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{ "normal_article_id": 4315137, "normal_article_title": "Kiwa hirsuta", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4315137", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4315137-0-0", "normal-4315137-0-1", "normal-4315137-0-2", "normal-4315137-1-0", "normal-4315137-1-1", "normal-4315137-1-2", "normal-4315137-1-3", "normal-4315137-2-0", "normal-4315137-2-1", "normal-4315137-2-2", "normal-4315137-2-3", "normal-4315137-2-4", "normal-4315137-2-5", "normal-4315137-3-0", "normal-4315137-3-1", "normal-4315137-4-0", "normal-4315137-4-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Kiwa hirsuta is a crustacean discovered in 2005 in the South Pacific Ocean.", "This decapod, which is approximately 15 cm long, is notable for the quantity of silky blond setae (resembling fur) covering its pereiopods (thoracic legs, including claws).", "Its discoverers dubbed it the \"yeti lobster\" or \"yeti crab\".", "\"K. hirsuta\" was discovered in March 2005 by a group organized by Robert Vrijenhoek of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Monterey, California and Michel Segonzac of the Ifremer and a Census of Marine Life scientist using the submarine DSV \"Alvin\", operating from RV \"Atlantis\".", "The discovery was announced on 7 March 2006.", "It was found along the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, 1500 km south of Easter Island at a depth of 2200 m , living on hydrothermal vents.", "Based on both morphology and molecular data, the organism was deemed to form a new biological family (Kiwaidae); a second species, \"Kiwa puravida\", was discovered in 2006 and described in 2011.", "The animal has strongly reduced eyes that lack pigment, and is thought to be blind.", "The \"hairy\" pincers contain filamentous bacteria, which the creature may use to detoxify poisonous minerals from the water emitted by the hydrothermal vents where it lives.", "This process is known as chemosynthesis.", "Lipid and isotope analyses provide evidence that epibiotic bacteria are the crab's main food source and K. puravida n. sp. has highly-modified setae (hairs) on its 3rd maxilliped (a mouth appendage) which it uses to harvest these bacteria.", "The ε- and γ- proteobacteria that this methane-seep species farms are closely related to hydrothermal-vent decapod epibionts.", "Alternatively, it may feed on bacteria, although it is generally thought to be a carnivore.", "Although it is often referred to as the \"furry lobster\" outside the scientific literature, \"Kiwa hirsuta\" is a squat lobster, more closely related to crabs and hermit crabs than true lobsters.", "The term \"furry lobster\" is more commonly used for the family Synaxidae.", "Macpherson \"et al.\" named the genus \"Kiwa\" after \"the goddess of the shellfish in the Polynesian mythology\", although \"Kiwa\" is a male guardian of the sea in Māori mythology. \" \"", "is Latin for \"hairy\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 44781, "simple_article_title": "Kiwa hirsuta", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44781", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-44781-0-0", "simple-44781-0-1", "simple-44781-0-2", "simple-44781-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Kiwa hirsuta is a crustacean that was first found living on the Pacific Ocean floor at 7200 feet deep, 900 miles south of Easter Island in March 2005.", "It is about 6 inches long, or 15 centimeters.", "It looks a little like a crab, but its long arms are covered with yellow fur that looks like silk, so its discoverers, from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Insititute, named it the Yeti Crab or Yeti Lobster.", "But it is so different from other crustaceans that it was given its own scientific family, Kiwaidae." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2402033, "normal_article_title": "Hit song", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2402033", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2402033-0-0", "normal-2402033-0-1", "normal-2402033-1-0", "normal-2402033-1-1", "normal-2402033-2-0", "normal-2402033-2-1", "normal-2402033-2-2", "normal-2402033-3-0", "normal-2402033-3-1", "normal-2402033-3-2", "normal-2402033-3-3", "normal-2402033-4-0", "normal-2402033-4-1", "normal-2402033-4-2", "normal-2402033-4-3", "normal-2402033-4-4", "normal-2402033-5-0", "normal-2402033-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A hit song, also known as a hit record or hit single, is a recorded song or instrumental that becomes broadly popular or well-known.", "Although \"hit song\" means any widely played or big-selling song, the specific term \"hit record\" usually refers to a single that has appeared in an official music chart through repeated radio airplay or significant commercial sales.", "Historically, before the dominance of recorded music, commercial sheet music sales of individual songs were similarly promoted and tracked as singles and albums are now.", "For example, in 1894, Edward B. Marks and Joe Stern released \"The Little Lost Child\", which sold more than a million copies nationwide, based mainly on its success as an illustrated song, analogous to today's music videos.", "In the United States and the United Kingdom, a single is usually considered a hit when it reaches the Top 40 of the official \"Billboard\" Magazine’s Hot 100 or the Top 75 of the UK Singles Chart and stays there for at least one week.", "The \"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles\" has used this definition since the 1970s.", "Some argue that reaching at least the top 100—since the Official Charts Company increased the chart size on their website on 23 June 2007—lets a single be considered a hit due to the increasing singles market after chart rules included download singles.", "A hit single is variously called a \"number one hit\", a \"top 10 hit\", a \"top 20 hit\" or a \"top 40 hit\", depending on its peak position.", "In the UK (where radio play is not included in the official charts), this doesn't completely reflect the song's popularity—as the weekly chart position is based solely on direct comparison with concurrent sales of other singles.", "It is, therefore, not uncommon that a single fails to chart, but has actually sold more copies than other singles regarded as \"hits\" based on their higher chart placement in a period of low sales.", "(This is also possible in the United States, or anywhere, with slow but steady sellers; a number of minor hits, especially those that are popular in specific genre, have earned gold certifications despite relatively poor pop chart performances.)", "In the UK, the number of sales required to achieve a hit single steadily declined in line with a general decline in single sales until the early 2000s.", "The number has, however, recovered strongly with growth in official digital downloads.", "2011 was a record year for UK singles sales.", "Actual figures vary considerably depending on the time of year.", "In 2010 a number one single usually sold around 100,000 copies per week; sales of around 30,000 were often sufficient to reach the top ten, and a single selling over 6,000 copies could make the top forty.", "Record companies often release collections of hit singles by various artists as compilation albums, such as the \"Now That's What I Call Music!\"", "Well-known bands and artists also frequently release collections of their most popular singles as \"Greatest hits\" albums." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 101503, "simple_article_title": "Hit record", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=101503", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-101503-0-0", "simple-101503-0-1", "simple-101503-0-2", "simple-101503-1-0", "simple-101503-1-1", "simple-101503-1-2", "simple-101503-1-3", "simple-101503-2-0", "simple-101503-2-1", "simple-101503-2-2", "simple-101503-2-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A hit record is a recording (either a single or an album) that becomes very popular, through large sales of copies, repeated airplay on the radio.", "or presence in the media.", "One aspect usually promotes one or more of the others.", "The Beatles, Elvis Presley, The Eagles and Michael Jackson all had many hit records.", "They are among the biggest-selling musical acts of all time.", "Not every recording artist has a hit record.", "Many artists and groups lose their recording contracts, if their records do not become hits.", "Not all hit records feature music.", "Some spoken word records also become hits, including comedy recordings.", "Bill Cosby, George Carlin, and Cheech & Chong are comedians who have all had hit records.", "A recording of speeches by the late American President John F. Kennedy became one of the biggest-selling albums of the 1960s." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 107011, "normal_article_title": "McCaskill, Arkansas", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=107011", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-107011-0-0", "normal-107011-0-1", "normal-107011-0-2", "normal-107011-1-0", "normal-107011-2-0", "normal-107011-3-0", "normal-107011-3-1", "normal-107011-3-2", "normal-107011-3-3", "normal-107011-3-4", "normal-107011-4-0", "normal-107011-4-1", "normal-107011-4-2", "normal-107011-5-0", "normal-107011-5-1", "normal-107011-5-2", "normal-107011-5-3", "normal-107011-6-0", "normal-107011-6-1", "normal-107011-6-2", "normal-107011-6-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "McCaskill is a town in Hempstead County, Arkansas, United States.", "The population was 96 at the 2010 census.", "It is part of the Hope Micropolitan Statistical Area.", "McCaskill is located at .", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.7 sqmi , all land.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 84 people, 28 households, and 22 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 113.3 people per square mile (43.8/km2).", "There were 34 housing units at an average density of 45.9/sq mi (17.7/km2).", "The racial makeup of the city was 73.81% White, 15.48% Black or African American, 2.38% Native American, 7.14% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races.", "15.48% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "There were 28 households out of which 42.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.6% were married couples living together, 17.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-families.", "17.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.32.", "In the city the population was spread out with 36.9% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 30 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.8 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $25,000, and the median income for a family was $26,250.", "Males had a median income of $30,313 versus $16,875 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $8,826.", "There were 33.3% of families and 37.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including 52.5% of under eighteens and 100.0% of those over 64." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 676531, "simple_article_title": "McCaskill, Arkansas", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676531", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-676531-0-0", "simple-676531-0-1", "simple-676531-1-0", "simple-676531-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "McCaskill is a town in Hempstead County, Arkansas, United States.", "The population was 96 at the 2010 census.", "It is found at .", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.7 sqmi, all land." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9468070, "normal_article_title": "Task parallelism", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9468070", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9468070-0-0", "normal-9468070-0-1", "normal-9468070-0-2", "normal-9468070-0-3", "normal-9468070-1-0", "normal-9468070-1-1", "normal-9468070-1-2", "normal-9468070-1-3", "normal-9468070-2-0", "normal-9468070-2-1", "normal-9468070-3-0", "normal-9468070-3-1", "normal-9468070-4-0", "normal-9468070-4-1", "normal-9468070-4-2", "normal-9468070-5-0", "normal-9468070-5-1", "normal-9468070-5-2", "normal-9468070-5-3", "normal-9468070-6-0", "normal-9468070-6-1", "normal-9468070-7-0", "normal-9468070-8-0", "normal-9468070-8-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Task parallelism (also known as function parallelism and control parallelism) is a form of parallelization of computer code across multiple processors in parallel computing environments.", "Task parallelism focuses on distributing tasks—concurrently performed by processes or threads—across different processors.", "In contrast to data parallelism which involves running the same task on different components of data, task parallelism is distinguished by running many different tasks at the same time on the same data.", "A common type of task parallelism is pipelining which consists of moving a single set of data through a series of separate tasks where each task can execute independently of the others.", "In a multiprocessor system, task parallelism is achieved when each processor executes a different thread (or process) on the same or different data.", "The threads may execute the same or different code.", "In the general case, different execution threads communicate with one another as they work, but this is not a requirement.", "Communication usually takes place by passing data from one thread to the next as part of a workflow.", "As a simple example, if a system is running code on a 2-processor system (CPUs \"a\" & \"b\") in a parallel environment and we wish to do tasks \"A\" and \"B\", it is possible to tell CPU \"a\" to do task \"A\" and CPU \"b\" to do task \"B\" simultaneously, thereby reducing the run time of the execution.", "The tasks can be assigned using conditional statements as described below.", "Task parallelism emphasizes the distributed (parallelized) nature of the processing (i.e. threads), as opposed to the data (data parallelism).", "Most real programs fall somewhere on a continuum between task parallelism and data parallelism.", "Thread-level parallelism (TLP) is the parallelism inherent in an application that runs multiple threads at once.", "This type of parallelism is found largely in applications written for commercial servers such as databases.", "By running many threads at once, these applications are able to tolerate the high amounts of I/O and memory system latency their workloads can incur - while one thread is delayed waiting for a memory or disk access, other threads can do useful work.", "The exploitation of thread-level parallelism has also begun to make inroads into the desktop market with the advent of multi-core microprocessors.", "This has occurred because, for various reasons, it has become increasingly impractical to increase either the clock speed or instructions per clock of a single core.", "If this trend continues, new applications will have to be designed to utilize multiple threads in order to benefit from the increase in potential computing power.", "This contrasts with previous microprocessor innovations in which existing code was automatically sped up by running it on a newer/faster computer.", "The goal of the program is to do some net total task (\"A+B\").", "If we write the code as above and launch it on a 2-processor system, then the runtime environment will execute it as follows.", "This concept can now be generalized to any number of processors.", "Task parallelism can be supported in general-purposes languages either built-in facilities or libraries.", "Notable examples include: Examples of fine-grained task-parallel languages can be found in the realm of Hardware Description Languages like Verilog and VHDL." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 139145, "simple_article_title": "Task parallelism", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=139145", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-139145-0-0", "simple-139145-0-1", "simple-139145-1-0", "simple-139145-1-1", "simple-139145-1-2", "simple-139145-2-0", "simple-139145-3-0", "simple-139145-3-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Task parallelism (also known as Thread level parallelism, function parallelism and control parallelism) is a form of parallel computing for multiple processors using a technique for distributing execution of processes and threads across different parallel processor nodes.", "It contrasts to data parallelism as another form of parallelism.", "In a multiprocessor system, task parallelism is achieved when each processor executes a different thread (or process) on the same or different data.", "The threads may execute the same or different code.", "Different execution threads communicate with one another usually to pass data as they work.", "As a simple example, if we are running code on a 2-processor system (CPUs \"a\" & \"b\") in a parallel computing environment and we want to do tasks \"A\" and \"B\", it is possible to tell CPU \"a\" to do task \"A\" and CPU \"b\" to do task 'B\" simultaneously (at the same time), in order to reduce the runtime of the execution.", "Task parallelism is used by multi-user and multitasking operating systems, and applications depending on processes and threads, unlike data processing applications (see data parallelism).", "Most real programs use a combination of Task parallelism and Data parallelism." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 19233810, "normal_article_title": "Škoda Yeti", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19233810", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-19233810-0-0", "normal-19233810-0-1", "normal-19233810-0-2", "normal-19233810-0-3", "normal-19233810-1-0", "normal-19233810-1-1", "normal-19233810-2-0", "normal-19233810-2-1", "normal-19233810-2-2", "normal-19233810-2-3", "normal-19233810-2-4", "normal-19233810-2-5", "normal-19233810-3-0", "normal-19233810-3-1", "normal-19233810-3-2", "normal-19233810-4-0", "normal-19233810-5-0", "normal-19233810-5-1", "normal-19233810-6-0", "normal-19233810-6-1", "normal-19233810-7-0", "normal-19233810-7-1", "normal-19233810-7-2", "normal-19233810-8-0", "normal-19233810-8-1", "normal-19233810-9-0", "normal-19233810-10-0", "normal-19233810-10-1", "normal-19233810-11-0", "normal-19233810-11-1", "normal-19233810-12-0", "normal-19233810-13-0", "normal-19233810-13-1", "normal-19233810-13-2", "normal-19233810-14-0", "normal-19233810-15-0", "normal-19233810-15-1", "normal-19233810-15-2", "normal-19233810-16-0", "normal-19233810-16-1", "normal-19233810-17-0", "normal-19233810-17-1", "normal-19233810-17-2", "normal-19233810-18-0", "normal-19233810-18-1", "normal-19233810-18-2", "normal-19233810-19-0", "normal-19233810-19-1", "normal-19233810-19-2", "normal-19233810-20-0", "normal-19233810-21-0", "normal-19233810-21-1", "normal-19233810-21-2", "normal-19233810-22-0", "normal-19233810-23-0", "normal-19233810-23-1", "normal-19233810-24-0", "normal-19233810-25-0", "normal-19233810-25-1", "normal-19233810-25-2", "normal-19233810-26-0", "normal-19233810-26-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Škoda Yeti (codenamed \"Typ\" 5L) is a compact SUV that was designed and built by the Czech car manufacturer Škoda Auto.", "It was introduced at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show in March, as the carmaker's first entry into the popular SUV market.", "In 2009, the Yeti was awarded Family Car of the Year by \"Top Gear Magazine\".", "The successor to the Yeti, announced towards the end of 2017 is the Škoda Karoq.", "At the Geneva Motor Show in 2005, Škoda unveiled a concept car in the compact SUV category which it called the Yeti.", "Although the conceptual study of the Yeti was taken seriously with a view to the feasibility of a future series-produced vehicle, some of the solutions were ahead of their time and did not make it to the production stage, i.e. a single vertical windscreen wiper moving horizontally across the whole of the glass or horizontally divided hatch, the lower part of which was split into an inner and outer section so that two bicycles could safely be secured to the lowered outer section.", "Four years later, Škoda premiered the production version of the Yeti at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show.", "The car featured similar practical boxy design as the design study.", "Despite compact dimensions (length: 4,223 mm / 166.26 in; width: 1,793 mm / 70.60 in; wheelbase: 2,579 mm / 101.54 in), the Yeti offered spacious interior.", "Utilisation of interior was enhanced by the VarioFlex – the variable layout of the rear seats.", "This feature was taken from the Roomster.", "There are three separate seats with adjustable backrest inclination covering a range of 13.5°.", "The outer seats can slide backwards and forwards; after the middle seat has been removed, the outer seats can be moved 80 mm (3.15 in) towards the centre, thus creating exceptional room for two rear passengers.", "The possibility of folding down the backrest, and then folding the entire seat forwards, has not been changed.", "Once the seats have been folded over and forwards in this way, they can be removed by means of a simple release function.", "Differences compared to the VarioFlex system used in the Roomster: the cushion of the middle seat has been repositioned so that it is 70 mm (2.76 in) more towards the back compared to the outer seat cushions (in the Roomster it is level); the cushion of the middle seat is approximately 35 mm longer than the cushion in the Roomster; after the middle seat is removed, the outer seats can be moved towards the centre by 80 mm (in the Roomster by 110 mm / 4.33 in).", "The front passenger seat can be folded forward into a horizontal position to allow the transportation of long objects.", "Its luggage capacity, aided by the 'VarioFlex' rear seats, ranges from 405 litres (14.3 cu ft), up to 1,760 litres (62.2 cu ft) when the rear seats are removed.", "The powertrain offerings in the Yeti included a range of internal combustion engines, all of which are four cylinder (I4) four-stroke turbocharged and EU5 emissions standard compliant.", "and EU5 emissions standard compliant.10 petrol engines are all fuel injected and diesel engines are all common rail (CR) Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) with diesel particulate filter (DPF).", "Most engines were offered with six speed manual transmissions.", "A five speed manual was reserved for front wheel drive only cars with the 81 kW TDI engine.", "The Volkswagen Group seven speed Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG) was option exclusively for the 1.2 TSI, while the six speed Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG) was available for the 103 kW (140 PS) two litre common rail diesel engine.", "The four-wheel drive variants utilised the fourth generation Haldex Traction multi plate clutch to transmit the drive to the rear wheels, and all drive layouts include fully independent multi link rear suspension first seen on the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 to complement the fully independent front suspension.", "The all wheel drive Yeti cars featured Off Road button to switch all assistance systems to a special off-road setting, e.g. the accelerator responded less sensitively.", "A set of Off-Road functions included also a hill descent control, that used sensitive braking to maintain a constant speed descending steep slopes, regardless of whether the vehicle was in any of the gears from one to three, reverse, or neutral.", "The Škoda Yeti was awarded a five star safety rating by the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP).", "It scored 92% for adult occupant protection in the frontal and side crash tests, 78% for child occupant protection and 46% in the pedestrian safety test.8 It also scored 71% for default Safety Assist equipment, as the range came with driver/passenger seatbelt reminders as standard.", "It also included Electronic Stability Programme (ESP) with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Hydraulic Brake Assist (HBA), Anti-Slip Regulation (ASR) – which is currently standard equipment on most variants throughout Europe and optional on others.", "Protection against whiplash injury in the rear impact (whiplash) test was also good.", "The Yeti could be ordered with up to 9 airbags (dual front, front side torso, rear side torso, side curtain, and driver's knee airbag).", "In most of Europe, the Yeti was available with three different trim levels: Experience, Ambition and Track (or Active in some markets).", "However, in the United Kingdom, it was available in five trim levels, E, S, SE, SE Plus and Elegance.", "In India, it was available in \"Active\", \"Ambition\" (also called \"Ambiente\") and \"Elegance\" trims.", "An extensive list of standard and extras was available, incl. bi xenon headlamps with AFS, front/rear proximity sensors, automatic park assist system, tyre pressure monitoring system, navigation system with large 6.5” colour touch screen display and 30 GB hard drive, electrically adjustable seat and mirrors, rain sensor, front heated seats and a large tilt/slide two piece panoramic sunroof.", "In May 2017 Škoda Australia advised that a software update had been released by VW for DSG transmissions to reduce wear in the dual clutch assemblies.", "This is achieved by automatically disengaging the clutch without warning when the clutch temperature reaches 200°C.", "This design change also introduces a variable delayed throttle response and shuddering in first gear as \"normal operation\".", "A revamped version of the Yeti had its official exhibition premiere at the Frankfurt International Motor Show in September 2013.", "Following the facelift, Škoda's compact SUV was available in two design versions shorter by just 1 mm in comparison to the original model: sleek Yeti and rugged Yeti Outdoor.", "The main difference could be found in shape of front/rear bumper; the Outdoor version had parts exposed to potential damage from terrain (lower parts of bumpers, sills) finished in black, while the ‘urban‘ Yeti has them painted in body colour.", "They varied also in the offer of wheel designs and upholstery.", "Both versions could be ordered in top of the range trim Laurin & Klement, the ‘urban‘ Yeti also in ‘Monte Carlo‘ sports design version.", "The technology had also been updated.", "Four wheel drive was powered by the fifth generation Haldex electro hydraulically controlled multi plate coupling located at the rear axle in the same housing as the final drive and rear differential.", "The operating principle was much the same as the fourth generation used in the pre facelift previous model.", "There had been a technical change in the way oil pressure was regulated in the clutch, i.e. FWD switching.", "Oil pressure on the clutch plates was, after the facelift, regulated by a centrifugal valve integrated in the electric axial six piston oil pump.", "Compared to the previous generation, the Haldex 5 system was 1.4 kg lighter (ca. 6.6 kg without oil) and simpler as it didn't contain an oil pressure accumulator.", "The drivetrain line up featured some new combinations: seven speed DSG with the 1.6 TDI engine (currently with five speed manual for the GreenLine only), front wheel drive with the 103 kW two litre diesel and six speed manual (currently as all wheel drive only) and six speed DSG with the 125 kW two litre diesel and all-wheel drive (so far six speed manual only).", "As for the equipment, the facelifted Yeti became the first Škoda car to offer rear view parking camera.", "It is automatically activated when reverse gear is engaged: it displays the space behind the car and indicates the driving line, based on the vehicle width.", "List of features was extended by – among others – keyless system for locking/unlocking doors and starting engine (KESSY), and rechargeable LED torch in boot.", "Škoda unveiled Yeti Xtreme design study at the 33rd GTI Treffen.", "A special version of the Yeti was offered in China.", "The car has 60 mm longer wheelbase and spare wheel can be mounted on a fifth door.", "Overview of engines available for the Yeti (\"Typ\" 5L), incl. facelifted model.", "Petrol engines Diesel engines The German magazine \"Auto Bild\" first presented a graphical rendering of the presumed new model.", "The news was confirmed by the Skoda chairman Bernhard Maier.", "It would reportedly take inspiration from the Kodiaq, being larger and more expensive than the current model, and was based on Volkswsagen's MQB platform, the same as the SEAT Arona.", "The successor to the Yeti was officially announced as the Karoq, and was announced publicly at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2017.", "It was released in late 2017." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 256052, "simple_article_title": "Škoda Yeti", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=256052", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-256052-0-0", "simple-256052-0-1", "simple-256052-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Škoda Yeti is a SUV automobile produced by Škoda Auto since 2009.", "It was facelifted in 2013 and its boxy styling received mixed reviews.", "It has been replaced in late 2017 by a new, normal looking model called the Karoq." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3794987, "normal_article_title": "Kankō", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3794987", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3794987-0-0", "normal-3794987-0-1", "normal-3794987-0-2", "normal-3794987-0-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Kankō (寛弘 ) was a Japanese era name (年号, , \"nengō\", , lit.", "\"year name\") after \"Chōhō\" and before \"Chōwa.\"", "This period spanned the years from July 1004 through December 1012.", "The reigning emperors were Ichijō\"-tennō\" (一条天皇 ) and Sanjō\"-tennō\" (三条天皇 ) ." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 345775, "simple_article_title": "Kankō", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345775", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-345775-0-0", "simple-345775-0-1", "simple-345775-0-2", "simple-345775-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Kankō (寛弘) was a Japanese era name (年号, \"nengō\", lit.", "\"year name\") after \"Chōhō\" and before \"Chōwa.\"", "This period started in July 1004 and ended in December 1012.", "The reigning emperors were Ichijō\"-tennō\" (一条天皇) and Sanjō\"-tennō\" (三条天皇)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 149024, "normal_article_title": "Yothu Yindi", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=149024", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-149024-0-0", "normal-149024-0-1", "normal-149024-0-2", "normal-149024-1-0", "normal-149024-1-1", "normal-149024-1-2", "normal-149024-1-3", "normal-149024-1-4", "normal-149024-1-5", "normal-149024-1-6", "normal-149024-2-0", "normal-149024-2-1", "normal-149024-2-2", "normal-149024-2-3", "normal-149024-2-4", "normal-149024-3-0", "normal-149024-3-1", "normal-149024-3-2", "normal-149024-3-3", "normal-149024-3-4", "normal-149024-3-5", "normal-149024-3-6", "normal-149024-4-0", "normal-149024-4-1", "normal-149024-4-2", "normal-149024-4-3", "normal-149024-4-4", "normal-149024-4-5", "normal-149024-4-6", "normal-149024-4-7", "normal-149024-4-8", "normal-149024-4-9", "normal-149024-4-10", "normal-149024-4-11", "normal-149024-4-12", "normal-149024-4-13", "normal-149024-5-0", "normal-149024-5-1", "normal-149024-5-2", "normal-149024-5-3", "normal-149024-6-0", "normal-149024-6-1", "normal-149024-6-2", "normal-149024-6-3", "normal-149024-7-0", "normal-149024-7-1", "normal-149024-7-2", "normal-149024-7-3", "normal-149024-7-4", "normal-149024-8-0", "normal-149024-8-1", "normal-149024-8-2", "normal-149024-8-3", "normal-149024-9-0", "normal-149024-10-0", "normal-149024-10-1", "normal-149024-10-2", "normal-149024-10-3", "normal-149024-10-4", "normal-149024-11-0", "normal-149024-11-1", "normal-149024-12-0", "normal-149024-12-1", "normal-149024-12-2", "normal-149024-12-3", "normal-149024-12-4", "normal-149024-12-5", "normal-149024-13-0", "normal-149024-13-1", "normal-149024-13-2", "normal-149024-13-3", "normal-149024-13-4", "normal-149024-14-0", "normal-149024-14-1", "normal-149024-14-2", "normal-149024-14-3", "normal-149024-14-4", "normal-149024-15-0", "normal-149024-16-0", "normal-149024-17-0", "normal-149024-17-1", "normal-149024-18-0", "normal-149024-19-0", "normal-149024-19-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Yothu Yindi (Yolngu for \"child and mother\", pronounced ) were an Australian musical group with Aboriginal and \"balanda\" (non-Aboriginal) members, formed in 1986 as a merger of two bands formed in 1985 – a White rock group called the Swamp Jockeys and an unnamed Aboriginal folk group.", "The Aboriginal members came from Yolngu homelands near Yirrkala on the Gove Peninsula in Northern Territory's Arnhem Land.", "Founding members included Stuart Kellaway on bass guitar, Cal Williams on lead guitar, Andrew Belletty (Drums), Witiyana Marika on \"manikay\" (traditional vocals), \"bilma\" (ironwood clapsticks) and dance, Milkayngu Mununggurr on \"yidaki\" (didgeridoo), Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu on keyboards, guitar and percussion, and leader Mandawuy Yunupingu on vocals and guitar.", "The band combined aspects of both musical cultures.", "Their sound varied from traditional Aboriginal songs to modern pop and rock songs, where they blended the typical instruments associated with pop/rock bands, such as guitars and drums, with the traditional \"yidaki\" and \"bilma\".", "They adapted traditional Yolngu dance performances to accompany their music.", "More broadly, they promoted mutual respect and understanding in the coming together of different cultures.", "Yothu Yindi's most widely known song, \"Treaty\", peaked at No. 11 on the ARIA singles charts in 1991 and the related album \"Tribal Voice\" peaked at No. 4 on the ARIA albums charts.", "The second single from \"Tribal Voice\" was \"Djäpana (Sunset Dreaming)\", which peaked at No. 13 in 1992.", "Their debut album was \"Homeland Movement\" in 1988 on Mushroom Records; other albums are \"Tribal Voice\" in 1991, \"Freedom\" in 1993, \"Birrkuta – Wild Honey\" in 1996, \"One Blood\" in 1998 and \"Garma\" in 2000.", "The group helped established the Yothu Yindi Foundation in 1990 to promote Yolngu cultural development, including from 1999 producing the annual Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures and from May 2007 running the \"Dilthan Yolngunha\" (Healing Place).", "Chairman of the foundation is Galarrwuy Yunupingu.", "He is Mandawuy's older brother, a Yolgnu clan leader and sometimes a member of Yothu Yindi on \"bilma\" and guitar.", "Galarrwuy had been named Australian of the Year in 1978 for his work for Aboriginal communities and Mandawuy was Australian of the Year for 1992 for his work with Yothu Yindi.", "In December 2012, the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) inducted the band into the ARIA Hall of Fame, as part of the ARIA Music Awards of 2012.", "Swamp Jockeys were formed in 1985 by \"balanda\" (European/non-Aboriginal people) Andrew Belletty on drums, Stuart Kellaway on bass guitar and Cal Williams on lead guitar.", "On their tour of Arnhem Land, in Australia's Northern Territory, they were supported by a Yolngu band composed of Witiyana Marika on \"manikay\" (traditional vocals), \"bilma\" (ironwood clapsticks) and dance, Milkayngu Mununggurr on \"yidaki\" (didgeridoo), Gurrumul 'The Guru' Yunupingu on keyboards, guitar and percussion, and Bakamana Yunupingu on vocals and guitar.", "They united to form Yothu Yindi (pronounced ), \"yothu yindi\" is a Yolngu \"matha\" (Yolngu language) kinship term for \"child and mother\".", "The band combines aspects of both musical cultures.", "Their sound varies from traditional Aboriginal songs to modern pop and rock songs in which they blend the typical instruments of pop/rock bands, such as guitars and drums, with the traditional \"yidaki\" and \"bilma\".", "They have adapted traditional Yolngu dance performances to accompany their music.", "More broadly they promote mutual respect and understanding of different cultures.", "Bakamana Yunupingu was a tertiary student studying to become a teacher.", "He became principal at his own Yirrkala Community School, and touring by Yothu Yindi was restricted to school holidays in the band's early years.", "In August 1988 they performed in Townsville, Queensland, at the South Pacific Festival of Arts.", "The next month they represented Australia in Seoul, South Korea at the Cultural Olympics.", "Bart Willoughby (ex-No Fixed Address, Coloured Stone) joined on drums in late 1988 and Yothu Yindi toured USA and Canada as support act to Midnight Oil.", "Upon their return to Australia, they were signed to Mushroom Records, and with Leszek Karski (ex-Supercharge) producing, recorded their debut single \"Mainstream\", released in March 1989.", "It was followed by debut album \"Homeland Movement\" in May; a second single \"Djäpana (Sunset Dreaming)\" was released in August.", "Neither their singles nor album had any major chart success.", "Yothu Yindi toured with Neil Young in Australia, then head-lined in Papua New Guinea and Hong Kong.", "In 1990 they toured New Zealand with Tracy Chapman, and then performed in festivals in the UK.", "In 1990 five clans of the Yolngu formed the Yothu Yindi Foundation to promote Yulngu cultural development.", "Chairman of the foundation is Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Mandawuy's older brother, a Yolngu clan leader and sometimes a member of Yothu Yindi on \"bilma\" and guitar.", "Galarrwuy had been named Australian of the Year in 1978 for his work for Aboriginal communities.", "Around this time, a relative of Bakamana's who bore the same name died, and he therefore changed his first name to Mandawuy in line with Yolngu tradition.", "In 1988, as part of Bicentennial celebrations, Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke visited the Northern Territory for the Barunga festival where he was presented with a statement of Aboriginal political objectives by Galarrwuy Yunupingu and Wenten Rubuntja.", "Hawke responded to the Barunga Statement with a promise that a treaty would be concluded with Indigenous Australians by 1990.", "By 1991, Yothu Yindi were Hughie Benjamin on drums, Sophie Garrkali and Julie Gungunbuy as dancers, Kellaway, Marika, Mununggurr, Gurrumul Yunupingu, Makuma Yunupingu on \"yidaki\", vocals, \"bilma\", Mandawuy Yunupingu, Mangatjay Yunupingu as a dancer.", "Mandawuy, with his older brother Galarrwuy, wanted a song to highlight the lack of progress on the treaty between Aboriginal peoples and the federal government.", "\"Treaty\" was written by Australian musician Paul Kelly and Yothu Yindi members Mandawuy Yunupingu, Kellaway, Williams, Gurrumul Yunupingu, Mununggurr and Marika.", "The initial release had little interest, but when Melbourne-based dance remixers Filthy Lucre's Gavin Campbell and Robert Goodge adapted the song, their version peaked at No. 11 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) singles charts by September.", "The song contains lyrics in both English and in Yolngu \"matha\".", "It was accompanied by a video showing band members performing vocals, music, and dance.", "Success for the single was transferred to the related album \"Tribal Voice\" which peaked at No. 4 on the ARIA albums charts, The album, produced by Mark Moffatt for Mushroom Records, was released in September 1991.", "Mandawuy Yunupingu took leave of absence from his duties as principal to tour and promote the single and album.", "Other singles from the album were a re-released \"Djäpana (Sunset Dreaming)\" which peaked at No. 13 in 1992 and \"Tribal Voice\" which didn't reach the Top 50.", "At the 1992 ARIA Awards Yothu Yindi won awards for 'Best Cover Art' for \"Tribal Voice\" by Louise Beach and Mushroom Art; 'Engineer of the Year' for \"Maralitja\" (\"maralitja\" is Yolngu \"matha\" for crocodile man – one of Mandawuy's tribal names), \"Dharpa\" (\"dharpa\" is tree), \"Treaty\", \"Treaty (Filthy Lucre remix)\" and \"Tribal Voice\" by David Price, Ted Howard, Greg Henderson and Simon Polinski; 'Best Indigenous Release' for \"Tribal Voice\"; 'Song of the Year' for \"Treaty\"; and 'Single of the Year' for \"Treaty\".", "Both \"Treaty\" in 1992 and \"Djäpana (Sunset Dreaming)\" in 1993 charted on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Play singles charts, with \"Treaty\" peaking at No. 6, \"Tribal Voice\" peaked at No. 3 on the \"Billboard\" Top World Music Albums chart in 1992.", "In October 1992, then Prime Minister Paul Keating's government awarded Yothu Yindi with a $30,000 grant.", "The money was used to travel to New York, where they performed at the United Nations for the launch of International Year for the World's Indigenous People.", "Mandawuy Yunupingu was named Australian of the Year by the Keating government on 26 January 1993.", "His older brother, Galarrwuy had been named Australian of the Year in 1978 for his work for Aboriginal communities.", "In 2009 'Treaty' was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia Registry.", "At the 1993 ARIA Awards, Yothu Yindi won 'Best Video', directed by Stephen Johnson, and 'Best Indigenous Release' for \"Djäpana\" and 'Engineer of the Year' for Greg Henderson's work on \"Djäpana\" and \"Tribal Voice\".", "Yothu Yindi's third album \"Freedom\" was released in November 1993, the line-up included Mandawuy, Gurrumul, Makuna and Mangatjay Yunupingu, Marika, Williams, Kellaway, Benjamin and Munumggurr; and new members Banula Marika on vocals and dance, Bunimburr Marika on \"yidaki\", Natalie Gillespie on vocals, Jodie Cockatoo Creed on vocals and clan leader Galarrwuy Yunupingu on \"bilma\" and vocals.", "After intense touring in 1994, Williams left Yothu Yindi and was replaced by Colin Simpson on guitar, they added Ben Hakalitz (ex-Not Drowning Waving) on drums and Baruka Tau-Matagu on keyboards.", "Gurrumul Yunupingu had left by 1995 to live full-time on Elcho Island, he later formed Salt Water Band to record three albums, and in 2007 released his self-titled solo album.", "Yothu Yindi's fourth album \"Birrkuta\" (\"birrkuta\" means wild honey) was released in August 1996.", "\"I Am Australian\" is a popular song written in 1987 by Dobe Newton of The Bushwackers and Bruce Woodley of The Seekers.", "It was released as a single in 1997 by trio Judith Durham of The Seekers, Russell Hitchcock from Air Supply and Yothu Yindi's Mandawuy Yunupingu by EMI Australia and it peaked at No. 17 on the ARIA Singles Charts in June.", "Yothu Yindi's fifth album \"One Blood\" was released in 1999 and included \"Treaty '98\".", "They sponsored the Yothu Yindi Foundation, which produces the annual Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures celebrating Yolngu culture from 1999, and their sixth album \"Garma\" was released in 2000, with Cal Williams returning on guitars.", "In 2000, Yothu Yindi performed at the closing ceremony of the Sydney Olympic Games.", "On 9 August 2000, 30-year-old Betsy Yunupingu was kicked in the head.", "She subsequently died, Yothu Yindi band member Gavin Makuma Yunupingu was found guilty of \"committing a dangerous act causing death\" and in June 2002 he was sentenced to 15 months imprisonment at Berrimah Jail, Darwin.", "Gavin is the son of Galarrwuy and nephew of Mandawuy.", "In May 2001 the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), as part of its 75th-anniversary celebrations, named \"Treaty\" as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time.", "In 2003 Yothu Yindi toured through Northern Territory schools with Mandawuy Yunupingu, \"yidaki\" players Gapanbulu Yunupingu and Nicky Yunupingu, and Kellaway using songs, storytelling and open discussions to inspire and encourage some of Australia's most vulnerable young people to attend school and stay healthy.", "The Yothu Yindi Foundation in May 2007 established the \"Dilthan Yolngunha\" (Healing Place) using traditional healing practices and mainstream medicines.", "On 23 July 2008 a 23-year-old woman was stabbed numerous times; \"yidaki\" player N. Yunupingu, who was described by Northern Territory police as the offender, was later found dead by hanging.", "N. Yunupingu was the nephew of both Galarrwuy and Mandawuy Yunupingu, and, as members of Yothu Yindi, they had just played a concert for Prime Minister Kevin Rudd some hours before the stabbing of the woman, who was admitted to hospital, and N. Yunupingu's subsequent death.", "In 2009, News.com.au reported that Yothu Yindi lead singer Mandawuy Yunupingu needed a kidney transplant due to chronic alcoholism.", "Yunupingu said he drank up to four cartons of alcohol a day.", "\"Alcohol was a big influence in my life.", "I didn't know what harm it did to my body.", "Before I knew, it was too late,\" he said.", "The \"best of\" compilation, Healing Stone, was released in November 2012 which included the new track \"Healing Stone\", produced by Andrew Farriss of INXS.", "In December 2012 Yothu Yindi were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame, with Peter Garrett (then a former member of Midnight Oil, who has since reformed) and Paul Kelly introducing the group.", "On 2 June 2013 lead singer M. Yunupingu died of renal failure.", "In line with Yolngu cultural protocols, on 4 June 2013 the family requested that the first names of the deceased no longer be used until further notice.", "Arranged alphabetically, current members in bold.", "Yothu Yindi has won eight Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Music Awards from 14 nominations.", "In 2012 they were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 289825, "simple_article_title": "Yothu Yindi", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=289825", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-289825-0-0", "simple-289825-0-1", "simple-289825-0-2", "simple-289825-0-3", "simple-289825-1-0", "simple-289825-2-0", "simple-289825-2-1", "simple-289825-2-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Yothu Yindi was the first major indigenous band in Australia.", "They released many hits and albums such as \"One Blood\", \"Treaty\", \"Garma\", \"Homeland Movement\" and \"Birrkuda\".", "The name Yothu Yindi translates from 'yolngo matha' to English as \"child and mother\".", "This term refers to the connection the tribe has to their land.", "Some of their achievements include spending 22 weeks in the national charts for their single \"Treaty\", the prime minister Paul Keating awarded them with $30000.", "Mandawuy is a crocodile man and also lead singer and song writer with the band Yothu Yindi.", "He is very kind and inspirational as well as he is strongly Aboriginal.", "His brother won The Australian of the Year." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 299085, "normal_article_title": "Bruce Dern", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=299085", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-299085-0-0", "normal-299085-0-1", "normal-299085-0-2", "normal-299085-1-0", "normal-299085-1-1", "normal-299085-1-2", "normal-299085-1-3", "normal-299085-1-4", "normal-299085-1-5", "normal-299085-1-6", "normal-299085-1-7", "normal-299085-1-8", "normal-299085-2-0", "normal-299085-2-1", "normal-299085-2-2", "normal-299085-2-3", "normal-299085-2-4", "normal-299085-2-5", "normal-299085-2-6", "normal-299085-3-0", "normal-299085-4-0", "normal-299085-4-1", "normal-299085-4-2", "normal-299085-4-3", "normal-299085-4-4", "normal-299085-5-0", "normal-299085-5-1", "normal-299085-5-2", "normal-299085-5-3", "normal-299085-5-4", "normal-299085-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Bruce MacLeish Dern (born June 4, 1936) is an American actor, often playing supporting villainous characters of unstable nature.", "He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for \"Coming Home\" (1978) and the Academy Award for Best Actor for \"Nebraska\" (2013).", "His other major film appearances include \"The Cowboys\" (1972), \"Posse\" (1975), \"Family Plot\" (1976), \"Black Sunday\" (1977), \"Coming Home\" (1978), \"Tattoo\" (1981), \"Monster\" (2003), \"The Hateful Eight\" (2015), and \"Once\" \"Upon a Time in Hollywood\" (2019).", "Dern was born in Chicago, the son of Jean (née MacLeish; 1908–1972) and John Dern (1903–1958), a utility chief and attorney.", "He grew up in Kenilworth, Illinois.", "His paternal grandfather, George, was a Utah governor and Secretary of War (he was serving in the latter position during the time of Bruce's birth).", "Dern's maternal grandfather was a chairman of the Carson, Pirie and Scott stores, which were established by his own father, Scottish-born businessman Andrew MacLeish.", "Dern's maternal granduncle was poet Archibald MacLeish.", "His godfather was Illinois governor and two-time presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson II.", "His ancestry includes Dutch, English, German and Scottish.", "He attended The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) and the University of Pennsylvania.", "Dern starred in the Philadelphia premiere of \"Waiting for Godot\".", "Dern appeared in an uncredited role in \"Wild River\" as Jack Roper, who is so upset with his friend for hitting a woman that he punches himself.", "He played the sailor in a few flashbacks with Marnie's mother in Alfred Hitchcock's \"Marnie\".", "Dern played a murderous rustler in Clint Eastwood's \"Hang 'Em High\" and a gunfighter in the western spoof \"Support Your Local Sheriff!\".", "He played cattle thief Asa Watts, who murders John Wayne's character in \"The Cowboys\" (1972).", "Wayne warned Dern, \"America will hate you for this.\"", "Dern replied, \"Yeah, but they'll love me in Berkeley.\"", "Having played a series of villains, that same year he played against type as a sensitive ecologist in the science-fiction film \"Silent Running\".", "Through the 1970's, he appeared in a variety of co-starring or supporting roles including the 1974 adaptation of \"The Great Gatsby\", 1975's \"Posse\", directed and co-starring Kirk Douglas, and reuniting with Hitchcock for 1976's \"Family Plot\", the legendary filmmaker's final film.", "He played a vengeful Vietnam War veteran who uses his job as a Goodyear Blimp pilot to launch a massive terrorist attack at the Super Bowl in 1977's \"Black Sunday\".", "In 1981 he starred in \"Tattoo\", as an increasingly deranged artist who develops an obsession with a model.", "Dern was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for \"Coming Home\".", "In 1983, he won the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival for \"That Championship Season\".", "In 2013, Dern won the Best Actor Award at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival for Alexander Payne's \"Nebraska\", and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.", "Dern was married to Marie Dawn Pierce from 1957 to 1959.", "He then married Diane Ladd in 1960.", "Their first daughter, Diane Elizabeth Dern (born November 29, 1960), died at eighteen months from head injuries after falling into a swimming pool on May 18, 1962.", "The couple's second daughter, Laura (born February 10, 1967), is also an actress.", "After his divorce from Ladd in 1969, Dern married Andrea Beckett.", "Dern, Ladd, and their daughter Laura received adjoining stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 1, 2010." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 150896, "normal_article_title": "Dublin, Ohio", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=150896", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-150896-0-0", "normal-150896-0-1", "normal-150896-0-2", "normal-150896-1-0", "normal-150896-1-1", "normal-150896-1-2", "normal-150896-1-3", "normal-150896-1-4", "normal-150896-2-0", "normal-150896-3-0", "normal-150896-3-1", "normal-150896-3-2", "normal-150896-4-0", "normal-150896-4-1", "normal-150896-4-2", "normal-150896-4-3", "normal-150896-4-4", "normal-150896-5-0", "normal-150896-6-0", "normal-150896-7-0", "normal-150896-8-0", "normal-150896-8-1", "normal-150896-8-2", "normal-150896-9-0", "normal-150896-9-1", "normal-150896-9-2", "normal-150896-10-0", "normal-150896-10-1", "normal-150896-10-2", "normal-150896-10-3", "normal-150896-10-4", "normal-150896-10-5", "normal-150896-11-0", "normal-150896-11-1", "normal-150896-11-2", "normal-150896-11-3", "normal-150896-12-0", "normal-150896-13-0", "normal-150896-13-1", "normal-150896-13-2", "normal-150896-13-3", "normal-150896-14-0", "normal-150896-14-1", "normal-150896-14-2", "normal-150896-14-3", "normal-150896-14-4", "normal-150896-15-0", "normal-150896-16-0", "normal-150896-16-1", "normal-150896-16-2", "normal-150896-17-0", "normal-150896-17-1", "normal-150896-17-2", "normal-150896-18-0", "normal-150896-18-1", "normal-150896-18-2", "normal-150896-18-3", "normal-150896-18-4", "normal-150896-19-0", "normal-150896-19-1", "normal-150896-19-2", "normal-150896-20-0", "normal-150896-20-1", "normal-150896-20-2", "normal-150896-20-3", "normal-150896-21-0", "normal-150896-21-1", "normal-150896-21-2", "normal-150896-21-3", "normal-150896-21-4", "normal-150896-22-0", "normal-150896-22-1", "normal-150896-22-2", "normal-150896-22-3", "normal-150896-22-4", "normal-150896-22-5", "normal-150896-23-0", "normal-150896-23-1", "normal-150896-23-2", "normal-150896-23-3", "normal-150896-24-0", "normal-150896-24-1", "normal-150896-25-0", "normal-150896-26-0", "normal-150896-27-0", "normal-150896-27-1", "normal-150896-28-0", "normal-150896-29-0", "normal-150896-29-1", "normal-150896-29-2", "normal-150896-30-0", "normal-150896-30-1", "normal-150896-30-2", "normal-150896-30-3", "normal-150896-31-0", "normal-150896-32-0", "normal-150896-32-1", "normal-150896-32-2", "normal-150896-33-0", "normal-150896-33-1", "normal-150896-34-0", "normal-150896-34-1", "normal-150896-35-0", "normal-150896-35-1", "normal-150896-35-2", "normal-150896-35-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Dublin is a city in Franklin, Delaware, and Union counties in the U.S. state of Ohio.", "The population was 41,751 at the 2010 census.", "Dublin is a suburb of Columbus, Ohio.", "Each year in late May or early June, the city hosts the Memorial Tournament, a stop on golf's PGA Tour.", "There are also several other golf courses in Dublin.", "The Riviera Golf Club (closed in 2014) was home to the American-Italian Golf Association.", "Tartan Fields Golf Club hosted the LPGA's Wendy's Championship for Children from 2002 through 2006.", "Dublin also has a public golf course financed by the Muirfield association, as well as the Jack Nicklaus-designed The Country Club of Muirfield Village.", "Other annual events include the July 4 music event and The July 4 Parade, a St. Patrick's Day parade, and the Dublin Irish Festival, which is the largest 3-day Irish festival in the world.", "Although its earliest settlements date back to 1802, the village that became Dublin did not begin to take shape until the arrival of the Sells family from Huntingdon, Pennsylvania.", "Brothers Peter and Benjamin Sells purchased 400 acres (1.6 km2) of land on the west bank of the Scioto River as a gift for their brother John.", "In 1808, John Sells brought his family to the region, and by 1810 he had begun to survey lots for the new village with his partner, an Irish gentleman named John Shields.", "By 1833, Dublin contained several mills and only one store.", "In 1970, Dublin was still a small town with only 681 residents.", "However, the construction of Interstate 270 facilitated a population boom, spearheaded by the acquisition of major corporate headquarters such as Ashland Inc and Wendy's International.", "In addition, the growth of the Muirfield Village Golf Club and its residential subdivision attracted numerous affluent citizens to the rapidly growing suburb.", "Dublin was officially declared a city in 1987, after reaching a population of 5,000 residents.", "As part of this boom Dublin significantly expanded its area, annexing parts of Washington, Perry, Concord, and Jerome townships.", "Dublin is located at (40.109262, −83.140247).", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.80 sqmi , of which 24.44 sqmi is land and 0.36 sqmi is water.", "The Scioto River passes through Dublin.", "In this area the river and its tributaries cut deep gorges through the limestone bedrock, and the riverbed is stony.", "Some of these tributaries feature waterfalls.", "Located on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau, Dublin has relatively flat topography.", "Nevertheless, there are numerous ravines surrounding the tributaries of the Scioto River, which make for steep cliffs in some areas.", "Elevations range from 780 feet (238 m) above sea level where the Scioto River leaves the city at Hayden Run Road, while the high point is 1000 feet (305 m) at Glacier Ridge Metro Park.", "Being a modern American suburb, the city is primarily accessed by car.", "In addition to Interstate 270, U.S. Highway 33, State Route 161, and State Route 745 pass through the city.", "There is a 77-mile (124-km) network of bike trails that run throughout the city.", "Long term plans include expanding the trails further, as well as connecting them to the regional trail system to facilitate travel to downtown Columbus.", "COTA provides limited service in the southeast part of the city.", "Routes 33 and 73 provide express service from the commercial areas around Frantz and Rings Roads to Downtown Columbus during rush hour periods.", "Dublin is home to the headquarters of a number of companies, including Cardinal Health, IGS Energy, Stanley Steemer, Wendy's and Online Computer Library Center.", "Pacer International, a larger intermodal logistics provider, was headquartered in Dublin until its acquisition by XPO Logistics on March 31, 2014.", "Other organizations with significant operations include Ashland Inc., Nationwide Insurance and CenturyLink.", "Dublin Methodist Hospital, part of the OhioHealth system, opened in January 2008.", "According to the City's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,", "According to a 2012 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $114,183, and the median income for a family was $138,590.", "Males had a median income of $75,279 versus $43,903 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $41,122.", "About 2.1% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.", "As of the census of 2010, there were 41,751 people, 14,984 households, and 11,656 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1708.3 PD/sqmi .", "There were 15,779 housing units at an average density of 645.6 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the city was 80.5% White, 1.8% African American, 0.1% Native American, 15.3% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.", "As of 2010, the Asian population is: 6.9% Indian, 3.1% Chinese, 2.6% Japanese, 1.3% Korean, 0.2% Vietnamese.", "There were 14,984 households of which 45.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.5% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 22.2% were non-families.", "18.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.21.", "The median age in the city was 38.3 years.", "30.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.3% were from 25 to 44; 29.7% were from 45 to 64; and 7.8% were 65 years of age or older.", "The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 31,392 people, 11,209 households, and 8,675 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1,486.1 people per square mile (573.9/km2).", "There were 12,038 housing units at an average density of 569.9 per square mile (220.1/km2).", "The racial makeup of the city was 89.66% White, 1.73% African American, 0.08% Native American, 7.36% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.20% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.01% of the population.", "There were 11,209 households out of which 46.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.7% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.6% were non-families.", "18.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.24.", "In the city, the population was spread out with 32.1% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 35 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.", "As of 2011 Columbus has the highest concentration of Asians of any Ohio city.", "As of 2013 many Japanese expatriates working at Honda offices in the area live in Dublin.", "As of that year, in some subdivisions in Dublin, Japanese make up 20–30% of the residents.", "The community includes Japanese restaurants.", "A Coldwell Banker real estate agent named Akiko Miyamoto stated in \"Car Talk\" that the services provided for Japanese speakers by the Dublin City School District attract Japanese expatriates to Dublin.", "Honda first established operations in Marysville in 1979.", "Japanese people began living in Dublin and other suburbs instead of Marysville because Dublin established a support system for Japanese residents and the suburbs offered Saturday schools for Japanese residents.", "As of the 2010 U.S. Census, 1,071 Japanese people live in Dublin, making up 2.6% of the city's population.", "And also as of 2010, 122 Japanese live in Union County, making up 0.2% of the county's population; Marysville is in this county.", "Holly Zachariah of \"The Columbus Dispatch\" stated that \"It has been that way historically.\"", "According to the \"2013 Japanese Direct Investment Survey\" by the Consulate-General of Japan in Detroit, Dublin had 2,002 Japanese nationals, giving it the highest such population in the state.", "The Dublin City School District has three high schools (Coffman, Scioto, and Jerome), four middle schools (Sells, Davis, Grizzell, and Karrer) and twelve elementary schools.", "As of autumn 2006, the approximate student enrollment was 13,200.", "School year 2017-2018 enrollment exceeds 16,200.", "In 1996, the documentary Children in America's Schools with Bill Moyers based on the book stated Dublin as the best school district in the country.", "The Hilliard City School District also serves a portion of the community.", "The Hilliard district operates one school, Washington Elementary School, in the city limits.", "Area private schools include St. Brigid of Kildare Catholic School in Dublin, and St. Brendan School in Hilliard.", "Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Columbus State Community College, Ohio Dominican University, University of Dayton, and Franklin University have branches in the city.", "The Dublin Branch of the Columbus Metropolitan Library is located in the city.", "Nearby libraries include the Northwest Library and the Hilliard Branch.", "Tolles Technical School is in Plain City.", "Dublin features 999.2 acre of parks, including 77 mi of scenic bike trails and 65+ developed parks with wooded natural areas and river frontage.", "Several Dublin parks are located along the Scioto River, including the two Dublin Kiwanis Riverway parks.", "The river is accessible at several points for small watercraft, and the nearby Griggs and O'Shaughnessy reservoirs allow motorboating and sailing.", "Several of Dublin's parks are home to a unique assortment of outdoor sculptures—part of the Art in Public Places collection, established by the Dublin Arts Council.", "In 1988, the council developed the program to enhance the quality of life for residents, and to establish a public art tour throughout the city to attract visitors.", "It has since become a nationally recognized program.", "The series includes a 12 ft tall stone portrait of local legend, \"Leatherlips\" (the Wyandot Native American Chief known for the strength of his word); \"Field of Corn\"—featuring 109 human-sized cement ears of corn that seem to sprout from one Dublin field; and a copper house that honors the region's Native American culture.", "The Rec Center is home to the Dublin Sea Dragons, a year round competitive swim team.", "Ballantrae Park is located at the entrance of its namesake subdivision.", "Sitting upon a 20-foot-tall hillock, there is a 15 ft bronze sculpture called \"Dancing Hares\" or \"Giant Dancing Rabbits\".", "An interactive play fountain is found at the base of the hill.", "Located along Avery Muirfield Drive is M.L. Red Trabue Nature Preserve.", "The park is one of the largest in the city and has features like a arboretum and historic log cabin.", "Located on the outskirts of Dublin, Glacier Ridge Metro Park provides amenities and facilities for biking, disc golf, horseback riding, and picnicking.", "This park is not a part of the City of Dublin’s parks, rather a unit of the Columbus and Franklin County Metroparks.", "Approximately 35% of Dublin residents affiliate with some religious organization.", "As such, Dublin is home to many religious organizations, two of which own buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places (Dublin Community Church and Saint John Lutheran Church).", "Diocesan Publications, a secular company that specializes in producing Catholic parish bulletins among other products, has an office in Dublin.", "Ohio Dominican University and the University of Dayton, both Catholic universities, have branch campuses in Dublin." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 591949, "simple_article_title": "Dublin, Ohio", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=591949", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-591949-0-0", "simple-591949-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Dublin is a city of Ohio in the United States.", "It is in Franklin, Delaware, and Union counties." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 726486, "normal_article_title": "Hurricane hunters", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=726486", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-726486-0-0", "normal-726486-0-1", "normal-726486-0-2", "normal-726486-1-0", "normal-726486-1-1", "normal-726486-1-2", "normal-726486-2-0", "normal-726486-2-1", "normal-726486-3-0", "normal-726486-3-1", "normal-726486-4-0", "normal-726486-5-0", "normal-726486-6-0", "normal-726486-6-1", "normal-726486-6-2", "normal-726486-6-3", "normal-726486-7-0", "normal-726486-7-1", "normal-726486-7-2", "normal-726486-8-0", "normal-726486-8-1", "normal-726486-9-0", "normal-726486-9-1", "normal-726486-10-0", "normal-726486-10-1", "normal-726486-10-2", "normal-726486-10-3", "normal-726486-11-0", "normal-726486-11-1", "normal-726486-12-0", "normal-726486-12-1", "normal-726486-12-2", "normal-726486-12-3", "normal-726486-12-4", "normal-726486-13-0", "normal-726486-13-1", "normal-726486-13-2", "normal-726486-14-0", "normal-726486-14-1", "normal-726486-14-2", "normal-726486-15-0", "normal-726486-16-0", "normal-726486-16-1", "normal-726486-16-2", "normal-726486-16-3", "normal-726486-17-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hurricane hunters are aircrews that fly into tropical cyclones to gather weather data.", "In the United States, the organizations that fly these missions are the United States Air Force Reserve's 53d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Hunters.", "Such missions have also been flown by Navy units and other Air Force and NOAA units.", "Manned flights into hurricanes began in 1943 when, on a bet, pilot-trainer Colonel Joseph Duckworth flew a single-engine plane into a category 1 storm near Galveston, Texas.", "Since then, six military weather reconnaissance planes have gone down, at a cost of 53 lives.", "In one such incident, six of the seven crew members of the Navy PB4Y-2 (BuNo 59415) were killed on October 1, 1945, when their plane went down in a Category 1 typhoon over the South China Sea.", "Before satellites were used to find tropical storms, military aircraft flew routine weather reconnaissance tracks to detect formation of tropical cyclones.", "While modern satellites have improved the ability of meteorologists to detect cyclones before they form, aircraft are able to measure the interior barometric pressure of a hurricane and provide accurate wind speed information–data needed to accurately predict hurricane development and movement.", "The Air Force Reserve 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the world's only operational military weather reconnaissance unit, is based at Keesler Air Force Base in Biloxi, Mississippi; most weather recon flights originate there.", "The term \"hurricane hunters\" was first applied to its missions in 1946.", "The USAFR hurricane hunters fly weather missions in an area midway through the Atlantic Ocean to the Hawaiian Islands, and have on occasion flown into typhoons in the Pacific Ocean and gathered data in winter storms.", "The 53d WRS hurricane hunters operate ten Lockheed WC-130J aircraft, which fly directly into hurricanes, typically penetrating the hurricane's eye several times per mission at altitudes between 500 ft and 10000 ft .", "The civilian and NOAA Corps crew members of the NOAA Hurricane Hunters, until recently based at the Aircraft Operations Center at MacDill AFB, in Tampa, Florida, mainly perform surveillance, research, and reconnaissance with highly instrumented aircraft including airborne Doppler weather radar measurements in both Atlantic and Pacific storms.", "In June 2017 , the Hunters moved in to a new facility at Lakeland Linder Airport in Lakeland, Florida, after being at MacDill since 1993.", "They fly two Lockheed WP-3D Orion aircraft, heavily instrumented flying laboratories modified to take atmospheric and radar measurements within tropical cyclones and winter storms, and a G-IV Gulfstream high-altitude jet above 41000 ft to document upper- and lower-level winds that affect cyclone movement.", "The computer models that forecast hurricane tracks and intensity mainly use G-IV dropsonde data collected day and night in storms affecting the United States.", "Among the types of aircraft that have been used to investigate hurricanes, are an instrumented Lockheed U-2 flown in Hurricane Ginny during the 1963 Atlantic hurricane season.", "Other types include the A-20 Havoc, 1944; B-24, 1944–1945; B-17, 1945–1947; B-25, 1946–1947; B-29, 1946–1947.", "WB-29, 1951–1956; WB-50, 1956–1963; WB-47, 1963–1969; WC-121N 1954–1973; WC-130A, B, E, H, 1965–2012.", "The idea of aircraft reconnaissance of hurricane storm trackers was put forth by Captain W. L. Farnsworth of the Galveston Commercial Association in the early 1930s.", "Supported by the United States Weather Bureau, the \"storm patrol bill\" passed both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives on June 15, 1936.", "The 1943 Surprise Hurricane, which struck Houston, Texas, during World War II, marked the first intentional meteorological flight into a hurricane.", "It started with a bet.", "That summer, British pilots were being trained in instrument flying at Bryan Field.", "When they saw that the Americans were evacuating their AT-6 Texan trainers in the face of the storm, they began questioning the construction of the aircraft.", "Lead instructor Colonel Joe Duckworth took one of the trainers out and flew it straight into the eye of the storm.", "After he returned safely with navigator Lt. Ralph O'Hair, the base's weather officer, Lt. William Jones-Burdick, took over the navigator's seat and Duckworth flew into the storm a second time.", "This flight showed that hurricane reconnaissance flights were possible, and further flights continued occasionally.", "In 1946, the moniker \"Hurricane Hunters\" was first used, and the Air Force and now Air Force Reserve have used it ever since.", "The United States Navy's VW-4 / WEARECORON FOUR Weather Reconnaissance Squadron Four, \"Hurricane Hunters\" was the seventh U.S. Navy squadron dedicated to weather reconnaissance.", "They flew several types of aircraft, but the WC-121N \"Willy Victor\" was the aircraft most often associated with flying into the \"eye of the storm.\"", "The squadron operated WC-121s between late 1954 and 1972.", "VW-4 lost one aircraft and crew in a penetration of Hurricane Janet, and another to severe damage in a storm, but the severely damaged Willy Victor (MH-1) brought her crew home, although she never flew again.", "During 1973–1975, VW-4 operated the turbine-propeller Lockheed WP-3A Orion.", "In 1974, a newly converted WC-130 (serial number 65-0965) was transferred to the 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the \"Typhoon Chasers\", at Andersen Air Force Base on Guam.", "The aircraft was sent to investigate Typhoon Bess.", "The crew departed Clark Air Base in the Philippines with the callsign \"Swan 38\".", "Radio contact with the aircraft was lost on 12 October 1974, apparently as the aircraft was heading into the typhoon's eye to make a second position fix.", "There were no radio transmissions indicating an emergency on board, and search teams could not locate the aircraft or its crew.", "All six crew members were listed as killed in action.", "Swan 38 was the only WC-130 lost in a storm.", "The landfall of Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005 devastated Keesler Air Force Base, home of the 53d WRS.", "The equipment and personnel of the squadron were flying out of Dobbins Air Reserve Base near Atlanta.", "Despite heavy equipment losses, the squadron never missed a mission from the National Hurricane Center.", "The 53d has since returned to Keesler.", "A reality television series featuring the USAFR 53d WRS, entitled \"Hurricane Hunters\", debuted on The Weather Channel in July 2012." ] } }

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"normal-172343-54-1", "normal-172343-54-2", "normal-172343-54-3", "normal-172343-55-0", "normal-172343-55-1", "normal-172343-55-2", "normal-172343-55-3", "normal-172343-55-4", "normal-172343-55-5", "normal-172343-56-0", "normal-172343-56-1", "normal-172343-56-2", "normal-172343-57-0", "normal-172343-57-1", "normal-172343-57-2", "normal-172343-57-3", "normal-172343-57-4", "normal-172343-58-0", "normal-172343-58-1", "normal-172343-59-0", "normal-172343-59-1", "normal-172343-59-2", "normal-172343-59-3", "normal-172343-59-4", "normal-172343-59-5", "normal-172343-60-0", "normal-172343-60-1", "normal-172343-60-2", "normal-172343-60-3", "normal-172343-60-4", "normal-172343-60-5", "normal-172343-61-0", "normal-172343-62-0", "normal-172343-63-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Dassault Mirage III (] ) is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fighter aircraft developed and manufactured by French aircraft company Dassault Aviation.", "It was the first Western European combat aircraft to exceed Mach 2 in horizontal flight.", "During 1952, the French government issued its specification, calling for a lightweight, all-weather interceptor.", "Amongst the respondents were Dassault with their design, initially known as the Mirage I. Following favourable flight testing held during 1954, in which speeds of up to Mach 1.6 were attained, it was decided that a larger follow-on aircraft would be required to bear the necessary equipment and payloads.", "An enlarged Mirage II proposal was considered, as well as MD 610 Cavalier (3 versions), but was discarded in favour of a further-developed design, powered by the newly developed Snecma Atar afterburning turbojet engine, designated as the Mirage III.", "During October 1960, the first major production model, designated as the Mirage IIIC, performed its maiden flight.", "Initial operational deliveries of this model commenced during July 1961; a total of 95 Mirage IIICs were obtained by the French Air Force (\"Armée de l'Air\", AdA).", "The Mirage IIIC was rapidly followed by numerous other variants.", "The Mirage III was produced in large numbers for both the French Air Force and a wide number of export customers.", "Prominent overseas operators of the fighter included Argentina, Australia, South Africa, Pakistan and Israel, as well as a number of non-aligned nations.", "Often considered to be a second-generation fighter aircraft, the Mirage III experienced a lengthy service life with several of these operators; for some time, the type remained a fairly maneuverable aircraft and an effective opponent when engaged in close-range dogfighting.", "During its service with the French Air Force, the Mirage III was normally armed with assorted air-to-ground ordnance or R.550 Magic air-to-air missiles.", "Its design proved to be relatively versatile, allowing the fighter model to have been readily adapted to serve in a variety of roles, including trainer, reconnaissance and ground-attack versions, along with several more extensive derivatives of the aircraft, including the Dassault Mirage 5, Dassault Mirage IIIV and Atlas Cheetah.", "Some operators have undertaken extensive modification and upgrade programmes of their flights, such as Project ROSE of the Pakistan Air Force.", "The Mirage III has been used in active combat roles in multiple conflicts by a number of operators.", "The Israeli Air Force was perhaps the most prolific operator of the fighter outside of France itself; Israel deployed their Mirage IIIs during both the Six-Day War, where it was used as both an air superiority and strike aircraft, and the Yom Kippur War, during which it was used exclusively in air-to-air combat in conjunction with the IAI Nesher, an Israeli-built derivative of the Mirage 5.", "Ace of ace Giora Epstein achieved all of his kills flying either the Mirage III or the Nesher.", "During the South African Border War, the Mirage III formed the bulk of the South African Air Force's fleet, comprising a cluster of Mirage IIICZ interceptors, Mirage IIIEZ fighter-bombers and Mirage IIIRZ reconnaissance fighters; following the introduction of the newer Mirage F1, the type was dedicated to secondary roles in the conflict, such as daytime interception, base security, reconnaissance and training.", "The Argentine Air Force utilised the Mirage IIIEA during the Falklands War, but their lack of an aerial refueling capability limited their usefulness in the conflict.", "Even using drop tanks, the Mirages only had an endurance of five minutes within the combat area around the British fleet.", "The Mirage III family has its origins within a series of studies conducted by the French Defence Ministry which had commenced during 1952.", "At the time, several nations had taken an interest in the prospects of a light fighter, which had been motivated by combat experiences acquired during the Korean War, specifically the Soviet-built Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 jet-propelled fighter aircraft which had drawn considerable attention internationally.", "Western nations were keen to explore the performance of a relatively uncomplicated and heavily armed jet-powered swept wing fighter, inspired by the rapid advances in aircraft capabilities that had been made by the Soviet Union.", "France was one of the quickest governments of several nations, including the United Kingdom (resulting in the Folland Gnat), the United States (leading to the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk), and Italy (which became the Fiat G.91), to embark on encouraging the development of such an aircraft.", "During 1952, the French government issued its specification, calling for a lightweight, all-weather interceptor, capable of climbing to 18000 m in 6 minutes along with the ability to reach Mach 1.3 in level flight.", "Three separate French manufacturers decided to respond to the specification, these being Dassault Aviation, Sud-Est, and Sud-Ouest, offering the \"MD.550 Delta\", SE.212 Durandal and SO.9000 Trident, respectively.", "Dassault's submission, which became known as the MD.550 Delta, was a diminutive and sleek-appearing aircraft that was principally powered by a pair of 9.61 kN Armstrong Siddeley MD30R Viper afterburning turbojet engines (built under licence by Dassault); atypically, the design also featured provisions for the installation of a secondary propulsion system in the form of a SEPR-built 66 liquid-fuel rocket engine, capable of providing boost thrust of 4.7 kN .", "The basic layout of the MD.550 Delta featured a tailless delta configuration, possessing a 5 per cent thickness (ratio of airfoil thickness to length) and 60° sweep, complete with a large vertical stabilizer and rudder.", "However, the tailless delta configuration imposed a number of limitations, including the lack of a horizontal stabilizer, which meant that conventional flaps could not be used; this resulted in a relatively long takeoff run and a high landing speed.", "The delta wing itself limits maneuverability and suffers from buffeting at low altitude due to the large wing area and resulting low wing loading.", "However, the delta is a simple and visually pleasing design, easy to construct and relatively robust while providing generous amounts of internal volume in the wing for fuel tankage and being capable of achieving high speeds when flown in a straight line.", "Aviation author Derek Wood observed that the MD.550 Delta design \"bore a striking resemblance\" to the British Fairey Delta 2, an experimental fighter aircraft that set a new world speed record on 1 March 1956.", "During the later stage of testing of the Delta 2, Fairey chose to perform much of its supersonic flights in France, the British company possessing good relations with both Dassault and the French Air Force.", "During October and November 1956, a total of 47 low level supersonic test flights were conducted from Cazaux Air Base, Bordeaux, France; a detachment of Dassault engineers had closely observed these trials; from the Delta 2 test programme, Dassault obtained a great deal of experience and data on the performance and properties of delta wing aircraft.", "Specifically, Wood credits the Delta 2 to have served as confirmation of Dassault's theories and having supported the design and development of what would become the Mirage III.", "On 25 June 1954, the first prototype of the MD.550 Delta, without afterburning engines or rocket motor and with an unusually large vertical stabilizer, conducted its maiden flight.", "In this configuration, it was able to attain a maximum speed of Mach 1.15.", "Following initial flights, it received a redesign that involved the vertical stabilizer being reduced in size along with the installation of afterburners and a rocket motor; it was at this point that the aircraft was renamed as the \"Mirage I\".", "During late 1954, the prototype attained a recorded speed of Mach 1.3 in level flight without rocket assistance, as well as reaching Mach 1.6 when using the rocket motor.", "According to aviation author John F. Brindley, testing of the Mirage I and prototypes of the rival Trident and Durandal designs had demonstrated the limitations of the light fighter concept, namely limitations on both endurance and equipment/payload capacity.", "The small size of the Mirage I restricted its armament to a single air-to-air missile, and it was decided during flight trials that the aircraft was too small for the carriage of a useful armament.", "Following the completion of flying trials, the Mirage I prototype was eventually scrapped.", "Dassault was keen to produce a successor to the Mirage I prototype; at one point, the firm was considering the production of an enlarged version, known as the \"Mirage II\", which would have been furnished with a pair of Turbomeca Gabizo turbojet engines.", "However, the Mirage II ultimately remained unbuilt as it was bypassed for an even more ambitious design, being 30 per cent heavier than the original Mirage I, powered by the newly developed Snecma Atar afterburning turbojet engine, capable of generating up to 43.2 kN of thrust.", "The Atar was an axial-flow turbojet design, having been derived from the German Second World War-era BMW 003 engine.", "The new Atar-equipped fighter design received the name \"Mirage III\".", "There was also an even larger \"heavy fighter\" design drafted, referred to as the Mirage IV.", "A decisive factor had been interest from the French military, who had made its favour for the Mirage III proposal known to the company.", "The Mirage III incorporated various new design principles, such as the transonic area rule concept, where changes to an aircraft's cross-section were made as gradual as possible, resulting in the famous \"wasp waist\" configuration of many supersonic fighters.", "Similar to its Mirage I predecessor, the Mirage III had provision for a booster rocket engine.", "On 17 November 1956, the prototype Mirage III perform its first flight.", "During its 10th flight, it was recorded as having attained a speed of Mach 1.52 at one point.", "During the course of the flight test programme, the prototype was fitted with a pair of manually-operated intake half-cone shock diffusers, known as \"souris\" (\"mice\"), which could be repositioning more forwards as the airspeed was increased to achieve a reduction in inlet pressure losses.", "Reportedly, their addition enabled an increased speed of Mach 1.65 to be reached, while use of the supplemental SEPR 66 rocket (as fitted to the Mirage I) had allowed for a speed of Mach 1.8 to be reached during September 1957.", "The success of the Mirage III prototype resulted in an order for 10 pre-production \"Mirage IIIA\" fighters.", "Although the type had initially conceived of as an interceptor, the batch had been ordered with the intention of using them to develop the type for additional roles as well.", "The Mirage IIIA were almost 2 meters longer than the Mirage III prototype, had an enlarged wing of 17.3 per cent greater area, a chord reduced to 4.5 per cent, and an Atar 09B turbojet capable of generating afterburning thrust of up to 58.9 kN .", "The SEPR 841 rocket engine was also retained.", "The Mirage IIIA was also fitted with a Thomson-CSF-built Cyrano Ibis air intercept radar, operational-standard avionics, and a drag chute to shorten its landing roll.", "During May 1958, the first Mirage IIIA conducted its first flight.", "During October of that year, this aircraft achieved a top speed of Mach 2.2 during one of its test flights, thus becoming the first European aircraft to exceed Mach 2 in level flight.", "During December 1959, the tenth and final Mirage IIIA was rolled out; the last six pre-production aircraft were largely representative of the subsequent initial production standard.", "The test regime involved a wide variety of tasks, including the evaluation of the newer SEPR 841 rocket motor, various underwing drop tanks, and other major systems.", "One Mirage IIIA was powered by a Rolls-Royce Avon 67 engine capable of generating 71.1 kN of thrust, to serve as a test model for Australian evaluation, which was given the \"Mirage IIIO\" designation.", "This variant flew in February 1961, but the Avon powerplant was ultimately not adopted upon production aircraft.", "The first major production model, the \"Mirage IIIC\", first flew in October 1960.", "The IIIC was largely similar to the earlier IIIA, being less than a half meter longer and featuring a full operational fit.", "The Mirage IIIC was a single-seat interceptor, with an Atar 09B turbojet engine, featuring an eyelid type variable exhaust.", "The Mirage IIIC was armed with twin 30 mm DEFA cannon fitted in the belly with the gun ports under the air intakes.", "Early Mirage IIIC production had three stores pylons, one under the fuselage and one under each wing; another outboard pylon was soon added to each wing, for a total of five, excluding a sleek supersonic tank which also had bomb-carrying capacity.", "The outboard pylon was intended to carry an AIM-9B Sidewinder air-to-air missile, later replaced by the Matra R550 Magic and also was armed with the radar guided Matra R530 Missile on the center line pylon.", "A total of 95 Mirage IIICs were obtained by the French Air Force (\"Armée de l'Air\", AdA), with initial operational deliveries in July 1961.", "The Mirage IIIC remained in service with the AdA until 1988.", "The \"Armée de l'Air\" also placed an order for a two-seat \"Mirage IIIB\" operational trainer.", "Performing its first flight on 21 October 1959, it was developed in parallel with the Mirage IIIC.", "The fuselage was stretched about a meter (3 ft 3.5 in), while both cannon were removed to accommodate the second seat.", "The IIIB lacked radar and provision for the SEPR rocket was also deleted, although it could carry external stores if desired.", "The AdA ordered 63 Mirage IIIBs (including the prototype), including five \"Mirage IIIB-1\" trials aircraft, ten \"Mirage IIIB-2(RV)\" inflight refueling trainers with dummy nose probes, used for training Mirage IVA bomber pilots, and 20 \"Mirage IIIBE\"s, with the engine and some other features of the multi-role Mirage IIIE.", "One Mirage IIIB was fitted with a fly-by-wire flight control system in the mid-1970s and redesignated \"Mirage IIIB-SV\" (\"Stabilité Variable\"), it was used as a testbed for the system in the later Mirage 2000.", "While the initial Mirage IIIC model was heading towards quantity production, Dassault turned its attention towards the development of a multirole/strike variant of the aircraft.", "Efforts in this direction would eventually materialized in the form of the single-seat \"Mirage IIIE\"; a two-seat trainer variant of the aircraft was also developed, designated as the \"Mirage IIID\".", "On 5 April 1961, the first of a batch of three prototypes performed its first flight.", "The Mirage IIIE considerably differed from the earlier Mirage IIIC interceptor.", "In terms of its airframe, the aircraft possessed a 300 mm forward fuselage extension, which had been made to increase the size of the avionics bay, located directly behind the cockpit.", "The stretch had also enabled its fuel capacity to be expanded, which had been deemed necessary after several pilots had criticized the Mirage IIIC for having been quite limited in terms of its range.", "Many Mirage IIIEs were fitted with a British-built Marconi continuous-wave Doppler navigation radar radome on the bottom of the fuselage, underneath the cockpit; in contrast, none of the Mirage IIICs were provided with this apparatus.", "A similar inconsistent variation was the presence or absence of a high frequency (HF) antenna fitted as a forward extension to the vertical tailplane; on some Mirages, the leading edge of the tailplane was a straight line, while on those with the HF antenna the leading edge had a sloping extension forward.", "The extension appears to have been generally standard on production Mirage IIIAs and Mirage IIICs, but only appeared in some of the Mirage IIIE's export versions.", "The Mirage IIIE featured Thomson-CSF Cyrano II dual mode air / ground radar; a radar warning receiver (RWR) system with the antennas mounted in the vertical tailplane; and an Atar 09C engine, the latter being equipped with a petal-style variable exhaust.", "On 14 January 1964, the first production Mirage IIIE was delivered to the AdA, over time, 192 aircraft were eventually delivered to that service.", "By 1971, this variant had become the most widely exported version of the aircraft.", "A number of dedicated reconnaissance variants of the Mirage III were developed and produced, grouped under the general designation of \"Mirage IIIR\".", "These aircraft possessed a Mirage IIIE airframe but were furnished with avionics from the Mirage IIIC variant, along with a purpose-developed camera nose, which internally accommodated up to five OMERA cameras.", "On this variant, the radar system was excluded due to a lack of available space in the nose, however, the aircraft retained the twin DEFA cannon and all compatibility with its external stores.", "An improved variant, designated as the \"Mirage IIIRD\", was also developed later on; it was essentially a Mirage IIIR outfitted with an extra panoramic camera at the most forward nose position, along with the adoption of the Doppler radar and other avionics from the Mirage IIIE.", "In response to interest expressed by the AdA in a reconnaissance model of the Mirage design, Dassault proceeded with the development of a pair of prototypes.", "On 31 October 1961, the first of these prototypes conducted its maiden flight; on 1 February 1963, it was followed by the first production-standard aircraft of the model.", "The AdA opted to obtain a total of 50 production Mirage IIIRs; the service later ordered a further 20 Mirage IIIRDs as well.", "Several export customers, most notably Switzerland, also chose to procure reconnaissance Mirages.", "The Mirage IIIR preceded the Mirage IIIE in operational introduction.", "The largest export customers for Mirage IIICs built in France were Israel, their principal variant being the \"Mirage IIICJ\", and South Africa, the bulk of their fleet being the \"Mirage IIICZ\".", "Some export customers obtained the Mirage IIIB, with designations only changed to provide a country code, such as: \"Mirage IIIDA\" for Argentina, \"Mirage IIIDBR\" and \"Mirage IIIDBR-2\" for Brazil, \"Mirage IIIBJ\" for Israel, \"Mirage IIIDL\" for Lebanon, \"Mirage IIIDP\" for Pakistan, \"Mirage IIIBZ\" and \"Mirage IIIDZ\" and \"Mirage IIID2Z\" for South Africa, \"Mirage IIIDE\" for Spain and \"Mirage IIIDV\" for Venezuela.", "After the outstanding Israeli success with the Mirage IIIC, scoring kills against Syrian Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17s and MiG-21 aircraft and then achieving a formidable victory against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in the Six-Day War of June 1967, the Mirage III's reputation was greatly enhanced.", "The \"combat-proven\" image and low cost made it a popular export success.", "According to Brindley, a key element of the Mirage III's export success was the extensive support given to Dassault by the French government; he has claimed that the state would often commence negotiations without involving or informing Dassault at all until a later stage.", "A good number of Mirage IIIEs were built for export as well, being purchased in small numbers by Argentina as the \"Mirage IIIEA\", Brazil as the \"Mirage IIIEBR\" and \"Mirage IIIEBR-2\", Lebanon as the \"Mirage IIIEL\", Pakistan as the \"Mirage IIIEP\", South Africa as the \"Mirage IIIEZ\", Spain as the \"Mirage IIIEE\", and Venezuela as the \"Mirage IIIEV\", with a list of subvariant designations, with minor variations in equipment fit.", "Dassault believed the customer was always right, and was happy to accommodate changes in equipment fit as customer needs and budget required.", "Pakistani \"Mirage 5PA3\", for example, were fitted with Thomson-CSF Agave radar with capability of guiding the Exocet anti-ship missile.", "Some customers obtained the two-seat Mirage IIIBE under the general designation \"Mirage IIID\", though the trainers were generally similar to the Mirage IIIBE except for minor changes in equipment fit.", "In some cases they were identical, since two surplus AdA Mirage IIIBEs were sold to Brazil under the designation \"Mirage IIIBBR\", and three were similarly sold to Egypt under the designation \"Mirage 5SDD\".", "New-build exports of this type included aircraft sold to Abu Dhabi, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Gabon, Libya, Pakistan, Peru, Spain, Venezuela, and Zaire.", "During the 1960s, the Soviet Union was alleged to have been engaged in attempts at conducting industrial espionage that targeted Dassault and specifically the Mirage III.", "In one widely reported incident, a pilot of the Lebanese Air Force was approached by Soviet agents, who offered him a bribe to fly one of the nation's 14 Mirage IIIs directly to Soviet territory; Lebanese counter-intelligence was notified of the attempt by the pilot.", "Diplomatically, France was protective of the fighter, often forbidding nations from re-exporting their Mirage IIIs to third parties without their consent under the threat of a prospective embargo.", "Export versions of the Mirage IIIR were built for Pakistan as the \"Mirage IIIRP\" and South Africa as the \"Mirage IIIRZ\", and \"Mirage IIIR2Z\" with an Atar 9K-50 jet engine.", "Export versions of the IIIR recce aircraft were purchased by Abu Dhabi, Belgium, Colombia, Egypt, Libya, Pakistan, and South Africa.", "Some export Mirage IIIRDs were fitted with British Vinten cameras, not OMERA cameras.", "Most of the Belgian aircraft were built locally.", "Initial Israeli operations were conducted in a close cooperative relationship with both Dassault and France itself, the former sharing large amounts of operational data and experience with the other parties.", "However, Israel was forced into updating its own Mirages when France imposed an arms embargo on the region after the 1967 Six-Day War.", "For many years, official relations did not exist between France and Israel, however, spare components remained available.", "The result of these troubles was the development of Israel Aircraft Industries' Nesher fighter, which was based on the Mirage 5.", "Nevertheless, Mirage IIIB upgrades up to and including a full Kfir-type conversion have also been made available to third parties by IAI.", "South Africa was amongst the earliest export customers for the Mirage III, having initially ordered a batch of 15 Mirage IIIC for low-level ground attack operations, for which they were armed with the Nord Aviation AS-20, along with three Mirage IIIBZ two-seater trainers.", "Further aircraft were ordered, including a batch of 16 Mirage IIIEs, three Mirage IIID two-seaters and four Mirage IIIR photo-reconnaissance aircraft.", "During the early 1970s, South Africa reportedly held negotiations with Dassault with the aim of securing a licence to produce either the Mirage III, the Mirage 5 and the Mirage F-1.", "However, much like Israel, South Africa was similarly isolated by a French arms embargo after the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 418 in November 1977.", "The South African Air Force launched an ambitious rebuild programme for its Mirage III fleet, soliciting Israeli technical assistance to convert existing airframes into the Atlas Cheetah.", "Fixed foreplanes distinguish the Cheetah from its Mirage predecessor, and an extended nose, probably inspired by the IAI Kfir, houses a modified electronics suite, including radar.", "Built in single-seat, two-seat interceptor, and two-seat combat trainer versions, the Atlas Cheetah entered service in 1987 during the South African Border War.", "Armament consists of Denel Kukri or Darter heat-seeking air-to-air missiles, the targeting of which was aided by a pilot's helmet mounted sight.", "During 1967, Pakistan opted to purchase an initial batch of 18 Mirage IIIEPs, 3 Mirage IIIDPs and 3 Mirage IIIRPs from France.", "Over the course of time, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) inducted large numbers of new and second hand Mirages IIIs and Mirage 5s spanning multiple variants.", "During 1977, an additional 10 new Mirage IIIRPs were delivered.", "The Mirage III remained a formidable weapon in the hands of the Pakistan Air Force.", "Perhaps the most notable PAF unit equipped with the type has been No. 5 Squadron, which was fully operational by the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.", "During the conflict, while flying out from bases in Sargodha and Mianwali, the Mirage III was extensively used to conduct ground attacks against Indian military units and targets of interest.", "4 Mirage IIIs were lost by the PAF.", "In 1991, because French production of the Mirage III and most spare parts had ceased, Pakistan acquired 50 Australian-built Mirages, which had been retired by the Royal Australian Air Force in 1988: 42 examples of the Mirage IIIO and eight twin-seat IIID.", "A further five incomplete aircraft were also obtained from the RAAF for cannibalized spare parts.", "Eight of the ex-RAAF Mirages entered service with the PAF immediately, while another 33 were upgraded under a PAF project known as ROSE I (\"Retrofit of Strike Element\"), with new equipment including: head-up display (HUD), HOTAS controls, multi-function display (MFD), radar altimeter, nav/attack system (manufactured by SAGEM), inertial navigation and GPS systems, radar warning receiver (RWR), an electronic countermeasures (ECM) suite, decoy flares and chaff dispenser.", "In 1999, multi-mode FIAR Grifo M3 radar was installed in the PAF Mirages.", "Paul Lewis, \"Building a base: Pakistan builds on the capabilities of local support for combat aircraft\", \"Flight International\", published: 24 February 1999, URL: http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1999/02/24/48539/building-a-base.html Retrieved: 25 September 2009", "Ten Lebanese Air Force aircraft were purchased in 2000 and in 2003 13 Mirage IIIEEs were obtained from the Spanish Air Force in the form of 13 Mirage IIIEEs for cannibalized spare parts.", "From 2011, the PAF Mirage fleet was modified to carry Hatf-VIII (Ra'ad) cruise missiles and to accommodate aerial refueling probes of South African origin (presumably similar to those that built into the Atlas Cheetah).", "Subsequently, these aircraft have been modified to accept additional equipment and munitions, such as Chinese PL-12 air-to-air missiles.", "Variants of the Mirage IIIE were built under license in both Australia (as the IIIO) by GAF, and Switzerland (as the IIIS) by F+W Emmen.", "Australia first showed an official interest in replacing its CAC Sabre with the Mirage III during 1960, and initially considered a variant powered by a licence-built variant of the Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet (used by the CAC Sabre).", "While an experimental Avon-powered Mirage III was built as a prototype and flown in trials, it did not result in use of the Avon by a production variant.", "The Australian government decided that the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) would receive a variant based on the Mirage IIIE and powered by the SNECMA Atar engine, built under license by Government Aircraft Factories (GAF) at Fishermans Bend, Melbourne.", "Known as the \"Mirage IIIO\" or GAF Mirage, the Australian variant differed from the Mirage IIIE mainly in its avionics.", "The other major Australian aircraft manufacturer at the time, the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC), also based in Melbourne, was also involved in the project, producing the Atar engine under licence.", "Initially, Dassault provided a pair of pattern aircraft, the first of these flying during March 1963, which were transported to Australia and used to aid technicians at GAF in establishing their own assembly line for the type.", "GAF produced three variants: the \"Mirage IIIO(F)\", which was an interceptor, the Mirage \"IIIO(A)\", a surface attack aircraft and the twin seat \"Mirage IIIO(D)\", a fighter lead-in trainer.", "GAF completed 48 Mirage IIIO(F), 50 Mirage IIIO(A) and 16 Mirage IIIO(D) aircraft.", "Between 1967 and 1979, all the surviving Mirage IIIO(F) aircraft were converted to the Mirage IIIO(A) standard, which reconfigured them from the interceptor role to perform ground attack and aerial reconnaissance missions instead.", "During 1988, the Mirage III was finally withdrawn from RAAF service, after which 50 of the surviving fighters were exported to Pakistan in 1990.", "Several examples are preserved in museums around Australia; at least one of these is reportedly under restoration to an airworthy condition.", "During 1961, Switzerland purchased a single Mirage IIIC from France for use as a development aircraft to support the nation's intentions to domestically produce 100 Mirage III fighters for the Swiss Air Force.", "Accordingly, Mirages were manufactured in Switzerland by F+W Emmen (today RUAG, the federal government aircraft factory in Emmen) under the Mirage IIIS designation.", "The Mirage IIIS was intended to perform the attack, interception, and reconnaissance missions in a single model.", "However, the venture suffered considerable cost overruns, mainly due to Swiss-mandated customisations and features, this was compounded by a lack of financial oversight, controversy over the manufacturing cost ultimately cumulated in the so-called \"Mirage affair\" and the resignation of several officials.", "It became clear that a single model was not capable of the performance desires; thus only 36 Mirage IIIS interceptors and 18 Mirage IIIRS reconnaissance aircraft were eventually produced by F+W Emmen.", "The Mirage IIIS was with considerably strengthened wings, airframe, and undercarriage as the Swiss Air Force had required robustness comparable to that of carrier-based planes.", "The reinforced airframes enabled aircraft to be moved by lifting them with a crane (hence the airframes also being fitted with four lifting points, retractable nosecones and lengthened nosewheel legs), as the aircraft caverns in the mountains that Swiss Air Force uses as bunkers offer very little space to maneuver parked aircraft.", "Another benefit of the strengthened frames was the enabling of JATO-assisted takeoffs, giving the type a short takeoff and landing (STOL) capability.", "Other major differences were present on the Swiss-built interceptors.", "It was furnished with new American-sourced avionics along with a different cockpit design, including a Hughes Aircraft Company-built TARAN-18 radar system and could armed with the AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missile (Swiss designation of the SAAB Licence built Robot 27 (Rb27), which is similar to the Hughes AIM-26 \"Falcon\").", "Radar warning receivers (RWR) were installed upon on both wingtips and on the back of the rudder.", "In addition, the Mirage IIIS had the wiring to carry a Swiss-built or French-built nuclear bomb.", "In the event, the programme to produce a Swiss nuclear bomb was stopped in the pre-production stage and Switzerland chose not to purchase such weapons from France either.", "The Mirage IIIRS could also carry a centerline pod for conducting photo reconnaissance missions, as well as an integral fuel tank underneath the aft belly; this tank could carry a smaller fuel load, but also allowed for a rear-facing film camera to also be added.", "When fitted with the reconnaissance pod, supersonic performance was severely diminished.", "The Mirage IIIS could be optionally fitted with a SEPR (Société d'Etudes pour la Propulsion par Réaction) 841 rocket engine with its 300 l nitric acid oxidiser tank.", "It was installed under the rear of the aircraft's belly upon a removable adaptor; in service, this was often removed to accommodate a similar-shaped integral fuel tank underneath the aft belly instead.", "When installed, the SEPR rocket enabled the Mirage IIIS to easily attain an altitude of 24,000 m as well as providing an additional thrust of 1500 kp; the rocket motor could be switched off and restarted a minimum of three times during a single flight, a maximum use of at least 80 seconds was possible.", "In case of an emergency, it was possible to jettison the rocket engine during low speed flight.", "The rocket fuel (TG-02) was very hazardous and highly toxic, requiring special buildings for maintenance to be built in Buochs and Payerne and personnel involved in its handling to wear special protective suits; accordingly, the rocket motor was not used often.", "During 1967, the Mirage IIIS entered operational service with the Swiss Air Force; the Mirage IIIRS followed two years later.", "After an upgrade programme started in 1988, canards designed and produced by RUAG Aerospace were fitted to the type, along with a Martin-Baker-built ejection-seat.", "Defensive measures included a TRACOR AN/ALE-40 chaff/flare dispenser positioned at the back under the end of the engine, first fitted following upgrades in 1988.", "During 1999, Switzerland phased out the last of its Mirage IIIS fleet; the remaining Mirage IIIRS, BS and DS variants were taken out of service during 2003.", "On 29 November 1966, an Israeli Air Force Dassault Mirage III shot down two Egyptian MiG-19s which were trying to intercept an Israeli reconnaissance Piper J-3 Cub in Israeli airspace.", "The first MiG was destroyed with a R.530 radar guided missile fired from less than a mile away, marking the first aerial kill for the French made missile.", "The second MiG-19 was dispatched with cannon fire.", "During the Six-Day War, fought between 5 and 10 June 1967, Israel chose to deploy its Mirage III fleet offensively over the demilitarized zone located on the Israeli side of the border with Syria.", "A small detachment of 12 Mirages (comprising 4 permanently in the air and 8 at a high state of readiness on the ground) were assigned to defend the skies of Israel against attacks by hostile bombers, virtually all other Mirages were equipped with bombs and deployed on bombing raids against Arab air bases.", "Reportedly, the Mirage's performance as a bomber was modest at best, perhaps due to its limited payload capacity.", "During the first day of combat, a total of 6 MiG fighters were claimed to have been shot down by the Mirages.", "During the following days, Israeli Mirages typically performed as fighters; out of a claimed total of 58 Arab aircraft shot down in air combat during the conflict, 48 were accounted for by Mirage pilots.", "During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Mirage fleet was solely engaged in air-to-air operations.", "ACIG.org claims that at least 26 Mirages and Neshers were lost in air-to-air combat during the war.", "Contrary to these claims, formal Israeli sources claim that only five Israeli Air Force aircraft were shot down in air-to-air dogfights.", "In comparison, 106 Syrian and Egyptian aircraft were claimed shot down by Israeli Mirage IIICJ planes, and another 140 aircraft were claimed by the Nesher derivative.", "Israeli Air Force pilot Giora Epstein, \"ace of aces\" of modern, supersonic fighter jets, achieved all of his victories flying either the Mirage IIICJ or the IAI Nesher (An Israeli derivative of the Mirage 5, which were in turn developed from the Mirage III).", "During the South African Border War, the South African Air Force operated a force of 16 Mirage IIICZ interceptors, 17 Mirage IIIEZ multirole fighter-bombers, and 4 Mirage IIIRZ reconnaissance fighters, which were typically flown from bases in South-West Africa.", "Despite being recognised as an exceptional dogfighter, the Mirage III was often criticised for lacking the range to make it effective over long distances, such as during strike operations against People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) insurgents based in neighbouring Angola.", "South African pilots also found the high-nosed, delta-winged Mirage III relatively difficult to land on the rudimentary airstrips near the operational area.", "Over time, the Mirage IIIs were eventually assigned to 2 Squadron, SAAF, and restricted to the secondary roles of daytime interception, training exercises, and photographic reconnaissance missions following the adoption of the newer Mirage F1.", "The mediocre performance of the fighter's Cyrano II radar effectively precluded the type from conducting nighttime operations, as well as during challenging weather conditions.", "By the late 1980s, the Mirage IIICZ was considered so obsolete that it was utilised only for base security.", "Nevertheless, the Mirage IIIRZ continued to be deployed for photo reconnaissance missions over Angolan targets, as the SAAF had only one other aircraft equipped for this role, the even more antiquated English Electric Canberra.", "During reconnaissance missions, SAAF Mirage IIIRZs would often fly at extremely low altitudes, sometimes as low as fifty feet (15 metres); briefly prior to reaching their intended targets, the aircraft would enter a rapid climb from which photographs would be taken before turning away.", "During the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, Mirage IIIRZ pilots carried out mock sorties over enemy positions in Xangongo and Humbe in an attempt to provoke a response from Cuban or Angolan MiG-21s and MiG-23s, which would then be engaged by accompanying SAAF Mirage F1AZs.", "The Argentine Air Force deployed their Mirage IIIEA fleet during the 1982 Falklands War.", "Their ability to function as long-range strike aircraft was dramatically hindered by the type's lack of any aerial refueling capability; even when furnished with a pair of 2,000 litre (550 gallon) drop tanks to carry extra fuel, the Mirages (and Israeli-built Daggers) would be forced to fly up to the absolute limit of their range in order to even reach the British fleet from the mainland.", "Normally, the fighters would be sent to engage patrolling British Harrier jets and to provide air cover to a Douglas A-4 Skyhawk strike force; however, they would had no more than five minutes over the combat area at most before having to embark upon the return flight back to their air fields.", "Usually, Argentine Mirages were flown with an armament consisting of one Matra R530 or a pair of Magic 1 AAMs.", "They only entered direct combat once, resulting in one of the Mirages being shot down by an AIM-9L Sidewinder fired by a Harrier and another that was destroyed by friendly fire after attempting to land upon the runway at Port Stanley when nearly out of fuel.", "The fighters were frequently deployed to conduct diversion flights, flying at a very high altitude to force a response from the patrolling British Harriers to improve the chances of survival and success of the attack force.", "Additionally, a number of Mirages were also kept on a high state of alert against possible Avro Vulcan raids upon targets within the Argentine mainland, as well as to serve as a deterrence against aggressive flights by neighbouring Chile conducted upon Argentina's western border.", "A total of 1,422 Mirage III/5/50 aircraft of all types were built by Dassault.", "The next major variant, the \"Mirage 5\", grew out of a request to Dassault from the Israeli Air Force.", "The first Mirage 5 flew on 19 May 1967.", "It looked much like the Mirage III, except it had a long slender nose that extended the aircraft's length by about half a meter.", "The Mirage 5 itself led directly to the Israeli \"Nesher\", either through a Mossad (Israeli intelligence) intelligence operation or through covert cooperation with AdA, depending upon which story is accepted.", "(See details in the \"Nesher\" article).", "In either case, the design gave rise to the \"Kfir\", which can be considered a direct descendant of the \"Mirage III\".", "In 1968, Dassault, in cooperation with the Swiss, began work on a Mirage update known as the \"Milan\" (\"Kite\").", "The main feature of the Milan was a pair of pop out foreplanes in the nose, which were referred to as \"moustaches\".", "The moustaches were intended to provide better take-off performance and low-speed control for the attack role.", "The three initial prototypes were converted from existing Mirage fighters; one of these prototypes was nicknamed \"Asterix\", after the internationally popular French cartoon character, a tough little Gallic warrior with a huge moustache.", "A fully equipped prototype rebuilt from a \"Mirage IIIR\" flew in May 1970, and was powered by the uprated 70.6 kN afterburning thrust SNECMA Atar 09K-50 engine, following the evaluation of an earlier model of this new series on the one-off \"Mirage IIIC2\".", "The Milan also had updated avionics, including a laser designator and rangefinder in the nose.", "A second fully equipped prototype was produced for Swiss evaluation as the \"Milan S\".", "The canards did provide significant handling benefits, but they had drawbacks.", "They blocked the pilot's forward view to an extent, and set up turbulence in the engine intakes.", "The Milan concept was abandoned in 1972, while work continued on achieving the same goals with canards.", "Following the development of the Mirage 50, Dassault had experimented with yet another derivative of the original Mirage series, named the \"Mirage 3NG\" (\"Nouvelle Génération\", new generation).", "Like the Milan and Mirage 50, the 3NG was powered by the Atar 9K-50 engine.", "The prototype, a conversion of a Mirage IIIR, flew in December 1982.", "The Mirage 3NG had a modified delta wing with leading-edge root extensions, plus a pair of fixed canards fitted above and behind the air intakes.", "The canards provided a degree of turbulent airflow over the wing to make the aircraft more unstable and so more maneuverable.", "The aircraft's avionics were completely modernized, making use of the parallel development effort underway for the next-generation Mirage 2000 fighter.", "Chiefly amongst these changes, the Mirage 3NG used a fly-by-wire system to allow control over the aircraft's instabilities, and featured an advanced nav/attack system; new multimode radar; and a laser rangefinder system.", "The uprated engine and aerodynamics gave the Mirage 3NG impressive performance.", "Ultimately, the type never went into production, but to an extent the Mirage 3NG was a demonstrator for various technologies that could be and were featured in upgrades to existing Mirage IIIs and Mirage Vs. After 1989, enhancements derived from the Mirage 3NG were incorporated into Brazilian Mirage IIIEs, as well as into four ex-\"Armée de l'Air\" Mirage IIIEs that were transferred to Brazil in 1988.", "In 1989, Dassault offered a similar upgrade refit of ex-AdA Mirage IIIEs under the designation \"Mirage IIIEX\", featuring canards, a fixed in-flight refueling probe, a longer nose, new avionics, and other refinements.", "One of the offshoots of the Mirage III/5/50 fighter family tree was the \"Mirage IIIV\" vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) fighter.", "(\"IIIV\" is read \"three-vee,\" not \"three-five\").", "This aircraft featured eight small vertical lift jets straddling the main engine.", "The Mirage IIIV was built in response to a mid-1960s NATO specification for a VTOL strike fighter.", "Mirage IIIV carries eight RB.162-31 lift engines(generating 5,400 lb thrust each), long-stroke landing gears, and additional covers to reduce impact of the lift engine exhausts.", "Main engine a SNECMA TF-104 turbojet.", "Project ROSE (Retrofit Of Strike Element) was an upgrade programme launched by the Pakistan Air Force to upgrade old Dassault Mirage III and Mirage 5 aircraft with modern avionics.", "In the early 1990s, the PAF procured 50 ex-Australian Mirage III fighters, 33 of which were selected after an inspection to undergo upgrades.", "In the first phases of Project ROSE, the ex-Australian Mirage III fighters were fitted with new defensive systems and cockpits, which included new HUDs, MFDs, RWRs, HOTAS controls, radar altimeters and navigation/attack systems.", "They were also fitted with the FIAR Grifo M3 multi-mode radar and designated \"ROSE I\".", "Around 34 Mirage 5 attack fighters also underwent upgrades designated \"ROSE II\" and \"ROSE III\" before Project ROSE was completed.", "The Mirage III/5 ROSE fighters are expected to remain in service with the PAF until replacement in the mid-2010s.", "\"Data from\" Encyclopedia of World Military AircraftGeneral characteristics * Crew: 1 * Aspect ratio: Performance * Maximum speed: Mach 2.2 * Endurance: * g limits: * Roll rate: Armament OR Avionics", "Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era", "\"The initial version of this article was based on a public domain article from . \"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 77100, "simple_article_title": "Dassault Mirage III", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=77100", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-77100-0-0", "simple-77100-0-1", "simple-77100-0-2", "simple-77100-0-3", "simple-77100-0-4", "simple-77100-0-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Mirage III is a fighter aircraft made by French airplane company Dassault Aviation.", "If first flew in 1956 and was introduced in 1961.", "It used a triangle wing (called a delta wing).", "It had 2 cannons and some missiles.", "Because it was an interceptor, an airplane made to shoot down enemy airplanes at high speed, it could go Mach 2.2.", "It was used by Israel in the Six-Day War." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 791568, "normal_article_title": "Batha (prefecture)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=791568", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-791568-0-0", "normal-791568-0-1", "normal-791568-0-2", "normal-791568-0-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Batha Prefecture was one of the 14 prefectures of Chad.", "Located in the center of the country, Batha covered an area of 88,800 square kilometers and had a population of 288,458 in 1993.", "Its capital was Ati, Chad.", "It is largely coextensive with the current Batha Region." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 11344, "simple_article_title": "Batha", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11344", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-11344-0-0", "simple-11344-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Batha is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.", "The capital of Batha is Ati." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 7170055, "normal_article_title": "Domdidier", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7170055", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-7170055-0-0", "normal-7170055-0-1", "normal-7170055-1-0", "normal-7170055-2-0", "normal-7170055-2-1", "normal-7170055-2-2", "normal-7170055-3-0", "normal-7170055-3-1", "normal-7170055-3-2", "normal-7170055-3-3", "normal-7170055-4-0", "normal-7170055-4-1", "normal-7170055-5-0", "normal-7170055-6-0", "normal-7170055-6-1", "normal-7170055-6-2", "normal-7170055-6-3", "normal-7170055-7-0", "normal-7170055-7-1", "normal-7170055-8-0", "normal-7170055-8-1", "normal-7170055-8-2", "normal-7170055-8-3", "normal-7170055-8-4", "normal-7170055-9-0", "normal-7170055-9-1", "normal-7170055-9-2", "normal-7170055-9-3", "normal-7170055-10-0", "normal-7170055-10-1", "normal-7170055-11-0", "normal-7170055-11-1", "normal-7170055-11-2", "normal-7170055-11-3", "normal-7170055-11-4", "normal-7170055-12-0", "normal-7170055-12-1", "normal-7170055-13-0", "normal-7170055-13-1", "normal-7170055-13-2", "normal-7170055-14-0", "normal-7170055-14-1", "normal-7170055-14-2", "normal-7170055-14-3", "normal-7170055-14-4", "normal-7170055-15-0", "normal-7170055-15-1", "normal-7170055-15-2", "normal-7170055-15-3", "normal-7170055-15-4", "normal-7170055-16-0", "normal-7170055-16-1", "normal-7170055-16-2", "normal-7170055-17-0", "normal-7170055-17-1", "normal-7170055-17-2", "normal-7170055-17-3", "normal-7170055-17-4", "normal-7170055-18-0", "normal-7170055-18-1", "normal-7170055-19-0", "normal-7170055-19-1", "normal-7170055-19-2", "normal-7170055-19-3", "normal-7170055-19-4", "normal-7170055-20-0", "normal-7170055-20-1", "normal-7170055-20-2", "normal-7170055-20-3", "normal-7170055-20-4", "normal-7170055-20-5", "normal-7170055-20-6", "normal-7170055-21-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Domdidier is a former municipality in the district of Broye, in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland.", "On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Domdidier, Dompierre, Léchelles and Russy merged to form Belmont-Broye.", "Domdidier is first mentioned around 1157-62 as \"Donno Desiderio\".", "Domdidier had an area, as of 2009 , of 8.9 km2 .", "Of this area, 6.07 km2 or 68.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.35 km2 or 15.2% is forested.", "Of the rest of the land, 1.41 km2 or 15.8% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.08 km2 or 0.9% is either rivers or lakes and 0.02 km2 or 0.2% is unproductive land.", "Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.0% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 8.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.1%.", "Out of the forested land, 13.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.", "Of the agricultural land, 52.4% is used for growing crops and 14.1% is pastures, while 1.6% is used for orchards or vine crops.", "All the water in the municipality is flowing water.", "The former municipality is in the Broye district, on the Payerne-Murten road.", "It consists of the village of Domdidier and the hamlets of Granges-Rothey and Eissy.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Or, a Harrow Sable.\"", "Domdidier had a population (as of 2014 ) of 2,948.", "s of 2008 , 17.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals.", "Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 18.5%.", "Migration accounted for 13.5%, while births and deaths accounted for 7.1%.", "Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks French (1,894 or 86.2%) as their first language, German is the second most common (127 or 5.8%) and Portuguese is the third (69 or 3.1%).", "There are 10 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.", "s of 2008 , the population was 50.5% male and 49.5% female.", "The population was made up of 1,026 Swiss men (40.4% of the population) and 254 (10.0%) non-Swiss men.", "There were 1,032 Swiss women (40.7%) and 225 (8.9%) non-Swiss women.", "Of the population in the municipality, 878 or about 40.0% were born in Domdidier and lived there in 2000.", "There were 470 or 21.4% who were born in the same canton, while 463 or 21.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 334 or 15.2% were born outside of Switzerland.", "The age distribution, as of 2000 , in Domdidier is; 296 children or 13.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 303 teenagers or 13.8% are between 10 and 19.", "Of the adult population, 294 people or 13.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old.", "380 people or 17.3% are between 30 and 39, 298 people or 13.6% are between 40 and 49, and 271 people or 12.3% are between 50 and 59.", "The senior population distribution is 161 people or 7.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 119 people or 5.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 58 people or 2.6% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 16 people or 0.7% who are 90 and older.", "s of 2000 , there were 930 people who were single and never married in the municipality.", "There were 1,063 married individuals, 112 widows or widowers and 91 individuals who are divorced.", "s of 2000 , there were 819 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household.", "There were 200 households that consist of only one person and 85 households with five or more people.", "In 2000 , a total of 801 apartments (88.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 79 apartments (8.8%) were seasonally occupied and 21 apartments (2.3%) were empty.", "s of 2009 , the construction rate of new housing units was 5.1 new units per 1000 residents.", "The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010 , was 1.46%.", "The historical population is given in the following chart: In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 27.2% of the vote.", "The next three most popular parties were the FDP (26.4%), the CVP (18.4%) and the SVP (14.9%).", "The SPS received about the same percentage of the vote as they did in the 2007 Federal election (27.9% in 2007 vs 27.2% in 2011).", "The FDP moved from fourth in 2007 (with 18.1%) to second in 2011, the CVP moved from second in 2007 (with 22.4%) to third and the SVP moved from third in 2007 (with 19.0%) to fourth.", "A total of 855 votes were cast in this election, of which 11 or 1.3% were invalid.", "s of 2010 , Domdidier had an unemployment rate of 2.8%.", "s of 2008 , there were 51 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 22 businesses involved in this sector.", "777 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 38 businesses in this sector.", "863 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 98 businesses in this sector.", "There were 1,133 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.7% of the workforce.", "In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,508.", "The number of jobs in the primary sector was 36, all of which were in agriculture.", "The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 745 of which 593 or (79.6%) were in manufacturing and 150 (20.1%) were in construction.", "The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 727.", "In the tertiary sector; 305 or 42.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 5 or 0.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 21 or 2.9% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 0.3% were in the information industry, 17 or 2.3% were the insurance or financial industry, 70 or 9.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 45 or 6.2% were in education and 56 or 7.7% were in health care.", "In 2000 , there were 804 workers who commuted into the municipality and 660 workers who commuted away.", "The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.2 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving.", "Of the working population, 6.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 70.3% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census , 1,573 or 71.6% were Roman Catholic, while 296 or 13.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.", "Of the rest of the population, there were 16 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.73% of the population), there were 3 individuals (or about 0.14% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 45 individuals (or about 2.05% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.", "There were 108 (or about 4.92% of the population) who were Islamic.", "There were 6 individuals who were Buddhist and 3 individuals who belonged to another church.", "113 (or about 5.15% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 55 individuals (or about 2.50% of the population) did not answer the question.", "In Domdidier about 744 or (33.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 171 or (7.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\").", "Of the 171 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.5% were Swiss men, 25.1% were Swiss women, 4.7% were non-Swiss men and 4.7% were non-Swiss women.", "The Canton of Fribourg school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school.", "This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude.", "Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school.", "The upper Secondary school is divided into gymnasium (university preparatory) and vocational programs.", "After they finish the upper Secondary program, students may choose to attend a Tertiary school or continue their apprenticeship.", "During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 715 students attending 34 classes in Domdidier.", "A total of 499 students from the municipality attended any school, either in the municipality or outside of it.", "There were 4 kindergarten classes with a total of 87 students in the municipality.", "The municipality had 11 primary classes and 221 students.", "During the same year, there were 19 lower secondary classes with a total of 407 students.", "There were no upper Secondary classes or vocational classes, but there were 4 upper Secondary students and 60 upper Secondary vocational students who attended classes in another municipality.", "The municipality had no non-university Tertiary classes, but there were 8 non-university Tertiary students and 3 specialized Tertiary students who attended classes in another municipality.", "s of 2000 , there were 154 students in Domdidier who came from another municipality, while 67 residents attended schools outside the municipality." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 690304, "simple_article_title": "Domdidier", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=690304", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-690304-0-0", "simple-690304-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Domdidier is a former municipality of the district of Broye, in the canton of Fribourg, in Switzerland.", "On 1 January 2016 the former municipalities of Domdidier, Dompierre, Léchelles and Russy merged to form the new municipality of Belmont-Broye." ] } }

