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{ "normal_article_id": 584471, "normal_article_title": "Televisión Nacional de Chile", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=584471", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-584471-0-0", "normal-584471-0-1", "normal-584471-0-2", "normal-584471-0-3", "normal-584471-0-4", "normal-584471-0-5", "normal-584471-1-0", "normal-584471-1-1", "normal-584471-1-2", "normal-584471-1-3", "normal-584471-1-4", "normal-584471-1-5", "normal-584471-2-0", "normal-584471-2-1", "normal-584471-2-2", "normal-584471-3-0", "normal-584471-3-1", "normal-584471-4-0", "normal-584471-4-1", "normal-584471-5-0", "normal-584471-5-1", "normal-584471-5-2", "normal-584471-6-0", "normal-584471-6-1", "normal-584471-6-2", "normal-584471-6-3", "normal-584471-7-0", "normal-584471-7-1", "normal-584471-7-2", "normal-584471-8-0", "normal-584471-8-1", "normal-584471-8-2", "normal-584471-8-3", "normal-584471-9-0", "normal-584471-9-1", "normal-584471-10-0", "normal-584471-10-1", 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"normal-584471-25-0", "normal-584471-25-1", "normal-584471-25-2", "normal-584471-25-3", "normal-584471-25-4", "normal-584471-25-5", "normal-584471-26-0", "normal-584471-26-1", "normal-584471-26-2", "normal-584471-26-3", "normal-584471-26-4", "normal-584471-27-0", "normal-584471-27-1", "normal-584471-27-2", "normal-584471-27-3", "normal-584471-27-4", "normal-584471-27-5", "normal-584471-27-6", "normal-584471-28-0", "normal-584471-28-1", "normal-584471-28-2", "normal-584471-28-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN) is a Chilean public service broadcaster.", "It was founded by order of President Eduardo Frei Montalva and it was launched nationwide on 18 September 1969.", "Since then, the company has been reorganized on several occasions and its operations areas have increased over the years, becoming one of the leading television broadcaster in Chile and South America.", "The law 17 377 of 1970 established that TVN must be a public, autonomous, pluralistic and representative public service.", "In 2018 changes were introduced in his public mission with the adoption of the act 21 085 that determined the obligation to promote the national cultural identity, the values of democracy, human rights, care for the environment and respect for diversity.", "Furthermore, TVN governs the programming of its services according to criteria established by the National Television Council (CNTV).", "Its headquarters are in Providencia, Santiago Metropolitan Region and it employs over 1,083 staff in total, distributed in various areas.", "The company is directed through a chairman appointed by the President of the Republic, which has a duration of four years, synchronized with the presidential period.", "The other six members of the board of directors are appointed three times per period in agreement between the Senate and the President of the Republic, for eight years.", "To them, a seventh member is added who is chosen democratically by the staff.", "As of December 2018 the chairman of Televisión Nacional is Bruno Baranda by appointment of the current President of Chile, Sebastián Piñera.", "While the executive director and legal representative is Francisco Guijón since 2019.", "Televisión Nacional is the only public owned television company in Chile and competes for audiences with other private broadcasting groups, having a self-financing scheme based mainly on its advertising sales that it has preserved since its inception and later regulated by act 19,132 of 1992.", "TVN under the act 20,694 of 2013, it can fulfill the tasks of exploitation of television services and production of audiovisual or broadcasting content, and also act as a concessionaire of telecommunications services.", "Additionally, it is affiliated with the National Association of Television of Chile (ANATEL), the Council of Self-Regulation and Advertising Ethics (CONAR) and the Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica (OTI), among others.", "The origins of television in Chile take ground after the promulgation of the television law 7,039 on 28 October 1958, which was the first legislation of its kind in that country.", "This regulation was decreed and implemented by the government of then President Jorge Alessandri in view of the need to regulate the only three existing channels in the national territory: Canal 13, Canal 9 and UCV Television, which at that time were university property and therefore private.", "The essential need of owning a channel belonging to the Chilean State took relevance from the 1960 decade as the great challenge that the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva