from 1851 to 1954, the 3,600-hectare area that made up the Bendigo gold field yielded 25 million ounces (777 tonnes) of gold.", "A large amount of gold remains in the Bendigo goldfields, estimated to be at least as much again as what has been removed.", "The decline in mining was partly due to the depth of mines and the presence of water in the deep mines.", "Bendigo is connected via the Calder Freeway to Melbourne, which is less than two hours by car.", "The remaining section of highway nearest Bendigo has been upgraded to dual carriageway standard ensuring that motorists can travel up to speeds of 110 km/h for most of the journey.", "Many other regional centres are also connected to Melbourne via Bendigo, making it a gateway city in the transport of produce and materials from northern Victoria and the Murray to the Port of Melbourne and beyond.", "Bendigo acts as a major rail hub for northern Victoria, being at the junction of several lines including the Bendigo line which runs south to Melbourne and lines running north including the Swan Hill, Echuca and Eaglehawk–Inglewood lines.", "V/Line operates regular VLocity passenger rail services to Melbourne's with the shortest peak journeys taking approximately 91 minutes from Bendigo railway station, generally however services take two hours or longer.", "While there are several rail stations in the urban area, only three other stations currently operated for passengers: Kangaroo Flat railway station on the Bendigo Line, Epsom Railway Station on the Echuca railway line, and Eaglehawk railway station on the Swan Hill railway line.", "There are also additional train services to and from Swan Hill and Echuca.", "The Regional Rail Link promises more reliable services between Bendigo and Melbourne by providing some separation from the Melbourne metropolitan rail network.", "Victoria's electronic ticketing system, Myki, was implemented on rail services between Eaglehawk and Melbourne on 17 July 2013.", "Bendigo is also served by an extensive bus network that radiates mostly from the CBD towards the suburbs.", "The city is also served by several taxi services.", "Trams in Bendigo have historically operated an extensive network as a form of public transport, but the remains of the network were reduced to a tourist service in 1972.", "Short trials of commuter tram services were held in 2008 and 2009 with little ridership.", "The second, \"Take a Tram\", proved more successful, running twice as long as the previous trial.", "By the end of the \"Take a Tram\" program, ridership had increased and was increasing.", "However, due to lack of government subsidy or backing, the program ended.", "Bendigo is served by the Bendigo Airport, which is located to the north of the city on the Midland Highway.", "The Bendigo Airport Strategic Plan was approved in 2010 for proposed infrastructure upgrades including runway extension and buildings to facilitate larger planes and the possibility of regular passenger services from major cities in other states.", "In 2016, Bendigo Airport was upgraded with a new taxiway system, new lighting, and a new 1.6-km north–south runway.", "On 10 December 2018, Qantas announced that they would fly between Sydney and Bendigo six times a week, the first of which commenced on 31 March 2019.", "The Bendigo Base Hospital is the city's largest hospital, only public hospital, and a major regional hospital.", "St John of God is the largest private hospital.", "Bendigo is also served by a privately owned smaller surgical facility, the Bendigo Day Surgery.", "Bendigo is entitled to a portion of the water in Lake Eppalock, an irrigation reservoir on the Campaspe River.", "Developments have led to the building of a pipeline from Waranga to Lake Eppalock and thence to Bendigo in 2007.", "The dam (and a road) is called Faugh A Ballagh." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 43031, "simple_article_title": "Bendigo, Victoria", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43031", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-43031-0-0", "simple-43031-0-1", "simple-43031-0-2", "simple-43031-0-3", "simple-43031-1-0", "simple-43031-1-1", "simple-43031-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Bendigo is a city in central Victoria, Australia.", "There are about 86,000 people in Bendigo.", "It is the fourth biggest city in Victoria after Melbourne, Geelong and Ballarat.", "The city area is 3000 km2 and has the towns Bendigo, Marong, Lockwood, Lockwood South, Ravenswood, Sebastian, Elmore, Heathcote, Maiden Gully, Lake Eppalock, Axedale, Goornong, Raywood and Huntly, all together, there are 100,000 people living there.", "Strathfieldsaye is a small suburb in Bendigo.", "It takes its name from Stratfield Saye House, which was awarded to the Duke of Wellington after his defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.", "In the 2011 census, Strathfieldsaye had a population of 4,648." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 12361548, "normal_article_title": "Leonardo Moreira", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12361548", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-12361548-0-0", "normal-12361548-0-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Leonardo Moreira (盛礼良 レオナルド , Moreira Leonardo , born February 4, 1986) is a Japanese football player.", "He currently plays for Japan Football League side FC Maruyasu Okazaki." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 247021, "simple_article_title": "Leonardo Augusto Vieira Moreira", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=247021", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-247021-0-0", "simple-247021-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Leonardo Augusto Vieira Moreira (born 4 February 1986) is a Brazilian football player.", "He plays for Tochigi." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 7901434, "normal_article_title": "Majoidea", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7901434", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-7901434-0-0", "normal-7901434-1-0", "normal-7901434-2-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Majoidea are a superfamily of crabs which includes the various spider crabs.", "Majoidea comprises five families: The families \"Pisidae\" and \"Tychidae\" are now treated as the subfamilies Pisinae and Tychinae of the family Epialtidae, and \"Mithracidae\" is now treated as the subfamily Mithracinae of the family Majidae.", "Notable species within the superfamily include: There is one fossil family, Priscinachidae, represented by a single species, \"Priscinachus elongatus\", from the Cenomanian of France." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 377533, "simple_article_title": "Majoidea", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=377533", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-377533-0-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Majoidea is a superfamily of crabs, infraorder Brachyura ." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 8113373, "normal_article_title": "Ephedra sinica", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8113373", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-8113373-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ephedra sinica (also known as Chinese ephedra or Ma Huang) is a plant species native to Mongolia, Russia (Buryatiya, Chita, Primorye), and northeastern China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi)." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 274068, "simple_article_title": "Ephedra sinica", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=274068", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-274068-0-0", "simple-274068-0-1", "simple-274068-0-2", "simple-274068-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ephedra sinica, known in Chinese as ma huang , is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine.", "Hay fever and congestion are treated using this plant.", "Chemicals that come from this plant, mimic other chemicals inside the sympathetic nervous system, similar to amphetamine.", "They are often used for weight loss, but the U.S. FDA banned its use as a dietary supplement on April 2004." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 114296, "normal_article_title": "Ottumwa, Iowa", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=114296", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-114296-0-0", "normal-114296-0-1", "normal-114296-0-2", "normal-114296-1-0", "normal-114296-2-0", "normal-114296-2-1", "normal-114296-2-2", "normal-114296-2-3", "normal-114296-2-4", "normal-114296-2-5", "normal-114296-2-6", "normal-114296-2-7", "normal-114296-3-0", "normal-114296-4-0", "normal-114296-4-1", "normal-114296-5-0", "normal-114296-6-0", "normal-114296-7-0", "normal-114296-8-0", "normal-114296-9-0", "normal-114296-9-1", "normal-114296-9-2", "normal-114296-9-3", "normal-114296-10-0", "normal-114296-10-1", "normal-114296-10-2", "normal-114296-11-0", "normal-114296-11-1", "normal-114296-11-2", "normal-114296-12-0", "normal-114296-12-1", "normal-114296-12-2", "normal-114296-12-3", "normal-114296-12-4", "normal-114296-13-0", "normal-114296-13-1", "normal-114296-13-2", "normal-114296-14-0", "normal-114296-14-1", "normal-114296-14-2", "normal-114296-14-3", "normal-114296-15-0", "normal-114296-15-1", "normal-114296-15-2", "normal-114296-15-3", "normal-114296-16-0", "normal-114296-16-1", "normal-114296-16-2", "normal-114296-16-3", "normal-114296-17-0", "normal-114296-17-1", "normal-114296-17-2", "normal-114296-17-3", "normal-114296-18-0", "normal-114296-19-0", "normal-114296-20-0", "normal-114296-21-0", "normal-114296-22-0", "normal-114296-23-0", "normal-114296-23-1", "normal-114296-23-2", "normal-114296-23-3", "normal-114296-23-4", "normal-114296-24-0", "normal-114296-25-0", "normal-114296-25-1", "normal-114296-25-2", "normal-114296-26-0", "normal-114296-26-1", "normal-114296-26-2", "normal-114296-27-0", "normal-114296-27-1", "normal-114296-28-0", "normal-114296-29-0", "normal-114296-29-1", "normal-114296-29-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ottumwa ( ; ) is a city in and the county seat of Wapello County, Iowa, United States.", "The population was 25,023 at the 2010 U.S. Census.", "Located in the state's southeastern part, the city is split into northern and southern halves by the Des Moines River.", "The young town was severely damaged during the Flood of 1851.", "In 1857, coal was being mined from the McCready bank, a site along Bear Creek four miles west of Ottumwa.", "In 1868, Brown and Godfrey opened a drift mine four miles northwest of town.", "By 1872, Brown and Godfrey employed 300 men and had an annual production of 77,000 tons.", "In 1880, the Phillips Coal and Mining Company opened a mine two miles northwest of town.", "In subsequent years, they opened 5 more shafts in the Phillips and Rutledge neighborhoods, just north of Ottumwa.", "The Phillips number 5 shaft was 140 feet deep, with a 375 horse power steam hoist.", "By 1889, the state mine inspector’s report listed 15 mine shafts in Ottumwa.", "In 1914, the Phillips Fuel Company produced over 100,000 tons of coal, ranking among the top 24 coal producers in the state.", "Coal mining was so important to the local economy that, from 1890 to 1892, the Coal Palace was erected in Ottumwa as an exhibition center.", "John Morrell & Company played a significant role in the development of the City of Ottumwa from 1877 to 1973.", "The complex typified meat packing as it developed in the midwest during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century.", "Because of the Iowa caucuses, Ottumwa is no stranger to visits by presidential hopefuls.", "Ottumwa's longitude and latitude coordinates in decimal form are 41.012917, −92.414817.", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.53 sqmi , of which, 15.86 sqmi is land and 0.67 sqmi is water.", "Northeastern Wapello County contains large deposits of coal, and there are also large deposits of clay in the region, which played an important role in the industrial development of Ottumwa.", "As of the census of 2010, there were 25,023 people, 10,251 households, and 6,208 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1577.7 PD/sqmi .", "There were 11,257 housing units at an average density of 709.8 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the city was 90.2% White, 11.3% Hispanic or Latino, 1.9% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 4.5% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races.", "There were 10,251 households of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.1% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.4% were non-families.", "32.