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"normal-100076-46-3", "normal-100076-46-4", "normal-100076-47-0", "normal-100076-48-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Security Service, also known as MI5 (Military Intelligence, Section 5), is the United Kingdom's domestic counter-intelligence and security agency and is part of its intelligence machinery alongside the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and Defence Intelligence (DI).", "MI5 is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), and the service is bound by the Security Service Act 1989.", "The service is directed to protect British parliamentary democracy and economic interests, and counter terrorism and espionage within the UK.", "Within the civil service community the service is colloquially known as \"Box 500\" (after its official wartime address of PO Box 500; its current address is PO Box 3255, London SW1P 1AE).", "The service has had a national headquarters at Thames House on Millbank in London since 1995, drawing together personnel from a number of locations into a single HQ facility: Thames House also houses the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre, a subordinate organisation to the Security Service; prior to March 2013, Thames House additionally housed the Northern Ireland Office (NIO).", "The service has offices across the United Kingdom including an HQ in Northern Ireland.", "Details of the northern operations centre in Greater Manchester were revealed by the firm who built it.", "The Security Service comes under the authority of the Home Secretary within the Cabinet.", "The service is headed by a Director General at the grade of a Permanent Secretary of the British Civil Service who is directly supported by an internal security organisation, secretariat, legal advisory branch and information services branch.", "The Deputy Director General is responsible for the operational activity of the service, being responsible for four branches; international counter-terrorism, National Security Advice Centre (counter proliferation and counter espionage), Irish and domestic counter-terrorism and technical and surveillance operations.", "The service is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee for intelligence operational priorities.", "It liaises with SIS, GCHQ, DIS, and a number of other bodies within the British government and industrial base.", "It is overseen by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Members of Parliament, who are directly appointed by the Prime Minister, by the Interception of Communications Commissioner, and by the Intelligence Services Commissioner.", "Judicial oversight of the service's conduct is exercised by the Investigatory Powers Tribunal.", "Operations of the service are required to be proportionate and compliant with British legislation including the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, the Investigatory Powers Act 2016, the Data Protection Act 2018, and various other items of legislation.", "Information held by the service is exempt from disclosure under section 23 of the Freedom of Information Act 2000.", "All employees of the service are bound by the Official Secrets Act.", "In certain circumstances, employees can be authorised to carry out activity which would otherwise be criminal within the UK.", "The current Director General is Andrew Parker, who succeeded Jonathan Evans on 22 April 2013.", "The service marked its centenary in 2009 by publishing an official history titled \"The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5\" and written by Christopher Andrew, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at Cambridge University.", "The Security Service is derived from the Secret Service Bureau, founded in 1909 and concentrating originally on the activities of the Imperial German government as a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office.", "The Bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign target espionage and internal counter-espionage activities respectively.", "This specialisation was a result of the Admiralty intelligence requirements related to the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy.", "This specialisation was formalised prior to 1914 and the beginning of World War I, with the two sections undergoing a number of administrative changes and the home section becoming Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 5 (MI5), the name by which it is still known in popular culture.", "The founding head of the Army section was Vernon Kell of the South Staffordshire Regiment, who remained in that role until the early part of the Second World War.", "Its role was originally quite restricted; existing purely to ensure national security through counter-espionage.", "With a small staff and working in conjunction with the Special Branch of the Metropolitan Police, the service was responsible for overall direction and the identification of foreign agents, whilst Special Branch provided the manpower for the investigation of their affairs, arrest and interrogation.", "On the day after the declaration of World War I, the Home Secretary, Reginald McKenna, announced that \"within the last twenty-four hours no fewer than twenty-one spies, or suspected spies, have been arrested in various places all over the country, chiefly in important military or naval centres, some of them long known to the authorities to be spies\", a reference to arrests directed by the service.", "These arrests have provoked recent historical controversy.", "According to the official history of MI5, the actual number of agents identified was 22 and Kell had started sending out letters to local police forces on 29 July giving them advance warning of arrests to be made as soon as war was declared.", "Portsmouth Constabulary jumped the gun and arrested one on 3 August, and not all of the 22 were in custody by the time that McKenna made his speech, but the official history regards the incident as a devastating blow to Imperial Germany which deprived them of their entire spy ring, and specifically upset the Kaiser.", "This view has been challenged by Nicholas Hiley who has asserted that it is a complete fabrication.", "In 2006 his article \"Entering the Lists\" was published in the journal \"Intelligence and National Security\" outlining the products of his research into recently opened files.", "Hiley was sent an advance copy of the official history and objected to the retelling of the story.", "He later wrote another article, \"Re-entering the Lists\", which asserted that the list of those arrested published in the official history was concocted from later case histories.", "MI5 was consistently successful throughout the rest of the 1910s and 1920s in its core counter-espionage role.", "Throughout World War I, Germany continued trying to infiltrate Britain but MI5 was able to identify most, if not all, of the agents dispatched.", "MI5 used a method that depended on strict control of entry and exit to the country and, crucially, large-scale inspection of mail.", "In post-war years, attention turned to attempts by the Soviet Union and the Comintern to surreptitiously support revolutionary activities within Britain.", "MI5's expertise, combined with the early incompetence of the Soviets, meant the bureau was successful once more in correctly identifying and closely monitoring these activities.", "In the meantime, MI5's role had been substantially enlarged.", "Due to the spy hysteria, MI5 had been formed with far more resources than it actually needed to track down German spies.", "As is common within governmental bureaucracies, this caused the service to expand its role, to use its spare resources.", "MI5 acquired many additional responsibilities during the war.", "Most significantly, its strict counter-espionage role blurred considerably.", "It became a much more political role, involving the surveillance not merely of foreign agents but also of pacifist and anti-conscription organisations, and of organised labour.", "This was justified through the common belief that foreign influence was at the root of these organisations.", "Thus, by the end of the World War I, MI5 was a fully-fledged investigating force (although it never had powers of arrest), in addition to being a counter-espionage agency.", "The expansion of this role continued after a brief post-war power struggle with the head of the Special Branch, Sir Basil Thomson.", "After World War I, Kell's department was considered unnecessary by budget-conscious politicians.", "In 1919, MI5's budget was slashed from £100,000 and over 800 officers to just £35,000 and 12 officers.", "At the same time, Sir Basil Thomson of Special Branch was appointed Director of Home Intelligence, in supreme command of all domestic counter-insurgency and counter-intelligence investigations.", "Consequently, as official MI5 historian Christopher Andrew has noted in his official history \"Defence of the Realm\" (2010), MI5 had no clearly defined role in the Anglo-Irish War.", "To further worsen the situation, several of Kell's officers defected to Thomson's new Agency, the Home Intelligence Directorate.", "MI5 therefore undertook no tangible intelligence operations of consequence during the Irish War of Independence.", "MI5 did undertake the training of British Army Case Officers from the Department of Military Intelligence (DMI) for the Army's so-called \"Silent Section\" otherwise known as M04(x).", "Quickly trained by MI5 veterans at Hounslow Barracks, outside London, these freshly minted M04(x) Army case officers were deployed to Dublin beginning in the Spring of 1919.", "Over time, 175 officers were trained and dispatched to Ireland.", "In Ireland, they came under the command of General Cecil Romer and his Deputy, Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Searle Hill-Dillon.", "In April 1919, Colonel Walter Wilson of DMI arrived in Dublin to take over the day-to-day management of these 175 Army intelligence officers, and the unit was designated as the \"Dublin District Special Branch\" (DMI/MO4(x)/DDSB) because it operated exclusively within the confines of the Army's Dublin Military District.", "Royal Marine Colonel Hugh Montgomery of the Department of Naval Intelligence, was also seconded to Romer's intelligence staff at this time.", "British Army after-action reports and contemporary accounts indicate that M04(x)/DDSB was considered a highly amateurish outfit.", "Serious cover constraints, coupled with alcohol abuse and social fraternization with local prostitutes would prove to be the downfall of several of these amateur sleuths.", "Despite these failings, it was not MI5 but one of Basil Thomson's agents, John Charles Byrnes, a double agent within the IRA, who identified Michael Collins and came close to arranging his capture.", "Byrnes was discovered as a British spy and executed by the IRA in March 1920.", "The intelligence staff of Michael Collins Irish Republican Army penetrated the unit.", "Using DMP detectives Ned Broy and David Nelligan, Michael Collins was able to learn the names and lodgings of the M04(x) agents, referred to by IRA operatives as \"The Cairo Gang\".", "On Bloody Sunday, Collins ordered his Counter-intelligence Unit, The Squad, to assassinate 25 M04(x) agents, several British Courts Martial Officers, at least one agent reporting to Basil Thomson, and several intelligence officers attached to the Royal Irish Constabulary Auxiliary Division, at their lodgings throughout Dublin.", "Although the shooting of 14 British officers had the desired effect on British morale, in many ways Bloody Sunday was a botched job.", "Three of Collins's men were apprehended after engaging in a shoot-out on the street, and at least two of the wounded British officers had no connection whatsoever to British Intelligence.", "Moreover, with MO4(x) having fielded a total of 175 agents of the DDSB, Collins's operation only temporarily slowed British momentum.", "Within days, the remaining 160-odd M04(x) agents were re-established in secure quarters inside solidly Loyalist hotels in Dublin, from where they continued to pursue Collins and the IRA relentlessly right up until the Truce.", "In December 1920 the entire DDSB was transferred from British Army Command to civil command under Deputy Police Commissioner General Ormonde Winter, and thereafter was known as \"D Branch\" within Dublin Castle.", "By January 1921, the highly experienced MI6 operative David Boyle arrived at Dublin Castle to take over the day-to-day management of D Branch.", "The unit's former commander, Colonel Wilson, resigned in protest for having had his command taken from him.", "D Branch thrived under Boyle's leadership.", "The net impact of Collins's strike of Bloody Sunday, November 21, 1920, was therefore quite negligible—even though the IRA had not gone up against MI5 professionals but instead only a quickly trained outfit of amateur army \"D-Listers.\"", "That afternoon, a mixed force of the British Army, the Royal Irish Constabulary, and the Black and Tans retaliated by indiscriminately shooting dead 14 civilians at a Gaelic Football match at Croke Park.", "In 1921, Sir Warren Fisher, the Government inspector general for civil service affairs, conducted a thorough review of the operations and expenditures of Basil Thomson's Home Intelligence Directorate.", "He issued a scathing report, accusing Thomson of wasting both money and resources and conducting redundant as well as ineffectual operations.", "Shortly thereafter, in a private meeting with Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Sir Basil Thomson was sacked, and the Home Intelligence Directorate was formally abolished.", "With Thomson out of the way, Special Branch was returned to the command of the Commissioner of The Criminal Investigation Division at Scotland Yard.", "Only then was Vernon Kell able once again to rebuild MI5 and regain its former place as Britain's chief domestic spy agency.", "MI5 operated in Italy during inter-war period.", "MI5 helped Benito Mussolini get his start in politics with the £100 weekly wage.", "MI5's decline in counter-espionage efficiency began in the 1930s.", "It was, to some extent, a victim of its own success.", "It was unable to break the ways of thinking it had evolved in the 1910s and 1920s.", "In particular, it was unable to adjust to the new methods of the Soviet intelligence services the NKVD and GRU.", "It continued to think in terms of agents who would attempt to gather information simply through observation or bribery, or to agitate within labour organisations and the armed services, while posing as ordinary citizens.", "The NKVD, meanwhile, had evolved more sophisticated methods; it began to recruit agents from within the upper classes, most notably from Cambridge University, who were seen as a long-term investment.", "They succeeded in gaining positions within the Government (and, in Kim Philby's case, within British intelligence itself), from where they were able to provide the NKVD with sensitive information.", "The most successful of these agents—Harold \"Kim\" Philby, Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt and John Cairncross—went undetected until after the Second World War, and were known as the Cambridge Five.", "MI5 experienced further failure during the Second World War.", "It was chronically unprepared, both organisationally and in terms of resources, for the outbreak of war, and utterly unequal to the task which it was assigned—the large-scale internment of enemy aliens in an attempt to uncover enemy agents.", "The operation was poorly handled and contributed to the near-collapse of the agency by 1940.", "One of the earliest actions of Winston Churchill on coming to power in early 1940 was to sack the agency's long-term head, Vernon Kell.", "He was replaced initially by the ineffective Brigadier A.W.A. Harker, as Acting Director General.", "Harker in turn was quickly replaced by David Petrie, an SIS man, with Harker as his deputy.", "With the ending of the Battle of Britain and the abandonment of invasion plans (correctly reported by both SIS and the Bletchley Park Ultra project), the spy scare eased, and the internment policy was gradually reversed.", "This eased pressure on MI5, and allowed it to concentrate on its major wartime success, the so-called \"double-cross\" system.", "This was a system based on an internal memo drafted by an MI5 officer in 1936, which criticised the long-standing policy of arresting and sending to trial all enemy agents discovered by MI5.", "Several had offered to defect to Britain when captured; before 1939, such requests were invariably turned down.", "The memo advocated attempting to \"turn\" captured agents wherever possible, and use them to mislead enemy intelligence agencies.", "This suggestion was turned into a massive and well-tuned system of deception during the Second World War.", "Beginning with the capture of an agent named Owens, codenamed Snow, MI5 began to offer enemy agents the chance to avoid prosecution (and thus the possibility of the death penalty) if they would work as British double-agents.", "Agents who agreed to this were supervised by MI5 in transmitting bogus \"intelligence\" back to the German secret service, the Abwehr.", "This necessitated a large-scale organisational effort, since the information had to appear valuable but actually be misleading.", "A high-level committee, the Wireless Board, was formed to provide this information.", "The day-to-day operation was delegated to a subcommittee, the Twenty Committee (so called because the Roman numerals for twenty, XX, form a double cross).", "The system was extraordinarily successful.", "A postwar analysis of German intelligence records found that of the 115 or so agents targeted against Britain during the war, all but one (who committed suicide) had been successfully identified and caught, with several \"turned\" to become double agents.", "The system played a major part in the massive campaign of deception which preceded the D-Day landings, designed to give the Germans a false impression of the location and timings of the landings (see Operation Fortitude).", "While the double-cross work dealt with enemy agents sent into Britain, a smaller-scale operation run by Victor Rothschild targeted British citizens who wanted to help Germany.", "The \"Fifth Column\" operation saw an MI5 officer, Eric Roberts, masquerade as the Gestapo's man in London, encouraging Nazi sympathizers to pass him information about people who would be willing to help Germany in the event of invasion.", "When his recruits began bringing in intelligence, he promised to pass that on to Berlin.", "The operation was deeply controversial within MI5, with opponents arguing that it amounted to entrapment.", "By the end of the war, Roberts had identified around 500 people.", "But MI5 decided not to prosecute, and instead covered the work up, even giving some of Roberts' recruits Nazi medals.", "They were never told the truth.", "All foreigners entering the country were processed at the London Reception Centre (LRC) at the Royal Patriotic School which was operated by MI5 subsection B1D, 30,000 were inspected at LRC.", "Captured enemy agents were taken to Camp 020, Latchmere House, for interrogation.", "This was commanded by Colonel Robin Stephens.", "There was a Reserve Camp, Camp 020R, at Huntercombe which was used mainly for long term detention of prisoners.", "The Prime Minister's personal responsibility for the Service was delegated to the Home Secretary Maxwell-Fyfe in 1952, with a directive issued by the Home Secretary setting out the role and objectives of the Director General.", "The service was subsequently placed on a statutory basis in 1989 with the introduction of the Security Service Act.", "This was the first government acknowledgement of the existence of the service.", "The post-war period was a difficult time for the Service with a significant change in the threat as the Cold War began, being challenged by an extremely active KGB and increasing incidence of the Northern Ireland conflict and international terrorism.", "Whilst little has yet been released regarding the successes of the service there have been a number of intelligence failures which have created embarrassment for both the service and the government.", "For instance in 1983 one of its officers, Michael Bettaney, was caught trying to sell information to the KGB.", "He was subsequently convicted of espionage.", "Following the Michael Bettaney case, Philip Woodfield was appointed as a staff counsellor for the security and intelligence services.", "His role was to be available to be consulted by any member or former member of the security and intelligence services who had \"anxieties relating to the work of his or her service\" that it had not been possible to allay through the ordinary processes of management-staff relations, including proposals for publications.", "The Service was instrumental in breaking up a large Soviet spy ring at the start of the 1970s, with 105 Soviet embassy staff known or suspected to be involved in intelligence activities being expelled from the country in 1971.", "One episode involving MI5 and the BBC came to light in the mid-1980s.", "MI5 officer Ronnie Stonham had an office in the BBC and took part in vetting procedures.", "Controversy arose when it was alleged that the service was monitoring trade unions and left-wing politicians.", "A file was kept on Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson from 1945, when he became an MP, although the agency's official historian, Christopher Andrew maintains that his fears of MI5 conspiracies and bugging were unfounded.", "As Home Secretary, the Labour MP Jack Straw discovered the existence of his own file dating from his days as a student radical.", "One of the most significant and far reaching failures was an inability to conclusively detect and apprehend the \"Cambridge Five\" spy ring which had formed in the inter-war years and achieved great success in penetrating the government, and the intelligence agencies themselves.", "Related to this failure were suggestions of a high-level penetration within the service, Peter Wright (especially in his controversial book \"Spycatcher\") and others believing that evidence implicated the former Director General, Roger Hollis or his deputy Graham Mitchell.", "The Trend inquiry of 1974 found the case unproven of that accusation, and that view was later supported by the former KGB officer Oleg Gordievsky.", "Another spy ring, the Portland Spy Ring, exposed after a tip-off by Soviet defector Michael Goleniewski, led to an extensive MI5 surveillance operation.", "There have been strong accusations leveled against MI5 for having failed in its obligation to provide care for former police agents who had infiltrated the Provisional IRA during the Troubles.", "The two most notable of the agents, Martin McGartland and Raymond Gilmour, went on to reside in England using false identities and in 2012 launched test cases against the agency.", "Both men claimed to journalist Liam Clarke in the \"Belfast Telegraph\" that they were abandoned by MI5 and were \"left high and dry despite severe health problems as a result of their work and lavish promises of life-time care from their former Intelligence bosses\".", "Both men suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.", "On 12 December 2001, following the United States invasion of Afghanistan, it was agreed that MI5 staff should be sent to Afghanistan to interview prisoners captured by the Northern Alliance and the US military.", "On 9 January 2002, the first MI5 staff arrived at Bagram.", "On 12 January 2002, following a report by an MI6 officer that a detainee appeared to have been mistreated before, an MI6 officer was sent instructions that were copied to all MI5 and MI6 staff in Afghanistan about how to deal with concerns over mistreatment, referring to signs of abuse: 'Given that they are not within our custody or control, the law does not require you to intervene to protect this.'", "It went on to say that the Americans had to understand that the UK did not condone such mistreatment and that a complaint should be made to a senior US official if there was any coercion by the US in conjunction with an MI6 interview.", "The end of the Cold War resulted in a change in emphasis for the operations of the service, assuming responsibility for the investigation of all Irish republican activity within Britain and increasing the effort countering other forms of terrorism, particularly in more recent years the more widespread threat of Islamic extremism.", "Whilst the British security forces in Northern Ireland have provided support in the countering of both republican and loyalist paramilitary groups since the early 1970s, republican sources have often accused these forces of collusion with loyalists.", "In 2006, an Irish government committee inquiry found that there was widespread collusion between British security forces and loyalist terrorists in the 1970s, which resulted in eighteen deaths.", "In 2012, a document based review by Sir Desmond de Silva QC into the 1989 murder of Belfast solicitor Patrick Finucane found that MI5 had colluded with the Ulster Defence Association (UDA).", "The review disclosed that MI5 assessments of UDA intelligence consistently noted that the majority came from MI5 sources with an assessment in 1985 finding 85% came from MI5.", "Prime Minister David Cameron accepted the findings and apologised on behalf of the British government and acknowledged significant levels of collusion with Loyalists in its state agencies.", "On 10 October 2007, the lead responsibility for national security intelligence in Northern Ireland returned to the Security Service from the Police Service of Northern Ireland that had been devolved in 1976 to the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) during Ulsterisation.", "During April 2010 the Real IRA detonated a 120 lb.", "car bomb outside Palace Barracks in County Down which is the headquarters of MI5 in Northern Ireland and also home to the 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment.", "MI5 is understood to have a close working relationship with the Republic of Ireland's Special Detective Unit (SDU), the counter-terrorism and counter-intelligence section of the \"Garda Síochána\" (national police), particularly with regards to threats from dissident republican terrorism and Islamic terrorism.", "Executive Liaison Groups enable MI5 to safely share secret, sensitive, and often raw intelligence with the police, on which decisions can be made about how best to gather evidence and prosecute suspects in the courts.", "Each organisation works in partnership throughout the investigation, but MI5 retain the lead for collecting, assessing and exploiting intelligence.", "The police take lead responsibility for gathering evidence, obtaining arrests and preventing risks to the public.", "In 1996, legislation formalised the extension of the Security Service's statutory remit to include supporting the law enforcement agencies in their work against serious crime.", "Tasking was reactive, acting at the request of law enforcement bodies such as the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS), for whom MI5 agents performed electronic surveillance and eavesdropping duties during Operation Trinity.", "This role has subsequently been passed to the Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) and then the National Crime Agency (NCA).", "In 2001, after the September 11 attacks in the U.S., MI5 started collecting bulk telephone communications data under a little understood general power of the Telecommunications Act 1984 (instead of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 which would have brought independent oversight and regulation).", "This was kept secret until announced by the Home Secretary in 2015.", "In July 2006, parliamentarian Norman Baker accused the British Government of \"hoarding information about people who pose no danger to this country\", after it emerged that MI5 holds secret files on 272,000 individuals—equivalent to one in 160 adults.", "In March 2018 the government acknowledged that MI5 agents are allowed to carry out criminal activity in the UK.", "Mao Foa, the director of Reprieve, said: “After a seven-month legal battle the prime minister has finally been forced to publish her secret order but we are a long way from having transparency.", "The public and parliament are still being denied the guidance that says when British spies can commit criminal offences and how far they can go.", "Authorised criminality is the most intrusive power a state can wield.", "Theresa May must publish this guidance without delay.”", "MI5 was based at Leconfield House (1945–1976) and 140 Gower Street (1976–1994, since demolished) before moving to Thames House in 1994.", "Although commonly referred to as \"MI5\", this was the Service's official name for only thirteen years (1916–1929), but it is still used as a sub-title on the various pages of the official Security Service website, as well as in their web address (http://www.mi5.gov.uk)." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 378731, "simple_article_title": "MI5", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378731", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-378731-0-0", "simple-378731-0-1", "simple-378731-0-2", "simple-378731-0-3", "simple-378731-0-4", "simple-378731-0-5", "simple-378731-1-0", "simple-378731-2-0", "simple-378731-2-1", "simple-378731-2-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "MI5, also called Security Service is one of three British intelligence agencies.", "It is the security agency responsible for counter-intelligence inside the United Kingdom.", "It gives the government information about hostile activities inside the UK.", "The slang term for MI5 inside the security services is \"Box 500\", after its old wartime postal address.", "Priorities are set by the Joint Intelligence Committee.", "All its employees are bound by the Official Secrets Act.", "The Secret Intelligence Service (or \"MI6\") is responsible for intelligence collection outside the UK, and the Government Communications Headquarters is responsible for providing signals intelligence.", "The arm of the law which works for MI5 is known informally as Special Branch.", "They have been rearranged as part of the Metropolitan Police's Counter Terrorism Command.", "MI5 staff do not have the power of arrest: what they do is instruct Special Branch, who then do the leg-work and interrogation of suspects." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 42659414, "normal_article_title": "Antônio Pitanga", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42659414", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-42659414-0-0", "normal-42659414-0-1", "normal-42659414-1-0", "normal-42659414-1-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Antônio Luiz Sampaio (born June 13, 1939), better known by his stage name Antônio Pitanga, is a Brazilian actor.", "He became internationally known for playing several roles on films of the Cinema Novo movement in the 1960s.", "He was married to actress Vera Manhães, with whom he had two sons: actress Camila Pitanga and actor Rocco Pitanga.", "After their divorced, he married to politician Benedita da Silva." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 453027, "simple_article_title": "Antônio Pitanga", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=453027", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-453027-0-0", "simple-453027-0-1", "simple-453027-1-0", "simple-453027-1-1", "simple-453027-1-2", "simple-453027-2-0", "simple-453027-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Antônio Luiz Sampaio (born June 13, 1939), better known by his stage name Antônio Pitanga, is a Brazilian actor.", "He is known for playing several roles on movies of the Cinema Novo movement in the 1960s.", "Pitanga appeared in 100 foreign movies and 20 telenovelas.", "His career began in 1960.", "He is known for his role in \"O Clone.", "He was married to actress Vera Manhães, with whom he had two sons: actress Camila Pitanga and actor Rocco Pitanga.", "After their divorced, he married to politician Benedita da Silva." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5534322, "normal_article_title": "Goodbye Bafana", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5534322", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5534322-0-0", "normal-5534322-0-1", "normal-5534322-1-0", "normal-5534322-2-0", "normal-5534322-2-1", "normal-5534322-2-2", "normal-5534322-2-3", "normal-5534322-3-0", "normal-5534322-3-1", "normal-5534322-3-2", "normal-5534322-3-3", "normal-5534322-4-0", "normal-5534322-4-1", "normal-5534322-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Goodbye Bafana, or The Color of Freedom (US), is a 2007 drama film, directed by Bille August, about the relationship between Nelson Mandela (Dennis Haysbert) and James Gregory (Joseph Fiennes), his censor officer and prison guard, based on Gregory's book \"Goodbye Bafana: Nelson Mandela, My Prisoner, My Friend\".", "The film also explores the relationship of James Gregory and his wife as their life changes while Mandela is under Gregory's watch.", "Gregory lived on a farm and had a black friend when he was a child, which explains his ability to speak Xhosa.", "The young revolutionary Nelson Mandela is arrested, and it is the task of censor James Gregory to watch him.", "He has long since moved to South Africa with the family for his work in the prison of Robben Island, and slowly he clashes with the politics and racist culture of his countrymen and the people of his own race.", "Gregory begins to express hatred for South African apartheid.", "In time, Gregory challenges his superiors, and seeks to improve Mandela's life until he is released from prison after twenty-seven years of imprisonment, and is elected president of South Africa.", "The autobiography the film was based on, \"Goodbye Bafana: Nelson Mandela, My Prisoner, My Friend\", was derided by Mandela's longtime friend, the late Anthony Sampson.", "In Sampson's book \"\" he accused James Gregory, who died of cancer in 2003, of lying and violating Mandela's privacy in his work \"Goodbye Bafana\".", "Sampson said that Gregory had rarely spoken to Mandela, but censored the letters sent to the prisoner and used this information to fabricate a close relationship with him.", "Sampson also claimed that other warders suspected Gregory of spying for the government, and that Mandela considered suing Gregory.", "Writing in The Guardian, critic and historian Alex von Tunzelmann, stated that the film was a \"dubious tale\" of Nelson Mandela's imprisonment, based on his prison guard's memoirs and that it was a story that contradicted all other known accounts of his time in imprisonment.", "She went on to say that there was no excuse for the \"historical negligence in this movie\" – stating that its implicit dismissal of the contradictory accounts of Nelson Mandela and others could be seen as insulting.", "In his own autobiography, \"Long Walk to Freedom\", Nelson Mandela mentions James Gregory in two occasions." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 422375, "simple_article_title": "Goodbye Bafana", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=422375", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-422375-0-0", "simple-422375-0-1", "simple-422375-0-2", "simple-422375-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Goodbye Bafana is a 2007 drama movie.", "It is about the life of Nelson Mandela when he was in prison.", "It stars Dennis Haysbert and Joseph Fiennes.", "It was released on February 11, 2007." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 65922, "normal_article_title": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65922", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-65922-0-0", "normal-65922-0-1", "normal-65922-0-2", "normal-65922-1-0", "normal-65922-1-1", "normal-65922-1-2", "normal-65922-1-3", "normal-65922-1-4", "normal-65922-1-5", "normal-65922-1-6", "normal-65922-1-7", "normal-65922-1-8", "normal-65922-2-0", "normal-65922-2-1", "normal-65922-2-2", "normal-65922-2-3", "normal-65922-2-4", "normal-65922-3-0", "normal-65922-3-1", "normal-65922-3-2", "normal-65922-4-0", "normal-65922-4-1", "normal-65922-4-2", "normal-65922-4-3", "normal-65922-4-4", "normal-65922-4-5", "normal-65922-4-6", "normal-65922-4-7", "normal-65922-5-0", "normal-65922-5-1", "normal-65922-5-2", "normal-65922-5-3", "normal-65922-5-4", "normal-65922-6-0", "normal-65922-6-1", "normal-65922-6-2", "normal-65922-6-3", "normal-65922-6-4", "normal-65922-6-5", "normal-65922-7-0", "normal-65922-7-1", "normal-65922-7-2", "normal-65922-7-3", "normal-65922-8-0", "normal-65922-9-0", "normal-65922-9-1", "normal-65922-9-2", "normal-65922-10-0", "normal-65922-11-0", "normal-65922-11-1", "normal-65922-11-2", "normal-65922-11-3", "normal-65922-11-4", "normal-65922-11-5", "normal-65922-11-6", "normal-65922-12-0", "normal-65922-12-1", "normal-65922-13-0", "normal-65922-13-1", "normal-65922-13-2", "normal-65922-13-3", "normal-65922-14-0", "normal-65922-14-1", "normal-65922-14-2", "normal-65922-15-0", "normal-65922-15-1", "normal-65922-15-2", "normal-65922-15-3", "normal-65922-15-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Treaty of Shimonoseki (Japanese: 下関条約 , Hepburn: Shimonoseki Jōyaku ) , also known as Treaty of Bakan in China, was a treaty signed at the Shunpanrō hotel, Shimonoseki, Japan on 17 April 1895, between the Empire of Japan and the Qing dynasty, ending the First Sino-Japanese War.", "The peace conference took place from 20 March to 17 April 1895.", "This treaty followed and superseded the Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty of 1871.", "The treaty ended the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 as a clear victory for Japan.", "In this treaty, China recognized the independence of Korea and renounced any claims to that country.", "It also ceded the Liaodong Peninsula (then known to the Western press as \"Liaotung\", modern day Dalian in the southern part of Liaoning province), and the islands of Formosa (Taiwan) and Penghu (also known as the Pescadores) to Japan.", "China also paid Japan a war indemnity of 200 million Kuping taels, payable over seven years, and the signing of a commercial treaty similar to ones previously signed by China with various western powers in the aftermath of the First and Second Opium Wars.", "This commercial treaty confirmed the opening of various ports and rivers to Japanese trade.", "As a result of the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), China recognized the \"full and complete independence and autonomy\" of Joseon.", "In the next year Yeongeunmun was demolished leaving its two stone pillars.", "Qing China's indemnity to Japan of 200 million silver kuping taels, or about 240,000,000 ozt .", "After the Triple intervention, they paid another 30 million taels for a total of over 276,000,000 ozt silver, worth about $5 billion US Dollars in 2015.", "During the summit between Japanese and Qing representatives in March and April 1895, Prime Minister Hirobumi Ito and Foreign Minister Munemitsu Mutsu were serious about reducing the power of Qing Dynasty on not only the Korean Peninsula but also the Taiwan islands.", "Moreover, Mutsu had already noticed its importance in order to expand Japanese military power towards South China and Southeast Asia.", "It was also the age of imperialism, so Japan wished to mimic what the Western nations were doing.", "Imperial Japan was seeking colonies and resources in the Korean Peninsula and Mainland China to compete with the presence of Western powers at that time.", "This was the way the Japanese leadership chose to illustrate how fast Imperial Japan had advanced compared to the West since the 1867 Meiji Restoration, and the extent it wanted to amend the unequal treaties that were held in the Far East by the Western powers.", "At the peace conference between Imperial Japan and Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang and Li Jingfang, the ambassadors at the negotiation desk of Qing Dynasty, originally did not plan to cede Taiwan because they also realised Taiwan's great location for trading with the West.", "Therefore, even though the Qing had lost wars against Britain and France in the 19th century, the Qing Emperor was serious about keeping Taiwan under its rule, which began in 1683.", "On 20 March 1895, at Shunpanrō in Shimonoseki in Japan, a one month long peace conference began.", "At the first half of the conference, Ito and Li talked mainly about a cease-fire agreement, and during the second half of the conference, the contents of the peace treaty were discussed.", "Ito and Mutsu claimed that yielding the full sovereignty of Taiwan was an absolute condition and requested Li to hand over full sovereignty of Penghu Islands and the eastern portion of the bay of Liaodong Peninsula (Dalian).", "Li Hongzhang refused on the grounds that Taiwan had never been a battlefield during the first Sino-Japanese War between 1894 and 1895.", "By the final stage of the conference, while Li Hongzhang agreed to the transfer of full sovereignty of the Penghu islands and the eastern portion of the bay of Liaodong Peninsula to Imperial Japan, he still refused to hand over Taiwan.", "As Taiwan had been a province since 1885, Li stated, \"Taiwan is already a province, and therefore not to be given away .\"", "However, Imperial Japan was too strong for the Qing Dynasty to cope with, and eventually Li gave Taiwan up.", "On 17 April 1895, the peace treaty between Imperial Japan and the Qing Dynasty had been signed and was followed by the successful Japanese invasion of Taiwan.", "This had a huge impact on Taiwan, the turning over of the island to Imperial Japan marking the end of 200 years of Qing rule despite an attempt by Qing loyalists to prevent the annexation.", "The treaty was drafted with John W. Foster, former American Secretary of State, advising the Qing Empire.", "It was signed by Count Itō Hirobumi and Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu for the Emperor of Japan and Li Hongzhang and Li Jingfang on behalf of the Emperor of China.", "Before the treaty was signed, Li Hongzhang was attacked by a right-wing Japanese extremist on 24 March: he was fired at and wounded on his way back to his lodgings at Injoji temple.", "The public outcry aroused by the assassination attempt caused the Japanese to temper their demands and agree to a temporary armistice.", "The conference was temporarily adjourned and resumed on 10 April.", "The conditions imposed by Japan on China led to the Triple Intervention of Russia, France, and Germany, western powers all active in China, with established enclaves and ports, just six days after its signing.", "They demanded that Japan withdraw its claim on the Liaodong peninsula, concerned that Lüshun, then called Port Arthur by Westerners, would fall under Japanese control.", "Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (an ally of France) and his imperial advisors, including his cousin-advisor-friend-rival Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, had designs on Port Arthur, which could serve as Russia's long sought-after 'ice-free' port.", "Under threat of war from three Western political powers, in November 1895, Japan — a weaker emerging nation not yet perceived as even a regional power — returned control of the territory and withdrew its \"de jure\" claim on the Liaotung peninsula in return for an increased war indemnity from China of 30 million Taels.", "At that time, the European powers were not concerned with any of the other conditions, or the free hand Japan had been granted in Korea under the other terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.", "This would prove to be a mistake, as Japan would end up occupying Korea by 1905 and expand into Russia's sphere of influence with the Russo-Japanese war, and then encroach upon Germany's port in Shandong during World War I.", "Within months after Japan re-ceded the Liaodong peninsula, Russia started construction on the peninsula and a railway to Harbin from Port Arthur, despite a protesting China.", "Eventually, Russia agreed to offer a diplomatic solution (See Kwantung Leased Territory) to the Chinese Empire, and agreed to a token lease of the region to save face, instead of annexing Manchuria outright, which was its effect.", "Within two years, Germany, France, and Great Britain had similarly taken advantage of the economic and political opportunities in the weak Chinese Empire, each taking control of significant local regions.", "Japan also took note of how the international community allowed the great powers to treat weaker nation states, and continued its remarkable measures to bootstrap itself into a modern industrial state and military power, with great success as it would demonstrate in the Russo-Japanese War less than a decade later.", "In Taiwan, pro-Qing officials and elements of the local gentry declared a Republic of Formosa in 1895, but failed to win international recognition.", "In China, the Treaty was considered a national humiliation by the bureaucracy and greatly weakened support for the Qing dynasty.", "The previous decades of the Self-Strengthening Movement were considered to be a failure, and support grew for more radical changes in China's political and social systems which led to Hundred Days' Reform in 1898.", "When the latter movement failed due to resistance from the Manchu nobility, a series of uprisings culminated in the fall of the Qing dynasty itself in 1911.", "The Triple Intervention is regarded by many Japanese historians as being a crucial historic turning point in Japanese foreign affairs – from this point on, the nationalist, expansionist, and militant elements began to join ranks and steer Japan from a foreign policy based mainly on economic hegemony toward outright imperialism — a case of \"the coerced\" turning increasingly \"to coercion\".", "Both the Republic of China, now controlling Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China, now controlling mainland China consider that the provisions of the treaty transferring Taiwan to Japan to have been reversed by the Instrument of Surrender of Japan.", "Additionally, it is alleged that on 28 April 1952 the contents of the Treaty of Shimonoseki treaty were formally nullified through what is commonly known as the Treaty of Taipei with the Republic of China.", "However, argues that only those provisions of the 1895 treaty which had not yet been fulfilled in their entirety could be subject to nullification.", "The cession provision which had already been carried out was no longer existent and, therefore, could no longer be subjected to nullification.", "In support of this reasoning, Ng points to the reparations provision of Article IV of the 1895 treaty, as well as additional reparations provisions from earlier Sino-Japanese agreements & treaties.", "These were all regarded as \"fulfilled provisions\" and not subject to later nullification or cancellation.", "The People's Republic of China does not recognize the Treaty of Taipei.", "Russia wasted little time after the Triple Intervention to move men and materials down into the Liaodong to start building a railroad from both ends — Port Arthur and Harbin, as it already had railway construction in progress across northern Inner Manchuria to shorten the rail route to Russia's principal Pacific Ocean naval base at Vladivostok, a port closed by ice four months of each year.", "Russia also improved the port facilities at Port Arthur and founded a commercial town nearby at Dalniy (modern-day Dalian, which now encompasses Port Arthur in its jurisdiction), before inking the lease of the territory.", "When the de facto governance of Port Arthur and the Liaodong peninsula was granted de jure to Russia by China along with an increase in other rights she had obtained in Manchuria (especially those in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces) the construction of the 550 mile Southern spurline of the Manchurian Railway was redoubled.", "Russia finally seemed to have gotten what the Russian Empire had been wanting in its quest to become a global power since the reign of Peter the Great.", "This ice-free natural harbor of Port Arthur/Lüshun would serve to make Russia a great sea as well as the largest land power.", "Russia needed this ice-free port to achieve world power status as it was tired of being blocked by the balance of power politics in Europe (The Ottoman Empire and its allies had repeatedly frustrated Russian power fruition).", "However, the omission of the geopolitical reality in ignoring the free hand Japan had been granted by the Treaty (of Shimonoseki) with respect to Korea and Taiwan was short-sighted of Russia with respect to its strategic goals; to get to and maintain a strong point in Port Arthur Russia would have to dominate and control many additional hundreds of miles of Eastern Manchuria (the Fengtian province of Imperial China, modern Jilin and Heilongjiang) up to Harbin.", "Japan had long considered the lands paralleling the whole Korean border as part of its strategic Sphere of Influence.", "By leasing \"Liaodong\" and railway concessions, Russia crashed its Sphere of Influence squarely into Japan's.", "This acted as a further goad to emerging Japanese anger at their disrespectful treatment by all the West.", "In the immediate fallout of the \"Triple Intervention\", Japanese popular resentment at Russia's deviousness and the perceived weakness of its own government caving in to foreign pressure led to riots in Tokyo.", "The disturbance almost brought down the government, as well as a strengthening of imperial and expansionist factions within Japan.", "The Russian spear into the sphere also brought about the ensuing struggle with Russia for dominance in Korea and Manchuria.", "These events eventually led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 by a renewed and modernized Japanese military, which led to a major defeat for Russia that marked the beginning of the end for the Romanov dynasty." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 68901, "simple_article_title": "Treaty of Shimonoseki", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68901", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-68901-0-0", "simple-68901-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed between the Qing Dynasty and Empire of Japan at Shimonoseki in 1895.", "It ended the First Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 1895)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1987915, "normal_article_title": "Rancho del Cielo", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1987915", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1987915-0-0", "normal-1987915-0-1", "normal-1987915-1-0", "normal-1987915-1-1", "normal-1987915-1-2", "normal-1987915-2-0", "normal-1987915-2-1", "normal-1987915-2-2", "normal-1987915-2-3", "normal-1987915-2-4", "normal-1987915-2-5", "normal-1987915-3-0", "normal-1987915-3-1", "normal-1987915-3-2", "normal-1987915-4-0", "normal-1987915-4-1", "normal-1987915-4-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Rancho del Cielo, also named Sky's Ranch or Heaven's Ranch, is a 688 acre ranch located atop the Santa Ynez Mountain range northwest of Santa Barbara, California, United States.", "It served as a vacation home for President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan.", "The ranch was originally named Rancho de los Picos after José Jesús Pico—a descendant of Santiago de la Cruz Pico who arrived with the Anza expedition in 1776—who homesteaded it and built the original adobe house in 1871.", "The Pico family owned the ranch until 1941, when Joe, one of Jose Pico's sons, sold it to Frank Flournoy, a Santa Barbara County surveyor, for $6,000 (equal to $ today).", "In turn, he sold the ranch to Ray and Rosalie Cornelius, who then purchased additional land for the property.", "The Reagans owned a ranch in the Santa Monica Mountains that was much closer to their home in Bel Air.", "The Reagans sold that ranch to a movie company and it is now part of Malibu Creek State Park.", "The Reagans then bought this ranch from the Corneliuses for about $527,000 in 1974 (equal to approximately $ today) when his second term as Governor of California was nearing an end.", "The estate contains a pond called Lake Lucky, stables and a barn for horses, and a 1,500 ft2 (139 m2) house furnished with 1970s-style furniture.", "The ranch is located in a remote area on the crest of the Santa Ynez Mountains adjacent to Refugio Pass.", "The nearest highway on the ocean side of the mountains is U.S. Route 101, with Solvang, California being the nearest community on the inland side of the mountains.", "Reagan spent vacations during his presidency at the ranch, which became known as the Western White House.", "He signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 at the ranch and at various times hosted British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Queen Elizabeth II and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.", "After leaving the presidency in 1989, the Reagans moved to a home in Bel-Air, California but kept the ranch as a retreat.", "Because of his Alzheimer's disease, Reagan last visited the ranch in 1995.", "Nancy Reagan last visited in 1998, before selling the property to the Young America's Foundation, a conservative group which preserves it today as what it calls \"a living monument to Reagan's ideas, values, and lasting accomplishments.\"", "Although the ranch is closed to the public, Young America's Foundation offers students and supporters the opportunity to visit the property." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 458844, "simple_article_title": "Rancho del Cielo", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=458844", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-458844-0-0", "simple-458844-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Rancho del Cielo is a 688 acre estate and a ranch that was owned by President Ronald Reagan.", "It is located at Santa Barbara, California, USA." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 7633410, "normal_article_title": "High school football", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7633410", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-7633410-0-0", "normal-7633410-0-1", "normal-7633410-1-0", "normal-7633410-1-1", "normal-7633410-1-2", "normal-7633410-2-0", "normal-7633410-2-1", "normal-7633410-2-2", "normal-7633410-2-3", "normal-7633410-3-0", "normal-7633410-4-0", "normal-7633410-5-0", "normal-7633410-5-1", "normal-7633410-6-0", "normal-7633410-7-0", "normal-7633410-7-1", "normal-7633410-7-2", "normal-7633410-8-0", "normal-7633410-8-1", "normal-7633410-9-0", "normal-7633410-9-1", "normal-7633410-9-2", "normal-7633410-9-3", "normal-7633410-9-4", "normal-7633410-10-0", "normal-7633410-10-1", "normal-7633410-10-2", "normal-7633410-10-3", "normal-7633410-11-0", "normal-7633410-11-1", "normal-7633410-11-2", "normal-7633410-11-3", "normal-7633410-11-4", "normal-7633410-11-5", "normal-7633410-12-0", 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"normal-7633410-27-0", "normal-7633410-27-1", "normal-7633410-27-2", "normal-7633410-28-0", "normal-7633410-28-1", "normal-7633410-28-2", "normal-7633410-29-0", "normal-7633410-29-1", "normal-7633410-29-2", "normal-7633410-29-3", "normal-7633410-29-4", "normal-7633410-29-5", "normal-7633410-30-0", "normal-7633410-30-1", "normal-7633410-31-0", "normal-7633410-31-1", "normal-7633410-31-2", "normal-7633410-32-0", "normal-7633410-32-1", "normal-7633410-32-2", "normal-7633410-32-3", "normal-7633410-33-0", "normal-7633410-33-1", "normal-7633410-33-2", "normal-7633410-34-0", "normal-7633410-34-1", "normal-7633410-35-0", "normal-7633410-35-1", "normal-7633410-36-0", "normal-7633410-36-1", "normal-7633410-36-2", "normal-7633410-36-3", "normal-7633410-36-4", "normal-7633410-36-5", "normal-7633410-37-0", "normal-7633410-37-1", "normal-7633410-37-2", "normal-7633410-37-3", "normal-7633410-38-0", "normal-7633410-38-1", "normal-7633410-38-2", "normal-7633410-38-3", "normal-7633410-39-0", "normal-7633410-39-1", "normal-7633410-39-2", "normal-7633410-39-3", "normal-7633410-40-0", "normal-7633410-40-1", "normal-7633410-40-2", "normal-7633410-40-3", "normal-7633410-40-4", "normal-7633410-41-0", "normal-7633410-41-1", "normal-7633410-42-0", "normal-7633410-42-1", "normal-7633410-42-2", "normal-7633410-42-3", "normal-7633410-43-0", "normal-7633410-43-1", "normal-7633410-44-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "High school football is gridiron football played by high school teams in the United States and Canada.", "It ranks among the most popular interscholastic sports in both countries.", "High school football began in the late 19th century, concurrent with the start of many college football programs.", "In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many college and high school teams played against one another.", "Today, the oldest high school football rivalry dates back to 1875 in Connecticut, between the Norwich Free Academy Wildcats and the New London High School Whalers.", "High school football traditions such as pep rallies, marching bands, mascots, and homecomings are mirrored from college football.", "No true minor league farm organizations exist in American football.", "Therefore, high school football is generally considered to be the third tier of American football in the United States, behind professional and college competition.", "It is the first level of play in which a player will accumulate statistics, which will determine his chances of competing at the college level, and ultimately the professional level if he is talented enough.", "In the 2000s and beyond, there has been growing concern about safety and long-term brain health, both regarding the occasional concussion as well as the steady diet of lesser hits to the head.", "The National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) establishes the rules of high school football in the United States.", "As of the next high school season of 2019, Texas is the only state that does not base its football rules on the NFHS rule set, instead using NCAA rules with certain exceptions shown below.", "Through the 2018 season, Massachusetts also based its rules on those of the NCAA, but it adopted NFHS rules since 2019.", "At least one unique high school rule has been adopted by college football.", "Thirty-four states have a mercy rule that comes into play during one-sided games after a prescribed scoring margin is surpassed at halftime or any point thereafter.", "The type of mercy rule varies from state to state, with many using a \"continuous clock\" after the scoring margin is reached (wherein, except for specific situations, the clock keeps running on plays where the clock would normally stop), while other states end the game once the margin is reached or passed.", "For example, Texas uses a 45-point mercy rule (to stop the game) only in six-man football; for 11-man football there is no automatic stoppage but the coaches may mutually agree to use a continuous clock.", "Most Canadian schools use Canadian football rules adapted for the high school game.", "The exception is British Columbia, which uses NFHS rules as used in the United States.", "Each state has at least one sanctioning organization for public schools.", "In many states a separate organization governs interscholastic athletics at most private schools.", "Each sanctioning body divides its member schools up into anywhere from two to eight size classifications based on the number of students enrolled at a school (so that schools are assured to compete against other schools of comparable size) and then each classification is further divided into geographic regions; the nomenclature and number of divisions vary from state to state.", "A school's size classification can change if its enrollment rises or declines over the years.", "At the smallest schools, particularly in rural communities or smaller private schools, variations on the game using six, eight, or nine players per side instead of the traditional eleven (or twelve in Canada) are encountered.", "Homeschooled students may also participate in high school football through independent or freelance teams, which compete against small private (or in a few cases, public) schools.", "In some states, such as Florida, state law allows homeschooled students to compete in interscholastic athletics for their local school district.", "Thus, homeschooled Tim Tebow, who was one of the top quarterback prospects in the nation, was able to play for the nationally ranked public Nease High School after he and his mother rented an apartment in that school district.", "He later on became the starting quarterback for the Denver Broncos.", "Training for the upcoming season usually starts with weightlifting and other conditioning activities, such as specialized speed and agility training.", "In some states, this begins a few weeks after the end of the previous season, and in others as late as August.", "Some states allow seven on seven scrimmages, while others prohibit formal practices during most of the summer.", "Near the end of the summer in mid-August, double sessions tend to begin and usually last for one week or until school starts.", "After double sessions end, regular season practices begin with daily sessions each week day afternoon except on game day.", "Practices are often held on Saturday as well, but almost never on Sunday.", "The regular season typically consists of ten games in most states; Kansas is one of the few states which limits teams to nine.", "Teams in Minnesota usually play eight, while teams in New York typically schedule only seven.", "The first game of the season is usually in early September, or late August, and the final regular season game is usually in mid to late October, with the end of the season varying by state and climate.", "Teams may have one or more bye weeks during the regular season.", "Larger schools (especially those with successful programs) can often draw attendances in the thousands, even for regular season games, and in some cases may play the game at a college or professional stadium to accommodate the expected large crowds.", "The vast majority of high school football games are scheduled on Friday nights, with Thursday evenings and Saturdays being less heavily used.", "Alternate days are most common in larger school districts where the facilities are used by multiple schools, or where the playing field is not illuminated for nighttime use due to financial limitations, local regulations, or neighborhood opposition against night games.", "Prior to the 1970s, many states crowned state champions through polls, but playoff systems have become nearly universal.", "Since then, most states have steadily increased the number of teams eligible to participate and total number of classifications.", "Though the playoff scheme and number of teams eligible varies, regional champions will compete in elimination playoff rounds – in a tradition borrowed from pro football rather than college – to determine a state champion for each size classification.", "Only one state, New Jersey, does not crown state public-school champions, only determining regional state champions, but does crown state champions for non-public schools.", "Massachusetts did not establish a state championship until 2014, previously crowning only regional champions as in New Jersey.", "New York's championships are nominally statewide, but only include upstate New York because the divisions representing New York City and Long Island (which cover the majority of the state's population) abstain from the state tournaments.", "In many large cities, including Pittsburgh, New York City, and Los Angeles, as well as some very small districts in places such as Western New York, public high schools compete in their own \"city leagues\" and may or may not ever play opponents outside of them.", "At the other extreme are states such as Illinois, Louisiana and West Virginia, in which regional championships do not exist; the state's playoffs are seeded on a statewide basis.", "The championship games are usually held at a neutral site, usually a college or NFL stadium needed to accommodate the larger crowds.", "College and professional fields are also usually better equipped to handle inclement weather which is common since state championship games are typically held in late November to the middle of December.", "In the vast majority of states, all championship games are played at one site, such as the UNI-Dome in Iowa, War Memorial Stadium in Arkansas, Pratt & Whitney Stadium in Connecticut, Camp Randall Stadium in Wisconsin, Georgia State Stadium in Georgia, Ford Field in Michigan, the DakotaDome in South Dakota, Kroger Field in Kentucky, the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in Louisiana, Lucas Oil Stadium in Indiana, Memorial Stadium in Nebraska, the Carrier Dome in New York, and AT&T Stadium in Texas.", "Alabama previously played all of its championship games at Legion Field, but at the urging of Alabama Crimson Tide coach Nick Saban, the games now alternate between Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Jordan–Hare Stadium in Auburn.", "Mississippi, which previously held its games at Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium in Jackson, has done the same, alternating between Vaught–Hemingway Stadium in Oxford and Davis Wade Stadium in Starkville.", "Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Idaho and New Mexico are among the states which play only one championship game per site.", "The current record for number of state high school football championships is held by Washington High School in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, which is 37 as of 2010.", "Some publications and internet sites release nationwide rankings based on polls or mathematical formulas which take into account various factors like average margin of victory and strength of schedule.", "Schools that finish atop these rankings, particularly the USA Today poll, are sometimes considered to be the national champions.", "Outside of the playoff tournaments, high school football on Thanksgiving has also historically been popular; originally the traditional end of the high school football season, Thanksgiving football has become less common because of state tournaments (it is still widely popular in some states, particularly in New England).", "Because of its overlap with the playoff season, many teams forgo their rights to a playoff tournament to participate in exhibition rivalry games that are held over Thanksgiving weekend.", "Others will play a rivalry game only when they do not qualify for the playoffs.", "Many of the state championship tournaments are purposely scheduled to conclude on the weekend of Thanksgiving.", "In Ontario, high schools play in bowl games similar to college football in the United States.", "Until 2012, the games were determined by geographical location as opposed to a team's record.", "There were five bowl games for five different geographical regions; the Northern Bowl, the Golden Horseshoe Bowl, the National Capital Bowl, the Western Bowl and the Metro Bowl.", "For instance, the National Capital Bowl champion is determined through contests between teams from the Bay of Quinte, Simcoe County, Kawartha Lakes, Ottawa Valley and East Ontario.", "East Ontario or EOSSAA (Eastern Ontario Secondary School Athletic Association) champion is determined by the champions from divisions within itself such as KASSAA (Kingston Area Secondary School Athletic Association).", "Since 2013, the Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations has held an annual bowl game series at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, Ontario featuring random pairings between the champions of the OFSAA's 18 member associations.", "Since 2015, the festival has featured nine bowls: Western Bowl – SWOSSAA/ WOSSAA, Golden Horseshoe Bowl – GHAC/ SOSSA, Metro Bowl – TDCAA/ TDSSAA, Central Bowl – CWOSSA/ ROPSSAA, Simcoe Bowl – GBSSA/ YRAA, National Capital Bowl – NCSSAA/ EOSSAA, Northern Bowl – NOSSA/ NWOSSAA, Eastern Bowl – LOSSA/ COSSA, and Independent Bowl – CISAA/ 2nd Entry with one of two associations drawn to compete one year, and the other automatically competing in that bowl game in the following year.", "The remaining nine associations are drawn by lottery to determine their pairing.", "Other provinces typically divide schools by size and hold playoffs in a similar manner to those contested in US states.", "All DoDEA Europe high schools offering football will participate in regular season competition facing their Division opponents.", "In Division I the top four teams at the end of the season will advance to the semi-final games with the winners of those games advancing to the championship game.", "Division II will be divided into two conference with the top 4 in each conference participating in quarter-final matchups, with the winners advancing to the semi-finals and the final two teams remaining participating in the championships.", "The FINAL FOUR Championships will be held in the Kaiserslautern Military Community following the play-offs.", "Many larger high schools also have a separate junior varsity team along with their regular or varsity team.", "In many cases, these teams – sometimes called the \"sophomore team\" – are made up of sophomores and some freshmen, although some underclassmen will be called up to play varsity, especially to replace injured varsity players or if the underclassman player is exceptionally talented.", "At larger schools, there often will be a third team for freshmen (called the freshman team) or, in unified school districts, a \"modified\" team that includes freshmen and middle school students.", "Typically, there are no playoffs for junior varsity teams, although many leagues will award a championship title to the team with the best record.", "Overtime rules are often disregarded, meaning it is possible for games to end in a tie.", "Junior varsity teams usually have the same schedule as the varsity, with many games played on the same night and at the same site as the varsity game, with the JV game serving as a preliminary contest before the varsity game.", "Some schools also field a true junior varsity team, which are simply made up of junior and senior players who typically do not see playing time in the varsity game (except during the final minutes of a one-sided game); some freshmen and sophomores will also play in these games, as will a few juniors who start but either are playing in a different position or will be expected to have leadership roles as seniors.", "In addition to providing opportunities to play in a timed contest, coaches may use these types of contests to see how well underclassmen and juniors play together, since they would replace varsity players lost to graduation; and to assess the talent and actual game-situation abilities of those players who rarely get to play in varsity games.", "While sometimes these games will be played on the same night as varsity games, true JV teams often play on a different night and may have a separate schedule composed of conference and non-conference teams.", "In all states, the HS football season will have ended by late December, but the recruiting process by which colleges offer scholarships to high school seniors often starts in the summer, before the school year and football season begin.", "Physical assessment is an increasingly important part of the recruiting process.", "Football camps are held at college campuses where a large number of potential recruits can be evaluated simultaneously in various speed and skills drills.", "Players are evaluated based on running the 40-yard dash, agility shuttle, vertical jump and the number of repetitions on the bench press that they can perform at a given weight.", "Recently, the SPARQ rating has become a popular composite metric to evaluate overall athleticism.", "Based on performance over the course of their careers and at camps, colleges will typically take potential recruits on tours of the campus and athletic facilities, or the college may have its team's coach visit the recruit at home or at school.", "While all colleges do much of their recruiting from local and in-state high schools, where they can network with HS coaches and booster clubs, the nation's top college programs can easily recruit athletes from around the country.", "Some colleges have historically been aided in this regard through their prominence within their religious affiliation, such as Notre Dame or BYU.", "Students who played for larger high schools, or who competed in nationally televised matches, have a natural advantage towards recruitment, while players who competed at smaller schools – such as most states' 1A and 2A categories – or in states where high school football is not perceived as being of a high caliber will have their skills and achievements judged versus the lower-caliber opposition they faced and, as such, are rarely considered as top prospects.", "Occasionally, though, a student at a smaller school will receive a full scholarship; an extreme example of this is Jehuu Caulcrick, a fullback who received a full scholarship to Michigan State University despite playing high school in Clymer, New York, one of the smallest school districts in the state (and a state where high school football is not seen as particularly high caliber).", "Caulcrick went on to have a successful college career and several years as a journeyman professional, ending his football career as a member of his hometown team, the Buffalo Bills.", "Though it is an expensive project, high school football players often increase their visibility by sending out video highlights of their playing skills to college recruiters.", "If a student receives no scholarship offers, they may still attempt to make a college team by becoming a \"walk on\" and paying their own tuition in the hopes that they can make the team and possibly receive a scholarship.", "Others will try out for a non-scholarship team, such as a Division III school, or a two-year junior college team.", "The latter option is also popular with students with academic or behavioral issues that would prevent them from playing at a four-year college.", "While the vast majority of high school football players will not even be considered for a scholarship offer, players who receive nationwide attention will invariably receive scholarship offers from more than one school and will often hold a press conference to announce their final selection.", "\"All Star\" exhibition games like the U.S. Army All-American Bowl, which is televised nationally by NBC, give the nation's top prospects the opportunity to publicly announce their college selection or to provide one last opportunity to showcase their talents to college recruiters.", "By National Signing Day, the first Wednesday in February, most top recruits will have already signed non-binding letters of intent or verbally committed with colleges.", "A number of all-star football games are played among high school football players in the United States.", "The caliber of these games varies widely; games such as the aforementioned U.S. Army All-American Bowl tend to draw some of the most renowned high school players in the country, while smaller regional contests such as the Big 30 All-Star Football Game may only draw from a small region.", "The International Federation of American Football sponsors the biennial U19 World Championship for high school-aged players around the world.", "As with all IFAF tournaments, players play for national teams; the U.S. and Canada national teams have alternated as champions and runners-up throughout the tournament's existence.", "As with college and professional football teams, most high school teams in every state have a mascot or team name.", "Many are generic allusions conveying an image sense of strength, speed, or bravery.", "Thus, pluralized team names such as Tigers, Eagles, Wildcats, Trojans, and Warriors are fairly common throughout the country.", "Other team names, however, have a historical connection to the town or area where the high school or school district is located, such as a locally important industry.", "For example, Yuma High School in Yuma, Arizona is known as the \"Criminals\" due to the school's historic connection to the infamous Yuma Territorial Prison.", "Many new schools, or schools that had merged with other schools, have allowed their students to vote on a new school mascot or team nickname.", "Because of high school football's mostly limited regional appeal, and because most games take place during prime time (albeit during the Friday night death slot), television exposure of high school football on both a local and national basis tends to be limited to championship games only, or for the regular season to the lower-tier stations in a market such as a MyNetworkTV affiliate or independent television station where no critical programming would be pre-empted, where the game chosen for coverage may be put up to a public vote.", "Local public access cable television and local radio stations often air regular season contests, and in some cases, the school's own radio station (or a nearby college) broadcasts the game using student announcers.", "One such example is San Diego's Prep Pigskin Report.", "High school football is often an integral part of the modern full service radio format, which centers on local information; radio's prime times are traditionally earlier in the day, and there is far less risk of preemption, since many stations would otherwise be automated or off the air during the times high school football games are played, or air much less popular evening talk shows.", "There has also been a marked increase in recent years of web-based media covering high school sporting events.", "Examples include Mid America Broadcasting in Indiana, Champs Sports Network and MSA Sports Network in Western Pennsylvania, MSBN in Minnesota, and BSports.org in Washington.", "In many television markets, local stations will air 30 or 60-minute 'scoreboard' shows following their late Friday newscast with scores and highlights from games in their coverage area.", "Many national media outlets have been producing national high school football rankings, including High School Football America, which has been releasing its Top 25 since 2011.", "Despite increased national media attention, some states restrict the broadcast of high school games.", "One example is the University Interscholastic League, which governs public school sports in Texas.", "The UIL has a long-standing ban on television broadcasting of high school football games on Friday nights, believing that doing so could hurt ticket sales (radio broadcasts are allowed, though).", "Because of this, several games that have been broadcast on ESPN and Fox Sports Net in recent years have had to be played on either Thursday night or on Saturday to avoid the UIL's ban.", "The Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 and Public Law 89-800, which govern the antitrust exemptions given to the National Football League, prohibit the broadcasting of NFL games within 75 miles of any high school football game on Friday nights between September and early December.", "Because most populated areas of the United States have at least one high school football game within a 75-mile radius, and because broadcasting is an integral part of the NFL's business model (roughly half of the league's revenue comes from television contracts), this effectively prohibits the playing of NFL games in competition with high school football.", "(These rules do not apply during preseason, when Friday night games are common, nor does it apply at the end of the season, though the only time regular season games are played on Friday in the NFL is on Christmas.)", "Only recently have national sports television channels fully capitalized on this rule; since 2005, the ESPN family of networks (usually the sub-networks ESPN2, ESPNU and online broadcaster ESPN3, although the main channel also shows occasional games) has aired regular season matchups between nationally ranked teams under the \"High School Showcase\" banner.", "Fox Sports 1 also included high school football in its lineup when it launched in 2013.", "Hollywood portrayals of high school football, whether comedies or dramas, often portray the game at the center of a small town's existence and the focus of its attention.", "\"Also see Jock (subculture)\"", "Robert Cantu, a Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Co-Founder of the CTE Center at the Boston University School of Medicine, believes that children under 14 should not play tackle football.", "Their brains are not fully developed, and myelin (nerve cell insulation) is at greater risk in shear when the brain is young.", "Myelination is completed at about 15 years of age.", "Children also have larger heads relative to their body size and weaker necks.", "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is caused by repeated brain trauma, such as concussions and blows to the head that do not produce concussions.", "It has been found in football players who had played for only a few years, including some who only played at the high school level.", "An NFL-funded study reported that high school football players suffered 11.2 concussions per 10,000 games or practices, nearly twice as many as college football players." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 326767, "simple_article_title": "High school football", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=326767", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-326767-0-0", "simple-326767-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "American football is one of many sports often played in high schools.", "Games are not extremely high tech." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 143331, "normal_article_title": "Zeno of Elea", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=143331", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-143331-0-0", "normal-143331-0-1", "normal-143331-0-2", "normal-143331-1-0", "normal-143331-1-1", "normal-143331-1-2", "normal-143331-1-3", "normal-143331-1-4", "normal-143331-2-0", "normal-143331-3-0", "normal-143331-3-1", "normal-143331-3-2", "normal-143331-3-3", "normal-143331-3-4", "normal-143331-3-5", "normal-143331-4-0", "normal-143331-4-1", "normal-143331-4-2", "normal-143331-4-3", "normal-143331-4-4", "normal-143331-5-0", "normal-143331-5-1", "normal-143331-6-0", "normal-143331-6-1", "normal-143331-6-2", "normal-143331-7-0", "normal-143331-8-0", "normal-143331-8-1", "normal-143331-8-2", "normal-143331-8-3", "normal-143331-8-4", "normal-143331-8-5", "normal-143331-8-6", "normal-143331-9-0", "normal-143331-10-0", "normal-143331-11-0", "normal-143331-11-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Zeno of Elea ( ; ; ) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of Magna Graecia and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides.", "Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic.", "He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell has described as \"immeasurably subtle and profound\".", "Little is known for certain about Zeno's life.", "Although written nearly a century after Zeno's death, the primary source of biographical information about Zeno is Plato's \"Parmenides\" and he is also mentioned in Aristotle's \"Physics\".", "In the dialogue of \"Parmenides\", Plato describes a visit to Athens by Zeno and Parmenides, at a time when Parmenides is \"about 65\", Zeno is \"nearly 40\", and Socrates is \"a very young man\".", "Assuming an age for Socrates of around 20 and taking the date of Socrates' birth as 469 BC gives an approximate date of birth for Zeno of 490 BC.", "Plato says that Zeno was \"tall and fair to look upon\" and was \"in the days of his youth ... reported to have been beloved by Parmenides\".", "Other perhaps less reliable details of Zeno's life are given by Diogenes Laërtius in his \"Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers\", where it is reported that he was the son of Teleutagoras, but the adopted son of Parmenides, was \"skilled to argue both sides of any question, the universal critic\", and that he was arrested and perhaps killed at the hands of a tyrant of Elea.", "According to Diogenes Laërtius, Zeno conspired to overthrow Nearchus the tyrant.", "Eventually, Zeno was arrested and tortured.", "According to Valerius Maximus, when he was tortured to reveal the name of his colleagues in conspiracy, Zeno refused to reveal their names, although he said that he did have a secret that would be advantageous for Nearchus to hear.", "When Nearchus leaned in to listen to the secret, Zeno bit his ear.", "He \"did not let go until he lost his life and the tyrant lost that part of his body\".", "Within \"Men of the Same Name\", Demetrius said that the nose was bit off instead.", "Zeno may have also interacted with other tyrants.", "According to Laërtius, Heraclides Lembus, within his \"Satyrus\", these events occurred against Diomedon instead of Nearchus.", "Valerius Maximus recounts a conspiracy against the tyrant Phalaris, but this would be impossible as Phalaris had died before Zeno was even born.", "According to Plutarch, Zeno attempted to kill the tyrant Demylus.", "After failing, he had \"with his own teeth bit off his tongue, he spit it in the tyrant’s face\".", "Although many ancient writers refer to the writings of Zeno, none of his works survive intact.", "The main sources on the nature of Zeno's arguments on motion, in fact, come from the writings of Aristotle and Simplicius of Cilicia.", "Plato says that Zeno's writings were \"brought to Athens for the first time on the occasion of\" the visit of Zeno and Parmenides.", "Plato also has Zeno say that this work \"meant to protect the arguments of Parmenides\", was written in Zeno's youth, stolen, and published without his consent.", "Plato has Socrates paraphrase the \"first thesis of the first argument\" of Zeno's work as follows: \"If being is many, it must be both like and unlike, and this is impossible, for neither can the like be unlike, nor the unlike like.\"", "According to Proclus in his \"Commentary on Plato's Parmenides\", Zeno produced \"not less than forty arguments revealing contradictions\", but only nine are now known.", "Zeno's arguments are perhaps the first examples of a method of proof called \"reductio ad absurdum\", literally meaning \"to reduce to the absurd\".", "Parmenides is said to be the first individual to implement this style of argument.", "This form of argument soon became known as the \"epicheirema\".", "In Book VII of his \"Topics\", Aristotle says that an \"epicheirema\" is \"a dialectical syllogism\".", "It is a connected piece of reasoning which an opponent has put forward as true.", "The disputant sets out to break down the dialectical syllogism.", "This destructive method of argument was maintained by him to such a degree that Seneca the Younger commented a few centuries later: \"If I accede to Parmenides there is nothing left but the One; if I accede to Zeno, not even the One is left.\"", "Zeno is also regarded as the first philosopher who dealt with the earliest attestable accounts of mathematical infinity.", "According to Sir William Smith, in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870)", "Zeno's paradoxes have puzzled, challenged, influenced, inspired, infuriated, and amused philosophers, mathematicians, and physicists for over two millennia.", "The most famous are the arguments against motion described by Aristotle in his \"Physics\", Book VI." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 29280, "simple_article_title": "Zeno of Elea", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29280", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-29280-0-0", "simple-29280-0-1", "simple-29280-1-0", "simple-29280-1-1", "simple-29280-1-2", "simple-29280-2-0", "simple-29280-3-0", "simple-29280-4-0", "simple-29280-5-0", "simple-29280-5-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Zeno of Elea was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy.", "He was born about 490 BC and died about 430 BC: the exact dates are not known.", "Zeno a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides.", "Aristotle called him the inventor of dialectic.", "He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell has described as \"immeasurably subtle and profound\".", "Although many ancient writers refer to the writings of Zeno, none of his writings survive intact.", "Plato says that Zeno's writings were \"brought to Athens for the first time on the occasion of\" the visit of Zeno and Parmenides", "According to Proclus in his \"Commentary on Plato's Parmenides\", Zeno produced \"not less than forty arguments revealing contradictions\", but only nine are now known.", "Zeno's arguments are perhaps the first examples of a method of proof called \"reductio ad absurdum\", literally meaning \"to reduce to the absurd\".", "This destructive method of argument was used by him to such an extent that he became famous for it." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2371565, "normal_article_title": "Heliantheae", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2371565", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2371565-0-0", "normal-2371565-0-1", "normal-2371565-0-2", "normal-2371565-0-3", "normal-2371565-0-4", "normal-2371565-1-0", "normal-2371565-1-1", "normal-2371565-1-2", "normal-2371565-2-0", "normal-2371565-2-1", "normal-2371565-3-0", "normal-2371565-3-1", "normal-2371565-3-2", "normal-2371565-4-0", "normal-2371565-4-1", "normal-2371565-4-2", "normal-2371565-5-0", "normal-2371565-5-1", "normal-2371565-5-2", "normal-2371565-5-3", "normal-2371565-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Heliantheae (sometimes called the sunflower tribe) are the third-largest tribe in the sunflower family (Asteraceae).", "With some 190 genera and nearly 2500 recognized species, only the tribes Senecioneae and Astereae are larger.", "The name is derived from the genus \"Helianthus\", which is Greek for sun flower.", "Most genera and species are found in North America and South America, particularly in Mexico.", "A few genera are pantropical.", "Most Heliantheae are herbs or shrubs, but some grow to the size of small trees.", "Leaves are usually hairy and arranged in opposite pairs.", "The anthers are usually blackened.", "The above statements about the size and distribution of the tribe apply to a broad definition of Heliantheae, which was followed throughout the 20th century.", "Some recent authors break the tribe up into a dozen or so smaller tribes.", "Commercially important plants in the Heliantheae include sunflower and Jerusalem artichoke.", "Many garden flowers are also in this group, such as \"Coreopsis\", \"Cosmos\", \"Echinacea\", \"Rudbeckia\", and \"Zinnia\".", "Some authors place \"Coreopsis\" and \"Cosmos\" in the Coreopsideae tribe.", "In addition to the benefits brought by the group, some are also problematic weeds.", "Species of \"Ambrosia\" (ragweed) produce large quantities of pollen.", "Each plant is reputed to be able to produce about a billion grains of pollen over a season, and the plant is wind-pollinated.", "The traditional circumscription of the Heliantheae arises from Cassini's 19th-century classification of the Asteraceae.", "This broad group been divided by some authors into smaller tribes: Bahieae, Chaenactideae, Coreopsideae, Helenieae, Heliantheae \"sensu stricto\", Madieae, Millereae, Perityleae, Polymnieae, and Tageteae.", "Because the Eupatorieae originated from within the Heliantheae (broadly defined), to maintain monophyletic taxa it is necessary to either make Eupatorieae a subtribe within Heliantheae or to split the Heliantheae into smaller tribes.", "Such classifications may define a supertribe Helianthodae including these smaller tribes, the Eupatorieae, and a few other tribes such as Inuleae.", "Data related to at Wikispecies" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 196795, "simple_article_title": "Heliantheae", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=196795", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-196795-0-0", "simple-196795-0-1", "simple-196795-0-2", "simple-196795-0-3", "simple-196795-0-4", "simple-196795-0-5", "simple-196795-1-0", "simple-196795-1-1", "simple-196795-1-2", "simple-196795-2-0", "simple-196795-2-1", "simple-196795-2-2", "simple-196795-3-0", "simple-196795-3-1", "simple-196795-3-2", "simple-196795-3-3", "simple-196795-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Heliantheae is the most well known tribe of the sunflower family (Asteraceae).", "The name comes from the Greek word for \"sun flower\".", "The Heliantheae is the third largest tribe in the sunflower family, which has 190 genera and about 2500 species.", "Only the tribes Senecioneae and Astereae are larger.", "Most Heliantheae come from North America and South America, and Mexico.", "A few genera come from tropical areas.", "Most Heliantheae are herbs or shrubs, but there are some that grow to the size of small trees.", "Leaves are usually hairy and arranged in opposite pairs.", "The anthers are usually black.", "Heliantheae can be grown on farms.", "These include sunflowers and jerusalem artichokes.", "Many garden flowers are also in this group, such as \"Coreopsis\", \"Cosmos\", \"Echinacea\", \"Rudbeckia\", and \"Zinnia\".", "There are also some weeds in the family.", "Species of \"Ambrosia\" (ragweed) produce lots of pollen.", "Each plant can produce about a billion grains of pollen over a season, and the plant is wind-pollinated.", "It is one of the main causes of hay fever.", "In 1981 Harold Ernest Robinson came up with a new way to describe the tribe." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 34165000, "normal_article_title": "Joey Essex", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34165000", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-34165000-0-0", "normal-34165000-0-1", "normal-34165000-0-2", "normal-34165000-0-3", "normal-34165000-0-4", "normal-34165000-0-5", "normal-34165000-1-0", "normal-34165000-2-0", "normal-34165000-2-1", "normal-34165000-3-0", "normal-34165000-3-1", "normal-34165000-3-2", "normal-34165000-3-3", "normal-34165000-3-4", "normal-34165000-4-0", "normal-34165000-4-1", "normal-34165000-4-2", "normal-34165000-4-3", "normal-34165000-5-0", "normal-34165000-5-1", "normal-34165000-6-0", "normal-34165000-6-1", "normal-34165000-6-2", "normal-34165000-6-3", "normal-34165000-6-4", "normal-34165000-7-0", "normal-34165000-7-1", "normal-34165000-7-2", "normal-34165000-8-0", "normal-34165000-9-0", "normal-34165000-9-1", "normal-34165000-9-2", "normal-34165000-10-0", "normal-34165000-11-0", "normal-34165000-11-1", "normal-34165000-11-2", "normal-34165000-12-0", "normal-34165000-13-0", "normal-34165000-14-0", "normal-34165000-15-0", "normal-34165000-16-0", "normal-34165000-16-1", "normal-34165000-16-2", "normal-34165000-16-3", "normal-34165000-16-4", "normal-34165000-17-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Joey Don Essex (born 29 July 1990) is an English television personality.", "From 2011 to 2013, he appeared on the ITV2 reality series \"The Only Way Is Essex\".", "In 2013, he participated in the first series of \"Splash!\"", "and the thirteenth series of \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\",", ", where he finished in fourth place.", "In 2015, he won the Channel 4 reality series \"The Jump\".", "He attended West Hatch High School.", "Essex left school in 2006 having received a U in Drama, a C in Art and a D in Wood Tech at GCSE.", "Ten years later, as part of a TV programme, he proudly added a D in GCSE General Studies, commenting that \"I still don't really know what GCSE stands for.\"", "Essex first appeared in \"The Only Way Is Essex\" as a supporting cast member in series 2 with his cousin, Chloe Sims, but was then promoted to main cast in series 3 where his sister, Frankie joined as supporting cast.", "His other cousin, Charlie Sims joined as supporting cast during the ninth series.", "In 2011, the \"TOWIE\" cast recorded and released a single entitled \"Reem\"; the song did not chart in the UK.", "He also featured in a song with the cast of \"TOWIE\" series 3, \"Last Christmas\", originally released by Wham!", "The cover peaked at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart.", "In December 2011, Essex appeared on a Christmas special of \"All Star Family Fortunes\", with the \"TOWIE\" CAST, against the cast of \"Benidorm\".", "He also featured on the Essex team against \"Benidorm\" in \"The Big Quiz\" in 2012.", "So far, he has made eight guest appearances on \"Celebrity Juice\", twice in 2012 and six times in 2013, including regular appearances during the tenth series.", "He has also made guest appearances on \"Loose Women\", \"8 Out of 10 Cats\", \"The Big Fat Quiz of the Year\", \"Daybreak\", \"The Xtra Factor\", \"This Morning\" and \"Through the Keyhole\".", "In 2013, Essex competed in the first series of \"Splash!\"", "where he was eliminated during the \"splash-off\" in the second heat against television presenter Charlotte Jackson.", "On 13 November 2013, it was announced that Essex had quit \"The Only Way Is Essex\".", "Essex also appeared in the thirteenth series of \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\"", "He was voted out on 6 December 2013 after 20 days in the jungle, finishing fourth behind \"Emmerdale\" star Lucy Pargeter, fashion designer David Emanuel and former Westlife singer Kian Egan.", "During his time on the show, Essex was close to Miss Universe Great Britain, Amy Willerton.", "Essex denied the rumours of the pair dating and confirmed they were just friends although he has since claimed they have kissed and slept together.", "In March 2014, Essex starred in a one-off documentary called \"Educating Joey Essex\", taking place in South Africa, narrated by Phillip Schofield.", "ITV2 later ordered a full series that began in June 2014.", "In 2016 ITV announced that the series has been picked up for a seven part second series, the series aired in the summer of that year with the first episode titled \"The Queen's 90th Birthday\".", "In 2015, Essex won the second series of Channel 4's reality show \"The Jump\" in 2015.", "In 2016 Essex took part in the E4 reality dating show \"Celebs Go Dating\".", "During his time on the show, Essex went on numbers of dates with noncelebrities, but halfway through the series Essex fell for another celeb taking part in the show Stephanie Pratt, which was against the show's rules; they carried on dating after the show had finished filming, but they broke up shortly after.", "It was later confirmed that Essex would return to the show for its second series, in 2017; this time it was stated in his contract that he could not go on any dates with any other celebrities during filming.", "In 2017 he ranked no.4 in the \"Essex Power 100\" list, being named the fourth most powerful person in Essex.", "On 8 March 2013, Essex launched a hair products range, Joey Essex: D'Reem Hair.", "On 23 March 2013, he opened his shop \"Fusey\" in Brentwood.", "The shop closed in 2016.", "In July 2013, Essex appeared in the Volvic advert with then-girlfriend Sam Faiers on a tropical island where they both mimed \"La Bamba\".", "On 12 September 2013, Essex launched two fragrances, \"Fusey\" aftershave for men and \"My Girl\" perfume for women.", "In February 2016, Essex appeared in adverts for Batchelors Cup-a-Soup.", "In May 2017, it was announced that Essex will be launching a clothing line titled DAFDEA.", "Essex was engaged to fellow \"TOWIE\" cast member Sam Faiers, but later split up.", "They reconciled later in 2012.", "He then proposed to Sam again in March 2013 and she accepted.", "However, the couple split up again on-screen in June 2013 following several arguments between the pair.", "In October 2014, they announced they had split up \"for good\".", "Essex, whose mother died when he was ten years old, has been an ambassador for Child Bereavement UK since 2014." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 511858, "simple_article_title": "Joey Essex", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=511858", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-511858-0-0", "simple-511858-0-1", "simple-511858-0-2", "simple-511858-0-3", "simple-511858-0-4", "simple-511858-0-5", "simple-511858-0-6", "simple-511858-1-0", "simple-511858-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Joey Don Essex (born 29 July 1990) is an English television personality and DJ for Sugar Hut, a nightclub in Brentwood, Essex.", "He rose to fame in 2011 after appearing in the ITV2 television series \"The Only Way Is Essex\".", "Essex and his sister Frankie left the show in 2013, although his cousin Chloe remains on it.", "In 2013, Essex took part in the first series of the celebrity diving show \"Splash!\"", "and the thirteenth series of \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\",", ", where he finished in fourth place.", "In 2015, he won the Channel 4 reality series \"The Jump\".", "Essex is at least an ex-social smoker.", "This picture was taken, and published on the Metro Website on 3rd November 2011." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 44819477, "normal_article_title": "Narcos", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44819477", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-44819477-0-0", "normal-44819477-1-0", "normal-44819477-1-1", "normal-44819477-1-2", "normal-44819477-2-0", "normal-44819477-2-1", "normal-44819477-2-2", "normal-44819477-2-3", "normal-44819477-2-4", "normal-44819477-3-0", "normal-44819477-3-1", "normal-44819477-3-2", "normal-44819477-3-3", "normal-44819477-3-4", "normal-44819477-3-5", "normal-44819477-3-6", "normal-44819477-3-7", "normal-44819477-3-8", "normal-44819477-3-9", "normal-44819477-3-10", "normal-44819477-4-0", "normal-44819477-4-1", "normal-44819477-4-2", "normal-44819477-4-3", "normal-44819477-4-4", "normal-44819477-4-5", "normal-44819477-5-0", "normal-44819477-5-1", "normal-44819477-5-2", "normal-44819477-5-3", "normal-44819477-5-4", "normal-44819477-5-5", "normal-44819477-5-6", "normal-44819477-5-7", "normal-44819477-5-8", 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"normal-44819477-16-2", "normal-44819477-16-3", "normal-44819477-17-0", "normal-44819477-17-1", "normal-44819477-17-2", "normal-44819477-17-3", "normal-44819477-17-4", "normal-44819477-17-5", "normal-44819477-17-6", "normal-44819477-18-0", "normal-44819477-18-1", "normal-44819477-18-2", "normal-44819477-19-0", "normal-44819477-19-1", "normal-44819477-19-2", "normal-44819477-19-3", "normal-44819477-19-4", "normal-44819477-19-5", "normal-44819477-19-6", "normal-44819477-19-7", "normal-44819477-19-8", "normal-44819477-19-9", "normal-44819477-19-10", "normal-44819477-19-11", "normal-44819477-20-0", "normal-44819477-20-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Narcos is an American crime drama web television series created and produced by Chris Brancato, Carlo Bernard, and Doug Miro.", "Set and filmed in Colombia, seasons 1 and 2 are based on the story of drug kingpin Pablo Escobar, who became a billionaire through the production and distribution of cocaine.", "The series also focuses on Escobar's interactions with drug lords, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents, and various opposition entities.", "Season 3 picks up after the fall of Escobar and continues to follow the DEA as they try to shutdown the rise of the infamous Cali Cartel.", "Season 1, comprising 10 episodes, originally aired on August 28, 2015, as a Netflix exclusive.", "The series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 2, 2016, with 10 episodes.", "On September 6, 2016, Netflix renewed the series for its third and fourth seasons.", "Season 3 premiered on September 1, 2017, but on July 18, 2018, the directors announced that season 4 would instead \"reset\" as season 1 of a new Netflix original series, titled \"\".", "The new series, released on November 16, 2018, is set in Mexico in the 1980s.", "Season 1 chronicles the life of Pablo Escobar from the late 1970s, when he first began manufacturing cocaine, to July 1992.", "The show relates the main events that happened in Colombia during this period and Escobar’s relationship to them.", "It is told through the perspective of Steve Murphy, an American DEA agent working in Colombia.", "The series depicts how Escobar first became involved in the cocaine trade in Colombia.", "He was an established black marketeer in Medellín, moving trucks worth of illegal goods (alcohol, cigarettes, and household appliances) into Colombia during a time when this was strictly forbidden, when introduced to Mateo \"Cockroach\" Moreno, a Chilean exile and underground chemist, who pitched the idea that they go into business together, with Moreno producing and Escobar distributing a new, profitable drug—cocaine.", "They expand beyond Moreno's small cocaine processing lab by building additional, larger labs in the rainforest and, using the expertise of Carlos Lehder, transport their product in bulk to Miami, where it gains notoriety amongst the rich and famous.", "Soon enough, Pablo develops larger labs and more extensive distribution routes into the United States to supply growing demand.", "With cocaine's growth into a drug of importance in the American market, one that accounts for a large flow of U.S. dollars to Colombia and escalating drug-related violence in the United States, the Americans send a task force from the DEA to Colombia to address the issue.", "Murphy is partnered with Javier Peña.", "The purpose of Murphy's task force is to work with the Colombian authorities, led by Colonel Carrillo, to put an end to the flow of cocaine into the United States.", "The season ends with Escobar's escape from prison.", "Season 2 continues where season 1 ended.", "Soldiers find Escobar and his entourage right outside the perimeter of La Catedral but are too petrified of Escobar to make an arrest.", "At the embassy, the United States sends a new ambassador who brings the CIA into play.", "In the beginning, little change occurs for Escobar, as he still has the loyalty of his cartel.", "This loyalty, however, starts to slip as Escobar needs more time and resources to hide from the government.", "Among the tricks he uses to avoid being seen are riding around town in the trunk of a taxi cab and using young lookouts to report police movements to him.", "Initially, Escobar easily adapts to his new life, giving money to the community while ruthlessly killing those who try to break away from his empire.", "The Colombian police and Escobar engage in massive battles, resulting in high tension and unrest in Colombia.", "Escobar's rivals in the Cali cartel form an unlikely alliance with ousted members of his own cartel, as well as with a CIA-backed anticommunist paramilitary group.", "Agent Peña secretly works with this group, who kill members of Pablo's organization and claim responsibility as \"Los Pepes\".", "After two of Escobar's top cartel members are caught and betray him, Escobar goes on the run.", "His bodyguard and he hide in a safehouse, where he celebrates his 44th birthday.", "When Pablo tries to make contact with his family, the DEA and military track him down via radio triangulation and corner him on the rooftops.", "Pablo is hit twice in the ensuing shootout, and although he might have survived his injuries, a Colombian policeman named Trujillo executes him, amidst shouts of \"Viva Colombia!\"", "Escobar's wife Tata goes to the Cali cartel for their help in leaving the country.", "Peña returns to the United States, in expectation of being reprimanded by the disciplinary committee for his associations with Los Pepes, but is surprised when asked to provide intelligence against the Cali cartel, implying his future involvement with the DEA.", "Season 3 was released on September 1, 2017.", "The story continues after Pablo Escobar's death and shows the DEA's fight against the Cali cartel.", "With Escobar out of the way, business for the cartel is booming, with new markets in the United States and elsewhere.", "To everyone's surprise, Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, the leader of the Cali cartel, announces that within 6 months, the cartel will leave the cocaine business entirely to focus on legal business interests.", "The decision is met with mixed reactions within the cartel.", "The series was announced in April 2014, through a partnership deal struck between Netflix and Gaumont International Television.", "The series was primarily written by Chris Brancato and directed by Brazilian filmmaker José Padilha, who also directed the critically and commercially successful \"Elite Squad\" (2007) and in 2010, which became the highest-grossing film ever in Brazil.", "On September 15, 2017, one of the show's location scouts, Carlos Muñoz Portal, was reported as having been found murdered with multiple gunshot wounds, in his car on a dirt road in central Mexico, near the town of Temascalapa.", "A spokesman for the attorney general in Mexico state said there were no witnesses due to the remote location, and the authorities will continue to investigate.", "The possibility of narco gangs' being involved is being considered.", "\"Narcos\" opens with a title card, from which the narrator reads: \"Magical realism is defined as what happens when a highly detailed, realistic setting is invaded by something too strange to believe.", "There is a reason magical realism was born in Colombia\".", "\"Narcos\"' opening theme, \"Tuyo\", is a \"bolero\" written and composed for the show by Brazilian singer-songwriter Rodrigo Amarante.", "The theme scores the visual montage comprising the title sequence, created by DK Studios under artistic director Tom O’Neill.", "The 1980s-themed images address Colombian drug trafficking in general, the United States’ attempt to control it, the era’s glamour, footage from the mountainous regions of Bogota and surrounding underprivileged neighbourhoods, shots of local residents, archival news coverage, and violence.", "The montage excludes some people who were unwilling to appear in the credits, but it does include some news clips and images \"of Pablo Escobar and his entourage, like those at the zoo, which came directly from the drug baron’s personal photographer, who goes by the name El Chino.\"", "According to O'Neill, \"the production team took inspiration from James Mollison’s photo book \"The Memory of Pablo Escobar\".\"", "Narcotics is a late Middle English word derived from Old French \"narcotique\", in turn derived via medieval Latin from the Greek \"narkōtikos\", from \"narkoun\" (\"make numb\" or \"produce stupor\").", "In Spanish, the term \"narco\" (or its plural, \"narcos\") is an abbreviation of the word \"narcotraficante\" (drug trafficker).", "In the United States, the epithet \"narc\" (or \"narco\") refers to a specialist officer of a narcotics police force, such as a DEA agent.", "The first season received generally favorable reviews from critics.", "Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, surveyed 45 reviews and judged 79% to be positive.", "The site reads, \"\"Narcos\" lacks sympathetic characters, but pulls in the viewer with solid acting and a story that's fast-paced enough to distract from its familiar outline.\"", "On Metacritic, season one holds a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "IGN gave the first season a 7.8 out of 10 score, saying: \"It's a true-to-life account, sometimes to a fault, of the rise of Pablo Escobar and the hunt that brought him down laced with stellar performances and tension-filled stand-offs.", "Its blend of archival footage reminds us that the horrors depicted really happened, but also manage to present an Escobar that is indefensible but frighteningly sympathetic.\"", "Writing for \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\", Tirdad Derakhshani reviewed the season positively, calling it, \"Intense, enlightening, brilliant, unnerving, and addictive, \"Narcos\" is high-concept drama at its finest.\"", "Television critic Tim Goodman of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" also reviewed the series positively, saying, \"The series begins to find its pacing not long after, and we see the strength of Moura’s acting, which to his credit never races, in the early going, toward over-the-top menace or the drug-lord cliches we're all used to at this point.", "Credit also the fact that Padilha brings a documentary feel to Narcos.\"", "Nancy deWolf Smith of \"The Wall Street Journal\" wrote, \"The omniscient-narrator device works very well for a complex story spanning many years and varied sets of players.\"", "Critic Neil Genzlinger of \"The New York Times\" said, \"It’s built on sharp writing and equally sharp acting, as any good series needs to be.\"", "However, chief television critic Mary McNamara of \"Los Angeles Times\" wrote, \"It's a grand if inconsistent experiment that, from the moment it opens with a definition of magic realism, wears its considerable ambitions on its sleeve.\"", "Writing for \"IndieWire\", Liz Shannon Miller said, \"An unlikeable character, no matter the circumstances, remains unlikeable, but an unlikeable character trumps a bland blonde man whose position of authority appears to be his only really interesting character trait, no matter how much voice-over he utters.\"", "The show received criticism for the quality of the Spanish spoken.", "Dr. Alister Ramírez-Márquez, a member of the North American Academy of the Spanish Language, faulted the accents, pronunciation, intonation, and incorrect use of Paisa colloquialisms.", "Speaking of the show's reception in Colombia, Sibylla Brodzinsky of \"The Guardian\" stated, \"audiences have been bemused by the stars’ ropey accents, irritated by its portrayal of the country's recent history, and – in some cases – simply bored by yet another narco-drama.\"", "The Brazilian accent of Wagner Moura was particularly criticized for being incongruent with Escobar's Paisa background.", "Gisela Orozco of the \"Chicago Tribune\" said the show would not engross Latinos due to the mishmash of accents and contrasted \"Narcos\" with \"\".", "In his review of the show, Colombian TV critic Omar Rincón wrote in \"El Tiempo\", \"\"Narcos\" is the Miami and US vision of NarColombia – something like Trump’s idea of us: the good guys are the gringos ... and the narcos are comically dysfunctional or primitives with bad taste ... \"Narcos\" may do well outside Colombia, but here it produces anger and laughter.\"", "The second season generated better reviews compared with those for the previous season.", "Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 92% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10.", "The site's critical consensus reads, \"\"Narcos\"' sophomore season manages to elevate the stakes to a gut-wrenching degree in what continues to be a magnificent account of Pablo Escobar's life.\"", "On Metacritic, season two holds a score of 76 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "IGN gave the second season a score of 7.4 out of 10, calling it \"Good\" and wrote \"It may go overboard with its love of Pablo Escobar, but I can't truly fault the show for taking advantage of its best performer and character – or for scrambling to find an emotional core on a show that can feel rather clinical.\"", "Joshua Alston of \"The A.V. Club\" lauded the performance of Moura's and said, \"While the show never soft-pedals the havoc Escobar created, it makes him surprisingly sympathetic, thanks in part to Moura’s shrewd, affecting performance.\"", "Critic Neil Genzlinger of \"The New York Times\" said, \"Mr. Moura is inscrutably brilliant at the center of it all.\"", "\"Entertainment Weekly\"' s Jeff Jensen also reviewed the series positively, saying, \"Where season 1 spanned 10 years, season 2 captures Escobar's last days on the loose.", "Each tightly packed episode moves quickly without sacrificing richness, chronicling the uneasy alliances and gross tactics employed to snare Escobar.\"", "Tim Goodman of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said, \"What works in the early going of season two is that the fall is almost always more thrilling, if not engaging, than the buildup.", "Escobar senses the loss of power and Moura does some of his best work as viewers read the worry and interior thinking on his face.\"", "On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds an approval rating of 96% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 7.46/10.", "The site's critical consensus reads, \"\"Narcos\" continues to evolve in its third season, drawing on historical details to take viewers on a thoroughly gripping – and unsettlingly timely – journey into darkness.\"", "On Metacritic, season 3 holds a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "IGN gave the third season a score of 8.0 out of 10, calling it “a flawed-but-thrilling improvement over its first two seasons”.", "Critics praised the show for its ability to still be engaging after moving on from the Pablo Escobar storyline.", "Liz Shannon Miller of \"IndieWire\" said, “Outside of the overhanging threat of Pablo Escobar, “Narcos” proves its ability to excel as an ongoing drama by not just introducing new members of these syndicates, but giving them real, fleshed-out lives beyond basic confrontations.”", "Writing for \"The Telegraph\", Ed Power called the show “A sweltering thrill ride you’ll want to stay with all the way until the end.”", "Critics praised Pedro Pascal’s performance of DEA agent Javier Peña, who became the main protagonist after the departure of Boyd Holbrook, who played Steve Murphy.", "Kevin Yeoman of \"ScreenRant\" wrote, “The charismatic actor is finally offered a chance to lead the semi-anthological series.”", "Writing for \"Collider\", Chris Cabin said, “Pascal carries the series admirably, expanding the scope of his character through Peña’s relationship with his father.”", "Despite the positive reviews, some critics said the show got off to a slow start in the first few episodes.", "Critic Scott Tobias of \"The New York Times\" wrote, “Setting aside the “Goodfellas” narration, the earliest episodes of “Narcos” were distinguished by a meat-and-potatoes approach to the crime genre that rebuffed the slickness that usually comes with the territory.”", "Some critics acknowledged the expository flaws while praising the last sequence of episodes.", "Daniel Fienberg of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote, “After a slow start to its third season, Netflix's cartel drama proves that it's able to be gripping TV even without Wagner Moura's Pablo Escobar.”", "Writing for \"Entertainment Weekly\", James Hibberd said, “The narrative picks up its pace as the season progresses into a final run of episodes that feature the most suspenseful sequences Narcos has ever had.”", "\"\" was released on November 16, 2018.", "The story goes back to the 1980s, in Mexico, where it sets a shared world with the previous seasons of \"Narcos\" (which focus on Colombia), bringing back characters like Amado Carrillo (José María Yazpik) and Pablo Escobar (Wagner Moura), for small roles, and introducing new ones like the famous DEA Agent Kiki Camarena (Michael Peña) and Miguel Felix-Gallardo (Diego Luna), creator of the first Mexican drug cartel, depicting the clash between them and the eve of the catastrophic Mexican war on drugs." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 644229, "simple_article_title": "Narcos", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=644229", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-644229-0-0", "simple-644229-0-1", "simple-644229-1-0", "simple-644229-1-1", "simple-644229-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Narcos is an American Netflix drama-crime series created and produced by Chris Brancato, Carlo Bernard, and Doug Miro.", "It was first released on August 28, 2015.", "Seasons one and two are based on the story of Pablo Escobar, who became a billionaire through the production and selling of cocaine.", "Season three picks up after the fall of Escobar and continues to follow the DEA as they go up against the rise of the infamous Cali Cartel.", "The series stars Wagner Moura as Escobar alongside Pedro Pascal, Boyd Holbrook, Luis Guzmán, Stephanie Sigman, Paulina Gaitán, Gabriela de la Garza and Raúl Méndez as President César Gaviria with Patrick St. Esprit as Major Lou Wysession." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9555891, "normal_article_title": "Jack Betts", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9555891", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9555891-0-0", "normal-9555891-0-1", "normal-9555891-1-0", "normal-9555891-1-1", "normal-9555891-2-0", "normal-9555891-3-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Jack Fillmore Betts (born April 11, 1929), also credited as Hunt Powers, is an American actor of film, stage, and television.", "A member of the Actors Studio, he started his career as a leading man in spaghetti westerns, before taking a career in supporting roles in American films.", "Betts portrayed Chris Devlin in the CBS mystery series \"Checkmate\" (1960-1962).", "He also played Mr. Fisher, an 80-year-old man on \"One Life to Live\".", "Among his numerous television appearances were four roles on the CBS drama series \"Perry Mason\", including the role of Bert Nickols in the 1961 episode, \"The Case of the Impatient Partner,\" Enos Watterton in the 1962 episode “The Case of the Double Entry Mind”, murder victim George Parsons in the 1964 episode, \"The Case of the Wooden Nickels,\" and murder victim Bruce Strickland in the 1966 episode, \"The Case of the Fanciful Frail.", "Betts was also the author of \"Screen Test: Take One\", a play about a soap opera that originated on a film set." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 365725, "simple_article_title": "Jack Betts", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=365725", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-365725-0-0", "simple-365725-0-1", "simple-365725-1-0", "simple-365725-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Jack Richard Nelson Betts (born April 11, 1929) or Hunt Powers is an American movie, television, stage, voice, radio actor, comedian, and activist.", "He is known for his roles in \"One Damned Day at Dawn Django Meets Sartana\", \"A Barrel Full of Dollars\", \"Sugar Colt\", \"Mockingbird Don't Sing\", \"The Bloody Brood\", and in \"Spider-Man\"", "Betts was born on April 11, 1929 in Miami, Florida.", "He studied at the Actors Studio." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1282933, "normal_article_title": "Jack plane", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1282933", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1282933-0-0", "normal-1282933-0-1", "normal-1282933-1-0", "normal-1282933-1-1", "normal-1282933-1-2", "normal-1282933-1-3", "normal-1282933-2-0", "normal-1282933-2-1", "normal-1282933-3-0", "normal-1282933-3-1", "normal-1282933-3-2", "normal-1282933-3-3", "normal-1282933-3-4", "normal-1282933-3-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A jack plane (or fore plane) is a general-purpose woodworking bench plane, used for dressing timber down to the correct size in preparation for truing and/or edge jointing.", "It is usually the first plane used on rough stock, but in exceptional cases can be preceded by the scrub plane.", "Jack planes are 12–18 in long and 2.5–3 in wide, with wooden-stocked planes sometimes being slightly wider.", "The blade is 1.75–2.25 in wide that is often slightly convex (or ground with rounded corners) to prevent digging in to or marking the work.", "The cut is generally set deeper than on most other planes as the plane's purpose is to remove stock rather than to gain a good finish (smoothing planes are used for that).", "In preparing stock, the jack plane is used after the scrub plane and before the jointer plane and smoothing plane.", "The carpenters' name for the plane is related to the saying \"jack of all trades\" as jack planes can be made to perform some of the work of both smoothing and jointer planes, especially on smaller pieces of work.", "Its other name of \"fore plane\" is more generally used by joiners and may come from the fact that it \"is used be\"fore\" you come to work either with the Smooth Plane or with the Joynter\".", "Early planes were all wood, except for the cutter, or combined a wood base with a metal blade holder and adjustment system on top.", "Although there were earlier all-metal planes, Leonard Bailey patented a number of all-metal planes and improvements in the late 19th century.", "A jack plane came to be referred to as a \"No. 5\" plane or a \"Bailey pattern No. 5\" at the end of the 19th century.", "nomenclature originally used by Stanley Tools to label its Bailey pattern plane products continues to identify planes made by various manufacturers.", "Not all manufacturers of the era had the same number scheme for their planes.", "Millers Fall and Sargent used different numbers to refer to the same planes." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 409183, "simple_article_title": "Jack plane", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=409183", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-409183-0-0", "simple-409183-0-1", "simple-409183-0-2", "simple-409183-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A jack plane is the most commonly used general purpose plane.", "It is about 30 to long.", "The blade is slightly curved for quick removal of material on rough work.", "It is also used in oblique planning." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3979611, "normal_article_title": "Jeffrey Tate", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3979611", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3979611-0-0", "normal-3979611-0-1", "normal-3979611-0-2", "normal-3979611-0-3", "normal-3979611-0-4", "normal-3979611-1-0", "normal-3979611-1-1", "normal-3979611-1-2", "normal-3979611-1-3", "normal-3979611-1-4", "normal-3979611-2-0", "normal-3979611-2-1", "normal-3979611-2-2", "normal-3979611-2-3", "normal-3979611-2-4", "normal-3979611-2-5", "normal-3979611-2-6", "normal-3979611-3-0", "normal-3979611-3-1", "normal-3979611-3-2", "normal-3979611-3-3", "normal-3979611-3-4", "normal-3979611-4-0", "normal-3979611-4-1", "normal-3979611-4-2", "normal-3979611-4-3", "normal-3979611-5-0", "normal-3979611-6-0", "normal-3979611-7-0", "normal-3979611-7-1", "normal-3979611-7-2", "normal-3979611-7-3", "normal-3979611-7-4", "normal-3979611-7-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Sir Jeffrey Philip Tate (28 April 19432 June 2017) was an English conductor of classical music.", "Tate was born with spina bifida and had an associated spinal curvature.", "After studying medicine at the University of Cambridge and beginning a medical career in London, he switched to music and worked under Georg Solti at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, before making his conducting debut in 1979 at the Metropolitan Opera, New York.", "He held conducting appointments with the English Chamber Orchestra, Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra and Hamburg Symphony Orchestra, among others, and was the first person to be appointed principal conductor of the Royal Opera House.", "He was knighted for his services to music in 2017.", "Tate was born in Salisbury, England, with spina bifida, a major birth defect, and also had an associated spinal curvature, kyphosis.", "His family moved to Farnham, Surrey, when he was young and he attended Farnham Grammar School between 1954 and 1961, gaining a State Scholarship to Cambridge University, where he directed theatre productions.", "Tate initially read medicine at Christ's College, Cambridge (1961–64), specializing in eye surgery.", "He later worked at St Thomas's Hospital, London, before giving up his clinical career to study music at the London Opera Centre.", "He became a repetiteur and a coach at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, under the tutelage of Sir Georg Solti.", "Tate's international conducting début was with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in 1979.", "In 1985, he was appointed the first principal conductor of the English Chamber Orchestra (ECO), and held the post until 2000.", "His recordings with the ECO included issues with EMI of symphonies of Haydn.", "In September 1986, Tate became principal conductor of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the first person in the company's history to have that title.", "He held this Covent Garden post until 1991, and subsequently became principal guest conductor at Covent Garden from 1991 to 1994.", "He was principal conductor of the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra from 1991 to 1995.", "In 2005, Tate was appointed music director of the San Carlo Theatre of Naples, remaining in the post until 2010.", "In October 2007, the Hamburg Symphony Orchestra announced the appointment of Tate as its next chief conductor.", "He formally took up the post in 2009.", "In February 2014, the orchestra announced the extension of his contract as chief conductor until 2019.", "He held the Hamburg post until his death on 2 June 2017.", "Tate was principal guest conductor and artistic adviser of the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, in part as a result of his association with the orchestra from a 1998 production of Wagner's \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\", from 2016 until his death.", "Tate's recordings include a series of Mozart piano concertos with Dame Mitsuko Uchida.", "Tate was president of UK Spina Bifida charity ASBAH (now SHINE Spina Bifida, Hydrocephalus, Information, Networking, Equality) from 1989.", "A portrait of Jeffrey Tate is in David Blum's book \"Quintet, Five Journeys toward Musical Fulfillment\" (Cornell University Press, 1999).", "It originally appeared as an article in 30 April 1990 issue of \"The New Yorker\".", "In private life, Tate was partners with Klaus Kuhlemann, a German geomorphologist, whom he met when conducting at Cologne from 1977.", "Tate and Kuhlemann eventually married.", "Tate was made a Knight Bachelor in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to British music overseas.", "He was also appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1990 Birthday Honours.", "Tate conducted his last concerts on 30 and 31 May 2017, in Bolzano and Trento, with the Haydn Orchestra.", "He died of a heart attack in Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy, on 2 June 2017 at the age of 74.", "Kuhlemann, his spouse, survives him.", "Queen Elizabeth II praised him as the wizard of classical music of the United Kingdom." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 586602, "simple_article_title": "Jeffrey Tate", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=586602", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-586602-0-0", "simple-586602-1-0", "simple-586602-1-1", "simple-586602-1-2", "simple-586602-1-3", "simple-586602-2-0", "simple-586602-2-1", "simple-586602-2-2", "simple-586602-2-3", "simple-586602-2-4", "simple-586602-3-0", "simple-586602-3-1", "simple-586602-3-2", "simple-586602-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Sir Jeffrey Philip Tate CBE (28 April 1943 – 2 June 2017) was an English conductor.", "Tate was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire.", "He suffered from spina bifida since birth.", "He was raised in Farnham, Surrey.", "He studied at Cambridge University and at Christ's College, Cambridge.", "Tate's international conducting début was with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in 1979.", "In 1985, he was appointed the first principal conductor of the English Chamber Orchestra.", "He was named to the position of principal conductor of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden effective in September 1986, the first person in the House's history to have that title.", "He was principal conductor of the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra from 1991 to 1995.", "In 2005, he was appointed music director of the San Carlo Theatre of Naples, and served in the post through 2010.", "Tate was openly gay.", "He was partners with German doctor Klaus Kuhlemann until his death in 2017.", "Tate was created a Knight Bachelor in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to British music overseas.", "Tate died of a heart attack while performing at a concert in Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy on 2 June 2017 at the age of 74." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 41932, "normal_article_title": "Accuracy and precision", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41932", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-41932-0-0", "normal-41932-1-0", "normal-41932-2-0", "normal-41932-2-1", "normal-41932-3-0", "normal-41932-3-1", "normal-41932-3-2", "normal-41932-4-0", "normal-41932-5-0", "normal-41932-5-1", "normal-41932-5-2", "normal-41932-5-3", "normal-41932-6-0", "normal-41932-6-1", "normal-41932-7-0", "normal-41932-8-0", "normal-41932-9-0", "normal-41932-10-0", "normal-41932-11-0", "normal-41932-12-0", "normal-41932-12-1", "normal-41932-12-2", "normal-41932-13-0", "normal-41932-13-1", "normal-41932-13-2", "normal-41932-14-0", "normal-41932-14-1", "normal-41932-14-2", "normal-41932-15-0", "normal-41932-15-1", "normal-41932-15-2", "normal-41932-15-3", "normal-41932-15-4", "normal-41932-15-5", "normal-41932-16-0", "normal-41932-17-0", "normal-41932-17-1", "normal-41932-17-2", "normal-41932-18-0", "normal-41932-19-0", "normal-41932-19-1", "normal-41932-19-2", "normal-41932-19-3", "normal-41932-20-0", "normal-41932-21-0", "normal-41932-22-0", "normal-41932-22-1", "normal-41932-22-2", "normal-41932-22-3", "normal-41932-23-0", "normal-41932-23-1", "normal-41932-23-2", "normal-41932-24-0", "normal-41932-24-1", "normal-41932-24-2", "normal-41932-24-3", "normal-41932-24-4", "normal-41932-25-0", "normal-41932-25-1", "normal-41932-25-2", "normal-41932-25-3", "normal-41932-25-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In measurement of a set, \"accuracy\" refers to closeness of the measurements to a specific value, while \"precision\" refers to the closeness of the measurements to each other.", "\"Precision\" is a description of \"random errors\", a measure of statistical variability.", "In simplest terms, given a set of data points from repeated measurements of the same quantity, the set can be said to be \"accurate\" if their average is close to the \"true value\" of the quantity being measured, while the set can be said to be \"precise\" if the values are close to each other.", "In the first, more common definition of \"accuracy\" above, the two concepts are independent of each other, so a particular set of data can be said to be either accurate, or precise, or both, or neither.", "In the fields of science and engineering, the accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to that quantity's true value.", "The precision of a measurement system, related to reproducibility and repeatability, is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.", "Although the two words precision and accuracy can be synonymous in colloquial use, they are deliberately contrasted in the context of the scientific method.", "The field of statistics, where the interpretation of measurements plays a central role, prefers to use the terms \"bias\" and \"variability\" instead of accuracy and precision: bias is the amount of inaccuracy and variability is the amount of imprecision.", "A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both.", "For example, if an experiment contains a systematic error, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy.", "The result would be a consistent yet inaccurate string of results from the flawed experiment.", "Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision.", "A measurement system is considered \"valid\" if it is both \"accurate\" and \"precise\".", "Related terms include \"bias\" (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable) and \"error\" (random variability).", "The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data.", "In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a measurement resolution, which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement.", "In numerical analysis, accuracy is also the nearness of a calculation to the true value; while precision is the resolution of the representation, typically defined by the number of decimal or binary digits.", "In military terms, accuracy refers primarily to the accuracy of fire (\"justesse de tir\"), the precision of fire expressed by the closeness of a grouping of shots at and around the centre of the target.", "In industrial instrumentation, accuracy is the measurement tolerance, or transmission of the instrument and defines the limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating conditions.", "Ideally a measurement device is both accurate and precise, with measurements all close to and tightly clustered around the true value.", "The accuracy and precision of a measurement process is usually established by repeatedly measuring some traceable reference standard.", "Such standards are defined in the International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: \"Système international d'unités\") and maintained by national standards organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States.", "This also applies when measurements are repeated and averaged.", "In that case, the term standard error is properly applied: the precision of the average is equal to the known standard deviation of the process divided by the square root of the number of measurements averaged.", "Further, the central limit theorem shows that the probability distribution of the averaged measurements will be closer to a normal distribution than that of individual measurements.", "A common convention in science and engineering is to express accuracy and/or precision implicitly by means of significant figures.", "Here, when not explicitly stated, the margin of error is understood to be one-half the value of the last significant place.", "For instance, a recording of 843.6 m, or 843.0 m, or 800.0 m would imply a margin of 0.05 m (the last significant place is the tenths place), while a recording of 8436 m would imply a margin of error of 0.5 m (the last significant digits are the units).", "A reading of 8,000 m, with trailing zeroes and no decimal point, is ambiguous; the trailing zeroes may or may not be intended as significant figures.", "To avoid this ambiguity, the number could be represented in scientific notation: 8.0 × 10 m indicates that the first zero is significant (hence a margin of 50 m) while 8.000 × 10 m indicates that all three zeroes are significant, giving a margin of 0.5 m. Similarly, it is possible to use a multiple of the basic measurement unit: 8.0 km is equivalent to 8.0 × 10 m.", "In fact, it indicates a margin of 0.05 km (50 m).", "However, reliance on this convention can lead to false precision errors when accepting data from sources that do not obey it.", "For example, a source reporting a number like 153,753 with precision +/- 5,000 looks like it has precision +/- 0.5.", "Under the convention it would have been rounded to 154,000.", "A shift in the meaning of these terms appeared with the publication of the ISO 5725 series of standards in 1994, which is also reflected in the 2008 issue of the \"BIPM International Vocabulary of Metrology\" (VIM), items 2.13 and 2.14.", "According to ISO 5725-1, the general term \"accuracy\" is used to describe the closeness of a measurement to the true value.", "When the term is applied to sets of measurements of the same \"measurand\", it involves a component of random error and a component of systematic error.", "In this case trueness is the closeness of the mean of a set of measurement results to the actual (true) value and precision is the closeness of agreement among a set of results.", "ISO 5725-1 and VIM also avoid the use of the term \"bias\", previously specified in BS 5497-1, because it has different connotations outside the fields of science and engineering, as in medicine and law.", "\"Accuracy\" is also used as a statistical measure of how well a binary classification test correctly identifies or excludes a condition.", "That is, the accuracy is the proportion of true results (both true positives and true negatives) among the total number of cases examined.", "To make the context clear by the semantics, it is often referred to as the \"Rand accuracy\" or \"Rand index\".", "It is a parameter of the test.", "where: TP = True positive; FP = False positive; TN = True negative; FN = False negative", "The formula for quantifying binary precision is: Precision = (TP) / (TP+FP)", "In psychometrics and psychophysics, the term \"accuracy\" is interchangeably used with validity and \"constant error\".", "\"Precision\" is a synonym for reliability and \"variable error\".", "The validity of a measurement instrument or psychological test is established through experiment or correlation with behavior.", "Reliability is established with a variety of statistical techniques, classically through an internal consistency test like Cronbach's alpha to ensure sets of related questions have related responses, and then comparison of those related question between reference and target population.", "In logic simulation, a common mistake in evaluation of accurate models is to compare a logic simulation model to a transistor circuit simulation model.", "This is a comparison of differences in precision, not accuracy.", "Precision is measured with respect to detail and accuracy is measured with respect to reality.", "Information retrieval systems, such as databases and web search engines, are evaluated by many different metrics, some of which are derived from the confusion matrix, which divides results into true positives (documents correctly retrieved), true negatives (documents correctly not retrieved), false positives (documents incorrectly retrieved), and false negatives (documents incorrectly not retrieved).", "Commonly used metrics include the notions of precision and recall.", "In this context, precision is defined as the fraction of retrieved documents which are relevant to the query (true positives divided by true+false positives), using a set of ground truth relevant results selected by humans.", "Recall is defined as the fraction of relevant documents retrieved compared to the total number of relevant documents (true positives divided by true positives+false negatives).", "Less commonly, the metric of accuracy is used, is defined as the total number of correct classifications (true positives plus true negatives) divided by the total number of documents.", "None of these metrics take into account the ranking of results.", "Ranking is very important for web search engines because readers seldom go past the first page of results, and there are too many documents on the web to manually classify all of them as to whether they should be included or excluded from a given search.", "Adding a cutoff at a particular number of results takes ranking into account to some degree.", "The measure precision at k, for example, is a measure of precision looking only at the top ten (k=10) search results.", "More sophisticated metrics, such as discounted cumulative gain, take into account each individual ranking, and are more commonly used where this is important." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 300034, "simple_article_title": "Accuracy and precision", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=300034", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-300034-0-0", "simple-300034-1-0", "simple-300034-1-1", "simple-300034-1-2", "simple-300034-1-3", "simple-300034-2-0", "simple-300034-2-1", "simple-300034-3-0", "simple-300034-4-0", "simple-300034-5-0", "simple-300034-6-0", "simple-300034-6-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The accuracy and precision of measurements have special meanings in the fields of science, engineering, industry and statistics.", "A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both.", "For example, if an experiment contains a error in the way it is done, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy.", "The end result would be a consistent, yet inaccurate, set of results from the flawed experiment.", "Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision.", "A measurement system is valid if it is both \"accurate\" and \"precise\".", "Related terms include \"bias\" (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable) and \"error\" (random variability).", "The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data.", "In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a measurement resolution, which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement.", "The word \"precision\" also refers to how fine the measurement is made, as the \"resolution\" of the measurement, such as to the nearest meter, centimeter, or yard, foot, inch, or nanometer.", "In the case of full reproducibility, such as when rounding a number to a representable floating point number, the word \"precision\" has a meaning not related to reproducibility.", "For example, in the IEEE 754-2008 standard, it means the number of bits in the significand (number of digits in the amount), so it is used as a measure for the relative accuracy with which a number can be shown." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 16615320, "normal_article_title": "The Bushwackers (band)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16615320", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-16615320-0-0", "normal-16615320-1-0", "normal-16615320-1-1", "normal-16615320-1-2", "normal-16615320-1-3", "normal-16615320-2-0", "normal-16615320-2-1", "normal-16615320-2-2", "normal-16615320-3-0", "normal-16615320-3-1", "normal-16615320-4-0", "normal-16615320-4-1", "normal-16615320-5-0", "normal-16615320-6-0", "normal-16615320-7-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Bushwackers Band, often simply \"The Bushwackers\", is an Australian folk and country music band or Bush band founded at La Trobe University in Melbourne in 1971.", "Originally calling themselves \"The Original Bushwackers and Bullockies Bush Band\" the three founding members were guitarist Dave Isom, tea-chest bass player Jan 'Yarn' Wositzky and lagerphonist Bert Kahanoff.", "The band was conceived at Latrobe University in Melbourne when the founding members, in order to qualify for a grant to travel to the Aquarius Arts Festival 1972 at the ANU in Canberra, had to register as a formal act, consequently taking their name from the title of an album by the English folk singer Martyn Whyndham Read.", "They were later joined by various players, including accordion and concertina player Mick Slocum, and fiddlers Tony Hunt and Dave Kidd, and in 1974 the band went full-time with their first tour to the British Isles, and Kahanoff was replaced by lagerphone player Dobe Newton.", "With an ever-changing line-up, and adding tin whistle, harmonica, concertina, 5-string banjo, bodhrán, bones, spoons, electric bass and guitar and drums the band worked throughout Australia and Europe.", "By 1984, and no longer with Isom, Wositzky and Slocum in the line-up, the band moved its home from Melbourne to Sydney.", "Roger Corbett joined the band in 1980 and remains the principal songwriter, producer and manager of the band.", "Other members have included Fred Kuhnl, David Brannigan (The Colinails), drummer Gregory Martin, Steve Groves, Pete Farndon, Dave Mattacks, Pat Drummond, Michael Harris, Louis McManus, Eddy van Roosendael, Freddie Strauks (ex Skyhooks), drummer Pete Drummond (currently with Dragon) and world-renowned Australian guitarist Tommy Emmanuel.", "Notable recordings include \"Faces in the Street\", \"Beneath the Southern Cross\", \"Bushfire\", \"Murrumbidgee\" and \"The Shearers Dream\" – two of which were released through Australian record label Astor Records.", "The album \"And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda\" was released through EMI records in 1976 and is regarded as one of their finest recordings.", "'Bushfire', recorded in 1979 and produced by British producer John Wood and the band, featured arguably their most creative work as the band sought a far more contemporary musical direction by recording songs such as Fannie Bay and Annie, and utilising drums and synthesiser.", "The album remains as fresh today as it was when recorded in 1979.", "Many of the band's songs are adaptations of poetry written by Australian bush poets including Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson.", "The current lineup is Dobe Newton, Roger Corbett, Mark Oats, Clare O'Meara, Michael Vidale, Ben Corbett, and the drummer Andy Gatus.", "In 2011 Roger Corbett and Dobe Newton re-recorded the popular 1980 Dance Album as \"The Official Dance Album\", in which they included the Dobe Newton co-written (with Bruce Woodley) classic song \"I Am Australian\" and won a third Golden Guitar award." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 137022, "simple_article_title": "The Bushwackers (band)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=137022", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-137022-0-0", "simple-137022-0-1", "simple-137022-0-2", "simple-137022-0-3", "simple-137022-0-4", "simple-137022-0-5", "simple-137022-1-0", "simple-137022-1-1", "simple-137022-1-2", "simple-137022-1-3", "simple-137022-2-0", "simple-137022-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Bushwackers Band was first called the Bushwackers and Bullockies Band.", "It is an Australian folk and country music band.", "It was active from the early 1970s to 1984.", "The group started as a trio playing around Latrobe University, Melbourne.", "The players were Dave Isom, Jan Wositzky and Bert Kanahoff.", "Their first album, \"The Shearer's Dream\" was made in 1974 with Dobe Newton on lagerphone and vocals, Mick Slocum on accordions and vocals, Jan Wositzky on harmonica, bush bass and vocals, Tony Hunt on fiddle and viola and Dave Isom on guitar.", "Recordings include \"Faces in the Street\", \"Beneath the Southern Cross\", \"Bushfire\", \"Murrumbidgee\" and \"The Shearers Dream\".", "some of these were made through Australian record label Astor Records.", "The album \"And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda\" was made with EMI records in 1976.", "It is regarded as one of their best recordings.", "Many songs were settings of poetry written by Australian bush poets including Henry Lawson.", "In the 90's the band reformed with Newton and Corbett back in the lineup." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 27344847, "normal_article_title": "Kojak: The Price of Justice", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27344847", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-27344847-0-0", "normal-27344847-1-0", "normal-27344847-1-1", "normal-27344847-1-2", "normal-27344847-1-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Kojak: The Price of Justice is a 1987 made-for-television film based on the 1973–1978 TV series \"Kojak\", starring Telly Savalas as Theo Kojak.", "Kojak is on a new case, the bodies of two young boys are found in the Harlem river.", "Their mother (Kate Nelligan) is the main obvious suspect, particularly with her scandalous past, but Kojak believes that she is innocent.", "Soon afterward the boys' father (Pat Hingle) kills himself.", "Kojak and his new assistant (John Bedford Lloyd) have to sort things out and solve the case which isn't going to be as straightforward a task as it seems." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 288151, "simple_article_title": "Kojak: The Price of Justice", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=288151", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-288151-0-0", "simple-288151-1-0", "simple-288151-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Kojak: The Price of Justice (1987) is an American television film, starring by Telly Savalas and directed by Alan Metzger.", "The inspector Theo Kojak investigates a crime in which a woman is accused of murdering her own children.", "Kojak ends feeling mixed feelings for her." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 53641281, "normal_article_title": "People's Summit", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53641281", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-53641281-0-0", "normal-53641281-1-0", "normal-53641281-1-1", "normal-53641281-1-2", "normal-53641281-2-0", "normal-53641281-2-1", "normal-53641281-2-2", "normal-53641281-3-0", "normal-53641281-3-1", "normal-53641281-3-2", "normal-53641281-4-0", "normal-53641281-4-1", "normal-53641281-4-2", "normal-53641281-4-3", "normal-53641281-4-4", "normal-53641281-5-0", "normal-53641281-5-1", "normal-53641281-5-2", "normal-53641281-5-3", "normal-53641281-5-4", "normal-53641281-6-0", "normal-53641281-6-1", "normal-53641281-6-2", "normal-53641281-6-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The People's Summit was an annual conference in Chicago held by a group of progressive political organizations in the United States.", "Held in June 2016, the first People's Summit was set against the backdrop of the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016.", "The conference was led by National Nurses United and The People for Bernie Sanders.", "Other groups involved in organizing the conference included Democratic Socialists of America, Food & Water Watch, Our Revolution (previously the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016), People Demanding Action, People's Action, Progressive Democrats of America, Reclaim Chicago, United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, United Students Against Sweatshops, Million Hoodies, and African-Americans for Bernie Sanders.", "The organizers of the Summit stated that they wanted to harness the energy of the Sanders campaign.", "Over 3,000 people attended the 2016 People's Summit to hear speakers including Rosario Dawson, Tulsi Gabbard, Gaby Hoffmann, Naomi Klein, Jesus \"Chuy\" Garcia, and Frances Fox Piven.", "The most cited speech was by Nina Turner, a Sanders surrogate and member of the Ohio State Senate, with the rousing line: \"We need folks elected to office who actually give a shit about the people they represent!\".", "Media coverage of the 2016 Summit focused on different themes, with Rolling Stone calling the event a \"coming out party for a new kind of politics\" and \"the kindling for democratic socialism with teeth.\"", "The New York Times focused on the split among attendees between Bernie supporters who would support Hillary Clinton during the general election, and those who would not - known as 'Bernie or Bust'.", "The correspondent from The Nation remarked on how organized the Summit was compared to similar left-wing political events.", "The second Peoples Summit was held June 9–11, 2017 at McCormick Place.", "The conference was sponsored by People for Bernie, National Nurses United, Our Revolution, and others.", "The theme for the 2017 summit was \"Beyond Resistance: A People's Movement for a Just World\".", "Bernie Sanders headlined the conference, along with RoseAnn DeMoro, Naomi Klein, Nina Turner, Michael Moore, Linda Sarsour, Christine Pellegrino, Larry Krasner, Chokwe Antar Lumumba, and others.", "The conference was attended by over 4,000 people.", "Sanders delivered the keynote speech calling for an agenda \"that can enhance and expand issue campaigns and hold all elected officials accountable to popular demands for justice, equality, and freedom.\"", "During his speech, he repeatedly criticized the Democratic Party, calling it an \"absolute failure\" and blaming it for the election of President Trump.", "The conference appeared to strive to pass the leadership role from Bernie Sanders to a whole new generation of candidates.", "When Sanders spoke and the crowd began to chant the familiar \"Bernie!", ",\" he shouted back, \"It's not Bernie.", "Several speakers stressed that future generations need protection as well.", "Nina Turner's speech drew boisterous approval from the attendees.", "She said, \"You've got to walk the walk ... you have to care more about the next generation than the next election.\"", "Mike Sylvester, a union organizer for 20 years who ran a successful campaign as a socialist for the Maine House of Representatives in 2016, said that as he went door-to-door campaigning for long hours, he would remind himself that he was running for office for the future of his children." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 602049, "simple_article_title": "People's Summit", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=602049", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-602049-0-0", "simple-602049-0-1", "simple-602049-0-2", "simple-602049-1-0", "simple-602049-1-1", "simple-602049-2-0", "simple-602049-3-0", "simple-602049-3-1", "simple-602049-3-2", "simple-602049-3-3", "simple-602049-3-4", "simple-602049-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The People's Summit is an annual conference in Chicago held by a group of progressive political organizations in the United States.", "It is held at the McCormick Place every year around in June.", "The organizers of the Summit stated that they wanted to get the energy of the Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign.", "Held in June 2016, the first People's Summit was set against the backdrop of the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016.", "The conference was led by National Nurses United and The People for Bernie Sanders.", "Over 3,000 people attended the 2016 People's Summit to hear speakers including Rosario Dawson, Tulsi Gabbard, Gaby Hoffmann, Naomi Klein, Jesus \"Chuy\" Garcia, and Frances Fox Piven", "The second Peoples Summit was held June 9–11, 2017 at McCormick Place.", "The conference was sponsored by People for Bernie, National Nurses United, Our Revolution, and others.", "The theme for the 2017 summit was \"Beyond Resistance: A People’s Movement for a Just World\".", "Bernie Sanders headlined the conference, along with RoseAnn DeMoro, Naomi Klein, Nina Turner, Michael Moore, Linda Sarsour, Christine Pellegrino, Larry Krasner, Chokwe Antar Lumumba, and others.", "The conference was attended by over 4,000 people.", "Bernie Sanders delivered the keynote speech calling for an agenda \"that can enhance and expand issue campaigns and hold all elected officials accountable to popular demands for justice, equality, and freedom.\"" ] } }