wanted to face, believing ideally the existence of a public television with national coverage capable of transmitting in a territory of large geographical features.", "To this end, a limited liability company was created whose original partners were the entrepreneurship agency CORFO, the production company Chilefilms and Entel, all of which were at that time, public owned, establishing Televisión Nacional de Chile on 31 January 1969 through the telecommunications trunk network of that country and a series of test transmissions that remained until several years later.", "The first signal established by Televisión Nacional de Chile was in the frequency 7 of Arica with the support of the Board of Advancement of Arica (Junta de Adelanto de Arica), initiating its broadcast on 11 December 1968 with provisional studies in the Edificio Plaza and its transmitting plant in the Morro de Arica.", "It was officially inaugurated the same day by President Eduardo Frei Montalva, counting only on programming sent from Santiago.", "Subsequently, as 1 February 1969 the broadcast of channel 6 of Punta Arenas began with an inauguration attended by President Eduardo Frei Montalva, as well as the Intendant of Magallanes, Mateo Martinic.", "On 21 May 1969 Talca began to receive TVN broadcasts on Channel 10 direct from Santiago (even when the Santiago channel was not inaugurated until some months later).", "On 15 July 1969, the broadcast of channel 6 of Antofagasta were officially inaugurated, making some local programs and receiving programming from Santiago with some days of delay.", "Finally, on 18 September of that year, started the stable transmissions of Channel 7 on Santiago.", "This channel had previously and experimentally broadcast Chile's matches in the Davis Cup that year, the presidential message of 21 May and the arrival of man on the Moon.", "After the regular broadcasts of Televisión Nacional began officially in Santiago on September 1969, covering at that time 6 of the 25 provinces of the national territory and having a stable programming with more than twelve hours of daily broadcast, although unlike what was expected, operating under the model of subsidiaries or associated channels in the provinces.", "Initially his studies were concentrated in a house leased to the family of the poet Vicente Huidobro, located at the intersections of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Avenue (Alameda) and San Martín Street, near the Torre Entel.", "Then they moved to one side of the Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral and finally the definitive studios were inaugurated on 20 August 1970 in Providencia.", "The expansion of the main signal was carried out in Iquique on 23 May 1970, by frequency 10; while on 2 July it did it towards Calama and Chuquicamata, also on channel 10.", "In August of the same year the expansion of the network included Valdivia on channel 3, Osorno on channel 5, Puerto Montt on channel 4, Ancud on channel 7 and Castro on channel 10.", "Subsequently its expansion would reach new locations, such as Coyhaique on 21 May 1971 and La Serena and Coquimbo on channel 4 in June 1972.", "TVN, already positioned as a means of information at the beginning of that decade, had to be ordered by law 17,377 of 1970, which provided legal recognition to the station and making it \"public\", since the law 7039 of 1958 did not contemplate this.", "Originally, the network's mission was to be a pluralistic and independent media of the current government, which was intended to \"integrate, inform, entertain and give culture to the Chilean family\", concepts that the Ministry of Education and the group of professionals who directed TVN, they started at the beginning.", "However, the situation of the country was convulsed and in constant division, for that reason the governments of President Salvador Allende initially and the dictador Augusto Pinochet later, used the channel as means of propaganda and political idealism to promote in the television audiences support to their governments and ideologies.", "On 11 September 1973 after the coup d'etat in the morning, Televisión Nacional did not start broadcasting during the day and the studios were closed for three days, there was also an assault on the headquarters, where abundant amounts of audiovisual material were burned by the military, ending with a large part of the records of the first years of broadcast.", "During the three days it was closed, Canal 13 decided to occupy the TVN national network, because it was the only one authorized to broadcast after the coup d'état.", "After resuming the broadcast, it becomes the official television media