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.97.", "The median age in the city was 37.4 years.", "23.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.8% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 16% were 65 years of age or older.", "The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 24,998 people, 10,383 households, and 6,530 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1,582.2 people per square mile (610.9/km2).", "There were 11,038 housing units at an average density of 698.6 per square mile (269.7/km2).", "The racial makeup of the city was 95.33% White, 1.27% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.78% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.38% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.76% of the population.", "There were 10,383 households out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.8% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families.", "31.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.88.", "Age spread: 22.9% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 38 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $30,174, and the median income for a family was $37,302.", "Males had a median income of $31,222 versus $20,934 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $16,040.", "About 10.9% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.3% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.", "As the home of Twin Galaxies, Ottumwa was proclaimed the \"Video Game Capital of the World\" by a mayoral decree issued on November 30, 1982, by Ottumwa Mayor Jerry Parker.", "The city's proclamation was recognized by U.S. Senator Charles Grassley.", "In connection with this proclamation, the city hosted the first North American Video Olympics in the fall of 1982.", "In 2009, the city council and chamber of commerce authorized a steering committee to plan out the International Video Game Hall of Fame museum, which, while not yet built, has inducted several video game industry professionals, developers and designers, and high-scoring players into the Hall of Fame.", "Ottumwa High School is part of the Ottumwa public school system.", "Ottumwa is the home of Indian Hills Community College, a two-year community college.", "Between 1928 and 1980, it was also home to Ottumwa Heights College, a women's college that merged with Indian Hills in 1979 to create one institution.", "Indian Hills is located at the former Ottumwa Heights campus.", "The Quincy Place Mall is a Shopping mall located in Ottumwa.", "Paired with Kirksville, Missouri, Ottumwa is a media market region, ranked #199 by Nielsen.", "The \"Ottumwa Courier\" is the primary daily newspaper,", "The Ottumwa Post http://www.ottumwapost.com", "Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to the Ottumwa Amtrak station, operating its \"California Zephyr\" daily in both directions between Chicago, Illinois, and Emeryville, California, across the San Francisco Bay from San Francisco.", "Ottumwa Transit Authority operates bus services throughout the Ottumwa area.", "The fixed-route system includes five routes and a shopping shuttle.", "It also operates a para-transit service known as Ottumwa Transit Authority Lift and Job Access Reverse Commute (JARC), a dial-a-ride service geared towards employees.", "The five routes that operate Monday through Friday are: #1 North, #2 East West, #3 South Residential, #4 South Commercial, and #7 Airport.", "There are also two routes that operate on Saturday only; no routes operate on Sunday.", "10–15 Regional Transit Agency provides a regional dial-a-ride service throughout Appanoose, Davis, Jefferson, Keokuk, Lee, Lucas, Mahaska, Monroe, Van Buren, Wapello and Wayne counties.", "Currently, U.S. Route 34 and Iowa Highway 149 serve the town, replacing a former segment of U.S. Highway 63.", "Route 63 now bypasses the town as part of the Burlington to Des Moines expressway.", "The Jefferson Street Viaduct over the Des Moines River is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "The BNSF Railway has tracks through Ottumwa.", "This is a major corridor in the Chicago-Omaha line that is double track, and western coal makes up a large percentage of the freight carried on this line.", "The BNSF tracks travel under U.S. Highway 34, pass through the business district, under the U.S. Highway 63 bridge, cross the Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad tracks at grade, exit Ottumwa, and later cross over the Des Moines River on their way to Albia, Iowa, and later Omaha, Nebraska.", "The Iowa, Chicago & Eastern Railway was acquired by the Canadian Pacific in 2008.", "Ottumwa is located on the Davenport, Iowa, to Kansas City, Mo. line and is a crew change point.", "The Norfolk Southern Railway has trackage rights over the BNSF through Ottumwa.", "Ottumwa has many historic structures as well as several historic districts that are listed on the National Register.", "The city has an active Historic Preservation Commission that works to preserve some of the most important structures in the community since 1989.", "The following structures and districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 158277, "simple_article_title": "Ottumwa, Iowa", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=158277", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-158277-0-0", "simple-158277-0-1", "simple-158277-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ottumwa is a city of Iowa in the United States.", "It is the county seat of Wapello County.", "The city is split into northern and southern halves by the Des Moines River." ] } }

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