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"normal-18315-83-0", "normal-18315-83-1", "normal-18315-84-0", "normal-18315-84-1", "normal-18315-84-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Long Island is a densely populated island off the East Coast of the United States, beginning at New York Harbor approximately 0.35 miles (0.56 km) from Manhattan Island and extending eastward into the Atlantic Ocean.", "The island comprises four counties in the U.S. state of New York.", "Kings and Queens Counties (the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, respectively) and Nassau County share the western third of the island, while Suffolk County occupies the eastern two-thirds.", "More than half of New York City's residents now live on Long Island, in Brooklyn, and in Queens.", "However, many people in the New York metropolitan area (even in Brooklyn and Queens) colloquially use the term \"Long Island\" (or the Island) to refer exclusively to Nassau and Suffolk Counties, and conversely, employ the term \"the City\" to mean Manhattan alone.", "Broadly speaking, \"Long Island\" may refer both to the main island and the surrounding outer barrier islands.", "North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which lie Westchester County, New York, and the state of Connecticut.", "Across the Block Island Sound to the northeast is the state of Rhode Island.", "To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River.", "To the extreme southwest, it is separated from Staten Island and the state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, and Lower New York Bay.", "To the east lie Block Island—which belongs to the State of Rhode Island—and numerous smaller islands.", "Both the longest and the largest island in the contiguous United States, Long Island extends 118 mi eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point, with a maximum north-to-south distance of 23 mi between Long Island Sound and the Atlantic coast.", "With a land area of 1,401 square miles (3,630 km), Long Island is the 11th-largest island in the United States and the 149th-largest island in the world—larger than the 1,214 sqmi of the smallest U.S. state, Rhode Island.", "With a Census-estimated population of 7,869,820 in 2017, constituting nearly 40% of New York State's population, Long Island is the most populated island in any U.S. state or territory, and the 18th-most populous island in the world (ahead of Ireland, Jamaica, and Hokkaidō).", "Its population density is 5595.1 PD/sqmi .", "If Long Island geographically constituted an independent metropolitan statistical area, it would rank fourth most populous in the United States; while if it were a U.S. state, Long Island would rank thirteenth in population and first in population density.", "Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse, featuring some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere near the shorelines as well as working-class areas in all four counties.", "As a hub of commercial aviation, Long Island contains two of the New York City metropolitan area's three busiest airports, JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, in addition to Islip MacArthur Airport; as well as two major air traffic control radar facilities, the New York TRACON and the New York ARTCC.", "Nine bridges and thirteen tunnels (including railroad tunnels) connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City.", "Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut.", "The Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7.", "Nassau County high school students often feature prominently as winners of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair and similar STEM-based academic awards.", "Biotechnology companies and scientific research play a significant role in Long Island's economy, including research facilities at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, the New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the City University of New York, and Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine.", "Prior to European contact, the Lenape people (named the \"Delaware\" by Europeans) inhabited the western end of Long Island, and spoke the Munsee dialect of Lenape, one of the Algonquian language family.", "Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524.", "The island's eastern portion was inhabited by speakers of the Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett language group of Algonquian languages; they were part of the Pequot and Narragansett peoples inhabiting the area that now includes Connecticut and Rhode Island.", "In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor and purportedly landed at Coney Island.", "Adriaen Block followed in 1615, and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands.", "Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as \"Sewanhaka\" (\"Sewanhacky\" and \"Sewanhacking\" were other spellings in the transliteration of Lenape).", "\"Sewan\" was one of the terms for wampum (commemorative stringed shell beads, for a while also used as currency by colonists in trades with the Lenape), and is also translated as \"loose\" or \"scattered\", which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island.", "The name \"'t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs\" appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s.", "Later, the English referred to the land as \"Nassau Island\", after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange (who later also ruled as King William III of England).", "It is unclear when the name \"Nassau Island\" was discontinued.", "Another indigenous name from colonial time, Paumanok, comes from the Native American name for Long Island and means \"the island that pays tribute.\"", "The very first European settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England.", "Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island.", "The first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21, 1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut.", "Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first.", "He is considered the first New World settler on Long Island.", "Southampton was settled in the same year.", "Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, Brookhaven in 1655, and Smithtown in 1665.", "While the English eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, the western portion of Long Island was settled by the Dutch; until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split between the Dutch and English, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County.", "The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645.", "These included: Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick.", "The Dutch had granted an English settlement in Hempstead, New York (now in Nassau County) in 1644, but after a boundary dispute they drove out English settlers from the Oyster Bay area.", "However, in 1664, the English returned to take over the Dutch colony of New Netherland, including Long Island.", "The 1664 land patent granted to the Duke of York included all islands in Long Island Sound.", "The Duke of York held a grudge against Connecticut, as New Haven had hidden three of the judges who sentenced the Duke's father, King Charles I, to death in 1649.", "Settlers throughout Suffolk County pressed to stay part of Connecticut, but Governor Sir Edmund Andros threatened to eliminate the settlers' rights to land if they did not yield, which they did by 1676.", "All of Long Island (as well as the islands between it and Connecticut) became part of the Province of New York within the Shire of York.", "Present-day Suffolk County was designated as the \"East Riding\" (of Yorkshire), present-day Brooklyn was part of the \"West Riding\", and present-day Queens and Nassau were part of the larger \"North Riding\".", "In 1683, Yorkshire was dissolved and the three original counties on Long Island were established: Kings, Queens, and Suffolk.", "Early in the American Revolutionary War, the island was captured by the British from General George Washington in the Battle of Long Island, a decisive battle after which Washington narrowly evacuated his troops from Brooklyn Heights under a dense fog.", "After the British victory on Long Island, many Patriots fled, leaving mostly Loyalists behind.", "The island was a British stronghold until the end of the war in 1783.", "General Washington based his espionage activities on Long Island, due to the western part of the island's proximity to the British military headquarters in New York City.", "The Culper Spy Ring included agents operating between Setauket and Manhattan.", "This ring alerted Washington to valuable British secrets, including the treason of Benedict Arnold and a plan to use counterfeiting to induce economic sabotage.", "Long Island's colonists served both Loyalist and Patriot causes, with many prominent families divided among both sides.", "During the occupation British troops used a number of civilian structures for defense and demanded to be quartered in the homes of civilians.", "A number of structures from this era remain.", "Among these are Raynham Hall, the Oyster Bay home of patriot spy Robert Townsend, and the Caroline Church in Setauket, which contains bullet holes from a skirmish known as the Battle of Setauket.", "Also in existence is a reconstruction of Brooklyn's Old Stone House, on the site of the Maryland 400's celebrated last stand during the Battle of Long Island.", "In the 19th century, Long Island was still mainly rural and devoted to agriculture.", "The predecessor to the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) began service in 1836 from the South Ferry in Brooklyn, through the remainder of Brooklyn, to Jamaica in Queens.", "The line was completed to the east end of Long Island in 1844 (as part of a plan for transportation to Boston).", "Competing railroads (soon absorbed by the LIRR) were built along the south shore to accommodate travellers from those more populated areas.", "For the century from 1830 until 1930, total population roughly doubled every twenty years, with more dense development in areas near Manhattan.", "Several cities were incorporated, such as the 'City of Brooklyn' in Kings County, and Long Island City in Queens.", "Until the 1883 completion of the Brooklyn Bridge, the only means of travel between Long Island and the rest of the United States was by boat or ship.", "As other bridges and tunnels were constructed, areas of the island began to be developed as residential suburbs, first around the railroads that offered commuting into the city.", "On January 1, 1898, Kings County and portions of Queens were consolidated into the 'City of Greater New York', abolishing all cities and towns within them.", "The easternmost 280 sqmi of Queens County, which were not part of the consolidation plan, separated from Queens in 1899 to form Nassau County.", "At the close of the 19th century, wealthy industrialists who made vast fortunes during the Gilded Age began to construct large \"baronial\" country estates in Nassau County communities along the North Shore of Long Island, favoring the many properties with water views.", "Proximity to Manhattan attracted such men as J. P. Morgan, William K. Vanderbilt, and Charles Pratt, whose estates led to this area being nicknamed the Gold Coast.", "This period and the area was immortalized in fiction, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald's \"The Great Gatsby\", which has also been adapted in films.", "Charles Lindbergh lifted off from Roosevelt Field with his \"Spirit of Saint Louis\" for his historic 1927 solo flight to Europe, one of the events that helped to establish Long Island as an early center of aviation during the 20th Century.", "Other famous aviators such as Wiley Post originated notable flights from Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, which became the first major airport serving New York City before it was superseded by the opening of La Guardia Airport in 1939.", "Long Island was also the site of Mitchel Air Force Base and was a major center of military aircraft production by companies such as Grumman and Fairchild Aircraft during World War II and for some decades afterward.", "Aircraft production on Long Island extended all the way into the Space Age – Grumman was one of the major contractors that helped to build the early lunar flight and space shuttle vehicles.", "Although the aircraft companies eventually ended their Long Island operations and the early airports were all later closed – Roosevelt Field, for instance, became the site of a major shopping mall – the Cradle of Aviation Museum on the site of the former Mitchel Field documents the Island's key role in the history of aviation.", "From the 1920s to the 1940s, Long Island began the transformation from backwoods and farms as developers created numerous suburbs.", "Numerous branches of the LIRR already enabled commuting from the suburbs to Manhattan.", "Robert Moses engineered various automobile parkway projects to span the island, and developed beaches and state parks for the enjoyment of residents and visitors from the city.", "Gradually, development also followed these parkways, with various communities springing up along the more traveled routes.", "After World War II, suburban development increased with incentives under the G.I. Bill, and Long Island's population skyrocketed, mostly in Nassau County and western Suffolk County.", "Second and third-generation children of immigrants moved out to eastern Long Island to settle in new housing developments built during the post-war boom.", "Levittown became noted as a suburb, where housing construction was simplified to be produced on a large scale.", "These provided opportunities for World War II military veterans returning home to buy houses and start a family.", "In his 1966 book, \"My Private America\" (\"Moja prywatna Ameryka\"), Kazimierz Wierzyński, a Polish poet who could not go back to Poland after World War Two, describes Polish farmers living there, as \"walking novels\".", "By the start of the 21st century, a number of Long Island communities had converted their assets from industrial uses to post-industrial roles.", "Brooklyn reversed decades of population decline and factory closings to resurface as a globally renowned cultural and intellectual hotbed.", "Gentrification has affected much of Brooklyn and a portion of Queens, relocating a sizeable swath of New York City's population.", "On eastern Long Island, such villages as Port Jefferson, Patchogue, and Riverhead have been changed from inactive shipbuilding and mill towns into tourist-centric commercial centers with cultural attractions.", "The descendants of late 19th and early 20th-century immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, and black migrants from the South, have been followed by more recent immigrants from Asia and Latin America.", "Long Island has many ethnic Irish, Jews, and Italians, as well as an increasing numbers of Asians and Hispanics, reflecting later migrations.", "The westernmost end of Long Island contains the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn (Kings County) and Queens (Queens County).", "The central and eastern portions contain the suburban Nassau and Suffolk Counties.", "However, colloquial usage of the term \"Long Island\" usually refers only to Nassau and Suffolk Counties.", "For example, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York has a district named \"Long Island (Nassau-Suffolk Metro Division).\"", "At least as late as 1911, locations in Queens were still commonly referred to as being on Long Island.", "Some institutions in the New York City section of the island use the island's names, like Long Island University and Long Island Jewish Medical Center.", "In 1985, the United States Supreme Court ruled in \"United States v. Maine\" that Long Island is legally not an island, because New York State's boundaries contained its offshore soil and seabeds.", "Despite the legal decision the United States Board on Geographic Names still considers Long Island an island, because it is surrounded by water.", "Nassau County is more densely developed than Suffolk County.", "While affluent overall, Nassau County has pockets of more pronounced wealth with estates covering greater acreage within the Gold Coast of the North Shore and the Five Towns area on the South Shore.", "South Shore communities are built along protected wetlands of the island and contain white sandy beaches of Outer Barrier Islands fronting on the Atlantic Ocean.", "Dutch and English settlers from the time before the American Revolutionary War, as well as communities of Native Americans, populated the island.", "The 19th century saw the infusion of the wealthiest Americans in the so-called Gold Coast of the North Shore, where wealthy Americans and Europeans in the Gilded Age built lavish country homes.", "In its easternmost sections, Suffolk County remains semi-rural, as in Greenport on the North Fork and some of the periphery of the area prominently known as The Hamptons, although summer tourism swells the population in those areas.", "The North Fork peninsula of Suffolk County's East End has developed a burgeoning Wine Country region.", "In addition, the South Fork peninsula is known for beach communities, including the Hamptons, and for the Montauk Point Lighthouse at the eastern tip of the island.", "The Pine Barrens is a preserved pine forest encompassing much of eastern Suffolk County.", "A detailed geomorphological study of Long Island provides evidence of glacial history of the kame and terminal moraines of the island which were formed by the advance and retreat of two ice sheets.", "Long Island, as part of the Outer Lands region, is formed largely of two spines of glacial moraine, with a large, sandy outwash plain beyond.", "These moraines consist of gravel and loose rock left behind during the two most recent pulses of Wisconsin glaciation during the Ice Ages some 21,000 years ago (19,000 BC).", "The northern moraine, which directly abuts the North Shore of Long Island at points, is known as the Harbor Hill moraine.", "The more southerly moraine, known as the Ronkonkoma moraine, forms the \"backbone\" of Long Island; it runs primarily through the very center of Long Island, roughly coinciding with the length of the Long Island Expressway.", "The land to the south of this moraine to the South Shore is the outwash plain of the last glacier.", "One part of the outwash plain was known as the Hempstead Plains, and this land contained one of the few natural prairies to exist east of the Appalachian Mountains.", "The glaciers melted and receded to the north, resulting in the difference between the topography of the North Shore beaches and the South Shore beaches.", "The North Shore beaches are rocky from the remaining glacial debris, while the South Shore's are crisp, clear, outwash sand.", "Jayne's Hill, at 401 ft , within Suffolk County near its border with Nassau County, is the highest hill along either moraine; another well-known summit is Bald Hill in Brookhaven Town, not far from its geographical center at Middle Island.", "The glaciers also formed Lake Ronkonkoma in Suffolk County and Lake Success in Nassau County, each a deep kettle lake.", "Under the Köppen climate classification, Long Island lies in a transition zone between a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and a humid continental climate (Dfa).", "The climate features long hot summers, with occasional thunderstorms, mild spring and fall weather, and cool to cold winters with a mix of snow and rain and stormier conditions.", "Springs can be cool and sometimes gloomy due to the relatively cooler temperatures of the Atlantic Ocean.", "The ocean also brings afternoon sea breezes that temper the heat in the warmer months and limit the frequency and severity of thunderstorms.", "Long Island has a moderately sunny climate, averaging 2,400 to 2,800 hours of sunshine annually.", "Due to its coastal location, Long Island winter temperatures are significantly milder than most of the state.", "The coldest month is January, when average temperatures range from 30 to 35 F , and the warmest month is July, when average temperatures range from 70 to 80 F .", "Temperatures seldom fall below 5 F or rise above 95 F .", "Long Island temperatures vary from west to east, with the western part (Nassau County, Queens, and Brooklyn) generally warmer than the east (Suffolk County).", "This is due to several factors: the western part is closer to the mainland and more densely developed, causing the \"urban heat island\" effect, and Long Island's land mass veers northward as one travels east.", "Also, daytime high temperatures on the eastern part of Long Island are cooler on most occasions, due to the moderating effect of the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound.", "On dry nights with no clouds or wind, the Pine Barrens forest of eastern Suffolk County can be almost 20 degrees Fahrenheit (11 degrees Celsius) cooler than the rest of the island, due to radiational cooling.", "Average dew points, a measure of atmospheric moisture, typically lie in the 60-70 F range during July and August.", "Precipitation is distributed fairly uniformly throughout the year, with approximately 3-4 inch on average during each month.", "Average yearly snowfall totals range from approximately 20 to , with the north shore and western parts averaging more than the south shore and the east end.", "In any given winter, however, some parts of the island can see up to 75 in of snow or more.", "There are also some very quiet winters, in which most parts of the island could see less than 10 in of snow.", "On August 13, 2014, flash flooding occurred in western-central Suffolk County after a record-setting rainfall deposited more than three months' worth of precipitation on the area within a few hours.", "Long Island is somewhat vulnerable to tropical cyclones.", "While it lies north of where most tropical cyclones turn eastward and out to sea (most landfalls on the East Coast of the USA occur from North Carolina southward), several tropical cyclones have struck Long Island, including a devastating Category 3, the 1938 New England Hurricane (also known as the \"Long Island Express\"), and another Category 3, Hurricane Carol in 1954.", "Other 20th-century storms that made landfall on Long Island at hurricane intensity include the Great Atlantic Hurricane of 1944, Hurricane Donna in 1960, Hurricane Belle in 1976, and Hurricane Gloria in 1985.", "Also, the eyewall of Hurricane Bob in 1991 brushed the eastern tip.", "In August 2011, portions of Long Island were evacuated in preparation for Hurricane Irene, a Category 1 hurricane which weakened to a tropical storm before it reached Long Island.", "On October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive damage to low-lying coastal areas of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Brooklyn, and Queens, destroying or severely damaging thousands of area homes and other structures by ocean and bay storm surges.", "Hundreds of thousands of residents were left without electric power for periods of time ranging up to several weeks while the damage was being repaired.", "The slow-moving \"Superstorm Sandy\" (so-nicknamed because its winds weakened below hurricane intensity as it made landfall) caused 90% of Long Island households to lose power and an estimated $18 billion in damages in Nassau and Suffolk Counties alone.", "The storm also had a devastating impact on coastal communities in the Brooklyn and Queens portions of the island, including Coney Island in Brooklyn and the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens, although estimates of monetary damages there are usually calculated as part of the overall losses suffered in New York City as a whole.", "When allowance is made for inflation, the extent of Sandy's damages is second only to that of those caused by the 1938 Long Island Express.", "Although a lower central pressure was recorded in Sandy, the National Hurricane Center estimates that the 1938 hurricane had a lower pressure at landfall.", "Hurricane Sandy and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of Long Island and New York City to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.", "Several smaller islands, though geographically distinct, are in proximity to Long Island and are often grouped with it.", "These islands include Fire Island, the largest of the outer barrier islands that parallels the southern shore of Long Island for approximately 31 mi ; Plum Island, which was home to the Plum Island Animal Disease Center, a biological weapons research facility; as well as Robins Island, Gardiners Island, Fishers Island, Long Beach Barrier Island, Jones Beach Island, Great Gull Island, Little Gull Island, and Shelter Island.", "Long Island is one of the most densely populated regions in the United States.", "As of the United States 2010 Census, the total population of all four counties of Long Island was 7,568,304, which was 39% of the population of the State of New York.", "As of 2017, the proportion of New York City residents living on Long Island had risen to 58%, given the 5,007,353 residents living in Brooklyn or Queens.", "Furthermore, the proportion of New York State's population residing on Long Island has also been increasing, with Long Island's Census-estimated population increasing 4.0% since 2010, to 7,869,820 in 2017, representing 39.6% of New York State's Census-estimated 2017 population of 19,849,399 and with a population density of 5617.3 PD/sqmi on Long Island.", "Long Island's population is greater than 37 of the 50 U.S. states.", "As of the 2010 census, the combined population of Nassau and Suffolk Counties was 2,832,882 people; Suffolk County's share being 1,493,350 and Nassau County's 1,339,532.", "Nassau County had a larger population for decades, but Suffolk County surpassed it in the 1990 census as growth and development continued to spread eastward.", "As Suffolk County has more than three times the land area of Nassau County, the latter still has a much higher population density and is growing faster in the 21st century, given its proximity to New York City.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2008 American Community Survey, Nassau and Suffolk Counties had the 10th and 26th highest median household incomes in the nation, respectively.", "Population figures from the U.S. Census Bureau \"Census 2010\" show that whites are the largest racial group in all four counties, and are in the majority in Nassau and Suffolk Counties.", "In 2002, \"The New York Times\" cited a study by the non-profit group ERASE Racism, which determined that Nassau and Suffolk Counties constitute the most racially segregated suburbs in the United States.", "In contrast, Queens is the most ethnically diverse county in the United States and the most diverse urban area in the world.", "According to a 2000 report on religion, which asked congregations to respond, Catholics are the largest religious group on Long Island, with non-affiliated in second place.", "Catholics make up 52% of the population of Nassau and Suffolk, versus 22% for the country as a whole, with Jews at 16% and 7%, respectively, versus 1.7% nationwide.", "Only a small percentage of Protestants responded, 7% and 8% respectively, for Nassau and Suffolk Counties.", "This is in contrast with 23% for the entire country on the same survey, and 50% on self-identification surveys.", "A growing population of nearly half a million Chinese Americans now live on Long Island.", "Rapidly expanding Chinatowns have developed in Brooklyn (布魯克林) and Queens (皇后), with Chinese immigrants also moving into Nassau County, as did earlier European immigrants, such as the Irish and Italians.", "The busy intersection of Main Street, Kissena Boulevard, and 41st Avenue defines the center of Downtown Flushing and the Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠), known as the \"Chinese Times Square\" or the \"Chinese Manhattan\".", "The segment of Main Street between Kissena Boulevard and Roosevelt Avenue, punctuated by the Long Island Rail Road trestle overpass, represents the cultural heart of the Flushing Chinatown.", "Housing over 30,000 individuals born in China alone, the largest by this metric outside Asia, Flushing has become home to the largest and one of the fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world as the heart of over 250,000 ethnic Chinese in Queens, representing the largest Chinese population of any U.S. municipality other than New York City in total.", "Conversely, the Flushing Chinatown has also become the epicenter of organized prostitution in the United States, importing women from China, Korea, Thailand, and Eastern Europe to sustain the underground North American sex trade.", "More recently, a Little India (लघु भारत) community has emerged in Hicksville, Nassau County, spreading eastward from the more established Little India enclaves in Queens.", "Likewise, the Long Island Koreatown (롱 아일랜드 코리아타운) originated in Flushing, Queens, and is expanding eastward along Northern Boulevard and into Nassau County.", "Long Island is home to two Native American reservations, Poospatuck Reservation, and Shinnecock Reservation, both in Suffolk County.", "Numerous island place names are Native American in origin.", "A 2010 article in \"The New York Times\" stated that the expansion of the immigrant workforce on Long Island has not displaced any jobs from other Long Island residents.", "Half of the immigrants on Long Island hold white-collar positions.", "The Counties of Nassau and Suffolk have been long renowned for their affluence.", "Long Island is home to some of the wealthiest communities in the United States, including The Hamptons, on the East End of the South Shore of Suffolk County; the Gold Coast, in the vicinity of the island's North Shore, along Long Island Sound; and increasingly, the western shoreline of Brooklyn, facing Manhattan.", "In 2016, according to \"Business Insider\", the 11962 zip code encompassing Sagaponack, within Southampton, was listed as the most expensive in the U.S., with a median home sale price of $8.5 million.", "Long Island has played a prominent role in scientific research and in engineering.", "It is the home of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in nuclear physics and Department of Energy research.", "Long Island is also home to the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, which was directed for 35 years by James D. Watson (who, along with Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin, discovered the double helix structure of DNA).", "Companies such as Sperry Rand, Computer Associates (headquartered in Islandia), Zebra Technologies (now occupying the former headquarters of Symbol Technologies, and a former Grumman plant in Holtsville), have made Long Island a center for the computer industry.", "Stony Brook University of the State University of New York and New York Institute of Technology conduct advanced medical and technological research.", "Long Island is home to the East Coast's largest industrial park, the Hauppauge Industrial Park, hosting over 1,300 companies which employ more than 71,000 individuals.", "Companies in the park and abroad are represented by the Hauppauge Industrial Association.", "As many as 20% of Long Islanders commute to jobs in Manhattan.", "The island's eastern end is still partly agricultural.", "Development of vineyards on the North Fork has spawned a major viticultural industry, replacing potato fields.", "Pumpkin farms have been added to traditional truck farming.", "Farms allow fresh fruit picking by Long Islanders for much of the year.", "Fishing continues to be an important industry, especially at Huntington, Northport, Montauk, and other coastal communities of the East End and South Shore.", "From about 1930 to about 1990, Long Island was considered one of the aerospace manufacturing centers of the United States, with companies such as Grumman Aircraft, Republic, Fairchild, and Curtiss having their headquarters and factories on Long Island.", "These operations have largely been phased out or significantly diminished.", "Nassau County and Suffolk County each have their own governments, with a County Executive leading each.", "Each has a county legislature and countywide-elected officials, including district attorney, county clerk, and county comptroller.", "The towns in both counties have their own governments as well, with town supervisors and a town council.", "Nassau County is divided into three towns and two small incorporated cities (Glen Cove and Long Beach).", "Suffolk County is divided into ten towns.", "Brooklyn and Queens, on the other hand, do not have county governments.", "As boroughs of New York City, both have borough presidents, which have been largely ceremonial offices since the shutdown of the New York City Board of Estimate.", "The respective Borough Presidents are responsible for appointing individuals to the Brooklyn Community Boards and Queens Community Boards, each of which serves an advisory function on local issues.", "Brooklyn's sixteen members and Queens' fourteen members represent the first and second largest borough contingents of the New York City Council.", "Queens and Brooklyn are patrolled by the New York City Police Department.", "Nassau and Suffolk Counties are served by the Nassau County Police Department and Suffolk County Police Department, respectively, although several dozen villages and the two cities in Nassau County have their own police departments.", "The Nassau County Sheriff's Department and Suffolk County Sheriff's Office handle civil procedure, evictions, warrant service and enforcement, prisoner transport and detention, and operation of the county jail.", "New York State Police patrol state parks and parkways.", "The several SUNY colleges and universities are patrolled by the New York State University Police.", "The secession of Nassau and Suffolk Counties on Long Island from New York State was proposed as early as 1896, but talk was revived towards the latter part of the twentieth century.", "On March 28, 2008, Suffolk County Comptroller Joseph Sawicki proposed a plan that would make Nassau and Suffolk Counties on Long Island the 51st state of the United States of America.", "Sawicki claimed all of Nassau and Suffolk taxpayers' money would remain locally, rather than the funds being dispersed all over the entire state of New York, with these counties sending to Albany over three billion dollars more than they receive.", "The state of Long Island would have included nearly 3 million people (a larger population than that of fifteen other states).", "Nassau County executive Ed Mangano came out in support of such a proposal in April 2010 and commissioned a study on it.", "Many major forms of transportation serve Long Island, including aviation via John F. Kennedy International Airport, LaGuardia Airport, and Long Island MacArthur Airport, and multiple smaller airports; rail transportation via the Long Island Rail Road and the New York City Subway; bus routes via MTA Regional Bus Operations, Nassau Inter-County Express, and Suffolk County Transit; ferry service via NYC Ferry and multiple smaller ferry companies; and several major highways.", "There are historic and modern bridges, and recreational and commuter trails, serving various parts of Long Island.", "There are ten road crossings out of Long Island, all within New York City limits at the island's extreme western end.", "Plans for a Long Island Crossing at locations in Nassau and Suffolk Counties (a proposed bridge or tunnel that would link Long Island to the south with New York or Connecticut to the north across Long Island Sound) have been discussed for decades, but there are no plans to construct such a crossing.", "The MTA implements mass transportation for the New York metropolitan area including all five boroughs of New York City, the suburban counties of Dutchess, Nassau, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester, all of which together are the \"Metropolitan Commuter Transportation District (MCTD)\".", "The MTA considers itself to be the largest regional public transportation provider in the Western Hemisphere.", "s of 2018 , MTA agencies move about 8.6 million customers per day (translating to 2.65 billion rail and bus customers a year).", "The MTA's systems carry over 11 million passengers on an average weekday systemwide, and over 850,000 vehicles on its seven toll bridges and two tunnels per weekday.", "The Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) is North America's busiest commuter railroad system, carrying an average of 282,400 passengers each weekday on 728 daily trains.", "Chartered on April 24, 1834, and operating continuously since, it is also the oldest railroad in the U.S. that still operates under its original charter and name.", "The Metropolitan Transportation Authority has operated the LIRR as one of its two commuter railroads since 1966, and the LIRR is one of the few railroads worldwide that provides service all the time, year round.", "In July 2017, a $2 billion plan to add a third railroad track to the LIRR Main Line between the Floral Park and Hicksville stations in Nassau County was approved.", "Other LIRR projects, such as the Ronkonkoma Branch Double Track Project, are also underway.", "Five \"readiness projects\" across the LIRR system, which will cost a combined $495 million, are also under construction in preparation for expanded peak-hour LIRR service after the completion of East Side Access, which will bring LIRR trains to Grand Central Terminal.", "Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE) provides bus service in Nassau County, while Suffolk County Transit, an agency of the Suffolk County government, provides bus service in Suffolk County.", "In 2012, NICE replaced the former MTA Long Island Bus in transporting Long Islanders across Nassau County while allowing them to use MTA MetroCards as payment.", "The Long Island Expressway, Northern State Parkway, and Southern State Parkway, all products of the automobile-centered planning of Robert Moses, are the island's primary east-west high-speed controlled-access highways.", "Several hundred transportation companies service the Long Island/New York City area.", "Winston Airport Shuttle, the oldest of these companies in business since 1973, was the first to introduce door-to-door shared-ride service to and from the major airports, which almost all transportation companies now use.", "Many public and private high schools on Long Island are ranked among the best in the United States.", "Nassau and Suffolk Counties are the home of 125 public school districts containing 656 public schools.", "It also hosts private schools such as Friends Academy, Chaminade High School, Kellenberg Memorial High School, St. Anthony's High School, and North Shore Hebrew Academy, as well as parochial schools, many of which are operated by the Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre.", "In contrast, all of Brooklyn and Queens are served by the New York City Department of Education, the largest school district in the United States.", "Three of the nine specialized high schools in New York City are in the two Long Island boroughs, those being Brooklyn Latin School, Brooklyn Technical High School (one of the original three specialized schools), and Queens High School for the Sciences.", "Like Nassau and Suffolk Counties, they are home to private schools such as Poly Prep Country Day School, Packer Collegiate Institute, and Saint Ann's School, and Berkeley Carroll School, and parochial schools operated by the Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn.", "Long Island is home to a range of higher-education institutions, both public and private.", "Brooklyn and Queens contain five of eleven senior colleges within CUNY, the public university system of New York City and one of the largest in the country.", "Among these are the notable institutions of Brooklyn College and Queens College.", "Brooklyn also contains private colleges such as Pratt Institute and the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, an engineering college that merged with New York University in 2014.", "Several colleges and universities within the State University of New York system are on Long Island, including Stony Brook (which noted its health sciences research and medical center), as well as Nassau Community College and Suffolk County Community College that serve their respective counties.", "Private institutions include the New York Institute of Technology, Hofstra University and Adelphi University (both in the Town of Hempstead), as well as Long Island University (with its C.W. Post campus, on a former Gold Coast estate in Brookville, and a satellite campus in downtown Brooklyn).", "Long Island also contains the Webb Institute, a small naval architecture college in Glen Cove.", "The island is also home to the United States Merchant Marine Academy, a Federal Service Academy in Kings Point, on the North Shore.", "Music on Long Island (Nassau and Suffolk) is strongly influenced by the proximity to New York City and by the youth culture of the suburbs.", "Psychedelic rock was widely popular in the 1960s as flocks of disaffected youth travelled to NYC to participate in protest and the culture of the time.", "R & B also has a history on Long Island, especially in areas close to New York City.", "In the late 1970s through the 1980s, the influence of radio station WLIR made Long Island one of the first places in the U.S. to hear and embrace European New Wave bands such as Depeche Mode, the Pet Shop Boys, and Culture Club.", "In the 1990s, hip-hop became popular with rap pioneers Rakim, EPMD, MF DOOM, and Public Enemy growing up on Long Island.", "Long Island was the home of a bustling emo scene in the 2000s, with bands such as Brand New, Taking Back Sunday, Straylight Run, From Autumn to Ashes and As Tall as Lions.", "More recently, newer acts from Long Island, including Austin Schoeffel, Jon Bellion, and Envy on the Coast, have made a name for themselves.", "Famous rock bands from Long Island include The Rascals, The Ramones (from Queens), Dream Theater, Blue Öyster Cult, Twisted Sister and guitar virtuosos Donald (Buck Dharma) Roeser, John Petrucci, Steve Vai and Joe Satriani, as well as drummer Mike Portnoy.", "Rock and pop singer Billy Joel grew up in Hicksville, and his music often reflects Long Island and his youth.", "National The Nassau Coliseum and Northwell Health at Jones Beach Theater are venues used by national touring acts as performance spaces for concerts.", "Northwell Health at Jones Beach Theater is an outdoor amphitheatre at Jones Beach State Park.", "It is a popular place to view summer concerts that feature new and classic artists.", "It hosts a large Fourth of July fireworks show every year which fills the stands.", "People also park cars along the highway leading to the show, and others watch from the nearby beaches.", "Long Island is also known for its school music programs.", "Many schools in Suffolk County have distinguished music programs, with high numbers of students who are accepted into the statewide All-State music groups, or even the National All-Eastern Coast music groups.", "Both the Suffolk County and Nassau County Music Educator's Associations are recognized by The National Association for Music Education (NAfME), and host numerous events, competitions, and other music-related activities.", "Long Island has historically been a center for fishing and seafood.", "This legacy continues in the Blue Point oyster, a now ubiquitous variety originally harvested on the Great South Bay that was the favorite oyster of Queen Victoria.", "Clams are also a popular food and clam digging a popular recreational pursuit, with Manhattan clam chowder reputed to have Long Island origins.", "Of land-based produce, Long Island duck has a history of national recognition since the 19th century, with four duck farms continuing to produce 2 million ducks a year as of 2013 .", "Two symbols of Long Island's duck farming heritage are the Long Island Ducks minor-league baseball team and the Big Duck, a 1931 duck-shaped building that is a historic landmark and tourist attraction.", "In addition to Long Island's duck industry, Riverhead contains one of the largest buffalo farms on the East coast.", "Long Island is well known for its production of alcoholic beverages.", "Eastern Long Island is a significant producer of wines.", "Vineyards are most heavily concentrated on Long Island's North Fork, which contains 38 wineries.", "Most of these contain tasting rooms, which are popular attractions for visitors from across the New York metropolitan area.", "Long Island has also become a producer of diverse craft beers, with 15 microbreweries across Nassau and Suffolk Counties as of 2013 .", "The largest of these is Blue Point Brewing Company, best known for its \"toasted lager\".", "Long Island is also globally known for its signature cocktail, the Long Island Iced Tea, which was purportedly invented at the popular Babylon, Oak Beach Inn nightclub in the 1970s.", "Long Island's eateries are largely a product of the region's local ethnic populations.", "Asian cuisines, Italian cuisine, Jewish cuisine, and Latin American cuisines were the most popular ethnic cuisines on Long Island as of the second decade of the 2000s.", "Asian cuisines are predominantly represented by East Asian, South Asian, and Middle Eastern cuisines.", "Italian cuisine is found in ubiquitous pizzerias throughout the island, with the region hosting an annual competition, the Long Island Pizza Festival & Bake-Off.", "Jewish cuisine is likewise represented by delicatessens and bagel stores.", "Latin American cuisines span their geographical origins, from Brazilian rodizios to Mexican taquerias.", "The New York Mets baseball team plays at Citi Field in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens.", "Their former stadium, Shea Stadium was also home for the New York Jets football team from 1964 until 1983.", "The new stadium has an exterior façade and main entry rotunda inspired by Brooklyn's famous Ebbets Field (see below).", "The New York Mets planned to move their Double-A farm team to Long Island, as part of the ambitious but now-defunct plan for Nassau County called The Lighthouse Project.", "The Brooklyn Cyclones are a minor league baseball team, affiliated with the New York Mets.", "The Cyclones play at MCU Park just off the boardwalk on Coney Island in Brooklyn.", "An artificial turf baseball complex named Baseball Heaven is in Yaphank.", "The Barclays Center, a sports arena, business, and residential complex built partly on a platform over the Atlantic Yards at Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, is the home of the Brooklyn Nets basketball team and the New York Islanders hockey team.", "The move from New Jersey in the summer of 2012 marked the return to Long Island for the Nets franchise, which played at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale from 1972 to 1977.", "The Islanders played at Nassau Coliseum from their 1972 inception through 2015.", "Ebbets Field, which stood in Brooklyn from 1913 until its demolition in 1960, was the home of the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team, who moved to California after the 1957 Major League Baseball season to become the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "The Dodgers won several National League pennants in the 1940s and 1950s, losing several times in the World Series—often called \"Subway Series\"—to their Bronx rivals, the New York Yankees.", "The Dodgers won their lone championship in Brooklyn in the 1955 World Series versus the Yankees.", "Despite this success during the latter part of the team's stay in Brooklyn, they were a second-division team with an unspectacular winning record for much of their history there – but nonetheless became legendary for the almost-fanatical devotion of the Brooklynites who packed the relatively small ballpark to vigorously root for the team they affectionately called, \"Dem Bums\".", "Loss of the Dodgers to California was locally considered a civic tragedy that negatively affected the community far more than the similar moves of other established teams to new cities in the 1950s, including the Dodgers' long-time arch-rival New York Giants, who also left for California after 1957.", "Long Island is also home to the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team of the Atlantic League.", "Their stadium, Bethpage Ballpark, is in Central Islip.", "The Brooklyn Cyclones minor league baseball team, affiliated with the New York Mets, plays in the Short-Season A classification New York–Penn League.", "The Cyclones play at MCU Park just off the Coney Island boardwalk in the New York City borough of Brooklyn.", "The New York Dragons of the Arena Football League played their home games at Nassau Coliseum.The two main rugby union teams are the Long Island RFC in East Meadow and the Suffolk Bull Moose in Stony Brook.", "The New York Sharks is a women's American football team that is a member of the Women's Football Alliance.The New York Sharks home field is at Aviator Sports Complex in Brooklyn.", "Long Island's professional soccer club, the New York Cosmos, play in the Division 2 North American Soccer League at James M. Shuart Stadium in Hempstead.", "Long Island has historically been a hotbed of lacrosse at the youth and college level, which made way for a Major League Lacrosse team in 2001, the Long Island Lizards.", "The Lizards play at Mitchel Athletic Complex in Uniondale.", "Long Island has a wide variety of golf courses found all over the island.", "Two of the most well-known are the Shinnecock Hills Golf Club and the public Bethpage Black Course that has hosted multiple U.S. Open tournaments as well as several other top level international championships.", "Queens also hosts one of the four tennis grand slams, the US Open.", "Every August (September, in Olympic years) the best tennis players in the world travel to Long Island to play the championships held in the USTA National Tennis Center, adjacent to Citi Field in Flushing Meadows Park.", "The complex also contains the biggest tennis stadium in the world, the Arthur Ashe Stadium.", "Long Island also has two horse racing tracks, Aqueduct Racetrack in Ozone Park, Queens and Belmont Park on the Queens/Nassau border in Elmont, home of the Belmont Stakes.", "The longest dirt thoroughbred racecourse in the world is also at Belmont Park.", "Another category of sporting events popular in this region involves firematic racing events, involving many local volunteer fire departments.", "Long Island is home to numerous famous athletes, including Hall of Famers Jim Brown, Julius Erving, John Mackey, Whitey Ford, Nick Drahos, and Carl Yastrzemski.", "Others include Gold Medalists Sue Bird, Sarah Hughes and Derrick Adkins, USWNT World Cup champions Crystal Dunn and Alexandra Long, D'Brickashaw Ferguson, Billy Donovan, Larry Brown, Rick Pitino, John McEnroe, Jumbo Elliott, Mick Foley, Zack Ryder, Matt Serra, Boomer Esiason, Vinny Testaverde, Craig Biggio, Frank Catalanotto, Greg Sacks, Rob Burnett, Steve Park, Frank Viola, Chris Weidman, Marques Colston and Speedy Claxton.", "Several NHL players were born and/or raised on Long Island, such as Vancouver Canucks Christopher Higgins and Matt Gilroy, Nashville Predators Eric Nystrom, Toronto Maple Leaf Mike Komisarek, Pittsburgh Penguin Rob Scuderi, and New Jersey Devil Keith Kinkaid.", "Both Komisarek and Higgins played on the same Suffolk County Hockey League team at an early age, and later played on the Montreal Canadiens together.", "Nick Drahos was an All Scholastic and All Long Island honoree at Lawrence High School, Nassau Co. in 1936 and 1937, and a two-time Unanimous National College All-American in the years of 1939 and 1940 at Cornell University." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 41577, "simple_article_title": "Long Island", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41577", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-41577-0-0", "simple-41577-0-1", "simple-41577-0-2", "simple-41577-0-3", "simple-41577-0-4", "simple-41577-0-5", "simple-41577-0-6", "simple-41577-1-0", "simple-41577-1-1", "simple-41577-1-2", "simple-41577-2-0", "simple-41577-2-1", "simple-41577-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Long Island, NY is the longest island in the United States.", "Over 7 million people live there.", "The majority live in the western part, in Brooklyn and Queens which are parts of New York City.", "The other people live in two counties.", "Nassau County is in the central area, and Suffolk County fills approximately the eastern half.", "To the north is Long Island Sound and to the south is the Atlantic Ocean.", "There are almost 200 Long Island Towns on Long Island, NY.", "The East River separates Long Island from Manhattan island and the Bronx mainland.", "The Narrows separates it from Staten Island.", "Long Island is a terminal moraine left by glaciers during the ice ages.", "The 2000 census counted 7,448,618, people living on Long Island, making it the most populated island in all of the United States, and more populated than Ireland and Jamaica.", "Long Island is in the eastern time zone.", "The term \"Long Island\" often refers only to the mostly suburban counties of Nassau and Suffolk because Brooklyn and Queens are part of New York City." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 13141609, "normal_article_title": "Rodelinghem", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13141609", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-13141609-0-0", "normal-13141609-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Rodelinghem is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.", "Rodelinghem lies about 8 miles (13 km) south of Calais, on the D228 road." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 154684, "simple_article_title": "Rodelinghem", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154684", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-154684-0-0", "simple-154684-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Rodelinghem is a commune.", "It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 954393, "normal_article_title": "Eyal Berkovic", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=954393", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-954393-0-0", "normal-954393-0-1", "normal-954393-1-0", "normal-954393-1-1", "normal-954393-1-2", "normal-954393-2-0", "normal-954393-3-0", "normal-954393-4-0", "normal-954393-4-1", "normal-954393-4-2", "normal-954393-5-0", "normal-954393-5-1", "normal-954393-6-0", "normal-954393-6-1", "normal-954393-6-2", "normal-954393-7-0", "normal-954393-7-1", "normal-954393-7-2", "normal-954393-7-3", "normal-954393-7-4", "normal-954393-8-0", "normal-954393-8-1", "normal-954393-8-2", "normal-954393-8-3", "normal-954393-8-4", "normal-954393-8-5", "normal-954393-9-0", "normal-954393-9-1", "normal-954393-9-2", "normal-954393-9-3", "normal-954393-9-4", "normal-954393-9-5", "normal-954393-10-0", "normal-954393-10-1", "normal-954393-10-2", "normal-954393-10-3", "normal-954393-10-4", "normal-954393-11-0", "normal-954393-11-1", "normal-954393-11-2", "normal-954393-11-3", "normal-954393-12-0", "normal-954393-12-1", "normal-954393-12-2", "normal-954393-13-0", "normal-954393-13-1", "normal-954393-13-2", "normal-954393-13-3", "normal-954393-14-0", "normal-954393-15-0", "normal-954393-16-0", "normal-954393-16-1", "normal-954393-16-2", "normal-954393-16-3", "normal-954393-17-0", "normal-954393-17-1", "normal-954393-18-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Eyal Berkovic (or Berkovich, ; born 2 April 1972) is an Israeli former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.", "He made 78 appearances for Israel, and is considered one of the nation's greatest ever players.", "Graeme Souness described Berkovic as \"a tremendous passer.", "In the last third of the field, he is the best that I've ever worked with.\"", "Berkovic was also noted for various several clashes with managers and players, most notably Kevin Keegan (his manager at Manchester City), and Welsh striker John Hartson.", "He is Jewish, and is the older brother of former footballer Nir Berkovic.", "Berkovic was born in Regba, Israel.", "Berkovic started his career at Maccabi Haifa in 1989, playing there until 1996.", "During his time with the club he won league titles in 1990–91 and 1993–94, and the State Cup three times, including a 'double' in the 1990–91 season.", "His performances for the club earned him a call-up to the Israeli national team as well as the Most Valuable Player award for the 1993–94 season.", "For the 1996–97 season, Berkovic signed on a season-long loan for English club Southampton.", "He proved to be a big influence, and was a major part of a 6–3 victory in 1996 over Manchester United, as he scored twice and got three assists.", "The next season, he was signed by manager Harry Redknapp for West Ham United for £1.75 million, for whom he played for two seasons.", "Well liked by West Ham fans, he became an instant fans' hero by scoring the decisive goal against Tottenham Hotspur in a 2–1 win on his Upton Park debut on 13 August 1997.", "He played in 79 games in all competitions, scoring 12 goals.", "Striker John Hartson had a prolific 1997–98 season for West Ham helped by Berkovic's assists.", "In a training ground bust-up between the two, Hartson kicked Berkovic in the face, after the Israeli midfielder had punched Hartson in the leg as he attempted to help Berkovic to his feet after a crunching tackle.", "The incident was captured on camera.", "Berkovic said of the incident \"\"if my head had been a ball, it would have been in the top corner of the net\"\".", "Hartson was fined £20,000 for the incident and suspended for three games.", "Soon after the incident, he was signed for £5.75 million by Celtic, who were coached by John Barnes.", "In November 1999 Berkovic was subjected to religious taunts by Hearts fans while playing at their Tynecastle ground.", "He played for the Scottish club for two years, scoring ten goals, but Martin O'Neill left him out of the team when he took over as manager and Berkovic returned to England to join Blackburn Rovers on loan for the 2000–01 season, where he scored twice against Queens Park Rangers and Grimsby, helping Blackburn achieve promotion to the Premier League in the process.", "Berkovic's loan move to Blackburn was not made into a permanent deal.", "The following year Manchester City's manager Kevin Keegan signed him in a permanent move.", "During his tenure in Scotland, Berkovic struggled to win over the Celtic fans.", "In July 2001, Berkovic joined Manchester City for a reported fee of £1.5 million.", "He made his debut in August 2001, scoring one goal in a 3–0 home win against Watford.", "In his second game for the team he suffered an injury which prompted the team to sign Ali Benarbia, an additional playmaker.", "When Berkovic returned, the City team began to play with both playmakers in a 3–5–2 formation with Kevin Horlock operating in the anchor midfield position.", "This was a successful formation, earning City promotion in emphatic style, with 99 points and a record 108 goals.", "In an FA Cup game against then-Premiership team Ipswich Town, Berkovic scored a volley goal set up by Benarbia from a corner and City beat the team in the league above them 4–1.", "The following season when City were in the Premiership, Berkovic was instrumental in a 3–1 victory over local rivals Manchester United, a team he had also helped Southampton demolish 6–3 in the 1996–97 season, scoring two goals.", "The tactic of playing with two playmakers was continued in the Premiership but although City played well, results were not too favourable and Keegan subsequently decided to play with Berkovic as the only playmaker.", "Berkovic was voted as Manchester City's player of the season in 2002–03 in the club's magazine.", "Berkovic received abuse from some of the City support when he made a 'throat-slitting' gesture to a female fan during a League Cup tie at Maine Road against Crewe Alexandra.", "The FA investigated the incident.", "A fallout with manager Keegan saw him move to Portsmouth for £500,000 in January 2004.", "His first game for Pompey was against Manchester City, whom he helped beat 4–2.", "Berkovic soon established himself in the first team at Pompey where he was reunited with former West Ham United manager Redknapp, who described him as a \"special footballer\".", "Berkovic became a vital part of Portsmouth's drive for FA Premier League survival, scoring his first goal against Tottenham Hotspur.", "However, despite scoring against Fulham in the league and Leeds in the League Cup, he failed to hold down a regular starting place in the team for the 2004–05 season, and in January 2005 left Portsmouth.", "He had been linked with a move to Crystal Palace but instead decided to return to the country of his birth.", "He wanted to return to Maccabi Haifa but was rejected, leading him to a decision to sign for rivals Maccabi Tel Aviv.", "The return to Israel opened with promise as the 2005–06 season was the 100th anniversary for Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. and the club wanted to celebrate with a championship.", "The club signed several more stars such as Avi Nimni, Giovani Rosso, Blessing Kaku, Avi Yehiel, and Eugen Trica.", "Berkovic announced at a press conference that the team would go all the way to win the Double.", "Although the team had a positive start to the season, they were not able to sustain good form and their chances of winning the title diminished, resulting in a sacking of the coach Nir Klinger, who was replaced with Ton Caanen.", "Berkovic announced his retirement from professional football on 7 May 2006.", "Berkovic gained 78 caps and scored 9 goals for the Israeli national team.", "In the summer of 2006 he was appointed as the general manager of Maccabi Netanya.", "However, he was manager only for two months in which time he did not oversee any games.", "He stated that he left the job due to poor professional relations with Daniel Jammer, the club's owner and chairman.", "Berkovic had been an active manager in the transfer market during his two months, signing 15 players including Mazuwa Nsumbu, Liran Strauber and Itay Shechter.", "In May 2014 he was appointed as manager of Hapoel Tel Aviv.", "In January 2015 he resigned following a break-down in his relationship with club owner, Haim Ramon.", "On 11 May 2015, Berkovic became the owner of Hapoel Rishon LeZion from Liga Leumit, he paid $385,000 for the ownership of the club." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3499950, "normal_article_title": "Zhang Zhen (general)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3499950", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3499950-0-0", "normal-3499950-1-0", "normal-3499950-1-1", "normal-3499950-1-2", "normal-3499950-2-0", "normal-3499950-2-1", "normal-3499950-2-2", "normal-3499950-2-3", "normal-3499950-3-0", "normal-3499950-3-1", "normal-3499950-3-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Zhang Zhen (; 5 October 1914 – 3 September 2015) was a general of the People's Liberation Army of China and a member of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China.", "Zhang was born in Pingjiang County, Hunan Province, with Hakka ancestry from Pingyuan County, Guangdong Province.", "His original name was Zhang Jiansheng , also named as Zhang Zushou , Zhang Zhongtian .", "He joined the Communist Youth League in April 1930, and the Communist Party of China that summer.", "From 1957–66, Zhang was vice president, and later president of PLA Nanjing Military Academy.", "Purged during the Cultural Revolution, he was rehabilitated in 1975 and appointed vice director, and later director of the PLA General Logistics Department, and a member of the CCP Central Military Commission.", "From 1980–85, he was the vice chief of staff in PLA General Staff Department.", "From 1985–90, he served as the president of National Defense University.", "In 1990, Zhang became president, political commissar and CCP chief of the PLA National Defense University.", "He was an alternate member of the 11th CCP central committee, and a full member of the 12th CCP central committee.", "He celebrated his 100th birthday in October 2014 and died on September 3, 2015, just over a month before his 101st birthday." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 513975, "simple_article_title": "Zhang Zhen (general)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=513975", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-513975-0-0", "simple-513975-0-1", "simple-513975-1-0", "simple-513975-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Zhang Zhen (; 5 October 1914 – 3 September 2015) was a general of the People's Liberation Army of China, and a former member of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China.", "Zhang was born in Pingjiang County, Hunan Province.", "His original name was Zhang Jiansheng , also named as Zhang Zushou , Zhang Zhongtian .", "He joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in April 1930, and joined the Communist Party of China in July of the same year." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5021821, "normal_article_title": "Snooty", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5021821", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5021821-0-0", "normal-5021821-0-1", "normal-5021821-0-2", "normal-5021821-1-0", "normal-5021821-1-1", "normal-5021821-1-2", "normal-5021821-1-3", "normal-5021821-2-0", "normal-5021821-2-1", "normal-5021821-3-0", "normal-5021821-3-1", "normal-5021821-3-2", "normal-5021821-3-3", "normal-5021821-3-4", "normal-5021821-4-0", "normal-5021821-4-1", "normal-5021821-4-2", "normal-5021821-4-3", "normal-5021821-4-4", "normal-5021821-5-0", "normal-5021821-5-1", "normal-5021821-5-2", "normal-5021821-5-3", "normal-5021821-5-4", "normal-5021821-5-5", "normal-5021821-5-6", "normal-5021821-6-0", "normal-5021821-7-0", "normal-5021821-7-1", "normal-5021821-8-0", "normal-5021821-8-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Snooty (July 21, 1948 – July 23, 2017) was a male Florida manatee that resided at the South Florida Museum's Parker Manatee Aquarium in Bradenton, Florida.", "He was one of the first recorded captive manatee births, and at age 69, he was the oldest manatee in captivity, and possibly the oldest manatee in the world.", "Due to his hand rearing from birth, Snooty was never released to the wild and was the only manatee at the museum's aquarium that had regular human interaction.", "During 1948, Samuel J. Stout, owner of the Miami Aquarium and Tackle Company, acquired a permit from the State of Florida to own a single manatee, a female he had named \"Lady\".", "On July 21, 1948, Lady gave birth to a male calf Stout named \"Baby\".", "Due to his permit allowing him to keep only a single manatee, he had to find a new home for the calf.", "Around the same time, the city of Bradenton in Manatee County wished to acquire a manatee for their 1949 De Soto Heritage Festival, and learned of the birth of Baby at the Miami Aquarium and Tackle Company.", "After De Soto Celebration Association member Walter Hardin acquired a permit for a manatee exhibition, the city built a tank on the municipal pier and arranged for Stout to bring Baby from Miami to Bradenton for the festival.", "Afterwards, Stout returned with the manatee to Miami, but Stout was still only legally allowed to keep a single manatee.", "In April 1949, arrangements were made to allow Baby to become a permanent resident of Bradenton's South Florida Museum, where a new 3000 USgal round tank was completed in May for Baby.", "Baby began living in the tank on June 20, 1949.", "According to the book \"The Legacy: South Florida Museum\", Stout arrived in Bradenton late at night and was unable to locate the museum's curator, Dr. Lester Leigh, to unlock the door, and received help from the sheriff and a group of prisoners to move Baby into his new home.", "The manatee remained named \"Baby\" through November 1949, after which he became known as \"Baby Snoots\", possibly by Stout, or popularly believed to have been inspired by Fanny Brice's \"The Baby Snooks Show\".", "As the manatee aged, he became known simply as \"Snooty\".", "In 1966, the South Florida Aquarium moved from the Bradenton Municipal Pier to its current location, where a new, larger 9000 USgal pool was built for Snooty.", "He was also granted official mascot status for Manatee County, Florida.", "In 1993, the museum underwent renovations, and Snooty was moved to a 60000 USgal pool.", "The pool was renovated in 1998 to allow for better care for Snooty and now two more companion manatees for rehabilitation (in accordance with the Manatee Rehabilitation Network, the Sea to Shore Alliance, and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission).", "Since 1998, starting with Newton, the Parker Manatee Aquarium has helped in rehabilitation for 25 manatees.", "On July 23, 2017, two days after his 69th birthday, Snooty died as the result of drowning.", "A normally closed hatch door that accesses a plumbing area was open, allowing the manatees access to an unsafe area.", "The younger and smaller manatees were able to go in and out of the area, but due to Snooty's size, he could not return through the hatch to access air.", "An investigation was conducted to determine how a hatch that was normally bolted shut became open allowing access to a restricted area.", "The panel to the chamber where Snooty died was loose the day before his birthday.", "At the conclusion of the investigation, South Florida Museum released a report which determined Snooty's death had indeed been preventable and cited lapses in process and procedures that should be corrected.", "The Museum detailed its plans to comply with the report's recommendations and also announced that Marilyn Margold, the Director of Living Collections, no longer worked at the museum.", "It had been discovered that Snooty was able to remember the voices of former keepers and remember training behaviors he learned when only one year old.", "Snooty had also been used in research with the Mote Marine Laboratory.", "In a 2006 study, it was shown that manatees such as Snooty were capable of experimental tasks much like dolphins, disproving the preconception that manatees are unintelligent.", "Snooty's birthday was a popular event at the South Florida Museum, the highlight of which was the presentation of a cake made of vegetables and fruits for Snooty while the visitors all sang \"Happy Birthday\" for him.", "Due to his known date of birth, Snooty is evidence for how long manatees are able to live." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 592310, "simple_article_title": "Snooty", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=592310", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-592310-0-0", "simple-592310-1-0", "simple-592310-1-1", "simple-592310-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Snooty (July 22, 1948 – July 23, 2017) was an American male Florida manatee that lived at the South Florida Museum's Parker Manatee Aquarium in Bradenton, Florida.", "Snooty was one of the first recorded captive manatee births, and at age , he was the oldest manatee in captivity, and was likely the oldest manatee in the world.", "Due to his hand rearing from birth, Snooty was never released to the wild and was the only manatee at the museum's aquarium that had regular human interaction.", "On July 23, 2017, one day after his birthday, Snooty died at the South Florida Museum at the age of 69." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 23111622, "normal_article_title": "Pokémon Rumble", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23111622", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-23111622-0-0", "normal-23111622-0-1", "normal-23111622-0-2", "normal-23111622-1-0", "normal-23111622-1-1", "normal-23111622-2-0", "normal-23111622-2-1", "normal-23111622-2-2", "normal-23111622-2-3", "normal-23111622-2-4", "normal-23111622-3-0", "normal-23111622-3-1", "normal-23111622-3-2", "normal-23111622-4-0", "normal-23111622-4-1", "normal-23111622-4-2", "normal-23111622-4-3", "normal-23111622-5-0", "normal-23111622-5-1", "normal-23111622-5-2", "normal-23111622-6-0", "normal-23111622-6-1", "normal-23111622-6-2", "normal-23111622-6-3", "normal-23111622-6-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Pokémon Rumble (titled Melee!", "Pokémon Scramble (乱戦!ポケモンスクランブル , Ransen!", "Pokemon Sukuranburu ) in Japan) is a beat 'em up video game in the \"Pokémon\" series for WiiWare.", "The player controls Pokémon as they battle other Pokémon in a series of linear dungeons and enclosed arenas.", "The game features real-time melee-based gameplay, which has been likened to that of \"Smash TV\".", "The game uses a Wii Remote held sideways.", "The player starts off with a low-level Pokémon with only one attack at their disposal.", "By battling wild Pokémon through a number of levels the player collects coins which can be used to buy new attacks or recruit more Pokémon.", "When the player obtains a high enough level Pokémon, the doors to the Battle Royale room open, where they take on dozens of Pokémon at a time in an enclosed arena.", "The player must defeat all of the Pokémon in order to rank up, eventually facing much stronger and even Legendary Pokémon.", "The game supports up to four players simultaneously in co-operative and competitive modes.", "It also features a password system which unlocks certain Pokémon.", "Passwords have been found in Nintendo Power magazines, the official game website, or online.", "A free demo was available on the Wii Shop Channel.", "It included a number of functions including: The Normal Introduction, a few stages allowing the player to get the feeling of each stage.", "Pokémon can be recruited and the Terminal can be used.", "Once a Pokémon is recruited with Power Points of 100 or more (or they lose all their lives twice) a short video is displayed in which the Battle Royale doors open and then a screenshot appears stating that the demo is over.", "IGN rated the game as 6/10, saying that it is \"mindless, but fun\", but doesn't have enough depth to keep playing.", "They went on and criticized the developers for being lazy and reusing models from \"My Pokémon Ranch\".", "The game received an aggregated score of 59 on Metacritic, with a user score of 8.5.", "On June 10, 2011, the Japanese Pokémon website announced a sequel, \"Pokémon Rumble Blast\".", "The game was released in Japan on August 11, 2011, for Nintendo 3DS.", "In 2013, a second sequel for Wii U called \"Pokémon Rumble U\" was released.", "\"Pokémon Rumble World\" was released on April 8, 2015 through the Nintendo eShop as a freemium title for Nintendo 3DS.", "On the 22nd of May 2019, a Mobile sequel named Pokémon Rumble Rush was released globally for Android, with an expected iOS release at a later date." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 429481, "simple_article_title": "Pokémon Rumble", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=429481", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-429481-0-0", "simple-429481-0-1", "simple-429481-0-2", "simple-429481-0-3", "simple-429481-1-0", "simple-429481-1-1", "simple-429481-1-2", "simple-429481-1-3", "simple-429481-1-4", "simple-429481-1-5", "simple-429481-2-0", "simple-429481-2-1", "simple-429481-2-2", "simple-429481-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Pokémon Rumble is a \"Pokémon\" video game for the Wii.", "It was released for the Wii's WiiWare service.", "It is a spin-off game in the \"Pokémon\" series.", "It was released in Japan on June 16, 2009, in North America on November 16, 2009, and in Europe on November 20, 2009.", "The player controls Pokémon, battling other Pokémon in a series of dungeons and closed arenas.", "The player starts off with a low-level Pokémon that has only one attack.", "As the player battles other Pokémon, the player can collect coins which can be used to buy new attacks and get new Pokémon.", "When the player gets a Pokémon of a high enough level, the Battle Royale room opens, where the player battles many Pokémon at a time in a closed arena.", "The player has to beat all of the Pokémon to get a higher rank.", "As the player gets higher ranks, they can battle stronger Pokémon, including Legendary Pokémon.", "The player controls the game by holding the Wii Remote sideways.", "Up to four players can play the game at once.", "There is a password system which allows the player to get certain Pokémon.", "Two sequels to the game have been released: \"Pokémon Rumble Blast\", which was released for the Nintendo 3DS on August 11, 2011, and \"Pokémon Rumble U\", which was released for the Wii U in 2013." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2251943, "normal_article_title": "Sosigenes the Peripatetic", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2251943", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2251943-0-0", "normal-2251943-0-1", "normal-2251943-1-0", "normal-2251943-1-1", "normal-2251943-2-0", "normal-2251943-2-1", "normal-2251943-2-2", "normal-2251943-2-3", "normal-2251943-3-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Sosigenes the Peripatetic (Greek: ) was a philosopher living at the end of the 2nd century AD.", "He was the tutor of Alexander of Aphrodisias and wrote a work \"On Revolving Spheres\", from which some important extracts have been preserved in Simplicius's commentary on Aristotle's \"De Caelo\".", "Sosigenes criticized both Aristotle and Eudoxus for their imperfect theory of celestial spheres and also the use of epicycles, which he felt to be inconsistent with Aristotle's philosophical postulates.", "He pointed out that the planets varied markedly in brightness, and that eclipses of the Sun are sometimes total and sometimes annular, suggesting that the distances between the Sun, Moon and Earth were not the same at different eclipses.", "Sosigenes is perhaps called \"the Peripatetic\" only because of his connection with Alexander.", "Some ancient evidence may be taken to suggest that he was, in fact, a Stoic.", "As John Patrick Lynch has written:The other two teachers of Alexander may actually have been the philosophers whom ancient sources called Stoics; in both cases, Herminos/Sosigenes \"the Stoic\" have been distinguished from Herminos/Sosigenes \"the Peripatetic\" only on the grounds that the two latter men were teachers of Alexander of Aphrodisias.", "But it is not improbable that Alexander of Aphrodisias studied with two Stoic teachers and that these two pairs of homonymous contemporaries are actually only two Stoic philosophers.", "He is often confused with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria, who advised Julius Caesar on the reform of the Roman calendar." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 314208, "simple_article_title": "Sosigenes the Peripatetic", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314208", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-314208-0-0", "simple-314208-0-1", "simple-314208-1-0", "simple-314208-1-1", "simple-314208-1-2", "simple-314208-1-3", "simple-314208-1-4", "simple-314208-2-0", "simple-314208-2-1", "simple-314208-2-2", "simple-314208-2-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Sosigenes the Peripatetic was a philosopher who lived in the 2nd century AD.", "He followed the Aristotelian school of thought, and was one of the first people to write interpretations and commentaries to Aristotle's work.", "He was the tutor of Alexander of Aphrodisias, and wrote a work \"On Revolving Spheres\".", "On 4th September 164 AD, he watched an 'annular' solar eclipse.", "He noticed that, unlike a total solar eclipse, the apparent size of the moon was smaller than that of the sun.", "This meant the distances between the sun, moon and earth were not the same at different eclipses.", "For this reason, sun and moon could not be on a circular movement around the same centre.", "This was a significant discovery.", "It pinpointed a difficulty with the theory that the earth was the centre of the known universe.", "Much later, Nicolaus Copernicus used the same idea when he proposed a heliocentric view.", "In this view, the earth, moon and the planets rotate around the sun, which does not move." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3140501, "normal_article_title": "Marinho Chagas", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3140501", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3140501-0-0", "normal-3140501-0-1", "normal-3140501-0-2", "normal-3140501-1-0", "normal-3140501-1-1", "normal-3140501-1-2", "normal-3140501-1-3", "normal-3140501-1-4", "normal-3140501-2-0", "normal-3140501-2-1", "normal-3140501-3-0", "normal-3140501-3-1", "normal-3140501-3-2", "normal-3140501-4-0", "normal-3140501-4-1", "normal-3140501-4-2", "normal-3140501-5-0", "normal-3140501-5-1", "normal-3140501-6-0", "normal-3140501-7-0", "normal-3140501-8-0", "normal-3140501-9-0", "normal-3140501-10-0", "normal-3140501-11-0", "normal-3140501-11-1", "normal-3140501-11-2", "normal-3140501-11-3", "normal-3140501-12-0", "normal-3140501-12-1", "normal-3140501-13-0", "normal-3140501-13-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Francisco das Chagas Marinho (8 February 1952 – 31 May 2014), generally known as Marinho Chagas or Francisco Marinho, was a Brazilian association footballer.", "One of the best left backs of his era, he is best known for his flowing curly blond hair and his performance at the 1974 FIFA World Cup, in which Brazil finished fourth.", "At club level he is mostly associated with Botafogo FR of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo FC, but he played for numerous other teams, as well as in the North American Soccer League, in a career which spanned from 1969 to 1987.", "Marinho was born in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte.", "He played left-back with Botafogo FR of Rio and the Brazilian national team.", "He played the Football World Cup 1974.", "He was a skilful and innovative right footed left back who was considered at the time one of the top players at his position.", "He was an attack minded full-back with a powerful shot, and is considered a pioneer, becoming very influential in helping the lateral position evolve into what it is in today's Brazilian football.", "He travelled the world and played for many different clubs in Brazil, the US and Germany, always showing great skill and quality, but not settling anywhere for too long.", "His longest stint was with Botafogo, where he stayed four years from 1972 to 1976.", "He spent two years in the North American Soccer League.", "In the first year, playing for the New York Cosmos alongside Carlos Alberto Torres and the German legend Franz Beckenbauer, his club lost in the semifinal of the championship to eventual winners Vancouver Whitecaps.", "Marinho scored 8 goals in his 24 matches that season.", "The following year, playing with German striker phenomenon Gerd Müller for the Fort Lauderdale Strikers in Florida, he scored three goals in 19 matches.", "The Strikers finished the season as runners-up in the championship, losing the final 0-3 to the Cosmos.", "However, Marinho did not play in the final.", "Back in Brazil he won with São Paulo FC the State Championship of São Paulo of 1981, the most notable title of his career, overcoming AA Ponte Preta in the finals 1-1, 2-0.", "His personal performance in this year yield him a third Bola de Prata of the specialist magazine Placar.", "He ended his career as player with a brief stint in Germany where he played in the lowest amateur division, the local \"C-Klasse\", alongside some outdated former minor Bundesliga celebrities in Augsburg for the short-lived \"BC Harlekin\", named after the chain of gambling halls operated by the quasi owner of the club, Mr Peter Eiba who had grand ideas to taking the club all the way to the first division.", "After his return to Natal, Marinho stood as Liberal Party candidate for the city council, but was defeated.", "His release of the single with the song \"Eu Sou Assim\" (\"That's the way I am\") did not enter him into a career in this sector.", "In 1991, he was hired to coach the El Paso Patriots, an amateur team competing in the Southwest Independent Soccer League.", "Marinho Chagas has no familial relation to the Brazilian serial killer, Francisco das Chagas Rodrigues de Brito, often referred to in press as simply, Francisco das Chagas.", "Marinho Chagas died on 31 May 2014 in João Pessoa (RN), from a digestive hemorrhage.", "At the time of his death, he was working as a sports commentator for a station in Natal.", "He was 62 years of age.", "The former full back had been battling alcoholism in his later years, seeking treatment for illnesses related to his drinking.", "Marinho Chagas was a father of three, two sons and a daughter as well as a grandfather to three.", "In an interview in 2013, he joked that he might have other children, given his wild ways, but that none of them come forward to claim him as their father.", "With Brazil's national team Chagas played 36 matches (8 non-official) and scored four goals between 1972 and 1975.", "He started in every match during the 1974 FIFA World Cup, and was part of a very solid defense which only conceded 4 goals in 7 matches on their way to a 4th-place finish." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 897486, "normal_article_title": "God is dead", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=897486", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-897486-0-0", "normal-897486-0-1", "normal-897486-0-2", "normal-897486-1-0", "normal-897486-1-1", "normal-897486-1-2", "normal-897486-1-3", "normal-897486-1-4", "normal-897486-1-5", "normal-897486-2-0", "normal-897486-2-1", "normal-897486-2-2", "normal-897486-3-0", "normal-897486-3-1", "normal-897486-4-0", "normal-897486-5-0", "normal-897486-6-0", "normal-897486-6-1", "normal-897486-6-2", "normal-897486-6-3", "normal-897486-6-4", "normal-897486-7-0", "normal-897486-7-1", "normal-897486-8-0", "normal-897486-8-1", "normal-897486-8-2", "normal-897486-8-3", "normal-897486-9-0", "normal-897486-9-1", "normal-897486-9-2", "normal-897486-9-3", "normal-897486-10-0", "normal-897486-10-1", "normal-897486-11-0", "normal-897486-11-1", "normal-897486-11-2", "normal-897486-11-3", "normal-897486-11-4", "normal-897486-11-5", "normal-897486-11-6", "normal-897486-11-7", "normal-897486-12-0", "normal-897486-12-1", "normal-897486-12-2", "normal-897486-13-0", "normal-897486-14-0", "normal-897486-14-1", "normal-897486-14-2", "normal-897486-15-0", "normal-897486-15-1", "normal-897486-15-2", "normal-897486-16-0", "normal-897486-16-1", "normal-897486-16-2", "normal-897486-16-3", "normal-897486-17-0", "normal-897486-17-1", "normal-897486-18-0", "normal-897486-18-1", "normal-897486-18-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "'God is Dead' (German: ; also known as The Death of God) is a widely quoted statement by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.", "Nietzsche used the phrase to express his idea that the Enlightenment had eliminated the possibility of the existence of God.", "However, proponents of the strongest form of the Death of God theology have used the phrase in a literal sense, meaning that the Christian God who existed at one point, has ceased to exist.", "The phrase first appeared in Nietzsche's 1882 collection \"The Gay Science\" ( , also translated as \"The Joyful Pursuit of Knowledge and Understanding\").", "However, it is most famously associated with Nietzsche's \"Thus Spoke Zarathustra\" , which is most responsible for making the phrase popular.", "Other philosophers had previously discussed the concept, including Philipp Mainländer and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.", "Before Nietzsche, the phrase can be found in Gérard de Nerval's 1854 Poem \"Le Christ aux oliviers\" (\"Christ at the olive trees\"), and claims he was citing a speech from Jean Paul.", "Victor Hugo wrote in Les Miserables \"God is perhaps dead\", here apparently citing Gérard de Nerval himself.", "Hugo replies that de Nerval \"confuses progress with God, and takes the interruption of the movement (progress) with the death of the Being.\"", "Discourses of a \"death of God\" in German culture appear as early as the 17th century and originally referred to Lutheran theories of atonement.", "The phrase \"God is dead\" appears in the hymn \"Ein Trauriger Grabgesang\" (\"A mournful dirge\") by Johann von Rist.", "Contemporary historians believe that 19th-century German idealist philosophers, especially those associated with Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, are responsible for removing the specifically Christian resonance of the phrase and associating it with secular philosophical and sociological theories.", "Although the statement and its meaning are attributed to Nietzsche, Hegel had discussed the concept of the death of God in his \"Phenomenology of Spirit\", where he considers the death of God to \"Not be seen as anything but an easily recognized part of the usual Christian cycle of redemption\".", "Later on Hegel writes about the great pain of knowing that God is dead \"The pure concept, however, or infinity, as the abyss of nothingness in which all being sinks, must characterize the infinite pain, which previously was only in culture historically and as the feeling on which rests modern religion, the feeling that God Himself is dead, (the feeling which was uttered by Pascal, though only empirically, in his saying: Nature is such that it marks everywhere, both in and outside of man, a lost God), purely as a phase, but also as no more than just a phase, of the highest idea.\"", "Hegel's student Richard Rothe, in his 1837 theological text \"Die Anfänge der christlichen Kirche und ihrer Verfassung\", appears to be one of the first philosophers to associate the idea of a death of God with the sociological theory of secularization.", "Before Nietzsche, the concept was popularized in philosophy by the German philosopher Philipp Mainländer.", "It was while reading Mainländer, that Nietzsche explicitly writes to have parted ways with Schopenhauer.", "In Mainländer’s more than 200 pages long criticism of Schopenhauer’s metaphysics, he argues against one cosmic unity behind the world, and champions a real multiplicity of wills struggling with each other for existence.", "Yet, the interconnection and the unitary movement of the world, which are the reasons that lead philosophers to pantheism, are undeniable.", "They do indeed lead to a unity, but this may not be at the expense of a unity \"in\" the world that undermines the empirical reality of the world.", "It is therefore declared to be dead.", "Nietzsche used the phrase to sum up the effect and consequence that the Age of Enlightenment had had on the centrality of the concept of God within Western European civilization, which had been essentially Christian in character since the later Roman Empire.", "The Enlightenment had brought about the triumph of scientific rationality over sacred revelation; the rise of philosophical materialism and Naturalism that to all intents and purposes had dispensed with the belief in or role of God in human affairs and the destiny of the world.", "Nietzsche recognized the crisis that this \"Death of God\" represented for existing moral assumptions in Europe as they existed within the context of traditional Christian belief.", "\"When one gives up the Christian faith, one pulls the right to Christian morality out from under one's feet.", "This morality is by no means self-evident ... By breaking one main concept out of Christianity, the faith in God, one breaks the whole: nothing necessary remains in one's hands.\"", "This is why in \"The Madman\", a passage which primarily addresses nontheists (especially atheists), the problem is to retain any system of values in the absence of a divine order.", "The Enlightenment's conclusion of the \"Death of God\" gave rise to the proposition that humans – and Western Civilization as a whole - could no longer believe in a divinely ordained moral order.", "This death of God will lead, Nietzsche said, not only to the rejection of a belief of cosmic or physical order but also to a rejection of absolute values themselves — to the rejection of belief in an objective and universal moral law, binding upon all individuals.", "In this manner, the loss of an absolute basis for morality leads to nihilism.", "This nihilism is that for which Nietzsche worked to find a solution by re-evaluating the foundations of human values.", "Nietzsche believed that the majority of people did not recognize this death out of the deepest-seated fear or angst.", "Therefore, when the death did begin to become widely acknowledged, people would despair and nihilism would become rampant.", "Although Nietzsche puts the statement \"God is dead\" into the mouth of a \"madman\" in \"The Gay Science\", he also uses the phrase in his own voice in sections 108 and 343 of the same book.", "In the madman passage, the man is described as running through a marketplace shouting, \"I seek God!", "He arouses some amusement; no one takes him seriously.", "Maybe he took an ocean voyage?", "Lost his way like a little child?", "Maybe he's afraid of us (non-believers) and is hiding?", "Frustrated, the madman smashes his lantern on the ground, crying out that \"God is dead, and we have killed him, you and I!\"", "\"But I have come too soon,\" he immediately realizes, as his detractors of a minute before stare in astonishment: people cannot yet see that they have killed God.", "Earlier in the book (section 108), Nietzsche wrote: \"God is dead, but given the way of men, there may still be caves for thousands of years in which his shadow will be shown.", "And we — we still have to vanquish his shadow, too.\"", "The protagonist in \"Thus Spoke Zarathustra\" also speaks the words, commenting to himself after visiting a hermit who, every day, sings songs and lives to glorify his god as noted above.", "What is more, Zarathustra later not only refers to the death of God but states: \"Dead are all the Gods.\"", "Nietzsche believed there could be positive new possibilities for humans without God.", "Relinquishing the belief in God opens the way for human creative abilities to fully develop.", "The Christian God, he wrote, would no longer stand in the way, so human beings might stop turning their eyes toward a supernatural realm and begin to acknowledge the value of this world.", "Nietzsche uses the metaphor of an open sea, which can be both exhilarating and terrifying.", "The people who eventually learn to create their lives anew will represent a new stage in human existence, the — i.e., the personal archetype who, through the conquest of their own nihilism, themselves become a sort of mythical hero.", "The \"death of God\" is the motivation for Nietzsche's last (uncompleted) philosophical project, the \"revaluation of all values\".", "Martin Heidegger understood this aspect of Nietzsche's philosophy by looking at it as the death of metaphysics.", "In his view, Nietzsche's words can only be understood as referring not to a particular theological or anthropological view but rather to the end of philosophy itself.", "Philosophy has, in Heidegger's words, reached its maximum potential as metaphysics and Nietzsche's words warn of its demise and the end of any metaphysical worldview.", "If metaphysics is dead, Heidegger warns, that is because from its inception that was its fate.", "Although theologians since Nietzsche had occasionally used the phrase \"God is dead\" to reflect increasing unbelief in God, the concept rose to prominence in the late 1950s and 1960s, subsiding in the early 1970s.", "The German-born theologian Paul Tillich, for instance, was influenced by the writings of Nietzsche, especially his phrase \"God is dead.\"", "The October 22, 1965, issue of \"Time\" magazine contained an article in the \"Religion\" section, entitled \"Theology: The God Is Dead Movement,\" that addressed a movement among American theologians who openly embraced the notion of the death of God.", "Then six months later the controversial Easter issue of \"Time\" appeared on April 8, 1966, shocking the public with the provocative question—in huge red type against a black background—\"Is God Dead?\"", "The main proponents of this theology in the mid- to late 1960s included Christian theologians John Robinson, Thomas J. J. Altizer, William Hamilton, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul van Buren, and the Jewish theologian and rabbi Richard L. Rubenstein." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 146921, "simple_article_title": "God is dead", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=146921", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-146921-0-0", "simple-146921-1-0", "simple-146921-1-1", "simple-146921-2-0", "simple-146921-3-0", "simple-146921-3-1", "simple-146921-3-2", "simple-146921-3-3", "simple-146921-3-4", "simple-146921-3-5", "simple-146921-3-6", "simple-146921-3-7", "simple-146921-4-0", "simple-146921-4-1", "simple-146921-5-0", "simple-146921-5-1", "simple-146921-5-2", "simple-146921-5-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "\"God is dead\" (German: ; also known as the death of God) is a well known phrase by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.", "Friedrich Nietzsche wrote this in his book \"The Gay Science (or Die fröhliche Wissenschaft)\".", "It is also found in Nietzsche's classic work \"Thus Spoke Zarathustra\" (Deutsch: \"Also sprach Zarathustra\"), which is most responsible for popularizing the phrase.", "The phrase is not meant literally.", "The idea is stated in \"The Madman\" as follows God is dead.", "And we have killed him.", "How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers?", "What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives: who will wipe this blood off us?", "What water is there for us to clean ourselves?", "What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we have to invent?", "Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us?", "Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it?", "\"God is dead\" does not mean that Nietzsche believed in an actual God who first existed and then died in a literal sense.", "It refers to the growth of non-believers in supposedly Christian countries.", "\"When one gives up the Christian faith, one pulls the right to Christian morality out from under one's feet.", "This morality is by no means self-evident... By breaking one main concept out of Christianity, the faith in God, one breaks the whole: nothing necessary remains in one's hands\".", "This is why in \"The Madman\", the passage quoted above mainly addresses nontheists (especially atheists).", "Their problem (according to Nietzsche) is to retain any system of values without a divine order." ] } }

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"normal-4619730-96-2", "normal-4619730-96-3", "normal-4619730-96-4", "normal-4619730-96-5", "normal-4619730-96-6", "normal-4619730-96-7", "normal-4619730-96-8", "normal-4619730-97-0", "normal-4619730-97-1", "normal-4619730-97-2", "normal-4619730-98-0", "normal-4619730-98-1", "normal-4619730-98-2", "normal-4619730-98-3", "normal-4619730-99-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ian Michael Kinsler (born June 22, 1982) is an American professional baseball second baseman for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB).", "He previously played for the Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers, Los Angeles Angels, and Boston Red Sox.", "With the Red Sox, he won the 2018 World Series over the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "Despite having been drafted in only the 17th round out of college, Kinsler has risen to become a four-time All-Star, and a member of the \"Sporting News\"' 2009 list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball.", "He is known as a five-tool player, hitting for average and power, and excelling in baserunning, throwing, and fielding.", "Kinsler has twice hit 30 home runs and stolen 30 bases in the same season (2009 and 2011), and is one of 12 ballplayers in major league history who have had multiple 30–30 club seasons.", "In 2011, he also joined the 20–20 club for the third time, one season shy of the major league record for a second baseman.", "He hit for the cycle in a game in 2009, while getting hits in all six of his at bats.", "Through 2013, Kinsler led the Texas Rangers, all-time, career-wise, in stolen bases and power-speed number.", "In November 2013, he was traded to the Detroit Tigers for Prince Fielder.", "He has been awarded both a Fielding Bible Award (2015) and two Gold Glove Awards (2016 and 2018).", "Through 2018, on defense Kinsler had the best career range factor of any active second baseman in MLB, while on offense among all active players he was third in power–speed number, fourth in career runs scored, and eighth in career doubles.", "Kinsler was born in Tucson, Arizona.", "He is Jewish, and was born to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother.", "His father, Howard, had played basketball during his freshman season at the University of Arizona, and was a warden at a state prison on Tucson's southeast side.", "He has been a major influence on Kinsler.", "When Kinsler was four his father would toss him fly balls, and his dad says Kinsler would \"get under them like he'd been doing it his whole life.\"", "His father coached him until high school, and was especially tough.", "When Kinsler was 13 years old, and the best player on a PONY league team coached by his father that was playing for a championship, his dad caught Kinsler rolling his eyes as he gave the team orders.", "\"I benched him, without hesitation\", said his father.", "With Kinsler on the bench, the team lost the game.", "Kinsler had a physical challenge to overcome.", "\"I've had asthma my whole life\", Kinsler said.", "\"That was tough when I was younger.", "I woke up a lot and couldn't breathe, and had to go to the hospital in the middle of the night.", "It kind of held me back from athletics.", "I still have it, but I control it.", "Now I use an atomizer or an inhaler.", "When I was younger, I used this breathing machine... I hated that thing.", "I always wanted to run around and be active.\"", "He graduated in 2000 from Canyon del Oro High School in the Tucson suburb of Oro Valley, Arizona.", "Kinsler helped lead the baseball team to state titles in 1997 and 2000.", "He hit .380 as a junior, to earn second-team All-League honors, and .504 with 5 home runs and 26 stolen bases during his senior year, in which he was named first-team All-State and first-team All-League.", "Four of his high school teammates have also made it to the major leagues: Brian Anderson (his best friend in high school), Scott Hairston, Chris Duncan, and Shelley Duncan.", "Kinsler was drafted by his home-state Arizona Diamondbacks after high school in the 29th round of the 2000 Major League Baseball draft, but did not feel ready for the pros.", "He opted instead to take a college tour.", "First (because he had not been recruited by any Division I programs) he attended Central Arizona College, where he hit .405 with 17 doubles, 37 RBIs, and 24 stolen bases, was named second-team All-ACCAC, and played shortstop alongside future major leaguers Scott Hairston and Rich Harden.", "The Diamondbacks drafted him again in 2001 (26th round), but he declined to sign because he felt that playing college baseball a little longer would help him develop his game.", "Arizona State Sun Devils coach Pat Murphy then convinced him to transfer to ASU in his sophomore year, promising that he would play shortstop for the Sun Devils.", "But while he started briefly alongside fellow middle infielder Dustin Pedroia, he ended up spending much of the season on the bench.", "He was also teammates with Andre Ethier.", "University of Missouri Tigers coach Tim Jamieson spotted him in a summer league, and convinced him to head east for his junior year.", "Jamieson said, \"I saw him take ground balls and thought, defensively, he was as good a middle infielder as I had ever seen.", "As for his bat, I didn't really care.\"", "While there, Kinsler had a .335 batting average, .416 on-base percentage, and .536 slugging percentage, with 16 steals in 17 attempts.", "He was named to the All-Big 12 Conference second team.", "Jamieson noted, \"From the day Ian stepped through the doors here, you could see it on his face: He was on a mission.\"", "Kinsler was then drafted a third time by the Texas Rangers in the 17th round (496th overall) in 2003 as a shortstop at the urging of area scout Mike Grouse.", "Grouse liked Kinsler's tools, makeup, desire, and gritty approach.", "In Grouse's scouting report, he wrote that Kinsler had a great feel for the game, athleticism, solid defensive skills, intensity, and leadership qualities.", "Grouse knew that Kinsler was probably being underrated by rival scouts who did not know that Kinsler had played with a foot stress fracture while at Missouri, \"so Kinsler really couldn't run like I knew he could.", "I'd seen him in Wichita the year before, so I knew he was a plus runner.", "Most people ... didn't know that, so they probably downgraded him.", "But I knew it, and I wasn't telling anybody.\"", "Kinsler, for his part, says: \"I thought I was a lot better than a 17th round pick.", "I thought I belonged in the top 10 rounds.\"", "Kinsler nonetheless agreed to sign with the Rangers on his 21st birthday, for $30,000.", "Five years later, John Sickels wrote: \"Only a handful of players from the 2003 draft are as good as Kinsler, and he's certainly outperformed many more heralded talents.", "Scouting and drafting will always be an inexact science/art.\"", "The pick was later lauded as \"one of the greatest 17th round picks of all time.\"", "Kinsler signed quickly, and broke in as a shortstop in 2003.", "He batted .277 in 188 at-bats in his pro debut for the Spokane Indians in the Short-season Northwest League, while leading the team in steals (11) and triples (6).", "He then spent the 2003–04 winter in Arizona, working out with the Rangers' strength and conditioning coaches.", "He said: \"I was probably 170 pounds, and I decided I needed to lift, put on some weight, and eat as much as I could.", "And I learned how to hit.\"", "By early 2004, Kinsler had vaulted to the # 1 spot on \"Baseball America\"'s Prospect Hot Sheet.", "John Sickels of \"ESPN\" described him as having \"great plate discipline, power, and ... being a reasonably good defensive shortstop.\"", "He had a breakout year in 2004.", "He split the season between two teams, beginning with the Low-A Clinton LumberKings, for which he hit .402/.465/.692 in 224 at bats.", "Kinsler was voted to start at shortstop for the Midwest League Western Division All Star team, while he was leading the league in batting, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, hits, doubles, extra-base hits, and runs scored, but did not play as he was promoted.", "\"Baseball America\" rated him the most exciting ballplayer and the # 8 prospect in the league.", "When a friend asked him what the secret was to his success, he responded: \"Dude, I have no idea.\"", "Kinsler was promoted two levels on June 12 to the Double-A Frisco RoughRiders.", "\"When I first got called up, there were a million things running through my head\", he said.", "\"I was nervous, my hands were sweating.", "It was really exciting, but I didn't know what to expect.", "I was a little nervous that ... all of a sudden I wouldn't be able to hit.\"", "In June he was named the Rangers' Minor League Player of the Month.", "Frisco manager Tim Ireland observed: I think he's succeeding because his swing is graceful and effortless.", "It's just a smooth swing, and he hits for power because he lets his swing work for him.", "Defensively, so far he's shown a real feel for shortstop.", "He's got good feet and soft hands, and he throws well enough... He seems pretty legit to me.", "In July, the Rangers agreed to send Kinsler and prospect right-hander Erik Thompson to the Colorado Rockies for Larry Walker, but Walker vetoed the trade.", "He ended up hitting .300/.400/.480 for Frisco, in 277 at bats.", "Those numbers would have placed him fourth in OBP, seventh in slugging percentage, and eighth in the league's batting race had he received enough plate appearances to qualify for the title (he was short by about 60).", "\"Baseball America\" rated Kinsler the # 9 prospect in the Texas League.", "Overall, in 501 at bats, Kinsler tied for first in the minor leagues in doubles (51), and was seventh in batting average (.345) and ninth in hits (173).", "He also had 20 home runs, 103 runs, 98 RBIs, 18 HBP, and 23 steals.", "Rangers manager Buck Showalter marveled at Kinsler's 51 doubles, saying: \"Fifty... A lot of guys don't have 50 singles.\"", "\"Baseball America\" rated him the No. 4 Rangers prospect, the No. 11 prospect in the minors, and a second-team Minor League All Star.", "Kinsler was also named a \"Sports Weekly\" All Star, and the Rangers' Tom Grieve Minor League Player of the Year.", "In addition, he was awarded the first annual Diamond in the Rough Award, which recognizes a minor leaguer who \"defies the odds\" and rises from obscurity to play himself into prospect status during a breakout season.", "For his part, Kinsler noted simply: \"It is fun to come to the ballpark every day when you are playing good baseball.\"", "Towards the end of the season, Sickels augmented his scouting report on Kinsler by reporting that he was: a good athlete, not super-toolsy, but strong for his size with speed a notch above average.", "His swing looked short, quick, and sharp.", "Although I'm told that some people worry that his swing is too long, it looked fine to me.", "\"Long swings\" usually show up in the stat line as excessive strikeout totals, but Kinsler is not a whiff king.", "He works the count well, controlling the strike zone without trouble and not swinging at pitches outside the plate area.", "His bat has some pop in it, particularly to the gaps, where he rifles frequent extra-base shots.", "He already has above-average power for a player his size, and I think he has enough bat speed to keep hitting home runs at higher levels.", "Defensively, he shows slightly above-average range and good hands.", "His arm strength is average, but he's accurate with his throws and seems fundamentally sound, although his error rate is higher than ideal (20 in 71 games at Frisco).", "He might end up at second base eventually.", "Kinsler's running speed is a bit better than average, but he's fairly aggressive on the bases and will steal if the opportunity is there.", "Overall, he is a solid all-around player who makes the most of his natural ability.", "Kinsler spent the winter of 2004–05 playing for the Peoria Saguaros of the Arizona Fall League, improving his versatility by getting work in at second base.", "There, he hit .306/.369/.500.", "One scout in Arizona noted that his swing was so effortless, yet generated so much line drive power, that: \"It's like he's swinging a Wiffleball bat out there.\"", "Invited to the parent club's 2005 spring training, he hit .327 while slugging .612.", "Kinsler spent 2005 at Triple-A with the Oklahoma RedHawks, transitioning from shortstop to second base because that is where the organization anticipated he would play in the future, in the event that Alfonso Soriano no longer played second base for the major league team.", "That was tough on Kinsler's ego initially, but the most difficult part of the switch for him was the double play.", "He was selected to the mid-season Pacific Coast League All Star team in June, and came in a close second to Mitch Jones in the 2005 Triple-A Home Run Derby.", "For the season, in 530 at bats he hit .274 with 23 home runs, 102 runs (tied for tenth in the minor leagues), 94 RBIs, and 12 steals in 14 attempts.", "Kinsler cracked the \"Baseball America\" Top 100 Prospects list, ranking 98th.", "On the side, during the season he kept an on-line journal for MinorLeagueBaseball.com.", "With Alfonso Soriano having been traded in the off-season, Kinsler won the Rangers' starting second base job in spring training in 2006 over Mark DeRosa.", "\"Ian Kinsler came as advertised\", said Showalter.", "He made his major league debut against the Boston Red Sox on Opening Day on April 3, 2006, and got his first major league hit in his first major league at bat, off Curt Schilling.", "Kinsler said: The crowd was full; I had the butterflies going, so to get that hit was huge.", "The family was in town... To go out there and face one of the best pitchers of all time, you've got to be locked in.", "It's your first game, your first big league experience—it was unbelievable to face that guy.", "He was hitting .476 when he dislocated his left thumb sliding head-first into second base on April 11, 2006, and was placed on the disabled list.", "\"I knew it wasn't good when I looked down and I saw the top part of the thumb pointing in at me\", Kinsler said.", "He came back 41 games later on May 25, and went 3–4 with a single and two home runs, to lead the Rangers to an 8–7 victory over the Oakland Athletics.", "\"I hope the fans don't expect that much every night\", he joked.", "While Kinsler started off the season batting ninth in the lineup, in June Showalter moved him up to seventh.", "\"I think as Ian's career progresses, he'll move up in the batting order\", predicted Showalter.", "For the season, he started 31 games batting seventh, 30 batting eighth, 20 batting sixth, 19 batting ninth, 12 batting second, 3 batting leadoff, 2 batting third, and 1 batting fifth.", "Kinsler finished 2006 with a .286 batting average, 14 home runs, 55 RBIs, and a team-leading 11 stolen bases in 423 at bats.", "He batted .300 with runners in scoring position, and .300 when the game was tied.", "He led all AL rookies with 27 doubles, and his .454 slugging percentage was the seventh-best in a season since 2000 by an AL rookie with at least 400 at bats.", "Defensively, in August he tied a team record by recording five double plays in one game.", "He also led all American League (AL) second basemen in both range factor (5.58) and errors (18).", "He was named Texas Rangers 2006 Rookie of the Year.", "During the 2006–07 off-season, Kinsler focused on building up his legs to improve his speed, durability, and agility.", "In spring training in 2007, he hit .429, led the AL in RBIs (19), and was sixth in the major leagues in hits (27).", "His torrid hitting continued into the season, and Kinsler was named the AL Player of the Week for the period ending April 15.", "He batted .476 (10-for-21) that week with four home runs, eight RBIs, seven runs scored, and a 1.095 slugging percentage.", "His nine home runs in April tied the team record for that month (shared by Iván Rodríguez (2000), Alex Rodriguez (2002), and Carl Everett (2003)), and were the most ever in the season's first month by a Major League second baseman.", "Kinsler said: \"I'm trying to put good swings on the ball, and if it goes out, it goes out.\"", "He batted .298 with 22 RBIs for the month, and was also voted the Rangers' Player of the Month for April.", "On July 2, Kinsler went on the disabled list with a stress fracture in his left foot; he did not come back until July 31, and missed 26 games.", "He tied a major league record on August 25, when he had eight plate appearances in a nine-inning game (a 30–3 win over Baltimore).", "In 2007, Kinsler hit 20 home runs (leading all AL second basemen) and was 23-for-25 in stolen base attempts (a 92% success rate).", "He was one of only six batters in the AL to have at least 20 home runs and 20 stolen bases, along with Alex Rodriguez, Gary Sheffield, Grady Sizemore, B.J. Upton, and Curtis Granderson.", "He also became the sixth player in franchise history to reach the 20–20 plateau, joining Alfonso Soriano (2005), Iván Rodríguez (1999), Rafael Palmeiro (1993), Bobby Bonds (1978), and Toby Harrah (1975 and 1977).", "He did it despite his stress fracture, which kept him under 500 at bats.", "His 23 stolen bases and 96 runs led the Rangers.", "Kinsler finished the season seventh in the AL in power/speed number (21.4), ninth in sacrifice hits (8) and steals of third base (4), and tied for tenth in bunt hits (5).", "He was also tied for fourth in the league in steals of third (4), eighth in line drive percentage (23%), and tied for ninth in sacrifice hits (8).", "He began to hit higher in the batting order, as he batted second in 48 games, leadoff in 26, seventh in 24, sixth in 19, ninth in 10, and eighth in 2.", "On defense, Kinsler led all major league second basemen in range factor (5.69), leading the league for the second straight year.", "In February 2008, Kinsler signed a five-year deal worth $22 million guaranteed.", "It will jump to $32 million if the Rangers exercise their $10 million option for 2013.", "He received a raise to $500,000 in 2008, and a $1 million signing bonus.", "The contract went to $3 million in 2009, $4 million in 2010, $6 million in 2011, and $7 million in 2012.", "If the Rangers were to choose not to exercise their $10 million option, Kinsler was to receive a $500,000 buyout.", "If he were traded, both the buyout and the option year were to increase by $500,000.", "If the option were exercised, the commitment would have been the largest the Rangers have ever made to a player whom they drafted and developed.", "\"Ian represents the past, present, and future of this organization\", said assistant general manager Thad Levine.", "\"It's a lot of money\", Kinsler said.", "\"I've never imagined being in this position in my life.\"", "\"This is a big day for me and my family\", he reflected.", "\"I've been working my whole life to get to this point, since my dad first started taking me out in the backyard and started throwing the baseball with me.\"", "Asked what impact the money would have on him, Kinsler said: I'm going to play the same regardless of whether I'm making five dollars or $1 trillion.", "It really doesn't make a difference to me.", "I'm going to go out there and play hard, and money doesn't bring respect.", "The way you play the game brings respect.", "When I finish playing the game, it's not how much money I made that is going to be my legacy.", "It's how I played the game, and what I did on the field.", "Kinsler was delighted when Rangers manager Ron Washington ultimately committed to Kinsler being the team's leadoff hitter in 2008.", "\"I didn't think he was the prototype leadoff hitter, but the guy proved me wrong\", Washington said.", "\"He'll take a walk, or get one run for us with one swing of the bat.", "He can bunt, he can run, and he can hit the ball to the other side.\"", "Through mid-May 2008, Kinsler had the best career stolen-base percentage (88.5%) of anyone in Rangers/Senators history with at least 40 attempts.", "\"It's part of my game\", said Kinsler.", "\"It's not one of the first things I'm known for.\"", "According to scouts, his ability on the basepaths is due to innate instincts and his \"twitch speed\" rather than his pure running speed.", "Grouse, who signed him, says that Kinsler also \"goes from first to third faster than anyone, because he has that God-given ability to read the ball so well off the bat.\"", "During a mid-June rain delay at Shea Stadium, Kinsler hopped to his feet, raced from the dugout and dove head-first across the wet tarp covering the infield as though it was a giant Slip 'n Slide.", "Four teammates followed, receiving a large ovation from the New York Mets fans.", "Shea Stadium security ushered them off the field, drawing a chorus of boos.", "\"We had some good routines going\", said Kinsler.", "Kinsler was a 2008 AL All Star at the 79th All Star Game at Yankee Stadium.", "It was his most exciting moment in baseball to that point.", "He was a reserve voted in by his peers.", "In the fan balloting, Dustin Pedroia, who finished with nearly 1.3 million votes, beat him by 34,243 votes.", "In the game, Kinsler hit 1-for-5 and stole a base.", "He was called out attempting to steal another base, though replays demonstrated that the umpire had missed the call.", "\"The Washington Post\" and \"ESPN\" baseball writer Jayson Stark picked Kinsler as the AL MVP for the first half of the season.", "Kinsler had an MLB-best 25-game hitting streak in June and July.", "The team-best hitting streak of 28 belongs to Gabe Kapler.", "Through July 28, Kinsler was leading the AL in batting average (.331), runs (90), hits (145), total bases (232), extra base hits (55), at bats (438), and plate appearances (499).", "He was also second in doubles (37) and power/speed number (17.9), third in sacrifices (7), fourth in singles (90), sixth in sacrifice flies (6), seventh in stolen bases (26), triples (4), and on-base percentage (.392), and eighth in OPS (.922).", "\"Kinsler\", said Seattle Mariners left fielder Raúl Ibañez, \"is the engine that makes that offense go.\"", "However, on August 17 he injured the left side of his groin on a defensive play, suffering a sports hernia that ultimately required season-ending surgery.", "He missed the last 37 games of the season.", "\"I really didn't have a decision\", Kinsler said.", "\"If I want to fix this injury, then I have to have surgery.\"", "In 2008, despite missing the last six weeks of the season, Kinsler was third in the AL in times advanced from first to third on a single (17), fourth in batting average (.319) and power/speed number (21.3), fifth in steals of third base (8) and \"bases taken\" (23; advanced on fly balls, passed balls, wild pitches, balks, etc.), sixth in line drive percentage (24%) and in extra base hit percentage (10.8% of all plate appearances), eighth in runs (102) and OPS (.892), ninth in sacrifice hits (8) and home runs on the road (14), and tenth in stolen bases (26; while only being caught twice—a 93% success rate) and lowest strikeout percentage (11.5% of at bats).", "He hit .413 with runners in scoring position.", "He was one of only three batters in the AL to have at least 18 home runs and 18 stolen bases in both 2007 and 2008, along with Alex Rodriguez and Grady Sizemore.", "His 41 doubles ranked second in franchise history to Alfonso Soriano's 43 in 2005.", "He had a .377 on-base percentage as a leadoff hitter, the third-best mark in the AL, and his .521 slugging percentage was the highest for a leadoff batter in the American League.", "Kinsler's .381 on-base percentage as a leadoff hitter over the 2005–08 seasons was the fourth-highest in the major leagues.", "\"Most hitters have a location that you can exploit\", said All Star pitcher Justin Duchscherer.", "\"This guy has trouble with fastballs in.", "This guy has trouble with breaking balls down.", "Kinsler doesn't have a hole like that.\"", "In the field, he led all major league second basemen with a 5.77 range factor and 123 double plays, but also in errors with 18.", "Kinsler was mentioned as an MVP candidate before his injury by writers at \"ESPN\", the \"Dallas News\", the \"Los Angeles Times\", and the \"Washington Post\".", "He could have conceivably rivaled Pedroia for MVP, if not for the sports hernia that cut his 2008 campaign short a month and a half.", "\"I think he just missed having an MVP year\", manager Ron Washington said.", "\"If luck had been on our side and he had stayed healthy, he would have run away with it.\"", "In the end, he received a single 10th-place vote from Jeff Wilson of the \"Fort Worth Star-Telegram\".", "In 2009, Kinsler was named # 24 on the \"Sporting News\"' list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball.", "A panel of 100 baseball people, many of them members of the Baseball Hall of Fame and winners of major baseball awards, was polled to arrive at the list.", "On April 15, 2009, in a game against the Baltimore Orioles, Kinsler hit for the cycle, becoming only the fourth Ranger to do so (and, at the time, the only right-handed Ranger).", "In the same game, Kinsler became only the second player in Ranger history to get 6 hits in a single game (the first having been Alfonso Soriano, on May 8, 2004), and the first to do so in a 9-inning game.", "His five runs and four extra base hits in the game matched two other team records.", "\"It was a thing of beauty\", teammate Marlon Byrd said.", "Kinsler's dual feat was the first in the modern baseball era.", "The last major league player to have six hits in a game while hitting for the cycle was William Farmer Weaver, for the Louisville Colonels on August 12, 1890.", "Kinsler's 13 total bases were also one base shy of Jose Canseco's June 13, 1994, team record.", "Only three other players in the prior 55 years had had six hits, five runs, and four extra-base hits in a game, the most recent having been Shawn Green of the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2002.", "Kinsler was named AL co-Player of the Week on April 20, 2009.", "For the week, in 30 plate appearances he led the major leagues in batting average (.556), hits (15), extra base hits (7), and runs (9), and tied for the lead in doubles (4).", "He also had a .600 on-base percentage and 1.000 slugging percentage, with a triple, two home runs, and six stolen bases.", "\"He's incredible\", said teammate Hank Blalock.", "On June 16 against Houston, Kinsler opened the first inning with his ninth career leadoff homer, surpassing the club record of eight, shared by Mike Hargrove, Oddibe McDowell, and Michael Young.", "On May 21, Kinsler stole third base in the fifth inning, setting a club record for career steals of third at 18.", "Furthermore, at the time Kinsler had never been caught trying to steal third.", "Rick Paulas of ESPN called Kinsler his \"first quarter MVP.\"", "Through July 1, Kinsler led the AL in power-speed number (17.5), was third in home runs (19), fourth in runs (55) and total bases (160), sixth in extra base hits (38) and at bats (307), seventh in sacrifice flies (4), and ninth in stolen bases (16) and sacrifices (8), while batting .359 against left-handers and .333 with runners on base.", "Kinsler narrowly missed making the AL All-Star team.", "First, though he had led all AL second basemen as of June 30, with 2,170,100 fan votes (fifth-most votes of all AL players, just ahead of Dustin Pedroia's 2,163,270), Pedroia passed him on the last day in last-minute voting.", "Then, he just missed making the team as a reserve in player voting, coming in second again, this time to Toronto's Aaron Hill.", "He missed in his third chance, as AL All Star team and Tampa Bay manager Joe Maddon did not pick him as a reserve.", "He missed a fourth opportunity to make the team, in the \"Sprint Final Vote\" competition for the final spot on the team, coming in second to Brandon Inge of the Tigers.", "A fifth opportunity presented itself when Pedroia pulled out of the All Star Game to spend time with his pregnant wife—and as Kinsler had finished second in fan voting, in player voting, and in the \"Final Vote\" competition, he appeared a likely candidate to replace his fellow second baseman.", "But Maddon went with one of his own to replace Pedroia, Tampa Bay's first baseman Carlos Peña, who was leading the league in homers but batting .228 (and who had come in fourth in the \"Final Vote\" competition, behind Kinsler and Chone Figgins).", "A sixth and final opportunity presented itself when Evan Longoria withdrew because of a finger infection; but again Maddon (a former Angels coach) chose someone else as a replacement, this time Figgins of the Angels, who had come in third in the \"Final Vote\" competition (behind Kinsler).", "\"Bleacher Report\"s' Andrew Nuschler observed: \"Maddon spent his tenure as the AL All Star manager finding new and inventive ways to give Ian Kinsler the middle finger.\"", "And \"Sports Illustrated\"'s Jacob Osterhout took note, writing: It is an absolute travesty that Ian Kinsler is not the starting second baseman for the American League.", "Dustin Pedroia, who IS the starting second baseman, has hit only three home runs and has 36 RBIs.", "Kinsler, on the other hand, has hit 20 home runs and has 63 RBIs.", "The fact that Kinsler isn't even a reserve makes it hard to take the All Star Game seriously.", "At the All Star Game, as a tribute to Kinsler, his teammate and close friend Michael Young wore wristbands with Kinsler's number 5.", "On July 11, Kinsler stole third base for the 21st time in his career, building on his team record, without ever having been thrown out.", "On July 19, he led off the bottom of the first inning with a home run, and 12 innings later he broke a 3–3 tie with a two-run, walk-off home run.", "Only four times before in major league history had the same batter led off the bottom of the first inning with a home run, and ended the game with another homer.", "Kinsler suffered a strained left hamstring on July 28, and missed 11 games while on the disabled list.", "Kinsler, who already had 30 stolen bases, hit his 30th home run on September 25, becoming the only major leaguer to join the 30–30 club in 2009, and the 34th major leaguer ever.", "He became only the second player in Rangers' history to have a 30–30 season (joining Alfonso Soriano, who did it in 2005), and joined Soriano (who also had 30–30 seasons in 2002 and 2003 for the Yankees) and Brandon Phillips (2007) as the only 30–30 second basemen in Major League history.", "\"It's an incredible accomplishment\", said Michael Young.", "\"I've played with guys who have had some incredible seasons here, but 30–30 is something special.", "He deserves a lot of credit.", "He battled all season long.", "That's what separates the great players from the good ones.\"", "He led the AL in power-speed#, with a 31.0.", "Through 2009, he had the second-highest steal success rate among active players with at least 100 attempts, at 87.5% (91-of-104).", "Carlos Beltrán was the best, at 88.3%.", "Sharing his philosophy on stealing bases, he said: \"It takes the art of stealing away if you do it when you're four runs up or four runs down, and the opposing team is just worried about getting outs, not stolen bases.", "The idea is to steal them when you need them.\"", "He also showed a good eye at the plate.", "Of 15 Rangers who had at least 100 at bats, his rate of only one strikeout per 8.31 at bats was the best on the team.", "Similarly, he made contact on 87% of his swings, the best contact rate on the team.", "Playing 144 games, he also had 13 home runs against lefties (2nd in the league), stole third base 11 times (3rd), hit 47% of his hits for extra bases (7th-best in the AL), was 7th in the AL in stolen bases, scored 101 runs (10th), and had 5 bunt hits (10th).", "On defense, he led AL second baseman in \"zone runs\"s (17), was 2nd in assists (451) and range factor/game (4.86), and was 5th in putouts (249).", "In December 2009, Washington said Kinsler would bat second in 2010.", "\"I think Kinsler performs better when he's in the mix hitting at the top of the lineup in the first inning\", Washington said.", "\"When he has to wait to hit, I think it takes a lot away from him.\"", "But by early March, it was reported that he would bat fifth.", "Washington said, however, that that would not keep Kinsler from running: \"I will not slow him down.", "He is a threat.", "I will not take away that threat.", "I'm not stopping Kins.\"", "On days when Julio Borbon was not batting leadoff, Kinsler was to move up to the top of the lineup.", "In the end, Kinsler started 60 games batting 3rd, 20 games batting 5th, 16 games batting 6th, and 6 games leading off.", "In spring training, while he was batting .400, Kinsler slipped on a patch of wet grass during pre-game warm-ups.", "He rolled his right ankle, and suffered a sprain of the ligaments above it (referred to as a \"high ankle sprain\"), as well as a small bone bruise at the tip of his tibia at the back of his ankle.", "He missed three weeks of spring training, and began the season on the disabled list.", "Washington said: \"We miss his presence.", "We miss his threat.", "We miss what he brings on the defensive end.", "We miss his leadership.\"", "He made his initial 2010 appearance on April 30, after having missed the first 20 games of the season.", "Batting .304 at the time with a .412 on-base percentage (4th in the AL), he was selected as a reserve to the 2010 American League All Star team, his second All Star Game.", "An appreciative Kinsler said: \"It's a huge honor.\"", "He had finished third among AL second basemen in fan voting behind Robinson Canó and Pedroia, but Pedroia was injured, and Kinsler was picked to replace him.", "He had also finished second among AL second basemen in voting by AL players.", "On July 29 he went on the disabled list again, this time for a strained left groin, and was not reactivated until September 1.", "Kinsler finished the season batting .286, with a career-high on-base percentage of .382.", "His .985 fielding percentage was 5th-best in the league, and he had the highest career range factor/game of all active major league second basemen (5.201).", "With his two stints on the disabled list, he played in only 103 games.", "In the first round of the playoffs, against the Tampa Bay Rays, Kinsler batted .444/.500/.944 in five games, leading the majors with 3 home runs (tied) and 6 RBIs in the division series.", "He hit safely and scored a run in all five games, joining Boston's Nomar Garciaparra as the only two players to start their post-season careers with at least one hit—and with at least one hit and one run—in each of five consecutive games.", "As teammate Nelson Cruz also hit three home runs, it marked the second time in Major League history that two teammates each hit three homers in a postseason series of five games or fewer (the other two to do it were Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig, in the 1928 World Series).", "For the first two rounds of the playoffs, Kinsler hit safely in 9 of 11 games, and batted .342 with 3 HRs, a playoff-high 9 RBIs, 6 runs, 2 stolen bases, an OBP of .409, and an OPS of 1.067.", "On April 2, 2011, Kinsler became the first player in major league history to hit a lead-off home run in the first two games of a season (giving him a total of 15 lead-off homers in his career).", "In his next game against the Red Sox, he hit another home run in the third inning.", "Kinsler and Nelson Cruz also became the first two teammates to homer in each of the first three games in a season.", "The two also joined Dean Palmer (1992) as the only Texas ballplayers to ever homer in the first three games of the season.", "In September, Kinsler tied his own Rangers record, which he set in 2009, with his seventh leadoff home run of the season.", "He also hit his 20th career leadoff homer, becoming the 34th player in major league baseball history to have hit at least 20.", "Since his first season in 2006, his 20 lead-off homers were the 6th-most behind Alfonso Soriano (31), Hanley Ramírez (25), Jimmy Rollins (24), Curtis Granderson (24), and Rickie Weeks (24).", "He stole 28 consecutive bases without being caught, breaking his own club record, which he had set in 2007–08.", "Kinsler joined the 30–30 club, for the second time.", "He became the 12th player in major league history to have multiple 30–30 seasons.", "The only other infielders in major league history who had had multiple 30–30 seasons as of 2011 were Alfonso Soriano, Howard Johnson, and Jeff Bagwell.", "He also joined the 20 (home runs)/20 (steals) club for the third time in his career.", "Joe Morgan, who did it four seasons, is the only second baseman to have joined the 20–20 club more times.", "In 2011, Kinsler was 2nd in the American League in runs scored (121; the fifth-highest season total in Rangers' history), 5th in home runs (32; a career high) and walks (89), and 9th in stolen bases (30) and extra base hits (70).", "He was also third in power-speed # (31.0; behind Jacoby Ellsbury and Curtis Granderson), and had the best walks-to-strikeouts ratio in the major leagues, with 1.25 walks per each strikeout.", "On defense, his career range factor of 5.092 was the highest among active major league second basemen, and in 2011 he led AL second basemen in double plays, with 103.", "His 136 career stolen bases through season-end were third-most in Rangers history, behind Bump Wills (161) and Toby Harrah (143), and his career stolen-base percentage was the third-best rate among active players with at least 120 attempts.", "His 124 career home runs were the 5th-most in the first six years of any second baseman's career, behind Dan Uggla (183), Joe Gordon (142), Chase Utley (130), and Alfonso Soriano (126).", "On October 4, in Game 4 of the playoff series against the Rays, Kinsler led off the game with a home run, sparking the Rangers 4–3 victory over Tampa Bay to send them to the ALCS.", "In April 2012, the Rangers gave Kinsler a five-year, $75 million contract extension, with a $10 million option for a sixth year and a $5 million buyout if the team were to not pick up the option.", "The extension replaced the team's $10 million option for 2013 with a $13 million salary, and paid him $16 million in both 2014 and 2015, $14 million in 2016, and $11 million in 2017.", "A team option in 2018 could become guaranteed at $12 million, and included a $5 million buyout.", "The contract made Kinsler the highest-paid second baseman in baseball.", "Kinsler was an All Star again in 2012, for the third time.", "For the season, he was second in the AL in plate appearances (731), third in at bats (655) and runs (105), fifth in power-speed number (20.0), sixth in doubles (42), and eighth in hit by pitch (10).", "In 2013, Kinsler struck out once every 10.4 plate appearances, making him the third-toughest batter to strike out in the American League, and was the sixth-toughest batter to double up in the league (109.0 at bats/double play).", "He finished the season tied for fifth among active players in leadoff home runs.", "He led the Texas Rangers, all-time, career-wise, in stolen bases (172), hit by pitch (57), and power-speed number (163.6), and was fifth in runs (748), seventh in doubles (249) and walks (462), eighth in home runs (156), and ninth in hits (1,145) and RBIs (539).", "Fangraphs ranked him as the 56th-best baserunner in baseball history.", "In November 2013, Kinsler was traded to the Detroit Tigers for Prince Fielder in a one-for-one trade of All-Stars, with the Tigers sending Texas $30 million to cover part of the difference in the players' salaries.", "The Tigers gave Kinsler permission to honor Alan Trammell by wearing #3.", "In 2014, Kinsler was named to his fourth All-Star team, as a replacement for an injured Victor Martinez.", "For the season he led the American League in at bats (684; also an all-time Tigers record), was 4th in hits (188) and doubles (40), 5th in runs scored (100; scoring 100 runs for the fifth time in his career), and 7th in power-speed number (15.9).", "He was the 10th-toughest batter in the American League to strike out (once per every 9.19 plate appearances), and was one of seven AL players to hit at least 15 home runs and steal at least 15 bases.", "On defense, he led the AL in putouts (290) and was third in assists (467) and fielding percentage (.988), among all second basemen.", "Through 2014, Kinsler had the best career range factor of any active second baseman in Major League Baseball, at 4.881.", "On November 5, 2014, Kinsler was awarded the Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Award for second base.", "On September 10, 2015, Kinsler recorded his 1,500th career hit, a single off of Bryan Shaw of the Cleveland Indians.", "For the 2015 season, he hit .296, his best batting average since posting a career-high .319 mark in 2008, while collecting 11 home runs and 73 RBIs.", "For the season he led the major leagues in multi-hit games (61), and was 4th in the American League in hits (185), 6th in at bats (624, and 10th in runs scored (94) and at-bats-per-strikeout (7.8).", "On defense, he was 2nd in the AL in putouts (289), assists (425), and double plays (109) among all second basemen.", "His single-season defensive WARs in 2014 (2.9) and 2015 (2.6) were the second- and seventh-best in Tigers' history.", "Following the 2015 season, Kinsler was awarded the Fielding Bible Award as the best-fielding second baseman in MLB.", "His 19 Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) were six better than any other Major League second baseman that season, according to Fangraphs.", "His 6.3 Ultimate Zone Rating (UZR) was the best in the American League, and second only to Miami's Dee Gordon.", "His 2.6 defensive Wins Above Replacement, according to the Baseball Reference formula, ranked him 8th among all Major League players regardless of position.", "Kinsler had put up 50 Defensive Runs Saved over the last three seasons, according to \"The Fielding Bible\".", "The next-best total among Major League second basemen was 29, from Colorado's DJ LeMahieu.", "In mid-May 2016 he became the first player in Tigers history to hit home runs from the leadoff spot in the batting order in four consecutive games.", "On July 3, Kinsler hit his 200th career home run, off Danny Farquhar of the Tampa Bay Rays.", "Kinsler became the third active Major League player, and the 40th overall, with 200 home runs, 1,000 runs scored, 1,600 hits, and 200 stolen bases.", "On September 30 Kinsler hit his eighth lead-off home run of the season, setting a new Tigers' franchise record as he surpassed that of Curtis Granderson.", "For the season he was 4th in the American League in runs (117) and hit by pitch (13), 9th in power-speed number (18.7), and 10th in hits (178), as he batted .288 with 83 RBIs.", "His 40 career leadoff home runs at year-end were the 7th-most in Major League Baseball history.", "On defense, he led AL second basemen in range factor/9 innings (5.09), and was 2nd in putouts (303) and assists (432), and was 5th in fielding percentage (.988) and double plays (109).", "Following the season, Kinsler was named the Gold Glove Award winner for second base, the first of his career.", "Kinsler and Dustin Pedroia finished tied for the lead among AL second basemen in 2016 with 12 DRS. Kinsler's 8.5 UZR trailed only Pedroia (12.5).", "Through 2016, Kinsler had the best career range factor of any active second baseman in Major League Baseball.", "Kinsler missed some time in 2017, going on the disabled list in late May due to a left hamstring strain.", "In August, Kinsler was fined $10,000 by MLB for critical comments he made about umpire Ángel Hernández.", "He had said that Hernández was a bad umpire, and \"needs to find another job.\"", "Kinsler slammed 22 home runs in 139 games, but posted a career-low .236 batting average.", "Kinsler was named a 2017 Gold Glove finalist at second base, along with Dustin Pedroia of the Red Sox and Brian Dozier of the Twins.", "Dozier won, despite Kinsler having a better Ultimate Zone Rating by a wide margin (6.1; leading AL second basemen), and being much better in Defensive Runs Saved, with a plus-six (leading AL second basemen) compared to Dozier's minus-four.", "Kinsler's fWAR since 2014 over his four seasons in Detroit ranked third among Major League second basemen in that timespan, behind Jose Altuve and Dozier, and his 57 Defensive Runs Saved were 27 more than the next-highest second baseman.", "On December 13, 2017, the Tigers traded Kinsler to the Los Angeles Angels, in return for minor league center fielder Troy Montgomery and pitching prospect Wilkel Hernandez.", "On June 19, 2018, Kinsler hit the 48th leadoff home run of his career, which ranked fourth all-time behind Rickey Henderson, Alfonso Soriano, and Craig Biggio.", "In 91 games with the 2018 Angels, Kinsler batted .239 with 13 home runs, 49 runs, 32 RBIs, and 9 stolen bases.", "On July 30, 2018, the Angels traded Kinsler and cash considerations to the Boston Red Sox for Williams Jerez and Ty Buttrey, with the two teams splitting the remainder of Kinsler's $11 million salary.", "In 37 regular season games with the Red Sox, Kinsler batted .242 with 1 home run, 16 RBIs, and 7 stolen bases in 132 at bats.", "Between the two teams, in 2018 he tied for first among all American League second baseman in Defensive Runs Saved (10), was second in SABR Defensive Index (8.4) and was third in zone rating (.832).", "Kinsler won his first World Series ring in the 2018 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "Following the season, Kinsler was named the Gold Glove Award winner for second base.", "It was the second Gold Glove Award of his career.", "Through 2018, Kinsler had the best career defensive range factor per game of any active second baseman in Major League Baseball (4.76).", "Among all active MLB players, in his career he was third in power-speed # (244.5), fourth in career runs scored (1,215), and eighth in career doubles (404).", "He became the only player in the American League to steal more than 10 bases, as well as the only one to score more than 60 runs, in each of the prior 13 seasons since 2006.", "On December 20, 2018, Kinsler signed an $8 million, two-year contract with the San Diego Padres.", "The team received a $3.5 million option for the 2021 season, with a $500,000 buyout.", "Kinsler, who is Jewish, and whose father is Jewish while his mother is Catholic, has become a prominent figure in the Jewish community, and enjoys the attention that he attracts from it.", "He was featured in the 2008 Hank Greenberg 75th Anniversary edition of Jewish Major Leaguers Baseball Cards, licensed by Major League Baseball, commemorating the Jewish major leaguers from 1871 through 2008.", "He joined, among others, teammate Scott Feldman, Brad Ausmus, Kevin Youkilis, Ryan Braun, Gabe Kapler, Jason Marquis, Jason Hirsh, John Grabow, Craig Breslow, and Scott Schoeneweis.", "Kinsler was one of three Jewish players in the 2008 All Star Game, joining Youkilis and Braun.", "He says that \"Youkilis will always say something to me on the bases referring to the fact that they are both Jewish.", "'Happy Passover,' he'll throw something at me.\"", "In July 2013 he passed Shawn Green with his 163rd steal, to become the all-time career steals leader among Jewish major leaguers.", "Through the 2018 season, his 225 steals led the career all-time list of Jewish major leaguers (directly ahead of Ryan Braun), his 404 doubles placed him second directly behind Shawn Green, his 248 home runs and 887 RBIs both placed him 4th behind Braun, his 674 walks placed him 4th behind Sid Gordon, and his 41 triples placed him 6th behind Sid Gordon.", "His 31 steals in 2009 were the third-most ever in a season by a Jewish ballplayer, behind the 35 steals by Shawn Green in 1998 and the 33 steals by Ryan Braun in 2011.", "Kinsler, who would have been eligible to play for Israel in the 2013 World Baseball Classic because of his Jewish heritage, said: \"Wow, I would be happy to play for Team Israel... The truth is that if a proposal comes from Team USA to play for them, I will have a very difficult decision to make.", "Youk Kevin Youkilis, Braun Milwaukee's Ryan Braun, and I could make a fantastic team.", "I am sure that I'll talk it over with Youk – we always laugh about things like this.\"", "Kinsler married Tess Brady, his high school sweetheart, on November 18, 2006.", "Their daughter, Rian Brooklynn Kinsler, was born December 5, 2008.", "On June 8, 2011, his wife gave birth to a son, Jack Jamisson Kinsler.", "He was put on paternity leave due to the birth.", "In 2008 Kinsler won the Rangers' Jim Sundberg Community Achievement Award, in recognition of his having devoted a great deal of his personal time to the community." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1215513, "normal_article_title": "River Leen", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1215513", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1215513-0-0", "normal-1215513-1-0", "normal-1215513-1-1", "normal-1215513-1-2", "normal-1215513-1-3", "normal-1215513-2-0", "normal-1215513-2-1", "normal-1215513-2-2", "normal-1215513-3-0", "normal-1215513-3-1", "normal-1215513-4-0", "normal-1215513-4-1", "normal-1215513-5-0", "normal-1215513-6-0", "normal-1215513-7-0", "normal-1215513-7-1", "normal-1215513-7-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The River Leen is a 15-mile (24 km) long tributary of the River Trent that flows through Nottinghamshire, and the city of Nottingham in the East Midlands of England.", "The Leen rises as a series of springs at the foot of the Robin Hood Hills just outside Annesley.", "It then flows through the grounds and lakes of Newstead Abbey, passing Papplewick and on through Bestwood Country Park, following the route of the Leen Valley into suburban and urban Nottingham.", "Within the city it flows through the centre of Bulwell, and passes Basford where it is joined by the Day Brook.", "The Leen then flows through Radford, and Lenton before joining the River Trent next to Riverside Way in The Meadows.", "The name Leen developed through various renderings of the Celtic word meaning \"lake\" or \"pool\" (\"Llyn\" in modern Welsh).", "Some of the surrounding villages derived their name from the River Leen.", "Lenton, \"ton\" being the Saxon word for \"village\"; and Linby, \"by\" being the Danish equivalent of \"ton.\"", "From Lenton onwards the course of the Leen has been quite radically altered on a number of occasions, notably culverted by the Borough Engineer, Marriott Ogle Tarbotton, but the river's present course is believed to follow much the same route as it did originally.", "Originally it discharged into the Beeston Canal, flowed some distance along the canal and thence over a small weir into the Tinker’s Leen (where the modern Courts complex is now situated) and so into the Trent just downstream of Trent Bridge.", "Nottingham City Council planning guidance and best practice from the Environment Agency is now to remove culverts, which are expensive to maintain and can cause flooding when they are blocked or damaged.", "As a result, a number of developments along the course of the Leen now open up previously culverted stretches of the waterway.", "A new Tesco development in Bulwell town centre, which received planning permission in 2008, will remove the culvert under the former Kwik Save supermarket.", "In Radford, a new student village at Chettle's Yard will open up a long stretch of the river parallel to the railway line.", "And the eastern part of the University of Nottingham's Jubilee Campus opens up a section of the river's urban route through Lenton, a small lake having been created to the rear of the Sir Colin Campbell building, adjacent to the concrete channel (through which the Leen still flows) that was originally built to prevent the flooding of the now-demolished Raleigh cycle factory.", "The river then passes through several industrial units and under Triumph Road, before re-appearing behind the Nottingham Emergency Medical Services centre (the old AA building) on Derby Road.", "The Leen is sometimes mistakenly believed to pass through the main part of the Jubilee Campus, but the lake and other water features in that area are artificial in nature." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 677651, "simple_article_title": "River Leen", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=677651", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-677651-0-0", "simple-677651-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The River Leen is a 15-mile long natural water stream of the River Trent.", "It that flows through Nottinghamshire and the city of Nottingham in the East Midlands of England." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 10866193, "normal_article_title": "Jimmy Ward (ice hockey)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10866193", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-10866193-0-0", "normal-10866193-0-1", "normal-10866193-1-0", "normal-10866193-1-1", "normal-10866193-1-2", "normal-10866193-1-3", "normal-10866193-1-4", "normal-10866193-1-5", "normal-10866193-1-6", "normal-10866193-2-0", "normal-10866193-2-1", "normal-10866193-3-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "James William Ward (September 1, 1906 - November 15, 1990) was a right winger in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1928 - 1939.", "Ward's son, Pete Ward, played nine seasons of professional baseball, winning the \"Sporting News\" Rookie of the Year Award honors in 1963 while playing for the Chicago White Sox.", "Born in Fort William, Ontario, he played his entire National Hockey League career in Montreal.", "It began in the 1928 season with the Montreal Maroons.", "He would stay with the English Montreal team until they folded following the 1938 season.", "Along the way he scored 10 or more goals in 10 of 11 seasons during a time when the regular season was only 48 games long.", "He won the Stanley Cup in 1935.", "He played in the Ace Bailey Benefit Game in 1934 and the Howie Morenz Memorial Game in 1937.", "When the Maroons folded he joined the rival Montreal Canadiens for the 1938–39 season.", "In 1940 he served as a player/coach of the New Haven Eagles of the IAHL.", "He would later serve as head coach of the Pacific Coast Hockey League's Portland Eagles and Portland Penguins.", "Ward remained in Portland, Oregon after his retirement and died in 1990." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 258022, "simple_article_title": "Jimmy Ward", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=258022", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-258022-0-0", "simple-258022-0-1", "simple-258022-1-0", "simple-258022-1-1", "simple-258022-1-2", "simple-258022-1-3", "simple-258022-1-4", "simple-258022-1-5", "simple-258022-1-6", "simple-258022-2-0", "simple-258022-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "James William Ward (September 1, 1906, Fort William, Ontario - November 15, 1990, Portland, Oregon) was a right winger in the NHL from 1928 - 1939.", "Jimmy Ward's son, Pete Ward, played nine seasons of professional baseball, winning TSN Rookie Of The Year honors in 1963 while playing for the Chicago White Sox.", "He played his entire NHL career in Montreal.", "It began in the 1928 season with the Montreal Maroons.", "He would stay with the English Montreal team until they folded following the 1938 season.", "Along the way he scored 10 or more goals in 10 of 11 seasons during a time when the regular season was only 48 games long.", "He won the Stanley Cup in 1935.", "He played in the Ace Bailey Benefit Game in 1934 and the Howie Morenz Memorial Game in 1937.", "When the Maroons folded he joined the rival Montreal Canadiens for the 1939 season.", "In 1940 he served as a player/coach of the New Haven Eagles of the IAHL.", "He would later serve as head coach of the PCHL's Portland Eagles and Portland Penguins." ] } }