of the new military dictatorship with informative management and strong control in the programming, granting advantage in audiences to Canal 13 news programme Teletrece, which was considered \" more liberal\".", "The first experimental colour-broadcast in Chile was developed by Televisión Nacional in the final night of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival on 6 February 1978.", "However, the decree 480 that was in force since 10 September 1976, restricted the import of colour television sets.", "This regulation promulgated by Augusto Pinochet, was abolished on 10 April of that year with the promulgation of a new resolution that allowed the emission in colour, norman as official definition in that country the NTSC format, proposed by the United States.", "At the time of the authorization and start-up, a large part of the network's programming was already in place and programmes such as \"La cafetera voladora\" were fully developed with this technology.", "This allowed the use of innumerable special effects.", "It astonished the childrens of the time and could extend until 1982, setting a precedent in the production of programmes of this type in Chile.", "With the pass of the decade of 1980, Televisión Nacional grows with diverse programmes and technological advances.", "It became the first Chilean television network to broadcast its programming via satellite, in 1987 it released its second channel and in 1989 it inaugurated its international service.", "But, despite all the technical achievements, the company is criticized for its newscast \"60 minutos\" by misrepresenting the news and information that every day reverberated society during the period, in addition to the loss of credibility, prestige and audience, led to the reorganization and rethinking the mission and identity of Televisión Nacional at times of political instability in Chile, as the last months of the regime were being developed, therefore, in democracy, the company seeks to be reformed and the new government authorities are prepared to make all kinds of changes.", "With the arrival the decade of 1990 and the return to democracy, under the mandate of President Patricio Aylwin is decreed the second law of television 19,132 of 1992, this widely was debated between government and opposition, consecrating to the public-owned network like a autonomous company with legal personality in its own right and establishing that its assets must be managed by a board of directors, in whose designation are involved the president of the republic and the Senate, plus a representative of the staff.", "This legislation sought to transform TVN into a media, autonomous, pluralistic and representative, achieving the original objective proposed at the outset of a programmatic content impartiality trying to have an independence from the government.", "Another factor was the complementation of a self-financing system, not receiving public funds.", "Subsequently the second channel, Canal 9, was acquired by businessman Ricardo Claro and converted into Red Televisiva Megavisión (Mega).", "With the new organisation model, TVN achieves major accomplishments such as the creation of new regional television centres, the first experimental broadcast in high definition in 1999, completely remodeling the Santiago headquarters in 2000, whose first stage was inaugurated in 2002 and the second in 2005, and the creation of the online service \"TVN.cl\" in 2001.", "With a programming consisting of diverse content, Televisión Nacional de Chile has produced and created its own spaces, as well as in association with various production companies.", "In addition, it has broadcast information, fiction, foreign content and sporting events since its inception.", "Every day the nationwide channel starts its broadcasts with the news programme \"24 AM\", followed by a space that occupies a large part of the morning programming; During the afternoon two main news programmes are broadcast, \"24tarde\" at 1:00pm and \"24 horas central\" at 9:00pm, where the last one is considered as the flagship evening news.", "The soap operas and series of own production or of foreign origin have usually occupied since the beginning of the channel, the afternoon schedule, however, also since 2004, TVN has broadcast soap operas at night.", "Additionally, in the afternoon, apart from the dramas, programmes such as \"Rojo\" are broadcast.", "In the evening, after \"24 horas central\", the weather forecast is broadcast on \"TV Tiempo\" and then programmes or soap operas.", "Next, the midnight newscast \"Medianoche\" is broadcast.", "During the weekends, cultural, children's or political discussion programmes such as \"El informante\" and \"Estado nacional\" are presented.", "The news from Chile and the world are presented under the brand \"24 horas\" since 1990, with several daily editions, and all the news programmes are part of the 24-hours news channel Canal 24 horas that breaks into the national channel's usual programming in an emergency, delivering news bulletins, including live broadcast during earthquakes.", "Previously the news carried the name of \"Telediario\", \"Martini al instante\", \"Noticiero\", \"60 minutos\", \"TVNoticias\", and finally \"Noticias\" before its current name.", "Some special programmes that are broadcast by TVN on an annual basis or from time to time, are the presidential debates that are organized by the National Television Association, general elections, special events, the messages of the President of the Republic and also the televised fundraising event Teletón, usually at the end of each year, along with other channels of Chilean television.", "Another activity that is covered annually is the pyrotechnic and musical show of the new year's celebrations in Valparaíso.", "Previously, celebrations in Santiago were issued in past decades.", "Televisión Nacional has been the official network of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival from the 1971 to 1993, between 2007 and 2010, and again since 2019; the Festival del Huaso de Olmue from 1989 to 1990, and again since 2014; the Fiesta de la Independencia de Talca since 2016 and also in past decades broadcast the OTI Festival.", "Some sporting events that are and have been displayed on TVN are the Summer Olympic Games and some Winter editions, the FIFA World Cup, the Copa América, the Santiago Marathon, and in the past until the Formula 1, among other events.", "Also broadcasts from its inception the Great Military Parade of Chile, a parade that takes place every year in Chile on 19 September in the O'Higgins Park of Santiago.", "The broadcast achieves high audience ratings in conjunction with other television channels, but especially in TVN because it is the channel that makes the television production of the event.", "Among its signals is considered a main channel of free reception which transmits by satellite to several repeaters that are located in Chilean territories, having a reach of 98% of the population.", "It also has nine regional channels with its own production centres, an international service called TV Chile; the news channel Canal 24 Horas; four thematic over-the-top Internet television channels called TVN Kids, TVN Música, TVN de Culto and 24Play; online presence with several sites and the music label TVN Records.", "The official headquarters of Televisión Nacional de Chile are located in Providencia, Santiago Metropolitan Region.", "The complex is the home of the national channel, the internet and worldwide services, music label and Fox Sports Chile.", "Inaugurated in 1970, the renovation of the building began in 1999, and was completed in 2005.", "On 1 December 2004, suffered a fire due to an electrical failure.", "The incident caused the interruption of the main channel for one hour.", "There were no injuries and four fire companies controlled the fire.", "The centre is familiar with many Chilean citizens and is currently a site visited by tour guides.", "Within the enclosure there is an esplanade known as \"Patio de las Comunicaciones\", which is occasionally used for corporate events and television programmes.", "The complex also includes 3 studios for the drama area, a centre for domestic, global and online news divisions and the sports area, a video editing room, auditorium, warehouses of props, file of documentation, a cafeteria, dressing rooms of artists and technical staff, technical areas, office areas for the board of directors, general management, general secretary, administration and finance, press, as well as 2 levels of underground car parks.", "Televisión Nacional de Chile has production centres with newsrooms and studios in Antofagasta, Copiapó, La Serena, Valparaíso, Rancagua, Talca, Concepción, Temuco and Punta Arenas.", "In addition has a commercial office in Arica y Parinacota Region.", "Televisión Nacional de Chile has a corporate identity based on the promotion and strengthening of the Chilean culture.", "Since its inception, the colours of the national flag have been used mostly to identify the company in their logos, such as the current one where the red colour predominates.", "Additionally, from 1970 to 1973, the network had a mascot named \"Tevito\", accompanied by \"Charagua\" as characteristic music that was composed by Víctor Jara and performed by Inti-Illimani.", "After the coup