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"normal-642147-63-1", "normal-642147-64-0", "normal-642147-64-1", "normal-642147-64-2", "normal-642147-64-3", "normal-642147-65-0", "normal-642147-65-1", "normal-642147-65-2", "normal-642147-65-3", "normal-642147-65-4", "normal-642147-65-5", "normal-642147-65-6", "normal-642147-65-7", "normal-642147-65-8", "normal-642147-66-0", "normal-642147-66-1", "normal-642147-66-2", "normal-642147-66-3", "normal-642147-67-0", "normal-642147-67-1", "normal-642147-68-0", "normal-642147-68-1", "normal-642147-68-2", "normal-642147-68-3", "normal-642147-68-4", "normal-642147-69-0", "normal-642147-69-1", "normal-642147-69-2", "normal-642147-69-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Karaite Judaism or Karaism ( ; ; also spelt Qaraite Judaism or Qaraism) is a Jewish religious movement characterized by the recognition of the written Torah alone as its supreme authority in \"halakha\" (Jewish religious law) and theology.", "Karaites maintain that all of the divine commandments handed down to Moses by God were recorded in the written Torah without additional Oral Law or explanation.", "It is distinct from mainstream Rabbinic Judaism, which considers the Oral Torah, as codified in the Talmud and subsequent works, to be authoritative interpretations of the Torah.", "As a result, Karaite Jews do not accept as binding the written collections of the oral tradition in the Midrash or Talmud.", "When interpreting the Torah, Karaites strive to adhere to the plain or most obvious meaning (\"peshat\") of the text; this is not necessarily the literal meaning, but rather the meaning that would have been naturally understood by the ancient Israelites when the books of the Torah were first written.", "By contrast, Rabbinic Judaism relies on the legal rulings of the Sanhedrin as they are codified in the Midrash, Talmud, and other sources to indicate the authentic meaning of the Torah.", "Karaite Judaism holds every interpretation of the Torah to the same scrutiny regardless of its source, and teaches that it is the personal responsibility of every individual Jew to study the Torah, and ultimately decide personally its correct meaning.", "Karaites may consider arguments made in the Talmud and other works without exalting them above other viewpoints.", "According to Mordecai ben Nissan, the ancestors of the Karaites was a group called \"Benei Ṣedeq\" during the Second Temple period.", "Historians have argued over whether Karaism has a direct connection to the Sadducees, dating back to the end of the Second Temple period (70 CE), or whether Karaism represents a novel emergence of similar views.", "Karaites have always maintained that, while there are some similarities to the Sadducees due to the rejection of rabbinical authority and the Oral Law, there are major differences.", "According to Rabbi Abraham ibn Daud, in his \"Sefer HaQabbalah\", the Karaite movement crystallized in Baghdad in the Gaonic period (\"circa\" 7th–9th centuries) under the Abbasid Caliphate in what is present-day Iraq.", "This is the view universally accepted among Rabbinic Jews.", "However, some Arab scholars claim that Karaites were already living in Egypt in the first half of the 7th century, based on a legal document that the Karaite community in Egypt had in its possession until the end of the 19th century, in which the first Islamic governor ordered the leaders of the Rabbinite community against interfering with Karaite practices or the way they celebrate their holidays.", "It was said to have been stamped by the palm of 'Amr ibn al-'As, the first Islamic governor of Egypt, and was reportedly dated 20 AH (641 CE).", "Karaites at one time made up a significant proportion of the Jewish population.", "Estimates of the Karaite population are difficult to make because they believe on the basis of Genesis 32 that counting Jews is forbidden.", "In the 21st century, some 30,000–50,000 are thought to reside in Israel, with smaller communities in Turkey, Europe and the United States.", "Another estimate holds that, of the 50,000 worldwide, more than 40,000 descend from those who made aliyah from Egypt and Iraq to Israel.", "The largest Karaite community today resides in the Israeli city of Ashdod.", "Arguments among Jewish sects regarding the validity of the Oral Law date back to Hellenistic period, the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.", "Accordingly, some scholars trace the origin of Karaism to those who rejected the Talmudic tradition as an innovation.", "Judah Halevi, an 11th-century Jewish philosopher and rabbi, wrote a defense for Judaism entitled \"Kuzari\", placing the origins of Karaism in the first and second centuries BCE, during the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (\"King Jannai\"), king of Judaea from 103 to 76 BCE: Abraham Geiger, a 19th-century German scholar who founded Reform Judaism, posited a connection between the Karaites and a remnant of the Sadducees, the 1st-century Jewish sect that followed the Hebrew Bible literally and rejected the Pharisees' notion of an Oral Torah even before it was written.", "Geiger's view is based on comparison between Karaite and Sadducee \"halakha\": for example, a minority in Karaite Judaism do not believe in a resurrection of the dead or afterlife, a position also held by the Sadducees.", "The British theologian John Gill (1767) noted,", "Gill also traces the Karaite sect to the split between the schools of Hillel the Elder and Shammai in 30 BCE.", "American scholar Bernard Revel rejects many of Geiger's proofs in his 1913 published dissertation, \"The Karaite Halakah\".", "Revel also points to the many correlations between Karaite halakha and theology and the interpretations of Philo of Alexandria, the 1st-century philosopher and Jewish scholar.", "He also notes the writings of a 10th-century Karaite who refers to Philo's works, showing that the Karaites made use of Philo's writings in the development of their movement.", "Later Medieval Karaite commentators did not view Philo in a favorable light.", "These attitudes show a friction between later Karaite theology and possible connections to Philo's philosophy, which could serve as either a rejection of their origins, rejection of theological positions no longer accepted, or that Philo's philosophy was not entirely used in the founding of the Karaites (although some influences remain possible).", "Early 20th-century scholars Oesterley and Box suggested that Karaism formed in a reaction to the rise of Islam.", "The new religion recognized Judaism as a fellow monotheistic faith, but claimed that it detracted from its belief by deferring to rabbinical authority.", "Anan ben David ( , c. 715 – 795 or 811?)", "is widely considered to be a major founder of the Karaite movement.", "His followers were called Ananites; they did not believe the rabbinical oral law was divinely inspired.", "According to a 12th-century Rabbanite account, in approximately 760, Shelomoh ben Ḥisdai II, the Exilarch in Babylon died, and two brothers among his nearest kin, Anan ben David (whose name according to the Rabbanite account was Anan ben Shafaṭ, but was called \"ben David\" due to his Davidic lineage) and Ḥananyah were next in order of succession.", "Eventually Ḥananyah was elected by the rabbis of the Babylonian Jewish colleges (the Geonim) and by the notables of the chief Jewish congregations, and the choice was confirmed by the Caliph of Baghdad.", "A schism may have occurred, with Anan ben David being proclaimed exilarch by his followers.", "However, not all scholars agree that this event occurred.", "Leon Nemoy notes, \"Natronai, scarcely ninety years after ‘Anan's secession, tells us nothing about his aristocratic (Davidic) descent or about the contest for the office of exilarch which allegedly served as the immediate cause of his apostasy.\"", "Nemoy later notes that Natronai — a devout Rabbanite — lived where Anan's activities took place, and that the Karaite sage Jacob Qirqisani never mentioned Anan's purported lineage or candidacy for Exilarch.", "Anan's allowing his followers to proclaim him as Exilarch was considered treason by the Muslim government.", "He was sentenced to death, but his life was saved by his fellow prisoner, Abu Hanifa, the founder of the madhhab or school of fiqh (Muslim jurisprudence) known as the Hanafi.", "Ultimately he and his followers were permitted to migrate to Palestine.", "They erected a synagogue in Jerusalem that continued to be maintained until the time of the Crusades.", "From this center, the sect diffused thinly over Syria, spread into Egypt, and ultimately reached Southeast Europe.", "Ben David challenged the Rabbanite establishment.", "Some scholars believe that his followers may have absorbed Jewish Babylonian sects such as the Isunians (followers of Abu Isa), Yudghanites, and the remnants of the pre-Talmudic Sadducees and Boethusians.", "Later, sects such as the Ukbarites emerged separately from the Ananites.", "However, the Isunians, Yudghanites, ‘Ukabarites, and Mishawites all held views that did not accord with those of either the Ananites or the Karaites.", "Abu ‘Isa al-Isfahani, who was an illiterate tailor, claimed to be a prophet, prohibited divorce, claimed that all months should have thirty days, believed in Jesus and Muhammad as prophets, and told his followers that they must study the New Testament and the Qur’an.", "Yudghan was a follower of ‘Isa al-Isfahani and claimed to be a prophet and the Messiah, saying that the observance of Shabbat and Holy Days was no longer obligatory.", "Isma‘il al-‘Ukbari believed he was the prophet Elijah, and hated Anan.", "Mishawayh al-‘Ukbari, who was a disciple of Isma‘il al-‘Ukbari and the founder of the Mishawites, taught his followers to use a purely solar calendar of 364 days and 30-day months, insisting that all the Holy Days and fast days should always occur on fixed days in the week, rather than on fixed days of the months.", "He further said that Shabbat should be kept from sunrise on Saturday to sunrise on Sunday.", "Most Ananites and Karaites rejected such beliefs.", "Anan developed his movement's core tenets.", "His \"Sefer HaMiṣwot\" (\"The Book of the Commandments\") was published about 770.", "He adopted many principles and opinions of other anti-rabbinic forms of Judaism that had previously existed.", "He took much from the old Sadducees and Essenes, whose remnants still survived, and whose writings—or at least writings ascribed to them—were still in circulation.", "Thus, for example, these older sects prohibited the burning of any lights and the leaving of one's dwelling on the Sabbath.", "Unlike the Sadducees, Anan and the Qumran sectaries allowed persons to leave their house, but prohibited leaving one's town or camp.", "Anan said that one should not leave one's house for frivolous things, but only to go to prayer or to study scripture.", "The Sadducees required the observation of the new moon to establish the dates of festivals and always held the Shavuot festival on a Sunday.", "In the \"Golden Age of Karaism\" (900–1100) a large number of Karaite works were produced in all parts of the Muslim world.", "Karaite Jews were able to obtain autonomy from Rabbinite Judaism in the Muslim world and establish their own institutions.", "Karaites in the Muslim world also obtained high social positions such as tax collectors, doctors, and clerks, and even received special positions in the Egyptian courts.", "Karaite scholars were among the most conspicuous practitioners in the philosophical school known as Jewish Kalam.", "According to historian Salo Wittmayer Baron, at one time the number of Jews affiliating with Karaism was as much as 40 percent of world Jewry, and debates between Rabbinist and Karaite leaders were not uncommon.", "Most notable among the opposition to Karaite thought and practice at this time are the writings of Rabbi Saadia Gaon, which eventually led to a permanent split between some Karaite and Rabbinite communities.", "During the late 19th century, Russian authorities began to differentiate Karaite Jews from Rabbinite Jews, freeing them from various oppressive laws that affected Rabbinic Jews.", "The Tsarist governor of the Taurida Governorate, Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov, told the Karaite leaders that, even though the Russian Empire liked the idea that the Karaites did not accept the Talmud, they were still Jews and responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus and thus subject to the laws.", "The leaders, hearing that, devised a ruse by which they could be freed of the oppressive laws and told him that the Karaites had already settled in the Crimea before the death of Jesus.", "The Tsarist government then said that, if they could prove it, they would be free of the oppressive laws.", "The community leaders charged Abraham Firkovich (1786-1874) with gathering anything that could help show that Karaites were not in Jerusalem at the time of Jesus, and thus not responsible for the crucifixion.", "Through his work, Firkovich helped establish the idea among the Russian authorities that the Karaites, as descendants of the exiled northern kingdom of Israel, had already gone into exile centuries before the death of Jesus and thus had no responsibility for it.", "Firkovich referenced tombstones in Crimea (altering the dates) and gathered thousands of Karaite, Rabbinic, and Samaritan manuscripts, including one rabbinic document from Transcaucasia that claims that the Jews there were descendants of the exiles from the northern Kingdom of Israel.", "These actions convinced the Tsar that Karaite ancestors could not have killed Jesus and that thus their descendants were free of familial guilt.", "Despite this, within the community Ḥakhamim still taught that the Karaites were and had always been a part of the Jewish people; prayer was in Hebrew, the lineage of Kohens, Levites, and families of Davidic descent were meticulously preserved, and books printed in Hebrew adamantly identified the Karaites as Jews.", "In 1897 the Russian census counted 12,894 Karaites in the Russian Empire.", "By the early 20th century, most European Karaites were no longer very knowledgeable about the religion and Seraya Shapshal, a Karaite soldier of fortune who had been the tutor of the last Qajar Shah of Persia, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar and a Russian spy, managed about 1911 to get himself elected Chief Ḥakham of the Karaites in the Russian Empire (by that time, due to Russian regulations, the position had become more of a political one than a spiritual one).", "Influenced by the Pan-Turkic movement in Turkey, Shapshal made his position into that of an Emperor-priest.", "He changed the title Hakham to \"Ḥakhan\" (a cross between the Turkic titles khagan and khan), forbade the use of Hebrew, and in the 1930s introduced pagan elements (such as the veneration of sacred oak trees in the cemetery).", "He recognized both Jesus and Muhammad as prophets (thus appeasing both the Russian Orthodox Tsarist government and the Muslim Turkic peoples).", "After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, atheism became official state policy in Soviet territories and Karaite religious schools and places of worship were the very first religious institutions closed by the Soviet government.", "The authorities allowed only the teaching of Shapshalian doctrines about the Karaites, and the official stance according to Soviet law (carried over from Russian Imperial law) erroneously regarded the Karaites as Turkic descendants of the Khazars and not as Jews.", "Not all European Karaites accepted the Shapshalian doctrines.", "Some Hachamim and a small part of the general Karaite population still preserved their Jewish heritage, but most dared not oppose Shapshal openly due to his official standing with regard to the Soviet Union.", "All Jewish men in Egypt were placed in camps during the Six-Day War, and they were kept there for up to three years; Karaites were among the last to leave; most of Egypt's Karaite Jews settled in Israel.", "Karaite Jews do not object to the idea of a body of interpretation of the Torah, along with extensions and development of non-rabbinic \"halakha\" (Jewish law) that strives to adhere to the Tanakh's straightforward meaning.", "Several hundred such books have been written by various Karaite Ḥakhamim (sages) throughout the movement's history, although most are lost today.", "The disagreement arises over the rabbinic tradition's raising of the Talmud and the other writings of the rabbis above the Torah.", "The Karaites believe this has led to traditions and customs being kept under rabbinic law that contradict what is written in the Torah.", "The Karaites also have their own traditions and customs passed down from their ancestors and religious authorities.", "These are known as \"Sevel HaYerushah\", which means \"the Yoke or burden of Inheritance.\"", "Most of these practices are kept primarily by traditional Karaites; theoretically, any tradition thereof is said to be rejected if it contradicts the simple meaning of the Tanakh's text.", "The vast majority of these traditions are not forced upon any Karaite Jew or convert to Judaism through the Karaite movement, except very few such as donning a head covering in the Karaite synagogues (except the synagogue in Hedgesville, West Virginia).", "Those Karaites who are new to the Karaite lifestyle do not have such an inheritance or tradition and tend to rely heavily upon just the Tanakh and those practices mentioned in it, and to adapt Biblical practices to their cultural context.", "Karaite communities are so small and generally isolated, that their members commonly adopt the customs of their host country.", "In Israel, too, traditional Karaites tend to be culturally assimilated into mainstream society (both secular and Orthodox).", "Many modern Karaite Jews have emerged from the Karaite revival of the late 20th century; the World Karaite Movement was founded by Nehemia Gordon and Ḥakham Meir Rekhavi in the early 1990s.", "Karaite Jewish University (KJU), approved by the Mo‘eṣet HaḤakhamim (the Council of Sages) in Israel, was founded to teach an introductory course on Karaite Judaism.", "It could lead to a student's conversion by a \"Beit Din\" (religious Jewish court) authorized by the Mo‘eṣet HaḤakhamim.", "KJU teaches various forms of Karaite Judaism and includes \"Sevel HaYerushah\" in its course materials.", "Thus, newly admitted converts to Karaite Judaism can choose to accept or reject Sevel HaYerushah.", "As with other Jews, during Shabbat, Karaites attend synagogues to worship and to offer prayers.", "Most Karaites refrain from sexual relations on that day since they maintain that engaging in them can cause fatigue and copulation, in particular, results in ritual impurity on this holy day, concerns that Rabbinic Judaism ceased to have long ago; additionally, impregnating one's wife is considered \"melakha\" (forbidden work).", "Their prayer books are composed almost completely of biblical passages.", "Karaite Jews often practice full prostration during prayers, while most other Jews no longer pray in this fashion.", "Unlike Rabbinic Jews, Karaites do not practice the ritual of lighting Shabbat candles.", "They have a differing interpretation of the Torah verse, \"You shall not burn (Hebrew: \"bi‘er\" the \"pi‘el\" form of \"ba‘ar\") a fire in any of your dwellings on the day of Shabbat.\"", "In Rabbinic Judaism, the \"qal\" verb form \"ba‘ar\" is understood to mean \"burn\", whereas the \"pi‘el\" form (present here) is understood to be, not intensive as usual but causative, the rule being that the pi‘el of a stative verb will be causative, instead of the usual hif‘il.", "Hence \"bi‘er\" means \"kindle\", which is why Rabbinic Judaism prohibits \"starting\" a fire on Shabbat.", "The vast majority of Karaite Jews hold that, throughout the Tanakh, \"ba‘ar\" explicitly means \"to burn\", while the Hebrew word meaning \"to ignite\" or \"to kindle\" is \"hidliq\".", "Accordingly, the mainstream in Karaite Judaism takes the passage to mean that fire should not be left burning in a Jewish home on Shabbat, regardless of whether it was lit prior to, or during the Sabbath.", "However, the minority of Karaites who view the prohibition to be on kindling a fire often permit a fire to continue burning into the Sabbath.", "Historically, Karaites refrained from using or deriving benefit from fire until the Sabbath ends, and accordingly their homes were not lit during the night of the Sabbath.", "Many modern Karaites today use a fluorescent or LED lamp powered by batteries, which is turned on prior to Shabbat.", "Many observant Karaites either unplug their refrigerators on Shabbat or turn off the circuit breakers.", "Karaites consider producing electricity to be a violation of Shabbat, no matter who produces it.", "Additionally, some Karaites view the purchasing of electricity that is charged on an incremental basis during the Shabbat as a commercial transaction that the Tanakh prohibits, no matter when the payment is made; the recording of the electric meter is considered by them to be a commercial transaction.", "Karaites maintain that in the absence of a Temple, ordinary washing with flowing waters (described in the Torah as \"living\"—flowing—water) should be substituted for purification with water that includes ashes obtained through the red heifer burning ritual.", "Karaites believe that this was the practice before the Tabernacle was built in the Sinai Peninsula following the Exodus.", "They follow certain Torah laws for avoiding \"Ṭum’at Met\" (ritual impurity caused by contact with a dead body, human bones, graves, or being present in a space under any ceiling where a human died) which are no longer considered relevant in Rabbinic Judaism, except for Kohanim (members of the Jewish priestly class).", "The Karaite method of counting the days from the offering of the ‘Omer is different from the rabbinic method.", "The Karaites understand the term \"morrow after the Sabbath\" in Leviticus 23:15–16 to refer to the weekly Sabbath, whereas Rabbinic Judaism interprets it as referring to the day of rest on the first day of Ḥagh HaMaṣṣot.", "So while Rabbinic Judaism begins the count on the 16th of Nisan and celebrates Shavu‘ot on the 6th of Sivan, Karaite Jews count from the day after the weekly Sabbath (i.e., the Sunday) that occurs during the seven days of Ḥagh HaMaṣṣot to the day after the seventh weekly Sabbath.", "They celebrate Shavu‘ot on that Sunday, no matter what the calendar date of that Sunday on which it happens to fall.", "A Tzitzit (alternatively spelled Ṣiṣit, plural: Tzitziyot or Ṣiṣiyot) is a knotted or braided tassel worn by observant Jews (both Karaite and Rabbinic) on each of the four corners of what is often an outer garment or their Tallit.", "The Torah commands Israel to make tassels on the corners of their four-cornered garment containing a thread of \"Tekhelet\" (Numbers ) and repeats this commandment using the word for \"twisted cords\" (\"Gedilim\") instead of \"tassels\" at Deuteronomy .", "The purpose of the tassels is stated in the Book of Numbers as a visual reminder to the Israelites to remember the commandments given by God.", "The thread of Tekhelet is a blue-violet or blue thread, which, according to the traditions of Rabbinic Judaism, is to be dyed with a specific kind of dye derived from a mollusc (notably the \"Hexaplex trunculus\" sea snail).", "Due to a number of factors, including Rome outlawing the use of Tekhelet by commoners, the source and practice of using a Tekhelet thread in Tzitzit was lost for most Rabbinic Jews.", "Their Tzitziyot are usually all white.", "Karaite Jews believe that the importance of Tekhelet is that the color of thread is blue-violet and it may be produced from any source, including synthetic industrial dyes, except impure (a state mostly overlapping unkosher) marine creatures, rather than insist on a specific dye.", "Therefore, they believe that the rabbinic tradition of relying on a dye from a mollusc is incorrect.", "They suggest that the source of the dye was indigo or \"Isatis tinctoria\".", "Rabbinic Jews have specific traditions on how the tassels are to be knotted.", "Karaite Jews, for their part, have certain traditions on the manner of braiding the tassels, although they are not binding.", "Consequently, the way the \"Tzitziyot\" are made usually distinguishes Karaite \"Tzitziyot\" from rabbinic \"Tzitziyot\".", "Karaite Jews do not wear tefillin in any form.", "According to Karaites, the Biblical passages cited for this practice are metaphorical, and mean to \"remember the Torah always and treasure it\".", "This is because the commandment in scripture is \"And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be upon thy heart\"... \"And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thy hand, and they shall be for forehead ornaments between thine eyes\".", "(Deuteronomy 6:5,9) Since words cannot be on one's heart, or bound on one's hand, the entire passage is understood metaphorically.", "Furthermore, the same expressions (\"And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thy hand\" as well as \"and they shall be as frontal ornaments between thine eyes\") are used in Exodus 13:9 in reference to the commandments of Ḥagh HaMaṣṣot, in Exodus 13:16 in reference to the ritual of redeeming the first born, in Deuteronomy 6:8 in reference to the ‘Aseret HaDevarim (the Ten Utterances, usually mistranslated as \"the Ten Commandments\"), and in Deuteronomy 11:18 in reference to all the words of the Torah, indicating that, from a Karaite perspective, they must be metaphorical in nature (because one could never ritually \"write\" and \"bind\" upon their hearts themselves).", "Like Tefillin, Karaites interpret the scripture that mandates inscribing the Law on doorposts and city gates as a metaphorical admonition, specifically, to keep the Law at home and away.", "This is because the previous commandment in the same passage is the source for Tefillin for Rabbinic Judaism, and is understood metaphorically due to the language.", "As a result, the entire passage is understood as a metaphor.", "Therefore, they do not put up mezuzot, although many Karaite Jews do have a small plaque with the Ten Commandments on their doorposts.", "However, a Christian account in the 19th century tells of a Karaite synagogue in Constantinople that reportedly had a mezuzah.", "In Israel, in an effort to make Rabbinic Jews comfortable, many Karaite Jews do put up mezuzot, but not out of belief that it is commanded.", "In both Deuteronomy 23:3, and Zechariah 9:6, the Hebrew word \"mamzer\" is referenced alongside the nations of Ammon and Moab (in Deut 23:3), and the Philistine cities of Ashkelon, Gaza, Ekron and Ashdod (in Zech 9:5–6).", "From such, Karaites have come to consider the most logical understanding of the Hebrew word \"mamzer\", which modern Rabbinical Jews understand to refer to either children born from adultery or from incest (Talmud Bavli, Masekhet Yevamot), to actually speak of a nation or people.", "Karaites think that such an understanding fits perfectly into the context of both Deuteronomy 23 and Zechariah 9, (and this was also the understanding of the Rabbinist commentator Yehudah ben Shemu’el ibn Bil‘am).", "Several Medieval Rabbinite Jewish sages felt it necessary to debate this topic with Medieval Karaite Jewish sages.", "Karaite Judaism defines the Four species (\"Arba`at haMinim\") somewhat differently than Rabbinic Jews, i.e. (1) fruit of splendorous tree (\"Peri `Eṣ Hadar\"), which need not be the Etrog (yellow citrus fruit) demanded by rabbinic law, yet may be either any seasonal fruit tree considered splendorous by an individual Jew, or branches of olive trees featuring the olives, that were considered splendorous by the Judean Israelites in the generation of Nehemiah, as seen in Neḥemyah 8; (2) date palm fronds (\"Kappoth Temarim\") instead of the closed palm frond used by Rabbinic Jews; (3) branches of thickly leaved trees (\"‘Eṣ ‘Avoth\") which may be from fig, laurel and eucalyptus rather than myrtle branches only; and (4) willow branches (\"‘Aravoth Naḥal\") e.g. maple, oak, yew and butternut, as opposed to the rabbinically dictated willow tree's boughs.", "Karaite Jews have always understood the \"Arba`at haMinim\" to be used for the purpose of constructing the roof of the Sukkah (pl.", "\"Sukkot\"); they are not made into a \"lulav\" and shaken in six directions, as is the rabbinic practice.", "In the Book of Nehemiah (8:15), the Israelites are instructed to construct their Sukkot out of the four species: olive branches and oil tree branches (fruit of splendorous tree), as well as date palm fronds, myrtle branches and branches of thickly leaved trees are mentioned in the same passage as materials for the Sukkah's construction.", "Karaite Judaism follows patrilineal descent, meaning a Jew is someone whose father is Jewish, or who has undergone a formal conversion, since almost all Jewish descent in the Tanakh is traced patrilineally.", "However, anyone who formally accepts the God of Israel as their own God, the people of Israel as their own people, and is circumcised (males only), is a fully established member of the people of Israel (Jew); Karaites believe this should be done after living among Karaite Jews and studying the Tanakh in the form of a vow (the dominant position among modern Karaites maintains that this oath should be taken before a Karaite Beit Din whose members act on the behalf of the Israeli Council of Sages), see Exodus 12:43–49, Ruth 1:16, Esther 8:17, and Isaiah 56:6–7; also Ezekiel the prophet states that Sojourners (\"resident aliens\" or \"strangers\") who have joined themselves to the Children of Israel will be given land inheritance among the Tribes of Israel among whom they live during the final redemption.", "Some, such as the Karaites Jews in Khorasan (Persia) viewed it in Medieval times as a Mitzvah to do so because the name appears some 6800 times throughout the Tanakh (the Jewish Bible).", "Today, publicly uttering the Tetragrammaton (4 letter name) of God in Hebrew is a controversial issue among Karaites and indeed all Jews.", "Virtually all traditional Karaites view the pronunciation of God's name to be blasphemous, and adhere to the rabbinic tradition of substituting \"Adonai\", when coming across YHWH while reading.", "Other Karaites and some of those coming from a rabbinic background like Nehemia Gordon and Ḥakham Meir Rekhavi, as well as some joiners to the people of Israel through Karaite Judaism such as James Walker and Daniel ben Immanuel, do not consider the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton to be forbidden.", "There is, however, disagreement among scholars as to the correct pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton.", "Karaism has produced a vast library of commentaries and polemics, especially during its \"Golden Age\".", "These writings prompted new and complete defenses of the Mishnah and the Talmud, the culmination of these in the writings of Saadia Gaon and his criticisms of Karaism.", "Though he opposed Karaism, the rabbinic commentator Abraham ibn Ezra regularly quoted Karaite commentators, particularly Yefet ben Ali, to the degree that a legend exists among some Karaites that Ibn Ezra was ben Ali's student.", "The most well-known Karaite polemic is Yiṣḥaq ben Avraham of Troki's \"Faith Strengthened\" , a comprehensive counter-Christian missionary polemic, which was later translated into Latin by Johann Christoph Wagenseil as part of a larger collection of Jewish anti-Christian polemics entitled \"Tela Ignea Satanæ, sive Arcani et Horribiles Judæorum Adversus Christum, Deum, et Christianam Religionem Libri\" (Altdorf, 1681: \"The Fiery Darts of Satan, or the Arcane and Horrible Books of the Jews Against Christ, God, and the Christian Religion\").", "Many counter-missionary materials produced today are based upon or cover the same themes as this book.", "Scholarly studies of Karaite writings are still in their infancy, and owe greatly to the Firkovich collections of Karaite manuscripts in the National Library of Russia that have become accessible after the collapse of the Soviet Union.", "The cataloguing efforts of scholars at the Bibliothèque nationale de France and in the United States and England is continuing to yield new insights into Karaite literature and thought.", "Aaron ben Moses ben Asher was a Jewish scholar from Tiberias, famous as the most authoritative of the Tiberian Masoretes, and a member of a family who had been involved in creating and maintaining the Masoretic Text (authoritative text of the Hebrew scripture), for at least five generations.", "His Tiberian vocalization of the Bible is still, for all intents and purposes, the text all Jews continue to use, and he was the first systematic Hebrew grammarian.", "His \"Sefer Diqduqei HaTe‘amim\" (\"Grammar of the Punctuation/Vocalizations\") was an original collection of grammatical rules and Masoretic information.", "Grammatical principles were not at that time considered worthy of independent study.", "The value of this work is that the grammatical rules presented by ben Asher reveal the linguistic background of vocalization for the first time.", "He had a tremendous influence on the world of Biblical criticism.", "In the nineteenth century, certain scholars suggested that Aharon Ben Asher might have been a Karaite and not a Rabbinic Jew.", "Aharon Dothan has examined this issue from many angles, and his conclusion is that Ben Asher was a Rabbinic Jew, but Raphael Zer has raised this issue again and presented new evidence.", "In 989, an unknown scribe of a former \"Nevi'im\" manuscript vouched for the care with which his copy was written by claiming that he had vocalized and added the Masoretic text \"from the books that were vocalized by Aaron ben Moses Ben-Asher\".", "Maimonides, by accepting the views of ben Asher in regard to open and closed sections, helped establish and spread his authority.", "\"The book on which we have relied for these matters is the book that is well-known in Egypt, which includes twenty-four books, which was in Jerusalem for many years for the purpose of proofreading books from it.", "Everybody relied on it since Ben-Asher proofread it and scrutinized it for years, and proofread many times as he copied it.", "I relied on it when I wrote a Sefer Torah properly\".", "Estimates of the size of the modern Karaite movement put the number at 4,000 Karaites in the United States, some 80 Constantinopolitan Karaites in Turkey, 35,000-40,000 in Israel, the largest communities being in Ramla, Ashdod and Beersheba, 1,196 in Ukraine (with Crimea), 300 in Lithuania and 205 in Russia.", "At the Polish census of 2002, only 45 people declared themselves \"Karaims\", including 43 Polish citizens.", "During the early 1920s a British mandate official in Jerusalem records visiting the Karaite synagogue, which he describes as being \"small, mediaeval, semi-underground\" serving \"Jerusalem's tiny colony of Qaraites\".", "In the early 1950s, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel originally objected to the immigration of Karaite Jews to Israel, and unsuccessfully tried to obstruct it.", "In 2007, however, Rabbi David Ḥayim Chelouche, the chief rabbi of Netayana was quoted in \"The Jerusalem Post\" as saying, \"A Karaite is a Jew.", "We accept them as Jews and every one of them who wishes to come back to mainstream Judaism we accept back.", "There was once a question about whether Karaites needed to undergo a token circumcision in order to switch to Rabbinic Judaism, but the rabbinate agrees that today that is not necessary.\"", "Moshe Marzouk, one of the Egyptian Jews executed in 1954 for planting bombs in Cairo in the service of Israeli Military Intelligence (the Lavon Affair) was a Karaite.", "Marzouk was considered a hero in Israel; however, his Karaite identity was downplayed in newspapers, which usually just described him as an Egyptian Jew.", "However, in 2001, the Israeli government, through the Israel Postal Authority, issued a special memorial sheet honoring him and many other Karaite Jews that gave their lives for Israel.", "In Israel, the Karaite Jewish leadership is directed by a group called Universal Karaite Judaism.", "Most of the members of its Board of Ḥakhamim are of Egyptian Jewish descent.", "The largest Karaite community today resides in Ashdod There are about 4,000 Karaites living in the United States.", "The Congregation B'nai Israel is located in Daly City, California, which is a suburb of San Francisco.", "It is the only Karaite synagogue in the United States with a permanent dedicated facility.", "The leaders of the congregation are of Egyptian Karaite extraction.", "One notable congregant, Mark Kheder, the synagogue's treasurer, has described his internment in an Egyptian prisoner-of-war camp during the 1967 Six-Day war.", "The congregation's acting Rav (Ḥakham), Joe Pessah, was also among those who were arrested by the Egyptian government.", "Another, much smaller congregation, Karaite Jewish Congregation Oraḥ Ṣaddiqim, exists in Albany, NY, but they have yet to find a permanent dedicated facility and, in the mean time, continue to use a room in the home of their Ḥakham, Avraham Ben-Raḥamiël Qanaï, as their temporary synagogue.", "On 1 August 2007, some members of the first graduating class of Karaite Jewish University were converts, representing the first new officially authorized members into Karaite Judaism in 542 years.", "At a ceremony in its Northern California synagogue, ten adults and four minors joined the Jewish people by taking the same oath that Ruth took.", "The group's course of study lasted over one year.", "This conversion comes 15 years after the Karaite Council of Sages reversed its centuries-old ban on accepting converts.", "On 17 February 2009, the second graduating class of converts took the oath.", "This included 11 adults and 8 minors.", "There are about 80 Karaites living in Istanbul, Turkey, where the only Karaite synagogue in Turkey, the \"Kahal haKadosh Bene Mikra\", is still functional (on Shabbat and holy days) in the Hasköy neighborhood in the European part of the city.", "In Poland, Karaites are a recognized minority, represented by the Association of Polish Karaites and the Karaite Religious Association in the Polish Republic .", "Karaites live primarily in and around Warsaw, Wrocław and Tricity; they are linguistically assimilated.", "In 2016, the Religious Council of Karaite Jews unanimously reelected their chief rabbi, Rabbi Moshe Piroz, for another four-year term.", "Piroz has been serving as chief rabbi since 2011.", "Rabbinic Judaism's scholars, such as Maimonides, write that people who deny the divine authority of the Oral Torah are to be considered among the heretics.", "However, at the same time, Maimonides holds (\"Hilkhot Mamrim\" 3:3) that most of the Karaites and others who claim to deny the \"oral teachings\" are not to be held accountable for their errors in the law because they are led into error by their parents and are similar to a tinok shenishba (a captive baby), or to one who was forced.", "Rabbinic scholars have traditionally held that, because the Karaites do not observe the rabbinic law on divorce, there is a strong presumption that they are mamzerim (adulterine bastards), so that marriage with them is forbidden even if they return to Rabbinic Judaism.", "Some recent Ashkenazi Ḥaredi scholars have held that Karaites should be regarded as Gentiles in all respects, though this is not universally accepted.", "They hasten to add that this opinion is not intended to insult the Karaites, but only to give individual Karaites the option of integrating into mainstream Judaism by way of conversion.", "In contrast, in 1971, Ovadia Yosef, who was then the Chief Rabbi of the Sefaradim and ‘Edot HaMizraḥ of Israel, proclaimed that Egyptian Karaites are Jews and that it is permissible for Rabbinic Jews to marry with them.", "In response to the position taken by the Karaites in regards to the authority of the Talmud, Orthodox Judaism counters first that the majority of the Oral Law codified in the Mishnah and Talmud are the legal rulings of the last Sanhedrin, a body of 71 elders that made up the highest court of jurisprudence in ancient Israel, and that not all of the Oral Law are literally \"Laws given to Moses on Mount Sinai\".", "The decisions made by this High Court must be upheld, per se the Law of Moses (Deuteronomy 17), this gives their legal rulings divine authority.", "Karaites reject the authority of this Sanhedrin that developed during the second Temple period partly because it was an admixture of different people and not just priests and levites as mandated by the Torah.", "The Sanhedrin also took legal authority away from the descendants of Zadok who served as priests in the Temple in Jerusalem.", "This is essentially the same view held by the Sadducees and Boethusians during the second Temple period.", "Secondly Rabbinic Judaism points to the innumerable examples of biblical commandments that are either too ambiguous or documented in such a concise fashion that proper adherence could not be enforced on a national scale without the further legislation provided by the Talmud.", "Karaites respond that the Torah itself states \"this law I am commanding you is not too hard for you, neither is it far off.", "It is not in the heavens, to say, who shall ascend into the heavens and bring it to us, and cause us to understand it, that we do it?\"", "indicating the Torah could easily be understood by the average Israelite.", "Orthodox Judaism also notes that the Torah was never meant to be observed as a personal covenant between the individual Jew and God, but a national covenant wherein the Torah functions as the constitution of Israel as a whole.", "Orthodox Jews point out that the Torah could never be enforced as a national law, as it was during the time of Joshua, King David, and Ezra, if every individual Jew had their own opinion on how to observe its commandments.", "In order for the Torah to properly govern the Jewish people, and for its laws be legally enforced with the punishments and penalties prescribed in the Torah, those laws must be legislated and clearly defined by a ruling Sanhedrin.", "Karaites counter that the enforcement of the Torah on a national scale can only be legislated by the descendants of Zadok in the Temple in Jerusalem as per the Torah (Deuteronomy 17) and prophets (Ezekiel 44) not by a collection of opinions by various rabbis.", "For Karaites, in sum, the rabbinic interpretations above, as codified in oral law, are only one form of interpretation.", "They are not divinely ordained, and they are neither binding halakhah nor practical religious law.", "A person whose mother was a Karaite Jew is regarded as halakhically Jewish by the Orthodox Rabbinate.", "By contrast, somebody who is patrilineally Jewish (one whose father is Jewish) is regarded as a Jew by the \"Mo′eṣet HaḤakhamim\" (the Karaite Council of Sages) on the condition that they were raised Jewish during childhood.", "Although it is widely accepted that Karaite Jews are halakhically Jewish (apparently with the exception of those who join the Jewish people through the Karaite movement), there is still a question as to whether or not marriage between the Karaite and Rabbinite communities is permitted.", "Two Sephardi chief rabbis, Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron and Ovadia Yosef encouraged such marriages, hoping it would help Karaites to assimilate into mainstream Judaism.", "Maimonides decreed that Jews raised in a Karaite household are considered to be \"Tinoq she'Nishba\", like babies taken captive by non-Jews; they cannot be punished for their supposedly wayward behavior, because it is the result of their parents' influence.", "Since the early 2010s, there has been a resurgence in the questioning of the Jewish identity of Karaites by Israel's chief rabbinate.", "According to the rabbinate's spokesman, \"Israel is a Jewish state and Jews have superior rights.", "But the Karaites are not Jewish.\"", "This has led to protestations from R' Moshe Firrouz, head of the Karaites' Council of Sages, that \"the rabbinate is denying us our religious freedom.\"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 6448, "simple_article_title": "Karaite Judaism", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6448", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-6448-0-0", "simple-6448-0-1", "simple-6448-0-2", "simple-6448-1-0", "simple-6448-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Karaite Judaism is a kind of Judaism that accepts only the Hebrew Bible as authoritative, and rejects any religious authority in Mishnah and Talmud, which are explanations of the Bible by rabbis in the first few centuries of the Common Era.", "Karaite Jews believe that each person should be able to explain the Torah for themselves, instead of following the explanations of the rabbis.", "Today the largest communities of Karaites are in Israel and San Francisco.", "The list of main beliefs to Karaite Judaism are called the \"Tuv Taam.\"", "It is called this because those are the first two words in Hebrew of the beliefs." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 385990, "normal_article_title": "Federal Security Service", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=385990", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-385990-0-0", "normal-385990-0-1", "normal-385990-0-2", "normal-385990-0-3", "normal-385990-1-0", "normal-385990-1-1", "normal-385990-1-2", "normal-385990-2-0", "normal-385990-3-0", "normal-385990-3-1", "normal-385990-3-2", "normal-385990-4-0", "normal-385990-4-1", "normal-385990-5-0", "normal-385990-6-0", "normal-385990-6-1", "normal-385990-6-2", "normal-385990-6-3", "normal-385990-6-4", "normal-385990-6-5", "normal-385990-6-6", "normal-385990-7-0", "normal-385990-7-1", "normal-385990-7-2", "normal-385990-7-3", "normal-385990-7-4", "normal-385990-7-5", "normal-385990-7-6", "normal-385990-7-7", "normal-385990-8-0", "normal-385990-8-1", "normal-385990-8-2", "normal-385990-8-3", "normal-385990-9-0", "normal-385990-9-1", "normal-385990-9-2", "normal-385990-9-3", 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"normal-385990-17-1", "normal-385990-17-2", "normal-385990-17-3", "normal-385990-17-4", "normal-385990-17-5", "normal-385990-17-6", "normal-385990-17-7", "normal-385990-17-8", "normal-385990-17-9", "normal-385990-17-10", "normal-385990-18-0", "normal-385990-18-1", "normal-385990-19-0", "normal-385990-20-0", "normal-385990-20-1", "normal-385990-20-2", "normal-385990-21-0", "normal-385990-21-1", "normal-385990-22-0", "normal-385990-22-1", "normal-385990-22-2", "normal-385990-23-0", "normal-385990-23-1", "normal-385990-23-2", "normal-385990-24-0", "normal-385990-24-1", "normal-385990-24-2", "normal-385990-25-0", "normal-385990-25-1", "normal-385990-26-0", "normal-385990-27-0", "normal-385990-27-1", "normal-385990-27-2", "normal-385990-28-0", "normal-385990-28-1", "normal-385990-28-2", "normal-385990-29-0", "normal-385990-29-1", "normal-385990-30-0", "normal-385990-30-1", "normal-385990-30-2", "normal-385990-31-0", "normal-385990-31-1", "normal-385990-31-2", "normal-385990-31-3", "normal-385990-32-0", "normal-385990-33-0", "normal-385990-33-1", "normal-385990-34-0", "normal-385990-34-1", "normal-385990-35-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB; Russian: , ) is the principal security agency of Russia and the main successor agency to the USSR's Committee for State Security (KGB).", "Its main responsibilities are within the country and include counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance as well as investigating some other types of grave crimes and federal law violations.", "It is headquartered in Lubyanka Square, Moscow's centre, in the main building of the former KGB.", "According to the 1995 Federal Law \"On the Federal Security Service\", direction of the FSB is executed by the president of Russia, who appoints the Director of FSB.", "The immediate predecessor of the FSB was the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) of Russia, itself a successor to the KGB: on 12 April 1995, Russian president Boris Yeltsin signed a law mandating a reorganization of the FSK, which resulted in the creation of the FSB.", "In 2003, the FSB's responsibilities were widened by incorporating the previously independent Border Guard Service and a major part of the abolished Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information (FAPSI).", "The three major structural successor components of the former KGB that remain administratively independent of the FSB are the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), the State Guards (FSO), and the Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation.", "Under Russian federal law, the FSB is a military service just like the armed forces, the MVD, the FSO, the SVR, the FSKN, Main Directorate for Drugs Control and EMERCOM's civil defence, but its commissioned officers do not usually wear military uniforms.", "The FSB is mainly responsible for internal security of the Russian state, counterintelligence, and the fight against organized crime, terrorism, and drug smuggling, whereas overseas espionage is the primary responsibility of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, successor to the KGB's First Directorate, as well as the GRU, a body within the Russian Ministry of Defence.", "However, the FSB's FAPSI conducts electronic surveillance abroad.", "All law enforcement and intelligence agencies in Russia work under the guidance of the FSB, if necessary.", "The FSB employs about 66,200 uniformed staff, including about 4,000 special forces troops.", "It also employs Border Service personnel of about 160,000–200,000 border guards.", "Under Article 32 of the Federal Constitutional Law \"On the Government of the Russian Federation\", The FSB answers directly to the RF president and the Director of FSB, while a member of the RF government which is headed by the Chairman of Government, reports to the president only; the Director also, \"ex officio\", is a permanent member of the Security Council of Russia presided over by the president and chairman of the of Russia.", "The Federal Security Service is one of the successor organisations of the Soviet Committee of State Security (KGB).", "Following the attempted coup of 1991—in which some KGB units as well as the KGB head Vladimir Kryuchkov played a major part—the KGB was dismantled and ceased to exist from November 1991.", "In December 1991, two government agencies answerable to the Russian president were created by President Yeltsin's decrees on the basis of the relevant main directorates of the defunct KGB: Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR, the former First Main Directorate) and the Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information (FAPSI, merging the functions of the former 8th Main Directorate and 16th Main Directorate of the KGB).", "In January 1992, another new institution, the Ministry of Security took over domestic and border security responsibilities.", "Following the 1993 constitutional crisis, the Ministry of Security was reorganized on 21 December 1993 into the Federal Counter-Intelligence Service (FSK).", "The FSK was headed by Sergei Stepashin.", "Before the start of the main military activities of the First Chechen War the FSK was responsible for the covert operations against the separatists led by Dzhokhar Dudayev.", "In 1995, the FSK was renamed and reorganized into the Federal Security Service (FSB) by the Federal Law \"On the Federal Security Service\" (the title of the law as amended in June 2003) signed by the president on 3 April 1995.", "The FSB reforms were rounded out by decree No. 633, signed by Boris Yeltsin on 23 June 1995.", "The decree made the tasks of the FSB more specific, giving the FSB substantial rights to conduct cryptographic work, and described the powers of the FSB director.", "The number of deputy directors was increased to 8: 2 first deputies, 5 deputies responsible for departments and directorates and 1 deputy director heading the Moscow City and Moscow regional directorate.", "Yeltsin appointed Colonel-General Mikhail Ivanovich Barsukov as the new director of the FSB.", "In 1998 Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin, a KGB veteran who would later succeed Yeltsin as federal president, as director of the FSB.", "Putin was reluctant to take over the directorship, but once appointed conducted a thorough reorganization, which included the dismissal of most of the FSB's top personnel.", "Putin appointed Nikolai Patrushev as the head of FSB in 1999.", "After the main military offensive of the Second Chechen War ended and the separatists changed tactics to guerilla warfare, overall command of the federal forces in Chechnya was transferred from the military to the FSB in January 2001.", "While the army lacked technical means of tracking the guerrilla groups, the FSB suffered from insufficient human intelligence due to its inability to build networks of agents and informants.", "In the autumn of 2002, the separatists launched a massive campaign of terrorism against the Russian civilians, including the Dubrovka theatre attack.", "The inability of the federal forces to conduct efficient counter-terrorist operations led to the government to transfer the responsibility of \"maintaining order\" in Chechnya from the FSB to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in July 2003.", "After becoming President, Vladimir Putin launched a major reorganization of the FSB.", "First, the FSB was placed under direct control of the President by a decree issued on 17 May 2000.", "The internal structure of the agency was reformed by a decree signed on 17 June 2000.", "In the resulting structure, the FSB was to have a director, a first deputy director and nine other deputy directors, including one possible state secretary and the chiefs of six departments: Economic Security Department, Counterintelligence Department, Organizational and Personnel Service, Department of activity provision, Department for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategic Planning, Department for Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism.", "In 2003, the agency's responsibilities were considerably widened.", "The Border Guard Service of Russia, with its staff of 210,000, was integrated to the FSB via a decree was signed on 11 March 2003.", "The merger was completed by 1 July 2003.", "In addition, The Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information (FAPSI) was abolished, and the FSB was granted a major part of its functions, while other parts went to the Ministry of Defense.", "Among the reasons for this strengthening of the FSB were the enhanced need for security after increased terror attacks against Russian civilians starting with the Moscow theater hostage crisis; the need to end the permanent infighting between the FSB, FAPSI and the Border Guards due to their overlapping functions; and the need for more efficient response to migration, drug trafficking and illegal arms trading.", "It has also been pointed out that the FSB was the only power base of the new president, and the restructuring therefore strengthened Putin's position (see Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency).", "On 28 June 2004 in a speech to high-ranking FSB officers, Putin emphasized three major tasks of the agency: neutralizing foreign espionage, safeguarding economic and financial security of the country and combating organized crime.", "In September 2006, the FSB was shaken by a major reshuffle, which, combined with some earlier reassignments (most remarkably, those of FSB Deputy Directors Yury Zaostrovtsev and Vladimir Anisimov in 2004 and 2005, respectively), were widely believed to be linked to the Three Whales Corruption Scandal that had slowly unfolded since 2000.", "Some analysts considered it to be an attempt to undermine FSB Director Nikolay Patrushev's influence, as it was Patrushev's team from the Karelian KGB Directorate of the late 1980s – early 1990s that had suffered most and he had been on vacations during the event.", "By 2008, the agency had one Director, two First Deputy Directors and 5 Deputy Directors.", "According to FSB chief Alexander Bortnikov, the FSB is developing its own unmanned aerial vehicle systems in order to gather intelligence.", "Starting from the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002, Russia was faced with increased levels of Islamist terrorism.", "The FSB, being the main agency responsible for counter-terrorist operations, was in the front line in the fight against terror.", "During the Moscow theater siege and the Beslan school siege, FSB's Spetsnaz units Alpha Group and Vympel played a key role in the hostage release operations.", "However, their performance was criticised due to the high number of hostage casualties.", "In 2006, the FSB scored a major success in its counter-terrorist efforts when it successfully killed Shamil Basayev, the mastermind behind the Beslan tragedy and several other high-profile terrorist acts.", "According to the FSB, the operation was planned over six months and made possible due to the FSB's increased activities in foreign countries that were supplying arms to the terrorists.", "Basayev was tracked via the surveillance of this arms trafficking.", "Basayev and other militants were preparing to carry out a terrorist attack in Ingushetia when FSB agents destroyed their convoy; 12 militants were killed.", "During the last years of the Vladimir Putin's second presidency (2006–2008), terrorist attacks in Russia dwindled, falling from 257 in 2005 to 48 in 2007.", "Military analyst Vitaly Shlykov praised the effectiveness of Russia's security agencies, saying that the experience learned in Chechnya and Dagestan had been key to the success.", "In 2008, the American Carnegie Endowment's Foreign Policy magazine named Russia as \"the worst place to be a terrorist\" and highlighted especially Russia's willingness to prioritize national security over civil rights.", "By 2010, Russian forces, led by the FSB, had managed to eliminate out the top leadership of the Chechen insurgency, except for Dokka Umarov.", "Starting from 2009, the level of terrorism in Russia increased again.", "Particularly worrisome was the increase of suicide attacks.", "While between February 2005 and August 2008, no civilians were killed in such attacks, in 2008 at least 17 were killed and in 2009 the number rose to 45.", "In March 2010, Islamist militants organised the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings, which killed 40 people.", "One of the two blasts took place at Lubyanka station, near the FSB headquarters.", "Militant leader Doku Umarov—dubbed \"Russia's Osama Bin Laden\"—took responsibility for the attacks.", "In July 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev expanded the FSB's powers in its fight against terrorism.", "FSB officers received the power to issue warnings to citizens on actions that could lead to committing crimes and arrest people for 15 days if they fail to comply with legitimate orders given by the officers.", "The bill was harshly criticized by human rights organizations.", "In 2011, the FSB said it had exposed 199 foreign spies, including 41 professional spies and 158 agents employed by foreign intelligence services.", "The number has risen in recent years: in 2006 the FSB reportedly caught about 27 foreign intelligence officers and 89 foreign agents.", "Comparing the number of exposed spies historically, the then-FSB Director Nikolay Kovalyov said in 1996: \"There has never been such a number of spies arrested by us since the time when German agents were sent in during the years of World War II.\"", "The 2011 figure is similar to what was reported in 1995–1996, when around 400 foreign intelligence agents were uncovered during the two-year period.", "In a high-profile case of foreign espionage, the FSB said in February 2012 that an engineer working at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia's main space center for military launches, had been sentenced to 13 years in prison on charges of state treason.", "A court judged that the engineer had sold information about testing of new Russian strategic missile systems to the American CIA.", "A number of scientists have been accused of espionage and illegal technology exports by the FSB since it was established; instances include researcher Igor Sutyagin, physicist Valentin Danilov, physical chemist Oleg Korobeinichev, academician Oskar Kaibyshev, and physicist Yury Ryzhov.", "Ecologist and journalist Alexander Nikitin, who worked with the Bellona Foundation, was accused of espionage.", "He published material exposing hazards posed by the Russian Navy's nuclear fleet.", "He was acquitted in 1999 after spending several years in prison (his case was sent for re-investigation 13 times while he remained in prison).", "Other instances of prosecution are the cases of investigative journalist and ecologist Grigory Pasko, Vladimir Petrenko, who described danger posed by military chemical warfare stockpiles, and Nikolay Shchur, chairman of the Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund.", "Other arrested people include Viktor Orekhov, a former KGB officer who assisted Soviet dissidents, Vladimir Kazantsev, who disclosed illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign firms, and Vil Mirzayanov, who had written that Russia was working on a nerve-gas weapon.", "In 2011, the FSB prevented 94 \"crimes of a terrorist nature\", including eight terrorist attacks.", "In particular, the agency foiled a planned suicide bombing in Moscow on New Year's Eve.", "However, the agency failed to prevent terrorists perpetrating the Domodedovo International Airport bombing.", "Over the years, FSB and affiliated state security organizations have killed all presidents of the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria including Dzhokhar Dudaev, Zelimkhan Yandarbiev, Aslan Maskhadov, and Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev.", "Just before his death, Saidullaev claimed that the Russian government \"treacherously\" killed Maskhadov, after inviting him to \"talks\" and promising his security \"at the highest level\".", "During the Moscow theater hostage crisis and Beslan school hostage crisis, all hostage takers were killed on the spot by FSB spetsnaz forces.", "Only one of the suspects, Nur-Pashi Kulayev, survived and was convicted later by the court.", "It is reported that more than 100 leaders of terrorist groups have been killed during 119 operations on North Caucasus during 2006.", "On 28 July 2006 the FSB presented a list of 17 terrorist organizations recognized by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, to \"Rossiyskaya Gazeta\" newspaper, which published the list that day.", "The list had been available previously, but only through individual request.", "Commenting on the list, Yuri Sapunov, head of anti-terrorism at the FSB, named three main criteria necessary for organizations to be listed.", "According to some unofficial sources, since 1999, the FSB has also been tasked with the intelligence-gathering on the territory of the CIS countries, wherein the SVR is legally forbidden from conducting espionage under the inter-government agreements.", "Such activity is in line with Article 8 of the Federal Law on the FSB.", "In the summer of 2006, the FSB was given the legal power to engage in targeted killing of terrorism suspects overseas if so ordered by the president.", "The Federal Border Guard Service (FPS) has been part of the FSB since 2003.", "Russia has 61000 km of sea and land borders, 7500 km of which is with Kazakhstan, and 4000 km with China.", "One kilometer (1,100 yd) of border protection costs around 1 million rubles per year.", "The FSB is engaged in the development of Russia's export control strategy and examines drafts of international agreements related to the transfer of dual-use and military commodities and technologies.", "Its primary role in the nonproliferation sphere is to collect information to prevent the illegal export of controlled nuclear technology and materials.", "The FSB has been accused by \"The Guardian\" of using psychological techniques to intimidate western diplomatic staff and journalists, with the intention of making them curtail their work in Russia early.", "The techniques allegedly involve entering targets' houses, moving household items around, replacing items with similar (but slightly different) items, and even sending sex toys to a male target's wife, all with the intention of confusing and scaring the target.", "\"Guardian\" journalist, Luke Harding, claims to have been the subject of such techniques.", "Following allegations by a Russian former lab director about the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, WADA commissioned an independent investigation led by Richard McLaren.", "McLaren's investigation concluded in a report published in July 2016 that the Ministry of Sport and the Federal Security Service (FSB) had operated a \"state-directed failsafe system\" using a \"disappearing positive test methodology\" (DPM) from \"at least late 2011 to August 2015.\"", "It was used on 643 positive samples, a number that the authors consider \"only a minimum\" due to limited access to Russian records.", "On 9 December 2016, Canadian lawyer Richard McLaren published the second part of his independent report.", "The investigation found that from 2011 to 2015, more than 1,000 Russian competitors in various sports (including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports) benefited from the cover-up.", "Emails indicate that they included five blind powerlifters, who may have been given drugs without their knowledge, and a fifteen-year-old.", "On 29 December 2016, there were rumors that the White House sanctioned the FSB and several other Russian companies for helping the Russian military intelligence service, the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU), to allegedly disrupt and spread disinformation during the 2016 US presidential election.", "In addition, the State Department also declared 35 Russian diplomats and officials persona non grata and denied Russian government officials access to two Russian-owned installations in Maryland and New York.", "In September 2017, WikiLeaks released \"Spy Files Russia,\" revealing \"how a St. Petersburg-based technology company called Peter-Service helped state entities gather detailed data on Russian cellphone users, part of a national system of online surveillance called System for Operative Investigative Activities (SORM).\"", "Below the nationwide level, the FSB has regional offices in the federal subjects of Russia.", "It also has administrations in the armed forces and other military institutions.", "Sub-departments exist for areas such as aviation, special training centers, forensic expertise, military medicine, etc.", "Besides the services (departments) and directorates of the federal office, the territorial directorates of FSB in the federal subjects are also subordinate to it.", "Of these, St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate of FSB and its predecessors (historically covering both Leningrad/Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast) have played especially important roles in the history of this organization, as many of the officers of the Directorate, including Vladimir Putin and Nikolay Patrushev, later assumed important positions within the federal FSB office or other government bodies.", "After the last Chief of the Soviet time, Anatoly Kurkov, the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate were led by Sergei Stepashin (29 November 1991 – 1992), Viktor Cherkesov (1992 –1998), Alexander Grigoryev (1 October 1998 – 5 January 2001), Sergei Smirnov (5 January 2001 – June 2003), Alexander Bortnikov (June 2003 – March 2004) and Yury Ignashchenkov (since March 2004).", "On 20 June 1996, Boris Yeltsin fired Director of FSB Mikhail Barsukov and appointed Nikolay Kovalyov as acting Director and later Director of the FSB.", "Aleksandr Bortnikov took over on 12 May 2008.", "The FSB has been criticised for corruption, human rights violations and secret police activities.", "Some Kremlin critics such as Alexander Litvinenko have claimed that the FSB is engaged in suppression of internal dissent; Litvinenko died in 2006 as a result of polonium poisoning.", "A number of opposition lawmakers and investigative journalists were murdered while investigating corruption and other alleged crimes: Sergei Yushenkov, Yuri Shchekochikhin, Galina Starovoitova, Anna Politkovskaya, Alexander Litvinenko, Paul Klebnikov, Nadezhda Chaikova, Nina Yefimova, and others.", "The FSB has been further criticised by some for failure to bring Islamist terrorism in Russia under control.", "In the mid-2000s, the pro-Kremlin Russian sociologist Olga Kryshtanovskaya claimed that FSB played a dominant role in the country's political, economic and even cultural life.", "FSB officers have been frequently accused of torture, extortion, bribery and illegal takeovers of private companies, often working together with tax inspection officers.", "Active and former FSB officers are also present as \"curators\" in \"almost every single large enterprise\", both in public and private sectors.", "Former FSB officer, a defector, Alexander Litvinenko, along with a series of other authors such as Yury Felshtinsky, David Satter, Boris Kagarlitsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky, Mikhail Trepashkin (also former FSB officer) claimed in the early 2000s that the 1999 apartment bombings in Moscow and other Russian cities were a false flag attack coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya and boost former FSB Director Vladimir Putin's, then the prime minister, popularity in the lead-up to parliamentary elections and presidential transfer of power in Russia later that year.", "In his book \"Mafia State\", Luke Harding, the Moscow correspondent for \"The Guardian\" from 2007 to 2011 and a fierce critic of Russian politics, alleges that the FSB subjected him to continual psychological harassment, with the aim of either coercing him into practicing self-censorship in his reporting, or to leave the country entirely.", "He says that FSB used techniques known as Zersetzung (literally \"corrosion\" or \"undermining\") which were perfected by the East German Stasi.", "After the annexation of Crimea, the FSB may also have been responsible for the disappearances of Crimean Tatar activists and public figures.", "Some, such as Oleg Sentsov, have been detained and accused in politically motivated kangaroo courts.", "In spite of various anti-corruption actions of the government FSB operatives and officials are routinely found in the center of various fraud, racket and corruption scandals." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 26327, "simple_article_title": "Federal Security Service", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26327", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-26327-0-0", "simple-26327-0-1", "simple-26327-0-2", "simple-26327-1-0", "simple-26327-1-1", "simple-26327-1-2", "simple-26327-1-3", "simple-26327-1-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The FSB (ФСБ) is an organisation in Russia that takes care of security of the country.", "It is the organisation that came after the KGB, relating to internal affairs inside the country.", "It is usually simply called the FSB in English-language sources.", "Its main responsibilities are within the country.", "It does counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance.", "It also investigates some other types of serious crimes.", "Its headquarters are in Lubyanka Square, Moscow's centre, in the main building of the former KGB.", "The Director of the FSB since 2008 is army general Aleksandr Bortnikov." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 771880, "normal_article_title": "Antonio de Torres Jurado", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=771880", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-771880-0-0", "normal-771880-1-0", "normal-771880-1-1", "normal-771880-2-0", "normal-771880-2-1", "normal-771880-2-2", "normal-771880-2-3", "normal-771880-2-4", "normal-771880-2-5", "normal-771880-2-6", "normal-771880-2-7", "normal-771880-2-8", "normal-771880-3-0", "normal-771880-3-1", "normal-771880-3-2", "normal-771880-3-3", "normal-771880-3-4", "normal-771880-3-5", "normal-771880-3-6", "normal-771880-3-7", "normal-771880-3-8", "normal-771880-3-9", "normal-771880-3-10", "normal-771880-4-0", "normal-771880-5-0", "normal-771880-5-1", "normal-771880-6-0", "normal-771880-6-1", "normal-771880-6-2", "normal-771880-6-3", "normal-771880-7-0", "normal-771880-7-1", "normal-771880-7-2", "normal-771880-8-0", "normal-771880-8-1", "normal-771880-8-2", "normal-771880-8-3", "normal-771880-8-4", "normal-771880-8-5", "normal-771880-9-0", "normal-771880-9-1", "normal-771880-9-2", "normal-771880-9-3", "normal-771880-9-4", "normal-771880-9-5", "normal-771880-9-6", "normal-771880-10-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Antonio de Torres Jurado (13 June 1817 in Almería, Andalucía – 19 November 1892) was a Spanish guitarist and luthier, and \"the most important Spanish guitar maker of the 19th century.\"", "It is with his designs that the first recognisably modern classical guitars are to be seen.", "Most acoustic guitars in use today are derivatives of his designs.", "Antonio de Torres was the son of Juan Torres, a local tax collector, and Maria Jurado.", "As was common, when he was 12 he started an apprenticeship as a carpenter.", "In 1833, a dynastic war broke out, and soon after Torres was conscripted into the army.", "Through his father's machinations, young Antonio was dismissed as medically unfit for service.", "As only single men and widowers without children were subject to conscription, in 1835 his family pushed Torres into a hastily arranged marriage to Juana María López, the 13-year-old daughter of a shopkeeper.", "Children soon followed: a daughter in 1836, another in 1839, and a third in 1842, who died a few months later.", "His second daughter also died.", "In 1845 his wife died at the age of 23, of tuberculosis.", "These were difficult years for Torres, who was often in debt and forced to look for more lucrative forms of employment.", "Although there is some debate as to who taught Torres, one theory is that some time around 1842, Torres may have gone to work for José Pernas in Granada, rapidly learning to build guitars.", "He soon returned to Seville, and opened a shop on the Calle de Cerrajería No. 7 that he shared with Manuel Soto y Solares.", "Although he made some guitars during the 1840s, it was not until the 1850s on the advice of the renowned guitarist and composer Julián Arcas, that Torres made it his profession, and he began building in earnest.", "Julián Arcas offered Torres advice on building, and their collaboration turned Torres into an inveterate investigator of the guitar construction.", "Torres reasoned that the soundboard was key.", "To increase its volume, he made his guitars not only larger, but fitted them with thinner, hence lighter soundboards that were arched in both directions, made possible by a system of fan-bracing for strength.These bracing struts were laid out geometrically, based on two isosceles triangles joined at their base creating a kite shape, within which the struts were set out symmetrically.", "While Torres was not the first to use this method he was the one who perfected the symmetrical design.", "To prove that it was the top, and not the back and sides of the guitar that gave the instrument its sound, in 1862 he built a guitar with back and sides of papier-mâché.", "(This guitar resides in the Museu de la Musica in Barcelona, and before the year 2000 it was restored to playable condition by the brothers Yagüe, Barcelona).", "There is an anecdote about how he had made a guitar made like a Chinese puzzle that could be assembled without glue, and disassembled would fit in a shoe box.", "There is no evidence that he ever made such a guitar though.", "During his later years, Torres' close friend, a priest named Juan Martínez Sirvent, lent him a hand in his workshop.", "\"... smilingly Torres responded: 'Father, I am very sorry that a man like you also falls victim of that idea that runs among ignorant people, Juanito (that is how he addressed me) has been witness to the secret many times, but it is impossible for me to leave the secret behind for posterity; this will go to the tomb with me for it is the result of the feel of the tips of the thumb and forefinger communicating to my intellect whether the soundboard is properly worked out to correspond with the guitar maker's concept and the sound required of the instrument'.", "Everyone was left convinced that the artistic genius cannot be passed on ...\"", "In 1868, Torres married again, wedding Josefa Martín Rosada.", "Shortly after, Torres met Francisco Tárrega for the first time.", "Tárrega, who was then aged seventeen, had come to Seville from Barcelona to buy a Torres guitar from the maker of Julián Arcas' instrument.", "Torres offered him a modest guitar he had in stock, but on hearing him play, offered him a much better guitar that he had made for himself a few years before.", "About 1870, Don Antonio, who was then in his 50s, closed his shop in Seville and moved back to Almería where he and his wife opened up a china and crystal shop on the calle Real.", "About five years later, Don Antonio began his \"second epoch\" as he refers to it on the labels of his guitars, building part-time when not busy in the china shop.", "After the death of his wife, Josefa, in 1883, Torres began to devote increasing amounts of time to building guitars, making somewhere around 12 guitars a year until his death in La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería at the age of 75.", "Torres guitars are divided into two periods.", "The first, belonging to Sevilla from 1852–1870; the second being the years 1871-1893 in Almería.", "The guitars Torres made were so superior to those of his contemporaries that their example changed the way guitars were built, first in Spain, and then in the rest of the world.", "Although they are not particularly loud by modern standards, they have a clear, balanced, firm and rounded tone that projects very well.", "His guitars were widely imitated and copied.", "Because he never signed his guitars, and only numbered those from his second epoch, many fake Torres have been made, some by well-known and expert makers.", "While the overall pattern of the modern classical guitar derives from Torres, there are some difference between Torres' classical guitars and the modern instrument.", "Torres' guitars all had soundboards of European spruce (\"Picea abies\"); now Western Red Cedar (\"Thuja plicata\") is also frequently used.", "Luthiers have continued to develop the bracing of the soundboard, but most still use some version of the fan-bracing that Torres' pioneered.", "Torres' guitars were strung with gut trebles and basses of silk threads, overwound with silver.", "Since the 1950s almost all classical guitars have been strung with nylon.", "The tuning heads of Torres' guitars were often set with traditional ebony friction pegs, similar to those of other string instruments.", "His later instruments were fitted with mechanical tuners, which are universal on classical guitars today.", "This is an incomplete list of guitars made by Antonio de Torres." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 84203, "simple_article_title": "Antonio Torres", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=84203", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-84203-0-0", "simple-84203-1-0", "simple-84203-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Antonio De Torres Jurado (13 June 1817 – 19 November 1892) was a Spanish guitarist and guitar maker.", "Torres Jurado is often respected among guitarists the same way Antonio Stradivari is respected among violinists.", "His work established the shape, design, and construction of the modern classical guitar." ] } }

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{ "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-771880-0-0" ], "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-84203-0-0" ] }

{ "normal_article_id": 94817, "normal_article_title": "Jefferson County, Mississippi", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=94817", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-94817-0-0", "normal-94817-0-1", "normal-94817-0-2", "normal-94817-0-3", "normal-94817-1-0", "normal-94817-1-1", "normal-94817-1-2", "normal-94817-1-3", "normal-94817-2-0", "normal-94817-3-0", "normal-94817-3-1", "normal-94817-3-2", "normal-94817-4-0", "normal-94817-4-1", "normal-94817-4-2", "normal-94817-4-3", "normal-94817-4-4", "normal-94817-4-5", "normal-94817-5-0", "normal-94817-5-1", "normal-94817-5-2", "normal-94817-6-0", "normal-94817-6-1", "normal-94817-6-2", "normal-94817-6-3", "normal-94817-7-0", "normal-94817-7-1", "normal-94817-7-2", "normal-94817-7-3", "normal-94817-8-0", "normal-94817-9-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi; its western border is formed by the Mississippi River.", "As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,726, making it the third-least populous county in Mississippi.", "Its county seat is Fayette.", "The county is named for U.S. President Thomas Jefferson.", "Originally developed as cotton plantations in the antebellum era, the rural county has struggled with a declining economy and reduced population since the mechanization of agriculture and urbanization of other areas.", "In 2014 its estimated population of 7599 was roughly one-third of the population peak in 1900.", "Within the United States, in 2009 rural Jefferson County had the highest percentage of African-Americans of any county.", "It was the fourth-poorest county in the nation.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 527 sqmi , of which 520 sqmi is land and 7.3 sqmi (1.4%) is water.", "As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 7,726 people residing in the county.", "85.7% were Black or African American, 13.7% White, 0.2% Native American and 0.3% of two or more races.", "0.4% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).", "As of the census of 2000, there were 9,740 people, 3,308 households, and 2,338 families residing in the county.", "The population density was 19 people per square mile (7/km2).", "There were 3,819 housing units at an average density of 7 per square mile (3/km2).", "The racial makeup of the county was 13.06% White, 86.49% Black or African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.02% from other races, and 0.24% from two or more races.", "0.66% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "Jefferson County has the highest percentage of black residents of any U.S. county.", "There were 3,308 households out of which 36.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.00% were married couples living together, 28.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.30% were non-families.", "27.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.36.", "In the county, the population was much younger than the national average with 28.80% under the age of 18, 12.10% from 18 to 24, 28.50% from 25 to 44, 19.60% from 45 to 64, and 10.90% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 32 years.", "For every 100 females there were 99.00 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.00 males.", "The median income for a household in the county was $18,447, and the median income for a family was $23,188.", "Males had a median income of $25,726 versus $18,000 for females.", "The per capita income for the county was $9,709.", "About 32.50% of families and 36.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46.00% of those under age 18 and 34.40% of those age 65 or over.", "In 2009, Jefferson County has the lowest per capita income in Mississippi and the 17th lowest in the United States.", "Jefferson County School District operates public schools." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 705029, "simple_article_title": "Jefferson County, Mississippi", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=705029", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-705029-0-0", "simple-705029-0-1", "simple-705029-0-2", "simple-705029-0-3", "simple-705029-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Jefferson County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi; its western border is formed by the Mississippi River.", "As of the 2010 census, 7,726 people lived there.", "Its county seat is Fayette.", "The county was founded in 1799.", "It is named for U.S. President Thomas Jefferson." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 523217, "normal_article_title": "Atacama Large Millimeter Array", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=523217", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-523217-0-0", "normal-523217-0-1", "normal-523217-0-2", "normal-523217-0-3", "normal-523217-1-0", "normal-523217-1-1", "normal-523217-1-2", "normal-523217-1-3", "normal-523217-2-0", "normal-523217-2-1", "normal-523217-3-0", "normal-523217-4-0", "normal-523217-5-0", "normal-523217-5-1", "normal-523217-5-2", "normal-523217-6-0", "normal-523217-6-1", "normal-523217-6-2", "normal-523217-7-0", "normal-523217-8-0", "normal-523217-8-1", "normal-523217-8-2", "normal-523217-9-0", "normal-523217-9-1", "normal-523217-9-2", "normal-523217-9-3", "normal-523217-9-4", "normal-523217-10-0", "normal-523217-10-1", "normal-523217-10-2", "normal-523217-10-3", "normal-523217-11-0", "normal-523217-11-1", "normal-523217-11-2", "normal-523217-12-0", "normal-523217-12-1", "normal-523217-13-0", "normal-523217-13-1", "normal-523217-14-0", "normal-523217-14-1", "normal-523217-14-2", "normal-523217-14-3", "normal-523217-15-0", "normal-523217-15-1", "normal-523217-15-2", "normal-523217-16-0", "normal-523217-17-0", "normal-523217-17-1", "normal-523217-17-2", "normal-523217-17-3", "normal-523217-18-0", "normal-523217-18-1", "normal-523217-18-2", "normal-523217-19-0", "normal-523217-19-1", "normal-523217-20-0", "normal-523217-20-1", "normal-523217-21-0", "normal-523217-22-0", "normal-523217-22-1", "normal-523217-22-2", "normal-523217-23-0", "normal-523217-24-0", "normal-523217-24-1", "normal-523217-24-2", "normal-523217-24-3", "normal-523217-24-4", "normal-523217-25-0", "normal-523217-25-1", "normal-523217-25-2", "normal-523217-26-0", "normal-523217-27-0", "normal-523217-27-1", "normal-523217-27-2", "normal-523217-28-0", "normal-523217-28-1", "normal-523217-28-2", "normal-523217-28-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is an astronomical interferometer of 66 radio telescopes in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, which observe electromagnetic radiation at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths.", "The array has been constructed on the elevation Chajnantor plateau - near the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory and the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment.", "This location was chosen for its high elevation and low humidity, factors which are crucial to reduce noise and decrease signal attenuation due to Earth's atmosphere.", "ALMA is expected to provide insight on star birth during the early Stelliferous era and detailed imaging of local star and planet formation.", "ALMA is an international partnership among Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Chile.", "Costing about US$1.4 billion, it is the most expensive ground-based telescope in operation.", "ALMA began scientific observations in the second half of 2011 and the first images were released to the press on 3 October 2011.", "The array has been fully operational since March 2013.", "The initial ALMA array is composed of 66 high-precision antennas, and operates at wavelengths of 9.6 to 0.3 millimeters (31 to 1000 GHz).", "The array has much higher sensitivity and higher resolution than earlier submillimeter telescopes such as the single-dish James Clerk Maxwell Telescope or existing interferometer networks such as the Submillimeter Array or the \"Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimétrique\" (IRAM) Plateau de Bure facility.", "The antennas can be moved across the desert plateau over distances from 150 m to 16 km, which will give ALMA a powerful variable \"zoom\", similar in its concept to that employed at the centimetre-wavelength Very Large Array (VLA) site in New Mexico, United States.", "The high sensitivity is mainly achieved through the large numbers of antenna dishes that will make up the array.", "The telescopes were provided by the European, North American and East Asian partners of ALMA.", "The American and European partners each provided twenty-five 12-meter diameter antennas, that compose the main array.", "The participating East Asian countries are contributing 16 antennas (four 12-meter diameter and twelve 7-meter diameter antennas) in the form of the Atacama Compact Array (ACA), which is part of the enhanced ALMA.", "By using smaller antennas than the main ALMA array, larger fields of view can be imaged at a given frequency using ACA.", "Placing the antennas closer together enables the imaging of sources of larger angular extent.", "The ACA works together with the main array in order to enhance the latter's wide-field imaging capability.", "ALMA has its conceptual roots in three astronomical projects — the Millimeter Array (MMA) of the United States, the Large Southern Array (LSA) of Europe, and the Large Millimeter Array (LMA) of Japan.", "The first step toward the creation of what would become ALMA came in 1997, when the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) and the European Southern Observatory (ESO) agreed to pursue a common project that merged the MMA and LSA.", "The merged array combined the sensitivity of the LSA with the frequency coverage and superior site of the MMA.", "ESO and NRAO worked together in technical, science, and management groups to define and organize a joint project between the two observatories with participation by Canada and Spain (the latter became a member of ESO later).", "A series of resolutions and agreements led to the choice of \"Atacama Large Millimeter Array\", or ALMA, as the name of the new array in March 1999 and the signing of the ALMA Agreement on 25 February 2003, between the North American and European parties.", "(\"Alma\" means \"soul\" in Spanish and \"learned\" or \"knowledgeable\" in Arabic.)", "Following mutual discussions over several years, the ALMA Project received a proposal from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) whereby Japan would provide the ACA (Atacama Compact Array) and three additional receiver bands for the large array, to form Enhanced ALMA.", "Further discussions between ALMA and NAOJ led to the signing of a high-level agreement on 14 September 2004 that makes Japan an official participant in Enhanced ALMA, to be known as the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array.", "A groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 6, 2003 and the ALMA logo was unveiled.", "During an early stage of the planning of ALMA, it was decided to employ ALMA antennas designed and constructed by known companies in North America, Europe, and Japan, rather than using one single design.", "This was mainly for political reasons.", "Although very different approaches have been chosen by the providers, each of the antenna designs appears to be able to meet ALMA's stringent requirements.", "The components designed and manufactured across Europe were transported by specialist aerospace and astrospace logistics company Route To Space Alliance, 26 in total which were delivered to Antwerp for onward shipment to Chile.", "ALMA was initially a 50-50 collaboration between the National Radio Astronomy Observatory and European Southern Observatory (ESO) and later extended with the help of the other Japanese, Taiwanese, and Chilean partners.", "ALMA is the largest and most expensive ground-based astronomical project, costing between US$1.4 and 1.5 billion.", "(However, various space astronomy projects including Hubble Space Telescope, JWST, and several major planet probes have cost considerably more).", "The complex was built primarily by European, U.S., Japanese, and Canadian companies and universities.", "Three prototype antennas have undergone evaluation at the Very Large Array since 2002.", "General Dynamics C4 Systems and its SATCOM Technologies division was contracted by Associated Universities, Inc. to provide twenty-five of the 12 m antennas, while European manufacturer Thales Alenia Space provided the other twenty-five principal antennas (in the largest-ever European industrial contract in ground-based astronomy).", "The first antenna was delivered in 2008, the last in 2011.", "Transporting the 115 tonne antennas from the Operations Support Facility at 2900 m altitude to the site at 5000 m, or moving antennas around the site to change the array size, presents enormous challenges; as portrayed in the television documentary \"Monster Moves: Mountain Mission\".", "The solution chosen is to use two custom 28-wheel self-loading heavy haulers.", "The vehicles were made by in Germany and are 10 m wide, 20 m long and 6 m high, weighing 130 tonnes.", "They are powered by twin turbocharged 500 kW Diesel engines.", "The transporters, which feature a driver's seat designed to accommodate an oxygen tank to aid breathing the thin high-altitude air, place the antennas precisely on the pads.", "The first vehicle was completed and tested in July 2007.", "Both transporters were delivered to the ALMA Operations Support Facility (OSF) in Chile on 15 February 2008.", "On 7 July 2008, an ALMA transporter moved an antenna for the first time, from inside the antenna assembly building (Site Erection Facility) to a pad outside the building for testing (holographic surface measurements).", "During Autumn 2009, the first three antennas were transported one-by-one to the Array Operations Site.", "At the end of 2009, a team of ALMA astronomers and engineers successfully linked three antennas at the 5000 m elevation observing site thus finishing the first stage of assembly and integration of the fledgling array.", "Linking three antennas allows corrections of errors that can arise when only two antennas are used, thus paving the way for precise, high-resolution imaging.", "With this key step, commissioning of the instrument began 22 January 2010.", "On 28 July 2011, the first European antenna for ALMA arrived at the Chajnantor plateau, 5,000 meters above sea level, to join 15 antennas already in place from the other international partners.", "This was the number of antennas specified for ALMA to begin its first science observations, and was therefore an important milestone for the project.", "In October 2012, 43 of the 66 antennas had been set up.", "By the summer of 2011, sufficient telescopes were operational during the extensive program of testing prior to the Early Science phase for the first images to be captured.", "These early images give a first glimpse of the potential of the new array that will produce much better quality images in the future as the scale of the array continues to increase.", "The target of the observation was a pair of colliding galaxies with dramatically distorted shapes, known as the Antennae Galaxies.", "Although ALMA did not observe the entire galaxy merger, the result is the best submillimeter-wavelength image ever made of the Antennae Galaxies, showing the clouds of dense cold gas from which new stars form, which cannot be seen using visible light.", "On 11 August 2014, astronomers released studies, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) for the first time, that detailed the distribution of HCN, HNC, HCO, and dust inside the comae of comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2012 S1 (ISON).", "An image of the protoplanetary disk surrounding HL Tauri (a very young T Tauri star in the constellation Taurus) was made public in 2014, showing a series of concentric bright rings separated by gaps, indicating protoplanet formation.", "s of 2014 , most theories did not expect planetary formation in such a young (100,000-1,000,000-year-old) system, so the new data spurred renewed theories of protoplanetary development.", "One theory suggests that the faster accretion rate might be due to the complex magnetic field of the protoplanetary disk.", "ALMA participated in the Event Horizon Telescope project, which produced the first direct image of a black hole.", "The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), an international astronomy facility, is a partnership of Europe, North America and East Asia in cooperation with the Republic of Chile.", "ALMA is funded in Europe by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), in North America by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC) and in East Asia by the National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan (NINS) in cooperation with the Academia Sinica (AS) in Taiwan.", "ALMA construction and operations are led on behalf of Europe by ESO, on behalf of North America by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), which is managed by Associated Universities, Inc (AUI) and on behalf of East Asia by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ).", "The Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) provides the unified leadership and management of the construction, commissioning and operation of ALMA.", "Its current director since February 2018 is Sean Dougherty.", "The ALMA regional centre (ARC) has been designed as an interface between user communities of the major contributors of the ALMA project and the JAO.", "Activates for operating the ARC have also divided into the three main regions involved (Europe, North America and East Asia).", "The European ARC (led by ESO) has been further subdivided into ARC-nodes located across Europe in Bonn-Bochum-Cologne, Bologna, Ondřejov, Onsala, IRAM (Grenoble), Leiden and JBCA (Manchester).", "The core purpose of the ARC is to assist the user community with the preparation of observing proposals, ensure observing programs meet their scientific goals efficiently, run a help-desk for submitting proposals and observing programs, delivering the data to principal investigators, maintenance of the ALMA data archive, assistance with the calibration of data and providing user feedback.", "The Atacama Compact Array, ACA, is a subset of 16 closely separated antennas that will greatly improve ALMA's ability to study celestial objects with a large angular size, such as molecular clouds and nearby galaxies.", "The antennas forming the Atacama Compact Array, four 12-meter antennas and twelve 7-meter antennas, were produced and delivered by Japan.", "In 2013, the Atacama Compact Array was named the Morita Array after Professor Koh-ichiro Morita, a member of the Japanese ALMA team and designer of the ACA, who died on 7 May 2012 in Santiago.", "In August 2013, workers at the telescope went on strike to demand better pay and working conditions.", "This is one of the first strikes to affect an astronomical observatory.", "The work stoppage began after the observatory failed to reach an agreement with the workers' union.", "After 17 days an agreement was reached providing for reduced schedules and higher pay for work done at high altitude." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 369595, "simple_article_title": "Atacama Large Millimeter Array", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=369595", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-369595-0-0", "simple-369595-0-1", "simple-369595-0-2", "simple-369595-0-3", "simple-369595-0-4", "simple-369595-0-5", "simple-369595-1-0", "simple-369595-1-1", "simple-369595-1-2", "simple-369595-1-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) is an array of radio telescopes in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile.", "A high and dry site is very important for millimeter wavelength work.", "ALMA is being built on the Chajnantor plateau at 5000 metres altitude.", "It will have 66 12-meter and 7-meter diameter radio telescopes observing at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths.", "ALMA is expected to help scientists understand how stars were created during the early universe.", "It will also provide detailed imaging of local star and planet formation.", "ALMA is being built by Europe, the United States, Canada, East Asia and the Republic of Chile.", "Costing more than a billion US dollars, it is the worlds's most expensive ground-based telescope.", "ALMA began scientific observations in the second half of 2011 and the first images were released to the press on 3 October 2011.", "The project is should be fully operational by March 2013." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4517633, "normal_article_title": "Lulu Roman", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4517633", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4517633-0-0", "normal-4517633-0-1", "normal-4517633-0-2", "normal-4517633-1-0", "normal-4517633-1-1", "normal-4517633-2-0", "normal-4517633-2-1", "normal-4517633-2-2", "normal-4517633-2-3", "normal-4517633-3-0", "normal-4517633-3-1", "normal-4517633-4-0", "normal-4517633-4-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lulu Roman (born Bertha Louise Hable on May 6, 1946) is an American comedian and singer.", "She is known as a regular on the comedy-music show \"Hee Haw\", which debuted in 1969.", "Lulu, Misty Rowe, Linda Thompson, Roni Stoneman and Gunilla Hutton are survivors of the cast.", "Roman was born with a thyroid dysfunction in a home for unwed mothers and placed in Buckner Orphans Home.", "She attended W. W. Samuell High School in Dallas, graduating in 1964.", "During her stint on \"Hee Haw\", she went through a bout of drug addiction, which resulted in her absence from the program for several seasons during the middle portion of its long run.", "She cleaned up and converted to Christianity, after which she began singing.", "This led to a career as a singer of Southern Gospel music; Roman has recorded several albums, although she never trained as a singer.", "In 1999 Lulu Roman was inducted into the Country Gospel Music Hall of Fame with fellow artists Andy Griffith, Barbara Mandrell, David L. Cook, Gary S. Paxton, Loretta Lynn, Jimmy Snow and Jody Miller.", "Roman continues to perform music and stand-up comedy and also enjoys working with Compassion International, a child-development organization.", "Her project \"Seven Times\" hit the number two spot on the \"Cash Box\" chart in 2010.", "A new album of musical standards titled \"At Last\" was released on January 15, 2013.", "The album, produced by Chris Barnes and Larry Ferguson for Homesick Entertainment, features duets with Dolly Parton, T. Graham Brown, Linda Davis, and George Jones." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 431024, "simple_article_title": "Lulu Roman", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=431024", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-431024-0-0", "simple-431024-0-1", "simple-431024-0-2", "simple-431024-0-3", "simple-431024-0-4", "simple-431024-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Lulu Roman (or Bertha Louise Hable; born 6 May 1946) is an American comedian and singer.", "She acted in the television comedy \"Hee Haw\".", "She sings mostly gospel music.", "In 1984, Roman received a Dove Award from the Gospel Music Association for her album \"You were Loving Me\".", "In 2003 she was the author of a book titled \"Kitchen Komforts\".", "Roman was born in Dallas, Texas." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 57247, "normal_article_title": "Adams County, Iowa", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57247", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-57247-0-0", "normal-57247-0-1", "normal-57247-0-2", "normal-57247-1-0", "normal-57247-1-1", "normal-57247-1-2", "normal-57247-2-0", "normal-57247-2-1", "normal-57247-3-0", "normal-57247-4-0", "normal-57247-4-1", "normal-57247-4-2", "normal-57247-4-3", "normal-57247-4-4", "normal-57247-4-5", "normal-57247-5-0", "normal-57247-5-1", "normal-57247-5-2", "normal-57247-6-0", "normal-57247-6-1", "normal-57247-6-2", "normal-57247-6-3", "normal-57247-7-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Adams County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa.", "As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,029, making it Iowa's least-populated county.", "Its county seat is Corning.", "Adams County was established by the state legislature in 1851 and named in honor of the second President of the United States, John Adams, or his son, the sixth President, John Quincy Adams (sources differ).", "The county was finally organized and separated from Pottawattamie County on March 12, 1853.", "Its original size was later reduced by the creation of Montgomery and Union counties.", "The first county seat was Quincy.", "In 1872, it was moved to Corning.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 426 sqmi , of which 423 sqmi is land and 2.1 sqmi (0.5%) is water.", "As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 4,029 people, 1,715 households, and 1,126 families residing in the county.", "The population density was 9.5 PD/sqmi .", "There were 2,010 housing units at an average density of 4.7 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the county was 98.1% white, 0.6% Asian, 0.5% American Indian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.1% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races.", "Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.9% of the population.", "In terms of ancestry, 33.6% were German, 15.9% were Irish, 14.7% were English, and 4.9% were American.", "Of the 1,715 households, 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.2% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.3% were non-families, and 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals.", "The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.81.", "The median age was 46.7 years.", "The median income for a household in the county was $40,368 and the median income for a family was $52,782.", "Males had a median income of $33,505 versus $25,332 for females.", "The per capita income for the county was $23,549.", "About 6.0% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.9% of those under age 18 and 18.5% of those age 65 or over.", "The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Adams County." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 653613, "simple_article_title": "Adams County, Iowa", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=653613", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-653613-0-0", "simple-653613-0-1", "simple-653613-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Adams County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa.", "As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,029, making it Iowa's least-populated county.", "The county seat is Corning." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3276514, "normal_article_title": "Energetics", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3276514", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3276514-0-0", "normal-3276514-0-1", "normal-3276514-0-2", "normal-3276514-0-3", "normal-3276514-1-0", "normal-3276514-1-1", "normal-3276514-1-2", "normal-3276514-1-3", "normal-3276514-1-4", "normal-3276514-1-5", "normal-3276514-2-0", "normal-3276514-2-1", "normal-3276514-2-2", "normal-3276514-2-3", "normal-3276514-2-4", "normal-3276514-2-5", "normal-3276514-2-6", "normal-3276514-2-7", "normal-3276514-3-0", "normal-3276514-3-1", "normal-3276514-3-2", "normal-3276514-4-0", "normal-3276514-4-1", "normal-3276514-4-2", "normal-3276514-4-3", "normal-3276514-5-0", "normal-3276514-5-1", "normal-3276514-5-2", "normal-3276514-5-3", "normal-3276514-6-0", "normal-3276514-6-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Energetics (also called energy economics) is the study of energy under transformation.", "Because energy flows at all scales, from the quantum level to the biosphere and cosmos, energetics is a very broad discipline, encompassing for example thermodynamics, chemistry, biological energetics, biochemistry and ecological energetics.", "Where each branch of energetics begins and ends is a topic of constant debate.", "For example, Lehninger (1973, p. 21) contended that when the science of thermodynamics deals with energy exchanges of all types, it can be called energetics.", "In general, energetics is concerned with defining relationships to describe the tendencies of energy flows and storages under transformation, defined here as phenomena which behave like historical invariants under repeated observations.", "When some critical number of people have observed such invariance, such a principle is usually then given the status of a 'fundamental law' of science.", "As in all scientific inquiry, whether a theorem or principle is considered a fundamental law appears to depend on how many people agree to the proposition.", "The ultimate aim of energetics therefore is the description of fundamental laws.", "Philosophers of science have held that the fundamental laws of thermodynamics can be treated as laws of energetics, (Reiser 1926, p. 432).", "By continuing to more accurately describe these laws, energetics aims to produce reliable predictions about energy flow and storage transformations at any scale.", "Energetics has a controversial history.", "Some authors maintain that the its origins may be found in the work of the ancient Greeks, but that the mathematical formalisation began with the work of Leibniz.", "Richard de Villamil (1928) said that Rankine formulated the science of energetics in his paper \"Outlines of the Science of Energetics\" published in the Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow in 1855.", "W. Ostwald and E. Mach subsequently developed the study, and by the late 1800s energetics was understood to be incompatible with the atomic view of the atom forwarded by Boltzmann's gas theory.", "Proof of the atom settled the dispute but not without significant damage.", "In the 1920s Lotka attempted to build on Boltzmann's views through a mathematical synthesis of energetics with biological evolutionary theory.", "Lotka proposed that the selective principle of evolution was one which favoured the maximum useful energy flow transformation.", "This view subsequently influenced the further development of ecological energetics, especially the work of Howard T. Odum.", "De Villamil attempted to clarify the scope of energetics with respect to other branches of physics by positing a system that divides mechanics into two branches; energetics (the science of energy), and \"pure\", \"abstract\" or \"rigid\" dynamics (the science of momentum).", "According to Villamil energetics can be mathematically characterised by scalar equations, and rigid dynamics by vector equations.", "In this division the dimensions for dynamics are \"space\", time and mass, and for energetics, \"length\", time and mass (Villamil 1928, p. 9).", "In Villamil's classification system, dynamics says yes to 1 and no to 2, whereas energetics says no to 1 and yes to 2.", "Therefore, in Villamil's system, dynamics assumes that particles are rigidly fixed together and cannot vibrate, and consequently must all be at zero kelvin.", "The conservation of momentum is a consequence of this view, however it is considered valid only in logic and not to be a true representation of the facts (Villamil, p. 96).", "In contrast energetics does not assume that particles are rigidly fixed together, and thus are free to vibrate, and consequently can be at non-zero temperatures.", "As a general statement of energy flows under transformation, the principles of energetics include the first four laws of thermodynamics which seek a rigorous description.", "However the precise place of the laws of thermodynamics within the principles of energetics is a topic currently under debate.", "If the ecologist Howard T. Odum was right, the principles of energetics take into consideration a hierarchical ordering of energy forms, which aims to account for the concept of energy quality, and the evolution of the universe.", "Albert Lehninger (1973, p. 2) called these hierarchical orderings the", "Odum proposed 3 further energetic principles and one corollary that take energy hierarchy into account.", "The first four principles of energetics are related to the same numbered laws of thermodynamics, and are expanded upon in that article." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 173892, "simple_article_title": "Energetics", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173892", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-173892-0-0", "simple-173892-0-1", "simple-173892-0-2", "simple-173892-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Energetics is the scientific study of energy movement and storages under change.", "Energetics is a wide field of study.", "This study includes topics such as thermodynamics, chemistry and biochemistry.", "Scientists often debate where each topic begins and ends." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9033, "normal_article_title": "Dictatorship", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9033", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9033-0-0", "normal-9033-0-1", "normal-9033-1-0", "normal-9033-1-1", "normal-9033-2-0", "normal-9033-2-1", "normal-9033-2-2", "normal-9033-2-3", "normal-9033-2-4", "normal-9033-2-5", "normal-9033-2-6", "normal-9033-2-7", "normal-9033-3-0", "normal-9033-3-1", "normal-9033-3-2", "normal-9033-3-3", "normal-9033-3-4", "normal-9033-4-0", "normal-9033-4-1", "normal-9033-4-2", "normal-9033-4-3", "normal-9033-5-0", "normal-9033-5-1", "normal-9033-5-2", "normal-9033-5-3", "normal-9033-6-0", "normal-9033-6-1", "normal-9033-6-2", "normal-9033-6-3", "normal-9033-6-4", "normal-9033-6-5", "normal-9033-7-0", "normal-9033-7-1", "normal-9033-7-2", "normal-9033-7-3", "normal-9033-8-0", "normal-9033-8-1", "normal-9033-8-2", "normal-9033-9-0", "normal-9033-9-1", "normal-9033-10-0", "normal-9033-10-1", "normal-9033-11-0", "normal-9033-11-1", "normal-9033-12-0", "normal-9033-12-1", "normal-9033-12-2", "normal-9033-12-3", "normal-9033-12-4", "normal-9033-13-0", "normal-9033-13-1", "normal-9033-13-2", "normal-9033-14-0", "normal-9033-14-1", "normal-9033-14-2", "normal-9033-15-0", "normal-9033-16-0", "normal-9033-16-1", "normal-9033-16-2", "normal-9033-16-3", "normal-9033-16-4", "normal-9033-17-0", "normal-9033-17-1", "normal-9033-17-2", "normal-9033-17-3", "normal-9033-17-4", "normal-9033-17-5", "normal-9033-18-0", "normal-9033-18-1", "normal-9033-19-0", "normal-9033-19-1", "normal-9033-19-2", "normal-9033-20-0", "normal-9033-20-1", "normal-9033-20-2", "normal-9033-20-3", "normal-9033-20-4", "normal-9033-20-5", "normal-9033-20-6", "normal-9033-20-7" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The word \"dictator\" comes from the classical Latin language word \"dictātor\", agent noun from \"dictare (dictāt-\", past participial stem of \"dictāre\" dictate \"v.\" + \"-or\" -or \"suffix\".)", "In Latin use, a \"dictator\" was a judge in the Roman Republic temporarily invested with absolute power.", "A dictatorship has been largely defined as a form of government in which the absolute power is concentrated in the hands of a leader (commonly identified as a dictator), a \"small clique\", or a \"government organization\", and it aims to abolish political pluralism and civilian mobilization.", "On the other hand, democracy, which is generally compared to the concept of dictatorship, is defined as a form of government where the supremacy belongs to the population and rulers are elected through contested elections.", "A new form of government commonly linked to the concept of dictatorship is known as totalitarianism.", "The advent of totalitarianism marked the beginning of a new political era in the 20th century.", "This form of government is characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader (a real role model) who imposes his personal and political prominence.", "The two fundamental aspects that contribute to the maintenance of the power are: a steadfast collaboration between the government and the police force, and a highly developed ideology.", "Here, the government has \"total control of mass communications and social and economic organizations\".", "According to Hannah Arendt, totalitarianism is a new and extreme form of dictatorship composed of \"atomized, isolated individuals\".", "In addition, she affirmed that ideology plays a leading role in defining how the entire society should be organized.", "According to the political scientist Juan Linz, the distinction between an authoritarian regime and a totalitarian one is that while an authoritarian regime seeks to suffocate politics and political mobilization, totalitarianism seeks to control politics and political mobilization.", "However, one of the most recent classification of dictatorships does not identify Totalitarianism as a form of dictatorship.", "In Barbara Geddes's study, she focused in how elite-leader and elite-mass relations influence authoritarian politics.", "Geddes typology identifies the key institutions that structure elite politics in dictatorships (i.e. parties and militaries).", "The study is based on, and directly related to, factors like: the simplicity of the categorizations, cross-national applicability, the emphasis on elites and leaders, and the incorporation of institutions (parties and militaries) as central to shaping politics.", "According to Barbara Geddes, a dictatorial government may be classified in five typologies: Military Dictatorships, Single-party Dictatorships, Personalist Dictatorships, Monarchies, Hybrid Dictatorships.", "Military dictatorships are regimes in which a group of officers holds power, determines who will lead the country, and exercises influence over policy.", "High-level elites and a leader are the members of the military dictatorship.", "Military dictatorships are characterized by rule by a professionalized military as an institution.", "In military regimes, elites are referred to as junta members; they are typically senior officers (and often other high-level officers) in the military.", "Single-party dictatorships are regimes in which one party dominates politics.", "In single-party dictatorships, a single party has access to political posts and control over policy.", "In single-party dictatorships, party elites are typically members of the ruling body of the party, sometimes called the central committee, politburo, or secretariat.", "These groups of individuals controls the selection of party officials and \"organizes the distribution of benefits to supporters and mobilizes citizens to vote and show support for party leaders\".", "Personalist dictatorships are regimes in which all power lies in the hands of a single individual.", "Personalist dictatorships differ from other forms of dictatorships in their access to key political positions, other fruits of office, and depend much more on the discretion of the personalist dictator.", "Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party.", "Yet, neither the military nor the party exercises power independent from the dictator.", "In personalist dictatorships, the elite corps is usually made up of close friends or family members of the dictator.", "These individuals are all typically handpicked to serve their posts by the dictator.", "Monarchic dictatorships are regimes in which \"a person of royal descent has inherited the position of head of state in accordance with accepted practice or constitution\".", "Regimes are not considered dictatorships if the monarch's role is largely ceremonial but absolute monarchies, such as Saudi Arabia can be considered hereditary dictatorships.", "Real political power must be exercised by the monarch for regimes to be classified as such.", "Elites in monarchies are typically members of the royal family.", "Hybrid dictatorships are regimes that blend qualities of personalist, single-party, and military dictatorships.", "When regimes share characteristics of all three forms of dictatorships, they are referred to as triple threats.", "The most common forms of hybrid dictatorships are personalist/single-party hybrids and personalist/military hybrids.", "One of the tasks in political science is to measure and classify regimes as either dictatorships or democracies.", "Freedom House, Polity IV and Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists.", "Generally, two research approaches exist: the minimalist approach, which focuses on whether a country has continued elections that are competitive, and the substantive approach, which expands the concept of democracy to include human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law.", "The Democracy-Dictatorship Index is seen as an example of the minimalist approach, whereas the Polity data series, is more substantive.", "Between the two world wars, four types of dictatorships have been described: Constitutional, Communist (nominally championing the \"dictatorship of the proletariat\"), Counterrevolutionary and Fascist.", "Since World War II, a broader range of dictatorships has been recognized, including Third World dictatorships, theocratic or religious dictatorships and dynastic or family-based dictatorships.", "During the Republican phase of Ancient Rome, a Roman dictator was the special magistrate who held well defined powers, normally for six months at a time, usually in combination with a consulship.", "Roman dictators were allocated absolute power during times of emergency.", "In execution, their power was originally neither arbitrary nor unaccountable, being subject to law and requiring retrospective justification.", "There were no such dictatorships after the beginning of the 2nd century BC and later dictators such as Sulla and the Roman Emperors exercised power much more personally and arbitrarily.", "As the Roman Emperor was a king in all but name, a concept that remained anathema to traditional Roman society, the institution was not carried forward into the Roman Empire.", "After the collapse of Spanish colonial rule, various dictators came to power in many liberated countries.", "Often leading a private army, these \"caudillos\" or self-appointed political-military leaders, attacked weak national governments once they controlled a region's political and economic powers, with examples such as Antonio López de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina.", "Such dictators have been also referred to as \"personalismos\".", "The wave of military dictatorships in South America in the second half of the twentieth century left a particular mark on Latin American culture.", "In Latin American literature, the dictator novel challenging dictatorship and \"caudillismo\" is a significant genre.", "There are also many films depicting Latin American military dictatorships.", "In the first half of the 20th century, Communist and Fascist dictatorships appeared in a variety of scientifically and technologically advanced countries, which are distinct from dictatorships in Latin America and post-colonial dictatorships in Africa and Asia.", "After World War II, dictators established themselves in the several new states of Africa and Asia, often at the expense or failure of the constitutions inherited from the colonial powers.", "These constitutions often failed to work without a strong middle class or work against the preexisting autocratic rule.", "Some elected presidents and prime ministers captured power by suppressing the opposition and installing one-party rule and others established military dictatorships through their armies.", "Whatever their form, these dictatorships had an adverse impact on economic growth and the quality of political institutions.", "Dictators who stayed in office for a long period of time found it increasingly difficult to carry out sound economic policies.", "The often-cited exploitative dictatorship is the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled Zaire from 1965 to 1997, embezzling over $5 billion from his country.", "Pakistan is another country to have been governed by 3 military dictators for almost 32 years in 7 decades of its existence.", "Starting with General Muhammad Ayub Khan who ruled from 1958-1969.", "Next was General Zia-ul-Haq who usurped power in 1977 and held on to power the longest until he died in an air crash in 1988.", "Ten years after Zia, General Pervez Musharraf got control after defeat against India in the Kargil war.", "He remained in power for 9 years until 2008.", "The global dynamics of democratization has been a central question for political scientists.", "The Third Wave Democracy was said to turn some dictatorships into democracies (see also the contrast between the two figures of the Democracy-Dictatorship Index in 1988 and 2008).", "One of the rationales that the Bush Administration employed periodically during the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq is that deposing Saddam Hussein and installing a democratic government in Iraq would promote democracy in other Middle Eastern countries.", "However, according to \"The Huffington Post\", \"The 45 nations and territories with little or no democratic rule represent more than half of the roughly 80 countries now hosting U.S. bases.", "... Research by political scientist Kent Calder confirms what's come to be known as the \"dictatorship hypothesis\": The United States tends to support dictators and other undemocratic regimes in nations where it enjoys basing facilities.\"", "Mancur Olson suggests that the emergence of dictatorships can be linked to the concept of \"roving bandits\", individuals in an atomic system who move from place to place extracting wealth from individuals.", "These bandits provide a disincentive for investment and production.", "Olson states that a community of individuals would be better served if that bandit were to establish himself as a stationary bandit to monopolize theft in the form of taxes.", "Except from the community, the bandits themselves will be better served, according to Olson, by transforming themselves into \"stationary bandits\".", "By settling down and making themselves the rulers of a territory, they will be able to make more profits through taxes than they used to obtain through plunder.", "By maintaining order and providing protection to the community, the bandits will create a peaceful environment in which their people can maximize their surplus which means a greater taxable base.", "Thus a potential dictator will have a greater incentive to provide security to a given community from which he is extracting taxes and conversely, the people from whom he extracts the taxes are more likely to produce because they will be unconcerned with potential theft by other bandits.", "This is the rationality that bandits use in order to justify their transformation from \"roving bandits\" into \"stationary bandits\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 7162, "simple_article_title": "Dictatorship", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7162", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-7162-0-0", "simple-7162-0-1", "simple-7162-0-2", "simple-7162-1-0", "simple-7162-1-1", "simple-7162-1-2", "simple-7162-1-3", "simple-7162-2-0", "simple-7162-2-1", "simple-7162-2-2", "simple-7162-2-3", "simple-7162-2-4", "simple-7162-2-5", "simple-7162-2-6", "simple-7162-2-7", "simple-7162-2-8", "simple-7162-2-9", "simple-7162-3-0", "simple-7162-3-1", "simple-7162-3-2", "simple-7162-3-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A dictatorship is a form of government where one person or political party has the power to do whatever they want.", "The ruler is called a dictator.", "In a dictatorship, the individuals rights are generally speaking, suppressed.", "Dictators come to power for a number of reasons or social issues such as massive unemployment, inflation, and unrest among the population.", "Dictators are normally backed by powerful groups, such as landowners, private company owners, bank owners and in some cases institutions like the Roman Catholic Church to put in place law and order by force.", "This force may be directed at the poorer parts of society, such as unemployed workers, ethnic minorities, working class areas andshanty towns.", "Examples of this are the dictatorships in Latin America and the prosecution of the Jewish community in 1940s Germany.", "Dictators normally need to do a number of things to put in place their dictatorships: they need to get rid of their opponents (which may be political or religious) - some are imprisoned, exiled (sent outside their country) or killed.", "Dictators will then need to prohibit (or not allow) political parties that oppose their rule.", "They will confiscate the political parties' property or offices and such things.", "Dictators may suppress or persecute some religious groups or institutions.", "Dictators will also need to undo or close down democratic institutions such as parliament and in some cases the congress.", "Some social organizations, such as civil rights groups, human rights organisations, legal aid centres, students' unions, teachers' federations, trade or workers unions are also undone and those who persist with such activities may be killed.", "Dictators will normally rewrite an existing constitution or put in place a completely new one.", "This makes their power constitutional (which then cannot be disputed).", "Dictators then maintain their rule with state terrorism, which normally involves a secret police, death squads, random or night curfew, indefinite arrest without trial and a network of torture centres and concentration camps.", "Some dictatorships create a fictional (or non existent) internal (inside their country) enemy which they claim to be at war with to justify (give reason for) their use of much military violence against a whole unarmed population.", "A dictatorship that is ruled by soldiers is called a military dictatorship or junta.", "An absolute monarchy (the system where there are Kings and Queens who have full power over their country) can be considered to be a dictatorship, but are usually not called dictators.", "A dictatorship is usually not liked by the people, because most don't like to be dictated around.", "Most dictators are selfish and rule over the people just for power." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 289884, "normal_article_title": "Algonquin Provincial Park", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=289884", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-289884-0-0", "normal-289884-0-1", "normal-289884-0-2", "normal-289884-0-3", "normal-289884-0-4", "normal-289884-1-0", "normal-289884-1-1", "normal-289884-2-0", "normal-289884-2-1", "normal-289884-2-2", "normal-289884-3-0", "normal-289884-3-1", "normal-289884-3-2", "normal-289884-3-3", "normal-289884-4-0", "normal-289884-5-0", "normal-289884-6-0", "normal-289884-6-1", "normal-289884-6-2", "normal-289884-7-0", "normal-289884-7-1", "normal-289884-7-2", "normal-289884-8-0", "normal-289884-8-1", "normal-289884-9-0", "normal-289884-9-1", "normal-289884-9-2", "normal-289884-10-0", "normal-289884-10-1", "normal-289884-10-2", "normal-289884-11-0", "normal-289884-11-1", "normal-289884-11-2", "normal-289884-12-0", "normal-289884-13-0", "normal-289884-13-1", "normal-289884-13-2", 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"normal-289884-23-1", "normal-289884-23-2", "normal-289884-23-3", "normal-289884-23-4", "normal-289884-23-5", "normal-289884-23-6", "normal-289884-24-0", "normal-289884-24-1", "normal-289884-24-2", "normal-289884-24-3", "normal-289884-24-4", "normal-289884-24-5", "normal-289884-24-6", "normal-289884-24-7", "normal-289884-24-8", "normal-289884-24-9", "normal-289884-24-10", "normal-289884-25-0", "normal-289884-25-1", "normal-289884-25-2", "normal-289884-26-0", "normal-289884-26-1", "normal-289884-27-0", "normal-289884-27-1", "normal-289884-27-2", "normal-289884-27-3", "normal-289884-27-4", "normal-289884-27-5", "normal-289884-27-6", "normal-289884-28-0", "normal-289884-28-1", "normal-289884-28-2", "normal-289884-28-3", "normal-289884-29-0", "normal-289884-29-1", "normal-289884-29-2", "normal-289884-29-3", "normal-289884-29-4", "normal-289884-29-5", "normal-289884-29-6", "normal-289884-30-0", "normal-289884-30-1", "normal-289884-30-2", "normal-289884-30-3", "normal-289884-31-0", "normal-289884-32-0", "normal-289884-32-1", "normal-289884-32-2", "normal-289884-32-3", "normal-289884-33-0", "normal-289884-33-1", "normal-289884-34-0", "normal-289884-34-1", "normal-289884-34-2", "normal-289884-35-0", "normal-289884-35-1", "normal-289884-35-2", "normal-289884-35-3", "normal-289884-35-4", "normal-289884-36-0", "normal-289884-36-1", "normal-289884-36-2", "normal-289884-37-0", "normal-289884-37-1", "normal-289884-37-2", "normal-289884-37-3", "normal-289884-37-4", "normal-289884-37-5", "normal-289884-38-0", "normal-289884-38-1", "normal-289884-38-2", "normal-289884-38-3", "normal-289884-39-0", "normal-289884-40-0", "normal-289884-41-0", "normal-289884-41-1", "normal-289884-41-2", "normal-289884-42-0", "normal-289884-42-1", "normal-289884-43-0", "normal-289884-44-0", "normal-289884-44-1", "normal-289884-44-2", "normal-289884-44-3", "normal-289884-44-4", "normal-289884-45-0", "normal-289884-45-1", "normal-289884-45-2", "normal-289884-45-3", "normal-289884-45-4", "normal-289884-45-5", "normal-289884-46-0", "normal-289884-47-0", "normal-289884-47-1", "normal-289884-48-0", "normal-289884-48-1", "normal-289884-48-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Algonquin Provincial Park is a provincial park located between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River in Ontario, Canada, mostly within the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District.", "Established in 1893, it is the oldest provincial park in Canada.", "Additions since its creation have increased the park to its current size of about 7,653 square kilometres (2,955 sq mi).", "For comparison purposes, this is larger than the state of Delaware or about one and a half times the size of Prince Edward Island or about a quarter of the size of Belgium.", "The park is contiguous with several smaller, administratively separate provincial parks that protect important rivers in the area, resulting in a larger total protected area.", "Its size, combined with its proximity to the major urban centres of Toronto and Ottawa, makes Algonquin one of the most popular provincial parks in the province and the country.", "Highway 60 runs through the south end of the park, while the Trans-Canada Highway bypasses it to the north.", "Over 2,400 lakes and 1,200 kilometres of streams and rivers are located within the park.", "Some notable examples include Canoe Lake and the Petawawa, Nipissing, Amable du Fond, Madawaska, and Tim rivers.", "These were formed by the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age.", "The park is considered part of the \"border\" between Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario.", "The park is in an area of transition between northern coniferous forest and southern deciduous forest.", "This unique mixture of forest types, and the wide variety of environments in the park, allows the park to support an uncommon diversity of plant and animal species.", "It is also an important site for wildlife research.", "Algonquin Park was named a National Historic Site of Canada in 1992 in recognition of several heritage values including: its role in the development of park management; pioneering visitor interpretation programs later adopted by national and provincial parks across the country; its role in inspiring artists, which in turn gave Canadians a greater sense of their country; and historic structures such as lodges, hotels, cottages, camps, entrance gates, a railway station, and administration and museum buildings.", "Algonquin Park is the only designated park within the province of Ontario to allow industrial logging to take place within its borders.", "In the 19th century, the logging industry harvested the large white pine and red pine trees to produce lumber for domestic and American markets, as well as square timber for export to Great Britain.", "The loggers were followed by small numbers of homesteaders and farmers.", "Even at that time, however, the area's beauty was recognized by nature preservationists.", "To manage these conflicting interests, the Ontario Government appointed a commission to inquire into and report on the matter.", "The act to establish Algonquin Park was drawn up in 1892 by this five member Royal Commission, made up of Alexander Kirkwood (the chairman and Commissioner of Crown Lands), James Dickson (Ontario Land Surveyor), Archibald Blue (director of mines), Robert Phipps (head of the Forestry Branch), and Aubrey White (Assistant Commissioner of Crown Lands).", "Their report recommended the establishment of a park in the territory lying near and enclosing the headwaters of five major rivers, those being: the Muskoka, Little Madawaska River (including Opeongo), Amable du Fond River, Petawawa River, and South rivers.", "The commissioners remarked in their report: \"the experience of older countries had everywhere shown that the wholesale and indiscriminate slaughter of forests brings a host of evils in its train.", "Wide tracts are converted from fertile plains into arid desert, springs and streams are dried up, and the rainfall, instead of percolating gently through the forest floor and finding its way by easy stages by brook and river to the lower levels, now descends the valley in hurrying torrents, carrying before it tempestuous floods.\"", "Although much of the area within Algonquin had been under license for some time, it was intended to make the park an example of good forestry practices.", "Only licenses to cut pine would be issued.", "The commissioners had recommended that when the hardwood was mature, it too should be cut.", "Researchers believe that smoke from a forest fire in Algonquin Park was responsible for New England's Dark Day of May 19, 1780.", "This is based on investigations into scar marks which are left in the growth rings of trees that survive forest fires.", "Data obtained from such scar marks make it possible to approximate the date of a past fire.", "Industrial logging continues in significant portions of the park's interior.", "After 2013 amendments to the park management plan, 65.3% of the park (498,785 hectares) remains in the recreation/utilization zone where logging is permitted.", "Numerous methods of timber harvesting take place throughout the park including clear cutting, selection cutting and shelterwood cutting.", "s of 2009 , the Algonquin Forestry Authority is currently reviewing an application that would allow for expansion of current logging roads and the addition of new ones.", "Forestry activities in Algonquin, including logging are carried out in accordance with a Forest Management Plan prepared according to Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry requirements.", "The planning process includes public consultation opportunities at several stages of preparation.", "The 2010-2020 approved Forest Management Plan for the Algonquin Park Forest, the 2015-2020 Phase 2 Plan, and the associated Annual Work Schedules and Reports are available on the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry's website.", "An Act to establish \"Algonquin National Park of Ontario\" was passed by the Liberal government of Oliver Mowat in the Ontario Legislature, May 23, 1893 (56 Vic., c.8).", "Although called a \"national park\", Algonquin has always been under the jurisdiction of the provincial government.", "No provincial parks existed until Algonquin, but there was a new movement to create national parks since Banff's establishment in 1885.", "The name was changed to Algonquin Provincial Park in 1913.", "The boundaries of the park included 18 townships within the District of Nipissing, covering an area of 3797 km2 of which 10% was under water.", "The tract of land was to be set apart, as a public park, health resort and pleasure ground for the benefit, advantage and enjoyment of all the people of the province.", "The year following the park's creation saw portions of six new townships added to the existing park's boundaries (Paxton, McCroney, Finlayson, Butt, Ballantyne, and Boyd).", "The first four were put up for auction that same year.", "The production of the lumber companies operating in the park at the time increased from 680,000 m (288 million board feet) in 1886 to 809,000 m (343 million board feet) in 1896.", "Peter Thomson, the first chief ranger of Algonquin Park, was responsible for establishing park boundaries, constructing buildings, and posting notices to warn hunters and trappers against trespassing.", "He liaised with timber operators, oversaw the removal of settlers and their homes, and notified local Algonquin natives that they could no longer hunt or trap in the area.", "Park rangers began patrolling the park, the game protected, and forest fires were suppressed.", "By 1910 wildlife numbers were increasing.", "Thousands of people had visited the great pleasure resort and it was said to be undeniably one of the most beautiful natural parks in the Dominion, if not on this continent.\"", "All this had entailed a large expenditure by the government, which was recovered chiefly through the maintenance of timber licenses.", "There was no fee for camping permits, though a nominal charge was introduced for fishing and guides' licenses when \"an Act to establish the Algonquin National Park of Ontario\" was again passed by the legislature, March 19, 1910.", "This new legislation included the original area as well as portions of ten townships annexed into the park since 1893, and allowed for further expansion by the addition of adjacent townships, should it become necessary.", "Another notable figure in park management was Frank MacDougall, the park's chief ranger from 1931 to 1941.", "He was the first ranger to supervise the park by airplane, flying a Fairchild KR-34.", "He eventually became deputy minister for the provincial Ministry of Lands and Forests, and the portion of Highway 60 which passes through Algonquin Park has been named the Frank A. MacDougall Parkway in his honour.", "Construction of the Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound Railway (O. A. & P. S.) through the park in 1896 provided the first easy access to the area.", "While the park's purpose was to control settlement within its boundaries, the families of railway workers as well as those of the lumbermen took up residence in the park.", "The village of Mowat on the west side of Canoe Lake was first established in 1893 as a logging camp for the Gilmour Lumber Company.", "From there, logs were driven down the Oxtongue River towards Lake of Bays and eventually on to Trenton.", "In the same year the park headquarters was established near the logging camp.", "The arrival of the railway had provided easy access for the lumbermen as well.", "The Gilmour firm decided to put up a sawmill closer to their source of timber.", "By 1897 the village of Mowat had grown to 500 residents and there were 18 km of railway siding.", "The same year saw the official opening of the railway between Ottawa and Depot Harbour.", "Park headquarters were also relocated in 1897 from Mowat to a point of land on the north shore of Cache Lake, adjacent to the railway.", "The O. A. & P. S. put up a station there it named Algonquin Park.", "The railway, taken over by the Canada Atlantic Railway in 1899, was in turn sold to the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) in 1905.", "In 1898 George W. Bartlett was appointed as the second superintendent of Algonquin Park, replacing the late Peter Thompson.", "Placed under the direction of the Premier of Ontario to make the park self-sufficient, Bartlett worked to make the park more attractive to tourists by encouraging short-term leases for cottages, lodges, and camps.", "Changes came about in 1908, when Hotel Algonquin was opened at Joe Lake.", "The Grand Trunk Railway opened its first hotel, the Highland Inn, near Park Headquarters.", "Built on a hill behind Algonquin Park station, the two-storey year-round resort was an immediate success.", "Soon other guest lodges were established in the park.", "To the west side of Highland Inn, land was cleared and raised wooden platforms erected, on which tents (supplied by the hotel), were put up to meet the requirements of the rapidly growing tourist trade.", "At the village of Mowat, abandoned by Gilmour Lumber Co. in 1900, the mill's former boarding house became Mowat Lodge in 1913.", "The Highland Inn was enlarged, and new camps were built.", "Nominigan Camp, consisting of a main lodge with six cabins of log construction, was established on Smoke Lake.", "Camp Minnesing on Burnt Island Lake was created as a wilderness lodge.", "Both, open only in July and August, were built by the GTR as affiliates of the Highland Inn.", "A second railway, the Canadian Northern (CNoR), was built across the northern portion of the park, opening in 1915.", "Both lines later became part of Canadian National Railway.", "The beginning of the end of rail service in the park happened in 1933 when a flood damaged an old Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound Railway trestle on Cache Lake.", "The trestle was deemed too dangerous to use and too expensive to fix, ending through service on the southern line (old O.A. & P.S.).", "Service from the west ended in 1952, and from the east in 1959.", "Service on the old CNoR line through the north end of the park ended in 1995.", "Many of the trails in the park still make use of portions of the old railway rights-of-way.", "As recreational use of the park increased during the 1950s and 1960s, it became clear that a long-term plan to manage the park was required.", "Six years of consultation with park users resulted in the 1974 publication of the Algonquin Master Plan, a management plan that sought to ensure that the park could continue indefinitely to serve all of the competing park interests.", "Three major changes came about as a result of the plan.", "One, the park was divided into zones with different specified purposes and uses: Nature Reserve and Historic (5.7% of land area), Wilderness (12%), Development (4.3%) and Recreation-Utilization (78%) zones.", "Logging in the park was limited to the Recreation-Utilization zones, but was separated as much as possible from users of the park interior in order to maintain the park's natural environment.", "Each year only a small percentage of the park is being actively logged.", "Two, all existing timber licenses were cancelled, and all logging in the park is now done by the Algonquin Forestry Authority, which supplies timber to 10 private mills outside the park.", "Three, rules were put in place to limit the impact of recreational use of the park.", "Almost all cans and bottles are banned in the interior, and limits are placed on the number of people per campsite, and the number of people who can enter the park interior per day at each access point.", "Also, the use of boat motors is limited, both in power and to a few of the larger and more accessible lakes.", "The master plan has been reviewed and updated four times since 1974, with the latest version being published in 1998.", "The park has a humid continental climate (Köppen Climate Classification \"Dfb\") with long, cold, snowy winters and warm summers.", "In winter, temperatures frequently drop below -20 C while in summer, temperatures can exceed 30 C 9 days per year.", "Precipitation averages 810 mm per year, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year with late summer/early fall being the wettest months and the winter months being the driest.", "As a result of its beauty, Algonquin Park became recognized by nature preservationists.", "It quickly became popular with anglers, though hunting was prohibited.", "The landscapes of Algonquin Park attracted artists such as Tom Thomson along with members of the Group of Seven.", "Thomson served as a guide in the park, often working from Mowat Lodge.", "He did much of his painting at Canoe Lake, and a favourite campsite of his was behind Hayhurst Point, a peninsula overlooking the central portion of the lake.", "Many of Thomson's most significant paintings are of Algonquin Park, including \"The Jack Pine\" and \"The West Wind\".", "He died under mysterious circumstances at Canoe Lake in 1917.", "A plaque recognizing his national historic significance stands at the Visitor Centre dock on Canoe Lake, erected by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada.", "Friends of the painter erected a cairn and totem pole memorial on Hayhurst Point, near the north end of the lake.", "Algonquin is popular for year-round outdoor activities.", "There are over 1,200 campsites in eight designated campgrounds along Highway 60 in the south end of the park, with almost 100 others in three other campgrounds across the northern and eastern edges.", "There is also the Whitefish Lake group campground with 18 sites of various sizes to accommodate groups of 20, 30, or 40 people.", "Interior Camping is possible further inside the park at sites accessible only by canoe or on foot.", "The Algonquin Visitor Centre features exhibits about the natural and cultural history of the park.", "A large and detailed relief map of southern Ontario is displayed to enable a visitor to be oriented to the size and geography of the park.", "In a flow-through style, exhibits continue with many taxidermied species set in their native surroundings, then progresses, in a chronological manner, through an extensive collection of artifacts relating to human intervention in the park.", "The centre also includes a video theatre, a gift shop, a panoramic outdoor viewing deck, and an art gallery—\"The Algonquin Room\"—with changing exhibits of art related to the park.", "Other activities include fishing, mountain biking, horseback riding, cross country skiing, and day hiking.", "The park has 19 interpretive trails, ranging in length from 1 to .", "Each trail comes with a trail guide and is meant to introduce visitors to a different aspect of the park's ecology or history.", "Algonquin is home to a Natural Heritage Education program.", "The most popular aspect of the program are the weekly wolf howls.", "These are held (weather and wolves permitting) on Thursdays in the month of August, and sometimes in the first week of September if there is a Thursday before Labour Day.", "Park staff attempt to locate a wolf pack on Wednesday evening and, if successful, they announce a public wolf howl the next day.", "The park also publishes a visitor's newsletter, \"The Raven\", six times a year – two issues in spring, two in summer, one in the fall, and one in the winter.", "Opened in 1992, the Algonquin Logging Museum is located by the park's east gate.", "A 1.3 km trail features a recreated logging camp, a steam-powered amphibious tug called an \"alligator\", logging equipment and interpretive panels about logging industry activities in the park.", "Exhibits include a video presentation.", "The museum is open seasonally.", "One annual feature worthy of note at the museum is \"Logger's Day\", typically held in late July or early August each year.", "This festivity includes musicians, a logger's old style lunch, activities for children, interpretive actors, and forest industry representatives.", "Canoe camping is one of the most popular activities.", "This wilderness experience, essentially, a pristine wilderness canoe journey through vastness of the park, allows the tourist to enjoy the interior of Algonquin Park in ways inaccessible by any other means.", "The \"Friends of Algonquin Park\" organization publishes an authoritative map and guide called \"Canoe Routes of Algonquin Park\".", "Although there are numerous drive-in campgrounds in Algonquin, the park is better known for its interior camping; that is, campsites which are only accessible by canoe or hiking in the summer, or ski or snowshoe in the winter.", "Algonquin Park provides some of Canada's best canoeing, with hundreds of navigable lakes and rivers forming a 2000 km interconnected system of canoe routes.", "The two main access points to start a trip are located on Canoe Lake and Lake Opeongo.", "The further a camper proceeds from these access points, the more wild the park becomes, and it is possible to spend several days in the interior with few or no sightings of other campers.", "Park staff maintain portages between all major and even smaller lakes, and interior campsite reservations can be made through the main Ontario Parks reservation system.", "There are also three areas of back-country hiking trails, with sub-loops ranging from 6 to long.", "These hiking trails have their own dedicated campsites, typically located on the shores of small lakes.", "Although some lakes have sites for both canoe and hiking access, the sites are designated by type of use.", "Interior camping can provide excellent wildlife viewing opportunities.", "The eerie call of the common loon can be heard from every campground and loons can be seen on almost every lake.", "Moose, deer and beaver can often be seen, especially along waterways, given sufficiently quiet campers.", "Otters are also present, but less frequently seen.", "Black bears, although present in the park, are seldom seen, especially if appropriate precautions to avoid attracting them are taken.", "Wolves may be heard, but will likely remain distant from campers.", "Fishing is allowed in the park for holders of valid Ontario fishing licences, with the purchase of a daily or seasonal vehicle permit as well available through the Ministry of Natural Resources.", "Fish such as bass, yellow perch, trout and pike can be found in the waterways of the park.", "The further an angler is willing to travel from an access point, the better the fishing.", "The backcountry lakes do not receive heavy fishing pressure.", "The non-profit Friends of Algonquin Park operate a tourist information station, CFOA-FM.", "A direct bus shuttle from Toronto is being run by Parkbus, a non-profit initiative, which is supported by the park.", "Algonquin Park has been an important arena for research since the 1930s.", "Four research facilities exist: Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries Research, Wildlife Research Station, Timber Research Station, and the visitor centre.", "Over 1800 scientific papers have been published on research done in the park, covering almost every aspect of the park: wildlife, geology, forestry, history, human impacts, etcetera.", "Also, the remote location and reasonably easy access from the National Research Council's Ottawa base of operations made the park a natural location for an eastern radio telescope, built in 1959 as the Algonquin Radio Observatory (ARO).", "Although radio astronomy is not as active a field of research as it was in the 1950s and 60s, the ARO continues operation today.", "Camps are members of the Ontario Camping Association.", "Algonquin is almost entirely underlain by the Precambrian-era metamorphic and igneous rock of the Canadian Shield.", "Quartz-feldspar gneiss and granite are among the most common types.", "More mafic rock such as hornblende-biotite gneiss and gabbro are occasionally found.", "The Brent Crater has Ordovician period sedimentary rock, chiefly limestone and sandstone.", "Glaciation during the Pleistocene epoch left a mantle of glacial till plus sandy and gravelly outwash deposits.", "Soils in the park are mostly coarse-textured and of poor quality, typical of the Canadian Shield.", "The hilly western side (which includes all of the Highway 60 Corridor) has a stony fine sandy loam glacial till which holds water better than the very coarse outwash soils which dominate the eastern side.", "The dominant soil classification on well drained forest soils is Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.", "The most common soil series on till upland is \"Monteagle\", while \"Wendigo\" dominates the outwash area.", "Classic podzol profile development with a well-defined eluvial (Ae) horizon is the rule; however, in some areas this horizon has been obliterated by disturbance such as earthworm activity.", "Concerns about effects of non-native earthworms on park soil ecosystems have not yet led to the banning of worm bait, but anglers are urged to dispose of unused worms in garbage containers.", "Gleysolic and organic soils are common where drainage is poor.", "Within the boundaries of the park, the following number of species are known to live: 53 species of mammals, 272 species of birds, 31 species of reptiles and amphibians, 54 species of fish, about 7000 species of insects, over 1000 species of plants, and over 1000 species of fungi.", "Animals that inhabit Algonquin include moose, black bears, white-tailed deer, Canada jays, beavers, red foxes, great grey owls, and Eastern wolf.", "Old growth sugar maple, hemlock and yellow birch forests are common in Algonquin Park.", "Researchers have aged trees in Algonquin's old-growth forests at up to 430 years old using ring counts, and up to 610 years old using estimation techniques.", "Some of Algonquin Park's old-growth forest occurs in the recreation-utilization zone and is available for logging." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 556474, "simple_article_title": "Algonquin Provincial Park", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556474", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-556474-0-0", "simple-556474-0-1", "simple-556474-0-2", "simple-556474-0-3", "simple-556474-0-4", "simple-556474-0-5", "simple-556474-0-6", "simple-556474-1-0", "simple-556474-2-0", "simple-556474-2-1", "simple-556474-2-2", "simple-556474-2-3", "simple-556474-2-4", "simple-556474-2-5", "simple-556474-3-0", "simple-556474-3-1", "simple-556474-3-2", "simple-556474-3-3", "simple-556474-4-0", "simple-556474-4-1", "simple-556474-4-2", "simple-556474-4-3", "simple-556474-5-0", "simple-556474-5-1", "simple-556474-5-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Algonquin Provincial Park is a provincial park in Canada.", "It is the oldest provincial park in the province of Ontario, opened in 1893.", "It is very large at 7,653 square kilometres (2,955 square miles), and is the third largest provincial park in Ontario after Polar Bear and Wabakimi.", "The park contains many streams, lakes, rivers, and other water sources.", "Its forests are a mix of deciduous and coniferous.", "The variety of environments in the park makes it home to many species of plants and animals, and it is an important park for wildlife research.", "It is a very popular park with campers because of its size and how close it is to large cities such as Toronto and Ottawa.", "In 1992 Algonquin Park became a National Historic Site of Canada.", "Algonquin Park started as a logging area, where people would come to cut down trees.", "A group of loggers wanted to make the area a park because of how beautiful it was and to protect the animals that lived there.", "In 1892 a request was made by five members of the government asking for a park to be opened on the land.", "The next year in 1893 the park was officially made.", "It was the first provincial park in Ontario, but when it was opened it was called a national park.", "It was changed to a provincial park in 1913.", "In 1896 a railway was built on the park.", "In 1898 cottages, lodges and camps started being sold to tourists, and in 1908 the first hotel in the park was built.", "The hotel was very popular.", "After that hotel opened others started being built.", "The park is a very popular place for outdoor activities all year.", "Many people camp in campgrounds on the park.", "Fishing, hiking, horse riding and canoeing are other popular things to do.", "In winter people skate on the lakes, and the park opens their own skating rink.", "There is also a museum, called the Algonquin Logging Museum, on the park.", "This museum tells people about the history of the park as well as the logging that happens today.", "There is a book store, exhibits with information about the park and a remade version of a logging camp from the late 1800s." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2032676, "normal_article_title": "Belly (film)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2032676", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2032676-0-0", "normal-2032676-0-1", "normal-2032676-1-0", "normal-2032676-2-0", "normal-2032676-2-1", "normal-2032676-2-2", "normal-2032676-2-3", "normal-2032676-2-4", "normal-2032676-3-0", "normal-2032676-3-1", "normal-2032676-3-2", "normal-2032676-4-0", "normal-2032676-4-1", "normal-2032676-4-2", "normal-2032676-4-3", "normal-2032676-4-4", "normal-2032676-4-5", "normal-2032676-5-0", "normal-2032676-5-1", "normal-2032676-5-2", "normal-2032676-5-3", "normal-2032676-5-4", "normal-2032676-6-0", "normal-2032676-6-1", "normal-2032676-6-2", "normal-2032676-6-3", "normal-2032676-7-0", "normal-2032676-7-1", "normal-2032676-7-2", "normal-2032676-7-3", "normal-2032676-7-4", "normal-2032676-7-5", "normal-2032676-7-6", "normal-2032676-7-7", "normal-2032676-8-0", "normal-2032676-8-1", "normal-2032676-8-2", "normal-2032676-8-3", "normal-2032676-9-0", "normal-2032676-9-1", "normal-2032676-9-2", "normal-2032676-9-3", "normal-2032676-9-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Belly is a 1998 American crime drama film, directed by music video director Hype Williams, in his film directing debut.", "Filmed in New York City, the film stars rappers DMX and Nas, alongside Taral Hicks, Method Man, and R&B singer T-Boz.", "A sequel, \"\", was released in 2006.", "In 1999 Queens, New York, young street criminals Tommy \"Buns\" Bundy (DMX) and Sincere (\"Sin\") (Nas), along with associates Mark and Black, murder five people during a violent nightclub robbery.", "After celebrating with the gang, Sincere returns home to his girlfriend Tionne (Tionne \"T-Boz\" Watkins) and infant daughter Kenya.", "The following morning, Tommy asks Sincere to help him sell a new form of heroin.", "Sincere, who has begun having second thoughts about his life of crime, reluctantly agrees.", "Tommy then visits Ox, a wealthy Jamaican drug lord, who agrees to obtain the heroin on the condition that Tommy repay him with a favor at a later date.", "In Mark's grandmother's basement, the gang convenes to discuss the nascent drug operation; one of Tommy's associates, Knowledge (Oliver \"Power\" Grant), will be involved in the operation.", "Knowledge tells Tommy over the phone that Black had been talking about robbing Sincere to get his larger share of the loot from the nightclub.", "Enraged, Tommy forces Black to strip naked in front of the others, firing a handgun wildly into the floor.", "The gang begins transporting heroin from Queens to Omaha, Nebraska, where they begin to overrun the local drug business.", "Big Head Rico (Tyrin Turner), an Omaha dealer, informs the police of their activities.", "The resulting raid at their stash-house ends with Mark's death and Knowledge's arrest.", "Knowledge angrily realizes that Tommy will not bail him out of jail, and calls Shameek, a.k.a. Father Sha (Method Man), to both infiltrate Rico's gang and kill Tommy.", "Shameek confronts Rico at a strip club and guns him down when he tries to flee.", "He is shot by the bartender and stumbles out the club, evading the police.", "Tommy travels to Jamaica and repays Ox by killing Sosa, the son of a local drug lord.", "Back home, Tommy's girlfriend Keisha (Taral Hicks) is arrested by police and later bailed out by Tionne.", "Tommy finds out about the raid and leaves town.", "Pelpa, a close friend and associate of Sosa's, finds out that Ox ordered the hit and sends a hit squad to kill him in his home.", "Ox is able to kill most of the hitmen before he dies at the hands of a female assassin, Chiquita.", "Sincere prepares to leave the drug trade and move his family to Africa, planning to leave on New Years Day 2000.", "Meanwhile, while laying low in Atlanta, Tommy instigates an argument between Wise and LaKid, two marijuana dealers, in which ends with both men to drawing their guns and LaKid shooting Wise.", "After being arrested over the shooting, Tommy is coerced by a shadowy organization with unclear motives into assassinating a Black Muslim leader, Rev. Saviour, (Benjamin Chavis) during a sermon on New Year's Eve.", "Tionne comes home and finds herself confronted by Shameek, who demands the whereabouts of Sincere and Tommy.", "While Sincere talks to a friend (AZ) outside a barbershop, Black shoots him in the leg as revenge for his earlier humiliation.", "Sincere kills Black and his accomplice in self-defense before fleeing the scene.", "On New Year's Eve, Tommy confronts Rev. Saviour before his scheduled speech and points his gun at him.", "Saviour convinces Tommy not to go through with his mission, even though this will put his life at risk.", "A tearful Tommy agrees, and the two men embrace.", "Shameek visits Keisha's home, in the hopes of finding Tommy there.", "He assaults Keisha, who gets hold of Shameek's gun and shoots him in the face.", "Sincere, now in Africa with his family, reflects on recent events and is happy to start a new life.", "While filming \"Belly\", the production was mired by frequent clashes between Williams and the producers, budget constraints, and cast members showing up drunk, high, or late.", "Much of the $3 million budget was used up on the film's opening scene, which was filmed in the former Tunnel nightclub in New York City.", "The film's costume designer, June Ambrose, recalled that Williams wanted the film's \"shiny look\" to \"forecast what the hip-hop genre's gonna look like in the millennium.\"", "Williams revealed that Jay-Z was considered for the film's title role.", "The film was poorly received by critics, scoring 13% on Rotten Tomatoes.", "Although it was generally praised for its highly stylized \"noir-like\" visual design and cinematography, it was criticized for what was seen as a weak plot.", "Since then the film has developed a cult following.", "Clayton Purdom of \"The A.V. Club\" described \"Belly\" as a \"far from a perfect film, but it radiates talent, both from Williams and the musicians he captured at their commercial and artistic peak.\"", "Khris Davenport of \"Complex\" doubled down on the film's legacy and influence, writing that Williams \"blazed a trail in black cinema that some filmmakers are only just now starting to understand and build upon.\"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 422502, "simple_article_title": "Belly (movie)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=422502", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-422502-0-0", "simple-422502-0-1", "simple-422502-0-2", "simple-422502-0-3", "simple-422502-0-4", "simple-422502-0-5", "simple-422502-0-6", "simple-422502-0-7", "simple-422502-0-8", "simple-422502-0-9" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Belly is a 1998 crime melodrama.", "It is about African American men and women who are caught up in violent drug-filled problems around New York City and Omaha.", "They begin off as friends who have elegant times and rob from others to make a living.", "Their friendship, however, goes downhill when their friends are raided by police and federal agents in Omaha and in New York.", "One friend is killed in the raid, and another gets arrested, after which he calls the girlfriend of his close associate while her telephone is wiretapped.", "That causes the close associate to turn against him.", "This movie has two different versions: one is longer than another.", "It was released November 1998.", "The reviews of the movie were not that positive.", "The movie was not a good performer at the box office." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1262909, "normal_article_title": "Herbert A. Hauptman", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1262909", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1262909-0-0", "normal-1262909-0-1", "normal-1262909-0-2", "normal-1262909-0-3", "normal-1262909-1-0", "normal-1262909-1-1", "normal-1262909-2-0", "normal-1262909-3-0", "normal-1262909-3-1", "normal-1262909-3-2", "normal-1262909-3-3", "normal-1262909-3-4", "normal-1262909-3-5", "normal-1262909-3-6", "normal-1262909-4-0", "normal-1262909-4-1", "normal-1262909-4-2", "normal-1262909-5-0", "normal-1262909-6-0", "normal-1262909-6-1", "normal-1262909-6-2", "normal-1262909-6-3", "normal-1262909-6-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Herbert Aaron Hauptman (February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American mathematician and Nobel laureate.", "He pioneered and developed a mathematical method that has changed the whole field of chemistry and opened a new era in research in determination of molecular structures of crystallized materials.", "Today, Hauptman's direct methods, which he continued to improve and refine, are routinely used to solve complicated structures.", "It was the application of this mathematical method to a wide variety of chemical structures that led the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to name Hauptman and Jerome Karle recipients of the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.", "He was born in to a Jewish family in New York City, the oldest child of a Leah (Rosenfeld) and Israel Hauptman.", "He was married to Edith Citrynell since November 10, 1940, with two daughters, Barbara (1947) and Carol (1950).", "He was interested in science and mathematics from an early age which he pursued at Townsend Harris High School, graduated from the City College of New York (1937) and obtained an M.A. degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1939.", "After the war he started a collaboration with Jerome Karle at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. and at the same time enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the University of Maryland, College Park.", "He received his Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in 1955 in physics, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences.", "This combination of mathematics and physical chemistry expertise enabled them to tackle head-on the phase problem of X-ray crystallography.", "His work on this problem was criticized because, at the time, the problem was believed unsolvable.", "By 1955 he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had laid the foundations of the direct methods in X-ray crystallography.", "Their 1953 monograph, \"Solution of the Phase Problem I.", "The Centrosymmetric Crystal\", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of probabilistic methods through a development of the Sayre equation.", "In 1970 he joined the crystallographic group of the Medical Foundation of Buffalo of which he was Research Director in 1972.", "During the early years of this period he formulated the neighborhood principle and extension concept.", "These theories were further developed during the following decades.", "In 2003, as an atheist and secular humanist, he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.", "Hauptman has authored over 170 publications, including journal articles, research papers, chapters and books.", "In 1970, Hauptman joined the crystallographic group of the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute (formerly the Medical Foundation of Buffalo) of which he became Research Director in 1972.", "Until his death, he served as President of the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute as well as Research Professor in the Department of Biophysical Sciences and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University at Buffalo.", "Prior to coming to Buffalo, he worked as a mathematician and supervisor in various departments at the Naval Research Laboratory from 1947.", "He received his B.S. from City College of New York, M.S. from Columbia University and Ph.D. from the University of Maryland, College Park." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 312223, "simple_article_title": "Herbert A. Hauptman", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=312223", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-312223-0-0", "simple-312223-0-1", "simple-312223-0-2", "simple-312223-0-3", "simple-312223-0-4", "simple-312223-0-5", "simple-312223-0-6", "simple-312223-0-7", "simple-312223-0-8", "simple-312223-0-9", "simple-312223-0-10", "simple-312223-0-11", "simple-312223-0-12", "simple-312223-0-13", "simple-312223-0-14", "simple-312223-0-15", "simple-312223-0-16", "simple-312223-0-17", "simple-312223-0-18", "simple-312223-0-19", "simple-312223-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Herbert Aaron Hauptman (February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American mathematician.", "He won a Nobel Prize.", "He made a mathematical method to find a molecular structures based on the X-ray patterns of crystallized materials.", "With Jerome Karle, he won the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.", "He was born in New York City.", "He was the oldest child of Israel Hauptman and Leah Rosenfeld, and of Jewish descent.", "Hauptman was interested in science and mathematics from an early age.", "He studied at Townsend Harris High School.", "He graduated from the City College of New York (1937).", "He earned an M.A. degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1939.", "He married Edith Citrynell on November 10, 1940, and had two daughters.", "After World War II, he began working together with Jerome Karle, a physical chemist, at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C..", "He also enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the University of Maryland, College Park.", "They used their mathematics and physical chemistry skills to solve the phase problem of X-ray crystallography.", "By 1955, he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had worked out the direct methods in X-ray crystallography.", "Their 1953 article, \"Solution of the Phase Problem I.", "The Centrosymmetric Crystal\", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of probabilistic methods.", "In 1970 he joined the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, becoming its Research Director in 1972.", "At this time he developed the neighborhood principle and extension concept.", "These theories were further developed during the following years.", "Hauptman who was an atheist, signed with 21 other Nobel laureates the Humanist Manifesto in 2003." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 38101530, "normal_article_title": "Cartagena, Spain", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38101530", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-38101530-0-0", "normal-38101530-0-1", "normal-38101530-0-2", "normal-38101530-1-0", "normal-38101530-1-1", "normal-38101530-1-2", "normal-38101530-2-0", "normal-38101530-2-1", "normal-38101530-2-2", "normal-38101530-2-3", "normal-38101530-3-0", "normal-38101530-3-1", "normal-38101530-4-0", "normal-38101530-5-0", "normal-38101530-5-1", "normal-38101530-5-2", "normal-38101530-6-0", "normal-38101530-6-1", "normal-38101530-7-0", "normal-38101530-7-1", "normal-38101530-7-2", "normal-38101530-8-0", "normal-38101530-9-0", "normal-38101530-9-1", "normal-38101530-9-2", "normal-38101530-9-3", "normal-38101530-9-4", "normal-38101530-9-5", "normal-38101530-10-0", "normal-38101530-10-1", "normal-38101530-11-0", "normal-38101530-11-1", "normal-38101530-11-2", "normal-38101530-11-3", 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"normal-38101530-22-8", "normal-38101530-23-0", "normal-38101530-24-0", "normal-38101530-24-1", "normal-38101530-25-0", "normal-38101530-25-1", "normal-38101530-26-0", "normal-38101530-26-1", "normal-38101530-27-0", "normal-38101530-27-1", "normal-38101530-27-2", "normal-38101530-28-0", "normal-38101530-28-1", "normal-38101530-29-0", "normal-38101530-29-1", "normal-38101530-29-2", "normal-38101530-30-0", "normal-38101530-31-0", "normal-38101530-32-0", "normal-38101530-32-1", "normal-38101530-33-0", "normal-38101530-33-1", "normal-38101530-33-2", "normal-38101530-33-3", "normal-38101530-33-4", "normal-38101530-33-5", "normal-38101530-34-0", "normal-38101530-34-1", "normal-38101530-35-0", "normal-38101530-35-1", "normal-38101530-36-0", "normal-38101530-36-1", "normal-38101530-36-2", "normal-38101530-37-0", "normal-38101530-38-0", "normal-38101530-38-1", "normal-38101530-39-0", "normal-38101530-39-1", "normal-38101530-39-2", "normal-38101530-40-0", "normal-38101530-40-1", "normal-38101530-40-2", "normal-38101530-41-0", "normal-38101530-42-0", "normal-38101530-42-1", "normal-38101530-43-0", "normal-38101530-43-1", "normal-38101530-44-0", "normal-38101530-45-0", "normal-38101530-45-1", "normal-38101530-45-2", "normal-38101530-45-3", "normal-38101530-45-4", "normal-38101530-45-5", "normal-38101530-46-0", "normal-38101530-47-0", "normal-38101530-48-0", "normal-38101530-48-1", "normal-38101530-48-2", "normal-38101530-48-3", "normal-38101530-49-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Cartagena (] ; ) is a Spanish city and a major naval station located in the Region of Murcia, by the Mediterranean coast, south-eastern Spain.", "As of January 2018, it has a population of 213,943 inhabitants, being the Region’s second-largest municipality and the country’s sixth-largest non-Province-capital city.", "The metropolitan area of Cartagena, known as \"Campo de Cartagena\", has a population of 409,586 inhabitants.", "Cartagena has been inhabited for over two millennia, being founded around 227 BC by the Carthaginian Hasdrubal the Fair as \"Qart Hadasht\" (Phoenician, meaning 'New Town'), the same name as the original city of Carthage.", "The city had its heyday during the Roman Empire, when it was known as \"Carthago Nova\" (the New Carthage) and \"Carthago Spartaria\", capital of the province of Carthaginensis.", "It was one of the important cities during the Umayyad invasion of Hispania, under its Arabic name of Qartayannat al-Halfa.", "Much of the historical weight of Cartagena in the past goes to its coveted defensive port, one of the most important in the western Mediterranean.", "Cartagena has been the capital of the Spanish Navy's Maritime Department of the Mediterranean since the arrival of the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century.", "As far back as the 16th century it was one of the most important naval ports in Spain, together with Ferrol in the North.", "It is still an important naval seaport, the main military haven of Spain, and is home to a large naval shipyard.", "The confluence of civilizations as well as its strategic harbour, together with the rise of the local mining industry is manifested by a unique artistic heritage, with a number of landmarks such as the Roman Theatre, the second largest of the Iberian Peninsula after the one in Mérida, an abundance of Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine and Moorish remains, and a plethora of Art Nouveau buildings, a result of the bourgeoisie from the early 20th century.", "Cartagena is now established as a major cruise ship destination in the Mediterranean and an emerging cultural focus.", "It is the first of a number of cities that eventually have been named Cartagena, most notably Cartagena de Indias (\"Cartagena of the Indies\") in Colombia.", "The city of Cartagena is located in the southeastern region of Spain in the Campo de Cartagena.", "The Cartagena region can be viewed as a great plain inclined slightly in the direction NW-SE, bordered at the north and the northwest by pre-coastal mountain ranges (Carrascoy, El Puerto, Los Villares, Columbares and Escalona), and at the south and southwest by coastal mountain ranges (El Algarrobo, La Muela, Pelayo, Gorda, La Fausilla y Minera, with its last spurs in Cape Palos).", "The dominant geology of the region is metamorphic (slate, marble) and sedimentary (limestone).", "The city is located just at the end of the new AP-7 motorway.", "The following villages are part of Cartagena municipality: La Azohía, Isla Plana, Los Urrutias and Los Nietos.", "The Old Town is limited by five small hills (Molinete, Monte Sacro, Monte de San José, Despeñaperros and Monte de la Concepción) following the example of Rome.", "In the past, there was an inner sea between the hills called the Estero that eventually dried up.", "On this site, the \"Ensanche\" (Expansion or New Town) was built at the beginning of the 20th century.", "The urban area is delimited or crossed by several watercourses, some of which go deep into the urban network during a large part of their courses.", "Cartagena has a hot semi-arid climate.", "Its location near the ocean moderates the temperature, and annual precipitation typically does not surpass 300 mm .", "The annual average temperature goes up to around 20.4 °C , making it—for the year 2014–the warmest city in Europe.", "The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of 13.7 °C .", "In August, the warmest month, the average temperature is 28.7 °C .", "The wind is an important climatic factor in the region.", "Despite the intense mining, tourist and industrial exploitation that the area has suffered for centuries, the territory around Cartagena city hosts an extraordinary natural wealth and diversity, with a large number of botanical endemic species.", "Part of its area is subject to different levels of legal protection.", "Cartagena’s coastal mountains have one of the highest levels of botanical biodiversity on the Iberian Peninsula.", "A number of surprising Ibero-African species, which are only found in southern Spain (mostly in the provinces of Murcia and Almería) and North Africa.", "Among these, there stands out \"Tetraclinis articulata\" or \"Sandarac\" (sabina mora o ciprés de Cartagena—\"Cartagena's cypress\" in Spanish) native to Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Malta, and Cartagena, growing at relatively low altitudes in a hot, dry Mediterranean woodland.", "Some species are seriously endangered like the siempreviva de Cartagena (Limonium carthaginense), the rabogato del Mar Menor (Sideritis marmironensis), the zamarrilla de Cartagena (Teucrium carthaginense), the manzanilla de escombreras (Anthemis chrysantha), the garbancillo de Tallante (Astragalus nitidiflorus) and the jara de Cartagena Cistus heterophyllus carthaginensis).", "Among the animal species includes some threatened or endangered ones like the peregrine falcon, the Eurasian eagle-owl, the golden eagle and the Bonelli's eagle, the Spur-thighed Tortoise, the Greater Horseshoe Bat and, especially, the Spanish toothcarp, an fish endemic to south-eastern Spain.", "In addition, the presence of the common chameleon (the only chameleon in Europe) has been documented for about 30 years, although it is not clear whether it is native or introduced.", "Some other species of note include the greater flamingo, the red fox, the European rabbit, the European badger, the Beech marten, the common genet, the wildcat and the wild boar.", "There is mention of the presence of individuals belonging to the genus \"Homo\" in the cave Cueva Victoria 1,300,000 years ago.", "This cave is located in the district Rincón de San Ginés.", "Remains of individuals belonging to the species \"Homo neanderthalensis\" and the Mousterian culture were found in the cave Cueva de los Aviones.", "This place is located close to Cartagena.", "There were also remains of Neanderthals belonging to the Mousterian culture in the cave Cueva Bermeja, which is placed in the district Perín.", "At the southeast corner of the municipality remains of human beings of the Upper Paleolithic were discovered.", "The paleonthological sites are the Abrigo de Los Déntoles cove, the Cueva de Los Mejillones cave, and the Cabezo de San Ginés (hill).", "The West of the municipality was also the scene of human activity in that period.", "Concrete evidence of this are the Cueva del Caballo and Cueva Bermeja caves.", "The southeast end of Cartagena was inhabited again during the Mesolithic.", "Important spots are the Cueva de Los Pájaros and Cueva de Los Mejillones (caves).", "Neolithic components such as ceramic remains were located.", "The southeast of Cartagena was again inhabited during the Neolithic.", "The sites are Las Amoladeras and Calblanque.", "The south of the Alumbres district was also inhabited during that period.", "The archeological site is located in the Cerro del Gorguel hill and in it a characteristic Neolithic hamlet was discovered.", "The reasons for the dearth of human presence and structures in this municipality during the Neolithic period were the lack of rainfall and the absence of water beds.", "During the Bronze Age there was a similar situation.", "The Argaric civilization inhabited the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula (Región de Murcia and Almería) during the Bronze Age.", "Nevertheless, they did not significantly occupy this municipality, there were few structures belonging to them and they had little relevance here.", "They lived in the northwest in the La Aljorra and Tallante districts.", "The town was originally named Mastia.", "Possessing one of the best harbors in the Western Mediterranean, it was re-founded by the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal in 228 BC as \"Qart Hadasht\" (\"New City\"), a name identical to Carthage, for the purpose of serving as a stepping-off point for the conquest of Spain.", "The Roman general Scipio Africanus conquered it in 209 BC and renamed it as \"Carthago Nova\" (literally \"New \"New City\"\") to distinguish it from the mother city.", "Julius Caesar gave the town Latin Rights, and Octavian renamed it in his honor as the colony \"Colonia Victrix Iulia Nova Carthago\" or \"Colonia Vrbs Iulia Nova Carthago\" (C. V. I. N. C.) depending on the source.", "The city was very relevant both in the Carthaginian and the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.", "In 298 AD, Diocletian constituted a new Roman province in Hispania called Carthaginensis and settled the capital in this city.", "It remained important until it was sacked by the Vandals in 435 AD.", "During the Roman period, it was the site of major silver mines, yielding a daily revenue of 25,000 drachmae.", "It was known also for the production of garum, a fermented fish sauce, and for esparto grass which granted it a new name, \"Cartago Spartaria\".", "The demise and fall of Western Roman sovereignty caused the city to go into decline.", "It was occupied successively by the Vandals (409–425), the Visigoths (425–551 and 624–714) and the Eastern Romans (551–624), who made it the capital of Spania (the Byzantine Empire's westernmost province).", "Cartagena was re-conquered by the Visigoths, who held it until the Muslim conquest in 714 AD, when it was called Qartayannat-al-Halfa.", "It was subsequently ruled by the Umayyads (714–756), the Caliphate of Cordova (756–1031), the Taifa of Denia (1031–1076), the Taifa of Saragossa (1076–1081), the Taifa of Tortosa (1081–1092), the Almoravids (1092–1145), the Almohads (1145–1229) and the Taifa of Murcia (1229–1245).", "King Alfonso X of Castile (Alfonso the Wise) conquered Cartagena in 1245; he established Christian rule and the Bishopric of Cartagena.", "In 1270, Alfonso created the Order of Santa María de España for the naval defense of the Crown of Castile and established its headquarters in Cartagena.", "In 1296, Cartagena was annexed to the Kingdom of Aragon as the Reconquista focused on the remaining Muslim kingdom, Granada, which fell in 1492.", "Cartagena entered a period of great decadence and decay, despite a short economic revival in the 16th century, because Spain's colonial activities used ports to the west.", "Cartagena didn’t fully recover until the 18th century, when it became a leading naval port in the Mediterranean.", "On 3 September 1643, the French led by Grand Admiral Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé defeated most of Spain's fleet here.", "In 1728, Cartagena became the capital of the Spanish Navy's Maritime Department of the Mediterranean and the city was heavily fortified with the construction of a modern Castle in the place of a former Moorish Kasbah, several barracks and a huge arsenal.", "In a relatively short period of time, the population of the city grew from around 10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants.", "In 1757, during the Seven Years' War, a French naval force was forced to take shelter in the port.", "A squadron under Duquesne sent to reinforce them was attacked and defeated by a British squadron under Henry Osborn at the Battle of Cartagena.", "In 1873, the city established a self-governing government and become the center of the Cantonal Revolution.", "Governmental forces besieged the city for several months until they surrendered.", "During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), Cartagena was the main base of the Spanish Republican Navy and one of the primary strongholds of the Republican Government.", "It held out against the forces of General Francisco Franco longer than any other city in Spain, being the last of its cities to surrender.", "The city saw its industrial activity increased during the 1950s, resulting in more prosperity and this trend continued until a general decline in manufacturing throughout Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s.", "At the moment, Cartagena comprises part of the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia, and is the seat of the Regional Assembly of Murcia.", "It is also capital of the maritime province of Cartagena, which was granted by the Royal Decree of 5 October 1607 under the reign of Philip III.", "According to the Municipal census, as of January 2011, Cartagena has 218,210 inhabitants, ranking 24th in Spain in terms of population (and 6th among the non-capitals).", "182,021 people live in the urban area and 39,840 in the several satellite quarters.", "According to the official population data, 14.73% of the municipality's population had a foreign nationality.", "Its metropolitan area, which includes the municipalities of La Unión, Fuente Álamo de Murcia, Los Alcázares, San Javier, Torre Pacheco, San Pedro del Pinatar and Mazarrón, has a total of 390,983 inhabitants.", "Thanks to its strategic position on the Mediterranean, Cartagena has been inhabited by many different cultures, which have left their mark on its rich cultural heritage during a glorious and turbulent history.", "The “Cartagena, Port of Cultures” initiative was created to allow visitors to enjoy a wide range of activities and visits, discovering the cultural wealth and rich history of the city.", "It is one of several projects to energize the tourist possibilities of this potential major cultural destination, frequently neglected by the mass-tourism, due to the proximity of several holiday resorts, and the refinery and other industrial development, which gave a bad reputation to the city because of pollution; these last have now fortunately been eradicated.", "Although there are some ruins from the Carthaginian period, like the remains of the Punic rampart (built in 227 BC with the foundation of the city), most of its oldest monuments date from the time of the Roman Empire when Cartagena flourished.", "The archaeologist Blanca Roldán studied this Punic Rampart and other Punic remains, especially on the Molinete Hill.", "Among its numerous Roman remains, the recently restored Roman theatre of Carthago Nova is prominent and is one of the city's landmarks.", "work on it started at the end of the 2nd century BC.", "The Roman Theatre Museum was recently officially inaugurated.", "In Roman Republican Times, the mines near Cartagena provided silver and lead for all the Roman Empire.", "Other Roman remains can be found in several buildings and interpretative centres, including the Roman Colonnade, the House of Fortune, the \"decumanus/cardo\" and the \"Augusteum\".", "The \"Torre Ciega\" was built by the Romans for burials; it formed part of the Necropolis.", "The Roman Amphitheatre (1st century AD) was sited where the now abandoned Bullring was built, but only some of the surrounding walls and part of the rooms under the stands are still visible.", "Recent work is revealing more evidence.", "Besides the Roman heritage, archaeological sights include the remains of the Santa María la Vieja Cathedral, which was irreversibly destroyed during the Spanish Civil War.", "It dates from the end of the 13th century.", "The decorated floor of a Roman house of the 1st century BC can be found in the crypt.", "A Byzantine rampart can be found, close to the Roman Theatre and the Cathedral.", "The Concepción Castle (now Centre for the Interpretation of the History of Cartagena) was reconstructed in the 13th century using large structures from the Amphitheatre.", "Apart from the Roman Theatre Museum, there are also two important archaeological museums: the Municipal Archaeological Museum and the recently opened Arqua (National Museum of Maritime Archaeology).", "The \"Campus Muralla del Mar\", an old military hospital, was one of the first works carried out after the transformation of the city into the main Spanish naval base in the Mediterranean, and is now the seat of the Polytechnic University.", "In the vicinity, there is the Autopsy Theatre, which is where anatomy classes used to be given.", "Rehabilitation for tourism provides for the interpretation of the nearby buildings at the time of their construction.", "These buildings and several other baroque or neo-classical buildings demonstrate the military importance of Cartagena.", "These include the Charles III Rampart, the Castillo de San Julián, the Arsenal, the Midshipmen's Barracks (academy and naval barracks), the Naval Headquarter Palace (built in 1740 and subsequently rebuilt) and the Artillery Headquarters, which also houses the Military Museum.", "Among the Baroque or Neo-classical Churches in Cartagena are \"El Carmen\", \"Santo Domingo\" and \"Santa Maria de Gracia\".", "The austere façade of the Molina House hides the Centre of Arts and Craft.", "Cartagena is home to numerous Art Nouveau buildings from the early 20th century, when a bourgeoisie settled in the city due to the growth of the local mining industry.", "These buildings include the City Hall, the Grand Hotel, the Casino (all of them among the city's landmarks).", "The Railway Station has some outstanding iron doors and columns on its façade, and inside can still be seen the original ticket office, doorframe, ceiling and the lamps.", "Other modernist or eclectic houses include the Clares House, the Aguirre Palace (which houses the Regional Museum of Modern Art), the Cervantes House (relatively big in comparison with other modernist buildings), the Llagostera House, the Pedreño Palace, the Dorda House, the Zapata House and the Urban Expansion Company House.", "Several charming, lively streets cover this area, such as Calle Mayor (High Street), the major pedestrian and commercial street of the city, full of boutiques and bars with typical \"tapas\", Carmen Street, Puertas de Murcia Street and many more.", "The Caridad church is one of the most important churches in the city, since it is dedicated to the patron of Cartagena, Nuestra Señora de Caridad.", "The interior is dominated by a dome, similar to the Pantheon of Agrippa, in Rome.", "There are also several outstanding sculptures by the famous Murcian sculptor Francisco Salzillo and his school.", "The Civil War Shelter-Museum is based on the galleries excavated out the Concepción hill (site of the Castle) to serve as air-raid shelters during the Spanish Civil War.", "Many naval and military attractions belong to this era, such as the Naval Museum and the world-famous Peral Submarine invented by Isaac Peral (born in Cartagena) that was launched in 1888 as one of the first U-Boats ever.", "It was displayed on Cartagena's harbour promenade until its move to the Naval Museum, after a full restoration.", "The Monument to the Heroes of Santiago de Cuba and Cavite (1923) is a war memorial erected in honour of the Spanish sailors who died in combat with the US Navy in waters off Cavite and Santiago off the Philippine and Cuban coasts.", "Other attractions include the Lift-Gangway near the former Bullring and the Concepción Hill, the Regional Assembly (the Parliament of the Region of Murcia) whose façade includes architectural influences from the Renaissance while maintaining a modernist air (typical in the Levant), and the Carmen Conde-Antonio Moliner Museum that reconstructs the atmosphere in which these poets from Cartagena created some of their most important works.", "Although the city itself is only a port, within the city limits lies part of La Manga del Mar Menor (the other part belonging to the municipality of San Javier) which encompasses the Mar Menor.", "Cartagena also includes part of the Murcian Mediterranean Coast.", "Cartagena holds the distinction of being the Spanish city with the most beaches (10) certified \"Q for Quality\" by the ICTE (Instituto para la Calidad Turística Española).", "These beaches are: Cala Cortina, Islas Menores, Playa Honda beach, Mar de Cristal, Cala del Pino, Cavanna beach, Barco Perdido beach, El Galúa beach, Levante beach and La Gola beach.", "El Portús beach is adjacent to the naturist camping site, so nude bathing is practised on this beach." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 20287, "simple_article_title": "Cartagena", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20287", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-20287-0-0", "simple-20287-0-1", "simple-20287-0-2", "simple-20287-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Cartagena is a city in the Region of Murcia, in Spain.", "In the south of the region, at the Mediterranean Sea.", "The population of the city is 205,000 and it is an industrial centre.", "Cartagena was founded by the Carthaginese as \"Qart Hadasht\" and the name means \"New City\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 31438025, "normal_article_title": "Dean Spielmann", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31438025", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-31438025-0-0", "normal-31438025-0-1", "normal-31438025-0-2", "normal-31438025-1-0", "normal-31438025-2-0", "normal-31438025-2-1", "normal-31438025-2-2", "normal-31438025-2-3", "normal-31438025-2-4", "normal-31438025-2-5", "normal-31438025-2-6" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Dean Spielmann (born 26 October 1962) is a Luxembourgish lawyer and a former President of the European Court of Human Rights.", "He has been a Judge of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of Luxembourg since 2004, President of the Fifth Section of the Court since 2011 and was elected Vice-President and then, shortly afterwards, President in 2012.", "He is also a member of the Grand Ducal Institute of Luxembourg and has held academic posts at the universities of Luxembourg, Nancy and Louvain.", "Spielmann was born in Luxembourg and studied Law at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium (Bachelor's degree, 1988) and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge in the United Kingdom (Master of Laws, 1990).", "Spielmann was admitted to the Luxembourg Bar in 1989, practising there until 2004.", "From 1991 to 1997, he was Assistant Lecturer in Criminal Law at the Catholic University of Louvain.", "He also taught at the University of Luxembourg from 1996 to 2004 and the University of Nancy from 1997 to 2008.", "He has been the Judge of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of Luxembourg since 24 June 2004, and President of the Fifth Section of the Court since 1 February 2011.", "He will serve as Vice-President of the European Court of Human Rights for an initial term of three years from 13 September 2012.", "He was President of the Court between 2012 and 2015.", "He was appointed Judge of the Court of Justice of the European Union (General Court) as of 13 April 2016." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 20162019, "normal_article_title": "Hiroyuki Komoto", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20162019", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-20162019-0-0", "normal-20162019-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hiroyuki Komoto (河本 裕之 , Kōmoto Hiroyuki , born September 4, 1985) is a Japanese football player currently playing for Omiya Ardija.", "\"Updated to 23 February 2018\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 238271, "simple_article_title": "Hiroyuki Komoto", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238271", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-238271-0-0", "simple-238271-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Hiroyuki Komoto (born 4 September 1984) is a Japanese football player.", "He plays for Vissel Kobe." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 315991, "normal_article_title": "Morganucodon", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315991", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-315991-0-0", "normal-315991-0-1", "normal-315991-0-2", "normal-315991-0-3", "normal-315991-0-4", "normal-315991-1-0", "normal-315991-1-1", "normal-315991-2-0", "normal-315991-2-1", "normal-315991-2-2", "normal-315991-2-3", "normal-315991-2-4", "normal-315991-3-0", "normal-315991-3-1", "normal-315991-3-2", "normal-315991-3-3", "normal-315991-3-4", "normal-315991-4-0", "normal-315991-4-1", "normal-315991-4-2", "normal-315991-4-3", "normal-315991-5-0", "normal-315991-5-1", "normal-315991-5-2", "normal-315991-5-3", "normal-315991-6-0", "normal-315991-6-1", "normal-315991-6-2", "normal-315991-7-0", "normal-315991-7-1", "normal-315991-7-2", "normal-315991-7-3", "normal-315991-7-4", "normal-315991-7-5", "normal-315991-7-6" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Morganucodon (\"Glamorgan tooth\") is an early mammaliaform genus that lived during the late Triassic period.", "It first appeared about 205 million years ago.", "Unlike many other early mammals, \"Morganucodon\" is well represented by abundant and well preserved (though in the vast majority of cases disarticulated) material.", "Most of this comes from Glamorgan in Wales (\"Morganucodon watsoni\"), but fossils have also been found in Yunnan Province in China (\"Morganucodon oehleri\") and various parts of Europe and North America.", "Some closely related animals (\"Megazostrodon\") are known from exquisite fossils from South Africa.", "The name comes from a Latinization of \"Morganuc\", \"South Glamorgan in the Domesday Book\", the county where it was discovered by Walter Georg Kühne, so it means \"Glamorgan tooth\".", "It has acquired the nickname Morgie in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.", "\"Morganucodon\" was a small, plantigrade animal.", "The tail was moderately long.", "According to Kemp (2005), \"the skull was 2–3 cm in length and a presacral body length of about 10 cm 4 inches.", "In general appearance, it would have looked like a shrew or mouse\".", "There is evidence that it had specialized glands used for grooming, which may indicate that, like present day mammals, it had fur.", "Like present day mammals of similar size and presumed habit, \"Morganucodon\" was likely nocturnal and spent the day in a burrow.", "There is no direct fossil evidence, but several lines of evidence point to a nocturnal bottleneck in the evolution of the mammal class, and almost all modern mammals of similar size to \"Morganucodon\" are still nocturnal.", "Likewise, burrowing was widespread both in the cynodonts and in primitive mammals.", "The logics of phylogenetic bracketing would make \"Morgunacodon\" nocturnal and burrowing too.", "Plant material from the conifer \"Hirmeriella\" was also found in the fissure fills, indicating \"Morganucudon\" lived in, or near, a forested area.", "The diet appears to have been insects and other small animals, with a preference for hard prey such as beetles.", "Like most modern mammal insectivores, it grew fairly quickly to adult size.", "Unlike its therapsid ancestors, \"Morganucodon\" likely lived a rather short life, similar to those of most small mammals today.", "Its eggs were probably small and leathery, a condition still found in monotremes.", "The teeth grew in mammalian fashion, with deciduous teeth being replaced by permanent teeth that were retained throughout the rest of the animal's life.", "The combination of rapid growth in juveniles and a toothless stage at infancy strongly suggests that \"Morganucodon\" raised its young by lactation; indeed, it may have been among the very first animals to do so.", "The molars in the adult had a series of raised humps and edges that fit into each other, allowing for efficient chewing.", "However, unlike the situation in most later mammals, the upper and lower molars did not occlude properly when they first met; as they wore against each other, however, their shapes were modified by wear to produce a precise fit.", "\"Morganucodon\" is the type genus for the order Morganucodonta, a group of generally similar mammals or pre-mammals from Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic time of the close relatives.", "All were small and mainly insectivores.", "Of the small bodied relatives, \"Morganucodon\" is the best preserved and best understood find.", "There is currently controversy about whether or not to classify \"Morganucodon\" as a mammal or as a non-mammalian mammaliaform.", "Some researchers limit the term \"mammal\" to the crown group mammals, which would not include \"Morganucodon\" and its relatives.", "Others, however, define \"mammals\", as a group, by the possession of a special, secondarily evolved jaw joint between the dentary and the squamosal bones, which has replaced the primitive one between the articular and quadrate bones in all modern mammalian groups.", "Under this definition, \"Morganucodon\" would be a mammal.", "Nevertheless, its lower jaw retains some of the bones found in its non-mammalian ancestors in a very reduced form rather than being composed solely of the dentary.", "Furthermore, the primitive reptile-like jaw joint between the articular and quadrate bones, which in modern mammals has moved into the middle ear and become part of the ear ossicles as malleus and incus, is still to be found in \"Morganucodon\".", "\"Morganucodon\" also suckled (it may have been the earliest animal to do so), had only two sets of teeth and grew rapidly to adult size and stopped growing thereafter, all typical mammalian traits." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 286785, "simple_article_title": "Morganucodon", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286785", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-286785-0-0", "simple-286785-0-1", "simple-286785-1-0", "simple-286785-1-1", "simple-286785-2-0", "simple-286785-3-0", "simple-286785-3-1", "simple-286785-3-2", "simple-286785-4-0", "simple-286785-5-0", "simple-286785-5-1", "simple-286785-5-2", "simple-286785-6-0", "simple-286785-6-1", "simple-286785-6-2", "simple-286785-6-3", "simple-286785-6-4", "simple-286785-6-5", "simple-286785-7-0", "simple-286785-7-1", "simple-286785-8-0", "simple-286785-8-1", "simple-286785-8-2", "simple-286785-9-0", "simple-286785-9-1", "simple-286785-10-0", "simple-286785-10-1", "simple-286785-10-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Morganucodon is an early mammaliaform genus.", "It lived during the latest Upper Triassic or earliest Jurassic.", "Unlike many other early mammals, \"Morganucodon\" is known from abundant and well preserved material.", "Most of this comes from Glamorgan in Wales (\"Morganucodon watsoni\").", "According to Kemp, it is impossible to say whether the rock fissures (cracks), where the remains were found, are latest Triassic or earliest Jurassic.", "\"Morganucodon\" first appeared about 205 million years ago.", "\"It was a small animal with a skull 2-3 cm in length and a body length of about 10 cm 4 inches.", "In general appearance it would have looked like a shrew or mouse\".", "Fossils have also been found in the Yunnan Province in China (\"Morganucodon oehleri\"), in various parts of Europe and North America and some at least closely related animals (\"Megazostrodon\") are known from exquisite fossils from South Africa.", "From their size and teeth, they may have been insectivores.", "The small size suggests some kind of temperature regulation, which in turn suggests insulation in the form of fur.", "Nocturnal activity in an animal of this size virtually requires an increased internal production of heat.", "Brain size is another factor.", "It is certain that early mammals did have enlarged brains relative to their size.", "Reconstructions of the brain size has shown this.", "Apparently, brain size in Mesozoic mammals lay within the lower range of brain size for living mammals.", "This is an overall increase of four or more times the volume of basal amniote brains.", "Very likely this involved the development of the neocortex, \"one of the most striking of all mammalian characteristics\".", "There has been a long controversy about whether or not to classify it as a mammal.", "Some prefer to include it in a broader clade called Mammaliaformes.", "\"Morganucodon\" is regarded as very basal (= primitive).", "Its lower jaw has some of the bones found in its synapsid ancestors in a very reduced form.", "Mammals have a jawbone composed solely of the dentary.", "The primitive jaw joint between the articular and quadrate bones is still found in \"Morganucodon\".", "In modern mammals these bones moved into the middle ear and become part of the ear ossicles as malleus and incus, \"Morganucodon\" is unusual because, apart from still having the primitive hinge, it has also evolved the derived mammalian one and so has a double jaw joint.", "Its tooth replacement and determinate growth, are mammalian features.", "Earlier synapsids replace their teeth throughout life, as sauropsids also do.", "This is known as \"polyphyodonty\", while mammals grow only two sets of teeth, in \"diphyodonty\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 875820, "normal_article_title": "Liu Xiang (hurdler)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=875820", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-875820-0-0", "normal-875820-0-1", "normal-875820-0-2", "normal-875820-1-0", "normal-875820-1-1", "normal-875820-1-2", "normal-875820-1-3", "normal-875820-1-4", "normal-875820-1-5", "normal-875820-2-0", "normal-875820-2-1", "normal-875820-2-2", "normal-875820-3-0", "normal-875820-3-1", "normal-875820-3-2", "normal-875820-4-0", "normal-875820-4-1", "normal-875820-4-2", "normal-875820-4-3", "normal-875820-4-4", "normal-875820-4-5", "normal-875820-4-6", "normal-875820-4-7", "normal-875820-5-0", "normal-875820-5-1", "normal-875820-6-0", "normal-875820-6-1", "normal-875820-7-0", "normal-875820-7-1", "normal-875820-8-0", "normal-875820-9-0", "normal-875820-9-1", "normal-875820-9-2", "normal-875820-9-3", "normal-875820-10-0", "normal-875820-11-0", "normal-875820-11-1", "normal-875820-11-2", 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"normal_sentence": [ "Liu Xiang (; born July 13, 1983 in Putuo District, Shanghai) is a retired Chinese 110 meter hurdler.", "Liu is an Olympic Gold medalist and World Champion.", "His 2004 Olympic gold medal was the first in a men's track and field event for China.", "Liu is one of China's most successful athletes and has emerged as a cultural icon.", "On top of being the only male athlete in history to have achieved the \"triple crown\" in the event of 110-metre hurdles—World Record Holder, World Champion and Olympic Champion—Liu remains the Olympic record holder for the men's 110-metre hurdles with a time of 10.91 seconds he set back at the 2004 Athens Olympics.", "He was the favorite to win another gold in the 110 metre hurdles at the Beijing Olympics, but he had to withdraw from competition at the last moment after a false start and aggravation to a previously unrevealed injury.", "Again a gold medal favourite in the 110 metre hurdles at the London Olympics he pulled his Achilles tendon attempting to clear the first hurdle in the heats.", "On April 7, 2015, he made a retirement announcement on his Sina Weibo.", "He would end his sport career officially.", "In May 2001, Liu won at the East Asian Games in Osaka, Japan with a time of 13.42 seconds.", "In August 2001, he won at the Universiade in Beijing, China with a time of 13.33 seconds.", "He also won at the 2001 National Games of China that same year.", "In 2002 Liu set an Asian record time at the Athletissima meeting, completing the event in 13.12 seconds.", "This also broke Renaldo Nehemiah's long standing and world junior record, which had stood for almost 25 years.", "The following year he secured bronze medals in the 60 metres hurdles at the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships and the 110 m hurdles at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics.", "In May 2004 at an IAAF Grand Prix race in Osaka, Japan, Liu managed to beat Allen Johnson with a personal best record time of 13.06 seconds .", "He improved even further at the 2004 Athens Olympics.", "Although he was not considered a favourite for the event , he won the Olympic final by some distance to take the gold medal in a world record-equalling time of 12.91 seconds, matching the feat of Colin Jackson.", "This was a new Olympic record and was almost three tenths of a second faster than the runner-up Terrence Trammell.", "The performance had Liu the sixth man to run under 13 seconds for the event and was China's first men's Olympic gold medal in a track and field event.", "On top of this, it defied the traditional thinking that Asian athletes could not compete in sprint events at the top level .", "He said that his gold medal \"changes the opinion that Asian countries don't get good results in sprint races.", "I want to prove to all the world that Asians can run very fast.\"", "Liu, a 21-year-old East China Normal University student at the time of victory in Athens, became the target of a bidding war among commercial sponsors.", "The Chinese Track and Field Association limited him to four such deals.", "Liu finished the season with four of the year's ten fastest clockings .", "Reaching 17 finals in the 60-metre indoor and 110-metre outdoor hurdles, he lost just two, both to American Allen Johnson .", "In August 2005, Liu won a silver medal at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki, Finland, finishing 13.08 seconds, 0.01 second after champion Ladji Doucouré from France.", "In November 2005, he won at East Asian Games in Macau, China with 13.21 seconds.", "Off track, in May, Liu was awarded the Laureus World Sports Award for Newcomer of the Year for his breakthrough performance at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.", "On July 11, 2006, Liu set a new world record in the 110 metre hurdles at the Super Grand Prix in Lausanne with a time of 12.88 seconds (+1.1 m/s tailwind).", "The record was ratified by the IAAF.", "In that same race, American Dominique Arnold had also beaten the previous record with a time of 12.90 seconds.", "In September, he won gold at IAAF World Athletics Final in Stuttgart, Germany with 12.93 seconds.", "On August 31, 2007 at the World Athletics Championships in Osaka, Japan, Liu won gold in the 110-metre hurdles with 12.95 seconds to become World Champion.", "On May 23, Liu participated in a test event at the Beijing National Stadium.", "He pulled out of the Reebok Grand Prix in New York on May 31, citing hamstring problems.", "On June 8, he false-started at the Prefontaine Classic at Eugene, Oregon.", "Liu skipped the entire European circuit, preferring to train for the Olympics in China instead.", "Leading up to the Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, Liu bore national expectations of a repeat victory on home soil.", "On August 18, Liu withdrew from the Olympic 110 metre hurdles.", "He walked off the track after a false start by another runner in his first-round heat, leaving the crowd at the Beijing National Stadium in stunned silence, confusion, and tears.", "According to Jeré Longman of the New York Times, \"\"China's greatest hope had been dashed\"\".", "According to China's track and field association, Liu suffered from a recurrence of chronic inflammation in his right Achilles tendon.", "Liu's coach, Sun Haiping addressed the media during a press conference and stated that the hurdler had been hampered by a tendon injury for six or seven years.", "He commented on the situation, saying \"We worked hard every day, but the result was as you see and it is really hard to take.\"", "Sun, who was in tears for most of the press conference, stated that Liu would be unable to compete for the remainder of 2008.", "Liu made a public apology to the Chinese media the following day, saying he could \"do nothing but pull out of the race\" because of his foot injury.", "He believed that the injury would not prevent him from future competitions and vowed to \"come back\" for the next Olympics.", "Liu's injury was significant and also ruled him out of the following year's major competition, the 2009 World Championships in Athletics.", "However, coach Sun Haiping was confident that he would return in time for the Chinese national championships and 2009 Asian Championships in Athletics in November.", "After a 13-month absence because of his injury, Liu finally returned to competition at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix.", "Liu recorded a time of 13.15, tied with Terrence Trammell, but finished 0.01 second behind and was awarded second place.", "However, Liu said he was happy with his performance.", "Nearing the end of the year, he competed at a number of major events on home turf.", "He won gold medals at the 2009 Asian Athletics Championships, the East Asian Games and the 11th Chinese National Games.", "At the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Doha, admitting that his right foot has yet to fully recover, Liu was able to finish in the finals of the 60 m hurdles, but managed only seventh place.", "His sole appearance on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit came at the Shanghai Grand Prix and he lost to national rival Shi Dongpeng for the first time.", "Following a six-month break, he marked his return to form at the 2010 Asian Games.", "A crowd of 70,000 gathered at the Guangdong Olympic Stadium to see him in the final and he easily won his third consecutive title at the competition, breaking the Games record with a run of 13.09 seconds – making him the third fastest athlete that season.", "The Shanghai Golden Grand Prix in May 2011 saw Liu make a return to a world class level: he defeated David Oliver (the fastest hurdler in 2010) with a world-leading mark of 13.07 seconds to take his first win on the 2011 IAAF Diamond League.", "Liu showed he had accomplished a transition in his technique, as he reduced his number of starting steps before the first hurdle from eight to seven, using his left leg for hurdling.", "On August 29, 2011, Liu Xiang competed in the men's 110-metre hurdles final in the IAAF World Championships in Daegu, South Korea.", "Liu finished the race in third place, but he eventually won the silver medal, as the winner Dayron Robles was disqualified for entering Liu's lane and pulling him back.", "In Liu's first competition of 2012, he was matched up against Dayron Robles at the Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix and this time he won cleanly with an Asian record time of 7.41 seconds for the 60 m hurdles.", "He was the favourite for the title at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, but was beaten into second place by Aries Merritt and left with the silver medal.", "In the outdoor season he set a 110 m hurdles meet record at the Golden Grand Prix Kawasaki, then ran 12.97 seconds to win at his home nation 2012 IAAF Diamond League meet, the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix.", "This was his first run under 13 seconds since 2007, and he beat Americans David Oliver and Jason Richardson by some distance.", "He followed this with a run of 12.87 seconds to win at the Prefontaine Classic, matching the world record time albeit with wind-assistance of 2.4 m/s.", "In the 110-metre hurdles at the London Olympics in 2012, Liu pulled his Achilles tendon while taking off and attempting to clear the first hurdle, instead crashing straight into it.", "Liu hopped the full 110 metre stretch, was helped by a few of his fellow competitors, and was put into a wheel chair and led away.", "He kissed the last hurdle before he left the track.", "Colin Jackson described it as a \"very sad sight indeed\" for the sport.", "Liu's loss echoed strongly in the Chinese press but also sparked a lot of controversies.", "Some voices expressed support while others wondered why Liu chose to participate in spite of his injury.", "Liu even earned a nickname \"Liu PaoPao\" because of pullbacks in two consecutive Olympic Games.", "As per reports Liu was to have surgery on his Achilles tendon in Britain.", "Liu is known for his low-profile appearance, but he has become one of the most popular athletes in China.", "Liu Xiang was on \"Time\" magazine Asian edition's cover of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games titled \"Liu Xiang & 99 More Athletes to Watch.\"", "Liu donated approximately 2,500,000 yuan (364,000 USD) to 2008 Sichuan earthquake relief efforts.", "Liu married Ge Tian, a post-90s generation actress on September 7, 2014, after officially dating the actress for two years prior to their marriage.", "Liu's athletic gear is sponsored by Nike.", "Liu is also a spokesperson for Coca-Cola and Cadillac." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 208556, "simple_article_title": "Liu Xiang", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208556", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-208556-0-0", "simple-208556-0-1", "simple-208556-0-2", "simple-208556-0-3", "simple-208556-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Liu Xing is a Chinese hurdling athlete.", "He was born on 13 July 1983 in Shanghai, China.", "He is 189 cm tall and weighs 74 kg.", "He is an Olympic gold medal winner.", "Liu broke the World Junior and Asian record for hurdles in 2002." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 33744508, "normal_article_title": "Jiske Griffioen", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33744508", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-33744508-0-0", "normal-33744508-0-1", "normal-33744508-0-2", "normal-33744508-0-3", "normal-33744508-0-4", "normal-33744508-1-0", "normal-33744508-2-0", "normal-33744508-2-1", "normal-33744508-2-2", "normal-33744508-2-3", "normal-33744508-2-4", "normal-33744508-2-5", "normal-33744508-2-6", "normal-33744508-3-0", "normal-33744508-3-1", "normal-33744508-3-2", "normal-33744508-3-3", "normal-33744508-3-4", "normal-33744508-3-5", "normal-33744508-3-6", "normal-33744508-3-7", "normal-33744508-4-0", "normal-33744508-4-1", "normal-33744508-4-2", "normal-33744508-4-3", "normal-33744508-4-4", "normal-33744508-4-5", "normal-33744508-4-6", "normal-33744508-5-0", "normal-33744508-5-1", "normal-33744508-5-2", "normal-33744508-5-3", "normal-33744508-5-4", "normal-33744508-5-5", 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"normal-33744508-10-10", "normal-33744508-10-11", "normal-33744508-10-12", "normal-33744508-10-13", "normal-33744508-10-14", "normal-33744508-10-15", "normal-33744508-10-16", "normal-33744508-10-17", "normal-33744508-10-18", "normal-33744508-11-0", "normal-33744508-11-1", "normal-33744508-11-2", "normal-33744508-11-3", "normal-33744508-11-4", "normal-33744508-11-5", "normal-33744508-11-6", "normal-33744508-11-7", "normal-33744508-11-8", "normal-33744508-11-9", "normal-33744508-11-10", "normal-33744508-12-0", "normal-33744508-12-1", "normal-33744508-12-2", "normal-33744508-12-3", "normal-33744508-13-0", "normal-33744508-13-1", "normal-33744508-14-0", "normal-33744508-14-1", "normal-33744508-14-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Jiske Griffioen (born 17 April 1985) is a Dutch former wheelchair tennis player.", "Griffioen is a thirteen-time Grand Slam champion in doubles and a three-time Paralympic medalist.", "She is also a seven-time Masters doubles champion and a former world number one.", "Alongside Aniek van Koot, Griffioen completed the Grand Slam in doubles in the 2013 season.", "In singles competition Griffioen is the 2012 Masters champion and the 2015 Australian Open, French Open and Masters champion and a former world number one.", "Griffioen was born with spina bifida and also played wheelchair basketball representing her nation at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney at the age of 14.", "In 2001 Griffioen won three singles draws in as many weeks when she won the second draw in Zoetermeer, followed by the consolation draw in Jambes and the second draw in Amsterdam.", "Griffioen did not win another tournament draw until she won the 2002 consolation draw in Nottingham.", "This success was followed by her first final in Antwerp where she lost to Sharon Walraven.", "Griffioen had further success in 2002 when she won the consolation draw in St Louis.", "In the 2003 season Griffioen won the consolation draw in Plock, followed by consolation draw wins at the Dutch and Swiss Opens before she lost in the final in Antwerp to Walraven.", "Another consolation draw win in Italy and another final defeat to Walraven in Prague followed to close the season.", "Griffioen finished 17th in the world rankings in 2003 having reached the last 16 of the British and US Opens during the season.", "In 2004 Griffioen lost in the quarterfinals of the Australian Open super series event to Esther Vergeer.", "Griffioen won her first singles title in Christchurch.", "This was followed by more success in Bein, Cuneo, Prostejov and Amsterdam.", "Griffioen was the runner up in the Masters.", "In doubles competitions with Korie Homan she won the Masters and they were finalists in Prostejov.", "Griffioen also took titles with Maaike Smit in San Diego and alongside Vergeer in Japan Open and Kobe.", "Part of the winning team at the World team cup.", "As a late replacement in the Paralympic Games, Griffioen exited in the first round of the singles and the quarterfinals of the doubles with Peters.", "Three singles title in Nottingham, Seoul and Japan graced Griffioen in 2005.", "She was the runner up in Sydney, Miami, Brasilia, Paris, Dutch Open, Hilton Head, Atlanta and San Diego.", "Additionally Griffioen finished third at the Masters.", "In doubles play she won the masters doubles with Esther Vergeer; along with titles in Boca Raton, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Paris, Dutch Open, Hilton Head, Atlanta and San Diego.", "Nottingham with Aniek van Koot.", "Griffioen was also part of the Netherlands' World Team Cup success.", "Seoul Japan Open, Florence Gravellier double.", "During 2006 Griffioen won one singles title in Prostejov.", "She made the final of singles events at the Wheelchair Classic 8's at the Australian Open and in Nottingham.", "Finished third in the Masters after losing in the semifinals.", "In doubles competitions with Vergeer, Griffioen won in Sydney, Melbourne, Boca Raton, Paris, Nottingham, Utrecht, Atlanta, San Diego and the Masters.", "Griffioen also won the Wheelchair Classic 8's at the Australian Open and the US Open with Vergeer.", "Playing alongside Maaike Smit Griffioen was the champion in Fukuoka and with Sharon Walraven she took the title in Prostejov.", "Inadditon with Ameryckx she won in Nottingham.", "Griffioen was part of the Netherlands' World Team Cup squad who won the competition for a nineteenth time.", "During singles competitions in the 2007 season Griffioen won titles in Seoul, Prostejov and St Louis.", "She was also the runner up in Boca Raton.", "At the Masters Griffioen lost in the semifinals before beating Walraven for third.", "With Vergeer in doubles, Griffioen won titles in Sydney, Boca Raton, Japan, Nottingham and San Diego.", "They also won Slam titles in Melbourne and New York; before the pair finished the year by winning their third masters doubles.", "As a pair they suffered defeat first time in Utrecht.", "Griffioen also won in Pensacola and St Louis with Walraven and finished runner up in Nottingham with van Koot.", "She also won in Prostejov with Gravillier.", "Griffioen was part of the Netherlands team that partook in the World Team Cup, winning the competition for the twentieth time.", "During singles competitions in 2008, Griffioen won two titles in Sardinia and St Louis.", "She also made the final in Christchurch and Torino.", "In the singles of the Paralympic Games, Griffioen lost in the semifinals winning just one game against Vergeer and failed to the bronze medal match against Florence Gravellier.", "In the Masters Griffioen lost in the semis of the singles.", "In doubles competitions Griffioen won both of the doubles Grand Slam titles that were played in 2008 with Vergeer; the Australian Open and Roland Garros.", "However the pair could only win the Silver medal at the Paralympic Games as they suffered only their second loss as a partnership.", "But they finished the year on a high as a pair by winning the Masters doubles.", "The team also won in Pensacola, Boca Raton, Fukuoka, Paris, Nottingham and Utrecht.", "The pair also reached the final of Sydney but this was unplayed due to rain.", "Additionally with van Koot, Griffioen picked up titles in Christchurch and Sardinia.", "Griffioen represented her nation in a triumphant campaign at the World Team Cup.", "Notably Griffioen's semifinal defeat to Vergeer in Utrecht marked the first time that she had taken a set off her compatriot.", "Griffioen reached one singles final in 2009 losing in Sydney to Korie Homan.", "At the slams Griffioen lost in quarterfinals of all three Grand Slam tournaments.", "Griffioen failed to progress beyond the group stage of the Masters and finished seventh overall.", "In the doubles events Griffioen lost in the semifinals of all four Grand Slam tournaments with Florence Gravellier.", "As a team they also reached a final in Nottingham and were victorious in Sydney and Paris.", "Griffioen also won titles in Utrecht and St Louis with Homan and with Buis in Sardinia.", "At the season ending Masters she played with Aniek van Koot and reached the final.", "Griffioen helped her nation win the World Team Cup.", "Starting the 2010 season Griffioen won three tournaments early in the season in Adelaide, Brisbane and Sydney before winning only once more in Sardinia.", "Griffioen also reached the final in Nottingham and St. Louis.", "2011 was a highly successful year as Griffioen won two singles tournaments and seven doubles titles.", "Griffioen's singles success came at the Japan Open, defeating Buis in the final, and at the Open Memorial Santi Silvas, beating Sabine Ellerbrock.", "Griffioen also reached the final of the singles competitions in Sydney, Pansacola, Nottingham and St Louis.", "In the Grand Slams Griffioen was eliminated at the semifinals of all three events.", "At the Masters Griffioen lost in the semifinals of the singles to van Koot, but went on to defeat Buis to claim third.", "Partnering van Koot in the doubles events the pair won titles in Sydney, Pensacola, Boca Raton, Paris, Nottingham and St. Louis.", "Griffioen, in addition, won a doubles title with Sevenans in Olot.", "With van Koot, Griffioen lost in the final of all four Grand Slams to Esther Vergeer and Sharon Walraven, including from 5–2 up in the final set at Wimbledon and a 6–1 second set tiebreak lead at the US Open.", "Additionally the pair also lost in the final of the Japan Open and the Masters.", "At the end of 2011 she became Amsterdam Sportswoman of the year.", "During the 2012 season Griffioen claimed two singles titles; with this successes coming in Atlanta and Nottingham.", "She was also the runner up in Cajan.", "At the Paralympic Games, Griffioen reached the semifinal of the singles where she lost to Vergeer, however she went on to take bronze, her first singles medal in three games, defeating Ellerbrock.", "At the end of season Masters in the absence of Vergeer, Griffioen reached her second final and defeated van Koot for her first title.", "In doubles play Griffioen teamed up with van Koot, the pair won six titles including in Cajan, Pensacola, Paris and Nottingham.", "The pair won their first Grand Slam as a team at Wimbledon and claimed the Silver medal at the Paralympics.", "To finish the year the pair claimed their first Masters doubles title as a team.", "In the second Grand Slam event of the year Griffioen exited both singles and doubles events in the semifinals.", "Griffioen also represented her country in the World Team Cup, where she guided her country to win the competition for the 25th time.", "During the 2013 season Griffioen won singles titles in Sydney, Melbourne, Rue and Nottingham.", "Griffioen was also a finalist in Brisbane.", "During the Grand Slam events Griffioen lost a tight match to Marjolein Buis in the first round of the Australian Open; with both players having won the same number of points.", "Griffioen reached the final of Roland Garros where she lost to Sabine Ellerbrock In New York Griffioen lost in the first round to van Koot.", "At the season ending Masters, Griffioen made it into the final, and let slip a 4–1 lead in the deciding set, to Yui Kamiji, losing the last five games of the match.", "With Aniek van Koot, Griffioen won the doubles title in Sydney and Nottingham.", "The pair won their first Australian, French and US Open titles and retained the Wimbledon crown to complete the Grand Slam.", "Their only defeat came in the final of St Louis, their first since the Paralympic final.", "At the season ending Masters, Griffioen teamed up with Sharon Walraven and finished third.", "At the end of the season Griffioen was named the year end World Number One for doubles.", "Griffioen also represented her nation at the World Team Cup and helped the Netherlands to a 26th title.", "Griffioen won singles titles in Sydney, Baton Rouge, St. Louis, Sardina, Rue and Nottingham during the 2014 season.", "Over the year, Griffioen was the losing finalist in Pensacola and Lizuka.", "At the Grand Slam events she lost in the semifinals of all three tournaments.", "At the season ending Masters, Griffioen reached the final undefeated, including a win over van Koot, who she lost to in three sets in the championship match.", "At the 2015 Australian Open Griffioen won her maiden Grand Slam singles title; defeating Buis, van Koot and Yui Kamiji in straight sets to win the championship.", "She won again the tournament in 2016.", "In October 2017 she retired stating that she did not have the fire anymore to complete.", "Griffioen stated that she would take up a role in the media.", "During Griffioen's career she won 59 singles titles and 106 doubles titles and held the World Number One spot in singles for 106 weeks between 2015 and 2017." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 324959, "simple_article_title": "Jiske Griffioen", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=324959", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-324959-0-0", "simple-324959-0-1", "simple-324959-0-2", "simple-324959-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Jiske Griffioen (born 17 April 1985 in Woerden) is a Dutch wheelchair tennis player.", "She was born with Spina bifida.", "Before she started her career as a wheelchair tennis player, she was a member of the national wheelchair basketball team at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney at the age of 14.", "Griffioen has won Grand Slam titles in doubles play at the Australian, French and US Opens and on four occasions has won the end of year Masters doubles." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1302818, "normal_article_title": "Rastacap", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1302818", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1302818-0-0", "normal-1302818-0-1", "normal-1302818-0-2", "normal-1302818-0-3", "normal-1302818-0-4", "normal-1302818-1-0", "normal-1302818-1-1", "normal-1302818-1-2", "normal-1302818-1-3", "normal-1302818-1-4", "normal-1302818-1-5", "normal-1302818-1-6", "normal-1302818-2-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The \"rastacap\" or \"tam\" is a tall (sometimes depending on the user's hair length), round, crocheted cap.", "It is most commonly associated with the pat as a way for Rastafarians (Rastas) and others with dreadlocks to tuck their locks away, but may be worn for various reasons (such as religious) by Rastas and non-Rastas.", "The cap is worn mostly by men.", "It is sometimes erroneously referred to as a \"Tam\" (or \"tam\"), that was loosely ancestral to the rastacap.", "Other Caribbean terms for the rastacap include rastafar (sometimes with a silent terminal \"-r\"), toppah and simply cap or hat.", "In construction, the rastacap is similar to the tuque, but much larger.", "Most commonly crocheted, the hat can also be knit, woven, sewn, or constructed in a number of other ways.", "Examples with sun-cured palm leaves woven into the hat exist; this yields a semi-rigid design which a skilled islander can form rapidly.", "Rastacaps range in size and shape, as well as uses.", "People with dreadlocks and non-dreaded people alike wear rastacaps for fashion, convenience, religion, socio-political statement, and a number of other reasons.", "Some Rastas also wear rastacaps and other forms of headdress as a religious headcovering.", "It may also be worn by health and food service and heavy machinery workers with long hair, for workplace safety reasons.", "People of Jamaica and Barbados, as well as some outlying islands, have separately claimed to have originated the cap style, claiming ancestral heritage or even personal invention, albeit without credible, documented proof, relying on unsubstantiated drawings or mythical reference." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 219293, "simple_article_title": "Rastacap", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=219293", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-219293-0-0", "simple-219293-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The rastacap (also called a rastafar or toppa) is a tall, knitted, round cap, which is often brightly coloured.", "It comes from Jamaica and Barbados and is commonly thought of as a Rastafarian hat." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4361541, "normal_article_title": "John Oliver", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4361541", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4361541-0-0", "normal-4361541-0-1", "normal-4361541-0-2", "normal-4361541-0-3", "normal-4361541-0-4", "normal-4361541-0-5", "normal-4361541-1-0", "normal-4361541-1-1", "normal-4361541-1-2", "normal-4361541-1-3", "normal-4361541-2-0", "normal-4361541-2-1", "normal-4361541-2-2", "normal-4361541-2-3", "normal-4361541-3-0", "normal-4361541-3-1", "normal-4361541-4-0", "normal-4361541-4-1", "normal-4361541-4-2", "normal-4361541-4-3", "normal-4361541-4-4", "normal-4361541-5-0", "normal-4361541-5-1", "normal-4361541-5-2", "normal-4361541-5-3", "normal-4361541-6-0", "normal-4361541-6-1", "normal-4361541-6-2", "normal-4361541-6-3", "normal-4361541-7-0", "normal-4361541-7-1", "normal-4361541-7-2", "normal-4361541-8-0", "normal-4361541-9-0", "normal-4361541-9-1", "normal-4361541-10-0", 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"normal-4361541-26-0", "normal-4361541-27-0", "normal-4361541-28-0", "normal-4361541-29-0", "normal-4361541-29-1", "normal-4361541-29-2", "normal-4361541-29-3", "normal-4361541-30-0", "normal-4361541-30-1", "normal-4361541-30-2", "normal-4361541-30-3", "normal-4361541-30-4", "normal-4361541-30-5", "normal-4361541-30-6", "normal-4361541-30-7", "normal-4361541-30-8", "normal-4361541-30-9", "normal-4361541-30-10", "normal-4361541-30-11", "normal-4361541-31-0", "normal-4361541-31-1", "normal-4361541-31-2", "normal-4361541-32-0", "normal-4361541-32-1", "normal-4361541-32-2", "normal-4361541-32-3", "normal-4361541-32-4", "normal-4361541-32-5", "normal-4361541-32-6", "normal-4361541-32-7", "normal-4361541-32-8", "normal-4361541-33-0", "normal-4361541-33-1", "normal-4361541-33-2", "normal-4361541-33-3", "normal-4361541-34-0", "normal-4361541-34-1", "normal-4361541-35-0", "normal-4361541-35-1", "normal-4361541-35-2", "normal-4361541-35-3", "normal-4361541-35-4", "normal-4361541-35-5", "normal-4361541-36-0", "normal-4361541-36-1", "normal-4361541-36-2", "normal-4361541-36-3", "normal-4361541-36-4", "normal-4361541-37-0", "normal-4361541-37-1", "normal-4361541-37-2", "normal-4361541-38-0", "normal-4361541-38-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "John William Oliver (born 23 April 1977) is an English comedian, writer, producer, political commentator, actor, and television host.", "Oliver started his career as a stand-up comedian, both in the United Kingdom and United States.", "He came to wider attention for his work on \"The Daily Show with Jon Stewart\" as its senior British correspondent from 2006 to 2013.", "Oliver won three Primetime Emmy Awards for his work as a writer on \"The Daily Show\" and was its guest host for an eight-week period in 2013.", "In addition to \"The Daily Show\", Oliver co-hosted the satirical comedy podcast \"The Bugle\" (2007–2015) with Andy Zaltzman, with whom Oliver had previously co-hosted the radio series \"Political Animal\", and hosted \"John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show\" on Comedy Central from 2010 to 2013.", "He has also acted on television, most notably in a recurring role as Ian Duncan on the NBC sitcom \"Community\", and in films noticeably voiceover work in \"The Smurfs\" (2011) and its sequel and the remake of \"The Lion King\".", "Since 2014, Oliver has been the host of the HBO series \"Last Week Tonight with John Oliver\".", "He has received widespread critical and popular recognition for his work on the series, whose influence over US culture, legislation, and policymaking has been dubbed the \"John Oliver effect\".", "For his work on \"Last Week Tonight\", Oliver has won six Emmy Awards and two Peabody Awards and was included in the 2015 \"Time\" 100, being described as a \"comedic agent of change...powerful because he isn't afraid to tackle important issues thoughtfully, without fear or apology.\"", "Many have opined that Oliver's work is journalism or investigative journalism, a claim Oliver himself disputes.", "Oliver was born on 23 April 1977 in Erdington, Birmingham, West Midlands, England, to Carole and Jim Oliver.", "His father was both a school headmaster and social worker, and his mother was a music teacher.", "Both of his parents are originally from Liverpool, Merseyside.", "His uncle was the composer Stephen Oliver, and a paternal great-great-grandfather was William Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon and court chaplain to Queen Victoria.", "Since childhood, he has been a fan of Liverpool FC, noting in interviews that \"my mum's family are from Knotty Ash and my dad's family are from the Wirral, so supporting Liverpool was very much not a choice\".", "As a child, Oliver was educated in Bedford at the Mark Rutherford School.", "Following secondary school, he studied at Christ's College, Cambridge.", "While a student there in the mid-to-late 1990s, Oliver was a member of the Cambridge Footlights, the university theatrical club run by students of Cambridge University.", "Oliver's contemporaries in the troupe included David Mitchell and Richard Ayoade.", "In 1997, he became the club's vice president.", "In 1998, Oliver graduated from Christ's College with a degree in English.", "Oliver first appeared at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2001 as part of \"The Comedy Zone\", a late-night showcase of newer acts, where he played the character of an \"oleaginous journalist\".", "At the Festival and similar venues, Oliver frequently worked with other members of the Chocolate Milk Gang, a group of comedians who often collaborated and performed with one another, including Daniel Kitson, Russell Howard, David O’Doherty, and Alun Cochrane.", "He performed his debut solo show in 2002 and returned in 2003.", "In 2004 and 2005, he collaborated with Andy Zaltzman on a double act and co-hosting \"Political Animal\", with various acts performing political material.", "After moving to New York City for \"The Daily Show\", Oliver began performing stand-up in small clubs around the city and later headlined shows in larger venues.", "Oliver's first stand-up special, titled \"John Oliver: Terrifying Times\", debuted on Comedy Central in 2008 and was later released on DVD.", "Since 2010, Oliver has hosted four seasons of \"John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show\".", "In 2013, he went to Afghanistan on a USO tour to perform stand-up for the troops there.", "According to Edward Helmore in \"The Guardian\", \"His style leans toward the kind that Americans like best from the British – exaggerated, full of odd accents and mannerisms, in the vein of Monty Python.\"", "Oliver has used his British culture as a primary subject of his jokes.", "Oliver describes his own accent as a \"mongrel\" of Brummie, Scouse, and Bedford influences.", "Oliver continues to perform stand up.", "Prior to joining \"The Daily Show\", Oliver was making appearances on British television as a panellist on the satirical news quiz \"Mock the Week\".", "He was a frequent guest on the first two series in 2005 and 2006, appearing in 7 out of 11 episodes.", "Oliver joined \"The Daily Show with Jon Stewart\" as its Senior British Correspondent in July 2006.", "He says he was interviewed for the show on the recommendation of comedian Ricky Gervais, who had never met Oliver, but was familiar with his work.", "It was his first time in the United States.", "Two weeks after the interview, he got the job, flying from London to New York on a Sunday and unexpectedly appearing on camera the next day.", "Oliver received Emmy Awards for outstanding writing in 2009, 2011, and 2012.", "During the summer of 2013, Oliver guest-hosted \"The Daily Show\" for eight weeks while Stewart directed his movie \"Rosewater\".", "Oliver's performance received positive reviews, with some critics suggesting that he should eventually succeed Stewart as host of \"The Daily Show\" or receive his own show.", "CBS discussed the possibility of Oliver replacing Craig Ferguson on \"The Late Late Show\".", "Three months after his \"Daily Show\" hosting, HBO announced it was giving Oliver his own late-night show.", "From October 2007 to May 2015, Oliver co-hosted \"The Bugle\", a weekly satirical comedy podcast, with Andy Zaltzman.", "Originally produced by \"The Times\" of London, it became an independent project in 2012.", "Its 200th episode aired on 13 July 2012.", "The show reached a download count of 500,000 times a month.", "In 2009, Comedy Central announced that it would be ordering six episodes of the Oliver hosted \"John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show\", a stand-up series on Comedy Central that featured sets from himself and other stand-up comedians, including Janeane Garofalo, Brian Posehn, Paul F. Tompkins and Marc Maron.", "Oliver executively produced the show along with Avalon Television's Richard Allen-Turner, David Martin, James Taylor and Jon Thoday.", "Each episode featured four comics.", "From 2010 to 2013, four seasons of the show were produced, the final lasting eight episodes.", "Oliver began hosting \"Last Week Tonight with John Oliver\", a late-night talk show that takes a satirical look at news, politics, and current events, on 27 April 2014.", "His initial two-year contract with HBO was extended through 2017 in February 2015.", "Oliver says he has full creative freedom, including free rein to criticise corporations, given HBO's ad-free subscription model.", "His work on the show led to Oliver being named on the list of \"Time\" magazine's \"100 Most Influential People\" in 2015.", "In 2018, \"Last Week Tonight\" was honored with a Peabody Award in the \"Entertainment\" category for \"bringing satire and journalism even closer together,\" at the 77th Annual Peabody Awards.", "Oliver had a recurring role on the NBC comedy \"Community\" as psychology professor Ian Duncan.", "However, he declined becoming a regular cast member of the series because he did not want to leave \"The Daily Show\" for it.", "He did not appear in the show's third and fourth seasons, but returned in season five, appearing in seven of its 13 episodes.", "He was not in season six which aired on Yahoo!", "As a boy, Oliver played Felix Pardiggle, a minor role in the BBC drama \"Bleak House\" in 1985.", "Oliver has also worked on \"Gravity Falls\" as the voice of Sherlock Holmes (season 1, episode 3), \"Rick and Morty\" as an amoeba named Dr. Xenon Bloom (season 1, episode 3), \"People Like Us\" as a bank manager (season 2, episode 5), \"\" as the voice of Coach Green (season 1, episode 9), \"My Hero\" as a man from the BBC (season 2, episode 5), \"Green Wing\" as a car salesman (season 1, episode 1), and \"Bob's Burgers\" as a cat agent (season 7, episode 10).", "Oliver guest starred as Booth Wilkes-John in the 25th season episode \"Pay Pal\", of the FOX animated television series \"The Simpsons\".", "In 2008, Oliver was given his first film role, playing Dick Pants in \"The Love Guru\".", "He later voiced Vanity Smurf in \"The Smurfs\" film and its sequel.", "He was originally cast in 2010 to star in the Terry Jones film \"Absolutely Anything\" as Neil Clarke, but scheduling conflicts due to the debut of \"Last Week Tonight\" in 2014 led to the role being recast for Simon Pegg.", "In 2019, Oliver voiced porcupine Steve in the CGI animation \"Wonder Park\" and hornbill Zazu in the remake of Disney's \"The Lion King\".", "Oliver wrote and presented a BBC America campaign to have viewers use closed captioning (subtitles).", "Shown in brief segments before shows, \"The following program contains accents you would have heard a lot more if you hadn't thrown our tea into Boston Harbour,\" says one.", "\"Not even British people can follow the British accent 100 percent of the time.", "Therefore you, like me, might want to use closed-captioning.\"", "Oliver used some of these jokes in his stand-up routine.", "Oliver frequently appeared on the BBC Radio 5 Live sports show \"Fighting Talk\".", "From 2002 to 2003, Oliver worked on the BBC 3 comedy series \"The State We're In\", along with Anita Rani, Jon Holmes, and Robin Ince.", "In 2003, Oliver manned the \"results desk\" on an election night episode of Armando Iannucci's satirical show \"Gash\" on Channel 4.", "He would work with Iannucci again in 2005, as a panellist in the second episode of \"Armando Iannucci's Charm Offensive\".", "In 2004, Oliver wrote and performed in the satirical radio program \"The Department\" on BBC Radio 4, with frequent comedy partner Andy Zaltzman and Chris Addison.", "He portrayed the character Victor Gooch for all three series, prior to the cancellation of the program in 2006.", "Oliver performed various roles in the 2009 Comedy Central series \"Important Things with Demetri Martin\".", "In 2009, Oliver made a cameo appearance as the actor Rip Torn in the music video for the Fiery Furnaces single \"Even in the Rain\", which is based on the story of the making of the film \"Easy Rider\".", "In 2018, Oliver began working as an executive producer for \"Wyatt Cenac’s Problem Areas\".", "Oliver has listed five comedic influences: Armando Iannucci, David Letterman, Monty Python, Peter Cook, and Richard Pryor.", "On Monty Python he states, “citing them as an influence is almost redundant.", "I saw \"Life of Brian\" in middle school, when a substitute teacher put it on to keep us quiet on a rainy day.", "I’m not sure he knew exactly what he was showing us, but I’ve always been hugely grateful for the reckless professional mistake he made that day, because I’ve never forgotten how it made me feel.”", "Oliver's comedic commentary has been credited with helping influence US legislation, regulations, court rulings, and other aspects of US culture; this influence has been dubbed \"The John Oliver effect\".", "This came from the show's fifth episode, which dealt with net neutrality, a subject that had previously been considered obscure and technical.", "Oliver documented problems attributed to internet service providers and argued that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) could resolve these concerns with upcoming changes to internet regulation.", "Oliver then encouraged viewers to submit public comments through the FCC's website.", "The FCC's website promptly crashed.", "Internal FCC emails revealed the clip was being watched inside the agency.", "FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler publicly addressed the video.", "The FCC was flooded with 3.7 million comments on the subject, by far the most for any issue in the agency's history.", "Reporters detected a shift in the FCC's stance: Before Oliver's segment, \"The New York Times\" described an FCC proposal that would leave net neutrality \"all but dead,\" but the paper later said that chairman Wheeler showed \"a steady shift toward stronger regulation.\"", "Ultimately, the FCC enacted robust net neutrality rules that classified broadband internet service as a public utility.", "Oliver was credited with transforming the net neutrality debate.", "The official YouTube video of his net neutrality segment has been viewed over 14.6 million times as of May 2019.", "A Ninth Circuit Court judge cited a \"Last Week Tonight\" segment about the lesser constitutional rights of residents of US territories in a ruling in favour of the residents of Guam.", "Members of Congress credited Oliver with helping win a vote to enforce protections for chicken farmers who speak out about industry practices after a \"Last Week Tonight\" segment aired on the subject.", "A Washington, D.C. council member proposed a resolution in Oliver's honor after he aired a segment on the district's struggle to attain statehood.", "Oliver maintains that he is not a journalist, but reporters have argued that his show does engage in journalism.", "The Peabody Awards honoured Oliver, saying his program engages in \"investigative reports that 'real' news programs would do well to emulate\".", "One example of Oliver's investigative work is a segment on The Miss America Organization, which bills itself as \"the world's largest provider of scholarships for women.\"", "Oliver's team, which includes four researchers with journalism backgrounds, collected and analysed the organisation's state and federal tax forms to find that the organization's scholarship program only distributes a small fraction of its claimed \"$45 million made available annually\".", "Oliver said that at the national level, the Miss America Organization and Miss America Foundation together spent only $482,000 in cash scholarships in 2012.", "Oliver found that at the state level, The Miss Alabama Pageant claimed that it had provided $2,592,000 in scholarships to Troy University despite not actually distributing any such scholarships.", "The pageant appeared to multiply the value of a single available scholarship by the number of contestants theoretically eligible for it, while using the term \"provided\" in a way that did not mean \"distributed\".", "The official YouTube video of Oliver's Miss America segment has been viewed more than 15 million times.", "The Society of Women Engineers said Oliver's mention of their scholarship in his story led to $25,000 in donations in the first two days after the episode.", "Oliver has also founded and legally incorporated a church, Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption, to demonstrate how easy it is to qualify as a church and receive tax exempt status in the United States.", "The church was created in conjunction with a segment on televangelists who have tax-free mansions and private jets funded by millions of dollars in donations, which are sent in the belief that money given to televangelists can result in God rewarding donors with money, blessings, and cured diseases.", "The next week, Oliver showed off the large quantity of unsolicited donations mailed to him.", "The church's website stated that donations would go to Doctors Without Borders upon the church's dissolution.", "Oliver's February 2016 segment on presidential candidate Donald Trump received over 85 million views on Facebook and YouTube within a month, and was reportedly the \"most watched piece of HBO content ever\".", "A network spokesperson said on the piece, \"this is a record for any piece of HBO content\".", "Oliver lives in New York City with his wife Kate Norley, an Iraq War veteran who served as a United States Army medic.", "Oliver has said that they met at the 2008 Republican National Convention; he was doing a piece for \"The Daily Show\" and Norley was campaigning with Vets for Freedom.", "She and other veterans hid Oliver, the other correspondents, and the camera crew from security.", "The two married in October 2011.", "Together, the couple has two sons, one born prematurely in 2015 and one born in 2018.", "Oliver occasionally wears a 1st Cavalry Division lapel pin – his wife's unit in Iraq.", "Oliver's immigration status placed certain constraints on what he could do in his adopted country, but also provided him with comedy material as he poked fun at the opacity and occasional absurdity of the process of obtaining US residency.", "Oliver was one of the many writers on the picket lines during the Writers' Guild strike, which brought \"The Daily Show\" to a halt; he appeared on the show upon its resuming production on 7 January 2008.", "During a sketch, he pointed out that he was then in America on a visitors' visa that requires him not to strike while the show is in production, as violation of the terms of the visa would be grounds for deportation.", "When asked about his residency status in early 2009, Oliver said, \"It's an ongoing, and slightly unsettling, battle to be honest.", "I tried engraving 'Give me your tired, your poor, and your aspiring comic performers' into the base of the Statue of Liberty, but apparently that's not legally binding.\"", "In an episode of \"The Bugle\" released 31 October 2009, Oliver announced he \"finally got approved for his green card\" (for US residency), noting that now he can \"get arrested filming bits for \"The Daily Show\"\".", "Oliver says he was given a scare when applying at the United States embassy in London, when an immigration officer asked, \"Give me one good reason I should let you back in to insult my country,\" which the officer followed up with, \"Oh, I'm just kidding, I love the show.\"", "Since then, he has referred to Americans as \"us\" or \"you\" based on what each segment has demanded.", "Oliver's philanthropy includes an on-air giveaway in which he forgave over $15,000,000 of medical debt owed by over 9,000 people.", "He purchased the debt for $60,000 and forgave it on his show of 4 June in 2016." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 15674337, "normal_article_title": "Neuilly, Yonne", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15674337", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-15674337-0-0", "normal-15674337-0-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Neuilly is a former commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.", "On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valravillon." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 10887405, "normal_article_title": "Cariba Heine", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10887405", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-10887405-0-0", "normal-10887405-0-1", "normal-10887405-1-0", "normal-10887405-1-1", "normal-10887405-2-0", "normal-10887405-2-1", "normal-10887405-2-2", "normal-10887405-2-3", "normal-10887405-2-4", "normal-10887405-3-0", "normal-10887405-3-1", "normal-10887405-4-0", "normal-10887405-4-1", "normal-10887405-4-2", "normal-10887405-4-3", "normal-10887405-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Cariba Heine (born 1 October 1988) is a South African-born Australian actress and dancer.", "She is known for her roles as Rikki Chadwick in the Network Ten show \"\", Bridget Sanchez in the third series of \"Blue Water High\", and Caroline Byrne in \"\".", "Heine was born in Johannesburg to South African parents Michelle, a former showgirl, and Kevin Heine.", "She moved to Australia at the age of three with her parents and older brother Kyle (born 1985).", "Her early days included training in jazz dance, tap dance, classical ballet, acrobatics and rhythmic gymnastics, and studying acting and singing at National Capital Acting School.", "She danced at her mother's dance school in Canberra, where she later attended Telopea Park School and St Clare's College.", "She was the youngest dancer to perform at the Stargazers Convention in Sydney, Australia.", "She was homeschooled to focus on her dance career, and performed in many stage productions, including a tour in the United States, where she featured in the music video for Will Young's song \"Leave Right Now\".", "After a serious hip injury, she was suggested to turn temporarily to acting by her manager.", "Heine began her acting career in 2006 by being cast on the television series, \"\", where she played Rikki Chadwick, one of the lead roles.", "Heine next portrayed Caroline Byrne in the television film \"\" which was broadcast on Network Ten in Australia on 4 November 2009.", "In 2011, she joined the cast of the indie film \"Lord of the Crows\", though the film ultimately failed to get crowdfunded.", "In 2012, she portrayed Heather in \"Bait 3D\", and Delvene Delaney in Channel 9's biographical TV miniseries \"Howzat!", "In 2016, Heine reprised her role as Rikki Chadwick in the final two episodes of the third series of \"\", a spin-off of \"HO: Just Add Water\".", "The same year Heine had a starring role in the short film \"How'd I Get in This Field\" which premiered at the Massachusetts Independent Film Festival.", "Heine joined the cast of \"Home and Away\" in 2018 as Ebony Harding." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9165698, "normal_article_title": "Cecilia (Spanish singer)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9165698", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9165698-0-0", "normal-9165698-0-1", "normal-9165698-1-0", "normal-9165698-1-1", "normal-9165698-1-2", "normal-9165698-2-0", "normal-9165698-2-1", "normal-9165698-2-2", "normal-9165698-2-3", "normal-9165698-2-4", "normal-9165698-2-5", "normal-9165698-2-6", "normal-9165698-3-0", "normal-9165698-3-1", "normal-9165698-3-2", "normal-9165698-3-3", "normal-9165698-3-4", "normal-9165698-3-5", "normal-9165698-3-6", "normal-9165698-3-7", "normal-9165698-4-0", "normal-9165698-4-1", "normal-9165698-4-2", "normal-9165698-4-3", "normal-9165698-5-0", "normal-9165698-5-1", "normal-9165698-5-2", "normal-9165698-5-3", "normal-9165698-5-4", "normal-9165698-5-5", "normal-9165698-5-6", "normal-9165698-6-0", "normal-9165698-6-1", "normal-9165698-6-2", "normal-9165698-6-3", "normal-9165698-6-4", "normal-9165698-6-5", "normal-9165698-7-0", "normal-9165698-7-1", "normal-9165698-7-2", "normal-9165698-7-3", "normal-9165698-7-4", "normal-9165698-7-5", "normal-9165698-7-6", "normal-9165698-7-7", "normal-9165698-8-0", "normal-9165698-8-1", "normal-9165698-9-0", "normal-9165698-9-1", "normal-9165698-9-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Evangelina Sobredo Galanes, known as Cecilia, (October 11, 1948 – August 2, 1976) was a Spanish singer-songwriter.", "She took her stage name from the song \"Cecilia\" by Simon and Garfunkel.", "The daughter of diplomats, she was born in Madrid, spent her childhood in several countries (Spain, The United Kingdom, The United States, Jordan, Portugal) and was raised by an American nun.", "She attained a bachelor's degree in law in Spain before deciding to dedicate herself to music and composition.", "Her ironic and lyrical songs, sung in a tiny voice, contributed to the existentialist and feminist movements of Spanish \"canción protesta\" (\"protest songs\") of the 1960s and 1970s.", "Her first steps in the music field were with the group Expresión, featuring Nacho Sáez de Tejada and Julio Seijas.", "She wrote and sang in English.", "This band only published a single in 1970.", "In 1971 she signed up a contract as a solo artist with CBS-Spain.", "Julio Seijas remained as a collaborative musician on Cecilia ́s band.", "She tried to launch her career as 'Eva' but that name was already registered and in use by another Madrilenian artist.", "In those days, the CBS-Spain label had release Simon and Garfunkel ́s hit \"Cecilia\" and Evangelina took on that stage name.", "During her musical career as Cecilia, she released 3 LPs and 9 singles that were very well received by Spanish public.", "Cecilia was also a successful artist in Latin America.", "Her recordings were released in most Latin-speaking countries.", "She performed live in Colombia, Venezuela and Puerto Rico.", "She represented Spain in the fourth edition of the OTI Festival in 1975, which was held in San Juan, Puerto Rico with the song \"Amor de medianoche\" (Midnight Love).", "She ended up first runner-up.", "In 1976 she was working on several artistic projects, such as a tribute to poet Ramón del Valle-Inclán and launching her music career in the U.S.", "She was also developing some work as a musical producer.", "On 2 August 1976, Cecilia and the musicians of her band drove back to Madrid after a concert in Vigo, Galicia.", "Early in the morning, they were involved a car accident near Benavente.", "She, along with musician José Luis González, died.", "She was buried in the Madrilenian Cementerio de la Almudena.", "While Spanish singer songwriters such as Mari Trini or Joan Manuel Serrat followed French influences, Cecilia introduced a new style in the 1970s.", "She brought and combined into her music her American and Middle East experiences and also looked into Spanish folk tradition and literature.", "She sang in English and Spanish.", "Cecilia was influenced by The Beatles, Paul Simon, Bob Dylan and Joan Baez as she said in several press interviews.", "She performed and recorded songs of these artists.", "Her first single as \"Cecilia\" featured the song \"Reuníos\" asking to The Beatles to get back together as a group.", "The front cover of her first album \"Cecilia\" shows Evangelina wearing a boxing glove, a clear reference to Paul Simon ́s song \"The Boxer\".", "Cecilia wrote and recorded her own compositions in her studio recordings.", "The only exceptions are \"Lost little thing\", cover of Lennon and McCartney ́s \"Dear Prudence\" and \"Amor de Medianoche\" by Juan Carlos Calderón and Evangelina Sobredo.", "She composed about 70 songs.", "The exact number is unknown because some materials remain unpublished.", "She also wrote several songs for other Spanish artists such as Julio Iglesias, Massiel, Simone or Mocedades.", "She cultivated other artistic fields beside music: poetry, painting and potteryware.", "Like many other artists in Spain, Cecilia had to deal with the censorship of General Franco ́s government.", "Some lyrics and photographs from the albums had to be slightly altered or even removed to be approved.", "Those elements with references to feminism or to the Spanish Civil War were specially conflictuous.", "The song \"Un millón de muertos\" (\"A million dead\") after being altered and presented as \"Un millón de sueños\" (\"A million dreams\") was not approved to be played on the radio (\"No radiable\").", "\"Cecilia 2\" was the name that replaced \"Me quedaré soltera\" (\"I will remain single\") as the album title due to the feminism behind that statement.", "The front cover of the record, originally showing a pregnant Cecilia, was promptly removed by the record company.", "The super-hit \"Mi querida España\" had some words deleted on the final version to minimize subtle references to the Civil War and the end of the dictatorship.", "However, the authentic lyrics made it to print and came out in the inner side of the gatefold cover of the album.", "There have been posthumous compilations and a re-edition of her songs sung by famous artists like Merche Corisco, Miguel Bosé, Ana Belén, Manolo Tena, and Julio Iglesias in 1996.", "Some of her songs such as \"Un ramito de violetas\" and \"Dama, dama\" have been covered by many artists worldwide: Rocío Dúrcal, David Broza, Manzanita, Natalia Oreiro, Fangoria, Amaral and Pablo Milanés among many others.", "A total of 11 singles were published during Cecilia's life.", "6 of her songs hit the number 1 on Spanish best-selling and radio charts: \"Dama, Dama\", \"Nada de nada\", \"Andar\", \"Un ramito de violetas\", \"Mi querida España\" and \"Amor de Medianoche\".", "After her death, 3 more singles and a CD-single were released." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 21794, "normal_article_title": "Nostratic languages", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21794", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-21794-0-0", "normal-21794-0-1", "normal-21794-1-0", "normal-21794-1-1", "normal-21794-2-0", "normal-21794-2-1", "normal-21794-2-2", "normal-21794-3-0", "normal-21794-3-1", "normal-21794-3-2", "normal-21794-3-3", "normal-21794-3-4", "normal-21794-4-0", "normal-21794-5-0", "normal-21794-6-0", "normal-21794-6-1", "normal-21794-6-2", "normal-21794-6-3", "normal-21794-6-4", "normal-21794-6-5", "normal-21794-7-0", "normal-21794-7-1", "normal-21794-8-0", "normal-21794-8-1", "normal-21794-8-2", "normal-21794-8-3", "normal-21794-9-0", "normal-21794-9-1", "normal-21794-9-2", "normal-21794-9-3", "normal-21794-9-4", "normal-21794-10-0", "normal-21794-10-1", "normal-21794-10-2", "normal-21794-11-0", "normal-21794-12-0", "normal-21794-13-0", "normal-21794-13-1", "normal-21794-14-0", 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"normal-21794-46-0", "normal-21794-46-1", "normal-21794-46-2", "normal-21794-46-3", "normal-21794-46-4", "normal-21794-46-5", "normal-21794-46-6", "normal-21794-47-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Nostratic is a hypothetical and controversial macrofamily, which includes many of the indigenous language families of Eurasia, although its exact composition and structure vary among proponents.", "It typically comprises Kartvelian, Indo-European, and Uralic languages; some languages from the disputed Altaic family; the Afroasiatic languages spoken in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East; and the Dravidian languages of the Indian Subcontinent (sometimes also Elamo-Dravidian, which connects India and the Iranian Plateau).", "The hypothetical ancestral language of the Nostratic family is called Proto-Nostratic.", "Proto-Nostratic would have been spoken between 15,000 and 12,000 BCE, in the Epipaleolithic period, close to the end of the last glacial period.", "The Nostratic hypothesis originates with Holger Pedersen in the early 20th century.", "The name \"Nostratic\" is due to Pedersen (1903), derived from the Latin \"nostrates\" \"fellow countrymen\".", "The hypothesis was significantly expanded in the 1960s by Soviet linguists, notably Vladislav Illich-Svitych and Aharon Dolgopolsky, termed the \"Moscovite school\" by Allan Bomhard (2008, 2011, and 2014), and it has received renewed attention in English-speaking academia since the 1990s.", "The hypothesis is controversial and has varying degrees of acceptance amongst linguists worldwide with most rejecting Nostratic and other macrofamily hypotheses.", "In Russia, it is endorsed by a minority of linguists, such as Vladimir Dybo, but is not a generally accepted hypothesis.", "Allan Bomhard is a supporter, Lyle Campbell a critic.", "Some linguists take an agnostic view.", "Eurasiatic, a similar grouping, was proposed by Joseph Greenberg (2000) and endorsed by Merritt Ruhlen: it is taken as a subfamily of Nostratic by Bomhard (2008).", "The last quarter of the 19th century saw various linguists putting forward proposals linking the Indo-European languages to other language families, such as Finno-Ugric and Altaic.", "These proposals were taken much further in 1903 when Holger Pedersen proposed \"Nostratic\", a common ancestor for the Indo-European, Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, Turkish, Mongolian, Manchu, Yukaghir, Eskimo, Semitic, and Hamitic languages, with the door left open to the eventual inclusion of others.", "The name \"Nostratic\" derives from the Latin word \"nostrās\", meaning 'our fellow-countryman' (plural: \"nostrates\") and has been defined, since Pedersen, as consisting of those language families that are related to Indo-European.", "Merritt Ruhlen notes that this definition is not properly taxonomic but amorphous, since there are broader and narrower degrees of relatedness, and moreover, some linguists who broadly accept the concept (such as Greenberg and Ruhlen himself) have criticised the name as reflecting the ethnocentrism frequent among Europeans at the time.", "Martin Bernal has described the term as distasteful because it implies that speakers of other language families are excluded from academic discussion.", "Even so, the concept arguably transcends ethnocentric associations.", "(Indeed, Pedersen's older contemporary Henry Sweet attributed some of the resistance by Indo-European specialists to hypotheses of wider genetic relationships as \"prejudice against dethroning Indo-European from its proud isolation and affiliating it to the languages of yellow races\".)", "Proposed alternative names such as \"Mitian\", formed from the characteristic Nostratic first- and second-person pronouns \"mi\" 'I' and \"ti\" 'you' (exactly 'thee'), have not attained the same currency.", "An early supporter was the French linguist Albert Cuny—better known for his role in the development of the laryngeal theory—who published his \"Recherches sur le vocalisme, le consonantisme et la formation des racines en « nostratique », ancêtre de l'indo-européen et du chamito-sémitique\" ('Researches on the Vocalism, Consonantism, and Formation of Roots in \"Nostratic\", Ancestor of Indo-European and Hamito-Semitic') in 1943.", "Although Cuny enjoyed a high reputation as a linguist, the work was coldly received.", "While Pedersen's Nostratic hypothesis did not make much headway in the West, it became quite popular in what was then the Soviet Union.", "Working independently at first, Vladislav Illich-Svitych and Aharon Dolgopolsky elaborated the first version of the contemporary form of the hypothesis during the 1960s.", "They expanded it to include additional language families.", "Illich-Svitych also prepared the first dictionary of the hypothetical language.", "A principal source for the items in Illich-Svitych's dictionary was the earlier work of Alfredo Trombetti (1866–1929), an Italian linguist who had developed a classification scheme for all the world's languages, widely reviled at the time and subsequently ignored by almost all linguists.", "In Trombetti's time, a widely held view on classifying languages was that similarity in inflections is the surest proof of genetic relationship.", "In the interim, the view had taken hold that the comparative method—previously used as a means of studying languages already known to be related and without any thought of classification—is the most effective means to establish genetic relationship, eventually hardening into the conviction that it is the only legitimate means to do so.", "This view was basic to the outlook of the new Nostraticists.", "Although Illich-Svitych adopted many of Trombetti's etymologies, he sought to validate them by a systematic comparison of the sound systems of the languages concerned.", "The chief events in Nostratic studies in 2008 were the posting online of the latest version of Dolgopolsky's \"Nostratic Dictionary\" and the publication of Allan Bomhard's comprehensive treatment of the subject, \"Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic\", in 2 volumes.", "2008 also saw the opening of a website, \"Nostratica\", devoted to providing important texts in Nostratic studies online, which is now offline.", "Also significant was Bomhard's partly critical review of Dolgopolsky's dictionary, in which he argued that only those Nostratic etymologies that are strongest should be included, in contrast to Dolgopolsky's more expansive approach, which includes many etymologies that are possible but not secure.", "In early 2014, Allan Bomhard published his latest monograph on Nostratic, \"A Comprehensive Introduction to Nostratic Comparative Linguistics\".", "The language families proposed for inclusion in Nostratic vary, but all Nostraticists agree on a common core of language families, with differences of opinion appearing over the inclusion of additional families.", "The three groups universally accepted among Nostraticists are Indo-European, Uralic, and Altaic; the validity of the Altaic family, while itself controversial, is taken for granted by Nostraticists.", "Nearly all also include the Kartvelian and Dravidian language families.", "Following Pedersen, Illich-Svitych, and Dolgopolsky, most advocates of the theory have included Afroasiatic, though criticisms by Joseph Greenberg and others from the late 1980s onward suggested a reassessment of this position.", "The Sumerian and Etruscan languages, usually regarded as language isolates, are thought by some to be Nostratic languages as well.", "Others, however, consider one or both to be members of another macrofamily called Dené–Caucasian.", "Another notional isolate, the Elamite language, also figures in a number of Nostratic classifications.", "It is frequently grouped with Dravidian as Elamo-Dravidian.", "In 1987 Joseph Greenberg proposed a similar macrofamily which he called Eurasiatic.", "It included the same \"Euraltaic\" core (Indo-European, Uralic, and Altaic), but excluded some of the above-listed families, most notably Afroasiatic.", "At about this time Russian Nostraticists, notably Sergei Starostin, constructed a revised version of Nostratic which was slightly broader than Greenberg's grouping but which similarly left out Afroasiatic.", "Beginning in the early 2000s, a consensus emerged among proponents of the Nostratic hypothesis.", "Greenberg basically agreed with the Nostratic concept, though he stressed a deep internal division between its northern 'tier' (his Eurasiatic) and a southern 'tier' (principally Afroasiatic and Dravidian).", "The American Nostraticist Allan Bomhard considers Eurasiatic a branch of Nostratic alongside other branches: Kartvelian, Afroasiatic, and Elamo-Dravidian.", "Similarly, Georgiy Starostin (2002) arrives at a tripartite overall grouping: he considers Afroasiatic, Nostratic and Elamite to be roughly equidistant and more closely related to each other than to anything else.", "Sergei Starostin's school has now re-included Afroasiatic in a broadly defined Nostratic, while reserving the term Eurasiatic to designate the narrower subgrouping which comprises the rest of the macrofamily.", "Recent proposals thus differ mainly on the precise placement of Kartvelian and Dravidian.", "According to Greenberg, Eurasiatic and Amerind form a genetic node, being more closely related to each other than either is to \"the other families of the Old World\".", "There are a number of hypotheses incorporating Nostratic into an even broader linguistic 'mega-phylum', sometimes called Borean, which would also include at least the Dené–Caucasian and perhaps the Amerind and Austric superfamilies.", "The term SCAN has been used for a group that would include Sino-Caucasian, Amerind, and Nostratic.", "Allan Bomhard and Colin Renfrew are in broad agreement with the earlier conclusions of Illich-Svitych and Dolgopolsky in seeking the Nostratic Urheimat (original homeland) within the Mesolithic (or Epipaleolithic) in the Fertile Crescent, the stage which directly preceded the Neolithic and was transitional to it.", "Looking at the cultural assemblages of this period, two sequences in particular stand out as possible archeological correlates of the earliest Nostratians or their immediate precursors.", "Both hypotheses place Proto-Nostratic within the Fertile Crescent at around the end of the last glacial period.", "It has been proposed that the broad spectrum revolution of Kent Flannery (1969), associated with microliths, the use of the bow and arrow, and the domestication of the dog, all of which are associated with these cultures, might have been the cultural \"motor\" that led to their expansion.", "Certainly cultures which appeared at Franchthi Cave in the Aegean and Lepenski Vir in the Balkans, and the Murzak-Koba (9100–8000 BC) and Grebenki (8500–7000 BC) cultures of the Ukrainian steppe, all displayed these adaptations.", "Bomhard (2008) suggests a differentiation of Proto-Nostratic by 8,000 BCE, the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution in the Levant, over a territory spanning the entire Fertile Crescent and beyond into the Caucasus (Proto-Kartvelian), Egypt and along the Red Sea to the Horn of Africa (Proto-Afroasiatic), the Iranian Plateau (Proto-Elamo-Dravidian) and into Central Asia (Proto-Eurasiatic, to be further subdivided by 5,000 BCE into Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Proto-Altaic).", "According to some scholarly opinion the Kebaran is derived from the Levantine Upper Palaeolithic in which the microlithic component originated, although microlithic cultures were earlier found in Africa.", "Ouchtata retouch is also a characteristic of the Late Ahmarian Upper Palaeolithic culture of the Levant and may not indicate African influence.", "The following data is taken from Kaiser and Shevoroshkin (1988) and Bengtson (1998) and transcribed into the .", "The phonemes tabulated below are commonly reconstructed for the Proto-Nostratic language (Kaiser and Shevoroshkin 1988).", "Allan Bomhard (2008), who relies more heavily on Afroasiatic and Dravidian than on Uralic, as do members of the \"Moscow School\", reconstructs a different vowel system, with three pairs of vowels represented as: /a/~/ə/, /e/~/i/, /o/~/u/ , as well as independent /i/, /o/, and /u/.", "In the first three pairs of vowels, Bomhard is attempting to specify the subphonemic variation involved, inasmuch as that variation led to some of the vowel gradation (ablaut) and vowel harmony patterning found in various daughter languages.", "The reconstructed consonants of Nostratic are shown in the table below.", "Every distinction is supposed to be contrastive by the Nostraticists who reconstruct them.", "The following table is compiled from data given by Kaiser and Shevoroshkin (1988) and Starostin.", "They follow Illich-Svitych's correspondences in which Nostratic voiceless stops give (traditional) PIE voiced ones, and Nostratic glottalized stops give (traditional) PIE voiceless stops, in contradiction with the PIE glottalic theory, which makes traditional PIE voiced stops appeared like glottalized ones.", "To correct this anomaly, linguists such as Manaster Ramer and Bomhard have proposed to correlate Nostratic voiceless and glottalized stops with PIE ones, so this is done in the table.", "Because linguists working on Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic, and Proto-Dravidian do not usually use the IPA, the transcriptions used in those fields are also given where the letters differ from the IPA symbols.", "The IPA symbols are between slashes because this is a phonemic transcription.", "The exact values of the phoneme \"*p1\" in Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Dravidian are unknown. \"∅", "∅\" indicates disappearance without a trace.", "Hyphens indicate different developments at the beginning and in the interior of words; no consonants ever occurred at the ends of word roots.", "(Starostin's list of affricate and fricative correspondences does not mention Afroasiatic or Dravidian, and Kaiser and Shevoroshkin don't mention these sounds much; hence the holes in the table.)", "Note that, due to lack of research, there are at present several different mutually incompatible reconstructions of Proto-Afroasiatic (see for two recent reconstructions).", "The one used here has been said to be based too strongly on Proto-Semitic (Yakubovich 1998).", "Similarly, the paper by Kaiser and Shevoroshkin is much older than the newest \"Altaic Etymological Dictionary\" (2003; see Altaic languages article) and therefore assumes a somewhat different phonological system for Proto-Altaic.", "Because grammar is less easily borrowed than words, grammar is usually considered stronger evidence for language relationships than vocabulary.", "The following correspondences (slightly modified to account for the reconstruction of Proto-Altaic by Starostin et al. 2003) have been suggested by Kaiser and Shevoroshkin (1988).", "/N/ could be any nasal consonant.", "/V/ could be any vowel.", "(The above cautionary notes on Afroasiatic and Dravidian apply.)", "The verb stood at the end of the sentence (SV and SOV type).", "The 1st person was formed by adding the 1st ps.", "pronoun **mi to the verb; similarly, the 2nd ps.", "was formed by adding **ti.", "There were no endings for the 3rd ps.", "present \"or at least none can be reconstructed\", while the 3rd ps.", "preterit ending was **-di (Illich-Svitych 1971, pp. 218–19).", "Verbs could be active and passive, causative, desiderative, and reflective; and there were special markers for most of these categories.", "Nouns could be animate or inanimate, and plural markers differed for each category.", "There were subject and object markers, locative and lative enclitic particles, etc.", "Pronouns distinguished direct and oblique forms, animate and inanimate categories, notions of the type 'near':'far', inclusive:exclusive ..., etc.", "Apparently there were no prefixes.", "Nostratic words were either equal to roots or built by adding endings or suffixes.", "There are some cases of word composition...", "According to Dolgopolsky Proto-Nostratic language had analytic structure, which he argues by diverging of post- and prepositions of auxiliary words in descendant languages.", "Dolgopolsky states three lexical categories to be in Proto-Nostratic language: Word order was subject–object–verb when the subject was a noun, and object–verb–subject when it was a pronoun.", "Attributive (expressed by a lexical word) preceded its head.", "Pronominal attributive ('my', 'this') might follow the noun.", "Auxiliary words are considered to be postpositions.", "Personal pronouns are seldom borrowed between languages.", "Therefore the many correspondences between Nostratic pronouns are rather strong evidence for the existence of a Proto-Nostratic language.", "The difficulty of finding Afroasiatic cognates is, however, taken by some as evidence that Nostratic has two or three branches, Afroasiatic and Eurasiatic (and possibly Dravidian), and that most or all of the pronouns in the following table can only be traced to Proto-Eurasiatic.", "Nivkh is a living (if moribund) language with an orthography, which is given here.", "/V/ means that it is not clear which vowel should be reconstructed.", "For space reasons, Etruscan is not included, but the fact that it had /mi/ 'I' and /mini/ 'me' seems to fit the pattern reconstructed for Proto-Nostratic ideally, leading some to argue that the Aegean or Tyrsenian languages were yet another Nostratic branch.", "There is no reconstruction of Proto-Eskimo–Aleut, although the existence of the Eskimo–Aleut family is generally accepted.", "Below are selected reconstructed etymologies from Kaiser and Shevoroshkin (1988) and Bengtson (1998).", "Reconstructed ( = unattested) forms are marked with an asterisk.", "/V/ means that it is not clear which vowel should be reconstructed.", "Likewise, /E/ could have been any front vowel and /N/ any nasal consonant.", "Only the consonants are given of Proto-Afroasiatic roots (see above).", "Vladislav Illich-Svitych using his version of Proto-Nostratic composed a brief poem.", "(Compare Schleicher's fable for similar attempts with several different reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European.)", "The value of K̥ or Kʼ is uncertain—it could be /kʼ/ or /qʼ/ .", "H could similarly be at least /h/ or /ħ/ .", "V or ʌ is an uncertain vowel.", "While the Nostratic hypothesis is not endorsed by the mainstream of comparative linguistics, Nostratic studies by nature of being based on the comparative method remain within the mainstream of contemporary linguistics from a methodological point of view; it is the scope with which the comparative method is applied rather than the methodology itself that raises eyebrows .", "Nostraticists tend to refuse to include in their schema language families for which no proto-language has yet been reconstructed.", "This approach was criticized by Joseph Greenberg on the ground that genetic classification is necessarily prior to linguistic reconstruction, but this criticism has so far had no effect on Nostraticist theory and practice.", "Certain critiques have pointed out that the data from individual, established language families that is cited in Nostratic comparisons often involves a high degree of errors; Campbell (1998) demonstrates this for Uralic data.", "Defenders of the Nostratic theory argue that were this to be true, it would remain that in classifying languages genetically, positives count for vastly more than negatives (Ruhlen 1994).", "The reason for this is that, above a certain threshold, resemblances in sound/meaning correspondences are highly improbable mathematically.", "Pedersen's original Nostratic proposal synthesized earlier macrofamilies, some of which, including Indo-Uralic, involved extensive comparison of inflections.", "It is true the Russian Nostraticists and Bomhard initially emphasized lexical comparisons.", "Bomhard recognized the necessity to explore morphological comparisons and has since published extensive work in this area (see especially Bomhard 2008:1.273–386).", "According to him the breakthrough came with the publication of the first volume of Joseph Greenberg's Eurasiatic work, which provided a massive list of possible morphemic correspondences that has proved fruitful to explore.", "Other important contributions on Nostratic morphology have been published by John C. Kerns and Vladimir Dybo.", "Critics argue that were one to collect all the words from the various known Indo-European languages and dialects which have at least one of any 4 meanings, one could easily form a list that would cover any conceivable combination of two consonants and a vowel (of which there are only about 20×20×5 = 2000).", "Nostraticists respond that they do not compare isolated lexical items but reconstructed proto-languages.", "To include a word for a proto-language it must be found in a number of languages and the forms must be relatable by regular sound changes.", "In addition, many languages have restrictions on root structure, reducing the number of possible root-forms far below its mathematical maximum.", "These languages include, among others, Indo-European, Uralic, and Altaic—all the core languages of the Nostratic hypothesis.", "To understand how the root structures of one language relate to those of another has long been a focus of Nostratic studies.", "For a highly critical assessment of the work of the Moscow School, especially the work of Illich-Svitych, cf. Campbell and Poser 2008:243-264.", "It has also been argued that Nostratic comparisons mistake Wanderwörter and cross-borrowings between branches for true cognates." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 441573, "simple_article_title": "Nostratic", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=441573", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-441573-0-0", "simple-441573-0-1", "simple-441573-1-0", "simple-441573-1-1", "simple-441573-1-2", "simple-441573-2-0", "simple-441573-2-1", "simple-441573-2-2", "simple-441573-3-0", "simple-441573-3-1", "simple-441573-4-0", "simple-441573-4-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Nostratic is a hypothetical language family which includes many of the present-day language families of Eurasia.", "The idea is that Nostratic was spoken after the ice sheets melted, but before people spread out throughout Europe and Asia.", "Many of today's languages are descendants of Nostratic, so it is thought.", "These include the Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic and Kartvelian languages.", "Usually also included are the Afroasiatic languages native to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East, and the Dravidian languages of the Indian subcontinent.", "The name \"Nostratic\" is derived from the Latin \"nostrates\", meaning \"us\" (in other words, fellow countrymen).", "The idea was expanded in the 1960s by Soviet linguists, called the \"Moscovite school\" by Bomhard.", "It has received renewed attention in English-speaking academia since the 1990s.", "The hypothesis is controversial and has varying degrees of acceptance amongst linguists worldwide.", "Some linguists take an agnostic view.", "The hypothetical ancestral language of the Nostratic family is called Proto-Nostratic.", "It would have been spoken between 15,000 and 12,000 BC, in the Epipalaeolithic period, close to the end of the last glacial period." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 654142, "normal_article_title": "Wade Robson", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=654142", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-654142-0-0", "normal-654142-0-1", "normal-654142-0-2", "normal-654142-0-3", "normal-654142-1-0", "normal-654142-1-1", "normal-654142-1-2", "normal-654142-1-3", "normal-654142-2-0", "normal-654142-2-1", "normal-654142-2-2", "normal-654142-3-0", "normal-654142-3-1", "normal-654142-3-2", "normal-654142-3-3", "normal-654142-3-4", "normal-654142-3-5", "normal-654142-3-6", "normal-654142-3-7", "normal-654142-3-8", "normal-654142-4-0", "normal-654142-4-1", "normal-654142-4-2", "normal-654142-4-3", "normal-654142-4-4", "normal-654142-5-0", "normal-654142-5-1", "normal-654142-5-2", "normal-654142-5-3", "normal-654142-6-0", "normal-654142-6-1", "normal-654142-7-0", "normal-654142-8-0", "normal-654142-8-1", "normal-654142-9-0", "normal-654142-10-0", "normal-654142-11-0", "normal-654142-11-1", "normal-654142-12-0", "normal-654142-12-1", "normal-654142-13-0", "normal-654142-13-1", "normal-654142-14-0", "normal-654142-14-1", "normal-654142-14-2", "normal-654142-14-3", "normal-654142-14-4", "normal-654142-14-5", "normal-654142-15-0", "normal-654142-15-1", "normal-654142-15-2", "normal-654142-16-0", "normal-654142-16-1", "normal-654142-16-2", "normal-654142-16-3", "normal-654142-17-0", "normal-654142-17-1", "normal-654142-17-2", "normal-654142-18-0", "normal-654142-18-1", "normal-654142-18-2", "normal-654142-19-0", "normal-654142-19-1", "normal-654142-19-2", "normal-654142-19-3", "normal-654142-19-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Wade Jeremy William Robson (born 17 September 1982) is an Australian dancer and choreographer.", "He began performing as a dancer at age five, and has directed music videos and world tours for pop artists such as NSYNC and Britney Spears.", "Robson was the host and executive producer for \"The Wade Robson Project\", which aired on MTV in 2003.", "In 2007, he joined the Fox television dance series \"So You Think You Can Dance\" as a judge and choreographer.", "Robson was friends with pop singer Michael Jackson as a child.", "When Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse, Robson testified under oath at Jackson's trial, saying that Jackson had never abused him.", "In 2013, he reversed his position, saying Jackson had abused him.", "His allegations, and those of James Safechuck, are the subject of the 2019 documentary \"Leaving Neverland\".", "Robson was in a talent troupe called Johnny Young's Talent School, and the group did 14 shows a week, usually at venues like shopping malls.", "When he was nine, Robson moved to the United States with his mother and sisters.", "Michael Jackson assisted them in the move and recruited Robson to appear in three music videos: \"Black or White\", \"Jam\", and \"Heal the World\".", "At the age of 11, Robson had an agent.", "Along with friend DeWayne Turrentine, he formed the hip-hop duo Quo and by the end of the year released an album on Jackson's MJJ Music label through Epic/SME Records.", "The following year, he was teaching dance classes in Hollywood.", "He formed a troupe of dancing children, which performed internationally.", "He received his first choreography job for the R&B group Immature at 14.", "The job led to others for artists such as Britney Spears.", "Clients were sometimes reluctant to take direction from Robson, a self-described \"skinny little white kid\".", "When Spears first interviewed Robson to choreograph her tour, she exclaimed, \"He's a friggin' baby!\";", "; she had expected him to be in his 30s or 40s.", "During the late 1990s, while still a teenager, Robson choreographed Spears's Pepsi commercials, including one which aired during the 2001 Super Bowl.", "He choreographed the performance by NSYNC and Spears at the 1999 Video Music Awards and he co-directed Spears's 1999–2000 world tours as well as NSYNC's 2000 \"No Strings Attached\" Tour.", "In 2001, he choreographed Spears' \"I'm a Slave 4 U\" video and was choreographer and director of NSYNC's 2001 PopOdyssey Tour.", "In the NSYNC music video \"Pop\", Robson had to fill in for NSYNC member Joey Fatone during several of the dance sequences because of an injury that Fatone sustained at an NSYNC concert the night before the video shoot.", "That same year, he directed Spears's Dream Within a Dream Tour.", "Robson and NSYNC's Justin Timberlake partnered in 2001, co-writing the hit singles \"Pop\", \"Gone\", and \"See Right Through You\" on NSYNC's final album \"Celebrity\".", "Robson had initially written \"Celebrity\" for his own album, but was persuaded to let NSYNC record it instead.", "They also co-wrote Britney Spears' \"What It's Like to Be Me\", on which Timberlake sang backing vocals.", "The song's copyright is held jointly by Robson's and Timberlake's respective companies, WaJeRo Sound and Tennman Tunes.", "Robson was the creator and host of MTV's \"The Wade Robson Project\", a talent search competition for hip-hop dancers.", "The program was sponsored by Juice Batteries.", "In 2002, Robson was named one of \"Dance Magazine\"'s \"25 to Watch\".", "Dance clothing company Power T Dance developed a line of name-brand consumer dance shoes with Robson.", "The shoes were distributed in the U.S. through the Ralph Libonati Co.", "Robson appeared as himself in the 2004 urban dance film \"You Got Served\", which won Best Dance Sequence (Feature Film) at the 2004 American Choreography Awards.", "Robson has joined several other choreographers such as Mia Michaels and Shane Sparks on the PULSE Tour, a series of nationwide weekend workshops designed to give dancers the chance to train under top choreographers.", "In 2007, Robson began choreographing the American Idols LIVE!", "He also choreographed both group and partner pieces for the second and third seasons of \"So You Think You Can Dance\".", "In September 2007, Robson was awarded a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography for the dance number \"Ramalama (Bang Bang)\" on (Season 2) of \"So You Think You Can Dance\".", "The choreography continues to be one of the show's more memorable group performances to date.", "Robson was awarded his second Primetime Emmy Award in 2008 on Season 3 of \"So You Think You Can Dance\" for the jazz routine \"Humming Bird and the Flower\".", "The performance was lauded by the show's executive producer Nigel Lythgoe, who called it \"absolutely genius, brilliant, and one of those routines that we will remember on this series for a very long time.\"", "Robson and his wife Amanda were hired by Britney Spears to direct and choreograph The Circus Starring Britney Spears.", "When asked about working on the tour, Robson said, \"My wife and I are co-writing it and designing it.", "I'll choreograph probably a third of it and I'll hire other choreographers for different sections.", "We're in the midst of that.\"", "Rehearsals were set to begin in January 2009, however Robson and his wife were ultimately replaced by Jamie King.", "Spears's representatives explained that Robson was only hired to choreograph the promotional tour for \"Circus\", which ended in Japan in December 2008.", "Robson choreographed the animated feature film \"Happy Feet Two\", released in 2011.", "He originally was set to direct \"Step Up Revolution\", (released in 2012), but dropped out of the project for personal reasons.", "He was replaced by Scott Speer.", "When Robson was five years old, he befriended American singer Michael Jackson, who was touring Australia.", "Two years later, when Robson visited the US with his family to perform with Johnny Young's Talent School in Disneyland, Jackson invited the family to stay with him at his home, Neverland Ranch, also in California.", "In 2005, after Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse, Robson testified in his defense, saying he had slept in Jackson's bedroom several times but had never been molested.", "After Jackson's death in 2009, Wade said: \"His music, his movement, his personal words of inspiration and encouragement and his unconditional love will live inside of me forever.\"", "In 2013, Robson claimed that Jackson had sexually abused him, on two visits to the US and after he moved with his family to the US, when Robson was aged between seven and 14.", "Robson said his earlier denial was due to Jackson's \"complete manipulation and brainwashing\", and said that Jackson had said they would both go to jail if anyone learned of the abuse.", "Robson said that his change of story was provoked by becoming a father and experiencing nervous breakdowns in 2011 and 2012.", "In 2015, Robson's case was dismissed by a Los Angeles judge, ruling that Robson had missed the 12-month statutory deadline after Jackson's death.", "The judge did not rule on the credibility of the allegations.", "The allegations by Robson and another man, James Safechuck, are the focus of the 2019 documentary \"Leaving Neverland\".", "Robson dated Michael Jackson's niece Brandi, the daughter of Jackie Jackson for 7 years.", "Brandi states in the online \"Leaving Neverland\" counter-documentary \"\", that Robson and she met as children during a photoshoot with her uncle, Robson developed a crush on Brandi and asked Jackson to set the two up.", "The two were friends for ten years prior to the beginning of their relationship.", "Brandi also states that Robson cheated on her with Britney Spears during the latter's 1999–2001 tour, ending the pair's relationship, as well as the relationship between Spears and former boyfriend, Justin Timberlake; implying that Timberlake wrote \"Cry Me a River\" about Spears cheating on him with Robson.", "Neither Spears nor Timberlake have confirmed whether these rumours are true or not." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 64793, "simple_article_title": "Wade Robson", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64793", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-64793-0-0", "simple-64793-0-1", "simple-64793-0-2", "simple-64793-1-0", "simple-64793-1-1", "simple-64793-1-2", "simple-64793-1-3", "simple-64793-1-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Wade Jeremy Robson (born 1982) is an Australian professional dancer, choreographer, producer, and songwriter.", "He has performed as a dancer since the age of 5 with celebrities such as Michael Jackson and Britney Spears, and is also an award-winning choreographer, known for his own MTV show \"Wade Robson Project\", and the broadcast competition \"So You Think You Can Dance\".", "In 1994 he released an album as part of the hip hop group Quo.", "On May 1 2013 Robson sued Michael Jackson's estate.", "He did not sue Jackson because Jackson died in 2009.", "He said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14.", "He said that he would sue Jackson's father Joe for slander if he did not stop saying that Robson is lying.", "He and fellow accuser James Safechuck told their stories in the controversial documentary Leaving Neverland in 2019." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 28778260, "normal_article_title": "Lamia (Basque mythology)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28778260", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-28778260-0-0", "normal-28778260-0-1", "normal-28778260-0-2", "normal-28778260-0-3", "normal-28778260-1-0", "normal-28778260-2-0", "normal-28778260-2-1", "normal-28778260-3-0", "normal-28778260-3-1", "normal-28778260-3-2", "normal-28778260-4-0", "normal-28778260-4-1", "normal-28778260-5-0", "normal-28778260-5-1", "normal-28778260-5-2", "normal-28778260-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The lamia or lamina (plural: lamiak or laminak) is a siren- or nereid-like creature in Basque mythology.", "\"Lamiak\", \"laminak\" or \"amilamiak\" live in the river.", "They are very beautiful, and stay at the shore combing their long hair with a golden comb; they easily charm men.", "They have duck feet.", "In coastal areas, some believed that there were \"itsaslamiak\" in the sea, who had fish tails—a kind of mermaid.", "Lamiak help those who give them presents by providing them with help at work; if a farmer left them food at the river shore, they would eat it at night and in exchange would finish a field he had left unploughed.", "In some places, bridges were believed to have been built at night by lamiak: Ebrain (Bidarray, Lower Navarre), Azalain (Andoain, Gipuzkoa), Urkulu (Leintz-Gatzaga, Gipuzkoa), Liginaga-Astüe (Labourd).", "In some places lamiak had to go away if the bridge they were building at night was left unfinished at cockcrow.", "People believed that lamiak had left a river if a stone of the bridge was missing.", "Most lamiak disappeared when men built small churches in the forest.", "A lamia is at the other side of the rainbow combing her hair.", "When the sun lights her hair, the rainbow opens.", "In some places male lamiak also exist; they are strong and have built dolmens at night.", "Sometimes they can enter a house when its inhabitants are sleeping.", "They are given different names: \"Maideak\", \"Mairiak\", \"Mairuak\", \"Intxixuak\" (in Oiartzun, (Gipuzkoa), \"Saindi Maidi\" (in Lower Navarre).", "Many toponyms are related to lamiak: Lamikiz (Markina), Laminaputzu (in Zeanuri), Lamitegi (in Bedaio), Lamirain (in Arano), Lamusin (in Sare), Lamiñosin (in Ataun)." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 451208, "simple_article_title": "Lamia (mythology)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=451208", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-451208-0-0", "simple-451208-0-1", "simple-451208-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Lamia is a demon in Greek mythology.", "A monster who preyed on human beings and who sucked the blood of children.", "It is often described as having the head and breasts of a woman and the lower half of a serpent." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 14898345, "normal_article_title": "John Michael Wright", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14898345", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-14898345-0-0", "normal-14898345-0-1", "normal-14898345-0-2", "normal-14898345-0-3", "normal-14898345-0-4", "normal-14898345-0-5", "normal-14898345-0-6", "normal-14898345-1-0", "normal-14898345-1-1", "normal-14898345-1-2", "normal-14898345-2-0", "normal-14898345-2-1", "normal-14898345-2-2", "normal-14898345-2-3", "normal-14898345-3-0", "normal-14898345-3-1", "normal-14898345-3-2", "normal-14898345-3-3", "normal-14898345-3-4", "normal-14898345-3-5", "normal-14898345-4-0", "normal-14898345-4-1", "normal-14898345-4-2", "normal-14898345-4-3", "normal-14898345-5-0", "normal-14898345-5-1", "normal-14898345-5-2", "normal-14898345-5-3", "normal-14898345-5-4", "normal-14898345-6-0", "normal-14898345-6-1", "normal-14898345-6-2", "normal-14898345-6-3", "normal-14898345-6-4", "normal-14898345-7-0", "normal-14898345-7-1", "normal-14898345-7-2", "normal-14898345-7-3", "normal-14898345-7-4", "normal-14898345-7-5", "normal-14898345-7-6", "normal-14898345-7-7", "normal-14898345-7-8", "normal-14898345-7-9", "normal-14898345-8-0", "normal-14898345-8-1", "normal-14898345-8-2", "normal-14898345-9-0", "normal-14898345-10-0", "normal-14898345-10-1", "normal-14898345-10-2", "normal-14898345-10-3", "normal-14898345-10-4", "normal-14898345-10-5", "normal-14898345-11-0", "normal-14898345-11-1", "normal-14898345-11-2", "normal-14898345-11-3", "normal-14898345-11-4", "normal-14898345-12-0", "normal-14898345-12-1", "normal-14898345-13-0", "normal-14898345-13-1", "normal-14898345-13-2", "normal-14898345-13-3", "normal-14898345-13-4", "normal-14898345-13-5", "normal-14898345-14-0", "normal-14898345-14-1", "normal-14898345-14-2", "normal-14898345-14-3", "normal-14898345-14-4", "normal-14898345-14-5", "normal-14898345-15-0", "normal-14898345-15-1", "normal-14898345-15-2", "normal-14898345-15-3", "normal-14898345-15-4", "normal-14898345-15-5", "normal-14898345-15-6", "normal-14898345-15-7", "normal-14898345-15-8", "normal-14898345-16-0", "normal-14898345-16-1", "normal-14898345-16-2", "normal-14898345-16-3", "normal-14898345-16-4", "normal-14898345-16-5", "normal-14898345-16-6", "normal-14898345-17-0", "normal-14898345-17-1", "normal-14898345-17-2", "normal-14898345-17-3", "normal-14898345-17-4", "normal-14898345-17-5", "normal-14898345-18-0", "normal-14898345-18-1", "normal-14898345-18-2", "normal-14898345-18-3", "normal-14898345-18-4", "normal-14898345-18-5", "normal-14898345-18-6", "normal-14898345-18-7", "normal-14898345-18-8", "normal-14898345-19-0", "normal-14898345-19-1", "normal-14898345-19-2", "normal-14898345-19-3", "normal-14898345-20-0", "normal-14898345-20-1", "normal-14898345-20-2", "normal-14898345-20-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "John Michael Wright (May 1617 – July 1694) was a portrait painter in the Baroque style.", "Described variously as English and Scottish, Wright trained in Edinburgh under the Scots painter George Jamesone, and acquired a considerable reputation as an artist and scholar during a long sojourn in Rome.", "There he was admitted to the Accademia di San Luca, and was associated with some of the leading artists of his generation.", "He was engaged by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands, to acquire artworks in Oliver Cromwell's England in 1655.", "He took up permanent residence in England from 1656, and served as court painter before and after the English Restoration.", "A convert to Roman Catholicism, he was a favourite of the restored Stuart court, a client of both Charles II and James II, and was a witness to many of the political maneuverings of the era.", "In the final years of the Stuart monarchy he returned to Rome as part of an embassy to Pope Innocent XI.", "Wright is currently rated as one of the leading indigenous British painters of his generation, largely for the distinctive realism in his portraiture.", "Perhaps due to the unusually cosmopolitan nature of his experience, he was favoured by patrons at the highest level of society in an age in which foreign artists were usually preferred.", "Wright's paintings of royalty and aristocracy are included amongst the collections of many leading galleries today.", "John Michael Wright, who at the height of his career would interchangeably sign himself \"\"Anglus\"\" or \"\"Scotus\"\", is of uncertain origin.", "The diarist John Evelyn called him a Scotsman, an epithet repeated by Horace Walpole and tentatively accepted by his later biographer, Verne.", "However, writing in 1700, the English antiquarian Thomas Hearne claims Wright was born in Shoe Lane, London and, after an adolescent conversion to Roman Catholicism, was taken to Scotland by a priest.", "A London birth certainly seems supported by a baptismal record, dated 25 May 1617, for a \"Mighell Wryghtt\", son of James Wright, described as a tailor and a citizen of London, in St Bride's Church, Fleet Street, London.", "What is known is that, on 6 April 1636, the 19-year-old Wright was apprenticed to George Jamesone, an Edinburgh portrait painter of some repute.", "The Edinburgh Register of Apprentices records him as \"Michaell, son to James W(right), tailor, citizen of London\".", "The reasons for this move to Scotland are unclear, but may have to do with familial connections (his parents may have been London Scots) or the advent of plague in London.", "During his apprenticeship, Wright is likely to have lodged at the High Street tenement near the Netherbow Gate that served as Jameson's workplace.", "The apprenticeship was contracted for five years, but may have been curtailed by Jameson's imprisonment in late 1639.", "There is no record of any independent work by Wright from this period (his earliest known painting being a small portrait of Robert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury, painted in the early 1640s during his time in Rome).", "It is also possible that Wright met his wife during his Scottish residency.", "Nothing is known of her, except from a statement of thirty years later which describes her as \"related to the most noble and distinguished families of Scotland.\"", "If this is accurate, it may explain how Wright was later able to find aristocratic patronage.", "All that is known for certain is that Wright had at least one child by her, a son, Thomas.", "There is evidence to suggest that Wright went to France following his apprenticeship, however his eventual destination was Italy.", "It is possible that he arrived in Rome as early as 1642 in the entourage of James Alban Gibbes (a scholar of English descent), but he was certainly resident there from 1647.", "Although details of his time there are sketchy, his skills and reputation increased so much so that by 1648 he had become a member of the prestigious Accademia di San Luca (where he is recorded as \"\"Michele Rita, pittore inglese\"\").", "At that time, the Accademia included numbers of established Italian painters as well as illustrious foreigners including the French Nicolas Poussin and Spaniard Diego Velázquez.", "On 10 February that year he was elected to the \"Congregazione dei Virtuosi al Pantheon\", a charitable body promoting the Roman Catholic faith through art, which hosted an annual exhibition in the Pantheon.", "Wright was to spend more than ten years in Rome.", "During that time became an accomplished linguist as well as an established art connoisseur.", "He also became prosperous enough to build up a substantial collection of books, prints, paintings, gems and medals, including works attributed to Mantegna, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian and Correggio.", "He acquired some forty paintings – perhaps as much through dealing as collecting.", "Richard Symonds, the amateur painter and royalist, catalogued Wright's collection in the early 1650s (and designated him as \"Scotus\").", "In 1654, after a decade in Rome, Wright travelled to Brussels where his abilities were recognised by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria then governor of the Spanish Netherlands.", "Leopold employed him not as an artist, but as an advisor on antiquities.", "As the younger brother of the Emperor Ferdinand III and cousin of Philip IV of Spain, the Archduke had the wherewithal to amass a large collection of paintings and antiquities.", "Moreover, in the spring of 1655, the Archduke was enjoying a period of cordial relations with Oliver Cromwell, then Lord Protector of England.", "(Indeed, the two had been exchanging gifts of horses, and Leopold had provided Cromwell with choice tapestries and other artefacts for the refurbishment of the Palace of Whitehall.", "Cromwell also received an embassy from the Habsburgs congratulating him on his new office.)", "Since the execution of Charles I in 1649, Leopold had been purchasing artworks from the royal collections and those of various aristocrats, and, against this background, commissioned Wright to travel to London and acquire further specimens.", "A passport was issued to him as \"'Juan Miguel Rita, pintor Ingles, qua va a Inglaterra a procurar pinturas, medalas, antiguedades, y otras costa señaladas, que le hemosencargado...\" to allow him to travel to England.", "The passport is dated 22 May 1655, and signed by the Archduke at Brussels, indicating that Wright had left Italy for Flanders by this time.", "(The addition of the saint's name name, John, probably marks his conversion to Roman Catholicism at some time prior.)", "As one on an official mission, Wright would probably have offered greetings to Leopold's ambassador extraordinary in London, the Marqués de Lede, and to Alonso de Cárdenas, the regular Habsburg ambassador, who had also been engaged since 1649 in art procurement for the Spanish Monarch.", "The lack of records means that the timing and duration of this visit remain uncertain.", "However, de Lede left in late June, and de Cárdenas a few weeks later – as relations between Cromwell and the Habsburgs deteriorated – so Wright probably arrived back in Flanders, with any acquisitions he had made, just in time to learn of the Archduke's impending departure – and that of his huge art collection – from Brussels in the autumn of 1655.", "However, after the relocation of his patron to Vienna, Wright again visited London.", "Whatever his intentions, Wright did not return to Italy, rather he was joined in England by his family soon after.", "Despite his Roman Catholicism and the strong Protestantism of the Protectorate (1653–1659), Wright seems to have been able to find prestigious work.", "Indeed, Waterhouse speaks of him engaging in \"the most deliberate and unblushing toadying to Cromwell\" in his 1658 painting of a small posthumous portrait of Elizabeth Claypole, Oliver Cromwell's daughter (now in the National Portrait Gallery).", "This is an allegorical portrait depicting Elizabeth as Minerva, leaning on a carved relief representing the goddess springing from the head of Jove with the motto \"\"Ab Jove Principium\"\" – an allusion to Cromwell himself, whose cameo portrait she holds.", "Seemingly, he was also willing to work the other side of the political divide: in 1659 he painted Colonel John Russell who was a player in the \"Sealed Knot\" conspiracy to restore Charles II to the throne.", "That particular portrait is regarded by at least one critic as Wright's \"masterpiece\".", "After the restoration of Charles II in 1660, Wright's Roman Catholicism became less of a handicap, due to the King's preference for religious toleration.", "Never a good businessman, Wright encountered some financial difficulties and King Charles granted him the privilege of disposing of his collection of Old Masters by means of a lottery.", "The King himself acquired 14 of the paintings.", "By the early 1660s Wright had established a successful studio in London, and was described by diarist John Evelyn as \"the famous painter Mr Write\".", "Later, the Great Plague of London (1665) drove Wright out to countryside, where he painted at least three members of the Catholic family of Arundell of Wardour.", "Ironically, in the next year, the Great Fire of London (1666) was to be of benefit to him, when he received one of the City of London's first new artistic commissions to paint twenty-two full length portraits of the so-called 'Fire Judges' (those appointed to assess the property disputes arising from the fire).", "These paintings, completed in 1670, hung in London's Guildhall until it was bombed during World War II; today only two (those of Sir Matthew Hale and Sir Hugh Wyndham) remain in the Guildhall Art Gallery the remainder having been destroyed or dispersed.", "Charles II, who promoted a number of Roman Catholics at court, granted Wright a measure of royal art patronage.", "In 1661, soon after the coronation, he painted a formalised portrait of the monarch, seated in front of a tapestry representing the Judgement of Solomon, wearing St. Edward's Crown, the robes of the Garter, and carrying the orb and sceptre.", "Wright was also commissioned to paint an allegorical ceiling for the King's bedchamber at Whitehall Palace, and he was further appointed in 1673 to the office of \"picture drawer in ordinary\", allowing him to exercise his right to sign his pictures \"Pictor Regis\".", "However, to his disappointment, he did not receive the coveted office of \"King's Painter\", which was held in the 1660s by Sir Peter Lely alone.", "In contrast to Wright's sympathetic realism, and carefully observed landscape backgrounds, Lely had a more glamorous style, favoured by the court, and based on Van Dyck's pre-Civil War style.", "This prompted the diarist Samuel Pepys to remark, after an enjoyable visit to Lely's studio, \"thence to Wright's the painters: but Lord, the difference that is between their two works\".", "Unlike Lely, who was knighted, Wright never received significant recognition from King Charles.", "However, at least one admirer thought he did deserve it.", "In 1669, Wright and the miniaturist Samuel Cooper had met Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.", "Cosimo later called at Wright's studio where he commissioned a portrait of the Duke of Albemarle from Wright.", "On 3 March 1673, perhaps some time after Wright had painted his state picture of Charles II (now in the Royal Collection), a strange letter was sent from an obscure \"Mairie Lady Hermistan\" (evidently a fellow Roman Catholic) to Cosimo, asking him to intercede with the King to grant Wright a baronetcy.", "However, nothing came of the request.", "As antipathy towards Catholics intensified in London from the late 1670s, Wright spent more time working away from court.", "He painted six family portraits for Sir Walter Bagot of Blithfield in Staffordshire in 1676/7.", "In 1678, he removed to Dublin for a number of years, perhaps due to the anti-Catholic hysteria generated by Titus Oates's Popish Plot.", "Here, still styling himself \"\"Pictor Regis\"\", he painted \"The Ladies Catherine and Charlotte Talbot\", which is today in the National Gallery of Ireland.", "He also painted two full-lengths portraits of costumed chieftains, the \"Sir Neil O'Neill\" (c. 1680), now in the Tate Collection, and the \"Lord Mungo Murray\" (c.1683), now in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.", "Sir Neil O'Neill was a fellow Roman Catholic, also in exile in Dublin.", "Wright portrayed him in the dress costume of an Irish chieftain, with suit of rare Japanese armour at his feet.", "The significance of this armour is that it is thought to be a coded symbol of a triumph over the persecutors of Roman Catholicism, of whom, at that time, the Japanese were notorious.", "The portrait of Mungo Murray (the 5th son of the Royalist Marquis of Atholl) is notable for being considered one of the first instance of Scottish tartan being portrayed in art.", "In 1685, when the openly Roman Catholic James II ascended the throne, Wright was able to return to royal service.", "However, significantly, James did not employ Wright as an artist, but gave him the \"time consuming and futile post\" of steward on a diplomatic embassy.", "He was appointed as steward to Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine husband of Barbara Villiers, the late King's mistress.", "Wright's knowledge of Rome and of the Italian language may have played a part in this, as Castlemaine was dispatched, in 1686, on an embassy to Pope Innocent XI to demonstrate that England could become a player on the Roman Catholic side in impending European conflicts.", "Wright's role in the embassy was to oversee the production of elaborate coaches, costumes and decorations for the procession, which secured a papal audience in January 1687.", "He also arranged a stupendous banquet for a thousand guests in the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj, complete with sugar sculptures and a large state portrait of James II.", "While in Rome, Wright published an illustrated Italian account of the embassy, dedicated to the Duchess of Modena and, on his return, an English version was published in October 1687, dedicated to her daughter Queen Mary.", "Wright's career came to an end in 1688 with the expulsion of King James II during the Glorious Revolution.", "He seems to have accepted the inevitable end of his royal favour with the accession to the throne of the Protestant William of Orange.", "He lived on, in relative poverty, for a further six years until 1694.", "In March of that year, he made a will leaving his house in St Paul's parish to his niece Katherine Vaux.", "His collection of drawings, prints and books were left to his nephew, the painter Michael Wright; however a codicil to the will stated that the books were to be sold on behalf of his son Thomas, who was then abroad.", "The books were auctioned on 4 June and on 1 August 1694, John Michael Wright was buried at St Martin-in-the-Fields.", "Much of the scholarly appreciation of Wright's work is fairly recent.", "In 1982, an exhibition of his work: ‘John Michael Wright – The King’s Painter’ – in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery – led to a renewed interest in his contributions, and the catalogue (edited by Sara Stevenson and Duncan Thomson) re-wrote and uncovered much of the known biographical details.", "New works continue to be discovered and previously known ones re-attributed to him.", "Wright is now viewed as amongst the most successful of seventeenth-century Britain's indigenous artists, and is rated alongside contemporaries such as Robert Walker and William Dobson.", "One modern exhibition catalogue described him as \"the finest seventeenth century British-born painter\".", "Certainly, he was one of the few who painted the elite aristocracy of his day, and was responsible for some of the most magnificent royal portraiture surviving.", "This achievement is particularly significant in an age where even British patrons had tended to favour foreign artists like Holbein and Van Dyck, and would continue to favour immigrants such as Lely and Kneller.", "Indeed, part of the reason for Wright's success is recognised as being his unusually cosmopolitan training: no prior British artist had so much exposure to European influence.", "During his Italian sojourn, and his participation in the Accademia di San Luca, not only had Wright collected works attributed to continental giants like Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian, he had also been influenced by, and even copied, much of their tone and style.", "In his field and day, Wright was certainly eclipsed by his rival the more prolific Lely, to whom he is often compared.", "One critic, Millar, observes that any comparisons undertaken would \"ruthlessly expose Wright's weaknesses and mannerisms\" but that positively \"they would also demonstrate his remarkable independence, his unfailing integrity and charm, the sources of which must partly lie in his unusual origins, fragmented career and attractive personality\".", "Millar suggests that a particularly useful comparison can be made between Lely and Wright's respective portrayals of the Duchess of Clevland (Barbara Villiers) \"(above)\".", "Whereas Lely portrayed her as a \"full-blown and palpably desirable strumpet\", the more seriously minded Wright, who was not really in sympathy with the morality of the new court and its courtesans, rendered a more puppet-like figure.", "However, even if Lely was considered the more masterly and fashionable of the two in seventeenth-century Britain, Wright is generally accepted as portraying the more lively and realistic likenesses of his subjects, a fact that reinforces Pepys's observation that Lely's work was \"good but not like\".", "Neither should Wright's realism be confused with a prudishness; as can be seen, for example, in his portrait the lady, thought to be Ann Davis (right).", "The picture, with the sitter's clothing left undone and her modesty barely preserved by a red drape, has been described as exhibiting a fresh – even risky – reality: erotic by contemporary standards.", "Whereas Wright's contemporaries might have used the ‘disguise’ of presenting the sitter in the guise of a classical goddess to protect against accusation of salaciousness, Wright's portrait rather depends on his realism, notably in his flesh tones, and depth." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 250430, "simple_article_title": "John Michael Wright", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250430", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-250430-0-0", "simple-250430-1-0", "simple-250430-1-1", "simple-250430-1-2", "simple-250430-1-3", "simple-250430-1-4", "simple-250430-2-0", "simple-250430-2-1", "simple-250430-2-2", "simple-250430-2-3", "simple-250430-2-4", "simple-250430-3-0", "simple-250430-3-1", "simple-250430-3-2", "simple-250430-3-3", "simple-250430-3-4", "simple-250430-4-0", "simple-250430-4-1", "simple-250430-4-2", "simple-250430-5-0", "simple-250430-5-1", "simple-250430-5-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "John Michael Wright (May 1617 – July 1694) was a British portrait painter in the Baroque style.", "Wright was taught in Edinburgh by the Scots painter George Jamesone.", "He became a famous artist and scholar during his long journey in Rome.", "There, he entered the Accademia di San Luca, and came to know some of the most important artists of his time.", "He was hired by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands in 1655.", "His job was to find artworks in Oliver Cromwell's England in 1655.", "He settled in England from 1656.", "He served there as a court painter before and after the English Restoration.", "A Roman Catholic, he was favoured by the Stuart court.", "Hired by both Charles II and James II, he saw many of the political experiences of the era.", "In the last years of the Stuart rule he went back to Rome as part of an embassy to Pope Innocent XI.", "Today, Wright is seen as one of the most important British painters of his time.", "He is important mostly because of the special realism he used in his portraits.", "Perhaps because of his unusual experiences, he was favoured by people of the highest level of society.", "This was surprising in an age in which foreign artists were usually more liked.", "Wright's paintings of royalty and aristocracy are in the collections of many great galleries today.", "John Michael Wright, who would later sign himself \"\"Anglus\"\" or \"\"Scotus\"\", is of uncertain origin.", "The diarist John Evelyn called him a Scotsman.", "Horace Walpole and his later biographer, Verne, agreed with this.", "But in 1700, Thomas Hearne claimed that Wright was born in Shoe Lane, London.", "He added that after Wright became a Roman Catholic when he was an adolescent, he was taken to Scotland by a priest.", "A baptismal record, dated 25 May 1617, for a \"Mighell Wryghtt\", son of James Wright, described as a tailor and a citizen of London, in London, seems to agree with this claim." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 43257749, "normal_article_title": "Howard W. Jones", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43257749", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-43257749-0-0", "normal-43257749-0-1", "normal-43257749-0-2", "normal-43257749-0-3", "normal-43257749-0-4", "normal-43257749-1-0", "normal-43257749-1-1", "normal-43257749-1-2", "normal-43257749-2-0", "normal-43257749-2-1", "normal-43257749-2-2", "normal-43257749-2-3", "normal-43257749-2-4", "normal-43257749-3-0", "normal-43257749-3-1", "normal-43257749-3-2", "normal-43257749-4-0", "normal-43257749-4-1", "normal-43257749-4-2", "normal-43257749-4-3", "normal-43257749-4-4", "normal-43257749-4-5", "normal-43257749-5-0", "normal-43257749-5-1", "normal-43257749-5-2", "normal-43257749-5-3", "normal-43257749-5-4", "normal-43257749-5-5", "normal-43257749-6-0", "normal-43257749-6-1", "normal-43257749-6-2", "normal-43257749-6-3", "normal-43257749-6-4", "normal-43257749-7-0", "normal-43257749-7-1", "normal-43257749-7-2", "normal-43257749-7-3", "normal-43257749-8-0", "normal-43257749-8-1", "normal-43257749-8-2", "normal-43257749-9-0", "normal-43257749-9-1", "normal-43257749-9-2", "normal-43257749-9-3", "normal-43257749-10-0", "normal-43257749-10-1", "normal-43257749-10-2", "normal-43257749-11-0", "normal-43257749-11-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Howard Wilbur Jones, Jr. (December 30, 1910 – July 31, 2015) was an American gynecological surgeon and in vitro fertilization (IVF) specialist.", "Jones and his wife, Georgeanna Seegar Jones, were two of the earliest reproductive medicine specialists in the United States.", "They established the reproductive medicine center that was responsible for the birth of the first IVF baby in the U.S.", "He wrote articles on the beginning of human personhood and testified before legislators on the same subject.", "He was one of the early physicians to perform sex reassignment surgeries.", "Jones was on the faculty at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine from the 1940s until his mandatory retirement from the institution in 1978.", "He and his wife moved to Virginia and were affiliated with Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS).", "Jones retired in the 1990s, but he continued to write and spent time at EVMS until shortly before his death.", "Jones was born in Baltimore to Howard Wilbur Jones, Sr. and Edith Ruth Marling Jones on December 30, 1910.", "Even though he lived in the city, Jones was educated for a few years in a rural public school to avoid the city public school system.", "When Jones was a child, he went on house calls and hospital visits with his father, who was a physician.", "Jones's father died when he was 13 years old.", "Jones's mother moved him to a private school after the death of his father.", "He earned an undergraduate degree from Amherst College in 1931 and a medical degree from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1935.", "Jones completed a residency in surgery and then joined the U.S. Army during World War II, leading an Auxiliary Surgical Group team in Patton's Third Army.", "After the war, Jones was invited to complete a second residency in gynecology.", "Jones and his wife joined the faculty at Johns Hopkins on a part-time basis in 1948.", "He was the initial treating physician of Henrietta Lacks when she presented to Johns Hopkins with cancer in 1951.", "Jones took a biopsy of Lacks's tumor and sent samples to his laboratory colleagues.", "The cells, later known as HeLa cells, grew at an astonishing rate in the lab and were shipped and sold to researchers for various purposes.", "Research with the cells helped to facilitate medical breakthroughs, including the vaccines for polio and human papillomavirus, though controversy later arose because the cells were being used without the knowledge of Lacks or her family.", "Jones's role in the Lacks case was described in the book \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks\".", "In 1960, the Joneses left private practice to join the Johns Hopkins faculty full-time.", "While there, Howard Jones participated in sex reassignment surgeries.", "In 1967, when sexual identity specialist John Money recommended sex reassignment for a child named David Reimer, Jones performed the surgery.", "Reimer, who had suffered a severe penile injury during a circumcision, was 22 months old when Jones removed his testicles, shaped his scrotal tissue to look like labia and repositioned his urethral opening.", "Money declared the procedure a success.", "The case became controversial when Reimer experienced gender identity problems and ultimately committed suicide at the age of 38.", "In the 1960s, he was able to participate in experiments involving sperm and oocytes with Robert Edwards, the doctor whose work later created the world's first test tube baby.", "In 1978, Jones faced mandatory retirement from Johns Hopkins.", "The Joneses moved to Virginia and established the Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine at the Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS).", "They created an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program at EVMS, which resulted in the 1981 birth of Elizabeth Jordan Carr, the first test tube baby in the country.", "Before his first successful IVF treatment, the clinic experienced 41 failed attempts at IVF.", "After his wife developed Alzheimer's disease in the late 1990s, Jones officially retired from his institute so that he could care for her.", "However, as of 2013, Jones still spent a few hours per day at EVMS and was writing his twelfth book.", "In February 2012, Jones successfully appealed to Virginia legislators to stop a bill that would have declared life to begin at conception.", "Jones said that the bill would have interfered with medical treatment for infertility.", "Jones has been recognized with a Distinguished Service Award from the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.", "He was named a Fellow ad eundem of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in 1986.", "Jones and his wife received Distinguished Alumnus Awards from Johns Hopkins University in 1997.", "In 2011, Jones wrote an article for \"The Yale Journal for Humanities in Medicine\" on his keys to a long life.", "\"First, I am the result of a tremendous shuffling of genetic material, which included some 3 billion potential variables.", "My combination seems to confer longevity,\" he said.", "He also wrote that his career and his family life had been enjoyable and rewarding, which had enhanced his longevity.", "Jones was married for 64 years before his wife's 2005 death.", "A son, Howard Jones, III, became the chairman of obstetrics and gynecology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in 2009.", "A daughter, Georgeanna Jones Klingensmith, is a pediatric endocrinologist in Denver.", "Jones died of respiratory failure on July 31, 2015 at the age of 104.", "He had been hospitalized at the Sentara Heart Hospital for the two weeks preceding his death." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 510420, "simple_article_title": "Howard W. Jones", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=510420", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-510420-0-0", "simple-510420-0-1", "simple-510420-1-0", "simple-510420-1-1", "simple-510420-1-2", "simple-510420-2-0", "simple-510420-3-0", "simple-510420-3-1", "simple-510420-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Howard Wilbur Jones, Jr. (December 30, 1910 – July 31, 2015) was an American gynecological surgeon and in vitro fertilization (IVF) specialist.", "Jones and his wife, Georgeanna Seegar Jones, were two of the earliest reproductive medicine specialists in the United States.", "They established the reproductive medicine center that was responsible for the birth of the first IVF baby in the U.S.", "He wrote articles on the beginning of human personhood and testified before legislators on the same subject.", "He was one of the early physicians to perform sex reassignment surgeries.", "Jones was on the faculty at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine from the 1940s until his mandatory retirement from the institution in 1978.", "Jones was born in Baltimore, Maryland.", "He studied at Amherst College.", "Jones died in Norfolk, Virginia from respiratory failure, aged 104." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 63685, "normal_article_title": "Van, Turkey", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63685", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-63685-0-0", "normal-63685-0-1", "normal-63685-0-2", "normal-63685-0-3", "normal-63685-1-0", "normal-63685-1-1", "normal-63685-2-0", "normal-63685-2-1", "normal-63685-3-0", "normal-63685-3-1", "normal-63685-3-2", "normal-63685-3-3", "normal-63685-4-0", "normal-63685-5-0", "normal-63685-5-1", "normal-63685-5-2", "normal-63685-5-3", "normal-63685-5-4", "normal-63685-5-5", "normal-63685-5-6", "normal-63685-5-7", "normal-63685-5-8", "normal-63685-6-0", "normal-63685-6-1", "normal-63685-6-2", "normal-63685-6-3", "normal-63685-6-4", "normal-63685-6-5", "normal-63685-6-6", "normal-63685-7-0", "normal-63685-7-1", "normal-63685-7-2", "normal-63685-7-3", "normal-63685-7-4", "normal-63685-8-0", "normal-63685-8-1", "normal-63685-8-2", "normal-63685-8-3", "normal-63685-8-4", "normal-63685-8-5", "normal-63685-8-6", "normal-63685-8-7", "normal-63685-9-0", "normal-63685-9-1", "normal-63685-9-2", "normal-63685-10-0", "normal-63685-10-1", "normal-63685-10-2", "normal-63685-10-3", "normal-63685-11-0", "normal-63685-11-1", "normal-63685-11-2", "normal-63685-11-3", "normal-63685-11-4", "normal-63685-11-5", "normal-63685-11-6", "normal-63685-12-0", "normal-63685-12-1", "normal-63685-13-0", "normal-63685-13-1", "normal-63685-13-2", "normal-63685-13-3", "normal-63685-13-4", "normal-63685-14-0", "normal-63685-14-1", "normal-63685-14-2", "normal-63685-14-3", "normal-63685-14-4", "normal-63685-14-5", "normal-63685-14-6", "normal-63685-14-7", "normal-63685-14-8", "normal-63685-15-0", "normal-63685-15-1", "normal-63685-15-2", "normal-63685-15-3", "normal-63685-15-4", "normal-63685-15-5", "normal-63685-16-0", "normal-63685-16-1", "normal-63685-16-2", "normal-63685-17-0", "normal-63685-17-1", "normal-63685-18-0", "normal-63685-18-1", "normal-63685-18-2", "normal-63685-19-0", "normal-63685-20-0", "normal-63685-20-1", "normal-63685-20-2", "normal-63685-21-0", "normal-63685-21-1", "normal-63685-21-2", "normal-63685-21-3", "normal-63685-22-0", "normal-63685-22-1", "normal-63685-22-2", "normal-63685-23-0", "normal-63685-23-1", "normal-63685-23-2", "normal-63685-23-3", "normal-63685-23-4", "normal-63685-23-5", "normal-63685-23-6", "normal-63685-24-0", "normal-63685-24-1", "normal-63685-24-2", "normal-63685-24-3", "normal-63685-25-0", "normal-63685-26-0", "normal-63685-26-1", "normal-63685-27-0", "normal-63685-27-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Van ( ; ; ; , \"Eua\") is a city in eastern Turkey's Van Province, located on the eastern shore of Lake Van.", "The city has a long history as a major urban area.", "It has been a large city since the first millennium BC, initially as Tushpa, the capital of the kingdom of Urartu from the 9th century BC to the 6th century BC, and later as the center of the Armenian kingdom of Vaspurakan.", "Today, Van has a Kurdish majority and a sizeable Turkish minority.", "In 2010 the official population figure for Van was 367,419, but many estimates put it much higher with a 1996 estimate stating 500,000 and former Mayor Burhan Yengun is quoted as saying it may be as high as 600,000.", "The Van Central district stretches over 2289 km2 .", "Archaeological excavations and surveys carried out in Van province indicate that the history of human settlement in this region goes back at least as far as 5000 BC.", "The Tilkitepe Mound, which is on the shores of Lake Van and a few kilometres to the south of Van Castle, is the only source of information about the oldest culture of Van.", "Under the ancient name of \"Tushpa\", Van was the capital of the Urartian kingdom in the 9th century BC.", "The early settlement was centered on the steep-sided bluff now known as Van Castle (\"Van Kalesi\"), close to the edge of Lake Van and a few kilometers west of the modern city.", "Here have been found Urartian cuneiform inscriptions dating to the 8th and 7th centuries BC.", "In the trilingual Behistun inscription, carved in the order of Darius the Great of Persia, the country referred to as \"Urartu\" in Babylonian is called \"Armenia\" in Old Persian.", "The name 'Van' comes from the Urartian \"Biaina\".", "The region came under the control of the Orontids in the 7th century BC and quickly later the Persians in the mid 6th century BC.", "The Van Fortress located outside Van holds an inscribed stereotyped trilingual inscription of Xerxes the Great from the 5th century BC upon a smoothed section of the rock face, some 20 m above the ground near the fortress.", "The inscription survives in near perfect condition and is divided into three columns of 27 lines written in (from left to right) Old Persian, Babylonian, and Elamite.", "In 331 BC, Van was conquered by Alexander the Great and after his death became part of the Seleucid Empire.", "By the early 2nd century BC it was part of the Kingdom of Armenia.", "It became an important center during the reign of the Armenian king, Tigranes II, who founded the city of Tigranakert in the 1st century BC.", "In the early centuries BC, it fell to the emerging Arsacid dynasty of Parthia until the 3rd century AD.", "However, it also fell once to the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia in this timespan.", "In the \"History of Armenia\" attributed to Movses Khorenatsi, the city is called \"Tosp\", from Urartian \"Tushpa\".", "Following the fall of the Parthians and the emergence of the Neo-Persian Empire, better known as the Sassanian Empire, the town naturally fell into the possession of the latter.", "During the over 700 years lasting Roman-Persian Wars, some of the wars razed at or around the location of modern-day Van.", "The Byzantine Empire briefly held the region from 628 to 640, following the victory in the climactic Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, after which it was invaded by the Muslim Arabs, who consolidated their conquests as the province of Arminiya.", "Decline in Arab power eventually allowed local Armenian rulers to re-emerge, with the Artsruni dynasty soon becoming the most powerful.", "Initially dependent on the rulers of the Kingdom of Ani, they declared their independence in 908, founding the Armenian Kingdom of Vaspurakan.", "The kingdom had no specific capital: the court would move as the king transferred his residence from place to place, such as Van city, Vostan, Aghtamar, etc.", "In 1021 the last king of Vaspurakan, John-Senekerim Artsruni, ceded his entire kingdom to the Byzantine empire, who established the Vaspurakan theme on the former Artsruni territories.", "Incursions by the Seljuk Turks into Vaspurakan started in the 1050s.", "After their victory in 1071 at the battle of Manzikert the entire region fell under their control.", "After them, local Muslim rulers emerged, such as the Ahlatshahs and the Ayyubids (1207).", "For a 20-year period, Van was held by the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate until the 1240s when it was conquered by the Mongols.", "In the 14th century, Van was held by the Timurids, followed subsequently by the Turkoman Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu confederations.", "The first half of the 15th century saw the Van region become a land of conflict as it was disputed by the Ottoman Empire and the neighboring Persian Safavid Empire.", "The Safavids captured Van in 1502, as it went naturally with all former territories of the Ak Koyunlu.", "The Ottomans took the city in 1515 following the climactic Battle of Chaldiran and held it for a short period.", "The Safavids retook it again in 1520 but the Ottomans gained an almost definite hold of it in 1548 during another Ottoman-Safavid War.", "Ottoman control over the town got confirmed in the 1555 Peace of Amasya which came as a result after the end of the war.", "They first made Van into a sanjak dependent on the Erzurum eyalet, and later into a separate Van eyalet in about 1570.", "In 1602, the Safavids under king Abbas the Great recaptured Van alongside other swaths of lost territories in Eastern Anatolia.", "However, Ottoman control over it was at last now made final and definite in 1639 with the Treaty of Zuhab.", "During the early 1900s, the city of Van had eleven Armenian schools and ten Turkish schools.", "Towards the second half of the 19th century Van began to play an increased role in the politics of the Ottoman Empire due to its location near the borders of the Persian, Russian and Ottoman Empire, as well as its proximity to Mosul.", "During the period leading up to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, Armenians were well represented in the local administration.", "The demographics of Ottoman Van are a debated and contentious point as they relate directly to claims of ownership by either side prior to the outbreak of World War I. For the city of Van itself it's estimated that it had 50,000 inhabitants prior to World War I, of whom 30,000 were Armenian and 20,000 were Muslims.", "Based on the official 1914 Ottoman Census the population of Van province consisted of 179,422 Muslims and 67,797 Armenians.", "The Ottoman Census figures include only male citizens, excluding women and children.", "According to a more recent research, the corrected estimates for the Van province (including women and children) are: 313,000 Muslims, 130,000 Armenians, and 65,000 others, including Assyrians.", "The demographics of Van are a greatly debated point, given the changing provincial borders.", "For example, in 1875 the province was divided; Van and Hakkari were separated, only to be rejoined in 1888, drastically changing the census numbers.", "Some writers argue that this merging was done to keep the Armenians from forming a majority.", "In 1862 it was estimated that in Van there were 90,100 Christians (including Syriac Christians) and 95,100 Muslims.", "The French Consul in Van reported that in Van and Bitlis 51.46% were Kurds, 32.70% were Armenians and 5.53% were Turks.", "On the other hand, the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople estimated 185,000 Armenians in Van, 18,000 Assyrians, 72,000 Kurds, 47,000 Turks, 25,000 Yezidis and 3,000 Gypsies.", "Both sides have been accused of overcounting the numbers at the time given the revival of the Armenian Question and population statistics became important during the Berlin Conference.", "During the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), the Kurdish Sheikh, Jalaleddin, led thousands of soldiers to massacre the Armenians of the province and destroyed and plundered many of their villages.", "These events are characterized in the non-fiction book \"Armenia and the Campaign of 1877\" by British war correspondent Charles B. Norman and in the fictional novella \"Jalaleddin\" by the Armenian novelist Raffi in very similar terms.", "The province's Armenian population was devastated during Armenian Genocide by the Young Turks.", "The regional administrator, Cevdet Bey, was reported to have said that \"We have cleansed the Armenians and Syriac Christians from Azerbaijan, and we will do the same in Van.", "Numerous reports from Ottoman officials, such as a parliament deputy, the governor of Aleppo as well as the German consul in Van, suggested that deliberate provocations against the Armenians were being orchestrated by the local government.", "In Mid-April 1915, Cevdet Bey ordered the execution of four Armenian leaders, which drove the Armenians to take up arms in self-defense.", "On the other hand, writer and genocide scholar Taner Akçam acknowledges that in the case of Van, the deportations may have been driven by military necessity and states the resistance in Van should be examined as a separate case.", "Some scholars explain that the Armenians launched a rebellion at Van in 1915, lured by Russian promises of independence.", "Other scholars argue that the Armenian residents, hoping to avoid the slaughter being inflicted on the rural populations surrounding Van, defended themselves in the Armenian quarters of the city against the Turks.", "The Russians finally relieved the Armenian defenders of Van in late May 1915.", "In August, a victory over the Russian army allowed the Ottoman army to retake Van.", "In September 1915, the Russians forced the Turks out of Van for the second time.", "Russian forces began to leave the area after the October Revolution in Russia in 1917, and by April 1918, it was recaptured by the Ottoman army.", "According to Taner Akçam, citing the \"Osmanli Belgelerinde Ermeniler 1915–1920\" (Armenians in Ottoman Documents, 1915–1920), after the Turks took back the city from the Russians, they killed all Armenians in the city.", "Clarence Ussher, an American physician and missionary in Van, and an eye-witness to the events, reported that 55,000 Armenians had been killed.", "The end of World War I forced the Ottoman army to surrender its claim to Van, although it stayed in Turkish hands following the Turkish War of Independence.", "In the Treaty of Sèvres, the Entente Powers decided to cede the city to the First Republic of Armenia.", "Turkish revolutionaries, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk rejected the terms of the treaty and instead waged the Turkish War of Independence.", "However the idea of ceding Van to the Armenians was floated, and Ismet Inonu was said to have surveyed army officers on 14 October 1919 on the issue of ceding Van and Bitlis.", "However the parliament in Ankara rejected any compromise on this issue.", "By 1920, Van fell under Turkish control again and its remaining Armenian inhabitants were expelled in a final round of ethnic cleansing.", "With the Treaty of Lausanne and Treaty of Kars, the Treaty of Sèvres was annulled and Van remained de facto under Turkish sovereignty.", "By the end of the conflicts, the town of Van was empty and in ruins.", "The city was rebuilt after the war a few kilometers east of the ancient citadel, which is now known as Van Castle (\"Van Kalesi\").", "The city now lies at about 1,750 m above sea level.", "The current acting Mayor of the city is the Governor of the Province Van, Mehmet Emin Bilmez.", "The local elections in March 2019 won Bedia Özgökçe Ertan and she acted as the Mayor until August 2019, when she was dismissed due to accusations for supporting terrorism.", "Van has a harsh continental climate with cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers.", "Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn.", "Under Köppen's climate classification Van features a hot dry summer subtype (Köppen: \"Dsa\") of the humid continental climate.", "The modern city is located on the plain extending from the Lake Van, at a distance of 5 km from the lake shore.", "Van has often been called \"The Pearl of the East\" because of the beauty of its surrounding landscape.", "An old Armenian proverb in the same sense is \"Van in this world, paradise in the next.\"", "This phrase has been slightly modified in Turkish as \"dünyada Van, ahirette iman\" or \"Van for this world, faith for the next.\"", "The city is home to Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi (\"Van 100th Year University\") and recently came to the headlines for two highly publicized investigations initiated by the Prosecutor of Van, one of which was focused on accusations against the university's rector, Prof. Hasan Ceylan, who was kept in custody for a time.", "He was finally acquitted but lost his rectorate.", "He is a grandson of Agop Vartovyan, an Ottoman Armenian who is accepted as the founder of modern Turkish theatre.", "Prof. Hasan Ceylan is also the department chairman of Environmental Engineering in the Van 100th Year University.", "In 1941, Van suffered a destructive 5.9 M earthquake.", "A more severe 7.2 M earthquake occurred on October 23, 2011.", "On November 9, 2011, a 5.7 magnitude earthquake caused several buildings to collapse.", "In culinary terms, as some cities in Turkey became renowned for their kebap culture or other types of traditional local dishes, Van has distinguished itself with its breakfast culture.", "You can find all turkish food in Van, they eat breakfast and lunch as well as dinner but pides are in all of their meals.", "pide is the famous turkish pizza.", "There are many turkish restaurant in van.", "Van stands on Highway D300, which runs from the Iranian border 100 km east at Kapikoy through Van then along the south lake shore to Tatvan (100 km), and westwards to the rest of Turkey.", "Highway D975 runs north to Dogubeyazit and south towards Hakkari.", "Frequent buses and dolmuses ply these highways.", "Van is the western terminus of the railway line from Iran, with freight and passenger trains (currently all suspended).", "There is a train ferry (upgraded in 2015) across the lake to Tatvan.", "There is no railway around the lake; it is intended eventually to build one but to date there are no plans.", "This would actually create an unbroken rail link between Europe and the Indian subcontinent, as Tatvan is the terminus of the line to Ankara and Istanbul.", "Van has daily flights to Istanbul, Ankara and other major Turkish cities from Ferit Melen Airport.", "Near Van, there is a longwave broadcasting station with a 250 m guyed mast.", "It went in service in 1990 and operates on 225 kHz with 600 kW.", "The Van Cat is a breed of cat native to this town and named after it.", "It is noted for its white fur, and having differently colored eyes." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 63464, "simple_article_title": "Van, Turkey", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63464", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-63464-0-0", "simple-63464-0-1", "simple-63464-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Van (Armenian ) is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van Province, and is on the eastern shore of Lake Van.", "The city's population in 2005 was 284,464.", "According to the \"Encyclopedia of the Orient\", Kurds form the majority though no census based on ethnicity was ever held in Turkey." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2618680, "normal_article_title": "Clare Balding", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2618680", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2618680-0-0", "normal-2618680-0-1", "normal-2618680-1-0", "normal-2618680-1-1", "normal-2618680-2-0", "normal-2618680-2-1", "normal-2618680-2-2", "normal-2618680-3-0", "normal-2618680-3-1", "normal-2618680-3-2", "normal-2618680-4-0", "normal-2618680-4-1", "normal-2618680-4-2", "normal-2618680-4-3", "normal-2618680-4-4", "normal-2618680-4-5", "normal-2618680-4-6", "normal-2618680-4-7", "normal-2618680-4-8", "normal-2618680-4-9", "normal-2618680-5-0", "normal-2618680-5-1", "normal-2618680-5-2", "normal-2618680-6-0", "normal-2618680-6-1", "normal-2618680-6-2", "normal-2618680-6-3", "normal-2618680-7-0", "normal-2618680-7-1", "normal-2618680-8-0", "normal-2618680-8-1", "normal-2618680-8-2", "normal-2618680-9-0", "normal-2618680-10-0", "normal-2618680-10-1", "normal-2618680-11-0", "normal-2618680-12-0", "normal-2618680-12-1", "normal-2618680-13-0", "normal-2618680-13-1", "normal-2618680-13-2", "normal-2618680-13-3", "normal-2618680-13-4", "normal-2618680-14-0", "normal-2618680-14-1", "normal-2618680-14-2", "normal-2618680-14-3", "normal-2618680-15-0", "normal-2618680-15-1", "normal-2618680-16-0", "normal-2618680-17-0", "normal-2618680-17-1", "normal-2618680-17-2", "normal-2618680-18-0", "normal-2618680-18-1", "normal-2618680-18-2", "normal-2618680-19-0", "normal-2618680-19-1", "normal-2618680-20-0", "normal-2618680-20-1", "normal-2618680-21-0", "normal-2618680-22-0", "normal-2618680-23-0", "normal-2618680-24-0", "normal-2618680-24-1", "normal-2618680-25-0", "normal-2618680-25-1", "normal-2618680-26-0", "normal-2618680-26-1", "normal-2618680-26-2", "normal-2618680-26-3", "normal-2618680-26-4", "normal-2618680-26-5", "normal-2618680-26-6", "normal-2618680-27-0", "normal-2618680-27-1", "normal-2618680-27-2", "normal-2618680-28-0", "normal-2618680-28-1", "normal-2618680-28-2", "normal-2618680-29-0", "normal-2618680-30-0", "normal-2618680-30-1", "normal-2618680-30-2", "normal-2618680-31-0", "normal-2618680-32-0", "normal-2618680-32-1", "normal-2618680-32-2", "normal-2618680-32-3", "normal-2618680-33-0", "normal-2618680-34-0", "normal-2618680-35-0", "normal-2618680-35-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Clare Victoria Balding (born 29 January 1971) is a broadcaster, journalist and author.", "She currently presents for BBC Sport, Channel 4, BT Sport and formerly presented the religious programme \"Good Morning Sunday\" on BBC Radio 2.", "Balding was educated at Downe House in Berkshire, where she was Head Girl and a contemporary of comedian Miranda Hart.", "Hart and Balding are in fact tenth-cousins, sharing a nine-times-great-grandfather in Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet.", "Clare Balding applied to read law at Christ's College, Cambridge, but failed her interview and realized that law was not what she most wanted to do.", "She later successfully applied to Newnham College, Cambridge, and read English.", "While at university she was President of the Cambridge Union Society in Easter 1992 and graduated in 1993 with a 2:1 honours degree.", "From 1988 to 1993, Balding was a leading amateur flat jockey and Champion Lady Rider in 1990.", "Her memoir \"My Animals and Other Family\" documents her life growing up in a racing yard.", "It won the National Book Awards \"Autobiography of the Year\" in 2012.", "Clare Balding has close family links to horse racing: her father, Ian Balding, trained Mill Reef, 1971 winner of The Derby, Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes; and her younger brother, Andrew Balding, trained Casual Look, the winner of the 2003 Epsom Oaks.", "The latter win led to a very emotional post-race interview with her brother.", "Her uncle Toby Balding trained winners in the Grand National, Cheltenham Gold Cup and Champion Hurdle.", "Furthermore, her maternal grandfather was the trainer Peter Hastings-Bass and her maternal uncle the 17th Earl of Huntingdon was once trainer to Queen Elizabeth II.", "Her maternal grandmother, Priscilla Hastings, is descended from the Earls of Derby and was one of the first women elected to membership of the Jockey Club.", "Balding's well-documented aristocratic lineage on her mother's side can be seen in records that TheGenealogist has identified in research.", "Researchers found Balding's maternal line reveals that she is the great-granddaughter of Sir Malcolm Bullock whose sexuality was investigated in her episode of the \"Who Do You Think You Are?\"", "programme first broadcast in July 2017.", "Balding's paternal grandfather Gerald Barnard Balding Sr, was a 10-goal polo player who travelled to play polo in America in the 1920s when he was in his 20s.", "Outbound passenger lists on a genealogy website include Balding's grandfather and it was at this time that Gerald Balding Sr met and later married the American heiress, Eleanor Hoagland.", "Clare became a trainee with BBC National Radio in 1994, working on 5 Live, Radio 1 (presenting the sport on the \"Chris Evans Breakfast Show\"), Radio 2 and Radio 4.", "In June 1995, she made her debut as a television presenter, introducing highlights of Royal Ascot.", "The following year she began presenting live, and in December 1997 she became the BBC's lead horse racing presenter after the retirement of Julian Wilson, and has fronted coverage of the Grand National, infamously humiliating Liam Treadwell, Grand National winner 2009.", "Balding has reported from six Olympic Games, for BBC Radio in Atlanta and for BBC Television in Sydney, Athens, Beijing, London and Rio de Janeiro.", "She has presented four Paralympic Games, the Winter Olympics from Salt Lake City, Turin, Vancouver and Sochi as well as the Commonwealth Games from Melbourne, Delhi and Glasgow.", "She was the face of the BBC's rugby league coverage, having presented \"Grandstand\" from a Rugby League Challenge Cup semi-final, and having been so impressed by the vibrancy and physical challenge of the sport she asked to cover further rugby league events.", "She was the last person to present \"Sunday Grandstand\".", "She also presents the Lord Mayor's Show as well as other live events for the BBC, such as Trooping the Colour and New Year's Eve.", "Clare has presented coverage of Crufts for the BBC from 2004 – 2009 and for Channel 4 since 2013.", "She also presents the walking programme \"Ramblings\" for BBC Radio 4 where she walks and talks with one or more devotees of a particular route, area or activity and has, for example, walked sections of the Lyke Wake Walk and Dales Way for the programme.", "Clare worked on 5 Live's Wimbledon coverage from 1995–2014 and in 2015 presented BBC2's Wimbledon Highlights programme.", "She has also presented coverage of The Boat Race for the BBC since 2010, including the first live coverage of the women's Boat Race on the Tideway in 2015.", "In 2010, Balding presented a BBC TV series called \"Britain By Bike\" that retraced some of Harold Briercliffe's British cycle tours.", "In August 2011 Balding joined BBC's \"Countryfile\", temporarily replacing Julia Bradbury while Bradbury was on maternity leave, co-hosting the show with Matt Baker.", "Bradbury returned in February 2012.", "From February to March 2012 she presented \"Sport and the British\" on BBC Radio 4, a thirty-part series looking at the impact of sports on British life.", "Balding was a lead presenter on Channel 4's Paralympics TV coverage.", "In August 2012 it was reported that Balding would be presenting Channel 4's racing coverage, while still retaining an option to work for the BBC on non-racing programmes such as rugby league.", "In October 2012, she appeared before an All Party Parliamentary Group on women's sport, with Katherine Grainger, Hope Powell and Tanni Grey-Thompson.", "\"Women having freedom to play sport leads directly to women having political freedom,\" said Balding.", "In 2013, to mark the centenary of Emily Wilding Davison's fatal intervention in the 1913 Derby, Balding presented a documentary about Davison for Channel 4 called \"Secrets of the Suffragettes\".", "Also in 2013, she presented a BBC documentary about the Queen called \"The Queen – a Passion for Horses\".", "Other factual documentaries for the BBC have included \"Britain By Bike\", \"Operation Wild\", and \"Britain's Hidden Heritage\".", "She has served as one of the presenters on \"BBC Sports Personality of the Year\".", "Balding was the presenter of \"Good Morning Sunday\" on BBC Radio 2 from January 2013 to November 2017; leaving the show due to schedule changes which would not allow her to continue to present the programme and do other work.", "Balding also presented a Saturday night quiz show for BBC1 called \"Britain's Brightest\", which began in January 2013.", "She was a senior presenter on Channel 4 Racing, from 2013 to 2016, predominantly fronting coverage of major festivals such as Cheltenham and Royal Ascot.", "Balding currently hosts her own sports chat show called \"The Clare Balding Show\", which airs on BT Sport and BBC Two.", "Guests so far have included Lewis Hamilton, Tom Daley, Mike Tyson, Martina Navratilova, Frankie Dettori, Judy Murray and Ronnie O'Sullivan.", "Clare has written columns for \"The Sporting Life, Racing Post, Sunday Telegraph, The Evening Standard\" and \"Stylist \"and currently writes a regular weekly sports column for \"Waitrose Weekend\".", "She signed a deal with Viking Press to write an autobiography entitled \"My Animals and Other Family\", which was published in September 2012.", "\"My Animals and Other Family\" reached Number One in \"The Sunday Times\" Bestseller list and has been translated into Italian, Mandarin and Hungarian.", "Her second book, \"Walking Home: My Family and other Ramblings\", was published in September 2014.", "Balding was involved in a copy-control controversy in 2017, when it was alleged that she or her agent rewrote part of an interview that she gave to \"Saga\" magazine, provoking the journalist Ginny Dougary to remove her byline from the interview.", "According to Dugarry, Balding removed sections of the text and inserted promotional material about her new book, as well as details of her hosting of the women's European football championships and the words \"And indeed she Balding sparkles all the way through the photo shoot,\" despite Dougary commenting that this was not the case and that Balding was rather \"a brisk, jolly-hockey-sticks type\".", "In a statement, Saga claimed that it had not given Balding copy control and that the interview was edited in conjunction with the author.", "Balding was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting and journalism.", "In the same year, Balding was presented with the special BAFTA for her work on the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.", "Balding won the Royal Television Society's \"Sports Presenter of the Year\" in 2003 and “Presenter” in 2012.", "Also in 2003, she won the \"Racing Journalist of the Year Award\" and has followed up with the award for \"Racing Broadcaster of the Year\".", "In December 2012, she was awarded the \"Biography/Autobiography of the Year\" award of the National Book Awards for \"My Animals and Other Family\".", "She also won an achievement award from the UK chapter of the Women in Film and Television in 2012 for her coverage of the Olympics and Paralympics.", "Balding was awarded the 2012 Sports Journalists' Association's annual British Sports Journalism Award for Sports Broadcaster of the Year (BBC and Channel 4).", "In February 2013 she was assessed as being one of the 100 most powerful women in the UK by \"Woman's Hour\" on BBC Radio 4.", "and also won the award for Sports Presenter at the Television and Radio Industries Club Awards.", "Her other awards include Attitude Awards TV Personality of the Year 2012, TRIC Sports Presenter of the Year 2013, British Equestrian Federation Outstanding Journalist of the Year 2014 and First Women Awards Lifetime Achievement 2015.", "Plus awards from \"Red\" magazine, \"Tatler\" and the Horserace Writers' Association.", "Balding formalised her relationship with Alice Arnold, then a BBC Radio 4 continuity announcer and newsreader, in September 2006 by entering into a civil partnership.", "The couple live with their Tibetan terrier, Archie.", "In April 2015, she and Arnold married in a private ceremony.", "On 29 May 2009, Balding announced that she had thyroid cancer.", "She told the \"Daily Mail\" newspaper that she had her thyroid gland removed and would have radioactive iodine treatment in July that year.", "She promised to be back on television covering the Epsom Derby, by the following Saturday.", "On 21 August 2009, she announced that the radioactive iodine had been successful with no signs of the cancer having spread.", "In July 2010, Balding made a complaint to the Press Complaints Commission over an article by writer A. A. Gill in \"The Sunday Times\" that she felt had mocked her sexuality and appearance and for which the newspaper refused to apologize.", "The PCC found in her favour, judging that AA Gill had \"referred to the complainant's sexuality in a demeaning and gratuitous way\".", "In 2014, she was named in the top 10 on the World Pride Power list.", "After Liam Treadwell's Grand National victory on 4 April 2009, Balding interviewed him and made fun of his apparently bad teeth.", "Both the BBC and Balding apologized by 6 April.", "Balding later clarified on BBC's \"Have I Got News For You\" quiz that she believed Treadwell to have had his teeth \"kicked out\" by a horse, a common injury suffered by jockeys, apologizing again for her error.", "In 2014, Balding publicly backed Hacked Off and its campaign towards UK press self-regulation by \"safeguarding the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable.\"", "Balding's matrilineal great-great-grandparents Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby and Lady Alice Montagu both descended from Henry VII.", "The earl's lineage can also be traced back to Sir Thomas Frankland.", "This makes Balding an 11-times-great-granddaughter of Oliver Cromwell.", "She is also descended, via Joseph C. Hoagland, from Sarah Rapelje, the first woman of European descent born in what is now New York, to Dutch-settler parents.", "Balding has been a presenter on Sport Relief since its inception in 2002.", "She also participated in a celebrity edition of \"The Apprentice\" to raise money for charity.", "\"Sport Relief Does The Apprentice\" is part of the BBC's annual charity initiative and aired on 12 and 14 March 2008.", "\"The Girls' team\", which also included Louise Redknapp, Jacqueline Gold, Kirstie Allsopp and Lisa Snowdon, won the contest, raising over £400,000 from ticket sales and sales on the night of the big event at their shop.", "In 2010, Balding became a patron of the British Thyroid Foundation.", "In 2015, Balding became an ambassador for Southampton FC's official charity, the Saints Foundation.", "She is also patron to a number of other charities including Riding for the Disabled, British Paralympic Association, Diversity Role Models, Retraining of Racehorses and the Jane Tomlinson Appeal.", "Plus she is Vice-Patron for Injured Jockeys Fund and Helen Rollason Cancer Care." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 427534, "simple_article_title": "Clare Balding", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=427534", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-427534-0-0", "simple-427534-0-1", "simple-427534-0-2", "simple-427534-0-3", "simple-427534-0-4", "simple-427534-0-5", "simple-427534-0-6", "simple-427534-0-7", "simple-427534-0-8" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Clare Balding OBE (born 29 January 1971) is a British television presenter.", "She was born in Kingsclere, Hampshire.", "She is openly lesbian.", "In 2009, she was diagnosed with thyroid cancer.", "She recovered later that year.", "In 2012, a book she wrote about her life was published.", "It was called \"My Animals and Other Family\".", "In February 2013 Woman's Hour, a programme on BBC Radio 4, put her on their list of the most powerful women in the UK.", "Balding presents \"Britain's Brightest\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9529364, "normal_article_title": "Dalola Union Council", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9529364", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9529364-0-0", "normal-9529364-1-0", "normal-9529364-1-1", "normal-9529364-1-2", "normal-9529364-1-3", "normal-9529364-2-0", "normal-9529364-3-0", "normal-9529364-3-1", "normal-9529364-3-2", "normal-9529364-3-3", "normal-9529364-3-4", "normal-9529364-3-5", "normal-9529364-4-0", "normal-9529364-4-1", "normal-9529364-4-2", "normal-9529364-4-3", "normal-9529364-4-4", "normal-9529364-5-0", "normal-9529364-5-1", "normal-9529364-6-0", "normal-9529364-6-1", "normal-9529364-7-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Dalola is one of the 51 union councils (sub-divisions) of Abbottabad District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.", "Dalola is located at 34°21'20N 73°23'50E and has an average elevation of 798 metres (2621 ft).", "Dalola is the most north-eastern part of the district, it borders U.C Karnol & Garhi Habibullah of Mansehra District to the north and the River Kunhar and Muzaffarabad District of Kashmir to the east.", "To the south lies U.C Boi and to the west situated Tarnawai (U.C Banda Pir Khan).", "It was hit quite badly by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake.", "The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Awan Abad ))", "Dalola is named after Sikh which indicates Sikh presence in the area during early 19th century.", "However their presence was nominal as all the surrounding hills were occupied by Muslim tribes.", "When Sikh lost their territories all our Hazara and Punjab during Anglo Sikh war (1845–46) they were either killed by hill tribes or narrowly escaped from their persecution.", "These tribes captured and divided lands among themselves and which they still hold.", "During British rule the area remain semi independent paying revenue like rest of Hazara tribes and despite many attempts by Khan of Garhi and Sultan of Boi to capture Dalola.", "Tribes of dalola fight with British (hindu & Sikh) and they win after that they fight with Khan of Garhi and Sultan of Boi both wants to capture Dalola but they didn't success.it was never subdued or came under their influence.", "Main tribes residing in Dalola are Dhund Abbasi Awan and Malik.", "There are also some other tribes are Karlal, Satti with few Syed.", "[Kashmiris [Sarrara,(Qureshi), Raja families and also some village artisans and menials.", "Abbasi tribe is further subdivided into Meriwal, Charwal, Tatial )and Awan's subtribe is Bagwal,Alvi,malik, khan.", "Nearby villages are Awanabad ( Malik Gulam Ali Khan town) Mujafa, Hadora, Dara, Daban, Garang, Sehali,Hoter (Awanabad sector 2) Pindi, Burj, Bai (Mohallah Sardar Pir Khan) Bholu di Seri,Gran (Awanabad sector 3) Batangan(Abbasi family), Islampura, Danna, Gali Malkhan (Malik abbasi family),Changli (satti tribe) and many more.", "The Most famous personalites Nambardar Malik Gulam Ali Khan ( tiger of Awans).", "Gohr Rehman Abbasi Ex EDO Abbottabad Maj General (R) Tariq Abbasi , Col Talat iqbal khan (Army officer GHQ) Maj Kawar abbasi(Army Officer ISPR,GHQ) Maj shafqat Abbasi(Army officer), Arshid Abbasi(PMS officer) Haji Sarwar Abbasi Leader PMLN Dalola M Professor Hanif Abbasi Leader PMLN Dalola Prof (R) M Ayub Abbasi Akram Khan Abbasi Leader Jamiat UL Ulama e Islam F & EX Candidate PK 45 Malik Zaheer Abbasi District member UC Dalola Malik Mubarak Abbasi Leader PTI Dalola Sabar Abbasi PMLN Hadora Molana Abdullah Abbasi Tehsil Member Qazi Shafiq UR Rehman Abdul Qayyum ex Principal GHS Dalola Fayaz sb ex Principal GHS Dalola Irshad Abbasi Garang VC Chairman Parvez Abbasi (Shaeed)Sehali Sardar Abdul Qayyum Abbasi Hadora (L) Haji Abdul Ghani Abbasi (L) Muhammad Riaz Abbasi PMLN", "Babar Abbasi (Mechanical Engineer) Jamat e islami Pk.45 Shaukat Ali Abbasi Leader Jamiat UL ulama e Islam F. Malik Fateh khan Awan (late) Nambardar Garan wala.", "Malik Mohammad Iqbal khan Awan, Malik Khushal Khan Awan, Mohammad Mubarrak awan (Late) HBL.sardar abdul qauem of hadora,ex tehsildar muhammad ismail of hadora.", "[Category:Union councils of Abbottabad District]" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 122008, "simple_article_title": "Dalola", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=122008", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-122008-0-0", "simple-122008-1-0", "simple-122008-1-1", "simple-122008-1-2", "simple-122008-1-3", "simple-122008-1-4", "simple-122008-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Dalola is one of the 51 Union Councils (sub-divisions) of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.", "Dalola is located at 34°21'20N 73°23'50E.", "Its elevation is 798 m.", "It is in the northwest of the district and is the most northern part of the district.", "It borders Mansehra District of to the north and the Muzaffarabad District of Kashmir to the east.", "It was hit quite badly by the 2005 Pakistan Earthquake.", "The Union Council is divided into the following areas: Dabban, Daloa and Naroka." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 130807, "normal_article_title": "Åstorp Municipality", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=130807", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-130807-0-0", "normal-130807-0-1", "normal-130807-1-0", "normal-130807-2-0", "normal-130807-3-0", "normal-130807-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Åstorp Municipality (\"Åstorps kommun\") is a municipality in Skåne County in South Sweden in southern Sweden.", "Its seat is located in the town of Åstorp.", "In 1974 \"old\" \"Åstorp\" (a market town (\"köping\") since 1946) was amalgamated with Kvidinge to form the present municipality.", "There are 3 urban areas (also called a Tätort or locality) in Åstorp Municipality.", "In the table they are listed according to the size of the population as of December 31, 2005.", "A small part of Åstorp is situated in Ängelholm Municipality." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 411759, "simple_article_title": "Åstorp Municipality", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411759", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-411759-0-0", "simple-411759-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Åstorp Municipality is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden.", "The seat is in Åstorp." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4351376, "normal_article_title": "Sarayu", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4351376", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4351376-0-0", "normal-4351376-0-1", "normal-4351376-0-2", "normal-4351376-0-3", "normal-4351376-0-4", "normal-4351376-0-5", "normal-4351376-1-0", "normal-4351376-2-0", "normal-4351376-3-0", "normal-4351376-3-1", "normal-4351376-4-0", "normal-4351376-4-1", "normal-4351376-4-2", "normal-4351376-4-3", "normal-4351376-5-0", "normal-4351376-5-1", "normal-4351376-5-2", "normal-4351376-5-3", "normal-4351376-5-4", "normal-4351376-5-5", "normal-4351376-5-6", "normal-4351376-5-7", "normal-4351376-5-8", "normal-4351376-5-9", "normal-4351376-5-10", "normal-4351376-5-11", "normal-4351376-5-12", "normal-4351376-6-0", "normal-4351376-7-0", "normal-4351376-8-0", "normal-4351376-8-1", "normal-4351376-8-2", "normal-4351376-8-3", "normal-4351376-9-0", "normal-4351376-9-1", "normal-4351376-10-0", "normal-4351376-11-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Sarayu is a river that flows through the Indian states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.", "This river is of ancient significance, finding mentions in the Vedas and the Ramayana.", "The Sarayu river of India forms at the confluence of the Karnali (or Ghaghara) and Mahakali (or Sharda) in Bahraich District.", "The Mahakali or Sharda forms the western Indo-Nepal border.", "Ayodhya is situated on the banks of river Sarayu.", "Some mapmakers consider the Sarayu to be just a section of the lower Ghaghara River.", "On Ram Navami, the festival that celebrates the birthday of Lord Rama, thousands of people take a dip in the Sarayu River at Ayodhya.", "The name is the feminine derivative of the Sanskrit root सर् \"sar\" \"to flow\"; as a masculine stem, \" \" means \"air, wind\", i.e. \"that which is streaming\".", "The Sarayu rises at Sarmul (or Sarmool), which is located in the extreme north of the district Bageshwar of Uttarakhand on the southern slope of a ridge of the Nanda Kot.", "It flows through the Kumaon himalayas, and passes by the towns of Kapkot, Bageshwar and Seraghat before flowing into the Mahakali at Pancheshwar.", "The Sarayu forms again at the confluence of the Karnali (or Ghaghara) and Mahakali (or Sharda) in Bahraich District at .", "It initially flows into south western direction till it reaches Ramnagar, where it takes a turn towards the west and flows towards the towns of Faizabad and Ayodhya.", "It continues flowing westwards and passes through the towns of Tanda and Barhalganj before receiving the Rapti from its left at .", "It flows into the Ganges near the town of Chhapra at .", "The river is mentioned three times in the Rigveda.", "The banks of the Sarayu are the location of the slaying of two \"Aryas\" at the hands of Indra in RV 4.30.18.", "It is listed together with western tributaries to the Indus: Rasā, Anitabha, Kubha, Krumu, and the Sindhu itself as obstacles crossed by the Maruts in RV 5.53.9.", "In this verse, Purisini appears as its epithet.", "At this stage of the earlier Rigveda, it apparently was a river west of the Indus system that corresponds to Iranian Harayu (Avestan acc.", "Harōiium, Old Persian Haraiva, modern Harē or Harī), the Hari River.", "It is invoked together with Sindhu and Sarasvati (two of the most prominent Rigvedic rivers) in the late hymn RV 10.64.", "There is no mention of the Ganga River in Rigveda .", "According to the regional versions of the Ramayana written in different Indian languages, especially in Ram Charit Manas by Goswami Tulsi Das 1.5.6, the Sarayu flowed beside the ancient city of Ayodhya, which is in modern day Uttar Pradesh.", "It is a tributary of the Ghaghara.", "This Sarayu played a vital role in the city and life of Ayodhya, and according to the Ram Charit Manas, Rama, the seventh Avatar of Vishnu immersed himself in the river to return to his eternal Mahavishnu form, after he retired from the throne of Kosala.", "His brothers Bharata and Shatrughna also joined him, as did many devout followers.", "The Sarayu is also the river on whose banks King Rama was born.", "According to a sub-story within the Ramayana, the banks of the River Sarayu is also the place where King Dashratha accidentally killed Shravan Kumar.", "In ancient times Aciravati was one of the tributaries of the Sarayu.", "While the Sarayu river plays an important role in Rigveda and Atharvaveda along with Ramayana.", "Ayodhya, capital of King Rama is mentioned on the banks of Sarayu river.", "Sarayu river is mentioned in great details in Ramayana, Ayuthya, as locally called, is the ancient capital of Shyam Desh (Thailand) and king of Thailand is still revered decedent of King Rama of Ramayana.", "It is a tributary of the Ganges which meets two other rivers at the confluence (\"sangam\") in Uttar Pradesh.", "Heo Hwang-ok was a princess of Ayodhya, who married king Suro of Geumgwan Gaya of Korea.", "In 2008, her memorial was built by the Korean government on the west bank of Sarayu river, and Ayodhya was declared as sister city of Incheon.", "Sarayu is also the name of the river that flows by the fictional town of Malgudi created by the Indian writer R. K. Narayan.", "Sarayu is the name given to the personification of the Holy Spirit in \"The Shack\" created by American Novelist William P. Young." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4899791, "normal_article_title": "Carrie (1976 film)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4899791", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4899791-0-0", "normal-4899791-0-1", "normal-4899791-0-2", "normal-4899791-0-3", "normal-4899791-1-0", "normal-4899791-1-1", "normal-4899791-1-2", "normal-4899791-2-0", "normal-4899791-2-1", "normal-4899791-2-2", "normal-4899791-2-3", "normal-4899791-2-4", "normal-4899791-2-5", "normal-4899791-2-6", "normal-4899791-2-7", "normal-4899791-2-8", "normal-4899791-3-0", "normal-4899791-3-1", "normal-4899791-3-2", "normal-4899791-3-3", "normal-4899791-3-4", "normal-4899791-3-5", "normal-4899791-3-6", "normal-4899791-3-7", "normal-4899791-4-0", "normal-4899791-4-1", "normal-4899791-4-2", "normal-4899791-4-3", "normal-4899791-4-4", "normal-4899791-4-5", "normal-4899791-4-6", "normal-4899791-4-7", "normal-4899791-4-8", "normal-4899791-5-0", "normal-4899791-5-1", "normal-4899791-5-2", "normal-4899791-5-3", "normal-4899791-5-4", "normal-4899791-5-5", "normal-4899791-5-6", "normal-4899791-6-0", "normal-4899791-6-1", "normal-4899791-7-0", "normal-4899791-7-1", "normal-4899791-7-2", "normal-4899791-7-3", "normal-4899791-8-0", "normal-4899791-8-1", "normal-4899791-8-2", "normal-4899791-8-3", "normal-4899791-8-4", "normal-4899791-9-0", "normal-4899791-9-1", "normal-4899791-10-0", "normal-4899791-10-1", "normal-4899791-11-0", "normal-4899791-11-1", "normal-4899791-12-0", "normal-4899791-12-1", "normal-4899791-12-2", "normal-4899791-12-3", "normal-4899791-13-0", "normal-4899791-13-1", "normal-4899791-13-2", "normal-4899791-13-3", "normal-4899791-13-4", "normal-4899791-13-5", "normal-4899791-14-0", "normal-4899791-14-1", "normal-4899791-14-2", "normal-4899791-14-3", "normal-4899791-15-0", "normal-4899791-15-1", "normal-4899791-15-2", "normal-4899791-15-3", "normal-4899791-15-4", "normal-4899791-15-5", "normal-4899791-15-6", "normal-4899791-16-0", "normal-4899791-16-1", "normal-4899791-16-2", "normal-4899791-16-3", "normal-4899791-17-0", "normal-4899791-17-1", "normal-4899791-17-2", "normal-4899791-17-3", "normal-4899791-17-4", "normal-4899791-18-0", "normal-4899791-18-1", "normal-4899791-18-2", "normal-4899791-18-3", "normal-4899791-18-4", "normal-4899791-18-5", "normal-4899791-18-6", "normal-4899791-19-0", "normal-4899791-20-0", "normal-4899791-21-0", "normal-4899791-21-1", "normal-4899791-21-2", "normal-4899791-21-3", "normal-4899791-22-0", "normal-4899791-22-1", "normal-4899791-22-2", "normal-4899791-22-3", "normal-4899791-22-4", "normal-4899791-22-5", "normal-4899791-23-0", "normal-4899791-23-1", "normal-4899791-23-2", "normal-4899791-24-0", "normal-4899791-24-1", "normal-4899791-24-2", "normal-4899791-24-3", "normal-4899791-25-0", "normal-4899791-25-1", "normal-4899791-26-0", "normal-4899791-26-1", "normal-4899791-27-0", "normal-4899791-27-1", "normal-4899791-27-2", "normal-4899791-27-3", "normal-4899791-28-0", "normal-4899791-29-0", "normal-4899791-29-1", "normal-4899791-29-2", "normal-4899791-30-0", "normal-4899791-30-1", "normal-4899791-30-2", "normal-4899791-30-3", "normal-4899791-30-4", "normal-4899791-30-5", "normal-4899791-30-6", "normal-4899791-30-7", "normal-4899791-30-8", "normal-4899791-30-9", "normal-4899791-30-10", "normal-4899791-30-11", "normal-4899791-31-0", "normal-4899791-31-1", "normal-4899791-31-2", "normal-4899791-32-0", "normal-4899791-32-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Carrie is a 1976 American supernatural horror film directed by Brian De Palma from a screenplay written by Lawrence D. Cohen, adapted from Stephen King's 1974 epistolary novel of the same name.", "The film stars Sissy Spacek as Carrie White, a 16-year-old diffident teenager who is consistently mocked and bullied at school.", "Her peers are unaware that she possesses telekinetic powers.", "The film also featured Piper Laurie, Amy Irving, Nancy Allen, William Katt, P. J. Soles, Betty Buckley, and John Travolta in supporting roles.", "The film was based on King's first novel by the same name.", "De Palma was intrigued by the story and pushed for the studio to direct it while Spacek was encouraged by her husband to audition.", "It is the first of more than 100 film and television productions adapted from, or based on, the published works of King.", "\"Carrie\" was theatrically released on November 3, 1976 by United Artists.", "The film became a critical and commercial success, grossing over $33.8 million against its $1.8 million budget.", "It received two nominations at the 49th Academy Awards: Best Actress (for Spacek) and Best Supporting Actress (for Laurie).", "It is widely cited by critics and audience members alike as the best adaptation of the novel amongst the numerous films and television shows based on the character, as well as one of the best films based on King's publications.", "The film has had a significant influence on popular culture.", "Several publications have regarded it as one of the greatest horror films of all time.", "In 2008, \"Carrie\" was ranked 86th on \"Empire\"'s list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.", "It was ranked 15th on \"Entertainment Weekly\"'s list of the 50 Best High School Movies, 46th on the \"American Film Institute\" list \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills\".", "The film's prom scene has had a major influence on popular culture and has been discussed, analysed and parodied numerous times and was ranked 8th on \"Bravo\"' s The 100 Scariest Moments in Cinematic History (2004).", "Carrie White is a shy and unpopular 16-year-old girl who lives with her fanatically religious mother Margaret.", "When Carrie experiences her first period in the school shower after physical education, she panics because she was never told of this process.", "Carrie's amused classmates humiliate her until the gym teacher, Miss Collins, intervenes.", "Following conversations with Collins and the principal, Carrie is dismissed from school.", "Margaret considers Carrie's menstruation to be a manifestation of sinful sexual fantasies, and she locks Carrie in an altar-like \"prayer closet\" to pray for forgiveness.", "At school, Collins reprimands Carrie's tormentors and punishes them with a week-long after-school detention in a boot camp-style hour of gym class.", "Those who skip the punitive measure are suspended for three days and banned from the upcoming prom.", "Christine \"Chris\" Hargensen, the leader of the girls, walks out and begins plotting vengeance against Carrie.", "Sue Snell, a deeply remorseful classmate, asks her handsome and popular boyfriend, Tommy Ross, to invite Carrie to prom.", "Carrie, meanwhile, develops telekinesis as she shakes off her shyness.", "In spite of Margaret's cries of protest, Carrie dons a flattering dress hairstyle for the prom.", "Margaret, upon bearing witness to Carrie's telekinetic powers, denounces her as a witch.", "Chris's plan to humiliate Carrie at the prom is put in motion: the election for Prom Queen is rigged in Carrie's favor, and at the moment of Carrie's coronation, she is doused with pig blood.", "As Chris and her boyfriend Billy discreetly vacate the premises, the audience is left in a shocked state of speechlessness, but Carrie hallucinates that they have all burst into laughter when Tommy is hit and knocked unconscious on stage by the falling bucket.", "Carrie, in a pained fit of shame and anger, uses her telekinesis to hermetically seal the gym and kill most of her teachers and classmates in a rage.", "Sue, who was mistaken for a troublemaker and ejected from the room, is the only other student who misses the disaster.", "Chris and Billy attempt to run over Carrie as she walks home; Carrie causes their car to flip and explode, killing them.", "When Carrie arrives home, Margaret tells her that she is the result of rape by her drunk father, and that she shamefully enjoyed it.", "As she comforts Carrie, Margaret stabs her in the back and chases her with a knife.", "In self-defense, Carrie causes numerous knives and sharp kitchen utensils to fly through the air and kill Margaret.", "Carrie then incinerates the house with them still inside.", "Sue, the only survivor of the prom massacre, has a nightmare in which she lays flowers on the remains of Carrie's home, with a \"for sale\" sign vandalized with \"Carrie White burns in Hell!\".", "Suddenly, Carrie's bloody arm reaches from beneath the rubble and grabs Sue's forearm.", "Sue wakes up screaming as her mother comforts her.", "\"Carrie\" was the first Stephen King novel to be published and the first to be adapted into a feature film.", "In an interview in Port Charlotte, Florida at a public appearance near his home on the Gulf coast on March 20, 2010, King said he was 26 years old at the time and was paid just $2,500 for the film rights, but added \"I was fortunate to have that happen to my first book.\"", "Lawrence D. Cohen was hired as the screenwriter, and produced the first draft, which had closely followed the novel's intentions.", "United Artists accepted the second draft but only allocated De Palma a budget of $1.6 million, a small amount considering the popularity of horror films at the time.", "The budget eventually rose to $1.8 million.", "Certain scripted scenes were omitted from the final version, mainly due to financial limitations.", "Many young actresses auditioned for the lead role, including Melanie Griffith.", "Sissy Spacek was persuaded by husband Jack Fisk to audition for the title role.", "Fisk then convinced De Palma to let her audition, and she read for all of the parts.", "De Palma's first choice for the role of Carrie was Betsy Slade, who received good notices for her role in the film \"Our Time\" (1974).", "Determined to land the leading role, Spacek backed out of a television commercial she was scheduled to film, rubbed Vaseline into her hair, left her face unwashed, and arrived for her screen test clad in a sailor dress which her mother had made her in the seventh grade, with the hem cut off, and was given the part.", "Nancy Allen was the last to audition, and her audition came just as she was on the verge of leaving Hollywood.", "She and De Palma later married.", "De Palma began with director of photography Isidore Mankofsky, who was eventually replaced by Mario Tosi after conflict between Mankofsky and De Palma ensued.", "Gregory M. Auer, assisted by Ken Pepiot, served as the special effects supervisor for \"Carrie\", with Jack Fisk, Spacek's husband, as art director.", "The White house was filmed in Santa Paula, California.", "To give the house a Gothic theme, the director and producers visited religious souvenir shops to find artifacts to decorate the set location.", "A wraparound segment at the beginning and end of the film was scripted and filmed, which featured the Whites' home being pummeled by stones that hailed from the sky.", "The opening scene was filmed as planned, though on celluloid, the tiny pebbles looked like rain water.", "A mechanical malfunction botched filming the night when the model of the Whites' home was set to be destroyed by stones, so the filmmakers burned it down instead and deleted the scenes with the stones altogether.", "The original opening scene is presumed lost.", "The final scene, in which Sue reaches toward Carrie's grave, was shot backwards to give it a dreamlike quality.", "This scene was inspired by the final scene in \"Deliverance\" (1972).", "Rather than let a stunt double perform the scene underground, Spacek insisted on using her own hand in the scene, so she was positioned under the rocks and gravel.", "De Palma explains that crew members \"had to bury her.", "We had to put her in a box and stick her underneath the ground.", "Well, I had her husband Fisk bury her because I certainly didn't want to bury her\".", "The score for \"Carrie\" was composed by Pino Donaggio.", "In addition, Donaggio scored two pop songs (\"Born to Have It All\" and \"I Never Dreamed Someone Like You Could Love Someone Like Me\") with lyrics by Merrit Malloy for the early portion of the prom sequence.", "These songs were performed by Katie Irving (sister of Amy Irving and daughter of Priscilla Pointer).", "Donaggio would work again with De Palma on \"Home Movies\", \"Dressed to Kill\", \"Blow Out\", \"Body Double\", \"Raising Cain\", and \"Passion\".", "The soundtrack album was originally released on vinyl in 1976 from United Artists Records.", "A deluxe CD edition containing a few tracks of dialogue from the film was released by Rykodisc in 1997, and a 2005 CD re-release of the original soundtrack (minus dialogue) was available from Varèse Sarabande.", "In 2010, Kritzerland Records released all 35 cues of Donaggio's score for the film on a two-disc CD set which was presented as the complete score.", "Also included in this edition were the versions of \"Born to Have It All\" and \"I Never Dreamed...\" which were heard in the film, as well as instrumentals of both songs, and hidden at the end of the final track, a version of the \"Calisthenics\" cue with Betty Buckley's studio-recorded voice-over from the detention scene.", "The second disc was a remastered copy of the original 13-track album.", "The Kritzerland release was a limited edition of 1,200 copies.", "Kritzerland re-released the first disc as \"The Encore Edition\" in February 2013; this release was limited to 1,000 copies.", "\"Carrie\" received widespread critical acclaim and was cited as one of the best films of the year.", "The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 93% based on 61 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4/10.", "The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"Carrie\" is a horrifying look at supernatural powers, high school cruelty, and teen angst – and it brings us one of the most memorable and disturbing prom scenes in history.\"", "On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 85 out of 100, based on 14 critics.", "Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" stated the film was an \"absolutely spellbinding horror movie\", as well as an \"observant human portrait\", giving three and a half stars out of four.", "Pauline Kael of \"The New Yorker\" stated that \"Carrie\" was \"the best scary-funny movie since \"Jaws\" – a teasing, terrifying, lyrical shocker\".", "\"Take One Magazine\" critic Susan Schenker said she was \"angry at the way \"Carrie\" manipulated me to the point where my heart was thudding, and embarrassed because the film really works.\"", "A 1998 edition of \"The Movie Guide\" stated \"Carrie\" was a \"landmark horror film\", while Stephen Farber prophetically stated in a 1978 issue of \"New West Magazine\", \"it's a horror classic, and years from now it will still be written and argued about, and it will still be scaring the daylights out of new generations of moviegoers.\"", "Quentin Tarantino placed \"Carrie\" at number 8 in a list of his favorite films ever.", "Nevertheless, the film was not without its detractors.", "Andrew Sarris of \"The Village Voice\" commented, \"There are so few incidents that two extended sequences are rendered in slow-motion as if to pad out the running time...\" Gene Siskel of the \"Chicago Tribune\" gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and called it \"a crude shocker with a little style,\" praising the \"strong performances\" but opining that the movie \"falls apart\" during the climax which he described as \"crude and sloppy.\"", "In addition to being a box office success – earning $14.5 million in theater rentals by January 1978 – \"Carrie\" is notable for being one of the few horror films to be nominated for multiple Academy Awards.", "Sissy Spacek and Piper Laurie received nominations for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress awards, respectively.", "The film also won the grand prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival, while Sissy Spacek was given the Best Actress award by the National Society of Film Critics.", "In 2008, \"Carrie\" was ranked number 86 on \"Empire Magazine\"'s list of \"The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time\".", "This movie also ranked number 15 on \"Entertainment Weekly\"'s list of the 50 Best High School Movies, and No. 46 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Greatest Cinema Thrills, and was also ranked eighth for its famous ending sequence on Bravo's \"The 100 Scariest Movie Moments\" (2004).", "In a 2010 interview, King replied that he thought, although dated now, \"Carrie\" was a \"good movie.\"", "\"Carrie\", along with the novel, has been reproduced and adapted several times.", "\"\" was released in 1999.", "It featured another teenager with telekinetic powers who is revealed to have shared a father with Carrie White.", "The film received universally negative reviews and was a box office failure.", "Amy Irving reprises her role of Sue Snell from the previous film.", "In 2002, a television film based on King's novel and starring Angela Bettis in the titular role was released.", "The film updated the events of the story to modern-day settings and technology while simultaneously attempting to be more faithful to the book's original structure, storyline, and specific events.", "However, the ending was drastically changed: instead of killing her mother and then herself, the film has Carrie killing her mother, being revived via CPR by Sue Snell and being driven to Florida to hide.", "This new ending marked a complete divergence from the novel and was a signal that the film served as a pilot for a \"Carrie\" television series, which never materialized.", "In the new ending, the rescued Carrie vows to help others with similar gifts to her own.", "Although Bettis' portrayal of Carrie was highly praised, the film was cited by most critics as inferior to the original.", "In May 2011, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Screen Gems announced that \"Carrie\" would be adapted to film once more.", "Playwright Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa wrote the script as \"a more faithful adaptation\" of King's novel but shared a screenplay credit with the 1976 film's writer Lawrence D. Cohen.", "Aguirre-Sacasa had previously adapted King's epic novel \"The Stand\" into comic-book form in 2008.", "The role of Carrie was played by 16-year-old actress Chloë Grace Moretz.", "Julianne Moore starred as Carrie's mother Margaret White, and Gabriella Wilde as Sue Snell.", "Alex Russell and Broadway actor Ansel Elgort played Billy Nolan and Tommy Ross respectively.", "Portia Doubleday was given the role of Chris Hargensen and Judy Greer was cast as Miss Desjardin.", "Kimberly Peirce, known for her work on \"Boys Don't Cry\", directed the new adaptation.", "It was released on October 18, 2013 and received mixed reviews.", "A 1988 Broadway musical of the same name, based on King's novel and starring Betty Buckley, Linzi Hateley and Darlene Love, closed after only 16 previews and five performances.", "An English pop opera filtered through Greek tragedy, the show was so notorious that it provided the title to Ken Mandelbaum's survey of theatrical disasters, \"Not Since Carrie: Forty Years of Broadway Musical Flops\".", "Early in the 21st century, playwright Erik Jackson attempted to secure the rights to stage another production of \"Carrie\" the musical, but his request was rejected.", "Jackson eventually earned the consent of King to mount a new, officially sanctioned, non-musical production of \"Carrie\", which debuted Off-Broadway in 2006 with female impersonator Sherry Vine in the lead role.", "Similarly, many other \"un\"official spoofs have been staged over the years, usually with a gym teacher named \"Miss Collins\" (as opposed to the novel's \"Miss Desjardin\" and the musical's \"Miss Gardner\"), most notably the \"parodage\" \"Scarrie the Musical\", which hit the Illinois stage in 1998 and was revived in 2005; Dad's Garage Theatre's 2002 production of \"Carrie White the Musical\"; and the 2007 New Orleans production of \"Carrie's Facts of Life\", which was a hybrid of \"Carrie\" and the classic American sitcom \"The Facts of Life\".", "A high school production of the musical is the focus of \"\" episode of \"Riverdale\".", "\"Carrie\" was originally released on VHS and LaserDisc formats, for which it received numerous editions throughout the world.", "In the United States and Canada, \"Carrie\" has been made available several times on DVD format from MGM Home Entertainment, debuting on September 29, 1998, while a 'Special Edition' set was released on August 28, 2001.", "On December 4, 2007, the film was released a part of MGM's 'Decades Collection', which included a soundtrack CD.", "The film was additionally released within multiple sets via MGM; first with \"Carrie\", \"The Rage: Carrie 2\", and \"Carrie\" (the 2002 television film) on January 18, 2011, and the second, as part of MGM's 90th anniversary, featured with \"Misery\" and \"The Silence of the Lambs\".", "The film was released for the first time on Blu-ray in the U.S. and Canada from MGM on October 7, 2008, which contained an MPEG-2 codec, with new DTS-HD 5.1 Master Lossless Audio, while retaining the original English Mono, and included Spanish Audio and French 5.1 Dolby Surround.", "The only special feature on the set is a theatrical trailer.", "The film was again released on Blu-ray on July 18, 2013, when it was available exclusively through Comic-Con in San Diego from MGM and FoxConnect, containing a slipcover with exclusive artwork.", "Two further editions were made available from MGM in 2014; a \"Carrie 2-Pack\" set containing the original film and the 2013 adaptation, released September 9, 2014, and finally, a re-issue Blu-ray with a collectible Halloween faceplate, on October 21, 2014.", "Home distribution rights are currently held by Shout Factory, and the film was released via their subsidiary label, Scream Factory on October 11, 2016, in a 2-disc 'Collector's Edition', now available with MPEG-4 coding, and a new 4K scan.", "Special features on the set include the theatrical trailer, \"Carrie\" franchise trailer gallery, new interviews with writer Lawrence D. Cohen, editor Paul Hirsch, actors Piper Laurie, P.J. Soles, Nancy Allen, Betty Buckley, William Katt, and Edie McClurg, casting director Harriet B. Helberg, director of photography Mario Tosi, and composer Pino Donaggio, \"Horror's Hallowed Grounds\" – Revisiting the Film's Original Locations, \"Acting Carrie\" featurette, \"Visualizing Carrie\" featurette, a look at \"Carrie the Musical\", TV spots, radio spots, still gallery, \"Stephen King and the Evolution of Carrie\" text gallery.", "The set also includes reversible sleeve containing original artwork and newly commissioned artwork from Shout Factory, and a slipcover containing the new artwork.", "On October 11, 2016, Shout Factory additionally released a \"Deluxe Limited Edition\" of 2000 copies, which includes the slipcover contained in the \"Collector's Edition\", with an additional poster matching the slipcover, and an alternative slipcover and poster consisting of different artwork.", "In the United Kingdom, the film received its initial DVD release on February 1, 2000 via MGM.", "A re-issue 'Special Edition' DVD was made available from MGM on October 22, 2001, while a two-disc standard set was released on September 7, 2006.", "A DVD set, \"The Carrie Collection\", consisting of both the original film, and \"The Rage: Carrie 2\", was released from 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on October 7, 2013, while on the same day, a re-issue DVD containing newly commissioned artwork, as well as the first-ever Blu-ray release in the UK was made available from 20th Century Fox.", "A second Blu-ray edition became available in the form of a steelbook, released on September 29, 2014; a set which reverted to the previous-style artwork.", "On September 22, 2017, it was announced that \"Carrie\" would receive a 'Limited Collector's Edition' Blu-ray of 5000 copies from Arrow Films, providing the definitive release of the film.", "The set will contain a new 4K restoration, with special features, including commentary by authors Lee Gambin and Alexandra Heller-Nicholas, recorded exclusively for the release, brand-new visual essay comparing the various versions and adaptations of \"Carrie\", \"Acting Carrie\" featurette, \"More Acting Carrie\" featurette, \"Writing Carrie\" – an interview with writer Lawrence D. Cohen/\"Shooting Carrie\" – an interview with cinematographer Mario Tosi, \"Cutting Carrie\" – an interview with editor Paul Hirsch/\"Casting Carrie\" – an interview with casting director Harriet B. Helberg, \"Bucket of Blood\" – an interview with composer Pino Donaggio, \"Horror's Hallowed Grounds\" – a look back at the film's locations, gallery, trailer, TV spots, radio spots, \"Carrie\" trailer reel, and 60-page limited edition booklet featuring new writing on the film by author Neil Mitchell, alongside reversible artwork, poster and art cards.", "The set was released on December 11, 2017.", "On most of the later VHS releases and DVD sets, John Travolta's name was included on the artwork alongside Sissy Spacek.", "Although Travolta only appeared in a minor supporting role in the film, his name was featured to capitalize on his high-profile career in his many films following \"Carrie\", therefore possibly increasing sales." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 337609, "simple_article_title": "Carrie (1976 movie)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=337609", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-337609-0-0", "simple-337609-0-1", "simple-337609-0-2", "simple-337609-0-3", "simple-337609-0-4", "simple-337609-0-5", "simple-337609-0-6", "simple-337609-0-7", "simple-337609-1-0", "simple-337609-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Carrie is a 1976 American supernatural horror movie.", "It was directed by Brian De Palma and written by Lawrence D. Cohen.", "It is based on a novel of the same name by Stephen King.", "The film stars Sissy Spacek as 17-18 year old Carrie White.", "She is shy and is victimized by her controlling religious mother, played by Piper Laurie, as well as by several of her high school classmates.", "However, she has telekinetic powers which she uses to take revenge on the people who deliberately cause her suffering.", "Nancy Allen, Amy Irving, William Katt and John Travolta play some of her classmates.", "Carrie was emotionally and verbally abused by some girls who are her classmates.", "It was followed by a 1999 sequel, \"\".", "It was remade in 2002 and 2013." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3032190, "normal_article_title": "490 Veritas", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3032190", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3032190-0-0", "normal-3032190-0-1", "normal-3032190-1-0", "normal-3032190-1-1", "normal-3032190-1-2", "normal-3032190-1-3", "normal-3032190-2-0", "normal-3032190-2-1", "normal-3032190-3-0", "normal-3032190-3-1", "normal-3032190-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Veritas ( ; minor planet designation: 490 Veritas) is a carbonaceous Veritasian asteroid, which may have been involved in one of the more massive asteroid-asteroid collisions of the past 100 million years.", "It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory on 3 September 1902.", "With an diameter of more than 100 kilometers, Veritas is the largest member and namesake of the Veritas family, a mid-sized asteroid family of carbonaceous asteroids in the outer main-belt, that formed recently approximately million years ago.", "David Nesvorný of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder traced the orbits of these bodies back in time, and calculated that they formed in a collision of a body at least 150 km in diameter with a smaller asteroid.", "Veritas and Undina would have been the largest fragments of that collision which caused a \"late Miocene dust shower\".", "The family consists of more than a thousand known members including 1086 Nata, 2428 Kamenyar and 2934 Aristophanes.", "Substantiating Nesvorný's estimate, Kenneth Farley \"et al.\" found evidence in sea-floor sediments of a fourfold increase in the amount of cosmic dust reaching Earth's surface, which began 8.2 million years ago and tapered off over the next million and a half years.", "This is one of the largest increases in dust deposits of the past 100 million years.", "The suspected Veritas collision would have been too far from Jupiter for the fragments to have been slung into a collision course with Earth.", "However, solar radiation would have caused the resulting dust to drift inward to Earth orbit over a time span consistent with the record of dust in the ocean sediment.", "Today continuing collisions among Veritas-family asteroids are estimated to send five thousand tons of cosmic dust to Earth each year, 15% of the total." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 87806, "simple_article_title": "490 Veritas", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87806", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-87806-0-0", "simple-87806-1-0", "simple-87806-1-1", "simple-87806-1-2", "simple-87806-2-0", "simple-87806-2-1", "simple-87806-3-0", "simple-87806-4-0", "simple-87806-4-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "490 Veritas is a big asteroid, which may have been involved in one of the more huge asteroid-asteroid collisions of the past 100 million years.", "At 115 and 125 km in diameter, Veritas and 92 Undina are the biggest of the 300-strong Veritas family of asteroids.", "David Nesvorný of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder traced the orbits of these bodies back in time, and calculated that they formed in a collision of a body at least 150 km in diameter with a smaller asteroid some 8 million years ago.", "Veritas and Undina would have been the biggest pieces of that collision.", "The thought Veritas collision would have been too far from Jupiter for the pieces to have been slung into a collision course with Earth.", "However, solar radiation would have caused the resulting dust to drift inward to Earth orbit over a time span consistent with the record of dust in the ocean sediment.", "Today continuing collisions among Veritas-family asteroids are estimated to send five thousand tons of cosmic dust to Earth each year, 15% of the total.", "It was found by Max Wolf in 1902.", "Its provisional name was 1902 JP." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 16799406, "normal_article_title": "Wiener Werkstattpreis", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16799406", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-16799406-0-0", "normal-16799406-0-1", "normal-16799406-0-2", "normal-16799406-1-0", "normal-16799406-1-1", "normal-16799406-1-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The international Wiener Werkstattpreis is a literary award established in 1992 in Austria.", "Since 2000, the award has been given annually.", "The organizers hope to bring public attention to writers who are not well known.", "The grand prize is €1,100, with a second prize of €800 awarded by the audience.", "In 2007, authors could compete in three categories: short story, poetry and essay.", "Supported and partly financed by the Austrian government and the city administration of Vienna, the award is organized by the publisher FZA." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 235598, "simple_article_title": "Wiener Werkstattpreis", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235598", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-235598-0-0", "simple-235598-0-1", "simple-235598-0-2", "simple-235598-1-0", "simple-235598-1-1", "simple-235598-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The international Wiener Werkstattpreis is a literary prize in Austria and has been founded in 1992.", "Since the year 2000, the prize is given every year.", "The organizers want to promote writers who are not well-known yet.", "The prize is 1,100 EUR.", "In 2007, the authors could send in their texts in three categories: short story, poetry and essay.", "Supported and partly paid by the Austrian government and the city administration of Vienna, the prize is organized by the publishing house FZA." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4565, "normal_article_title": "Bambara language", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4565", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4565-0-0", "normal-4565-0-1", "normal-4565-0-2", "normal-4565-0-3", "normal-4565-1-0", "normal-4565-1-1", "normal-4565-1-2", "normal-4565-2-0", "normal-4565-2-1", "normal-4565-2-2", "normal-4565-2-3", "normal-4565-2-4", "normal-4565-2-5", "normal-4565-3-0", "normal-4565-3-1", "normal-4565-3-2", "normal-4565-4-0", "normal-4565-4-1", "normal-4565-5-0", "normal-4565-5-1", "normal-4565-5-2", "normal-4565-5-3", "normal-4565-6-0", "normal-4565-6-1", "normal-4565-6-2", "normal-4565-6-3", "normal-4565-7-0", "normal-4565-8-0", "normal-4565-9-0", "normal-4565-9-1", "normal-4565-9-2", "normal-4565-9-3", "normal-4565-9-4", "normal-4565-9-5", "normal-4565-10-0", "normal-4565-10-1", "normal-4565-10-2", "normal-4565-11-0", "normal-4565-11-1", "normal-4565-11-2", "normal-4565-12-0", "normal-4565-12-1", "normal-4565-13-0", "normal-4565-13-1", "normal-4565-13-2", "normal-4565-13-3", "normal-4565-13-4", "normal-4565-14-0", "normal-4565-14-1", "normal-4565-15-0", "normal-4565-15-1", "normal-4565-15-2", "normal-4565-16-0", "normal-4565-16-1", "normal-4565-16-2", "normal-4565-17-0", "normal-4565-17-1", "normal-4565-17-2", "normal-4565-17-3", "normal-4565-18-0", "normal-4565-18-1", "normal-4565-18-2", "normal-4565-19-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Bambara (Bamana) language, Bamanankan, is a lingua franca and national language of Mali spoken by perhaps 15 million people, natively by 5 million Bambara people and about 10 million second-language users.", "It is estimated that about 80 percent of the population of Mali speak Bambara as a first or second language.", "It has a subject–object–verb clause structure and two lexical tones.", "The native name bamanankan means \"the language of heathens , people who refuse Islam\", as opposed to speakers of Dyula, who are Muslim.", "Bambara is a variety of a group of closely related languages called Manding, whose native speakers trace their cultural history to the medieval Mali Empire.", "Varieties of Manding are generally considered (among native speakers) to be mutually intelligible – dependent on exposure or familiarity with dialects between speakers – and spoken by 30 to 40 million people in the countries Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast and the Gambia.", "Manding is part of the larger Mandé family of languages.", "It uses seven vowels a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ and u, each of which can be nasalized, pharyngealized and murmured, giving a total number of 21 vowels (the letters approximate their equivalents).", "Writing with the Latin alphabet began during the French occupation, and the first orthography was introduced in 1967.", "Literacy is limited, especially in rural areas.", "Although written literature is only slowly evolving (due to the predominance of French as the \"language of the educated\"), there exists a wealth of oral literature, which is often tales of kings and heroes.", "This oral literature is mainly tradited by the griots (\"Jeliw\" in Bambara) who are a mixture of storytellers, praise singers, and human history books who have studied the trade of singing and reciting for many years.", "Many of their songs are very old and are said to date back to the old empire of Mali.", "Bambara is spoken throughout Mali as a lingua franca.", "The language is most widely spoken in the areas east, south, and north of Bamako, where native speakers and/or those that identify as members of the Bambara ethnic group are most densely populated.", "These regions are also usually considered to be the historical geographical origin of Bambara people, particularly Ségou, after diverging from other Manding groups.", "The main dialect is Standard Bamara, which has significant influence from Maninkakan.", "Bambara has many local dialects: Kaarta, Tambacounda (west); Beledugu, Bananba, Mesekele (north); Jitumu, Jamaladugu, Segu (center); Cakadugu, Keleyadugu, Jalakadougu, Kurulamini, Banimɔncɛ, Cɛmala, Cɛndugu, Baninkɔ, Shɛndugu, Ganadugu (south); Kala, Kuruma, Saro, dialects to the northeast of Mopti (especially Bɔrɛ); Zegedugu, Bɛndugu, Bakɔkan, Jɔnka (southeast).,", "Since 1967, Bambara has mostly been written in the Latin script, using some additional phonetic characters.", "The vowels are \"a, e, ɛ\" (formerly \"è\"), \"i, o, ɔ\" (formerly \"ò\"), \"u\"; accents can be used to indicate tonality.", "The former digraph \"ny\" is now written \"ɲ\" when it designates a palatal nasal glide; the \"ny\" spelling is kept for the combination of a nasal vowel with a subsequent oral palatal glide.", "Following the 1966 Bamako spelling conventions, a nasal velar glide \"ŋ\" is written as \"ŋ\", although in early publications it was often transcribed as \"ng\" or \"nk\".", "The N'Ko alphabet is a script devised by Solomana Kante in 1949 as a writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa; N’Ko means 'I say' in all Manding languages.", "Kante created N’Ko in response to what he felt were beliefs that Africans were a \"cultureless people\" since prior to this time there had been no indigenous African writing system for his language.", "N'ko came first into use in Kankan, Guinea as a Maninka alphabet and disseminated from there into other Manding-speaking parts of West Africa.", "N'ko and the Arabic script are still in use for Bambara, although the Latin script is much more common.", "Each consonant represents a single sound.", "Like Turkish and Japanese, it is an agglutinative language, meaning that morphemes are glued together to form a word.", "The basic sentence structure is Subject Object Verb.", "Take the phrase, \"n t'a don\" (I don't know it).", "\"n\" is the subject (me), \"a\" is the object (it), and \"ka don\" is the verb (to know).", "The \"t'\" is from the present tense marker \"té.\"", "\"té\" is the negative present tense marker and \"bé\" is the affirmative present tense marker.", "Therefore, \"n b'a don\" would mean \"I know it\".", "Bambara is an SOV language and has two (mid/standard and high) tones; e.g. \"sa\" 'die' vs. \"sá\" 'snake.'", "The typical argument structure of the language consists of a subject, followed by an aspectival auxiliary, followed by the direct object, and finally a transitive verb.", "Naturally, if the verb is intransitive, the direct object is absent.", "Bambara does not inflect for gender.", "Gender for a noun can be specified by adding an adjective, \"-cɛ\" or \"-kɛ\" for male and \"-muso\" for female.", "The plural is formed by attaching a vocalic suffix \"-u\", most often with a low tone (in the orthography, \"-w\") to nouns or adjectives.", "Bambara uses postpositions in much the same manner as languages like English and French use prepositions.", "These postpositions are found after the verb and are used to express direction, location, and in some cases, possession.", "In urban areas, many Bambara conjunctions have been replaced in everyday use by French borrowings that often mark code-switches.", "The Bamako dialect makes use of sentences like: \"N taara Kita mais il n'y avait personne là-bas.\"", ": \"I went to Kita Bambara but there was no one there French.\"", "The sentence in Bambara alone would be \"N taara Kita nka mɔgɔsi tuntɛ yen.\"", "The French proposition \"est-ce que\" is also used in Bambara; however, it is pronounced more slowly and as three syllables, ɛsəkə .", "Bambara uses many French loan words.", "For example, some people might say: \"I ka kulosi ye jauni ye\": \"Your skirt is yellow\" (using a derivation of the French word for yellow, jaune.)", "However, one could also say: \"I ka kulosi ye neremuguman ye\", also meaning \"your skirt is yellow.\"", "The original Bambara word for yellow comes from \"\"neremugu\",\" being flour (\"mugu\") made from néré (locust bean), a seed from a long seed pod.", "Neremugu is often used in sauces in Southern Mali.", "Most French loan words are suffixed with the sound 'i'; this is particularly common when using French words which have a meaning not traditionally found in Mali.", "For example, the Bambara word for snow is \"niegei\", based on the French word for snow \"neige\".", "As there has never been snow in Mali, there was no unique word in Bambara to describe it.", "Malian artists such as Oumou Sangaré, Sidiki Diabaté, Rokia Traoré, Ali Farka Touré, Salif Keita, Habib Koité, and the married duo Amadou & Mariam often sing in Bambara.", "Aïda of the band Métisse often sings in Dioula, as does Mory Kante, born in Guinea to a Malian mother; his most famous song to date is \"Yeke Yeke\" (Alpha Blondy).", "Lyrics in Bambara occur on Stevie Wonder's soundtrack \"Journey through the Secret Life of Plants\".", "Tiken Jah Fakoly (reggae) often sings in Dioula and French.", "Additionally, in 2010, Spanish rock group Dover released its 7th studio album I Ka Kené, with the majority of lyrics in the language.", "American rapper Nas also released a track titled \"Sabali\" in 2010, which featured Damian Marley.", "\"Sabali\" is a Bambara word that means patience.", "Bambara is one of several languages designated by Mali as a national language." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 76011, "simple_article_title": "Bambara language", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=76011", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-76011-0-0", "simple-76011-0-1", "simple-76011-0-2", "simple-76011-0-3", "simple-76011-0-4", "simple-76011-0-5", "simple-76011-0-6", "simple-76011-1-0", "simple-76011-1-1", "simple-76011-1-2", "simple-76011-1-3", "simple-76011-1-4", "simple-76011-2-0", "simple-76011-3-0", "simple-76011-3-1", "simple-76011-3-2", "simple-76011-3-3", "simple-76011-3-4", "simple-76011-4-0", "simple-76011-5-0", "simple-76011-5-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Bambara is a language from Mali.", "More than 6 000 000 people (including second language users) speak it.", "It is called Bamanankan in Bambara.", "Bambara is very similar to Dioula.", "Dioula is not spoken by as many people, but it is used in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Gambia.", "The Bambara language is spoken mainly by people in the Bambara racial group.", "About 2,700,000 people are in this group, but Bambara is also used by other racial groups in Mali.", "Bambara is in the Manding language family.", "These languages are similar to each other.", "This family of languages is in a larger language group.", "This group is called the Mandé group.", "It is an SOV language (Subject-Object-Verb) and it has two tones (pitches).", "There are seven vowels: a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ and u.", "Writing started during the period of French rule.", "There is not much written work, but there is a lot of oral literature, which is often stories about kings and heroes.", "The people who tell these stories are called \"Griot\".", "They also sing religious songs.", "Many of their songs are very old and some people think the songs are as old as the old Mali Empire.", "Bambara is a national language of Mali, and it is also the most widely understood language in Mali.", "Bambara has many local dialects.", "Somono, Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu and Wasulu and Sikasso are some dialects." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 644063, "normal_article_title": "Ragnar Granit", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=644063", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-644063-0-0", "normal-644063-1-0", "normal-644063-2-0", "normal-644063-3-0", "normal-644063-3-1", "normal-644063-3-2", "normal-644063-3-3", "normal-644063-4-0", "normal-644063-5-0", "normal-644063-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ragnar Arthur Granit ForMemRS (October 30, 1900 – March 12, 1991) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish and later Swedish scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967 along with Haldan Keffer Hartline and George Wald \"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye\".", "Granit graduated in 1927 from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Helsinki, Finland.", "When Finland became the target of a massive Soviet attack in 1940 during the Winter War (1939–1940), Granit sought refuge – and peaceful surroundings for his studies and research work – in the neighbouring capital of Sweden, Stockholm, at the age of 40.", "In the next year, 1941, Granit also received Swedish citizenship, which made it possible for him to go on with his work and live without having to worry about the war, which lasted until 1945 in Finland.", "Granit remained a patriotic Finn throughout his life.", "After the \"Finnish-Russian Wars\", Granit kept homes both in Finland and Sweden.", "He and his wife are buried in Korpo, Finland.", "Granit was professor of neurophysiology at the Karolinska Institutet from 1946 to his retirement in 1967.", "Granit was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1960 and awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967.", "Granit said that he was a \"fifty-fifty\" Finnish and Swedish Nobel laureate." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 277444, "simple_article_title": "Ragnar Granit", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=277444", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-277444-0-0", "simple-277444-0-1", "simple-277444-1-0", "simple-277444-1-1", "simple-277444-1-2", "simple-277444-2-0", "simple-277444-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ragnar Arthur Granit (30 October, 1900 in Riihimäki, Finland — 31 March 1990, in Stockholm, Sweden) was a Finnish-Swedish doctor and scientist.", "He won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the eye.", "His father was a forester, Arthur Wilhelm Granit, and his mother was Albertina Helena Malmberg Granit.", "Ragnar Granit married Baroness Marguerite Emma Bruun (\"Daisy\") in 1929.", "Their son Michael Granit (b. 1930) is an architect.", "For his research into the internal electrical impulses that take place as the eye processes vision, Ragnar Granit was given the 1967 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.", "Granit received Swedish citizenship during World War II, and once said that his Nobel Prize \"belongs fifty-fifty to Finland and Sweden\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1035366, "normal_article_title": "British Rail Class 423", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1035366", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1035366-0-0", "normal-1035366-0-1", "normal-1035366-0-2", "normal-1035366-0-3", "normal-1035366-1-0", "normal-1035366-1-1", "normal-1035366-1-2", "normal-1035366-1-3", "normal-1035366-1-4", "normal-1035366-1-5", "normal-1035366-1-6", "normal-1035366-2-0", "normal-1035366-2-1", "normal-1035366-2-2", "normal-1035366-2-3", "normal-1035366-2-4", "normal-1035366-2-5", "normal-1035366-2-6", "normal-1035366-2-7", "normal-1035366-2-8", "normal-1035366-3-0", "normal-1035366-3-1", "normal-1035366-4-0", "normal-1035366-4-1", "normal-1035366-4-2", "normal-1035366-4-3", "normal-1035366-4-4", "normal-1035366-5-0", "normal-1035366-5-1", "normal-1035366-6-0", "normal-1035366-6-1", "normal-1035366-6-2", "normal-1035366-7-0", "normal-1035366-7-1", "normal-1035366-7-2", "normal-1035366-8-0", "normal-1035366-8-1", "normal-1035366-8-2", "normal-1035366-8-3", "normal-1035366-9-0", "normal-1035366-9-1", "normal-1035366-10-0", "normal-1035366-10-1", "normal-1035366-10-2", "normal-1035366-10-3", "normal-1035366-11-0", "normal-1035366-11-1", "normal-1035366-11-2", "normal-1035366-11-3", "normal-1035366-12-0", "normal-1035366-12-1", "normal-1035366-12-2", "normal-1035366-12-3", "normal-1035366-13-0", "normal-1035366-13-1", "normal-1035366-13-2", "normal-1035366-13-3", "normal-1035366-13-4", "normal-1035366-13-5", "normal-1035366-13-6", "normal-1035366-13-7", "normal-1035366-14-0", "normal-1035366-14-1", "normal-1035366-15-0", "normal-1035366-16-0", "normal-1035366-16-1", "normal-1035366-16-2", "normal-1035366-16-3", "normal-1035366-17-0", "normal-1035366-17-1", "normal-1035366-17-2", "normal-1035366-18-0", "normal-1035366-18-1", "normal-1035366-18-2", "normal-1035366-19-0", "normal-1035366-19-1", "normal-1035366-19-2", "normal-1035366-19-3", "normal-1035366-20-0", "normal-1035366-20-1", "normal-1035366-20-2", "normal-1035366-20-3", "normal-1035366-20-4", "normal-1035366-20-5", "normal-1035366-21-0", "normal-1035366-22-0", "normal-1035366-22-1", "normal-1035366-23-0", "normal-1035366-23-1", "normal-1035366-23-2", "normal-1035366-23-3", "normal-1035366-23-4", "normal-1035366-23-5", "normal-1035366-23-6", "normal-1035366-23-7", "normal-1035366-23-8", "normal-1035366-23-9", "normal-1035366-24-0", "normal-1035366-24-1", "normal-1035366-25-0", "normal-1035366-25-1", "normal-1035366-25-2", "normal-1035366-26-0", "normal-1035366-27-0", "normal-1035366-27-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The British Rail Class 423 (or 4 VEP (Vestibuled Electro-Pneumatic brake)) electrical multiple units were built by British Rail (BR) at York Works from 1967 to 1974, although the MBSOs and TSOs of the first 20, 7701-7720, were constructed at Derby Works.", "They feature manually opening doors next to every seating row and were the last coaching stock built in this pattern for BR.", "They were mostly found working outer suburban services in South London, and rural services in Kent and Sussex, up to 2005 when they were finally replaced by Electrostar and Desiro units.", "The fleet had a lifespan of 38 years.", "Ordered in 1965, 194 standard four-car '4 VEP' units were built between 1967 and 1974, numbered 7701-7894; subsequently becoming class 423 under TOPS.", "They were subsequently renumbered in the 1980s into the 30xx and 31xx series, in order to make numbers TOPS compliant.", "Between 1988 and 1990 the units were internally facelifted.", "The work involved fitting fluorescent lighting and public address equipment, and also rebuilding the MBS (motor brake second) vehicles with an additional two bays of seating in space formerly used for luggage.", "On refurbishment only the first 20 units were renumbered in order, in the 34xx series.", "All other units were renumbered from 3421 onwards, in the order they were refurbished.", "All units ended up swapping motor vehicles on refurbishment - the additional work on these cars made the work take longer than that carried out on trailer vehicles.", "In 1968, due to a shortage of suitable stock for the Bournemouth electrification scheme, BR formed an eight-carriage 8 VAB unit, no. 8001.", "The unit was formed of carriages from three standard sets, nos. 7739/41/42, plus a conventional locomotive-hauled buffet carriage.", "Three MBSOs were required within the make-up as the standard 'TRB' was not through-wired for traction power distribution.", "In view of this the two MBSOs in the five-car portion had collector shoes fitted to one bogie on each.", "The unit worked on occasions with a 4TC; this usually had a Class 33 attached to provide ETH and train lighting in the TC unit, as the 8 VAB was not fitted with ETH jumper cables on the unit ends.", "Its normal running formation was with another 4 VEP to make a 12-car set.", "The 'TRB' vehicle retained its gas-powered appliances so, unlike 4 REP buffet cars, was able to provide hot food and beverages while on diversions away from third-rail areas.", "Adjacent MBSO 62203 had most of its doors locked out of use and tables fitted across them for the service of meals on a 2-and-2 basis (across seats intended for five persons normally); this vehicle also had most of its luggage racks removed.", "The unit was later reclassified as Class 480 following the introduction of TOPS.", "The numbering of individual vehicles are shown in the table below.", "The unit was disbanded in 1974, following deliveries of 4 REP stock, but at least one of the original units was not reformed, as spare vehicles from the unit had replaced crash-damaged VEP vehicles in the meantime.", "In 1978, 12 units, nos. 7788-7799, were fitted with extra luggage racks (by removing the squabs and backs from certain seats) and reclassified as Class 427 4 VEG units.", "The units were renumbered into the range 7901-7912.", "These units were dedicated to the Gatwick Express services from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.", "Externally these units were marked by an orange/yellow (dayglo) coloured band at cantrail level with lettering 'London-Gatwick express service'.", "They normally ran only with other 4 VEG units.", "In 1984 they were replaced on this service by Class 73 electro-diesel locomotives operating in push-pull with Class 488 coaching sets and Class 489 luggage vans.", "The twelve units were then converted back to standard sets, and regained their original unit numbers.", "The numbering of individual vehicles and details of when units were built are shown in the table below.", "Following the privatisation of British Rail the three southern train operators all inherited large fleets of Vep units.", "The fleet of each franchise is described below.", "South Eastern Trains operated the largest fleet of 4Vep units.", "The franchise was originally operated as Connex South Eastern, which lost the franchise in 2003.", "The fleet contained several unusual units, included no. 3473, which contained a driving trailer with the compartments removed, and no. 3582, which contained former 4TC driving trailer 76275.", "Many units survived into 2005 because of the closure of the Folkestone—Dover section of railway for tunnel refurbishment.", "This ended in September 2005.", "The final passenger service was operated on 7 October 2005, using units 3565, 3545 and 3568.", "Incidentally unit 3545 contained 62121, the first 4Vep MBSO built.", "All the South Eastern Trains 4Vep units have now been withdrawn.", "One driving trailer from unit 3568, and another from 4Vep 3545, have been claimed by the National Railway Museum, and the former 4TC driving trailer from unit 3582 have been preserved.", "The Network SouthCentral division inherited a fleet of 50 standard Class 423/1 units.", "The franchise was originally won by Connex South Central, which soon applied its yellow and white livery to the fleet.", "However, following poor levels of service, the franchise was transferred to South Central Trains in 2000, which was later renamed as Southern in 2004.", "Only one unit, no. 3514, was ever repainted in Southern's green livery.", "In 1998-1999, whilst still under the control of Connex, 19 units were modified to operate inner suburban South London \"Metro\" services.", "The work involved removal of internal compartments and declassification of 1st class seating.", "The units were reclassified as Class 423/9 (or 4 VOP) and renumbered in the range 3901-3919.", "Due to the lack of first class seating and toilets, these units were generally not used on long-distance services.", "In 2003, with the general run-down of slam door trains, it was decided to reform some of the 4Vop units by swapping one driving trailer with that from a standard unit.", "The new hybrid units were reclassified as Class 423/8 (or 4 VIP) and renumbered in the range 3813-3844.", "This was to give all units some 1st-class seating, thus making diagramming of units easier.", "But in the event only eight units were reformed, namely nos. 3813/14/21/22/41-44.", "By 2004 Southern had started to introduce Class 377 \"Electrostar\" units into service.", "Although first introduced in 2002, this did not initially affect the Class 423 as the older 'Phase 1' Class 421 units were withdrawn first, due to their age and lower seating capacity.", "However, as more new units entered traffic, the first Class 423 units were withdrawn.", "Units selected for withdrawal were usually those with high mileage or in poor condition.", "By mid-2005 only a handful of units remained in traffic.", "The final diagrammed passenger service out of London was the 17:17 London Victoria to Eastbourne and Seaford on 19 August 2005, formed of units 3486 and 3535, plus 4Cig 1866.", "Six units were subsequently retained for emergency cover.", "Unit 3514 was used on the Sussex Slammer railtour on Saturday 19 November 2005.", "The following Saturday saw the final slam door trains on Southern, when units 3490, 3505 and 3535 formed the 09:19 Brighton to London Victoria and 11:06 London Victoria to Brighton services (via Lewes due to engineering works); this being the last scheduled mainline passenger service using southern-electric slam-door stock (the very last passenger being an off-duty HM Inspector of Railways).", "Following this trip the stock was withdrawn from service and initially put into Lover's Walk depot before being moved (under its own power) to Battersea Stewart's Lane Depot (road 12) from where it was hauled away at 12:26hrs on 3rd January 2006 by a class 47 locomotive for scrapping.", "One complete 4 VIP unit has been preserved, and two 4 VOP units remained in departmental use until March 2013.", "South West Trains (SWT) inherited the second-largest number of units, with an initial fleet size of 62 units.", "The entire fleet was composed of standard Class 423/1 units.", "Later, a further four units (nos. 3809-3812) were transferred from Connex South Eastern.", "These were also standard units, but were numbered in the 38xx series to denote they were leased from Porterbrook rather than HSBC Rail.", "SWT quickly repainted its fleet of units into a new livery, based on the previous Network SouthEast (NSE) livery, but with the addition of an orange stripe and the absence of the grey band.", "All but four units (3415 and 3809-3811) were repainted.", "These four units were deliberately retained in NSE livery, meaning that in the final days of slam-door trains they attained \"celebrity\" status among rail enthusiasts.", "In 2001 SWT placed an order for 785 new carriages with Siemens AG to allow it to replace its fleet of slam-door trains.", "To assist Siemens in the design of third rail units, 4Vep no. 3810 was transferred to a test site in Germany to undergo tests.", "Following its return to Britain it became popularly known as the \"Great Escape\".", "South West Trains started to replace its slam-door fleet from early 2004, with the introduction of the first Class 444 and Class 450 Desiro units.", "Around this time SWT repainted one unit, no. 3417, into its original BR Blue livery to commemorate the final months in traffic of the slam-door fleet.", "This unit was chosen because it was one of the last to receive major works attention, and therefore had the longest life-expectancy.", "It was named Gordon Pettitt after a former manager of the Southern Region of British Railways.", "In the final months of traffic several units, including the first-built, no. 3401, were reformed in order to allow the vehicles in the best condition to be retained in service.", "Withdrawals of units picked up pace, with several large culls of units, the last of which occurred in March 2005.", "Beyond this date only a handful of units remained in traffic, namely nos. 3401/17/81 3516/20/36/76 and 3811.", "The final normal passenger service was operated on 26 May 2005 from London Waterloo to Bournemouth, using 4 VEP 3536 sandwiched between 4 CIG units 1396 and 1398.", "Following withdrawal most units were rapidly towed away for scrap.", "The \"celebrity\" blue unit, no. 3417, has been since been sold to the Bluebell Railway.", "Following withdrawal from normal service, several vehicles have seen further use in departmental service.", "So far two complete units (highlighted in table below) and two individual driving trailers have been preserved.", "In addition the former 4TC driving vehicle from set 3582 has been preserved.", "The more high-profile unit preserved is the former South West Trains (SWT) \"celebrity\" unit painted in BR blue livery with painted aluminium window frames, number 3417.", "The unit was initially used on Wimbledon depot as a shunter, but with SWT needing to get it off its books it was sold to the Bluebell Railway for the nominal sum of £1.", "It was moved to Eastleigh Works for storage, after having been used initially as the centrepiece for the Bluebell in a ceremony at East Grinstead railway station to mark the commencement of work at the station site as part of the line's work on the northern extension.", "The unit returned to East Grinstead for further use and storage in September 2010.", "In late April, the unit sustained minor damage to its shoegear as it was being driven from sidings at Clapham Junction Yard print to movement under tow to the Swanage Railway.", "This resulted in the traction current being discharged in the yard whilst repairs were carried out.", "The unit was then moved back into the sidings and then dragged to Swanage the following day.", "The unit was for some time stabled in the open at Clapham Junction, having previously been stored in the shed at the yard.", "The unit was then moved to Ilford as part of a deal brokered by the unit's support group for a full repaint.", "After the completion of this body work restoration, the unit was transferred to Strawberry Hill in South West London where it remains, undergoing long-term restoration by volunteers from the Southern Electric Traction Group.", "The second set, 3905 was turned into a tractor unit before being used as spares by the 5 BEL Trust to restore a 5-Bel Set, It was donated for preservation and was stored at the Dartmoor Railway.", "In 2016 the termination of lease by Dartmoor Railway meant the unit would leave the railway and find a new home at The East Kent Railway in Sheperdswell.", "One other set was briefly preserved until 2010 when it was scrapped, 3822, was located at the Churnet Valley Railway and was partially restored.", "In 2008 half of the set was returned to as-built BR Blue and received internal repairs.", "The other half remained in \"as withdrawn\" Connex condition, and the set operated at several special events throughout that year.", "There was an attempt to preserve unit 3810 (the unit that was briefly exported to Germany), but this failed and the unit was scrapped.", "Facelifted units Hornby produce the 4 VEP model in OO gauge.", "The model represents the main 2 variations; 1) Original units with the full brake area in the MBS, and; 2) Refurbished units (as undertaken from 1988 onwards) with a reduced brake compartment replaced with extra seating bays." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 159459, "simple_article_title": "British Rail Class 423", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159459", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-159459-0-0", "simple-159459-0-1", "simple-159459-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The British Rail Class 423 (or 4Vep) electrical multiple units were built by BR at York Works from 1967 to 1974, although the MBSOs and TSOs of the first 20, 7701-7720, were constructed at Derby Works.", "They feature manually opening doors next to every seating row.", "They were mostly found working outer suburban services in South London, and rural services in Kent and Sussex, up to 2005 when they were finally replaced by Electrostar and Desiro units." ] } }

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{ "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1035366-0-0", "normal-1035366-0-1", "normal-1035366-0-2" ], "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-159459-0-0", "simple-159459-0-1", "simple-159459-0-2" ] }

{ "normal_article_id": 2773086, "normal_article_title": "Polecat", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2773086", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2773086-0-0", "normal-2773086-0-1", "normal-2773086-1-0", "normal-2773086-2-0", "normal-2773086-3-0", "normal-2773086-3-1", "normal-2773086-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Polecat is a common name for mammals in the order Carnivora and subfamilies Galictinae and Mustelinae.", "Polecats do not form a single taxonomic rank (i.e., clade); the name is applied to several species with broad similarities (including having a dark mask-like marking across the face) to European polecats, the only species native to the British Isles.", "In the United States, the term \"polecat\" is sometimes applied to the black-footed ferret, a native member of the Mustelinae, and (loosely) to skunks, which are only distantly related.", "Despite the name, polecats, being various caniform mustelids, are more closely related to dogs than cats, which is why they belong to the suborder Caniformia.", "In Canada, the term \"polecat\" is sometimes applied to electric utility linemen.", "In Southern United States dialect, the term \"polecat\" is sometimes used as a colloquial nickname for a skunk.", "Subfamily Galictinae Subfamily Mustelinae" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 451789, "simple_article_title": "Polecat", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=451789", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-451789-0-0", "simple-451789-0-1", "simple-451789-1-0", "simple-451789-1-1", "simple-451789-2-0", "simple-451789-2-1", "simple-451789-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Polecat is the common name for several medium-sized Mustelids.", "They do not form a single clade: the name is given to several similar species.", "The European polecat is typical, and is the only one native to the British Isles.", "Ferrets are the domesticated form of European polecats.", "In the U.S., the term \"polecat\" is often applied to skunks, which are only distantly related to the European polecat.", "The reason is that polecats give off a scent which some people think is offensive.", "There is a more recent version which splits them up even more." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 250022, "normal_article_title": "Ningbo", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250022", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-250022-0-0", "normal-250022-0-1", "normal-250022-0-2", "normal-250022-0-3", "normal-250022-0-4", "normal-250022-1-0", "normal-250022-1-1", "normal-250022-1-2", "normal-250022-2-0", "normal-250022-2-1", "normal-250022-2-2", "normal-250022-3-0", "normal-250022-3-1", "normal-250022-4-0", "normal-250022-4-1", "normal-250022-4-2", "normal-250022-4-3", "normal-250022-4-4", "normal-250022-4-5", "normal-250022-4-6", "normal-250022-5-0", "normal-250022-5-1", "normal-250022-5-2", "normal-250022-5-3", "normal-250022-5-4", "normal-250022-5-5", "normal-250022-5-6", "normal-250022-5-7", "normal-250022-5-8", "normal-250022-6-0", "normal-250022-6-1", "normal-250022-6-2", "normal-250022-6-3", "normal-250022-6-4", "normal-250022-6-5", "normal-250022-7-0", "normal-250022-8-0", "normal-250022-8-1", "normal-250022-9-0", "normal-250022-9-1", "normal-250022-9-2", "normal-250022-9-3", "normal-250022-9-4", "normal-250022-9-5", "normal-250022-9-6", "normal-250022-10-0", "normal-250022-10-1", "normal-250022-11-0", "normal-250022-12-0", "normal-250022-12-1", "normal-250022-12-2", "normal-250022-13-0", "normal-250022-13-1", "normal-250022-13-2", "normal-250022-14-0", "normal-250022-14-1", "normal-250022-14-2", "normal-250022-14-3", "normal-250022-14-4", "normal-250022-14-5", "normal-250022-15-0", "normal-250022-15-1", "normal-250022-15-2", "normal-250022-16-0", "normal-250022-17-0", "normal-250022-18-0", "normal-250022-18-1", "normal-250022-18-2", "normal-250022-18-3", "normal-250022-19-0", "normal-250022-19-1", "normal-250022-19-2", "normal-250022-20-0", "normal-250022-20-1", "normal-250022-20-2", "normal-250022-21-0", "normal-250022-21-1", "normal-250022-22-0", "normal-250022-22-1", "normal-250022-23-0", "normal-250022-23-1", "normal-250022-23-2", "normal-250022-24-0", "normal-250022-24-1", "normal-250022-24-2", "normal-250022-24-3", "normal-250022-25-0", "normal-250022-25-1", "normal-250022-26-0", "normal-250022-26-1", "normal-250022-26-2", "normal-250022-26-3", "normal-250022-27-0", "normal-250022-27-1", "normal-250022-27-2", "normal-250022-27-3", "normal-250022-28-0", "normal-250022-28-1", "normal-250022-29-0", "normal-250022-29-1", "normal-250022-30-0", "normal-250022-30-1", "normal-250022-30-2", "normal-250022-30-3", "normal-250022-30-4", "normal-250022-30-5", "normal-250022-31-0", "normal-250022-32-0", "normal-250022-32-1", "normal-250022-32-2", "normal-250022-32-3", "normal-250022-33-0", "normal-250022-33-1", "normal-250022-33-2", "normal-250022-34-0", "normal-250022-35-0", "normal-250022-35-1", "normal-250022-36-0", "normal-250022-36-1", "normal-250022-37-0", "normal-250022-37-1", "normal-250022-37-2", "normal-250022-37-3", "normal-250022-38-0", "normal-250022-39-0", "normal-250022-39-1", "normal-250022-40-0", "normal-250022-40-1", "normal-250022-40-2", "normal-250022-41-0", "normal-250022-41-1", "normal-250022-42-0", "normal-250022-42-1", "normal-250022-42-2", "normal-250022-42-3", "normal-250022-43-0", "normal-250022-43-1", "normal-250022-44-0", "normal-250022-45-0", "normal-250022-45-1", "normal-250022-45-2", "normal-250022-45-3", "normal-250022-45-4", "normal-250022-46-0", "normal-250022-46-1", "normal-250022-46-2", "normal-250022-46-3", "normal-250022-46-4", "normal-250022-46-5", "normal-250022-47-0", "normal-250022-47-1", "normal-250022-47-2", "normal-250022-47-3", "normal-250022-48-0", "normal-250022-48-1", "normal-250022-48-2", "normal-250022-48-3", "normal-250022-49-0", "normal-250022-49-1", "normal-250022-50-0", "normal-250022-50-1", "normal-250022-50-2", "normal-250022-50-3", "normal-250022-51-0", "normal-250022-51-1", "normal-250022-51-2", "normal-250022-52-0", "normal-250022-53-0", "normal-250022-53-1", "normal-250022-53-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ningbo (; Mandarin pronunciation: , Ningbo dialect: ɲìɲ.póʔ), formerly written Ningpo, is a sub-provincial city in northeast Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China.", "It comprises the urban districts of Ningbo proper, three satellite cities, and a number of rural counties including islands in Hangzhou Bay and the East China Sea.", "Its port, the port of Ningbo–Zhoushan, spread across several locations, is among the busiest in the world and the municipality possesses a separate state-planning status.", "As of the 2010 census, the entire administrated area had a population of 7.6 million, with 3.5 million in the six urban districts of Ningbo proper.", "To the north, Hangzhou Bay separates Ningbo from Shanghai; to the east lies Zhoushan in the East China Sea; on the west and south, Ningbo borders Shaoxing and Taizhou respectively.", "The first character in the city's name \"ning\" ( or ) means \"serene\", while its second character \"bo\" translates to \"waves\".", "The city is abbreviated \"Yǒng\" , after the Yong Hill , a prominent coastal hill near the city, like the Yong River that flows through Ningbo.", "(The abbreviation Ning is used more commonly for Nanjing.)", "It was once named \"Míngzhōu\" .", "The character \"ming\" was composed by two parts, representing two lakes inside the city wall: Sun Lake and Moon Lake .", "Only Moon Lake remains.", "Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities, with a history dating to the Hemudu culture in 4800 BC.", "Ningbo was known as a trade city on the silk road at least two thousand years ago, and then as a major port, along with Yangzhou and Guangzhou in the Tang Dynasty; thereafter, the major ports for foreign trade in the Song Dynasty.", "Since the Tang dynasty Ningbo has been an important commercial port.", "Arab traders lived in Ningbo during the Song dynasty when it was known as Mingzhou, as the ocean-going trade passages took precedence over land trade during this time.", "Another name for Mingzhou/Ningbo was Siming.", "It was a well known center of ocean-going commerce with the foreign world.", "These merchants did not intermingle with native Chinese, practicing their own customs and religion and they inhabited ghettos.", "They did not try to proselytize Islam to Chinese.", "Jews also lived in Ningbo, as evidenced by the fact that, after a major flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng, a replacement was sent to the Kaifeng Jews by the Ningbo Jewish community.", "The city of Ningbo was known in Europe for a long time under the name of Liampó.", "This is the usual spelling used e.g. in the standard Portuguese history, João de Barros's \"Décadas da Ásia\", although Barros explained that Liampó was a Portuguese \"corruption\" of the more correct Nimpó.", "The spelling Liampó is also attested in the \"Peregrination\" (\"Peregrinação\") by Fernão Mendes Pinto, a (so-called) autobiography written in Portuguese during the 16th century.", "For the mid-16th-century Portuguese, the nearby promontory, which they called the cape of Liampó, after the nearby \"illustrious city\" was the easternmost known point of the mainland Asia.", "The Portuguese began trading in Ningbo around 1522.", "By 1542, the Portuguese had a sizable community in Ningbo (or, more likely, on nearby small islands like Shuangyu).", "Portuguese activities from their Ningbo base included pillaging and attacking multiple Chinese port cities around Ningbo for plunder and spoil.", "They also enslaved people during their raids.", "The Portuguese were ousted from the Ningbo area in 1548.", "Ningbo was one of the five Chinese \"treaty ports\" opened by the Treaty of Nanjing (signed in 1842) at the end of the First Opium War between Britain and China.", "During the war, British forces took possession of the walled city of Ningbo briefly after storming the fortified town of Zhenhai at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841.", "The British repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in the Battle of Ningpo on March 10, 1842.", "In 1861, the forces of the Taiping Rebellion took the city relatively unopposed as defending garrison fled, and held the town for six months.", "In March 1885, during the Sino-French War, Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with the shore defences.", "Ningbo was also once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production.", "During the Qing dynasty, western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry.", "During the late Qing dynasty, in the 1800s, the Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate and massacre Portuguese pirates who raided Cantonese shipping around Ningbo.", "The massacre was \"successful\", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Chinese dead, being dubbed \"The Ningpo Massacre\" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.", "During late Qing era, Western missionaries set up a Presbyterian Church in Ningbo.", "Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church.", "The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch.", "The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, three of them had Taotai rank.", "Rev. George Evans Moule, B. A. was appointed a missionary to China by the Church of England Missionary Society, and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858.", "He then began a mission station at Hang-chow, between which and Ningpo his time had been chiefly divided.", "He wrote Christian publications in the Ningbo dialect.", "During World War II in 1940, Japan bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague.", "According to Daniel Barenblatt, Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda received, with Prince Mikasa, a special screening by Shiro Ishii of a film showing imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo in 1940.", "Between 80% to 90% of Ningbo's population fled the city during the Japanese invasion.", "Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on the east by the East China Sea and Zhoushan Archipelago, on the north by Hangzhou Bay, across which it faces Jiaxing and Shanghai, on the west by Shaoxing, and on the south by Taizhou.", "Its land area is 9816 km2 , while oceanic territory amounts to 9758 km2 ; there is a total 1562 km of coastline including 788 km of mainland coastline and 774 km of island coastline, together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline.", "There are 531 islands accounting for 524 km2 under the city's administration.", "The city proper of Ningbo is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest, with coastal plain and valleys in between.", "Important peninsulas include the Chuanshan Peninsula , located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point, and the Xiangshan Peninsula in Xiangshan County.", "The Siming Mountains run north from Mount Tiantai and within Ningbo City, traverse Yuyao City, Haishu District, and Fenghua District, reaching a height of 979 m .", "Ningbo has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen \"Cfa\") with four distinctive seasons, characterised by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and drier winters (with occasional snow).", "The mean annual temperature is 16.53 °C , with monthly daily averages ranging from 4.9 °C in January to 28.1 °C in July.", "Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −8.8 °C on 12 January 1955 to 42.1 °C on 8 August 2013.", "The city receives an average annual rainfall of 1440 mm and is affected by the plum rains of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks.", "From August to October, Ningbo experiences the effects of typhoons, and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually, though the city is not often struck directly by these systems.", "A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change.", "The mayor of Ningbo is Liu Qi.", "Wang Huizhong is the secretary of CPC in Ningbo, who is first-in-charge of the city.", "The Communist Party Secretary is always the highest official in cities in China and outranks all other officials.", "Ningbo Local Government Offices", "The sub-provincial city of Ningbo is as whole a group urban with one central group, one northern group, and one southern group.", "Ningbo is an important port city located 220 km south of Shanghai.", "The city's export industry dates back to the 7th century.", "Today Ningbo is a major exporter of electrical products, textiles, food, and industrial tools.", "The private economy of the city is especially well-developed, contributing 80 percent of total GDP in 2013.", "Historically Ningbo was geographically isolated from other major cities.", "In 2007 the Hangzhou Bay Bridge was built, cutting highway transit time between Ningbo and Shanghai to two and a half hours from four.", "The city now serves as the economic center for the southern Yangtze River Delta and has been ranked among the most competitive cities in China.", "In 2009, Ningbo's economic activity reached US$60.8 billion, down 10.4% from 2008.", "The exports totaled US$38.65 billion, down 16.6% from the previous year.", "In addition, Ningbo imported US$22.16 billion of goods, up 3.1% from the previous year.", "Ningbo's economy grew 9.26 percent in 2013 to 712.89 billion yuan (US$115.12 billion).", "In 2009, the city's per capita output was US$10,833, about three times the national average.", "Ningbo is famous for the Si Lan Nong Xiang flower.", "Used for dyeing cloth, 2008 exports were responsible for 3% of the Ningbo economic growth.", "With several important development zones established in or around Ningbo, the city has received considerable foreign investment.", "Over 60 domestic and foreign-invested financial institutions have established operations in the city, which has also attracted more than 10,000 foreigners.", "The municipal government offers preferential policies designed to encourage investment in international trade, new strategic industries, manufacturing, information services, and creative industries.", "Located in the north-east of Ningbo, behind Beilun Port, NETD is 27 km away from the city center.", "With more than 20 years of great effort, NETD has already formed the general framework for large scale construction and development, and established perfect investment environment.", "It is situated close to the Ningbo Port and Ningbo Lishe International Airport.", "Major Investors include Exxon Mobile, Dupont and Dow Chemical.", "The Ningbo Daxie Development Zone was approved in 1993 and covers an area of 5.92 km2 .", "Over more than ten years of development and construction, industrial and logistical foundations have been established in the zone for the transshipment of energy, liquid chemicals and containers.", "Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1999 and was upgraded to a national level zone in January 2007.", "It is 10 km from Ningbo International Airport and 18 km away from Ningbo Port.", "The zone serves as the important technical innovation base of Yangtze River Delta.", "Industries encouraged include chemicals production and processing, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, raw material processing, Research and Development.", "Ningbo Free Trade Zone is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China, and is the only free trade zone in Zhejiang Province.", "It was established by State Council in 1992, covering the area of 2.3 km2 .", "It lies in the middle of the coastline of Mainland China, at the south of Yangtze River Delta.", "In 2008, its industrial output value was RMB 53.33 billion and grew at 19.8% as compared to 2007.", "The Nordic Industrial Park Co. Ltd. (NIP) is one of the first wholly foreign-owned industrial parks in China located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province.", "NIP is managed and operated by a Scandinavian management team.", "The Ningbo Advertising Park is a national level pilot park located in the Ningbo Southern Business District.", "The financial incentives have attracted over 300 relevant firms to establish operations.", "Ningbo is not just an ordinary city—it has the same authority as provincial governments for economic administration—and has a port second only to Shanghai around the world in terms of annual cargo throughput.", "Unlike Shanghai, the port is deep-water and capable of handling 300,000 tonne vessels.", "The port is located mainly in Beilun district and Zhenhai district.", "In 2006, Ningbo Port started its expansion to the neighbouring island City of Zhoushan for the purpose of building an even larger port with higher capacity to compete with neighbouring ports in the region, such as Shanghai's Yangshan Deep-Water Port.", "The statistics in 2010 showed that total cargo throughput was 627,000,000 tonnes and container throughput 13,144,000 TEUs.", "With bulk container breakdowns, hugely improved logistics, and massive chemical and foodstuff, processing developments, Ningbo could yet win the race with Shanghai as port of choice for servicing the Chinese east coast.", "Many well known Chinese came from Ningbo or their ancestral home was Ningbo.", "As there are three main rivers running through Ningbo, it is crucial to build bridges to improve the efficiency of transport network in Ningbo.", "The Ling Bridge which connects Haishu district and Jiangdong District is the earliest modern bridge built in Ningbo, designed by German engineers.", "Since the late 1980s, 16 bridges have been built on the three rivers.", "Currently another 27 bridges are under construction.", "The Hangzhou Bay Bridge, a combination cable-stayed bridge and causeway across Hangzhou Bay, opened to the public on May 1, 2008.", "This bridge connects the municipalities of Shanghai and Ningbo, and is considered the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world.", "It is the world's second-longest bridge, after the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in Louisiana, United States.", "The Jintang Bridge, linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and the Zhenhai district, is a 27 km long, 4 lane sea crossing bridge which opened on December 26, 2009.", "The Xiangshan Harbor Bridge opened to traffic on December 29, 2012, connecting Ningbo with Xiangshan.", "The 47 km long project includes 22 km as the main body of the bridge plus an 8-kilometre-long tunnel.", "The port of Ningbo is one of the world's busiest ports.", "It was ranked number 7 in total Cargo Volume and number 6 in total container traffic in 2011.", "Ningbo Lishe International Airport connects Ningbo by air to the rest of China, with regularly scheduled domestic and international flights.", "In 2009, new air routes between Ningbo and Taiwan were opened.", "Jetstar Asia launched a new route between Ningbo and Singapore in September 2011.", "Tiger Air planned to begin flying this route from 26 December 2013.", "Three railway lines intersect in Ningbo: the Xiaoshan–Ningbo Railway (Xiaoyong Line), which runs west to Hangzhou, the Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou (Yongtaiwen) Railway, which runs south to Wenzhou, and the Hangzhou–Ningbo High-Speed Railway, which runs parallel to the Xiaoyong Line providing high-speed railway service.", "With the booming economy in the region, the Xiaoyong Railway, a conventional railway built in the 1950s, could not meet the demand for railway travel between Zhejiang's two largest cities, so construction of a new high-speed railway line between Hangzhou and Ningbo started in 2009.", "The new railway line was finished by 2013 and reduced travel time between Ningbo and Hangzhou to 50 minutes.", "The Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou Railway is a high-speed railway that opened in September 2009.", "It connects Ningbo with cities along the coast to the south to Fujian Province.", "High-speed trains on this line operate at speeds of up to 250 km/h .", "Ningbo re-opened the Ningbo railway station after three years of construction on December 28, 2013.", "With a construction area of more than 120,000 m2, it is one of the largest railway stations in China.", "Ningbo has two metro lines in service consisting of Line 1, which is 46.2 kilometers in length and has 29 stations, and Line 2, which is 28.4 kilometers in length and has 22 stations.", "More lines are under construction.", "Line 3 is scheduled to be finished in the year 2019 and Line 4 in 2020.", "Future plans are for 7 metro lines serving Ningbo.", "Ningbo is the headquarters of the East Sea Fleet of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy.", "Its responsibility includes projecting force in the region around the Republic of China (Taiwan), which the People's Republic of China views as a renegade province.", "As a city with giant ports, Ningbo influenced many countries near China, such as Japan.", "Ningbo speech is a dialect of Wu Chinese that has preserved many aspects of ancient Chinese phonology.", "Its original wording mode can be found in classical reference books.", "It can be found that the trisyllable and tetrasyllable phrases or proverbs in Ningbo dialect make it most unusual and dynamic.", "Moreover, the onomatopoeia, assonance words, collocations, inversions, and other language characteristics within Ningbo dialect all add spice to people's life.", "After port-opening, the western culture gradually permeated Ningbo, thus the prefix \"洋yang\" before the nouns of imported goods is a special language phenomenon of Ningbo dialect.", "Ningbo is known for Ningbo Tangyuan, small stuffed buns which are boiled.", "The stuffing is usually ground sesame mixed with sugar.", "It can also be mixed with pork fat.", "The stuffing is wrapped with sticky rice powder.", "Even more so, Ningbo is famous throughout China for its seafood.", "Seafood markets are abundant, carrying countless varieties of fish, crabs/lobsters/shrimp, shellfish, snails, jellyfish and other invertebrates, and sea vegetables in all stages of preparation from \"still swimming,\" to cleaned and ready to cook, to fully cooked.", "Ningbo has many traditional Han Chinese festivals same as other provinces in China.", "However, the date of Mid-Autumn Festival is different with others.", "Han Chinese will have Mid-Autumn Festival on Lunar Calendar August 15, but Ningbo will have on August 16th.", "The most creditable history is long long ago, whole city waited for Shi Hao, a prime minister.", "By the end of 2013, there were 2,097 schools of all levels in total, with 1,334,000 students.", "Among them there are 16 colleges and universities, with 153,000 students; 81 secondary schools, with 97,000 students; 55 vocational schools, with 78,000 students; 216 junior schools, with 189,000 students; 465 primary schools, with 487,000 students; 1,254 kindergartens, with 276,000 children.", "Besides, there are 2,500 international students in universities in Ningbo, up 56% from last year.", "All talents in Ningbo increased by 112,000 people (8.6%) in 2013, and the total amount came to 1,413,000.", "By the end of 2014, there were 2,082 schools of all levels in total, with 1,320,700 students.", "Among them there are 14 colleges and universities, with 150,900 students; 83 secondary schools, with 90,300 students; 52 vocational schools, with 72,8000 students; 209 junior schools, with 189,8000 students; 457 primary schools, with 482,600 students; 1,254 kindergartens, with 278,400 children.", "Ningbo has 16 colleges and universities.", "University of Nottingham Ningbo China is China's very first Sino-Foreign University – a joint venture between the University of Nottingham and the Wanli Education Group.", "UNNC has built a very high reputation in China for the quality of its undergraduate education and graduated its first PhD students in 2013.", "Toward the north of the city is Ningbo University, while the Ningbo Higher Education Zone (Yinzhou district) is home to Zhejiang Wanli University, affiliated to Zhejiang University, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, which was ranked as the eleventh best of independent colleges in China in 2011, is also in this education zone.", "Compulsory education (basic education in Chinese terms) is from the ages 6 to 15.", "Students are catered for in a variety of state and private schools.", "Studying for the gaokao (university entrance test) is optional.", "Several schools are permitted to operate educational programmes instead of the Chinese National curriculum and accept international students into their schools.", "Access International Academy Ningbo (AIAN) and Ningbo Zhicheng School International (NZSI) both offer the American AERO (American Education Reaches Out) curriculum with the College Board Advanced Placement examinations.", "Ningbo International School (NBIS) delivers the Cambridge International Primary and Secondary Curricula leading to iGCSE Examinations and A-Levels.", "Huamao Multicultural Education Academy is an IB World School and offers an international curriculum through the IB Primary Years Programme for students ages 3–12 and the IB Diploma Programme for students ages 16–19." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 324337, "simple_article_title": "Ningbo", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=324337", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-324337-0-0", "simple-324337-0-1", "simple-324337-0-2", "simple-324337-0-3", "simple-324337-0-4", "simple-324337-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ningbo is a city in Zhejiang Province.", "It lies in east China, close to Shanghai.", "Ningbo is known as an important port city in China.", "International trade in Ningbo began in Tang dynasty.", "Port of Ningbo is still the port transporting largest amount of good in China.", "Ningbo Municipality is divided into 6 districts, 2 counties and 2 county-level cities." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 175281, "normal_article_title": "International Ski Federation", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=175281", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-175281-0-0", "normal-175281-0-1", "normal-175281-0-2", "normal-175281-0-3", "normal-175281-1-0", "normal-175281-2-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS; English: International Ski Federation) is the world's highest governing body for international winter sports.", "Founded in Chamonix on 2 February 1924, it is responsible for the Olympic disciplines of Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, freestyle skiing and snowboarding.", "The FIS is also responsible for setting the international competition rules.", "The organization now has a membership of 118 national ski associations and is based in Oberhofen am Thunersee, Switzerland.", "\"Note:\" The discipline of Biathlon, which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, has its own organisation, the International Biathlon Union (IBU).", "As of 2017, there are 31 official FIS Ski Museums worldwide in 13 countries which are devoted to the history of skiing, taking into account the region's own history of skiing and tourism." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 416379, "simple_article_title": "International Ski Federation", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=416379", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-416379-0-0", "simple-416379-1-0", "simple-416379-1-1", "simple-416379-1-2", "simple-416379-1-3", "simple-416379-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "International Ski Federation (FIS) is the sport organization for skiing.", "The organization started in Norway in 1910.", "It was first named the International Ski Commission.", "It changed its name to the Fédération Internationale de Ski in February 1924.", "When it changed its name, it became the world organization for skiing.", "\"Note:\" The discipline of Biathlon, which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, has its own organisation, the International Biathlon Union (IBU)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2274938, "normal_article_title": "Friday the 13th Part 2", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2274938", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2274938-0-0", "normal-2274938-0-1", "normal-2274938-0-2", "normal-2274938-0-3", "normal-2274938-1-0", "normal-2274938-2-0", "normal-2274938-2-1", "normal-2274938-2-2", "normal-2274938-3-0", "normal-2274938-3-1", "normal-2274938-4-0", "normal-2274938-4-1", "normal-2274938-4-2", "normal-2274938-4-3", "normal-2274938-4-4", "normal-2274938-4-5", "normal-2274938-4-6", "normal-2274938-5-0", "normal-2274938-5-1", "normal-2274938-5-2", "normal-2274938-5-3", "normal-2274938-5-4", "normal-2274938-5-5", "normal-2274938-5-6", "normal-2274938-6-0", "normal-2274938-6-1", "normal-2274938-6-2", "normal-2274938-6-3", "normal-2274938-6-4", "normal-2274938-6-5", "normal-2274938-6-6", "normal-2274938-7-0", "normal-2274938-7-1", "normal-2274938-7-2", "normal-2274938-7-3", "normal-2274938-7-4", 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"normal-2274938-18-1", "normal-2274938-18-2", "normal-2274938-18-3", "normal-2274938-19-0", "normal-2274938-19-1", "normal-2274938-19-2", "normal-2274938-20-0", "normal-2274938-20-1", "normal-2274938-20-2", "normal-2274938-21-0", "normal-2274938-21-1", "normal-2274938-21-2", "normal-2274938-21-3", "normal-2274938-21-4", "normal-2274938-21-5", "normal-2274938-22-0", "normal-2274938-22-1", "normal-2274938-22-2", "normal-2274938-22-3", "normal-2274938-23-0", "normal-2274938-23-1", "normal-2274938-24-0", "normal-2274938-25-0", "normal-2274938-25-1", "normal-2274938-25-2", "normal-2274938-26-0", "normal-2274938-26-1", "normal-2274938-26-2", "normal-2274938-27-0", "normal-2274938-27-1", "normal-2274938-27-2", "normal-2274938-27-3", "normal-2274938-28-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Friday the 13th Part 2 is a 1981 American slasher film produced and directed by Steve Miner in his directorial debut and the second installment in the \"Friday the 13th\" film series.", "It is a direct sequel to \"Friday the 13th\" (1980), picking up five years after that film's conclusion, where a new murderer stalks and begins murdering the camp counselors at a nearby training camp in Crystal Lake.", "It stars Amy Steel as Ginny Field and both Steve Daskawisz and Warrington Gillette as Jason Voorhees.", "The film also features the return of Adrienne King, Betsy Palmer and Walt Gorney to the series, who respectively portrayed Alice Hardy, Pamela Voorhees, and Crazy Ralph in the prior installment.", "Originally, \"Friday the 13th Part 2\" was not intended to be a direct sequel but rather part of an anthology series of films based on the Friday the 13th superstition; however, after the popularity of the original film's surprise ending where Jason Voorhees attacks the heroine Alice, the filmmakers opted to continue the story and the mythology surrounding Camp Crystal Lake, a trend which would be repeated in every film in the franchise.", "Like the original film, \"Friday the 13th Part 2\" faced opposition from the Motion Picture Association of America, who noted its \"accumulative violence\" as problematic, resulting in numerous cuts being made to allow an R rating.", "The film was released theatrically in North America on April 30, 1981.", "Although it did not gross as much as the original and still received negative reviews, the sequel grossed over $21.7 million in the United States on a budget of $1.25 million.", "Two months after the murders at Camp Crystal Lake, sole survivor Alice Hardy is recovering from her traumatic experience.", "In her apartment, when Alice opens the refrigerator to get her cat some food, she finds the severed head of Pamela Voorhees in her refrigerator and is murdered by an unknown assailant with an ice pick to her temple.", "Five years later, camp counselor Paul Holt hosts a counselor training camp near Camp Crystal Lake.", "The camp is attended by Sandra, her boyfriend Jeff, troublemaker Scott, tomboy Terry, wheelchair-bound Mark, sweet-natured Vickie, jokester Ted, and Paul's assistant Ginny Field, as well as many other trainees.", "Around the campfire that night, Paul tells the counselors about the legend of Jason Voorhees, of how he survived his drowning, grew up living in the woods, and is now seeking to kill any intruders to avenge his mother's death.", "As Ted appears with a mask and a spear, Paul reassures everyone that Jason is dead and that Camp Crystal Lake is off limits.", "That night, Crazy Ralph wanders onto the property to warn the group but is garroted from behind a tree.", "The following day, Jeff and Sandra sneak off to Camp Crystal Lake and find a carcass before getting caught by Deputy Winslow and returned to the camp.", "Later, Winslow spots someone masked in a burlap sack running across the road and chases him into the woods and to a shack before he is killed with a hammer claw.", "Back at camp, Paul offers the others one last night on the town before the training begins; six stay behind, including Jeff and Sandra, who are forced to stay as punishment for sneaking off.", "At the bar, Ginny muses that if Jason were still alive and had witnessed his mother's death, it may have left him with no distinction between life and death, or right and wrong.", "Paul dismisses the idea, proclaiming that Jason is nothing but an urban legend.", "Meanwhile, the assailant appears at the camp and kills the counselors, one by one.", "Scott has his throat slit with a machete while caught in a rope trap, and Terry is killed off-screen upon finding his dead body.", "Mark gets the machete slammed into his face and falls down a flight of stairs.", "The killer then moves upstairs and impales Jeff and Sandra with a spear as they have sex, and then stabs Vickie with a kitchen knife.", "Later, Ginny and Paul return to find the place in disarray.", "In the dark, the killer ambushes Paul and continues to chase Ginny throughout the camp and into the woods, where she comes across the shack.", "After barricading herself inside, she finds an altar with Pamela Voorhees' head on it, surrounded by a pile of bodies.", "Realizing that Jason Voorhees is the killer, Ginny puts on Pamela's sweater and tries to psychologically convince Jason that she is his mother.", "The ruse fails when he spots his mother's head on the altar and attacks Ginny.", "Paul appears and attacks Jason, but he is quickly overwhelmed.", "Just as Jason is about to kill Paul with a pickaxe, Ginny picks up the machete and slams it down into Jason's shoulder, seemingly killing him.", "Paul and Ginny return to the cabin.", "They think that Jason has followed them, but when they open the door, they are greeted by Terry's dog, Muffin.", "Suddenly, an unmasked Jason bursts through the window from behind and grabs Ginny.", "She then awakens to being loaded into an ambulance.", "She calls out for Paul, who is nowhere to be seen, his fate left ambiguous.", "Back in the shack, Pamela Voorhees' head remains on the altar as Jason is also nowhere to be seen.", "Following the success of \"Friday the 13th\" in 1980, Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel.", "First acquiring the worldwide distribution rights, Frank Mancuso, Sr. stated, \"We wanted it to be an event, where teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to see the latest episode.\"", "The initial ideas for a sequel involved the \"Friday the 13th\" title being used for a series of films, released once a year, that would not have direct continuity with one another but be a separate \"scary movie\" of their own right.", "Phil Scuderi—one of three owners of Esquire Theaters, along with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian, who produced the original film—insisted that the sequel have Jason Voorhees, Pamela's son, even though his appearance in the original film was only meant to be a joke.", "Steve Miner, associate producer on the first film, believed in the idea and would go on to direct the first two sequels, after Cunningham opted not to return to the director's chair.", "Miner would use many of the same crew members from the first film while working on the sequels.", "Cunningham had mixed feelings about the entire \"Friday the 13th\" enterprise that he outlined for film critic and author Stephen Hunter in an interview for a book Hunter wrote on violent films.", "Hunter stated that Cunningham \"wasn't particularly proud\" of his work on these films, and Cunningham bluntly said that the only thing that seemed to reach a teenaged audience at that time period involved high levels of gore and graphic violence.", "Adrienne King was pursued by an obsessed fan after the success of the original \"Friday the 13th\" and purportedly wished her role to be small as possible, though in the documentary \"\", it was stated that King's agent had asked for a higher salary, which the studio could not afford.", "The film's heroine, Ginny, is played by Amy Steel, who won the part through an audition.", "\"At the time of making the film, it was before the genre really picked up so I didn’t give it a lot of credit or take it seriously.", "For me, it was just another audition because I had no idea what it would end up meaning after all this time.", "When I played Ginny, I was really young and different from a lot of the people working at the time so that came out in my character.", "I was naturally suspicious of cocky guys at that age, and you see a lot of that when I’m on screen with Paul (John Furey).", "I tried to put so much behind the actual words in the script just so she felt almost unreachable, to Paul and to audiences.", "I wanted her to have some power.\"", "Actor Warrington Gillette played Jason unmasked at the end of the film.", "Stuntman Steve Daskawisz (also known as Steve Dash) was credited as Jason Stunt Double but played the masked Jason throughout the rest of the film.", "Principal photography took place from October 3 and finished in November 1980, and primarily occurred in New Preston and Kent, Connecticut.", "Special effects artist Tom Savini was asked to work on the film but declined because he was already working on another project, \"Midnight\" (1982).", "In addition, he was not receptive to the concept of Jason as the killer in the film.", "Savini was then replaced by Stan Winston.", "Winston, however, had a scheduling conflict and had to drop out of the project.", "The make-up effects were ultimately handled by Carl Fullerton.", "Fullerton designed the \"look\" for the adult Jason Voorhees and went with long red hair and a beard while following the facial deformities established in the original film in the make-up designed by Tom Savini for Jason as a child.", "Fullerton's look for the adult Jason was abandoned in the sequel, \"Friday the 13th Part 3\", despite the fact that the film took place the following day and was helmed by the same director, Steve Miner.", "Some fans have theorized that the sequence showing Jason with a beard and long hair reflects a \"dream\" rather than a reality because the following sequel picks up with the events showing his face having not happened, and therefore what was represented was Ginny's \"guess\" at what he looked like under the burlap sack rather than what he \"actually\" looked like, which would excuse the break in continuity.", "Steve Daskawisz was rushed to the emergency room during filming after Amy Steel cut his hand with a machete.", "Steel explained, \"The timing was wrong, and he didn't turn his pickaxe properly, and the machete hit his finger.\"", "Daskawisz received thirteen stitches on his middle finger.", "During the subsequent shoot, Daskawisz was forced to wear a piece of rubber over his finger, and both he and Steel insisted on reshooting this scene.", "During one take of Alice being killed by Jason, the ice pick prop didn't retract, injuring King.", "In one scene where Daskawisz was wearing the burlap flour sack, part of the flour sack was flapping at his eye, so the crew used tape inside the eye area to prevent it from flapping.", "Daskawisz received rug burns around his eye from the tape from wearing the rough flour sack material for hours.", "The use of the sack hood was similar to the 1976 film \"The Town That Dreaded Sundown\".", "The scene where Steel's character gets grabbed from behind by an unmasked Jason in the climax took three takes to shoot it right.", "Steel was tense and frightened during filming of the scene.", "Rumors sparked that John Furey left before the film wrapped, as his character does not appear in the end.", "In truth, his character was not intended to have appeared.", "Like its predecessor, \"Friday the 13th Part 2\" had difficulty receiving an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).", "Upon reviewing the film, the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA) warned Paul Hagger, an executive at Paramount, that the \"accumulation of violence throughout the film\" may still lead to an X rating even if substantial cuts were made.", "A total of forty-eight seconds had to be cut from the film in order to avoid an X rating.", "This film received a deluxe DVD release in February 2009, but the edited footage was not included.", "Most noted by censors was the murder scene of Jeff and Sandra, who are impaled by a spear while having sex in a bed (a scene many have compared to a scene in Mario Bava's \"A Bay of Blood\"), which the censors found particularly graphic.", "After Paramount discovered actress Marta Kober was underage, a scene showing her with full frontal nudity was completely deleted.", "Originally, the film was supposed to end with Mrs. Voorhees' head opening her eyes and smiling towards the camera.", "However, Miner removed the scene out of the final film as he never seriously considered it for the film’s actual ending.", "To this day, the footage of this alternate ending has yet to be released.", "The film was released theatrically on April 30, 1981, bringing in $6,429,784 its opening weekend.", "It played on 1,350 screens and would ultimately gross $21,722,776.", "It was the 35th highest-grossing film of 1981, facing strong competition early in the year from such high-profile horror releases as \"\", \"The Evil Dead\", \"The Howling\", \"My Bloody Valentine\", and others.", "Much like its predecessor, critical reception to the film was negative upon release.", "However, unlike its predecessor, the film's reception remains negative as of 2019.", "It has a 29% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes among 42 reviews.", "Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" wrote that \"Friday the 13th Part 2\" is \"a cross between the Mad Slasher and Dead teenager genres; about two dozen movies a year feature a mad killer going berserk, and they're all about as bad as this one.", "Some have a little more plot, some have a little less.", "Helen Verongos of \"The Clarion-Ledger\" wrote: \"\"Friday the 13th Part 2\" obviously does not pretend to be any more than it is, a cheap— dimestore cheap— thriller aimed at the adolescent market... It is designed to be predictable enough to make the average fourth-grader feel sharp-witted.\"", "The Dayton \"Journal Herald\"' s Terry Lawson deemed the film a \"special effects freak show for an audience immune to violence,\" and \"exploitative and gratuitous.\"", "Jacqi Tully of the \"Arizona Daily Star\" praised the film's special effects, noting Jason as \"effectively disgusting sight,\" and ultimately summarizing: \"Gross is a pretty good way to describe it.", "Scary, bloody and violent come to mind, too.", "Howard Pousner of \"The Atlanta Constitution\" was less laudatory, deeming the return of the Jason Voorhees character as a \"ludicrous arrangement... before you know it, eight more people have been murdered in virtually every manner: a neck sliced by barbed wire, a skull smashed, a jugular macheteed \"sic\", a heart speared, et al.\"", "When reviewing the film's Blu-ray release, David Harley of \"Bloody Disgusting\" said, \"It doesn't exactly stray far from the formula of the original film — neither do most of the other sequels — but \"Friday The 13th Part II\" still stands as an iconic and important entry in the series due to the introduction of Jason as the antagonist of the series and the usage of Italian horror films as an inspiration for its death scenes — most notably, the spear copulation death from Mario Bava’s \"A Bay of Blood\".\"", "Scott Meslow of \"The Week\" described it as a transitional film that blended elements of the original film and those to come later in the series.", "In 2014, the film ranked at number one on a list of the 100 Greatest Slasher Movies on the genre website Vegan Voorhees.", "\"Friday the 13th Part 2\" was released on VHS and Betamax by Paramount Home Video in 1981.", "Paramount reissued the VHS again in 1994.", "The film was first released on DVD by Paramount on October 19, 1999, in a standard widescreen release featuring the theatrical trailer as the sole bonus feature.", "In 2009, Paramount issued a \"deluxe edition\" of the film on both DVD and Blu-ray, which included several documentary featurettes along with the theatrical trailer.", "In 2011, it was released in a 4-disc DVD collection along with the first, third, and fourth films in the series.", "It was again included in two Blu-ray sets: \"Friday the 13th: The Complete Collection\", released in 2013, and \"Friday the 13th: The Ultimate Collection\", in 2018.", "In 1982, Gramavision Records released an LP album of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini's scores from the first three \"Friday the 13th\" films.", "On January 13, 2012, La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfredini's scores from the first six films.", "It sold out in less than 24 hours.", "Waxworks Records released the Harry Manfredini-composed score on vinyl in summer 2015.", "A novelization based on the screenplay of Ron Kurz was published in 1988: Hawke, Simon, \"Friday the 13th Part II: A Novel\", New American Library, New York, 1988," ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 664324, "simple_article_title": "Friday the 13th Part 2", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=664324", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-664324-0-0", "simple-664324-0-1", "simple-664324-1-0", "simple-664324-1-1", "simple-664324-2-0", "simple-664324-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Friday the 13th Part 2 is a 1981 American slasher movie produced and directed by Steve Miner, and the second installment in the \"Friday the 13th\" movie series.", "It is a direct sequel to \"Friday the 13th\".", "The movie marks the first appearance of Jason Voorhees as the killer; his mother was the killer in the last movie.", "Steve Daskewisz plays Jason.", "It was released on April 30, 1981.", "It did not gross as much as the original and still received negative reviews." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 55482, "normal_article_title": "Steuben County, New York", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55482", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-55482-0-0", "normal-55482-0-1", "normal-55482-0-2", "normal-55482-0-3", "normal-55482-0-4", "normal-55482-1-0", "normal-55482-2-0", "normal-55482-2-1", "normal-55482-2-2", "normal-55482-2-3", "normal-55482-3-0", "normal-55482-3-1", "normal-55482-3-2", "normal-55482-3-3", "normal-55482-3-4", "normal-55482-4-0", "normal-55482-4-1", "normal-55482-5-0", "normal-55482-6-0", "normal-55482-6-1", "normal-55482-6-2", "normal-55482-7-0", "normal-55482-8-0", "normal-55482-8-1", "normal-55482-8-2", "normal-55482-8-3", "normal-55482-8-4", "normal-55482-8-5", "normal-55482-8-6", "normal-55482-9-0", "normal-55482-9-1", "normal-55482-9-2", "normal-55482-10-0", "normal-55482-10-1", "normal-55482-10-2", "normal-55482-10-3", "normal-55482-11-0", "normal-55482-11-1", "normal-55482-11-2", "normal-55482-11-3", "normal-55482-12-0", "normal-55482-12-1", "normal-55482-12-2", "normal-55482-12-3", "normal-55482-12-4", "normal-55482-13-0", "normal-55482-13-1", "normal-55482-14-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Steuben County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York.", "As of the 2010 census, the population was 98,990.", "Its county seat is Bath.", "Its name is in honor of Baron von Steuben, a German general who fought on the American side in the American Revolutionary War, though it is not pronounced the same.", "There is no direct link between the Baron von Steuben and modern Steuben County, which he never visited (and in his day was near-wilderness).", "Steuben County comprises the Corning, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Elmira-Corning, NY Combined Statistical Area.", "Ontario County was established in 1789 to govern lands the state of New York had acquired in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase; at the time it covered the entirety of Western New York.", "Steuben County, much larger than today, was split off from Ontario County in 1796.", "In 1823 a portion of Steuben County was combined with a portion of Ontario County to form Yates County.", "Steuben County was further reduced in size in 1854 when a portion was combined with portions of Chemung and Tompkins counties to form Schuyler County.", "Although it is not much mentioned because it does not fit well into the standard narrative of New York State history, in its earliest years Steuben County was demographically and geographically linked to the Susquehanna River basin in Pennsylvania, leading to the port of Baltimore.", "The Canisteo River, navigable as far as Arkport, emptied into the Chemung River and it into the Susquehanna.", "There were no natural barriers, like the Cohoes Falls on the Mohawk, to impede transportation, and timber and other agricultural products were easily shipped downriver from what are today (2019) the towns of Addison, Canisteo, and Hornellsville.", "Prior to the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, followed by the railroads, communication with the Hudson Valley and New York City was difficult.", "Limited to horses, mules, and donkeys, it was far too expensive to be used to ship bulky agricultural products.", "In 1892 a bill was introduced in the Legislature to split Steuben County, with Canisteo, Corning, and \"the south towns\" becoming Lincoln County.", "It did not pass.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1404 sqmi , of which 1391 sqmi is land and 14 sqmi (1.0%) is water.", "Steuben County is in the southwestern part of New York State, immediately north of the Pennsylvania border.", "The population of Steuben County according to the 2000 U. S. census was 98,726.", "The county is in the Southern Tier region of New York State.", "Steuben County is governed by a 17-member legislature headed by a chairman", "As of the census of 2000, there were 98,726 people, 39,071 households, and 26,216 families residing in the county.", "The population density was 71 people per square mile (27/km2).", "There were 46,132 housing units at an average density of 33 per square mile (13/km2).", "The racial makeup of the county was 96.43% White, 1.36% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.90% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population.", "18.6% were of German, 15.2% English, 14.4% American, 13.6% Irish and 8.3% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000.", "96.5% spoke English and 1.3% Spanish as their first language.", "There were 39,071 households out of which 31.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.70% were married couples living together, 10.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.90% were non-families.", "27.20% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.01.", "In the county, the population was spread out with 26.00% under the age of 18, 7.40% from 18 to 24, 27.20% from 25 to 44, 24.20% from 45 to 64, and 15.20% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 38 years.", "For every 100 females there were 96.00 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.20 males.", "The median income for a household in the county was $35,479, and the median income for a family was $41,940.", "Males had a median income of $32,155 versus $24,163 for females.", "The per capita income for the county was $18,197.", "About 9.90% of families and 13.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.70% of those under age 18 and 5.80% of those age 65 or over.", "The largest employer in Steuben County is Corning, Inc. (formerly Corning Glass Works), the world headquarters of a large firm (34,000 employed worldwide) which manufactures specialty glass and related products.", "Related is the nearby Corning Museum of Glass.", "There is a wine industry in Hammondsport, also the headquarters of the Mercury Corporation, a custom manufacturer, formerly of aircraft and aircraft components.", "There is a museum of aviation, the Glenn H. Curtiss Museum, in Hammondsport.", "Former industries in Steuben County are the Steuben Glass Works, in Corning, and the Erie Railroad repair shops, in Hornell.", "There is one institution of post-secondary education in Steuben County: Corning Community College.", "Alfred University and Elmira College are nearby.", "Local bus service is provided by Hornell Area Transit." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 354987, "normal_article_title": "Best Buy", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=354987", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-354987-0-0", "normal-354987-0-1", "normal-354987-0-2", "normal-354987-1-0", "normal-354987-1-1", "normal-354987-1-2", "normal-354987-1-3", "normal-354987-1-4", "normal-354987-1-5", "normal-354987-2-0", "normal-354987-2-1", "normal-354987-2-2", "normal-354987-2-3", "normal-354987-2-4", "normal-354987-3-0", "normal-354987-3-1", "normal-354987-3-2", "normal-354987-3-3", "normal-354987-3-4", "normal-354987-4-0", "normal-354987-4-1", "normal-354987-4-2", "normal-354987-4-3", "normal-354987-4-4", "normal-354987-4-5", "normal-354987-5-0", "normal-354987-5-1", "normal-354987-5-2", "normal-354987-5-3", "normal-354987-5-4", "normal-354987-5-5", "normal-354987-5-6", "normal-354987-5-7", "normal-354987-5-8", "normal-354987-5-9", "normal-354987-5-10", "normal-354987-5-11", "normal-354987-5-12", "normal-354987-6-0", "normal-354987-6-1", "normal-354987-6-2", "normal-354987-7-0", "normal-354987-7-1", "normal-354987-7-2", "normal-354987-8-0", "normal-354987-9-0", "normal-354987-9-1", "normal-354987-10-0", "normal-354987-10-1", "normal-354987-10-2", "normal-354987-10-3", "normal-354987-11-0", "normal-354987-11-1", "normal-354987-11-2", "normal-354987-11-3", "normal-354987-11-4", "normal-354987-11-5", "normal-354987-12-0", "normal-354987-12-1", "normal-354987-12-2", "normal-354987-12-3", "normal-354987-13-0", "normal-354987-13-1", "normal-354987-13-2", "normal-354987-13-3", "normal-354987-14-0", "normal-354987-15-0", "normal-354987-15-1", "normal-354987-15-2", "normal-354987-15-3", "normal-354987-16-0", "normal-354987-16-1", "normal-354987-16-2", "normal-354987-16-3", "normal-354987-16-4", "normal-354987-16-5", "normal-354987-17-0", "normal-354987-17-1", "normal-354987-17-2", "normal-354987-17-3", "normal-354987-17-4", "normal-354987-18-0", "normal-354987-18-1", "normal-354987-18-2", "normal-354987-18-3", "normal-354987-19-0", "normal-354987-19-1", "normal-354987-19-2", "normal-354987-20-0", "normal-354987-20-1", "normal-354987-20-2", "normal-354987-20-3", "normal-354987-20-4", "normal-354987-21-0", "normal-354987-21-1", "normal-354987-22-0", "normal-354987-22-1", "normal-354987-22-2", "normal-354987-22-3", "normal-354987-22-4", "normal-354987-23-0", "normal-354987-23-1", "normal-354987-24-0", "normal-354987-24-1", "normal-354987-25-0", "normal-354987-25-1", "normal-354987-25-2", "normal-354987-25-3", "normal-354987-25-4", "normal-354987-26-0", "normal-354987-26-1", "normal-354987-26-2", "normal-354987-27-0", "normal-354987-27-1", "normal-354987-28-0", "normal-354987-28-1", "normal-354987-28-2", "normal-354987-29-0", "normal-354987-30-0", "normal-354987-30-1", "normal-354987-31-0", "normal-354987-32-0", "normal-354987-33-0", "normal-354987-33-1", "normal-354987-33-2", "normal-354987-34-0", "normal-354987-34-1", "normal-354987-34-2", "normal-354987-35-0", "normal-354987-35-1", "normal-354987-36-0", "normal-354987-36-1", "normal-354987-36-2", "normal-354987-37-0", "normal-354987-37-1", "normal-354987-37-2", "normal-354987-38-0", "normal-354987-39-0", "normal-354987-39-1", "normal-354987-39-2", "normal-354987-39-3", "normal-354987-40-0", "normal-354987-40-1", "normal-354987-41-0", "normal-354987-42-0", "normal-354987-43-0", "normal-354987-43-1", "normal-354987-43-2", "normal-354987-44-0", "normal-354987-44-1", "normal-354987-45-0", "normal-354987-45-1", "normal-354987-45-2", "normal-354987-45-3", "normal-354987-45-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Best Buy Co., Inc. is an American multinational consumer electronics retailer headquartered in Richfield, Minnesota.", "It was originally founded by Richard M. Schulze and James Wheeler in 1966 as an audio specialty store called Sound of Music.", "In 1983, it was re-branded under its current name with an emphasis placed on consumer electronics.", "Best Buy operates internationally in Canada and Mexico, and formerly operated in China until February 2011 (when the faction was merged with Five Star).", "The company also operated in Europe until 2012.", "Its subsidiaries include Geek Squad, Magnolia Audio Video, and Pacific Sales.", "Best Buy also operates the Best Buy Mobile and Insignia brands in North America, plus Five Star in China.", "Best Buy sells cellular phones from Verizon Wireless, AT&T Mobility, Sprint Corporation in the United States.", "In Canada, carriers include Bell Mobility, Rogers Wireless, Telus Mobility, their fighter brands, and competing smaller carriers, such as SaskTel.", "Best Buy was named \"Company of the Year\" by \"Forbes\" magazine in 2004, \"Specialty Retailer of the Decade\" by Discount Store News in 2001, ranked in the Top 10 of \"America's Most Generous Corporations\" by \"Forbes\" in 2005 (based on 2004 giving), made \"Fortune\" magazine's list of \"Most Admired Companies\" in 2006.", "and \"The Most Sustainable Company in the United States\" by \"Barron's\" in 2019.", "Hubert Joly is executive chairman of Best Buy, having been succeeded as CEO by Corie Barry in June 2019.", "According to Yahoo! Finance, Best Buy is the largest specialty retailer in the United States consumer electronics retail industry.", "The company ranked No. 72 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.", "On August 22, 1966, Richard M. Schulze and a business partner opened Sound of Music, an electronics store specializing in high fidelity stereos in St. Paul, Minnesota.", "Schulze financed the opening of his first store with his personal savings and a second mortgage he took out on his family's home.", "In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company.", "Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year.", "In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner.", "Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978.", "In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado.", "The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom was left intact.", "In response, Schulze decided to have a \"Tornado Sale\" of damaged and excess stock in the damaged store's parking lot.", "He poured the remainder of his marketing budget into advertising the sale, promising \"best buys\" on everything.", "Sound of Music made more money during the four-day sale than it did in a typical month.", "In 1983, with seven stores and $10 million in annual sales, Sound of Music was renamed Best Buy Company, Inc.", "The company also expanded its product offerings to include home appliances and VCRs, in an attempt to expand beyond its then-core customer base of 15-to-18-year-old males.", "Later that year, Best Buy opened its first superstore in Burnsville, Minnesota.", "The Burnsville location featured a high-volume, low price business model, which was borrowed partially from Schulze's successful Tornado Sale in 1981.", "In its first year, the Burnsville store out-performed all other Best Buy stores combined.", "Best Buy debuted on the New York Stock Exchange in 1987.", "In 1989, the company introduced a new store concept dubbed \"Concept II\".", "Concept II replaced dimly lit industrial-style stores with brighter and more fashionably fixtured stores.", "Stores also began placing all stock on the sales floor rather than in a stock room, had fewer salespersons and provided more self-help product information for its customers.", "Best Buy also did away with commissioned salespeople.", "The commission-free sales environment \"created a more relaxed shopping environment free of the high-pressure sales tactics used in other stores,\" but was unpopular with salespersons and suppliers.", "Some suppliers, such as Maytag, Whirlpool and Sony, were upset that salespeople would no longer be pushing their products and stopped selling in Best Buy stores altogether.", "The suppliers returned after Best Buy's sales and revenue grew following the roll-out of Concept II.", "In 1992, the company achieved $1 billion in annual revenues.", "In 1995, Best Buy debuted \"Concept III\" stores, which were larger than its previous stores.", "The Concept III stores included expanded product offerings, interactive touchscreen kiosks that displayed product information for both customers and employees, and demonstration areas for products such as surround sound stereo systems and videogames.", "Best Buy launched its \"Concept IV\" stores with its expansion into New England in 1998.", "Concept IV stores included an open layout with products organized by category, cash registers located throughout the store, and slightly smaller stores than Concept III stores.", "The stores also had large areas for demonstrating home theater systems and computer software.", "In 1999, Best Buy was added to Standard & Poor's S&P 500.", "In 2000, Best Buy formed Redline Entertainment, an independent music label and action-sports video distributor.", "The company acquired Magnolia Hi-Fi, Inc., an audio-video retailer located in California, Washington and Oregon, in December 2000.", "In January 2001, Best Buy acquired Musicland Stores Corporation, a Minnetonka, Minnesota-based retailer that sold home entertainment products under the Sam Goody, Suncoast Motion Picture Company, Media Play and OnCue brands.", "Best Buy purchased the company for $425 million in cash and the assumption of $271 million of Musicland debt.", "Later that year, Best Buy acquired the British Columbia, Canada-based electronics-chain Future Shop Ltd., marking its entrance to the international marketplace.", "Under the deal, Future Shop was purchased for approximately $377 million and continued to operate as subsidiary independent from Best Buy Canada.", "Brad Anderson succeeded Richard Schulze as Best Buy CEO in July 2002.", "Anderson had begun working at Best Buy in 1973 while attending seminary school.", "He was promoted to vice president in 1981 and executive vice president in 1986.", "Anderson had most recently served as president and COO of Best Buy, a position he had held since 1991.", "In September of that year, Best Buy opened the first Canadian Best Buy-branded store in Mississauga, Ontario.", "In October, Best Buy acquired Minneapolis-based Geek Squad, then a 24-hour residential computer repair business with offices in Minneapolis, Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco.", "Best Buy stores in the U.S. surpassed the 600-store mark and the company opened its first global-sourcing office in Shanghai in 2003.", "In June, Best Buy divested itself of Musicland in a deal with Sun Capital Partners under which Sun Capital received all of Musicland's stock and debt.", "Best Buy launched its \"Reward Zone\" loyalty program in July following an 8-month test of the program in San Diego, California.", "Also in 2003, Best Buy's corporate offices were consolidated into a single campus in Richfield, Minnesota.", "In January 2004, Best Buy hired Virtucom Group to revamp Best Buy's website and handle all of the company's online content.", "In May, the company launched its \"customer centricty\" program, which segmented its stores according to customer profiles.", "The program also called for employees to focus on specific customer groups rather than product categories.", "In October, Best Buy completed rolling out Geek Squad \"precincts\" in every American Best Buy store.", "In April 2005, Best Buy began eliminating mail-in rebates in response to negative customer reaction against them, and instead started giving out instant rebates via notebook computers.", "In May 2006, Best Buy acquired a majority interest in Chinese appliance retailer Jiangsu Five Star Appliance for $180 million.", "At the time of the deal, Jiangsu was the fourth-largest appliance chain in China with 193 stores across eight Chinese provinces.", "In June, the company opened Geek Squad precincts at Office Depot in Orlando, Florida.", "The market test was later expanded to Denver, Colorado.", "In January 2007, the first Best Buy-branded store in China officially opened in Shanghai, China.", "In March 2007, Best Buy acquired Speakeasy, a Seattle, Washington-based broadband VOIP, data and IT services provider.", "The acquisition was worth $80 million and, under terms of the deal, Speakeasy began operating as a wholly owned subsidiary of Best Buy.", "The company's products also became part of Best Buy's For Business program.", "Best Buy also expanded its Geek Squad market tests in March, opening Geek Squad precincts in FedEx Kinkos stores located in Indianapolis and Charlotte, North Carolina.", "In October 2007, Best Buy became the first consumer-electronics retailer to exit the analog television market, carrying only digital products that became mandatory in June 2009 by the FCC.", "In February 2008, Best Buy opened its first store in San Juan, Puerto Rico.", "Best Buy's Geek Squad market tests in Office Depot and FedEx Kinkos stores ended by March.", "Also in March, the company began promoting the Blu-ray optical-disc format over the HD DVD format, a move which ultimately contributed to Toshiba's decision to drop HD DVD.", "In May, the company agreed to buy 50% of the retail division of The Carphone Warehouse, a London, England-based mobile phone retailer.", "The deal was worth $2.1 billion.", "In July 2008, Best Buy announced that it would start selling musical instruments and related gear in over 80 of its retail stores, making the company the second-largest musical-instrument distributor in the US.", "Best Buy became the first third-party retail seller of Apple's iPhone in September.", "Later that month, the company agreed to acquire Napster for $121 million.", "In December, Best Buy opened its first store in Mexico.", "In February 2009, Best Buy leveraged its partnership with The Carphone Warehouse to launch Best Buy Mobile, a Best Buy-branded mobile retailer.", "Best Buy Mobile standalone stores were opened in shopping malls and urban downtowns.", "These Best Buy Mobile outlets were also added in all Best Buy-branded stores.", "In June 2009, Brian Dunn became Best Buy CEO.", "Dunn replaced Brad Anderson, who was retiring.", "Dunn had joined Best Buy in 1985 as a sales associate.", "In 2000, Dunn became senior vice president of East Coast operations and president of North American retail operations in 2004.", "He had most recently served as president of Best Buy, a position he had held since 2006.", "Best Buy partnered with Roxio's CinemaNow to launch an on-demand movie download service that would allow customers to stream content to any device sold by Best Buy that connected to the Internet in November 2009.", "In December, the first Turkish Best Buy opened in İzmir.", "In April 2010, Best Buy opened its first United Kingdom-based Best Buy-branded store in Thurrock.", "The company eventually opened 11 Best Buy stores in the United Kingdom.", "The company closed all UK-based Best Buy stores in November 2011.", "That same month Best Buy purchased The Carphone Warehouse's share of Best Buy Mobile for $1.3 billion.", "Best Buy and The Carphone Warehouse maintained their Best Buy Europe joint venture, which at the time operated 2,500 mobile phone stores throughout Europe.", "The company closed all of its Best Buy-branded stores in China by February 2011, when it merged Best Buy China's operations with Jiangsu Five Star, which had become a wholly owned subsidiary of Best Buy in 2009.", "In December 2011, Best Buy purchased mindSHIFT Technologies, a company that provided IT support for small and medium-sized businesses, for $167 million.", "In 2012, in response to overall revenue decline, Best Buy announced plans to undergo a \"transformation strategy\".", "Stores began to adopt a redesigned \"Connected Store\" format, providing the Geek Squad with a centralized service desk and implementing a \"store-within-a-store\" concept for Pacific Kitchen & Bath and Magnolia Design Center.", "In April 2012, Brian Dunn resigned as Best Buy's CEO during an internal company investigation into allegations of personal misconduct stemming from an inappropriate relationship with a female Best Buy employee.", "Best Buy named Director George L. Mikan III interim CEO following Dunn's resignation.", "The internal investigation was released in May 2012 and alleged that Best Buy founder and chairman Richard Schulze knew of Dunn's inappropriate relationship and failed to notify the Best Buy board.", "Schulze subsequently resigned his chairmanship of the company.", "Best Buy Director Hatim Tyabji replaced Schulze as Best Buy chairman.", "Hubert Joly replaced Mikan as Best Buy CEO in September 2012.", "Joly had previously served as CEO of Carlson, a hospitality conglomerate, since 2008.", "He led initiatives such as price matching, speeding up delivery times for online purchases, establishing \"store within a store\" sections for major brands such as Apple, Google, Microsoft and Samsung, and giving more product training to employees.", "In April 2013, Best Buy exited the European consumer electronics market when it sold its 50% stake in Carphone Warehouse back to the UK-based mobile phone retailer.", "The sale was worth approximately $775 million.", "An increasing trend towards online shopping began to erode revenues and profits in the 2010s.", "A 4% dip in sales for the June 30, 2014 quarter, marked the tenth quarter in a row where Best Buy's sales had declined.", "The company, in announcing the result, said it was focusing more on digital-media in its marketing, moving away from newspaper, magazine, and television advertising.", "On March 28, 2015, Best Buy announced the shutdown of the Future Shop chain in Canada; 65 of its 131 former locations were converted into Best Buy locations, while the rest (primarily those in close proximity to an existing Best Buy) were closed permanently.", "On March 1, 2018, the company announced that it would shut down its 250 standalone Best Buy Mobile stores in the United States by the end of May, due to low revenue and high costs.", "The Best Buy Mobile stores were reported to account for 1 percent of the company's revenue.", "On May 9, 2018, the company unveiled a new logo for the first time in nearly three decades.", "On July 2, 2018, Best Buy announced it was cutting the amount of store space devoted to selling physical music, citing the popularity of streaming services as having reduced sales.", "On April 15, 2019, Best Buy announced its current CFO, Corie Barry, would be its next CEO.", "She replaced Hubert Joly, who served as CEO since August of 2012, in June 2019.", "Joly subsequently became executive chairman of the company.", "Best Buy sells consumer electronics and a variety of related merchandise, including software, video games, music, mobile phones, digital cameras, car stereos and video cameras, in addition to home appliances (washing machines, dryers, and refrigerators), in a non-commissioned sales environment.", "Under the Geek Squad brand, Best Buy offers computer repair, warranty service, and accidental service plans.", "Best Buy provides an online community forum for members, where consumers can discuss product experiences, ask questions and get answers from other members or retail product experts.", "The building exteriors of Best Buy-branded stores are typically light brown, with the entrance designed to look like a blue box emerging from the structure.", "Corporate employees operated under a results only work environment from 2005 until March 2013, when the management style was abandoned by Best Buy CEO Hubert Joly.", "As of October 29, 2016, Best Buy operated 1,026 Best Buy, 331 Best Buy Mobile stand-alone stores and 28 stand-alone Pacific Sales stores in the US.", "Best Buy also operated: 135 Best Buy and 53 Best Buy Mobile stand-alone stores in Canada; and 18 Best Buy stores and 5 Best Buy Express stores in Mexico.", "Best Buy exited the European market in April 2013.", "In 2000, two Florida consumers brought a lawsuit against the company, alleging that it engaged in fraudulent business practices related to the sale of extended warranties (or, more accurately, service plans).", "The suit claimed that store employees had misrepresented the manufacturer's warranty in order to sell its own Product Service/Replacement Plan and that Best Buy had \"entered into a corporate-wide scheme to institute high-pressure sales techniques involving the extended warranties\" and that the company used \"artificial barriers to discourage consumers who purchased the 'complete extended warranties' from making legitimate claims.\"", "The company ultimately settled for $200,000 but admitted no wrongdoing.", "In 2014, Best Buy settled for $4.55 million in a class action lawsuit filed against them in April 2010 by consumers who claimed Best Buy was making unsolicited phone calls in contravention of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act.", "In the second quarter of 2007, Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal ordered an investigation into the company's use of an in-store website alleged to have misled customers on item sales prices.", "In December 2007, the \"Los Angeles Times\" reported on the same issue, in which some customers claimed they thought they were surfing the Internet version of bestbuy.com at an in-store kiosk only to learn that the site reflected in-store prices only.", "In response, company spokesperson Sue Busch indicated the in-store kiosks were not intended for price-match purposes and rather were a means to navigate in-store availability.", "Since the initial investigation, a banner was placed on the in-store site to make its customers more aware of the difference.", "On April 26, 2008, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) fined the company $280,000 for not alerting customers that the analog televisions it sold would not receive over-the-air stations after the digital transition on June 12, 2009.", "The company challenged this ruling in May 2008 by the FCC saying it was and is in compliance with current FCC regulations pertaining to the digital transition.", "Best Buy was one of several companies named in a 2007 report by Greenpeace for purchasing raw materials or manufactured products derived thereof from logging companies that, in the opinion of Greenpeace, contribute to unethical deforestation of taiga in Canada.", "Since that time, however, the company launched what it calls Greener Together to increase the energy efficiency of its products as well as reduce consumer waste through more recyclable packaging and proper disposal of certain electronic components such as rechargeable batteries, and empty ink cartridges.", "As a way to improve its image and past environmental issues, the company introduced a recycling program in 2009 that has since collected nearly half-a-billion pounds of consumer electronics and e-waste and is available at all their stores for a nominal fee.", "These items are then handed over to certified recyclers in the U.S. for proper recycling.", "The company's goal is to collect one billion pounds of recycling.", "It also has been named to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency top-50 list of the largest green-power purchasers.", "In 2011, the company purchased nearly 119 million kilowatt-hours (kWh) of green power electricity generated from renewable resources, such as wind, solar, geothermal, biogas, biomass and low-impact hydropower.", "In their attempt to combat child pornography, the FBI hired several Best Buy employees' from the Geek Squad division to covertly work for them flagging potential targets.", "In one incident, a customer brought in his computer for troubleshooting.", "As it turns out, this customer's computer was found to contain images of child pornography and was flagged and promptly reported to the FBI.", "The customer was charged with possession of child pornography.", "Fortunately for this customer and unfortunately for the FBI, a judge had no choice but to throw \"out almost all the evidence\" against the defendant due to \"false and misleading statements\" made by \"an FBI agent\" while trying to secure a search warrant for the customer's house." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 94960, "normal_article_title": "Lake County, Minnesota", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=94960", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-94960-0-0", "normal-94960-0-1", "normal-94960-0-2", "normal-94960-1-0", "normal-94960-1-1", "normal-94960-1-2", "normal-94960-1-3", "normal-94960-2-0", "normal-94960-2-1", "normal-94960-2-2", "normal-94960-2-3", "normal-94960-2-4", "normal-94960-2-5", "normal-94960-2-6", "normal-94960-2-7", "normal-94960-3-0", "normal-94960-3-1", "normal-94960-3-2", "normal-94960-4-0", "normal-94960-4-1", "normal-94960-4-2", "normal-94960-4-3", "normal-94960-4-4", "normal-94960-5-0", "normal-94960-5-1", "normal-94960-5-2", "normal-94960-5-3", "normal-94960-6-0", "normal-94960-6-1", "normal-94960-6-2", "normal-94960-6-3", "normal-94960-6-4", "normal-94960-6-5", "normal-94960-7-0", "normal-94960-8-0", "normal-94960-8-1", "normal-94960-8-2", "normal-94960-8-3", "normal-94960-8-4", "normal-94960-8-5", "normal-94960-9-0", "normal-94960-9-1", "normal-94960-9-2", "normal-94960-10-0", "normal-94960-10-1", "normal-94960-10-2", "normal-94960-10-3", "normal-94960-11-0", "normal-94960-11-1", "normal-94960-11-2", "normal-94960-11-3", "normal-94960-12-0", "normal-94960-12-1", "normal-94960-12-2", "normal-94960-12-3", "normal-94960-12-4", "normal-94960-12-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lake County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota.", "As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 10,866.", "Its county seat is Two Harbors.", "Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the area had long been inhabited by Native American groups.", "At the time of European contact, the principal Native American groups in the region were the Dakota (Sioux) and Ojibwe (also called Anishinabe or Chippewa).", "The economy of these groups was based on hunting, fishing and gathering, with wild rice being of particular importance.", "The first Europeans to explore the area were the French in the late 17th century who were followed by trappers, fur traders, missionaries, and explorers.", "The Wisconsin Territory was established by the Federal Government effective 3 July 1836, and existed until its eastern portion was granted statehood (as Wisconsin) in 1848.", "Therefore the Federal Government set up the Minnesota Territory effective 3 March 1849.", "The newly organized territorial legislature created nine counties across the territory in October of that year.", "One of those original counties, Itasca, had its eastern section partitioned off on 20 February 1855 into two new counties: the western part was designated Newton and the eastern part was named Superior County.", "The territorial legislature returned to the matter on 3 March, changing Superior County to Saint Louis County.", "Then on 1 March 1856, the county name was again changed, to Lake County, and the \"Saint Louis County\" name was given to the previous Newton County.", "With the new name came the designation of county seat at Beaver Bay, which had first been platted in 1856.", "The county's boundaries were altered in 1874, when its eastern part was partitioned off to create Cook County.", "In 1868, iron ore was discovered on the Vermilion Range by George Stuntz.", "A spur of the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad was extended to the Lake Superior shore, and a settlement quickly sprang up at the terminus.", "This settlement was incorporated as a village (Two Harbors) on 9 March 1888, and that same year a vote was taken to transfer the county seat from Beaver Bay to Two Harbors (1888).", "Commercial fishing on Lake Superior became important during the late 1880s, spurred by the arrival of Swedish and Norwegian immigrants to the North Shore.", "In 1890, the Merritt brothers discovered the Mesabi Range.", "The Two Harbors Lighthouse was built on Agate Bay in 1892.", "Ten years later, five Two Harbors businessmen signed the articles of incorporation for a new mining company named 3M.", "Today, 3M Corporation has over 70,000 employees worldwide and produces more than 50,000 adhesive household products, now has its headquarters in Saint Paul.", "In 1906, the Court House, which stands to this day, was built.", "In 1907, one of the nation's first steel ore docks was built in Two Harbors.", "In 1944, one of the first HMOs in the United States was created in Lake County to serve railroad employees.", "A second iron ore boom took place in the 1950s with the development of the taconite beneficiation process for turning lean, low-grade iron ore into a shippable product.", "Lake County lies on the north side of Minnesota.", "Its north border abuts the south border of the province of Ontario, Canada, and its south border is formed by Lake Superior.", "Its terrain consists of rolling mountains and hills, heavily wooded, and dotted with lakes and ponds.", "The terrain slopes both ways from a crestline that runs from its northeast line to its southwest line; the county's highest point is Stony Tower Hill at 2,301' ASL.", "The county has a total area of 2991 sqmi , of which 2109 sqmi is land and 881 sqmi (29%) is water.", "It is the fifth-largest county in Minnesota by area.", "Lake County is located in the Arrowhead Region of Northeastern Minnesota.", "As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 11,058 people, 4,646 households, and 3,140 families in the county.", "The population density was 5.24/sqmi (2.02/km2).", "There were 6,840 housing units at an average density of 3.24/sqmi (1.25/km2).", "The racial makeup of the county was 97.99% White, 0.10% Black or African American, 0.70% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races.", "0.57% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "22.3% were of Norwegian, 17.8% German, 14.3% Swedish, 8.4% Finnish, 6.3% Irish and 5.4% English ancestry.", "There were 4,646 households out of which 27.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.80% were married couples living together, 6.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families.", "28.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.83.", "The county population contained 22.30% under the age of 18, 6.60% from 18 to 24, 24.50% from 25 to 44, 26.70% from 45 to 64, and 20.00% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 43 years.", "For every 100 females there were 99.70 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.60 males.", "The median income for a household in the county was $40,402, and the median income for a family was $46,980.", "Males had a median income of $39,719 versus $26,500 for females.", "The per capita income for the county was $19,761.", "About 5.50% of families and 7.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.40% of those under age 18 and 5.70% of those age 65 or over.", "Lake County has a historic Democratic/Labor lean.", "It was the top county for Socialist Party of America candidate Eugene V. Debs in 1908, 1912, and 1920.", "The last Republican to carry the county was Herbert Hoover’s failed run for re-election in 1932, although in the 1932 election Socialist Norman Thomas received 19.32% of the county’s vote, one of the highest percentages in the country.", "Ironically, Lake County was the only county in Minnesota to vote for Hoover in 1932.", "In 2016, Lake County was the whitest county in the entire country to vote for Democrat Hillary Clinton over Republican Donald Trump.", "Trump, however, got the highest percentage of the vote of any Republican since 1928." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 671871, "simple_article_title": "Lake County, Minnesota", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671871", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-671871-0-0", "simple-671871-0-1", "simple-671871-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Lake County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota.", "As of 2010, 10,866 people lived there.", "The county seat is Two Harbors." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 53694488, "normal_article_title": "Mangani Festival", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53694488", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-53694488-0-0", "normal-53694488-0-1", "normal-53694488-1-0", "normal-53694488-1-1", "normal-53694488-1-2", "normal-53694488-1-3", "normal-53694488-1-4", "normal-53694488-1-5", "normal-53694488-1-6", "normal-53694488-1-7", "normal-53694488-1-8", "normal-53694488-2-0", "normal-53694488-2-1", "normal-53694488-2-2", "normal-53694488-2-3", "normal-53694488-2-4", "normal-53694488-2-5", "normal-53694488-2-6", "normal-53694488-2-7", "normal-53694488-2-8", "normal-53694488-2-9", "normal-53694488-2-10", "normal-53694488-2-11", "normal-53694488-2-12", "normal-53694488-2-13", "normal-53694488-2-14", "normal-53694488-3-0", "normal-53694488-3-1", "normal-53694488-3-2", "normal-53694488-3-3", "normal-53694488-3-4", "normal-53694488-3-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Managani festival is a festival celebrated in Karaikal city every year in the Tamil month of Aani.", "It is celebrated in the memory Lord Bikshantar who will be provided food by Karaikal Ammaiyar, that is Amuthu Padayal in Tamil.", "This festival's history relies on Karaikkal Ammaiyar's life.", "One day Ammaiyar's husband, Paramathathan, had sent two mangoes to be kept for him.", "That day a hungry Shaiva devotee (Lord Bikshantar) came to her residence.", "Ammaiyar gave the devotee, curd rice and one of the two mangoes which her husband gave earlier.", "Later, when Ammaiyar's husband came home, Ammaiyar served him the other mango.", "The mango was delicious, and her husband requested that the other mango be served.", "Ammaiyar went inside kitchen, she didn't know what to do since the mango was already served to the shaiva devotee (Lord Bikshantar).", "With Lord Siva's grace a Divine Mango appeared in her palm.", "Ammaiyaar was very happy and served the mango to her husband.", "As this fruit was divinely sweet and was infinitely delicious compared to the previous one, her husband inquired as to how Ammaiyar obtained this mango.", "Subsequently,Karaikkal Ammaiyar worshiped Lord's feet and revealed the truth to her husband, who didn't believe it.", "He asked her to show another mango with divine help.", "Ammaiyar prayed to Lord Shiva for another mango.", "Immediately Lord Shiva gave her a similar mango,which she gave it to her husband.", "The mango then disappeared, and Paramathathan realised the divine nature of his wife.", "He understood that Ammaiyar was worthy of worship and she cannot be treated as his wife.", "He then deserted Ammaiyar, becoming a trader and married the daughter of a merchant who then gave birth to their child.", "Paramathathan named the child with the real name of Ammaiyar, Punithavathi.", "When the word reached Ammaiyar's family, they decided that they must take her to him.", "When he saw his former wife, Paramathathan addressed her reverentially, saying that he realised Ammaiyar was no ordinary human being.", "He worshipped her with his wife and child.", "Ammaiyar prayed to Lord Shiva asking for a boon that she may worship Lord Shiva as a disembodied wraith.", "She received the boon, and leaving all her beauty and her body behind.", "This was the reason of formation of this grand festival of Mangani.", "The celebration is celebrated in the Tamil month of Aani (June–July)lasting a month.", "Each day the Panchamurthi or the Five divine Gods idol are taken through each streets of Karaikal.", "On the main day of the festival the huge idol of Lord Bikshatanar is taken through the streets.", "On the same day, people of Karaikal throw Mangani or Mangoes from their roof towards the crowd.", "Goodness of eating the Mango caught in the festival are: In the 30 days each day is celebrated with orchestras, debates, bharathanatyam dance etc.", "The official song of Mangani festival is composed by S.Natarajan, son of Kalaikavalar Karai Subbaiya, one of the most famous musician in Karaikal, owning an orchestra named Newtone Orchestra." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 598685, "simple_article_title": "Mangani Festival", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=598685", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-598685-0-0", "simple-598685-0-1", "simple-598685-1-0", "simple-598685-1-1", "simple-598685-1-2", "simple-598685-1-3", "simple-598685-1-4", "simple-598685-1-5", "simple-598685-1-6", "simple-598685-1-7", "simple-598685-2-0", "simple-598685-2-1", "simple-598685-2-2", "simple-598685-2-3", "simple-598685-2-4", "simple-598685-2-5", "simple-598685-2-6", "simple-598685-2-7", "simple-598685-2-8", "simple-598685-2-9", "simple-598685-2-10", "simple-598685-2-11", "simple-598685-2-12", "simple-598685-2-13", "simple-598685-3-0", "simple-598685-3-1", "simple-598685-3-2", "simple-598685-3-3", "simple-598685-3-4", "simple-598685-3-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Managani festival is a world renowned festival celebrated in Karaikal city.", "It is celebrated in the memory Lord Bikshantar who will be provided food by Karaikal Ammaiyar, that is Amuthu Padayal in Tamil.", "This festival's history relies on Karaikkal Ammaiyar's life.One day Ammaiyar's husband, Paramathathan, had sent two mangoes to be kept for him.", "That day a hungry Shaiva devotee (Lord Bikshantar) came to her residence.", "Ammaiyar gave the devotee, curd rice and one of the two mangoes which her husband gave earlier.", "Later, when Ammaiyar's husband came home, Ammaiyar served him the other mango.", "The mango was very delicious, and her husband requested that the other mango be served.", "Ammaiyar went inside kitchen, she didn't know what to do since the Mango is already served to the shaiva devotee(Lord Bikshantar).", "With Lord Siva's grace a Divine Mango appeared in her palm.", "Ammaiyaar was very happy and served the Mango to her husband.", "As this fruit was divinely sweet and was infinitely delicious compared to the previous one, her husband inquired as to how Ammaiyar obtained this mango.", "Subsequently,Karaikkal Ammaiyar worshiped Lord's feet and revealed the truth to her husband, who didn't believe it.", "He asked her to show another mango with divine help.", "Ammaiyar prayed to Lord Shiva for another mango.", "Immediately Lord Shiva gave her a similar mango,which she gave it to her husband.", "The mango then disappeared, and Paramathathan realised the divine nature of his wife.", "He understood that Ammaiyar was worthy of worship and she cannot be treated as his wife.", "He then deserted Ammaiyar, becoming a trader and married the daughter of a merchant who then gave birth to their child.", "Paramathathan named the child with the real name of Ammaiyar, Punithavathi.", "When the word reached Ammaiyar's family, they decided that they must take her to him.", "When he saw his former wife, Paramathathan addressed her reverentially, saying that he realised Ammaiyar was no ordinary human being.", "He worshipped her with his wife and child.", "Ammaiyar prayed to Lord Shiva asking for a boon that she may worship Lord Shiva as a disembodied wraith.", "She received the boon, and leaving all her beauty and her body behind.This was the reason of formation of this grand festival of Mangani.", "The celebration is celebrated in the Tamil month of Aani (June–July)lasting a month.", "Each day the Panchamurthi or the Five divine Gods idol are taken through each streets of Karaikal.", "On the main day of the festival the huge idol of Lord Bikshatanar is taken through the streets.", "On the same day, people of Karaikal throw Mangani or Mangoes from their roof towards the crowd.", "Goodness of eating the Mango caught in the festival are: In the 30 days each day is celebrated with orchestras, debates, bharathanatyam dance etc.", "The official song of Mangani festival is composed by S.Natarajan, son of Kalaikavalar Karai Subbaiya, one of the most famous musician in Karaikal, owning an orchestra named Newtone Orchestra." ] } }