d'etat on 11 September 1973, \"Tevito\" was suddenly removed from the advertisements, several video tapes where it appeared were destroyed by army and finally it was replaced by other characters.", "However, Tevito was again used symbolically on 11 March 1990, day of the presidential inauguration of Patricio Aylwin.", "Currently, \"Charagua\" in Chile is usually related to Televisión Nacional as de facto institutional theme.", "\"Tevito\" was a smiling cartoon dog personified in various ways.", "Sometimes he was a boxer, sometimes he wore reading glasses, and also disguised himself as a vampire.", "He played the \"trutruca\", a typical instrument of the Mapuche indigenous people of southern Chile.", "The character was created by Carlos González a student of the Fine Arts Institute in Santiago, Chile, whose drawing won the competition among six other submissions.", "Since then \"Tevito\" become part of the Chilean popular culture.", "\"Ito e Ita\" was the second mascot of TVN.", "Debuted in 1974 and remained on screen until 1978 with the arrival of color television, they were usually accompanied by music from the band Los Huasos Quincheros.", "In 1979 a third mascot designed for colour broadcast named \"Conejito TV\", was presented.", "\"Conejito TV\" remained until 1984 and was usually accompanied by Gabriela Velasco.", "In 1987, it was presented a mascot that consisted of a green extraterrestrial without name.", "The extraterrestrial was finally baptized as \"Clorofilo\", in reference to the green chlorophyll, after a contest.", "Finally, \"Clorofilo\" was removed from the screen in mid-1988 and since then they have not used characters of that type as mascots.", "The Television Nacional de Chile logo that is currently used and which was launched in August 2016 corresponds to a new version of the original design that debuted in January 2004, retaining the same typography and color, but giving it rounded edges.", "The \"cuadrado rojo\" (red square) is a symbol that debuted in September 1994, since then it began to be used progressively in the advertising and in 2001 it was used for the first time on screen to show the content rating system.", "Since then it began to draw attention and in January 2004 it ended up becoming the corporate logo.", "Since its release, the \"red square\" has influenced the logos and graphics of all brands of Televisión Nacional." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 374642, "simple_article_title": "Televisión Nacional de Chile", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=374642", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-374642-0-0", "simple-374642-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN), is a company in Chile.", "It broadcasts in the Chilean territories and other countries on television and the Internet." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 695435, "normal_article_title": "Higher Learning", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=695435", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-695435-0-0", "normal-695435-0-1", "normal-695435-1-0", "normal-695435-1-1", "normal-695435-1-2", "normal-695435-2-0", "normal-695435-3-0", "normal-695435-4-0", "normal-695435-4-1", "normal-695435-4-2", "normal-695435-4-3", "normal-695435-4-4", "normal-695435-4-5", "normal-695435-4-6", "normal-695435-4-7", "normal-695435-4-8", "normal-695435-5-0", "normal-695435-5-1", "normal-695435-6-0", "normal-695435-6-1", "normal-695435-6-2", "normal-695435-7-0", "normal-695435-7-1", "normal-695435-7-2", "normal-695435-7-3", "normal-695435-8-0", "normal-695435-8-1", "normal-695435-8-2", "normal-695435-9-0", "normal-695435-9-1", "normal-695435-10-0", "normal-695435-10-1", "normal-695435-10-2", "normal-695435-10-3", "normal-695435-10-4", "normal-695435-10-5", "normal-695435-11-0", "normal-695435-11-1", "normal-695435-12-0", "normal-695435-12-1", "normal-695435-12-2", "normal-695435-13-0", "normal-695435-13-1", "normal-695435-13-2", "normal-695435-13-3", "normal-695435-13-4", "normal-695435-13-5", "normal-695435-13-6", "normal-695435-13-7", "normal-695435-14-0", "normal-695435-14-1", "normal-695435-14-2", "normal-695435-14-3", "normal-695435-14-4", "normal-695435-15-0", "normal-695435-15-1", "normal-695435-15-2", "normal-695435-16-0", "normal-695435-17-0", "normal-695435-18-0", "normal-695435-18-1", "normal-695435-18-2", "normal-695435-18-3", "normal-695435-19-0", "normal-695435-20-0", "normal-695435-20-1", "normal-695435-20-2", "normal-695435-21-0", "normal-695435-22-0", "normal-695435-23-0", "normal-695435-23-1", "normal-695435-24-0", "normal-695435-25-0", "normal-695435-25-1", "normal-695435-25-2", "normal-695435-25-3", "normal-695435-25-4", "normal-695435-26-0", "normal-695435-26-1", "normal-695435-26-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Higher Learning is a 1995 American drama film written and directed by John Singleton and starring an ensemble cast.", "The film follows the changing lives of three incoming freshmen at the fictional Columbus University: Malik Williams (Omar Epps), a black track star who struggles with academics; Kristen Connor (Kristy Swanson), a shy and naive girl; and Remy (Michael Rapaport), a lonely and confused man seemingly out of place in his new environment.", "The film also featured Tyra Banks' first performance in a theatrical film.", "Laurence Fishburne won an NAACP Image Award for \"Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture\"; Ice Cube was also nominated for the award.", "This was the last film appearance of Dedrick D. Gobert, who was shot dead in 1994 prior to the film's release.", "The exterior shots and outdoor scenes were shot on the campus of University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) while the interiors were shot at Sony Pictures Studios.", "At fictitious Columbus University, students Malik Williams, a black track athlete, Kristen Connor, a white woman, and Remy, a white young man, are starting their freshman year.", "Kristen's roommate is Monet, a black student.", "Malik's roommate is Wayne, a white student.", "Both sets of roommates generally get along.", "Monet and Malik attend a dorm party hosted by Fudge, an Afrocentric and militant senior.", "Remy, Fudge's roommate, is upset at the loud rap music being played so late.", "He flags down an all-white campus security patrol to break up the party.", "Fudge is upset that lead Officer Bradley comes down hard on the black students, but allows the room down the hall to continue their loud \"hillbilly\" music.", "Kristen, while walking home, meets Taryn, a junior as well as an openly lesbian student.", "Taryn warns her about walking alone late at night and invites her to a student group.", "Malik and Kristen's introductory political science class is taught by Professor Maurice Phipps, a conservative black man from the West Indies.", "Professor Phipps challenges the class to determine who they are for themselves and not let others categorize them.", "Fudge and his friend Dreads play loud music, disrupting Remy's studying.", "When Remy complains, Fudge mocks and threatens him, causing Remy to move in with a new roommate, Jewish student David.", "Later, Remy loses at a video game to Malik, who further mocks him.", "Frat boy Billy rapes a drunken Kristen.", "Monet finds Kristen crying on her bed, then fields a racially charged call from Billy.", "Angered, Monet turns to Fudge, who recruits his friends to confront him at a frat party.", "Kristen points out Billy to the black students, who pull him outside and force him to apologize to Monet (not knowing that he raped Kristen).", "Kristen joins Taryn's student group on harmony between different races and cliques.", "With time, she eventually opens up to Taryn about her rape, with Taryn encouraging her to report it and attempting to console her.", "As days pass, Kristen slowly realizes her growing attraction to Taryn.", "Remy has become more isolated.", "He is invited for a drink by Scott Moss, a white supremacist and neo-Nazi skinhead, along with Scott's skinhead friends: Erik, James, and the weight-lifting, hulking Knocko.", "Malik confronts Phipps about a paper, arguing for a better grade.", "When Phipps shows him the various spelling and grammar errors, Malik calls him a sellout for the \"white establishment\".", "Phipps angrily responds that the world owes Malik nothing and he must work for his own good to make a difference in the world.", "When Malik's teammates confront him for a poor performance at a track meet, he responds with Fudge's militant Afrocentric ideology.", "He walks away and flirts with fellow runner Deja.", "With time they become a couple, and Deja helps Malik with his essay and spelling errors.", "Remy spends more time with Scott and his gang.", "Scott preaches his racist beliefs, and the troubled Remy is slowly being convinced that \"the white man is endangered\", agreeing to shave his head and join Scott's group.", "After attending a rape awareness rally with Taryn, Kristen asks to spend the night.", "Taryn rebuffs her, wanting Kristen to be sure.", "Kristen eventually starts separate relationships with Wayne and Taryn, who are unaware that Kristen is sleeping with both of them.", "Remy confronts Malik with racial slurs.", "Remy later pulls a handgun on Malik and David, hurling racial slurs at them both as he packs his belongings and drops out of the