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"normal-125237-92-0", "normal-125237-92-1", "normal-125237-93-0", "normal-125237-94-0", "normal-125237-94-1", "normal-125237-95-0", "normal-125237-95-1", "normal-125237-95-2", "normal-125237-95-3", "normal-125237-95-4", "normal-125237-95-5", "normal-125237-96-0", "normal-125237-96-1", "normal-125237-97-0", "normal-125237-98-0", "normal-125237-98-1", "normal-125237-98-2", "normal-125237-98-3", "normal-125237-98-4", "normal-125237-98-5", "normal-125237-98-6", "normal-125237-98-7", "normal-125237-98-8", "normal-125237-98-9", "normal-125237-98-10", "normal-125237-99-0", "normal-125237-99-1", "normal-125237-99-2", "normal-125237-99-3", "normal-125237-100-0", "normal-125237-100-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Jersey City is the second most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark.", "It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the county's largest city.", "As of 2018, the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that Jersey City's population was 265,549, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, an increase of about 9.4% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 78th-most-populous in the nation.", "Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay.", "A port of entry, with 30.7 mi of waterfront and extensive rail infrastructure and connectivity, the city is an important transportation terminus and distribution and manufacturing center for the Port of New York and New Jersey.", "Jersey City shares significant mass transit connections with Manhattan.", "Redevelopment of the Jersey City waterfront has made the city one of the largest centers of banking and finance in the United States and has led to the district being nicknamed \"Wall Street West\".", "After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the city's population saw a half-century-long decline to a nadir of 223,532 in the 1980 Census.", "Since then, the city's population has rebounded, with the 2010 population reflecting an increase of 7,542 (+3.1%) from the 240,055 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 11,518 (+5.0%) from the 228,537 counted in the 1990 Census.", "The land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes (later called Delaware Indian).", "In 1609, Henry Hudson, seeking an alternate route to East Asia, anchored his small vessel Halve Maen (English: Half Moon) at Sandy Hook, Harsimus Cove and Weehawken Cove, and elsewhere along what was later named the North River.", "After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, he sailed as far north as Albany.", "By 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam.", "Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a land grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years.", "He chose the west bank of the North River (Hudson River) and purchased the land from the Lenape.", "This grant is dated November 22, 1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City.", "Pauw, however, was an absentee landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633.", "That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, which had been named \"Pavonia\" (the Latinized form of Pauw's name, which means \"peacock\").", "Shortly after, another house was built at Harsimus Cove and became the home of Cornelius Van Vorst, who had succeeded Bout as superintendent, and whose family would become influential in the development of the city.", "Relations with the Lenape deteriorated, in part because of the colonialist's mismanagement and misunderstanding of the indigenous people, and led to series of raids and reprisals and the virtual destruction of the settlement on the west bank.", "During Kieft's War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25, 1643.", "Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia: Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands \"behind Kill van Kull\".", "The first village (located inside a palisaded garrison) established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, and is considered to be the oldest town in what would become the state of New Jersey.", "The flag of the city is a variation on the Prince's Flag from the Netherlands.", "Among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House (1690), the Van Vorst Farmhouse (1740), and the Van Wagenen House (1742).", "During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York.", "In the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19, 1779.", "After this war, Alexander Hamilton and other prominent New Yorkers and New Jerseyeans attempted to develop the area that would become historic downtown Jersey City and laid out the city squares and streets that still characterize the neighborhood, giving them names also seen in Lower Manhattan or after war heroes (Grove, Varick, Mercer, Wayne, Monmouth, and Montgomery among them).", "During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city.", "The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28, 1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County.", "The city was reincorporated on January 23, 1829, and again on February 22, 1838, at which time it became completely independent of North Bergen and was given its present name.", "On February 22, 1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County.", "Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality.", "A bill was approved by the state legislature on April 2, 1869, with a special election to be held October 5, 1869.", "An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated.", "While a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City.", "The consolidation began on March 17, 1870, taking effect on May 3, 1870.", "Three years later the present outline of Jersey City was completed when Greenville agreed to merge into the Greater Jersey City.", "1853 to 1859; New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company original Jersey City terminal: Job Male, six year Superintendent of Construction of the NJRR, 1853–1859, built this complete terminal in Jersey City.", "He was designer and builder of terminal, docks, ferry houses, and piers, and possibly the maintenance facility between Washington and Green streets built during his term as Superintendent.", "Reclaiming the natural river front, which included all that section of Hudson Street lying between Essex and Wayne Streets.", "He planned and built for the company the old circular-roofed depot, which was 500 ft in length and 100 ft wide, and which was situated on Montgomery Street where the 1858 Pennsylvania Railroad depot was built.", "In the late 1880s, three passenger railroad terminals opened in Jersey City next to the Hudson River (Pavonia Terminal, Exchange Place and Communipaw).", "Tens of millions of immigrants passed through these stations as they made their way westward from Ellis Island into the United States.", "The railroads transformed the geography of the city by building the Erie Cut as well as several large freight rail yards.", "The railroads became and would remain the largest employers in Jersey City into and during the early 20th century.", "Jersey City was a dock and manufacturing town for much of the 19th and 20th centuries.", "Much like New York City, Jersey City has always been a destination for new immigrants to the United States.", "In its heyday before World War II, German, Irish, and Italian immigrants found work at Colgate, Chloro or Dixon Ticonderoga.", "In 1908, the first permanent, drinking water disinfection system in the U.S. was installed on the water supply for the City by John L. Leal.", "The Hudson Tubes opened in 1911, allowing passengers to take the train to Manhattan as an alternative to the extensive ferry system.", "The Black Tom explosion occurred on July 30, 1916, as an act of sabotage on American ammunition supplies by German agents to prevent the materials from being used by the Allies in World War I.", "From 1917 to 1947, Jersey City was governed by Mayor Frank Hague.", "Originally elected as a candidate supporting reform in governance, the Jersey City History website says his name is \"synonymous with the early twentieth century urban American blend of political favoritism and social welfare known as bossism\".", "Hague ran the city with an iron fist while, at the same time, molding governors, United States senators, and judges to his whims.", "Boss Hague was known to be loud and vulgar, but dressed in a stylish manner earning him the nickname \"King Hanky-Panky\".", "In his later years in office, Hague would often dismiss his enemies as \"reds\" or \"commies\".", "Hague lived like a millionaire, despite having an annual salary that never exceeded $8,500.", "He was able to maintain a fourteen-room duplex apartment in Jersey City, a suite at the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, and a palatial summer home in the seaside community of Deal, and travel to Europe yearly in the royal suites of the best ocean liners.", "After Hague's retirement from politics, a series of mayors including John V. Kenny, Thomas J. Whelan and Thomas F. X. Smith attempted to take control of Hague's organization, usually under the mantle of political reform.", "None were able to duplicate the level of power held by Hague, but the city and the county remained notorious for political corruption for years.", "By the 1970s, the city experienced a period of urban decline that saw many of its wealthy residents leave for the suburbs, due to rising crime, civil unrest, political corruption, and economic hardship.", "From 1950 to 1980, Jersey City lost 75,000 residents, and from 1975 to 1982, it lost 5,000 jobs, or 9% of its workforce.", "Beginning in the 1980s, development of the waterfront in an area previously occupied by rail yards and factories helped to stir the beginnings of a renaissance for Jersey City.", "The rapid construction of numerous high-rise buildings increased the population and led to the development of the Exchange Place financial district, also known as \"Wall Street West\", one of the largest banking centers in the United States.", "Large financial institutions such as UBS, Goldman Sachs, Chase Bank, Citibank, and Merrill Lynch occupy prominent buildings on the Jersey City waterfront, some of which are among the tallest buildings in New Jersey.", "Simultaneous to this building boom, the light-rail network was developed.", "With 18,000000 sqft of office space, it has the nation's 12th-largest downtown.", "City Ordinance 13.097, passed in October 2013, requires employers with ten or more employees to offer up to five paid sick days a year.", "The bill impacts all businesses employing workers who work at least 80 hours a calendar year in Jersey City.", "Jersey City is the seat of Hudson County, New Jersey, and the second-largest city in New Jersey.", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 21.080 square miles (54.596 km), including 14.794 square miles (38.316 km) of land and 6.286 square miles (16.281 km) of water (29.82%).", "As of the 1990 Census, it had the smallest land area of the 100 most populous cities in America.", "Jersey City is bordered to the east by the Hudson River, to the north by Secaucus, North Bergen, Union City and Hoboken, to the west, across the Hackensack, by Kearny and Newark, and to the south by Bayonne.", "Jersey City includes most of Ellis Island (the parts awarded to New Jersey by the 1998 U.S. Supreme Court in the case of \"New Jersey v. New York\").", "Given their proximity and accessibility by rapid transit to Manhattan, Jersey City and Hudson County are sometimes referred to as New York City's Sixth Borough.", "Jersey City (and most of Hudson County) is located on the peninsula known as Bergen Neck, with a waterfront on the east at the Hudson River and New York Bay and on the west at the Hackensack River and Newark Bay.", "Its north-south axis corresponds with the ridge of Bergen Hill, the emergence of the Hudson Palisades.", "The city is the site of some of the earliest European settlements in North America, which grew into each other rather than expanding from a central point.", "This growth and the topography greatly influenced the development of the sections of the city and its various neighborhoods.", "The city is divided into six wards.", "Downtown Jersey City is the area from the Hudson River westward to the Newark Bay Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 78) and the New Jersey Palisades; it is also bounded by Hoboken to the north and Liberty State Park to the south.", "Historic Downtown is an area of mostly low-rise buildings to the west of the waterfront that is highly desirable due to its proximity to local amenities and Manhattan.", "It includes the neighborhoods of Van Vorst Park and Hamilton Park, which are both square parks surrounded by brownstones.", "This historic downtown also includes Paulus Hook, the Village and Harsimus Cove neighborhoods.", "Newark Avenue & Grove Street, are the main thoroughfares in Downtown Jersey City, both have seen a lot of development and the surrounding neighborhoods have many stores and restaurants.", "The Grove Street PATH station is in the process of being renovated and a number of new residential buildings are being built around the stop, including a proposed 50-story building at 90 Columbus.", "Historic Downtown is home to many cultural attractions including the Jersey City Museum, the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Powerhouse (planned to become a museum and artist housing) and the Harsimus Stem Embankment along Sixth Street, which a citizens' movement is working to turn into public parkland that would be modeled after the High Line in Manhattan.", "Newport and Exchange Place are redeveloped waterfront areas consisting mostly of residential towers, hotels and office buildings.", "Newport is a planned mixed-use community, built on the old Erie Lackawanna Railway yards, made up of residential rental towers, condominiums, office buildings, a marina, schools, restaurants, hotels, Newport Centre Mall, a waterfront walkway, transportation facilities, and on-site parking for more than 15,000 vehicles.", "Newport had a hand in the renaissance of Jersey City although, before ground was broken, much of the downtown area had already begun a steady climb (much like Hoboken).", "In recent years, this area of Jersey City has undergone gentrification that has seen the improvement in neighborhoods.", "This has also caused a rise of the standard of living throughout the city.", "Downtown also includes the Newport Centre area, which is also home of the Westin Hotel.", "Prior to the September 11 attacks Jersey City had three office towers over 100 meters.", "Since then, three more office towers and 10 residential buildings over 100 meters have been completed.", "In January 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration gave navigational clearance for construction of a 79-story, 900 ft residential and commercial tower planned by the Chinese Overseas America Corporation, which would succeed the Goldman Sachs Tower, also in Downtown Jersey City, as the tallest skyscraper in New Jersey.", "Bergen-Lafayette, formerly Bergen City, New Jersey, lies between Greenville to the south and McGinley Square to the north, while bordering Liberty State Park and Downtown to the east and the West Side neighborhood to the west.", "Communipaw Avenue, Bergen Avenue, Martin Luther King Drive, and Ocean Avenue are main thoroughfares.", "The former Jersey City Medical Center complex, a cluster of Art Deco buildings on a rise in the center of the city, has been converted into residential complexes called The Beacon.", "Berry Lane Park, which is the largest municipal park in Jersey City, is located along Garfield Avenue in the northern section of Bergen-Lafayette.", "The Heights or Jersey City Heights is a district in the north end of Jersey City atop the New Jersey Palisades overlooking Hoboken to the east and Croxton in the Meadowlands to the west.", "Previously the city of Hudson City, The Heights was incorporated into Jersey City in 1869.", "The southern border of The Heights is generally considered to be north of Bergen Arches and The Divided Highway, while Paterson Plank Road in Washington Park is its main northern boundary.", "Transfer Station is just over the city line.", "Its postal area ZIP Code is 07307.", "The Heights mostly contains two- and three-family houses and low rise apartment buildings, and is similar to North Hudson architectural style and neighborhood character.", "Michael Yun is currently the neighborhood's representative in the City Council.", "Greenville is on the south end of Jersey City.", "In the 2010s, the neighborhood underwent a revitalization.", "Considered an affordable neighborhood in the New York City area, a number of Ultra-Orthodox Jews and young families purchased homes and built a substantial community there.", "The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.", "According to the Köppen climate classification system, Jersey City has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated \"Cfa\" on climate maps.", "Jersey City is in USDA hardiness zone 7a on the west side of the city and hardiness zone 7b on the east side.", "As of the 2010 United States Census, there were people, households, and families residing in the city.", "The population density was 16736.6 /sqmi .", "There were housing units at an average density of 7349.1 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the city was % White, % Black or African American, % Native American, % Asian, % Pacific Islander, % from other races, and % from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were % of the population.", "There were households out of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.5% were married couples living together, 18.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.5% were non-families.", "30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.20.", "In the city, the population was spread out with 21.1% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 37.6% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 33.2 years.", "For every 100 females there were 97.6 males.", "For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 96.0 males.", "The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $54,280 (with a margin of error of +/- $1,460) and the median family income was $58,533 (+/- $2,116).", "Males had a median income of $49,582 (+/- $1,968) versus $43,458 (+/- $1,837) for females.", "The per capita income for the borough was $30,490 (+/- $668).", "About 15.1% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.1% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over.", "As of the 2010 Census, Jersey City experienced an increase of 7,542 residents (3.1%) from its 2000 Census population of 240,055.", "Since it was believed the earlier population was under documented, the 2010 census was anticipated with the possibility that Jersey City might become the state's most populated city, surpassing Newark.", "The city hired an outside firm to contest the results, citing the fact that development in the city between 2000 and 2010 substantially increased the number of housing units and that new populations may have been undercounted by as many as 30,000 residents based on the city's calculations.", "Preliminary findings indicated that 19,000 housing units went uncounted.", "As of the 2000 United States Census, the population was 240,055 making Jersey City the 72nd-most-populous city in the U.S. Among cities with a population higher than 100,000 ranked in the 2000 Census, Jersey City was the fourth most densely populated large city in the United States, behind New York City; Paterson, New Jersey; and San Francisco.", "There were 88,632 households, and 55,660 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 16,093.7/mi (6,212.2/km).", "There were 93,648 housing units at an average density of 6,278.3 per square mile (2,423.4/km).", "The racial makeup of the city was 34.01% White, 28.32% African American, 0.45% Native American, 16.20% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 15.11% from other races, and 5.84% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 28.31% of the population.", "As of the 2000 Census, the most common reported ancestries were Italian (6.6%), Irish (5.6%), Polish (3.0%), Arab (2.8%), and German (2.7%).", "Of all 88,632 households, 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living there, 36.4% were married couples living together, 20.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families.", "29.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.37.", "In the city, the population was spread out with 24.7% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 35.1% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who are 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 32 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.", "The median income of its households was $37,862, and the median income of its families was $41,639.", "Males had a median income of $35,119 versus $30,494 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $19,410.", "About 16.4% of families and 18.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.0% of those under age 18 and 17.5% of those age 65 or over.", "Jersey City is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world.", "The city is a major port of entry for immigration to the United States and a major employment center at the approximate core of the New York City metropolitan region; and given its proximity to Manhattan, Jersey City has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership.", "There were an estimated 76,637 Hispanic Americans in Jersey City, composing 28.8% of the population, according to the 2017 American Community Survey, representing a 12.3% increase from 68,256 Hispanic Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.", "Immigrants from South America, led by Ecuador, are a growing component of Jersey City's population/ Puerto Rican Americans constitute the largest Hispanic group in Jersey City.", "While Cuban Americans are not as highly concentrated in Jersey City as they are in northern Hudson County, Jersey City has hosted the annual Cuban Parade and Festival of New Jersey at Exchange Place on its downtown waterfront since it was established in 2001.", "There were an estimated 26,529 Puerto Rican residents in Jersey City, according to the 2016 American Community Survey, representing a 3.3% increase from the 25,677 Puerto Rican residents enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.", "There were an estimated 67,526 Asian Americans in Jersey City, constituting 25.4% of the city's population, according to the 2017 American Community Survey, representing a 15.2% increase from 58,595 Asian Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.", "India Square, also known as \"Little India\" or \"Little Bombay\", home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere, is a rapidly growing Indian American ethnic enclave in Jersey City.", "Indian Americans constituted 10.9% of the overall population of Jersey City in 2010, the highest proportion of any major U.S. city.", "India Square has been home to the largest outdoor Navratri festivities in New Jersey as well as several Hindu temples; while an annual, color-filled spring Holi festival has taken place in Jersey City since 1992, centered upon India Square and attracting significant participation and international media attention.", "There were an estimated 31,578 Indian Americans in Jersey City, according to the 2017 American Community Survey, representing a 16.5% increase from 27,111 Indian Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.", "Filipino people make up 6.4% of Jersey City's population, based on the results of the 2016 American Community Survey.", "The Five Corners district is home to a thriving Filipino community and Jersey City's Little Manila, which is the second-largest Asian American subgroup in the city.", "A variety of Filipino restaurants, shippers and freighters, doctors' officers, bakeries, stores, and an office of The Filipino Channel have made Newark Avenue their home.", "The largest Filipino-owned grocery store on the East Coast of the United States, Phil-Am Food, has been there since 1973.", "An array of Filipino-owned businesses can also be found at the section of West Side of Jersey City, where many of its residents are of Filipino descent.", "In 2006, a Red Ribbon pastry shop, one of the Philippines' most famous food chains, opened its first branch on the East Coast in the Garden State.", "Manila Avenue in Downtown Jersey City was named for the Philippine capital city because of the many Filipinos who built their homes on this street during the 1970s.", "A memorial, dedicated to the Filipino American veterans of the Vietnam War, was built in a small square on Manila Avenue.", "A park and statue dedicated to Jose P. Rizal, a national hero of the Philippines, is located in downtown Jersey City.", "Jersey City is the host of the annual Philippine-American Friendship Day Parade, an event that occurs yearly in June, on its last Sunday.", "The City Hall of Jersey City raises the Philippine flag in correlation to this event and as a tribute to the contributions of the Filipino community.", "The Santacruzan Procession along Manila Avenue has taken place since 1977.", "There were an estimated 16,766 Filipino Americans in Jersey City, according to the 2016 American Community Survey, representing a 3,4% increase from 16,213 Filipino Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.", "Behind English and Spanish, Tagalog is the third-most-common language spoken in Jersey City.", "Jersey City, highly accessible to Lower Manhattan in New York City and its Chinatown by rapid transit, was home to an estimated 9,379 Chinese Americans, according to the 2017 American Community Survey, representing a notably rapid growth of 66.2% from the 5,643 Chinese Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.", "Chinese nationals have also been obtaining EB-5 immigrant visas by investing US$500,000 apiece in new Downtown Jersey City residential skyscrapers.", "New Jersey's largest Vietnamese American population resides in Jersey City.", "There were an estimated 1,485 Vietnamese Americans in Jersey City, according to the 2016 American Community Survey, representing a7.6% decline from 1,607 Vietnamese Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.", "There were an estimated 56,101 non-Hispanic whites in Jersey City, according to the 2016 American Community Survey, representing a 5.4% increase from 53,236 non-Hispanic whites enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.", "Many non-Hispanic whites have settled in the newer developments in the Newport and Exchange Place neighborhoods along the Jersey City waterfront.", "Ever since the settling of New Netherland in the 1600s, comprising what is now the Gateway Region of northeastern New Jersey as well as portions of Downstate New York in the New York City metropolitan area, the Dutch and British, along with German and Irish Americans, have established an integral role in the subsequent long-term development of Jersey City over the centuries.", "There were an estimated 63,788 African Americans in Jersey City, or 24.0% of the city's population, according to the 2017 American Community Survey, representing a slight decrease from 64,002 African Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.", "This is in contrast with Hudson County overall, where there were an estimated 85,172 African Americans, according to the 2016 American Community Survey, representing a 1.5% increase from 83,925 African Americans enumerated in the county in the 2010 United States Census.", "However, modest growth in the African immigrant population, most notably the growing Nigerian American and Kenyan American populations in Jersey City, is partially offsetting the decline in the city's American-born black population, which as a whole has been experiencing an exodus from northern New Jersey to the Southern United States.", "Arab Americans numbered an estimated 18,628 individuals in Hudson County as per the 2010-2014 American Community Survey, representing 2.8% of the county's total population.", "the second- highest percentage in New Jersey after Passaic County.", "Arab Americans are most concentrated in Jersey City, led by Egyptian Americans, including the largest population of Coptic Christians in the United States.", "There is a notable Moroccan American population in Jersey City.", "Muslims constitute 4.2% of religious adherents in Jersey City.", "The growing Muslim American population in Jersey City and Hudson County.", "Pakistani Americans, Bangladeshi Americans, and Arab Americans compose a significant proportion of Jersey City's Muslim population.", "There were 2,726 same-sex couples in Hudson County in 2010, with Jersey City being the hub, prior to the commencement of same-sex marriages in New Jersey on October 21, 2013.", "Based upon a 2011 survey of census data on the number of artists as a percentages of the population, \"The Atlantic\" magazine called Jersey City the 10th-most-artistic city in the United States.", "Jersey City is a regional employment center with over 100,000 private and public sector jobs, which creates a daytime swell in population.", "Many jobs are in the financial and service sectors, as well as in shipping, logistics, and retail.", "Jersey City's tax base grew by $136 million in 2017 giving Jersey City the largest municipal tax base in the State of New Jersey.", "As part of a 2017 revaluation, the city's property tax base is expected to increase from $6.2 billion to $26 billion.", "Jersey City's Hudson River waterfront, from Exchange Place to Newport, is known as Wall Street West and has over 13 million square feet of Class A office space.", "One third of the private sector jobs in the city are in the financial services sector: more than 60% are in the securities industry, 20% are in banking and 8% in insurance.", "Jersey City is home to the headquarters of Verisk Analytics and Lord Abbett, a privately held money management firm.", "Companies such as Computershare, NEX Group, ADP, and Fidelity Investments also conduct operations in the city.", "In 2014, \"Forbes\" magazine moved its headquarters to the district, having been awarded a $27 million tax grant in exchange for bringing 350 jobs to the city over a ten-year period.", "Jersey City has several shopping districts, some of which are traditional main streets for their respective neighborhoods, such as Central, Danforth, and West Side Avenues.", "Journal Square is a major commercial district.", "Newport Mall is a regional shopping area.", "Portions of the city are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone, one of 27 zones in the state.", "In addition to other benefits to encourage employment in the zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (versus the 6.625% rate charged statewide, effective January 1, 2018) at eligible merchants.", "About one third of Jersey City is included in the state's largest Urban Enterprise Zone, established in 1992 (the zone's status is due to expire in November 2023).", "Port Jersey is an intermodal freight transport facility that includes a container terminal located on the Upper New York Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey.", "The municipal border of the Hudson County cities of Jersey City and Bayonne runs along the long pier extending into the bay.", "The north end of the facility houses the Greenville Yard, a rail yard located on a manmade peninsula that was built in the early 1900s by the Pennsylvania Railroad, in addition to the Claremont Terminal, once part of the Lehigh Valley Terminal Railway operations.", "The central area of the facility contains GCT Bayonne, a major post-panamax shipping facility operated by Global Container Terminals that underwent a major expansion in June 2014.", "The largest ship ever to call at the Port of New York-New Jersey, the MOL Benefactor, docked at Port Jersey in July 2016 after sailing from China through the newly widened Panama Canal.", "Goya Foods, which had been headquartered in adjacent Secaucus, opened a new headquarters including a 600,000-square-foot warehouse and distribution center in Jersey City in April 2015.", "In 2014, Paul Fireman proposed a 95-story tower for Jersey City that would include a casino.", "The project, which was endorsed by Mayor Steve Fulop, would cost an estimated $4.6 billion.", "In February 2014, New Jersey State Senate President Stephen Sweeney argued that Jersey City, among other distressed cities, could benefit from a casino—were construction of one outside of Atlantic City eventually permitted by New Jersey.", "The Jersey City Free Public Library has five regional branches, some of which have permanent collections and host exhibitions.", "At the Main Library, the New Jersey Room contains historical archives and photos.", "The Greenville Branch is home to the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Society Museum.", "The Five Corners Branch specializes in works related to music and the fine arts, and is a gallery space.", "The library system also supports a bookmobile and five neighborhood libraries.", "Liberty State Park is home to Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, the Interpretive Center, and Liberty Science Center, an interactive science and learning center.", "The center, which first opened in 1993 as New Jersey's first major state science museum, has science exhibits, the world's largest IMAX Dome theater, numerous educational resources, and the original Hoberman sphere.", "From the park, ferries travel to both Ellis Island and the Immigration Museum and Liberty Island, site of the Statue of Liberty.", "The Jersey City Museum, Mana Contemporary, and the Museum of Russian Art, which specializes in Soviet Nonconformist Art, include permanent collections and special exhibits.", "Some stations of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail feature public art exhibitions, including those at Exchange Place, Danforth Avenue and Martin Luther King Drive station.", "Since 1992, the Hudson Shakespeare Company has been the resident Shakespeare festival of Hudson County performing a free Shakespeare production for each month of the summer throughout various parks in the city.", "The group regularly performs at Hamilton Park (9th Street & Jersey Avenue), Van Vorst Park (Jersey Avenue & Montgomery Street), and The Historic Jersey City and Harsimus Cemetery (435 Newark Avenue).", "The American poet Wallace Stevens described the city as a place where \"the deer and the dachshund are one.\"", "Jersey City is governed under the Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council) form of municipal government by a mayor and a nine-member city council.", "The city council consists of six members elected from wards and three elected at large, all elected to four-year terms on a concurrent basis in non-partisan elections.", "s of 2018 , the mayor is Steven Fulop, whose term of office ends December 31, 2021.", "Members of the City Council are Council President Rolando R. Lavarro Jr., Daniel Rivera (at large), Joyce Watterman (at large), Denise Ridley (Ward A – Greenville), Mira Prinz-Arey (Ward B – West Side), Richard Boggiano (Ward C – Journal Square), Michael Yun (Ward D – The Heights), James Solomon (Ward E – Downtown) and Jermaine D. Robinson (Ward F – Bergen/Lafayette), all of whom are serving concurrent terms of office running from January 1, 2018 until December 31, 2021.", "The Business Administrator is Brian David Platt.", "The City Clerk is Robert Byrne.", "Jersey City is split between the 8th and 10th Congressional Districts and is part of New Jersey's 31st and 33rd state legislative districts.", "Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Jersey City had been in the 31st, 32nd and the 33rd state legislative districts.", "Prior to the 2010 Census, Jersey City had been split between the , 10th Congressional District and the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.", "The split that went into effect in 2013 placed 111,678 residents living in the city's north and east in the 8th District, while 139,519 residents in the southwest portion of the city were placed in the 10th District.", "For the 116th United States Congress, New Jersey's Eighth Congressional District is represented by Albio Sires (D, West New York).", "For the 116th United States Congress, New Jersey's Tenth Congressional District is represented by Donald Payne Jr. (D, Newark).", "New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2021) and Bob Menendez (Paramus, term ends 2025).", "For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 31st Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Sandra Bolden Cunningham (D, Jersey City) and in the General Assembly by Nicholas Chiaravalloti (D, Bayonne) and Angela V. McKnight (D, Jersey City).", "For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 33rd Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Brian P. Stack (D, Union City) and in the General Assembly by Raj Mukherji (D, Jersey City) and Annette Chaparro (D, Hoboken).", "The Governor of New Jersey is Phil Murphy (D, Middletown Township).", "The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is Sheila Oliver (D, East Orange).", "The city encompasses three Hudson County freeholder districts in their entirety, while three others are shared with adjacent municipalities.", "The Hudson County Executive, elected at-large, is Thomas A. DeGise.", "Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders Districts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 are located partially or entirely in Jersey City.", "District 1 comprises neighboring Bayonne and a small part of Jersey City, Country Village, and is represented by Doreen McAndrew DiDomenico.", "District 2 includes the West Side and parts of the Marion Section and Journal Square and is represented by Bill O'Dea.", "District 3, which stretches from Paulus Hook through Bergen Hill to the east side of Greenville is represented by Jeffrey Dublin.", "District 4 includes Harsimus, Hamilton Park, and portions of Journal Square and the Heights and is represented by Eliu Rivera.", "District 5, comprising portions of the Heights and all of neighboring Hoboken, is represented by Anthony Romano.", "District 8 compromises all of North Bergen, the North End of Secaucus and the northern tip of the city near Transfer Station.", "It is represented by Thomas Liggio.", "As of March 23, 2011, there was a total of 120,229 registered voters in Jersey City, of whom 58,194 (48.4%) were registered as Democrats, 7,655 (6.4%) were registered as Republicans, and 54,293 (45.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated.", "There were 87 voters registered to other parties.", "In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 85.5% of the vote (64,052 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 13.5% (10,120 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (751 votes), among the 75,506 ballots cast by the city's 133,197 registered voters (583 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 56.7%.", "In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 81.8% of the vote (65,780 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 16.8% (13,529 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (584 votes), among the 80,381 ballots cast by the city's 139,158 registered voters, for a turnout of 57.8%.", "In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 74.5% of the vote (52,979 ballots cast), out polling Republican George W. Bush with 22.8% (16,216 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (559 votes), among the 71,130 ballots cast by the city's 119,723 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 59.4.", "In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 66.5% of the vote (20,421 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 31.8% (9,784 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (514 votes), among the 32,347 ballots cast by the city's 139,265 registered voters (1,628 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 23.2%.", "In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 76.2% of the vote (29,817 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 18.7% (7,336 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 3.2% (1,263 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (371 votes), among the 39,143 ballots cast by the city's 120,269 registered voters, yielding a 32.5% turnout.", "Jersey City is home to New Jersey City University and Saint Peter's University, both of which are located in the city's West Side district.", "The business school of New Jersey City University is at Harborside overlooking Lower Manhattan.", "The University of Phoenix has a small location at Newport and Rutgers University offers MBA classes at Harborside Center.", "Hudson County Community College is a junior college located in the Journal Square area offering courses to help students transition into a larger university.", "The Jersey City Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade.", "The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as \"SDA Districts\" based on the requirement that the state cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.", "As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its 38 schools had an enrollment of 30,845 students and 2,389.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.9:1.", "High schools in the district (with 2014-15 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are William L. Dickinson High School Academy of the Sciences (2,185; 9-12), James J. Ferris High School Academy of International Enterprise (1,232; 9-12), Infinity Institute (261; 6-12), Innovation High School (9-12), Liberty High School (197; 9-12), Lincoln High School Academy of Governance and Social Sciences (830; 9-12), Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School (716; 9-12), Renaissance Institute (9-12) and Henry Snyder High School Academy of the Arts (993; 9-12).", "Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School was the first-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 322 schools statewide, in \"New Jersey Monthly\" magazine's September 2010 cover story on the state's \"Top Public High Schools\", after being ranked second in 2008 out of 316 schools.", "and was selected as 41st best high school in the United States in \"Newsweek\" magazine's national 2011 survey.", "William L. Dickinson High School is the oldest high school in the city and one of the largest schools in Hudson County in terms of student population.", "Opened in 1906 as the Jersey City High School it is one of the oldest school sites in the city, it is a four-story Beaux-Arts building located on a hilltop facing the Hudson River.", "Liberty High School is the district's only high school that focuses on all academics.", "Among Jersey City's elementary and middle schools is Academy I Middle School and Frank R. Conwell Middle School #4, which is part of the Academic Enrichment Program for Gifted Students.", "Another school is Alexander D. Sullivan P.S. #30, an ESL magnet school in the Greenville district, which serves nearly 800 Pre-k through 5th grade students.", "The Hudson County Schools of Technology (which also has campuses in North Bergen and Secaucus) has a campus in Jersey City, which includes County Prep High School.", "Jersey City also has 12 charter schools, which are run under a special charter granted by the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Education, including the Mathematics, Engineering, Technology and Science Charter School (for grades 6 – 12) and the Dr. Lena Edwards Charter School (for K-8), which were approved in January 2011.", "BelovED Community Charter School opened in 2012 and has purchased a half-acre parcel of land on Grand Street to make room for a new 40000 sqft , $12 million middle school building designed to serve 240 students in sixth through ninth grades.", "The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark maintains a network of elementary and secondary Catholic schools serve every area of Jersey City.", "High schools administered by the Archdiocese are Hudson Catholic Regional High School, St. Anthony High School, Saint Dominic Academy and St. Peter's Preparatory School.", "St. Mary High School closed in June 2011 due to declining enrollment.", "Catholic K-8 elementary schools include Our Lady of Czestochowa School, Sacred Heart School, Saint Aloysius Elementary Academy, St. Joseph School and St. Nicholas School.", "In 2015, Our Lady of Czestochowa School was one of 15 schools in New Jersey, and one of six private schools, recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School in the exemplary high performing category by the United States Department of Education.", "In the face of declining enrollment and rising expenses, the Newark Archdiocese closed Our Lady of Mercy Academy (founded in 1964) and Resurrection School at the end of the 2012-13 school year.", "St. Anne School closed at the end of the 2011-12 school year after 112 years, as enrollment declined from 700 students in 1976 to 240 in 2010-11 and 188 in the school's final year of operation.", "Other private high schools in Jersey City include First Christian Pentecostal Academy and Stevens Cooperative School.", "Kenmare High School is operated through the York Street Project as part of an effort to reduce rates of poverty in households headed by women, through a program that offers small class sizes, individualized learning and development of life skills.", "The French American Academy, located in the century-old three-story building of the former St. Mary's High School, is a private bilingual school PK-3.", "A number of other private schools are also available.", "Genesis Educational Center is a private Christian school located in downtown Jersey City for ages newborn through 8th grade.", "The Jersey City Art School is a private art school located in downtown Jersey City for all ages.", "Jersey City is located in the New York media market, and most of its daily papers are available for sale or delivery.", "The daily newspaper \"The Jersey Journal\", formerly located at its namesake Journal Square, covers Hudson County, its morning daily, \"Hudson Dispatch\" now defunct.", "The \"Jersey City Reporter\" is part of The Hudson Reporter group of local weeklies.", "The \"Jersey City Independent\" is a web-only news outlet that covers politics and culture in the city.", "The \"River View Observer\" is another weekly published in the city and distributed throughout the county.", "Another countywide weekly, \"El Especialito\", also serves the city.", "The \"Jersey City Independent\" is an online newspaper covering Jersey City and surrounding municipalities.", "It also publishes \"JCI Magazine\", a print quarterly magazine.", "The \"Daily News\" maintains extensive publishing and distribution facilities at Liberty Industrial Park.", "WFMU 91.1FM (WMFU 90.1 FM in the Hudson Valley), the longest-running freeform radio station in the United States, moved to Jersey City in 1998.", "WSNR-620 AM is also licensed in the city.", "Jersey City is the filming location for the 2012 reality television series \"Snooki & JWoww\", a spinoff of \"Jersey Shore\" that stars Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi and Jennifer \"JWoww\" Farley living at a former firehouse at 38 Mercer Street at Grove Street in Downtown Jersey City.", "Of all Jersey City commuters, 8.17% walk to work, and 46.62% take public transit.", "This is the second highest percentage of public transit riders of any city with a population of 100,000+ in the United States, behind only New York City and ahead of Washington, D.C. 40.67% of Jersey City households do not own an automobile, the second-highest of all cities in the United States with 50,000 to 250,000 residents.", "The Journal Square Transportation Center, Exchange Place and Hoboken Terminal are major origination/destination points for buses.", "Service is available to numerous points in Jersey City, Hudson County, and some suburban areas as well as to Newark on the 1, 2, 6, 10, 22, 64, 67, 68, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 123, 125, 305, 319 lines.", "Also serving Jersey City are various lines operated by Academy Bus and A&C Bus.", "Increased use of jitneys, locally known as dollar vans, have greatly affected travel patterns in Hudson County, leading to decreased bus ridership on traditional bus lines.", "After studies examining existing systems and changes in public transportation usage patterns it was determined that a Journal Square-Bayonne bus rapid transit system should be investigated.", "In 2012, the Board of Chosen Freeholders authorized the identification of possible BRT corridors.", "s of 2016 two Taiwanese airlines, China Airlines and EVA Air, provide private bus services to and from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City for customers based in New Jersey.", "These bus services stop in Jersey City.", "s of 2010 , the city had a total of 218.57 mi of roadways, of which 189.88 mi were maintained by the municipality, 10.34 mi by Hudson County and 12.23 mi by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 6.12 mi by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.", "A part of the East Coast Greenway, a planned unbroken bike route from Maine to the Florida Keys, will travel through the city.", "In June 2012, part of the route was officially designated in Lincoln Park and over the Lincoln Highway Hackensack River Bridge.", "Both the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway and Hackensack RiverWalk are bicycle friendly.", "In April 2012, the city initiated the Morris Canal Greenway Plan to investigate the establishment of a greenway, including a bicycle path, that would follow the route of the Morris Canal to the greatest extent possible.", "in the same month, the city established bikes lanes along the length Grove Street, originally meant to temporary.", "In December 2012, the city announced that Grove Street lanes would become permanent and that it would add an additional 54 mi of both dedicated and shared bike lanes.", "\"The Harbor Ring\" is an initiative to create a 50-mile bike route along the Lower Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, and Kill van Kull that would incorporate bike paths in the city.", "In 2013, the city simplified the application and reduced the cost for business and residences to install bike racks as well as making them obligatory for certain new construction projects.", "Hudson County has initiated exploration of a bike-share program.", "Jersey City, Hoboken and Weehawken intended to operate the program starting 2014 but delayed the launch due to lack of sponsorship.", "The revamped program officially launched on September 21, 2015, as Citi Bike with membership working in New York City.", "Jersey City has a high percentage of residents who commute without a car.", "In 2015, 40.1 percent of city Jersey City households were without a car, which decreased to 37.1 percent in 2016.", "The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016.", "Jersey City averaged 0.85 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.", "Jersey City has participated in the sister city program since establishing a relationship with Cusco, Peru in 1988.", "Currently they have relationships with 12 international cities, showing a spirit of economic and cultural exchange and mutual friendship." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 8583178, "normal_article_title": "Bartenheim", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8583178", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-8583178-0-0", "normal-8583178-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Bartenheim (] ; Alsatian: \"Bàrtene\") is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.", "It is situated northwest of the EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg, on the eastern edge of Sundgau." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 16967983, "normal_article_title": "Barrie Hole", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16967983", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-16967983-0-0", "normal-16967983-0-1", "normal-16967983-1-0", "normal-16967983-1-1", "normal-16967983-1-2", "normal-16967983-1-3", "normal-16967983-2-0", "normal-16967983-2-1", "normal-16967983-2-2", "normal-16967983-2-3", "normal-16967983-3-0", "normal-16967983-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Barrington Gerard \"Barrie\" Hole (16 September 1942 – 25 March 2019) was a Welsh professional footballer who played as a midfielder.", "A Wales international, he began his career with Cardiff City and made his professional debut as a teenager.", "Hole's father Billy had been a professional footballer and played for Swansea Town before World War II, making over 400 appearances and playing in the club's first ever fixture in The Football League.", "His older brothers Colin and Alan had also both played for their hometown club Swansea, although Colin never made a first team appearance.", "Barrie did not follow the family tradition and instead joined their rivals Cardiff City.", "He made his league debut as a seventeen-year-old during a 4-3 victory over Luton Town in February 1960 during a season when Cardiff gained promotion to the first division.", "Soon establishing himself in the Bluebirds side, even playing as an emergency striker on occasions, he was a vital member of the side, including being ever present during the 1964-65 season.", "It was during the latter stages of his time at Ninian Park that he won the first of his Welsh caps and was a regular in the side when he was signed by Blackburn Rovers in July 1966 for £40,000.", "After just two years at Blackburn he moved, this time to Aston Villa for £60,000 in September 1968.", "He was signed in May 1970 by then Swansea manager Roy Bentley for £20,000 and played for the club for two years before fully retiring in May 1972.", "After retiring from football he ran a newsagents in Swansea before selling it in 2004.", "He died in March 2019." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9297823, "normal_article_title": "Jos Luhukay", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9297823", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9297823-0-0", "normal-9297823-1-0", "normal-9297823-1-1", "normal-9297823-1-2", "normal-9297823-1-3", "normal-9297823-1-4", "normal-9297823-1-5", "normal-9297823-2-0", "normal-9297823-2-1", "normal-9297823-2-2", "normal-9297823-2-3", "normal-9297823-2-4", "normal-9297823-3-0", "normal-9297823-3-1", "normal-9297823-3-2", "normal-9297823-3-3", "normal-9297823-3-4", "normal-9297823-3-5", "normal-9297823-4-0", "normal-9297823-4-1", "normal-9297823-4-2", "normal-9297823-4-3", "normal-9297823-4-4", "normal-9297823-4-5", "normal-9297823-4-6", "normal-9297823-4-7", "normal-9297823-5-0", "normal-9297823-5-1", "normal-9297823-5-2", "normal-9297823-5-3", "normal-9297823-5-4", "normal-9297823-5-5", "normal-9297823-5-6", "normal-9297823-5-7", "normal-9297823-5-8", "normal-9297823-5-9", "normal-9297823-6-0", "normal-9297823-6-1", "normal-9297823-6-2", "normal-9297823-7-0", "normal-9297823-7-1", "normal-9297823-7-2", "normal-9297823-8-0", "normal-9297823-8-1", "normal-9297823-9-0", "normal-9297823-10-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Jos Luhukay (born 13 June 1963) is a Dutch football manager for FC St. Pauli and former midfielder.", "He began his career at the age of 15 at his hometown club VVV-Venlo.", "In 1989, he went to play at SVV Schiedam, where he stayed until 1991.", "After playing for RKC Waalwijk from 1991 until 1993, he left his homeland for Germany, where he had two stints at SV Straelen (1993 to 1995 and 1996 to 1998), in-between playing for KFC Uerdingen from 1995 to 1996.", "At KFC Uerdingen, Luhukay played two games in the Bundesliga.", "In 1998, he quit his active career at SV Straelen.", "Jos Luhukay always played as midfielder.", "Just one month after the end of his career as a player, he became the manager at SV Straelen.", "Two years later he went to KFC Uerdingen again and in 2002 he was hired as an assistant coach at Bundesliga side 1.", "In 2005, he became manager at 2.", "Bundesliga team SC Paderborn 07, finishing the 2005–06 season in 9th place.", "He resigned there on 11 August 2006.", "On 2 January 2007, he was hired by Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach as assistant manager to Jupp Heynckes.", "Heynckes resigned shortly after on 31 January 2007 following a run of 13 games without a win, leaving Luhukay to take over.", "Luhukay was unable to save Gladbach from relegation, and they finished the 2007–08 season in 18th position in the Bundesliga.", "In his first full season in charge, Luhukay guided Gladbach to an immediate return to the top flight, finishing the season as 2.", "Bundesliga as champions with 66 points.", "On 5 October 2008, Luhukay was sacked by Borussia Mönchengladbach, with the team 18th in the table.", "On 23 March 2009, Luhukay signed with FC Augsburg as manager, with a view to taking over on 1 July that summer.", "Following the sacking of Holger Fach on 15 April 2009, Luhukay stepped into the managerial role earlier than planned.", "In his first full season in charge, Luhukay guided Augsburg to 3rd position in the 2.", "Bundesliga where they met Nürnberg in the play-offs, losing 3–0 on aggregate and missing out on promotion.", "During this season, Augsburg also reached the semi-final of the DFB-Pokal, where they lost 2–0 to Werder Bremen.", "The following season, Augsburg won promotion to the Bundesliga for the first time in their history, finishing 2nd in the league.", "In their first season in the top flight, Augsburg finished 14th, avoiding relegation by 7 points.", "Luhukay resigned immediately after the final league match of the 2011–12 season after just over 3 years in charge.", "On 17 May 2012, Luhukay became the new manager of Hertha BSC.", "He officially took over coaching duties on 1 July 2012.", "In his first game in charge on 3 August 2012, Hertha drew 2–2 with Luhukay's former club Paderborn 07.", "In the 2012–13 season, Hertha broke the record for the most points in a 2.", "Bundesliga season, winning promotion back to the top flight as league champions with 76 points.", "They also reached the quarter final of the DFB-Pokal.", "In Luhukay's second season with Hertha, they finished 11th in the Bundesliga.", "On 5 February 2015, Hertha sacked Luhukay, naming Pál Dárdai as replacement along with assistant Rainer Widmayer.", "Hertha had lost 1–0 the previous day and were 17th in the table at the time.", "They eventually finished 15th, avoiding the relegation play-off on goal difference.", "On 17 May 2016, he was appointed as the new head coach of VfB Stuttgart.", "After conflicts with club chairman Jan Schindelmeiser, Luhukay resigned as the coach of VfB Stuttgart with immediate effect on 15 September 2016.", "He had a record of three wins, no draws, and two losses.", "On 5 January 2018, Luhukay was announced as the new manager of Sheffield Wednesday, replacing Carlos Carvalhal.", "Becoming the Owls' 33rd manager, Luhukay also became the first Dutch, and only the second non-British manager of the club.", "Luhukay's first match in charge of the club was an away match against local rivals Sheffield United, which ended in a goalless draw and saw the Owls go down to ten men following the dismissal of club captain Glenn Loovens.", "His first victory as manager came on 16 January 2018, when Sheffield Wednesday defeated Carlisle United 2–0 in an FA Cup Third Round replay.", "Luhukay's first victory in the league came on 13 February 2018, when Sheffield Wednesday defeated Derby County 2–0 at Hillsborough.", "On 21 December 2018, Luhukay was sacked by Sheffield Wednesday after a run of only 1 win and 7 defeats in 10 games with the team sitting 18th in the table.", "On 10 April 2019, Luhukay was announced as the new manager of FC St. Pauli, replacing Markus Kauczinski." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 8484200, "normal_article_title": "Real (hypermarket)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8484200", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-8484200-0-0", "normal-8484200-0-1", "normal-8484200-1-0", "normal-8484200-2-0", "normal-8484200-2-1", "normal-8484200-3-0", "normal-8484200-4-0", "normal-8484200-4-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Real (stylized real) is a chain of hypermarkets in Germany, member of the German retailer Metro AG.", "It was formed in 1992, from the merger of chains divi, Basar, Continent, Esbella and real-kauf.", "In 2006, Metro acquired Walmart's 85 stores in Germany and 26 Géant hypermarkets in Poland from the French retail group Groupe Casino.", "In November 2012, Metro sold its 91 Real hypermarkets in Poland, Romania, Russia and Ukraine to Auchan for 1.1 billion euro.", "In 2014 it sold its 12 Real hypermarkets in Turkey.", "In September 2018, Metro AG announced the split from Real and sale of all hypermarkets.", "As well as food, real also offers a wide assortment of household goods, electrical appliances, books, media, textiles and footwear (sports and regular footwear are concessions owned by Hamm Market Solutions GmbH & Co KG, based in Osnabruck, Germany), sports goods and stationery.", "In addition to branded products, several store brands are offered including discount label \"TiP\" (\"Toll im Preis\" - Great Price), mid-price \"real Quality\", premium brand \"realSelection\", \"real Bio\" organic products and \"Watson\" consumer electronics." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 678597, "simple_article_title": "Real (hypermarket)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=678597", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-678597-0-0", "simple-678597-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Real (stylized real,-) is a German hypermarket chain operating in Europe that is part of the German trade and retail giant Metro AG.", "It was founded in 1992." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1491868, "normal_article_title": "Grandaddy", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1491868", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1491868-0-0", "normal-1491868-0-1", "normal-1491868-1-0", "normal-1491868-1-1", "normal-1491868-2-0", "normal-1491868-2-1", "normal-1491868-2-2", "normal-1491868-3-0", "normal-1491868-3-1", "normal-1491868-3-2", "normal-1491868-4-0", "normal-1491868-4-1", "normal-1491868-4-2", "normal-1491868-4-3", "normal-1491868-4-4", "normal-1491868-4-5", "normal-1491868-5-0", "normal-1491868-5-1", "normal-1491868-5-2", "normal-1491868-5-3", "normal-1491868-5-4", "normal-1491868-5-5", "normal-1491868-5-6", "normal-1491868-5-7", "normal-1491868-6-0", "normal-1491868-6-1", "normal-1491868-6-2", "normal-1491868-6-3", "normal-1491868-6-4", "normal-1491868-6-5", "normal-1491868-7-0", "normal-1491868-7-1", "normal-1491868-7-2", "normal-1491868-7-3", "normal-1491868-8-0", "normal-1491868-8-1", "normal-1491868-8-2", "normal-1491868-9-0", "normal-1491868-9-1", "normal-1491868-9-2", "normal-1491868-9-3", "normal-1491868-10-0", "normal-1491868-10-1", "normal-1491868-11-0", "normal-1491868-12-0", "normal-1491868-12-1", "normal-1491868-13-0", "normal-1491868-13-1", "normal-1491868-14-0", "normal-1491868-15-0", "normal-1491868-15-1", "normal-1491868-15-2", "normal-1491868-15-3", "normal-1491868-15-4", "normal-1491868-15-5", "normal-1491868-15-6", "normal-1491868-16-0", "normal-1491868-16-1", "normal-1491868-16-2", "normal-1491868-16-3", "normal-1491868-17-0", "normal-1491868-17-1", "normal-1491868-17-2", "normal-1491868-17-3", "normal-1491868-18-0", "normal-1491868-18-1", "normal-1491868-18-2", "normal-1491868-18-3", "normal-1491868-18-4", "normal-1491868-18-5", "normal-1491868-18-6", "normal-1491868-18-7", "normal-1491868-19-0", "normal-1491868-19-1", "normal-1491868-19-2", "normal-1491868-19-3", "normal-1491868-19-4", "normal-1491868-19-5", "normal-1491868-19-6", "normal-1491868-19-7", "normal-1491868-19-8", "normal-1491868-19-9", "normal-1491868-20-0", "normal-1491868-20-1", "normal-1491868-20-2", "normal-1491868-20-3", "normal-1491868-20-4", "normal-1491868-20-5", "normal-1491868-20-6", "normal-1491868-21-0", "normal-1491868-21-1", "normal-1491868-21-2", "normal-1491868-21-3", "normal-1491868-22-0", "normal-1491868-22-1", "normal-1491868-22-2", "normal-1491868-22-3", "normal-1491868-23-0", "normal-1491868-23-1", "normal-1491868-23-2", "normal-1491868-24-0", "normal-1491868-24-1", "normal-1491868-24-2", "normal-1491868-25-0", "normal-1491868-25-1", "normal-1491868-25-2", "normal-1491868-25-3", "normal-1491868-26-0", "normal-1491868-26-1", "normal-1491868-26-2", "normal-1491868-27-0", "normal-1491868-27-1", "normal-1491868-27-2", "normal-1491868-27-3", "normal-1491868-27-4", "normal-1491868-27-5", "normal-1491868-28-0", "normal-1491868-28-1", "normal-1491868-28-2", "normal-1491868-29-0", "normal-1491868-30-0", "normal-1491868-30-1", "normal-1491868-30-2", "normal-1491868-30-3", "normal-1491868-31-0", "normal-1491868-31-1", "normal-1491868-31-2", "normal-1491868-31-3", "normal-1491868-31-4", "normal-1491868-31-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Grandaddy is an American indie rock band from Modesto, California.", "The group was formed in 1992, and featured Jason Lytle, Aaron Burtch, Jim Fairchild, Kevin Garcia and Tim Dryden, until Garcia's death in 2017 following a stroke.", "After several self-released records and cassettes, the band signed to Will Records in the US and later the V2 Records subsidiary Big Cat Records in the UK, going on to sign an exclusive deal with V2.", "The bulk of the band's recorded output was the work of Lytle, who worked primarily in home studios.", "Grandaddy released four studio albums before splitting in 2006, with band members going on to solo careers and other projects.", "Grandaddy reformed in 2012, made a number of live appearances and released its fifth studio album, \"Last Place\", in March 2017.", "Garcia died on May 2 that year.", "Grandaddy was formed in 1992 by singer, guitarist and keyboardist Jason Lytle, bassist Kevin Garcia and drummer Aaron Burtch.", "The group was initially influenced by US punk bands such as Suicidal Tendencies and Bad Brains.", "Lytle was a former professional skateboarder, who had turned to music after a knee injury forced him to stop skating, working at a sewage treatment works to fund the purchase of equipment, and several of the band's early live performances were at skateboarding competitions.", "The band members constructed a studio at the Lytle family home, and their first release, also in 1992, was the self-produced cassette \"Prepare to Bawl\".", "This was followed in April 1994 by a second cassette titled \"Complex Party Come Along Theories\".", "The singles \"Could This Be Love\" and \"Taster\" were released later that year.", "The guitarist Jim Fairchild and the keyboardist Tim Dryden joined the band in 1995.", "Fairchild, who left another band to join Grandaddy, was another former professional skateboarder and had already guested with them; Dryden had been Fairchild's \"jam-buddy\".", "A third cassette, \"Don't Sock the Tryer\", was withdrawn, and the band instead released their debut mini-album \"A Pretty Mess by This One Band\" in April 1996 on the Seattle-based Will label.", "In 1997 they released their debut full-length album \"Under the Western Freeway\" through Will, and, with the help of Howe Gelb, signed a UK deal with Big Cat Records – by then a subsidiary of Richard Branson's V2 Records – who reissued the album the following year.", "The album included the single \"A.M. 180\", which was featured during a sequence in the 2002 British film \"28 Days Later\".", "It was also used for the theme song for the BBC Four television series \"Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe\", and in an advertisement for Colin Murray's BBC Radio 1 show.", "\"A.M. 180\" was also used in television commercials for the Dodge Journey automobile.", "One of the album's singles, \"Summer Here Kids\", was rated as \"Single of the Week\" by popular British music magazine \"NME\", and was also used as the theme music for another Charlie Brooker-fronted show, BBC Radio 4's \"So Wrong It's Right\".", "The album led to an increase in the band's popularity in Europe, and a main stage performance at the Reading Festival in 1998.", "The album was only a success in the US when later reissued by V2.", "With the band busy touring in 1999, their next release was the compilation \"The Broken Down Comforter Collection\".", "Unhappy with the efforts of Will Records, the band signed a worldwide deal with V2 Records in 1999, their first release on the label being the \"Signal to Snow Ratio\" EP in September that year.", "In May 2000 they released their second album, \"The Sophtware Slump\", to critical acclaim.", "\"NME\" later placed it at number 34 in their \"Top 100 Greatest Albums of the Decade\", and \"The Independent\" described it as \"easily the equal of \"OK Computer\"\".", "The album reached number 36 on the UK Albums Chart, and the band's fanbase increased, including celebrities such as David Bowie, Kate Moss and Liv Tyler.", "By early 2001 the album had sold 80,000 copies worldwide.", "The first single from the album, \"The Crystal Lake\", became the band's first UK top 40 single when it was reissued in 2001.", "Around the time that \"The Sophtware Slump\" was released, Grandaddy was invited to open for Elliott Smith on his tour for \"Figure 8\".", "On some nights, Smith would join Grandaddy onstage and sing lead vocals on portions of \"He's Simple, He's Dumb, He's the Pilot\".", "The band later opened for Coldplay on their US tour in mid-2001.", "Also in 2001, the band's version of The Beatles' \"Revolution\" was used in the film \"I Am Sam\".", "Their third album, \"Sumday\", recorded in Lytle's home studio, was released in 2003.", "The band promoted it with a pre-release US tour with Pete Yorn followed by a three-week European tour (including a performance at the Glastonbury Festival) and a larger US tour.", "Lytle described the album as \"Grandaddy influenced by Grandaddy ... the ultimate Grandaddy record\".", "In 2004 and 2005 Lytle recorded \"Just Like the Fambly Cat\", which was released as a Grandaddy album, although by then the band had decided to split up.", "The title is a reference to Lytle's desire to leave Modesto, a town which he complained \"sucks out people's souls\".", "Lytle created the album over a year and a half in his home studio in Modesto, \"fueled by alcohol, painkillers for his body aches and ... recreational drugs\", with only Burtch from the remainder of the band playing on it.", "At the same time as working on the album, Lytle created the EP \"Excerpts From the Diary of Todd Zilla\", which was released first.", "In January 2006, after a meeting the previous month, Lytle announced that the band had decided to split up, citing the lack of financial income from being in the group.", "\"Just Like the Fambly Cat\" was released later that year as a farewell album.", "It was inevitable ... On one hand our stubbornness has paid off, but on the other hand refusing to buy into the way things are traditionally supposed to be done has made things worse for us ... The realistic part is it hasn't proved to be a huge money-making venture for a lot of guys in the band.", "Lytle had called the meeting in a hotel in Modesto, and it was the first time the band had been in a room together for two years.", "The feeling at the meeting was described by Lytle as frustration, the result of a breakdown in communication among the band members.", "Everybody knew, but we needed to make it formal, we needed to make it official.", "We needed to pay some respects to what we've done, just make it real.", "Lytle also stated that he was \"burnt out on touring\" and cited his fears over his drug and alcohol problems as a factor in the band's split, and in 2009 he expressed his preference for being solo, saying that he was \"a bit of a loner\", and, referring to his former bandmates, stated: \"The main thing is not having four girlfriends to lug around with me all the time.\"", "Lytle regarded \"Just Like the Fambly Cat\" as a \"pretty fitting\" last stop for Grandaddy.", "But he continued to make music and perform solo, and worked with M. Ward on \"Hold Time\".", "In 2009 Lytle moved from Modesto to Montana, and released his first solo album \"Yours Truly, the Commuter\".", "In late 2009 Lytle and former Grandaddy drummer Aaron Burtch joined Aaron Espinoza and Ariana Murray of Earlimart to form the band Admiral Radley.", "Admiral Radley's debut album \"I Heart California\" was released on July 13, 2010 via Espinoza's label The Ship.", "In 2011 Burtch played in a band called The Good Luck Thrift Store Outfit.", "Lytle's second solo album, \"Dept. of Disappearance\", was released in 2012.", "Jim Fairchild's first solo album, \"Ten Readings of a Warning\", was released in April 2007 on Dangerbird Records, under the name All Smiles.", "A second All Smiles album, \"Oh for the Getting and Not Letting Go\", was released on June 30, 2009.", "In 2010, he was selected to lead a project at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and in 2011 he released his third All Smiles album, \"Staylow and Mighty\".", "Fairchild has also played for the bands Giant Sand, Great Northern, Lackthereof and Modest Mouse, having first played guitar with the latter in 2005.", "In March 2012, it was announced that Grandaddy had reformed and were to play a limited number of shows, including London on September 4, and headlining the End of the Road Festival in the UK.", "Grandaddy also played San Francisco's Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival and Paris's Rock en Seine Festival in August 2012.", "On August 7, 2012, to kick off their reunion tour, they played a \"secret\" show at the Partisan venue in Merced, California, but were billed as \"The Arm of Roger\".", "The next day they played as Grandaddy at the Henry Miller Library, Big Sur.", "Regarding the band's reunion, Lytle noted, \"The bargain I made myself regarding the 'brief reunion and couple of shows' situation was that I wasn't gonna talk too much about it.", "I was just gonna stew on it, and then do it.", "That's the good thing about festivals.", "No need for me to sell anything here.", "Get in, rock out, get paid, get out.", "There are just going to be a few shows.", "Perhaps the odd 'warm up gig' in someone's hair salon or something.", "Money was a motivating factor (resurfacing my indoor tennis court, oil change for my 4×4 Ferrari) but the idea of playing and hanging out with each other is something all of the guys are pretty stoked about.\"", "Lytle later noted, \"It was actually Jim Fairchild's fault.", "He suggested that we consider playing some shows, and I went, 'No', but he convinced me it might be a good idea.", "We talked about it for a little while.", "I didn't think anyone else in the band would be into it, and he checked around and it turns out they were all enthusiastic.", "I think I was the last one to say yes.", "... I was actually blown away that they even wanted to.", "Once I found that out, I said 'OK, let's start doing the work, figure out how to play the songs.'", "The weird moment was when he had the first rehearsal; I had no idea how it was going to turn out.", "After five days of playing together it actually sounded really good.", "It was too easy, and we were actually really having a good time together.\"", "Lytle also noted that he was likely to record a new Grandaddy album, stating, \"It's probably going to happen.", "... If anyone knows anything about Grandaddy, they realise that my solo music and Grandaddy's music is slightly interchangeable.", "I think if I were to focus on making a Grandaddy record it would be a full-blown Grandaddy record, and I like the idea of that.", "I'd like to give it a shot.\"", "In early 2013, Lytle elaborated: \"I love the idea of making another Grandaddy record, but I wouldn't want it hanging over my head like 'Okay, you made this record, now are you guys going to get out there and tour in support of it?'", "... I'm hoping for this dream scenario where I can make Grandaddy records every so often and not have all this messy stuff that goes along with it.", "I already did that and it's just not appealing to me any more.\"", "From 2014 to 2015 Lytle produced the album \"Why Are You OK\" by Band of Horses, to which he contributed material; this collaboration also produced the single \"Hang an Ornament\", which was issued as the work of Grandaddy and Band of Horses.", "In September 2015 Lytle tweeted that the band was working on a \"new GD LP\", which was interpreted by the media as confirmation that a new Grandaddy album was being recorded.", "Following a second reunion tour in the summer of 2016, the band announced that a new album called \"Last Place\" would be released by Danger Mouse's 30th Century Records on March 3, 2017, and released a video featuring the actor Jason Ritter for the single \"Way We Won't\".", "In March 2017, Lytle said that he could \"at least promise one more\" Grandaddy album after \"Last Place\", since it was the first of two that the band was contracted to create.", "Kevin Garcia (born Kevin Michael Garcia on June 22, 1975 in San Jose, California) died on May 2, 2017, aged 41, one day after suffering a \"massive stroke\".", "He became a member of Grandaddy at the age of 15.", "Following his death, the band canceled all its planned live appearances.", "Two commemorative shows were planned in Modesto for October 2017 – the first was a scheduled date that had already sold out – but these were also canceled due to the band members' ongoing grief over Garcia's passing.", "Minor activity during the rest of 2017 included the releases of a music video featuring the comedian Jonah Ray for the single \"Brush with the Wild\", taken from \"Last Place\", and an EP of live and alternative versions of songs from \"Last Place\" titled \"Things Anyway\".", "To commemorate its 20th anniversary in October 2017, the album \"Under the Western Freeway\" was reissued as a double vinyl LP that included eight demo tracks.", "In November 2018 a song titled \"Bison on the Plains\" was released: Lytle revealed that it had been written prior to the completion of \"Last Place\" but did not make it onto the album.", "Much of the band's music is characterized by Lytle's analog synthesizer and the fuzzy guitar, bass and drums of the rest of the band.", "The band has variously been described as \"bittersweet indie space rock\", \"neo-psychedelic, blissed-out indie rock\", \"dreamy, spacey psychedelic pop\", and \"an uneasy combination of warm, tactile guitars and affectless electronics\".", "Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" described the band's songs as \"stately anthems orchestrated with full late-psychedelic pomp: fuzz-toned guitar strumming, rippling keyboards, brawny drumbeats\".", "While the band's style has sometimes been described as alt country, in Lytle's view it is the sentiment of country music that the band embraced rather than the musical style.", "In their early days, the band's lo-fi sound was compared to Pavement.", "The band has also been compared to Radiohead (even described as \"the next Radiohead\" in 2001), Weezer, The Flaming Lips and Elliott Smith.", "With \"Sumday\", the band was compared to the Electric Light Orchestra and The Alan Parsons Project.", "Lytle has cited both The Beatles and E.L.O. as influences, stating in 2003: \"I'm completely in tune with E.L.O. and Jeff Lynne – I know that guy like the back of my hand.\"", "He stated in 2009: \"I think the majority of my musical influences were set in stone when I was five or six years old.\"", "Lytle's vocals have drawn comparisons with Neil Young.", "Common lyrical themes include technology and a resistance to change.", "Adrien Begrand, writing for PopMatters, described the lyrics on \"The Sophtware Slump\" as \"one's attempt to transcend the glut of technology in today's urban lifestyle, in search of something more real, more natural, more pastoral\".", "Ben Sisario of \"The New York Times\" stated that the band \"provided the soundtrack to dot-com-era alienation, singing in a cracked yet still innocent voice of life spent staring into a computer screen\".", "Ross Raihala, reviewing \"Sumday\" for \"Spin\", identified what he called Lytle's \"geeky identification with technology\".", "On \"The Sophtware Slump\", CMJ writer Richard A. Martin commented on Lytle's \"sympathy for the lost souls and machines of the high-tech dot-com landscape\".", "Lytle described his empathy with machines in 2003, stating \"I find it easier dealing with certain things by living through inanimate objects\" and how the song \"I'm on Standby\" is about Lytle relating to a mobile phone: \"I was spending so much time learning the art of turning off, while still being 'on'\".", "Lytle said of the tracks on \"Excerpts from the Diary of Todd Zilla\": \"For some reason, they are tied together by the idea of being fed up with your environment.\"", "He stated in 2001: \"I have a growing appreciation for that which is simple and natural.", "I get that from the outdoors, and seeing the accumulation of clutter and waste and not being too happy about it.\"", "There is also much humor in Lytle's songwriting, including the band's promotional Christmas single released in 2000, \"Alan Parsons in a Winter Wonderland\", which was also included on the charity compilation \"It's a Cool Cool Christmas\", described by AllMusic 's Tim DiGravina as possibly \"the funniest song from 2000\".", "The band's releases were generally recorded and mixed in makeshift studios based in homes, garages and warehouses, although the last two albums were mixed in a dedicated facility.", "Although live performances used a full band, much of the recordings were done by Lytle alone using analog recorders and Pro Tools.", "He recorded basic drum tracks in a soundproofed room and overdubbed cymbals and tom toms.", "He recorded his vocals close to the strings of a piano for what he described as a \"ghostly effect\".", "Earlier on I tried to include people as much as possible.", "Then I realised the magic is me really prying stuff out of my head and getting it on to tape, and that stuff doesn't happen unless I'm completely alone.", "Sometimes it's about the right amount of blood sugar, just slightly hungover.", "And I'm really affected by the weather.", "If it's too nice outside it's insane for me, the concept of being inside.", "Everybody talks about this whole technology versus nature thing and if it's anything that is it: look who my best friends are, a bunch of plastic and circuitry and electricity, when I should be running around getting chased by bumblebees." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 453524, "simple_article_title": "Grandaddy", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=453524", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-453524-0-0", "simple-453524-1-0", "simple-453524-1-1", "simple-453524-1-2", "simple-453524-1-3", "simple-453524-1-4", "simple-453524-1-5", "simple-453524-1-6", "simple-453524-1-7", "simple-453524-2-0", "simple-453524-2-1", "simple-453524-2-2", "simple-453524-2-3", "simple-453524-2-4", "simple-453524-2-5", "simple-453524-2-6", "simple-453524-2-7", "simple-453524-2-8", "simple-453524-2-9", "simple-453524-3-0", "simple-453524-3-1", "simple-453524-4-0", "simple-453524-4-1", "simple-453524-4-2", "simple-453524-4-3", "simple-453524-4-4", "simple-453524-4-5", "simple-453524-4-6" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Grandaddy is an American indie rock band formed in California in 1992 by singer/guitarist/keyboardist Jason Lytle, bassist Kevin Garcia, and drummer Aaron Burtch.", "Complex Party Come Theories is their first work.", "After that, they got new guitarist Jim Fairchild and keyboardist Tim Dryden.", "They released EP A Pretty Mess By This One Band in 1996, and their first full-length album Under The Western Freeway in 1997.", "“Summer Here Kids”, one of the songs in Under The Western Freeway, earned Single of the Week honors in NME.", "In 2000, in Sophftware Slump, they created vintage, electronic, drift-off music.", "In , Concrete Dunes was released, without the band's permission.", "In 2003, the group released another album, Sumday, and received good reviews.", "In 2006, Just Like the Fambly Cat was released.", "After the album, the band broke up in 2005.", "They did not do Just Like the Fambly Cat tour concert.", "The band was utterly content and happy about the decision to end Grandaddy.", "In the song 'Elevate Myself', he says \"I don't wanna work all night and day.", "On writing songs that make the young girls cry.\"", "Other members all worked in their own field, but Jim Fairchild was still working with music.", "He joined a guitarist in Modest Mouse tour, and he released his first solo album, Ten Readings of a Warning.", "In 2012, the band reunited for Outside Lands Festival in San Francisco.", "In the same year, they played in End of the Road Festival.", "No album has been released since then.", "In an interview, Jason Lytle tell why the band name got their name Grandaddy; They realized that they are too ugly to seduce young women, so they try to appeal to old women, just like Morrissey.", "Birds frequently appear in their album cover, because birds are beautiful and colorful, and they can sing.", "Grandaddy's music has features in the late 90s lo-fi indie rock.", "Their music has the catchy melodies that they are able to create with the synths and distorted guitars.", "Most of their musics are slow and emotional.", "Also, they used electronics.", "Their lyrics are mostly vague and abstract, but inventive.", "The album's most enduring image is a man sipping a beer and strumming an acoustic guitar in quiet, beautiful countryside.", "The Sophtware Slump is generally regarded as the band's masterpiece, but other albums like Under the Western Freeway are popular, too." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 49536486, "normal_article_title": "2016 United States presidential election in Wyoming", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49536486", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-49536486-0-0", "normal-49536486-0-1", "normal-49536486-1-0", "normal-49536486-1-1", "normal-49536486-2-0", "normal-49536486-2-1", "normal-49536486-2-2", "normal-49536486-2-3", "normal-49536486-2-4", "normal-49536486-2-5", "normal-49536486-3-0", "normal-49536486-3-1", "normal-49536486-3-2", "normal-49536486-3-3", "normal-49536486-4-0", "normal-49536486-4-1", "normal-49536486-4-2", "normal-49536486-5-0", "normal-49536486-5-1", "normal-49536486-5-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The 2016 United States presidential election in Wyoming was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated.", "Wyoming voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting the Republican Party's nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and her running mate, Virginia Senator Tim Kaine.", "On March 1 and April 9, 2016, in the presidential primaries, Wyoming voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic, Republican, Libertarian, and Constitution parties' respective nominees for president.", "Registered members of each party only voted in their party's primary, while voters who were unaffiliated chose any one primary in which to vote.", "Donald Trump won the election in Wyoming with 67.4% of the vote.", "Hillary Clinton received 21.6% of the vote.", "Gary Johnson of the Libertarian Party received 5.1%.", "Wyoming, a solidly Republican state, has not voted for a Democrat in a presidential election since it went for Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.", "Trump carried every county with the exception of Teton County.", "His 45.8-point margin over Clinton in the state not only made it the most Republican in the 2016 presidential election, but it is also the largest margin of victory by any presidential candidate in the state's history, besting Ronald Reagan's 42.3-point margin in 1984.", "The incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. Senator of Illinois, was first elected president in the 2008 election, running with former Senator Joe Biden of Delaware.", "Defeating the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, with 52.9% of the popular vote and 68% of the electoral vote, Obama succeeded two-term Republican President George W. Bush, the former Governor of Texas.", "Obama and Biden were reelected in the 2012 presidential election, defeating former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney with 51.1% of the popular vote and 61.7% of electoral votes.", "Since the end of 2009, polling companies such as Gallup have found Obama's approval ratings to be between 40 and 50 percent.", "Following his second term, Barack Obama is not eligible for another reelection.", "In October 2015, Obama's running-mate and two-term Vice President Joe Biden decided not to enter the race for the Democratic presidential nomination either.", "With their term expiring on January 20, 2017, the electorate is asked to elect a new president, the 45th president and 48th vice president of the United States, respectively.", "Wyoming is the least populous of all 50 U.S. states.", "With almost 60% of the population identifying with or leaning towards the Republican Party, compared to less than 30% identifying with or leaning towards the Democrats, it is also the most solid Republican state, ahead of Idaho and Utah.", "In the 2012 presidential election, incumbent President Barack Obama received less than 28% of the votes, trailing Mitt Romney by more than 40 points." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 600597, "simple_article_title": "2016 United States presidential election in Wyoming", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=600597", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-600597-0-0", "simple-600597-0-1", "simple-600597-1-0", "simple-600597-2-0", "simple-600597-2-1", "simple-600597-3-0", "simple-600597-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The 2016 United States presidential election in Wyoming was held on 8 November 2016.", "It was part of the 2016 United States presidential election, in which all other states plus the District of Columbia voted.", "In the presidential election, Donald Trump easily defeated Hillary Clinton and received 3 electoral votes.", "Below is a table with the polling results in Wyoming.", "Wyoming has voted Republican in the general election since 1968.", "The Democratic caucus occurred on 9 April 2016.", "The Republican caucus occurred on 12 March 2016." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1227385, "normal_article_title": "Buddhist calendar", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1227385", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1227385-0-0", "normal-1227385-0-1", "normal-1227385-0-2", "normal-1227385-1-0", "normal-1227385-1-1", "normal-1227385-1-2", "normal-1227385-1-3", "normal-1227385-1-4", "normal-1227385-2-0", "normal-1227385-2-1", "normal-1227385-3-0", "normal-1227385-3-1", "normal-1227385-3-2", "normal-1227385-3-3", "normal-1227385-3-4", "normal-1227385-4-0", "normal-1227385-4-1", "normal-1227385-4-2", "normal-1227385-4-3", "normal-1227385-4-4", "normal-1227385-4-5", "normal-1227385-4-6", "normal-1227385-5-0", "normal-1227385-5-1", "normal-1227385-5-2", "normal-1227385-5-3", "normal-1227385-6-0", "normal-1227385-6-1", "normal-1227385-6-2", "normal-1227385-6-3", "normal-1227385-6-4", "normal-1227385-7-0", "normal-1227385-8-0", "normal-1227385-8-1", "normal-1227385-8-2", "normal-1227385-8-3", "normal-1227385-9-0", "normal-1227385-9-1", "normal-1227385-9-2", "normal-1227385-9-3", "normal-1227385-9-4", "normal-1227385-9-5", "normal-1227385-9-6", "normal-1227385-9-7", "normal-1227385-10-0", "normal-1227385-10-1", "normal-1227385-10-2", "normal-1227385-10-3", "normal-1227385-10-4", "normal-1227385-10-5", "normal-1227385-11-0", "normal-1227385-12-0", "normal-1227385-13-0", "normal-1227385-13-1", "normal-1227385-13-2", "normal-1227385-14-0", "normal-1227385-14-1", "normal-1227385-14-2", "normal-1227385-14-3", "normal-1227385-15-0", "normal-1227385-15-1", "normal-1227385-16-0", "normal-1227385-16-1", "normal-1227385-16-2", "normal-1227385-16-3", "normal-1227385-17-0", "normal-1227385-17-1", "normal-1227385-17-2", "normal-1227385-17-3", "normal-1227385-18-0", "normal-1227385-18-1", "normal-1227385-18-2", "normal-1227385-18-3", "normal-1227385-18-4", "normal-1227385-19-0", "normal-1227385-19-1", "normal-1227385-19-2", "normal-1227385-19-3", "normal-1227385-19-4", "normal-1227385-20-0", "normal-1227385-20-1", "normal-1227385-20-2", "normal-1227385-20-3", "normal-1227385-21-0", "normal-1227385-21-1", "normal-1227385-22-0", "normal-1227385-22-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Buddhist calendar is a set of lunisolar calendars primarily used in mainland Southeast Asian countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand as well as in Sri Lanka and Chinese populations of Malaysia and Singapore for religious or official occasions.", "While the calendars share a common lineage, they also have minor but important variations such as intercalation schedules, month names and numbering, use of cycles, etc.", "In Thailand, the name Buddhist Era is a year numbering system shared by the traditional Thai lunisolar calendar and by the Thai solar calendar.", "The Southeast Asian lunisolar calendars are largely based on an older version of the Hindu calendar, which uses the sidereal year as the solar year.", "One major difference is that the Southeast Asian systems, unlike their Indian cousins, do not use apparent reckoning to stay in sync with the sidereal year.", "Instead, they employ their versions of the Metonic cycle.", "However, since the Metonic cycle is not very accurate for sidereal years, the Southeast Asian calendar is slowly drifting out of sync with the sidereal, approximately one day every 100 years.", "Yet no coordinated structural reforms of the lunisolar calendar have been undertaken.", "Today, the traditional Buddhist lunisolar calendar is used mainly for Theravada Buddhist festivals, and no longer has the official calendar status anywhere.", "The Thai Buddhist Era, a renumbered Gregorian calendar, is the official calendar in Thailand.", "The calculation methodology of the current versions of Southeast Asian Buddhist calendars is largely based on that of the Burmese calendar, which was in use in various Southeast Asian kingdoms down to the 19th century under the names of Chula Sakarat and Jolak Sakaraj.", "The Burmese calendar in turn was based on the \"original\" \"Surya Siddhanta\" system of ancient India (believed to be Ardharatrika school).", "One key difference with Indian systems is that the Burmese system has followed a variation of the Metonic cycle.", "It is unclear from where, when or how the Metonic system was introduced; hypotheses range from China to Europe.", "The Burmese system, and indeed the Southeast Asian systems, thus use a \"strange\" combination of sidereal years from Indian calendar in combination with the Metonic cycle better for tropical years.", "In all Theravada traditions, the calendar's epochal year 0 date was the day in which the Buddha attained \"parinibbāna\".", "However, not all traditions agree on when it actually took place.", "In Burmese Buddhist tradition, it was 13 May 544 BCE (Tuesday, Full moon of Kason 148 Anjanasakaraj).", "But in Thailand, it was 11 March 545 BCE, the date which the current Thai lunisolar and solar calendars use as the epochal date.", "Yet, the Thai calendars for some reason have fixed the difference between their Buddhist Era (BE) numbering and the Christian/Common Era (CE) numbering at 543, which points to an epochal year of 544 BCE, not 545 BCE.", "In Myanmar, the difference between BE and CE can be 543 or 544 for CE dates, and 544 or 543 for BCE dates, depending on the month of the Buddhist Era (as the Buddhist calendar straddles the Gregorian calendar—currently from April to April).", "In Sri Lanka, the difference between BE and CE is 544.", "The calendar recognizes two types of months: synodic month and sidereal month.", "The Synodic months are used to compose the years while the 27 lunar sidereal days (Sanskrit: \"nakshatra\"), alongside the 12 signs of the zodiac, are used for astrological calculations.", "(The Burmese calendar also recognizes a solar month called \"Thuriya Matha\", which is defined as 1/12th of a year.", "But the solar month varies by the type of year such as tropical year, sidereal year, etc.)", "The days of the month are counted in two halves, waxing and waning.", "The 15th of the waxing is the civil full moon day.", "The civil new moon day is the last day of the month (14th or 15th waning).", "Because of the inaccuracy of the calendrical calculation systems, the mean and real (true) New Moons rarely coincide.", "The mean New Moon often precedes the real New Moon.", "As the Synodic lunar month is approximately 29.5 days, the calendar uses alternating months of 29 and 30 days.", "Various regional versions of Chula Sakarat/Burmese calendar existed across various regions of mainland Southeast Asia.", "Unlike Burmese systems, Kengtung, Lan Na, Lan Xang and Sukhothai systems refer to the months by numbers, not by names.", "This means reading ancient texts and inscriptions in Thailand requires constant vigilance, not just in making sure one is correctly operating for the correct region, but also for variations within regions itself when incursions cause a variation in practice.", "However, Cambodian (Khmer) month system, which begins with Margasirsa as the first month, demonstrated precisely by the names and numbers.", "The Buddhist calendar is a lunisolar calendar in which the months are based on lunar months and years are based on solar years.", "One of its primary objectives is to synchronize the lunar part with the solar part.", "The lunar months, normally twelve of them, consist alternately of 29 days and 30 days, such that a normal lunar year will contain 354 days, as opposed to the solar year of ~365.25 days.", "Therefore, some form of addition to the lunar year (of intercalation) is necessary.", "The overall basis for it is provided by cycles of 57 years.", "Eleven extra days are inserted in every 57 years, and seven extra months of 30 days are inserted in every 19 years (21 months in 57 years).", "This provides 20819 complete days to both calendars.", "This 57-year cycle would provide a mean year of about 365.2456 days and a mean month of about 29.530496 days, if not corrected.", "As such, the calendar adds an intercalary month in leap years and sometimes also an intercalary day in great leap years.", "The intercalary month not only corrects the length of the year but also corrects the accumulating error of the month to extent of half a day.", "The average length of the month is further corrected by adding a day to Nayon at irregular intervals—a little more than seven times in two cycles (39 years).", "The intercalary day is never inserted except in a year which has an intercalary month.", "The Hindu calendar inserts an intercalary month at any time of year as soon as the accumulated fractions amount to one month.", "The Burmese calendar however always inserts the intercalary month at the same time of the year, after the summer solstice while the Arakanese calendar inserts it after the vernal equinox.", "The actual Burmese calendar year consists of 354, 384 or 385 days.", "Note: The Arakanese calendar adds the intercalary day in Tagu, not in Nayon.", "The Cambodian, Lao and Thai lunar calendars use a slightly different method to place the intercalary day.", "Instead of it in a leap year as in the Burmese system, the Thai system places it in a separate year.", "Thus, the Thai small leap year has 355 days while the Thai great leap year has 384 days.", "Since the main purpose of Buddhist calendar is to keep pace with the solar year, the new year is always marked by the solar year, which falls at the time when the Sun enters Aries.", "The date, which at the present falls on the 17th of April, has slowly drifted over the centuries.", "In the 20th century, the New Year's Day fell on April 15 or 16th but in the 17th century, it fell on April 9 or 10th.", "Thailand and Cambodia no longer use the traditional lunisolar calendar to mark the New Year's Day.", "Cambodian and Thai systems give animal names to the years from a cycle of 12.", "The practice also existed in Burma in the Pagan period but later died out.", "In Cambodia, there is the sequence of year, which numbered from one to ten, used to identify a particular year, called \"Sak\" (Khmer: ស័ក) that means \"era\".", "It begins with a prefix \"Aek, tor or trei\", which means one, two or three respectively (using numerals that were derived from the Sanskrit language) then the suffix \"Sak\" is added to each prefix so as to form a word of the year.", "Cambodian use the Sak system to differentiate the twelve animal years that return every twelve year by including the ten-year system along with the animal year system.", "For instance, in 2017, the ten-year and animal year fall in the year of Rooster, Nuppasak (era 9), Buddhist Era of 2561 (based on Cambodian lunar calendar).", "The Southeast Asian Buddhist calendars use lunar months but try to keep pace with the solar year, by inserting intercalary months and days on the Metonic cycle (in the case of the Burmese calendar, on a modified Metonic cycle).", "However, the solar year as defined by the Buddhist calendars is really a sidereal year, which is nearly 24 minutes longer than the actual mean tropical year.", "Therefore, like all sidereal-based calendars, the lunisolar calendars are slowly drifting away from the seasons.", "The calendars are drifting one day approximately every 60 years and 4 months.", "The accumulating drift against the seasons means the New Year's Day which used to fall on 22 March (near the vernal equinox) in 638 CE now falls on 17 April in 2013 CE.", "There is no known internationally concerted effort to stop this drift.", "Thailand has moved its \"Buddhist Era\" to the Gregorian calendar under the name of Thai solar calendar.", "In Myanmar, Burmese calendarists have tried to deal with the issue by periodically modifying the intercalation schedule in the Metonic cycle.", "One major downside of this approach is that it is not possible to publish future calendars more than a few years (often even a year) ahead.", "The Buddhist Era was first introduced to Southeast Asia along with Buddhism in the early centuries CE.", "It was not a separate calendar but simply a year numbering system that employed the organization and calculation methods of the prevailing lunisolar calendars in use throughout the region.", "In the early centuries CE, the reference civil calendar of the Buddhist calendar prevalent in Southeast Asia was the Saka Era (Mahāsakaraj Era), which is said to have been adopted by the Pyu state of Sri Ksetra in 80 CE.", "The Saka Era was gradually replaced by the Burmese Era or Culāsakaraj, first in Myanmar in 640 CE, and in other Theravada kingdoms of Southeast Asia between the 13th and 16th centuries.", "Theravada Buddhist tradition also recognizes pre-Buddhist Anjana Sakaraj (Añjana's Era) since the events of the Buddha's life are recorded in that era.", "The tradition of using different reference calendars continued in Siam in 1912 when King Vajiravudh decreed that the Buddhist Era would now track the Thai solar calendar, the Siamese version of the Gregorian calendar with the New Year's Day of 1 April.", "Therefore, the Thai Buddhist Era year of 2455 began on 1 April 1912 (as opposed to 15 April 1912 according to the lunisolar calendar).", "The Thai Buddhist Era was further realigned to the Gregorian calendar on 6 September 1940 when Prime Minister Phibunsongkhram decreed 1 January 1941 as the start of the year 2484 BE.", "As a result, the Year 2483 was only 9 months long, and the Thai Buddhist Era equals that of the Common Era plus 543 years.", "The lunisolar calendar is used to mark important Buddhist holidays.", "Many of the holidays are celebrated as public holidays.", "Since the release of Java 8, the Buddhist calendar is supported in the new Date and Time API.", "iOS has support to display Buddhist calendar years." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 109511, "normal_article_title": "Laurel Hill, Florida", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=109511", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-109511-0-0", "normal-109511-0-1", "normal-109511-0-2", "normal-109511-1-0", "normal-109511-2-0", "normal-109511-3-0", "normal-109511-3-1", "normal-109511-3-2", "normal-109511-3-3", "normal-109511-3-4", "normal-109511-4-0", "normal-109511-4-1", "normal-109511-4-2", "normal-109511-5-0", "normal-109511-5-1", "normal-109511-5-2", "normal-109511-5-3", "normal-109511-6-0", "normal-109511-6-1", "normal-109511-6-2", "normal-109511-6-3", "normal-109511-7-0", "normal-109511-7-1", "normal-109511-7-2", "normal-109511-7-3", "normal-109511-7-4", "normal-109511-7-5", "normal-109511-8-0", "normal-109511-8-1", "normal-109511-8-2", "normal-109511-9-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Laurel Hill is a city in Okaloosa County, Florida, United States.", "The population was 537 at the 2010 census.", "It is part of the Fort Walton Beach–Crestview–Destin Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Laurel Hill is located at (30.965369, -86.459149).", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.1 sqmi , all land.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 549 people, 223 households, and 158 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 174.9 inhabitants per square mile (67.5/km).", "There were 254 housing units at an average density of 80.9 per square mile (31.2/km).", "The racial makeup of the city was 77.23% White, 21.68% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.73% from other races, and 0.18% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population.", "There were 223 households out of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 17.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families.", "25.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.93.", "In the city, the population was spread out with 26.8% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 39 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $25,385, and the median income for a family was $28,281.", "Males had a median income of $25,809 versus $17,500 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $12,949.", "About 18.0% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.2% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.", "The area which is now Laurel Hill was one of the first post American annexation English-speaking settlements in Florida.", "There had been settlements by English-speaking loyalists in Florida during the American Revolution.", "Settlers were documented establishing a community, originally known as Almirante, soon after Florida's acquisition by the United States in 1821.", "In the 1880s, railroad access to north-west Florida opened up a booming lumber industry, with the Yellow River Railroad reaching the Almirante (Laurel Hill) area by 1892.", "In 1895 Almirante, then just a small logging and farming community, was platted and renamed Laurel Hill, the name purportedly inspired by a large laurel tree which grew in the center of the community.", "Growing rapidly, the community was incorporated by the Florida Legislature in 1905.", "Although in 1915 Laurel Hill was the largest community in newly created Okaloosa County, the town lost out becoming the Okaloosa county seat to the more centrally located town of Crestview.", "Laurel Hill's economic fortunes went into a decline after World War I, a waning intensified by the Florida land speculation collapse of the 1920s which resulted in the closing of Laurel Hill's only bank.", "In order to install infrastructure improvements and to re-stimulate the community, Laurel Hill was reincorporated in 1953.", "Once served by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, which purchased the Yellow River Railroad in 1906, the line was abandoned and lifted in the 1980s." ] } }

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"normal-125183-50-0", "normal-125183-50-1", "normal-125183-50-2", "normal-125183-50-3", "normal-125183-50-4", "normal-125183-51-0", "normal-125183-51-1", "normal-125183-52-0", "normal-125183-52-1", "normal-125183-52-2", "normal-125183-53-0", "normal-125183-53-1", "normal-125183-54-0", "normal-125183-54-1", "normal-125183-54-2", "normal-125183-54-3", "normal-125183-55-0", "normal-125183-56-0", "normal-125183-56-1", "normal-125183-57-0", "normal-125183-58-0", "normal-125183-59-0", "normal-125183-59-1", "normal-125183-60-0", "normal-125183-60-1", "normal-125183-60-2", "normal-125183-61-0", "normal-125183-62-0", "normal-125183-63-0", "normal-125183-64-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "South Orange, officially the Township of South Orange Village, is a suburban township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States.", "As of the 2010 United States Census, the village's population was 16,198, reflecting a decline of 766 (-4.5%) from the 16,964 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 574 (+3.5%) from the 16,390 counted in the 1990 Census.", "Seton Hall University is located in the township.", "\"The time and circumstances under which the name South Orange originated will probably never be known,\" wrote historian William H. Shaw in 1884, \"and we are obliged to fall back on a tradition, that Mr. Nathan Squier first used the name in an advertisement offering wood for sale\" in 1795.", "Other sources attribute the derivation for all of The Oranges to King William III, Prince of Orange.", "Of the 565 municipalities in New Jersey, South Orange Village is one of only four with a village type of government; the others are Loch Arbour, Ridgefield Park and Ridgewood.", "South Orange Village dates back to May 4, 1869, when it was formed within South Orange Township (now Maplewood).", "On March 4, 1904, the Village of South Orange was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature and separated from South Orange Township.", "In 1978, the village's name was changed by referendum to \"The Township of South Orange Village\", becoming the first of more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis.", "What is now South Orange was part of a territory purchased from the Lenape Native Americans in 1666 by Robert Treat, who founded Newark that year on the banks of the Passaic River.", "The unsettled areas north and west of Newark were at first referred to as the uplands.", "South Orange was called the Chestnut Hills for a time.", "There are two claimants to the first English settlement in present-day South Orange.", "In 1677 brothers Joseph and Thomas Brown began clearing land for a farm in the area northwest of the junction of two old trails that are now South Orange Avenue and Ridgewood Road.", "A survey made in 1686 states, \"note this Land hath a House on it, built by Joseph Brown and Thomas Brown, either of them having an equal share of it\" located at the present southwest corner of Tillou Road and Ridgewood Road.", "Minutes of a Newark town meeting of September 27, 1680, record that \"Nathaniel Wheeler, Edward Riggs, and Joseph Riggs, have a Grant to take up Land upon the Chesnut Hill by Rahway River near the Stone House\".", "The phrasing shows that a stone house already existed near (not on) the property.", "Joseph Riggs (seemingly the son of Edward Riggs) had a house just south of the Browns' house, at the northwest corner of South Orange Avenue and Ridgewood Road, according to a road survey of 1705.", "The same road survey locates Edward Riggs's residence near Millburn and Nathaniel Wheeler's residence in modern West Orange at the corner of Valley Road and Main Street.", "Wheeler's property in South Orange extended east of the Rahway River including the site of an old house now known as the \"Stone House\", standing on the north side of South Orange Avenue just to the west of Grove Park.", "By 1756 or earlier this property was owned by Samuel Pierson.", "A survey of adjoining property in 1767 mentions \"Pierson's house\" forming accidentally the earliest documentation of a house on the property, which may be much older.", "Bethuel Pierson, son of Samuel, lived in this house and when he inherited it in 1773/74 he was said to live \"at the mountain plantation by a certain brook called Stone House Brook.\"", "Sometime during his ownership (he died in 1791) \"Bethuel Pierson had a stone addition added to his dwelling-house, which he caused to be dedicated by religious ceremonies\".", "This would appear to be the stone-walled portion of the \"Stone House\".", "Stone House Brook runs west along the north side of the east-west road, past the \"Stone House\" and joining the Rahway River at about the location of the Brown and Riggs houses already noted.", "The oldest parts of the Pierson house are the oldest surviving structure in South Orange.", "A deed of 1800 locates a property as being in \"the Township of Newark, in the Parish of Orange, at a place called South Orange\", marking the end of the name Chestnut Hills.", "Orange had been named after the ruler of England, William of Orange.", "Most of modern South Orange became part of Orange Township in 1806, part of Clinton Township in 1834, and part of South Orange Township in 1861.", "South Orange Village split off from South Orange Township in 1869 due to the desire for extensive privileges in the conduct of public affairs.", "South Orange Village became a haven for those who wanted freedom from the commotion of city life after the end of the American Civil War.", "A majority of South Orange Township became what is now known as Maplewood, New Jersey.", "Gordon's Gazetteer circa 1830 describes the settlement as having \"about 30 dwellings, a tavern and store, a paper mill and Presbyterian church\".", "A country resort called the Orange Mountain House was established in 1847 on Ridgewood Road in present-day West Orange, where guests could enjoy the \"water cure\" from natural spring water and walk in the grounds that extended up the slope of South Mountain.", "The hotel burned down in 1890.", "The only remnants today are the names of Mountain Station and the Mountain House Road leading west from it to the site of the hotel.", "South Orange could be reached by the Morris and Essex Railroad which opened in 1837 between Newark and Morristown.", "As of 1869, the M&E became part of the main line of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad which ran from Hoboken to Buffalo with through trains to Chicago.", "The Montrose neighborhood was developed after the Civil War.", "Its large houses on generous lots attracted wealthy families from Newark and New York City during the decades from 1870 to 1900.", "The Orange Lawn Tennis Club was founded in 1880 at a location in Montrose, and in 1886 it was the location of the first US national tennis championships.", "The club moved to larger grounds on Ridgewood Road in 1916.", "Major tournament events were held at the club throughout the grass court era, and even into the mid-1980s professional events would occasionally be held there.", "What is now the Baird Community House was up until about 1920 the clubhouse for a golf course that encompassed what is now Meadowlands Park.", "Until regrading was performed during the 1970s, the outline of one of the course's sand traps was still visible near the base of Flood's Hill, a spot that has historically been one of the favorite sledding spots in Essex County.", "The construction of Village Hall in 1894 and the \"old\" library building in 1896 indicate how the village was growing by that date.", "Horsecar service from Newark started in 1865, running via South Orange Avenue to the station.", "Electric trolley cars began running the line in 1893 and by about 1900 a branch of this line also ran down Valley Street into Maplewood.", "Another separate trolley line, eventually dubbed the \"Swamp Line\", ran from the west side of the station north through what is now park land and along Meadowbrook Lane into West Orange where it ended at Main St. An old postcard photo shows a station shelter at Montrose Ave. The DL&W rebuilt the railroad through town in 1914-1916, raising the tracks above street level and opening new station buildings at South Orange and Mountain Station.", "In September 1930, a frail Thomas Edison (he would die about a year later) inaugurated electric train service on the M&E between Hoboken and South Orange, with further extensions of service to Morristown and Dover being initiated over the coming months.", "The South Orange Library Association was organized by William Beebe, president of the Republican Club, where on November 14, 1864, a group of men and women met.", "Books were donated and the library was established in a corner room on the second floor of the Republican Club where it remained until 1867 when it was moved to a second floor room of the building next door on South Orange Avenue, near Sloan Street.", "It stayed there until 1884, when the building, with the library still on its second floor, was moved by horses up South Orange Avenue to the northwest corner of Scotland Road.", "Although supported as yet only by members' dues and a few gifts of money which were put into an endowment fund, in 1886 a new association was formed to establish a free circulating library and reading room which took over the loan books and other property of the old association.", "It was during this period, before Village Hall was built, that Village Trustees met in the Library's room.", "On May 1, 1889, the library was moved to a ground floor space at 59 South Orange Avenue.", "At an annual meeting in 1895, Library Trustees considered the question of obtaining a library building and Eugene V. Connett's offer of a library site on the corner of Scotland Road and Taylor Place, with condition that $7,500 be subscribed, was accepted and the subscription was met.", "On May 8, 1896, the library was moved into the building on that corner.", "A referendum held on April 27, 1926, showed that citizens had voted ten to one in favor of the town taking over full support of the library.", "It thereupon became \"The South Orange Public Library.\"", "In February, 1929, the Village Trustees passed an ordinance providing funds to construct a rear wing on the library and to provide a Children's Room in the basement, book stacks and a balcony on the floor above, together with rehabilitation work on the older part of the building.", "In November 1968, the new library building on the corner of Scotland Road and Comstock Place was dedicated.", "There were two rock quarries within the village supplying trap rock for construction.", "Kernan's operated as late as the 1980s at the top of Tillou Road.", "The town's other larger businesses were lumber and coal yards clustered around the railroad station that supplied them.", "The town's business district is still located in the blocks just east of the station.", "The old Morris and Essex Railroad is operated today by NJ Transit.", "Midtown Direct, initiated in 1996, offers service directly into Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan, and has since caused a surge in real estate prices as the commute time to midtown dropped from about 50 minutes to 35, as the service eliminated the need for passengers to transfer to PATH trains at Hoboken.", "As a result, demand for commuter parking permits in lots adjoining the train and bus stations is extremely high, with a waiting list as long as five years for commuter parking spots.", "South Orange has a number of places listed on the State and National Historic Registers.", "The village is one of only a few in New Jersey to retain gas light street illumination (others include Riverton, Palmyra, Trenton Mill Hill neighborhood, and Glen Ridge).", "The gaslight, together with the distinctive Village Hall, has long been the symbol of South Orange.", "Many of the major roads in town do have modern mercury vapor streetlights (built into gaslight frames), but most of the residential sections of the town are still gas-lit.", "A proposal to replace all the gaslights in town with electric streetlights was explored as both a cost-saving and security measure during the 1970s.", "And although the changeover to electric was rejected at the time, the light output of the lamps was increased to provide more adequate lighting.", "There have been claims that South Orange has more operating gaslights than any other community in the United States.", "In 2010, the village initiated a project that would automatically shut the lamps in the morning and light them at dusk, as part of an effort to save as much as $400,000 each year in energy costs for the 1,438 gas lamps across the village.", "Architecture is extremely varied.", "Most of the town is single-family wood-framed houses, however, there are a few apartment buildings from various eras as well as townhouse-style condominiums of mostly more recent vintage.", "Houses cover a range that includes every common style of the Mid-Atlantic United States since the late nineteenth century, and in sizes that range from brick English Cottages to giant Mansard-roofed mansions.", "Tudor, Victorian, Colonial, Ranch, Modern, and many others are all to be found.", "Most municipal government structures date from the 1920s, with a few being of more modern construction.", "Many residents commute to New York City, but others work locally or in other parts of New Jersey.", "South Orange has a central business district with restaurants, banks, and other retail and professional services.", "There are a few small office buildings, but no large-scale enterprise other than Seton Hall University.", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 2.857 square miles (7.401 km), including 2.855 square miles (7.395 km) of land and 0.002 square miles (0.006 km) of water (0.08%).", "South Orange is bordered by the Essex County municipalities of Maplewood, Newark, West Orange, Orange, and East Orange.", "South Orange also comes close to bordering both Livingston and Millburn.", "The East Branch of the Rahway River, which originates in West Orange, flows through the entire length of the township.", "Most of the time it is a trickle but flows can be heavy after rain.", "In the past it would occasionally overflow its banks and flood low-lying parts of town an issue that was addressed by United States Army Corps of Engineers flood control projects that remediated the problem in the mid-1970s.", "The western part of the town sits on the eastern slope of South Mountain (elevation < 660 feet (201 m)), leveling into a small valley near the central business district.", "At the top of the slope, the western edge of the town runs along the eastern border of South Mountain Reservation.", "South Orange contains the historic Montrose district, Newstead, Tuxedo Park, and Wyoming sections.", "Seton Hall University is located in the southeast quadrant of the township.", "South Orange has a humid continental climate (\"Dfa\").", "South Orange is a wealthy and diverse township and has one of the largest Jewish communities in Essex County, along with nearby Livingston and Millburn.", "As of the 2010 United States Census, there were people, households, and families residing in the township.", "The population density was 5672.8 /sqmi .", "There were housing units at an average density of 2036.5 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the township was % White, % Black or African American, % Native American, % Asian, % Pacific Islander, % from other races, and % from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were % of the population.", "There were households out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families.", "24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.24.", "In the township, the population was spread out with 22.9% under the age of 18, 15.2% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 37.2 years.", "For every 100 females there were 93.7 males.", "For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 90.4 males.", "The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $123,373 (with a margin of error of +/- $7,803) and the median family income was $147,532 (+/- $9,218).", "Males had a median income of $86,122 (+/- $7,340) versus $71,625 (+/- $9,896) for females.", "The per capita income for the township was $49,607 (+/- $4,022).", "About 2.5% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.", "As of the 2000 United States Census there were 16,964 people, 5,522 households, and 3,766 families residing in the township.", "The population density was 5,945.3 people per square mile (2,298.2/km).", "There were 5,671 housing units at an average density of 1,987.5 per square mile (768.3/km).", "The racial makeup of the township was 60.41% White, 31.30% African American, 0.09% Native American, 3.89% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.57% from other races, and 2.71% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.93% of the population.", "There were 5,522 households out of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% were non-families.", "25.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.26.", "In the township the population was spread out with 22.3% under the age of 18, 17.5% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 35 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.", "The median income for a household in the township was $83,611, and the median income for a family was $107,641.", "Males had a median income of $61,809 versus $42,238 for females.", "The per capita income for the township was $41,035.", "About 1.9% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.", "The township has a municipal swimming pool open to all residents.", "In most area communities, municipal pool memberships are restricted or costly, but the pool in South Orange was built on land willed by a wealthy resident to the town for common use and under the terms of the deal the pool had to remain inexpensive for the residents.", "Residents may purchase a Photo I.D. badge for an annual fee of $35, which provides access to the South Orange Community Pool and full access to all other community facilities and programs; non-residents may use the pool for a small fee on a per visit basis on a guest pass that must be purchased by a resident.", "The original pool, built in the 1920s, is among the first free community pools to be built in the United States, and was replaced by an Olympic-size pool in 1972.", "The South Orange River Greenway is currently under construction.", "The River Greenway will be a promenade for bicyclists and pedestrians that will connect part of West Third Street in South Orange with West Parker Avenue in Maplewood.", "Several buildings will be removed near the South Orange Department of Public Works facility to make way for the River Greenway.", "Fishing and canoeing is available on the spring-fed Rahway River.", "The Baird, located in Meadowland Park, is the center for the South Orange Department of Recreation and Cultural Affairs, housing the department's administrative offices.", "Most of the department's programs are housed in The Baird or in adjoining Meadowland Park.", "The center offers arts programs, including the Pierro Gallery of South Orange, The Theater on 3, and other arts spaces, along with preschool and other educational, arts and recreational programming.", "The Baird hosts events together with SOPAC, including the long-running Giants of Jazz concert series.", "The Pierro Gallery of South Orange, located within The Baird and operating as part of the South Orange Department of Recreation and Cultural Affairs, encourages community involvement in the visual arts and exhibits the non-commercial works of contemporary artists working in the field, in addition to providing arts education and serving local artists.", "Exhibitions often include the work of area artists, with a juried \"Essex Exposed\" exhibition conducted twice each year offering materials created by artists from Essex County.", "South Orange Performing Arts Center (SOPAC) is located at 1 SOPAC Way, located next to the South Orange station.", "The performance venue is a 415-seat proscenium theater, with a five-screen Clearview Cinemas movie theater, and a dance studio/rental space in the same complex.", "SOPAC presents music, family, dance, theater, and comedy programs throughout the year.", "Artists and companies who have performed at SOPAC include Paquito D'Rivera, the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, Olympia Dukakis, Richie Havens, Yo-Yo Ma, James Marsters, Eddie Palmieri, Madeleine Peyroux, Paula Poundstone, Anoushka Shankar, Phoebe Snow, Angie Stone, Sweet Honey in the Rock, Dionne Warwick, and Nancy Wilson.", "In partnership with Seton Hall University, SOPAC has presented Seton Hall Arts Council events, including a Classical Concert Series, Jazz 'n the Hall, and Seton Hall Theatre—student theater productions.", "The plans for SOPAC were first conceived in the mid-1990s as part of an effort by the village to develop the downtown area.", "Seton Hall University partnered with SOPAC and construction in August 2004.", "The complex opened in November 2006 to the general public, with Paula Poundstone performing at the opening and cellist Yo-Yo Ma performing later that month.", "Founded in 1949, the South Orange Symphony is a full-sized symphony orchestra made up of volunteer amateur and semi-professional musicians with a wide range of musical backgrounds led by a professional conductor.", "The ensemble plays repertoire that covers the full range of classical literature from the 18th century to today, and presents three free concerts each year in Sterling Hall at the South Orange Middle School.", "South Orange provides the usual facilities for a municipality of this size; fire, police, a library of over 90,000 volumes, a municipal pool, a recreation center, parks, baseball diamonds, tennis courts, trash and yard waste removal provided by contractors, Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV, among others.", "As noted above, the school board is shared with adjacent Maplewood.", "South Orange is governed under a Special Charter granted by the New Jersey Legislature by a six-member board of trustees and a village president (equivalent to a mayor), all unpaid positions.", "Trustees are elected in nonpartisan elections on an at-large basis to staggered four-year terms of office with three trustee seats up for election every two years.", "Local political parties are formed on an ad-hoc basis, generally focused on key issues of local concern; national political parties do not officially participate in township elections.", "s of 2016 , the Village President of South Orange is Sheena Collum, whose term of office ends on May 16, 2019.", "Members of the Board of Trustees are Walter Clarke (2017), Jeffrey DuBowy (2017; appointed to serve an unexpired term of office), Deborah Davis Ford (2019), Howard Levison (2019), Mark Rosner (2019) and Steve Schnall (2017).", "In the May 2015 municipal election, Sheena Collum was elected as Village President, making her the first woman to serve in the position, while Deborah Davis Ford, Howard Levison and Mark Rosner ran unopposed and won new terms of office on the Board of Trustees.", "In June 2015, Jeffrey DuBowy was appointed to fill balance of the term for the seat vacated by Sheena Collum expiring 2017 that became vacant after she took office as Village President.", "With three incumbents not running for re-election in the May 2013 election, the slate of Walter Clarke, Sheena Collum and Stephen Schnall running together as South Orange 2013 were elected to four-year terms, with the support of Village President Alex Torpey.", "In the municipal election held in May 2011, with fewer than 10% of the registered voters casting ballots, 23-year-old Alex Torpey was elected as the youngest Village President in the history of South Orange by a margin of 14 votes, while trustees Deborah Davis Ford, Howard Levison and Mark Rosner were re-elected to four-year terms of office, having run unopposed.", "In the 2009 elections with two incumbents not running for re-election, Michael Goldberg was elected to another four-year term, along with newcomers Janine Bauer and Nancy Gould, by a nearly 2-1 margin.", "South Orange is located in the 10th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 27th state legislative district.", "Prior to the 2010 Census, South Orange had been split between the and the 10th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.", "For the 116th United States Congress, New Jersey's Tenth Congressional District is represented by Donald Payne Jr. (D, Newark).", "New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2021) and Bob Menendez (Paramus, term ends 2025).", "For the 2018–2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 27th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Richard Codey (D, Roseland) and in the General Assembly by Mila Jasey (D, South Orange) and John F. McKeon (D, West Orange).", "The Governor of New Jersey is Phil Murphy (D, Middletown Township).", "The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is Sheila Oliver (D, East Orange).", "Essex County is governed by a directly-elected County Executive, with legislative functions performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders.", "s of 2018 , the County Executive is Joseph N. DiVincenzo Jr. (D, Roseland).", "The county's Board of Chosen Freeholders consists of nine members, four elected on an at-large basis and one from each of five wards, who serve three-year terms of office on a concurrent basis, all of which end December 31, 2018.", "Essex County's Freeholders are Freeholder President Brendan W. Gill (D, at-large; Montclair), Freeholder Vice President Wayne L. Richardson (D, District 2 – Irvington, Maplewood and Newark's South Ward and parts of West Ward; Newark), Janine G. Bauer (D, District 3 - East Orange, Newark's West and Central Wards, Orange and South Orange; South Orange, appointed to serve on an interim basis), Rufus I. Johnson (D, at large; Newark), Lebby C. Jones (D, at large; Irvington), Leonard M. Luciano (D, District 4 – Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield, Livingston, Millburn, North Caldwell, Roseland, Verona, West Caldwell and West Orange; West Caldwell), Robert Mercado (D, District 1 – Newark's North and East Wards, parts of Central and West Wards; Newark), Carlos M. Pomares (D, District 5 – Belleville, Bloomfield, Glen Ridge, Montclair and Nutley; Bloomfield) and Patricia Sebold (D, at large; Livingston).", "Constitutional officers elected countywide are County Clerk Christopher J. Durkin (West Caldwell; D, 2020), Sheriff Armando B. Fontoura (Fairfield; D, 2018) and Surrogate Theodore N. Stephens II (D, 2021).", "As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 12,266 registered voters in South Orange Village, of which 6,536 (53.3%) were registered as Democrats, 969 (7.9%) were registered as Republicans and 4,755 (38.8%) were registered as Unaffiliated.", "There were no voters registered to other parties.", "In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 83.1% of the vote (6,566 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 16.1% (1,270 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (62 votes), among the 7,962 ballots cast by the township's 12,623 registered voters (64 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 63.1%.", "In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 81.1% of the vote (7,228 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 17.6% (1,569 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (53 votes), among the 8,913 ballots cast by the township's 12,243 registered voters, for a turnout of 72.8%.", "In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 77.3% of the vote (6,641 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 21.9% (1,883 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (45 votes), among the 8,590 ballots cast by the township's 10,990 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 78.2.", "In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 68.3% of the vote (3,314 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 30.3% (1,469 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (67 votes), among the 4,963 ballots cast by the township's 12,656 registered voters (113 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.2%.", "In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 74.6% of the vote (4,275 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 19.5% (1,119 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 4.8% (273 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (29 votes), among the 5,727 ballots cast by the township's 12,184 registered voters, yielding a 47.0% turnout.", "The township shares a common school system, the South Orange-Maplewood School District, with the adjacent town of Maplewood.", "The district has a single high school (located in Maplewood, nearly on the border of the two towns), two middle schools and five elementary schools, distributed between the two municipalities.", "As of the 2013-14 school year, the district's nine schools had an enrollment of 6,759 students and 544.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.4:1.", "Schools in the district (with 2013-14 school enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are six elementary schools serving grades K-5 — Seth Boyden Elementary Demonstration School (grades K-5, 531 students), Clinton Elementary School (K-5, 555), Jefferson Elementary School (3–5, 560), Marshall Elementary School (K-2, 485), South Mountain Elementary School (K-5, 604) and Tuscan Elementary School (K-5, 611) — Maplewood Middle School (792) and South Orange Middle School (780) for grades 6–8 and Columbia High School (1,841 students) for grades 9–12.", "Our Lady of Sorrows School is a K-8 elementary school operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark, which also oversaw the now-defunct all-girls Marylawn of the Oranges High School.", "Seton Hall University, which serves approximately 9,700 students, was founded in 1856 by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark and named after Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first American Catholic saint.", "The Division I university located along the east side of South Orange Avenue, the community's main boulevard.", "s of 2010 , the township had a total of 48.76 mi of roadways, of which 42.88 mi were maintained by the municipality and 5.88 mi by Essex County.", "The main roads serving South Orange include County Route 510 (South Orange Avenue) and County Route 577.", "South Orange is served by two NJ Transit railroad stations: the South Orange station, located on South Orange Avenue near the intersection of Sloan Street and the Mountain Station, located in the Montrose section of South Orange.", "The two stations provide service along the Morris and Essex Line to Newark Broad Street Station and either to New York Penn Station (some stopping at Secaucus Junction) or Hoboken Terminal.", "NJ Transit operates two bus lines that run through South Orange.", "These include the 92 route which goes from South Orange train station to Branch Brook Park in Newark, and the 107 route which goes from South Orange Train Station to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City.", "The 31 Coach USA Bus which travels between South Orange Center and Newark Penn Station, also makes stops along South Orange Avenue.", "There is a shuttle connecting South Orange to Livingston, timed with connecting Morristown Line trains.", "WSOU-FM, \"Seton Hall's Pirate Radio\", is a non-commercial educational public radio station licensed to South Orange since 1948 with studios, offices, and transmitter on the campus of Seton Hall University while operating at 89.5 FM.", "\"The News-Record\" weekly newspaper reports on both South Orange and Maplewood.", "\"The Village Green\", a hyperlocal news site, reports on both South Orange and Maplewood, and includes a daily email newsletter." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 417834, "simple_article_title": "South Orange, New Jersey", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=417834", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-417834-0-0", "simple-417834-0-1", "simple-417834-0-2", "simple-417834-1-0", "simple-417834-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "South Orange, New Jersey is a place in the U.S. state of New Jersey.", "It is west of Newark, and south of the city of Orange.", "Around 16,000 people live there.", "Seton Hall University is in South Orange.", "A notable person from South Orange is actor Kevin Spacey." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 245982, "normal_article_title": "Buoyancy", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245982", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-245982-0-0", "normal-245982-0-1", "normal-245982-0-2", "normal-245982-0-3", "normal-245982-0-4", "normal-245982-0-5", "normal-245982-1-0", "normal-245982-1-1", "normal-245982-1-2", "normal-245982-2-0", "normal-245982-3-0", "normal-245982-4-0", "normal-245982-5-0", "normal-245982-6-0", "normal-245982-6-1", "normal-245982-6-2", "normal-245982-7-0", "normal-245982-7-1", "normal-245982-7-2", "normal-245982-7-3", "normal-245982-7-4", "normal-245982-8-0", "normal-245982-9-0", "normal-245982-10-0", "normal-245982-11-0", "normal-245982-12-0", "normal-245982-12-1", "normal-245982-12-2", "normal-245982-12-3", "normal-245982-12-4", "normal-245982-12-5", "normal-245982-13-0", "normal-245982-14-0", "normal-245982-15-0", "normal-245982-15-1", "normal-245982-15-2", "normal-245982-15-3", "normal-245982-16-0", "normal-245982-16-1", "normal-245982-16-2", "normal-245982-17-0", "normal-245982-18-0", "normal-245982-19-0", "normal-245982-19-1", "normal-245982-19-2", "normal-245982-20-0", "normal-245982-21-0", "normal-245982-21-1", "normal-245982-22-0", "normal-245982-23-0", "normal-245982-23-1", "normal-245982-23-2", "normal-245982-23-3", "normal-245982-23-4", "normal-245982-23-5", "normal-245982-24-0", "normal-245982-25-0", "normal-245982-26-0", "normal-245982-26-1", "normal-245982-26-2", "normal-245982-26-3", "normal-245982-26-4", "normal-245982-27-0", "normal-245982-28-0", "normal-245982-29-0", "normal-245982-29-1", "normal-245982-29-2", "normal-245982-30-0", "normal-245982-31-0", "normal-245982-32-0", "normal-245982-33-0", "normal-245982-33-1", "normal-245982-33-2", "normal-245982-34-0", "normal-245982-34-1", "normal-245982-34-2", "normal-245982-35-0", "normal-245982-36-0", "normal-245982-37-0", "normal-245982-38-0", "normal-245982-38-1", "normal-245982-39-0", "normal-245982-39-1", "normal-245982-40-0", "normal-245982-41-0", "normal-245982-41-1", "normal-245982-42-0", "normal-245982-42-1", "normal-245982-43-0", "normal-245982-43-1", "normal-245982-43-2", "normal-245982-43-3", "normal-245982-44-0", "normal-245982-44-1", "normal-245982-44-2", "normal-245982-44-3", "normal-245982-45-0", "normal-245982-45-1", "normal-245982-45-2", "normal-245982-46-0", "normal-245982-46-1", "normal-245982-47-0", "normal-245982-47-1", "normal-245982-48-0", "normal-245982-48-1", "normal-245982-48-2", "normal-245982-48-3", "normal-245982-49-0", "normal-245982-49-1", "normal-245982-49-2", "normal-245982-49-3", "normal-245982-49-4", "normal-245982-49-5", "normal-245982-50-0", "normal-245982-50-1", "normal-245982-50-2", "normal-245982-51-0", "normal-245982-51-1", "normal-245982-51-2", "normal-245982-51-3", "normal-245982-51-4", "normal-245982-51-5", "normal-245982-51-6" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Buoyancy or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.", "In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid.", "Thus the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is greater than at the top of the column.", "Similarly, the pressure at the bottom of an object submerged in a fluid is greater than at the top of the object.", "The pressure difference results in a net upward force on the object.", "The magnitude of the force is proportional to the pressure difference, and (as explained by Archimedes' principle) is equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the volume of the object, i.e. the displaced fluid.", "For this reason, an object whose average density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is submerged tends to sink.", "If the object is less dense than the liquid, the force can keep the object afloat.", "This can occur only in a non-inertial reference frame, which either has a gravitational field or is accelerating due to a force other than gravity defining a \"downward\" direction.", "The center of buoyancy of an object is the centroid of the displaced volume of fluid.", "Archimedes' principle is named after Archimedes of Syracuse, who first discovered this law in 212 B.C. For objects, floating and sunken, and in gases as well as liquids (i.e. a fluid), Archimedes' principle may be stated thus in terms of forces: — with the clarifications that for a sunken object the volume of displaced fluid is the volume of the object, and for a floating object on a liquid, the weight of the displaced liquid is the weight of the object.", "More tersely: buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid.", "Archimedes' principle does not consider the surface tension (capillarity) acting on the body, but this additional force modifies only the amount of fluid displaced and the spatial distribution of the displacement, so the principle that \"buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid\" remains valid.", "The weight of the displaced fluid is directly proportional to the volume of the displaced fluid (if the surrounding fluid is of uniform density).", "In simple terms, the principle states that the buoyancy force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, or the density of the fluid multiplied by the submerged volume times the gravitational acceleration, g. Thus, among completely submerged objects with equal masses, objects with greater volume have greater buoyancy.", "This is also known as upthrust.", "Suppose a rock's weight is measured as 10 newtons when suspended by a string in a vacuum with gravity acting upon it.", "Suppose that when the rock is lowered into water, it displaces water of weight 3 newtons.", "The force it then exerts on the string from which it hangs would be 10 newtons minus the 3 newtons of buoyancy force: 10 − 3 = 7 newtons.", "Buoyancy reduces the apparent weight of objects that have sunk completely to the sea floor.", "It is generally easier to lift an object up through the water than it is to pull it out of the water.", "Assuming Archimedes' principle to be reformulated as follows,", "then inserted into the quotient of weights, which has been expanded by the mutual volume", "yields the formula below.", "Example: If you drop wood into water, buoyancy will keep it afloat.", "Example: A helium balloon in a moving car.", "During a period of increasing speed, the air mass inside the car moves in the direction opposite to the car's acceleration (i.e., towards the rear).", "The balloon is also pulled this way.", "However, because the balloon is buoyant relative to the air, it ends up being pushed \"out of the way\", and will actually drift in the same direction as the car's acceleration (i.e., forward).", "If the car slows down, the same balloon will begin to drift backward.", "For the same reason, as the car goes round a curve, the balloon will drift towards the inside of the curve.", "where f is the force density exerted by some outer field on the fluid, and \"σ\" is the Cauchy stress tensor.", "Here \"δ\" is the Kronecker delta.", "Therefore, the shape of the open surface of a fluid equals the equipotential plane of the applied outer conservative force field.", "Let the \"z\"-axis point downward.", "In this case the field is gravity, so Φ = −\"ρgz\" where \"g\" is the gravitational acceleration, \"ρ\" is the mass density of the fluid.", "Taking the pressure as zero at the surface, where \"z\" is zero, the constant will be zero, so the pressure inside the fluid, when it is subject to gravity, is", "So pressure increases with depth below the surface of a liquid, as \"z\" denotes the distance from the surface of the liquid into it.", "Any object with a non-zero vertical depth will have different pressures on its top and bottom, with the pressure on the bottom being greater.", "This difference in pressure causes the upward buoyancy force.", "The buoyancy force exerted on a body can now be calculated easily, since the internal pressure of the fluid is known.", "where \"V\" is the measure of the volume in contact with the fluid, that is the volume of the submerged part of the body, since the fluid doesn't exert force on the part of the body which is outside of it.", "The magnitude of buoyancy force may be appreciated a bit more from the following argument.", "Consider any object of arbitrary shape and volume \"V\" surrounded by a liquid.", "The force the liquid exerts on an object within the liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid with a volume equal to that of the object.", "where \"ρ\" is the density of the fluid, \"V\" is the volume of the displaced body of liquid, and \"g\" is the gravitational acceleration at the location in question.", "If this volume of liquid is replaced by a solid body of exactly the same shape, the force the liquid exerts on it must be exactly the same as above.", "In other words, the \"buoyancy force\" on a submerged body is directed in the opposite direction to gravity and is equal in magnitude to", "The net force on the object must be zero if it is to be a situation of fluid statics such that Archimedes principle is applicable, and is thus the sum of the buoyancy force and the object's weight", "If the buoyancy of an (unrestrained and unpowered) object exceeds its weight, it tends to rise.", "An object whose weight exceeds its buoyancy tends to sink.", "Calculation of the upwards force on a submerged object during its accelerating period cannot be done by the Archimedes principle alone; it is necessary to consider dynamics of an object involving buoyancy.", "Once it fully sinks to the floor of the fluid or rises to the surface and settles, Archimedes principle can be applied alone.", "For a floating object, only the submerged volume displaces water.", "For a sunken object, the entire volume displaces water, and there will be an additional force of reaction from the solid floor.", "In order for Archimedes' principle to be used alone, the object in question must be in equilibrium (the sum of the forces on the object must be zero), therefore;", "showing that the depth to which a floating object will sink, and the volume of fluid it will displace, is independent of the gravitational field regardless of geographic location.", "It can be the case that forces other than just buoyancy and gravity come into play.", "This is the case if the object is restrained or if the object sinks to the solid floor.", "An object which tends to float requires a tension restraint force T in order to remain fully submerged.", "An object which tends to sink will eventually have a normal force of constraint N exerted upon it by the solid floor.", "The constraint force can be tension in a spring scale measuring its weight in the fluid, and is how apparent weight is defined.", "Another possible formula for calculating buoyancy of an object is by finding the apparent weight of that particular object in the air (calculated in Newtons), and apparent weight of that object in the water (in Newtons).", "The final result would be measured in Newtons.", "Air's density is very small compared to most solids and liquids.", "For this reason, the weight of an object in air is approximately the same as its true weight in a vacuum.", "The buoyancy of air is neglected for most objects during a measurement in air because the error is usually insignificant (typically less than 0.1% except for objects of very low average density such as a balloon or light foam).", "Consider a cube immersed in a fluid with the upper surface horizontal.", "The sides are identical in area, and have the same depth distribution, therefore they also have the same pressure distribution, and consequently the same total force resulting from hydrostatic pressure, exerted perpendicular to the plane of the surface of each side.", "There are two pairs of opposing sides, therefore the resultant horizontal forces balance in both orthogonal directions, and the resultant force is zero.", "The upward force on the cube is the pressure on the bottom surface integrated over its area.", "The surface is at constant depth, so the pressure is constant.", "Therefore, the integral of the pressure over the area of the horizontal bottom surface of the cube is the hydrostatic pressure at that depth multiplied by the area of the bottom surface.", "Similarly, the downward force on the cube is the pressure on the top surface integrated over its area.", "The surface is at constant depth, so the pressure is constant.", "Therefore, the integral of the pressure over the area of the horizontal top surface of the cube is the hydrostatic pressure at that depth multiplied by the area of the top surface.", "As this is a cube, the top and bottom surfaces are identical in shape and area, and the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the cube is directly proportional to the depth difference, and the resultant force difference is exactly equal to the weight of the fluid that would occupy the volume of the cube in its absence.", "This means that the resultant upward force on the cube is equal to the weight of the fluid that would fit into the volume of the cube, and the downward force on the cube is its weight, in the absence of external forces.", "This analogy is valid for variations in the size of the cube.", "If two cubes are placed alongside each other with a face of each in contact, the pressures and resultant forces on the sides or parts thereof in contact are balanced and may be disregarded, as the contact surfaces are equal in shape, size and pressure distribution, therefore the buoyancy of two cubes in contact is the sum of the buoyancies of each cube.", "This analogy can be extended to an arbitrary number of cubes.", "An object of any shape can be approximated as a group of cubes in contact with each other, and as the size of the cube is decreased, the precision of the approximation increases.", "The limiting case for infinitely small cubes is the exact equivalence.", "Angled surfaces do not nullify the analogy as the resultant force can be split into orthogonal components and each dealt with in the same way.", "A floating object is stable if it tends to restore itself to an equilibrium position after a small displacement.", "For example, floating objects will generally have vertical stability, as if the object is pushed down slightly, this will create a greater buoyancy force, which, unbalanced by the weight force, will push the object back up.", "Rotational stability is of great importance to floating vessels.", "Given a small angular displacement, the vessel may return to its original position (stable), move away from its original position (unstable), or remain where it is (neutral).", "Rotational stability depends on the relative lines of action of forces on an object.", "The upward buoyancy force on an object acts through the center of buoyancy, being the centroid of the displaced volume of fluid.", "The weight force on the object acts through its center of gravity.", "A buoyant object will be stable if the center of gravity is beneath the center of buoyancy because any angular displacement will then produce a 'righting moment'.", "The stability of a buoyant object at the surface is more complex, and it may remain stable even if the centre of gravity is above the centre of buoyancy, provided that when disturbed from the equilibrium position, the centre of buoyancy moves further to the same side that the centre of gravity moves, thus providing a positive righting moment.", "If this occurs, the floating object is said to have a positive metacentric height.", "This situation is typically valid for a range of heel angles, beyond which the centre of buoyancy does not move enough to provide a positive righting moment, and the object becomes unstable.", "It is possible to shift from positive to negative or vice versa more than once during a heeling disturbance, and many shapes are stable in more than one position.", "The atmosphere's density depends upon altitude.", "As an airship rises in the atmosphere, its buoyancy decreases as the density of the surrounding air decreases.", "In contrast, as a submarine expels water from its buoyancy tanks, it rises because its volume is constant (the volume of water it displaces if it is fully submerged) while its mass is decreased.", "As a floating object rises or falls, the forces external to it change and, as all objects are compressible to some extent or another, so does the object's volume.", "Buoyancy depends on volume and so an object's buoyancy reduces if it is compressed and increases if it expands.", "If an object at equilibrium has a compressibility less than that of the surrounding fluid, the object's equilibrium is stable and it remains at rest.", "If, however, its compressibility is greater, its equilibrium is then unstable, and it rises and expands on the slightest upward perturbation, or falls and compresses on the slightest downward perturbation.", "Submarines rise and dive by filling large ballast tanks with seawater.", "To dive, the tanks are opened to allow air to exhaust out the top of the tanks, while the water flows in from the bottom.", "Once the weight has been balanced so the overall density of the submarine is equal to the water around it, it has neutral buoyancy and will remain at that depth.", "Most military submarines operate with a slightly negative buoyancy and maintain depth by using the \"lift\" of the stabilizers with forward motion.", "The height to which a balloon rises tends to be stable.", "As a balloon rises it tends to increase in volume with reducing atmospheric pressure, but the balloon itself does not expand as much as the air on which it rides.", "The average density of the balloon decreases less than that of the surrounding air.", "The weight of the displaced air is reduced.", "A rising balloon stops rising when it and the displaced air are equal in weight.", "Similarly, a sinking balloon tends to stop sinking.", "Underwater divers are a common example of the problem of unstable buoyancy due to compressibility.", "The diver typically wears an exposure suit which relies on gas-filled spaces for insulation, and may also wear a buoyancy compensator, which is a variable volume buoyancy bag which is inflated to increase buoyancy and deflated to decrease buoyancy.", "The desired condition is usually neutral buoyancy when the diver is swimming in mid-water, and this condition is unstable, so the diver is constantly making fine adjustments by control of lung volume, and has to adjust the contents of the buoyancy compensator if the depth varies.", "If the weight of an object is less than the weight of the displaced fluid when fully submerged, then the object has an average density that is less than the fluid and when fully submerged will experience a buoyancy force greater than its own weight.", "If the fluid has a surface, such as water in a lake or the sea, the object will float and settle at a level where it displaces the same weight of fluid as the weight of the object.", "If the object is immersed in the fluid, such as a submerged submarine or air in a balloon, it will tend to rise.", "If the object has exactly the same density as the fluid, then its buoyancy equals its weight.", "It will remain submerged in the fluid, but it will neither sink nor float, although a disturbance in either direction will cause it to drift away from its position.", "An object with a higher average density than the fluid will never experience more buoyancy than weight and it will sink.", "A ship will float even though it may be made of steel (which is much denser than water), because it encloses a volume of air (which is much less dense than water), and the resulting shape has an average density less than that of the water." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 52999, "simple_article_title": "Buoyancy", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52999", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-52999-0-0", "simple-52999-0-1", "simple-52999-0-2", "simple-52999-1-0", "simple-52999-1-1", "simple-52999-1-2", "simple-52999-2-0", "simple-52999-2-1", "simple-52999-3-0", "simple-52999-3-1", "simple-52999-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "In physics, buoyancy (pronounced ) is a force on an object making that object rise or move upward.", "It comes from the Spanish word for \"float\", \"boyar\".", "Buoyancy is made by the difference in pressure put on the object by the Fluid or air that the object is in.", "The net upward buoyancy force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of fluid that is displaced by the body.", "This force enables the object to float or at least to seem lighter.", "Buoyancy is important for many vehicles such as boats, ships, balloons, and blimps.", "If the object has exactly the same density as the liquid, then its buoyancy is the same as its weight.", "It will not sink or float.", "An object with a higher average density than the fluid has less buoyancy than weight and it will sink.", "That is why pebbles do not float.", "Although a ship is made of steel which is more dense than water,it floats because it encloses a volume of air and the resulting shape has an average density less than that of the water." ] } }

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