university.", "Again, Officer Bradley and the all-white campus security assume Malik is at fault, letting Remy escape.", "Malik decides to move in with Fudge and his like-minded black friends, while Remy moves in with Scott and the neo-Nazi skinheads.", "After Malik and his black friends win a fistfight against Remy and his skinhead friends, Scott first tells Remy he should not drop out of school because they do not just need soldiers, but also educated people like lawyers to fight for their cause.", "However Remy, feeling punked by Malik, just wants to turn to violence.", "So after Remy insists that he is \"for real\", Scott sighs and shows Remy the sniper rifle.", "He challenges Remy to kill for the white race.", "Kristen organizes a peace festival with Monet to calm down the students.", "Malik and Deja attend, and are caught in the frenzy when Remy opens fire from the rooftop of a nearby building.", "Two students are killed, including Deja, who dies in Malik's arms.", "Malik runs into the building and attacks Remy as revenge for Deja's murder, trying to choke him to death when Officer Bradley and his campus guards intervene and beat Malik while letting Remy go.", "The campus guards finally approach Remy, who looks and apologizes to Malik for everything that he did and commits suicide.", "A few days later, Malik and Phipps discuss his future at the university, with Phipps saying he trusts Malik's judgment.", "Later, Malik and Kristen are seen talking, for the first time, at an impromptu memorial site.", "Kristen feels guilty about the deaths because she started the Peace Fest, but Malik assuages her guilt.", "As Phipps leaves his office, the final shot shows the United States flag fluttering in the wind as the caption \"unlearn\" appears over it, fading to the closing credits.", "The band Eve's Plum performs, as themselves, at the Peace Fest.", "According to Box Office Mojo, \"Higher Learning\" grossed $38,290,723 in the United States, with $20,200,000 in rentals.", "It ranked #44 for yearly domestic gross and #17 amongst R-rated films in 1995.", "Under the category of Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture for the 1996 Image Award, Ice Cube was nominated for his role in \"Higher Learning\".", "The award was won by fellow cast member Laurence Fishburne.", "The film received mixed reviews.", "Roger Ebert commended John Singleton's direction of the film: \"He sees with a clear eye and a strong will, and is not persuaded by fashionable ideologies.", "His movies are thought-provoking because he uses familiar kinds of characters and then asks hard questions about them.\"", "He awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars.", "\"Time Out\" wrote: \"a stylish, intelligent film-maker, Singleton interweaves the threads of his demographic tapestry with assurance, passion and a welcome awareness of the complexities of the college community's contradictory impulses towards integration and separatism.\"", "Writing in the \"New York Times\", Janet Maslin felt that the movie fell short of its goal, saying it \"turns out to be an inadvertent example of the same small-mindedness it deplores\".", "\"Reel Film Reviews\" wrote that the film is \"consistently entertaining and well-acted all around.", "While it's not a perfect movie – Cube's character disappears for a 30-minute stretch and Singleton's approach often veers into heavy-handedness – it is nevertheless an intriguing look at the differences between races and how such differences can clash\", and awarded it 3.5 stars out of 4.", "\"Higher Learning\" currently holds a 47% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10.", "Singleton commented: \"If you look at Higher Learning, which I was 25 years old making it, i'm like chock full of everything that would concern young people: lesbianism, and racism, and everything I could put in that movie.", "It was a great movie.", "A fun movie to do.", "But you could never get that movie made now.", "The guy shoots everybody, know what I mean?\"", "The soundtrack, containing hip hop, R&B, rock and jazz music, was released on January 3, 1995, by Epic Records.", "It peaked at number 39 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and number 9 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.", "In addition to \"Higher\", performed by Ice Cube, the soundtrack includes original music by OutKast, Liz Phair, Tori Amos and Rage Against the Machine." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 285556, "simple_article_title": "Higher Learning", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=285556", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-285556-0-0", "simple-285556-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Higher Learning is a 1995 American drama movie directed by John Singleton and starring Ice Cube, Laurence Fishburne, Tyra Banks, Jennifer Connelly, Kristy Swanson and Omar Epps.", "Its subjects include racial prejudice, crime and struggles with sexuality taking place at a fictional university." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 28628095, "normal_article_title": "Kimbra", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28628095", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-28628095-0-0", "normal-28628095-0-1", "normal-28628095-0-2", "normal-28628095-0-3", "normal-28628095-1-0", "normal-28628095-1-1", "normal-28628095-1-2", "normal-28628095-2-0", "normal-28628095-2-1", "normal-28628095-3-0", "normal-28628095-3-1", "normal-28628095-3-2", "normal-28628095-3-3", "normal-28628095-3-4", "normal-28628095-4-0", "normal-28628095-4-1", "normal-28628095-4-2", "normal-28628095-4-3", "normal-28628095-4-4", "normal-28628095-4-5", "normal-28628095-4-6", "normal-28628095-5-0", "normal-28628095-5-1", "normal-28628095-5-2", "normal-28628095-6-0", "normal-28628095-6-1", "normal-28628095-6-2", "normal-28628095-6-3", "normal-28628095-6-4", "normal-28628095-6-5", "normal-28628095-6-6", "normal-28628095-6-7", "normal-28628095-6-8", "normal-28628095-6-9", "normal-28628095-6-10", 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"normal-28628095-10-12", "normal-28628095-10-13", "normal-28628095-10-14", "normal-28628095-10-15", "normal-28628095-11-0", "normal-28628095-11-1", "normal-28628095-11-2", "normal-28628095-12-0", "normal-28628095-13-0", "normal-28628095-14-0", "normal-28628095-14-1", "normal-28628095-14-2", "normal-28628095-14-3", "normal-28628095-14-4", "normal-28628095-14-5", "normal-28628095-15-0", "normal-28628095-16-0", "normal-28628095-17-0", "normal-28628095-17-1", "normal-28628095-18-0", "normal-28628095-18-1", "normal-28628095-18-2", "normal-28628095-19-0", "normal-28628095-19-1", "normal-28628095-20-0", "normal-28628095-20-1", "normal-28628095-21-0", "normal-28628095-21-1", "normal-28628095-21-2", "normal-28628095-22-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Kimbra Lee Johnson (born 27 March 1990), is a New Zealand singer and actress who mixes pop with classic R&B, jazz and rock musical elements.", "Her musical influences range from Prince and Minnie Riperton, to Björk and Jeff Buckley.", "Her debut album, \"Vows\", was released in Australia in 2011.", "Singles from the album include \"Settle Down\", \"Cameo Lover\" (which won an Australian Recording Industry Association Award), \"Good Intent\" and \"Two Way Street\".", "A reworked version of the album was released in Europe and the United States in 2012.", "It featured several new songs, including \"Come into My Head\", \"Warrior\" (on which Kimbra was joined by musicians Mark Foster from \"Foster the People\" and DJ A-Trak), and a cover of Nina Simone's \"Plain Gold Ring\".", "\"Vows\" reached the top 5 in New Zealand and Australia; on 22 May 2012, the album was released in North America, debuting at number 14 on the \"Billboard\" charts.", "Vincent Fantauzzo's portrait of Kimbra was a finalist for the 2012 Archibald Prize.", "The portrait was painted in conjunction with the making of a video featuring Kimbra's song \"The Build Up\".", "Kimbra was featured on the 2012 multi-platinum single \"Somebody That I Used to Know\" by Gotye.", "On 10 February 2013, she and Gotye won the Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance awards at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards for \"Somebody That I Used to Know\".", "This achievement made her the third New Zealand singer to win a Grammy Award.", "Kimbra's second studio album, \"The Golden Echo\", was released on 19 August 2014 to positive critical reception.", "Her third album, \"Primal Heart\", was released on 20 April 2018.", "Kimbra Lee Johnson was born on 27 March 1990 and grew up in Hamilton, New Zealand.", "Her father, Ken Johnson, was the head doctor at the University of Waikato's student health centre, and her mother was an orthopaedic nurse.", "At the age of 10, Kimbra began writing songs.", "When she was 12, her father bought her a guitar and \"after a few years of lessons, she was on stage, performing with her guitar tutors.", "Kimbra attended Hillcrest High School, competing in the national schools' musical competition Rockquest for three years running, where she was awarded second place in 2004 at the age of 14.", "Kimbra made her first music video, \"Smile\", for the children's TV show \"What Now\".", "Kimbra was a member of the Hillcrest High jazz choir, Scat.", "Early public performances by Kimbra included singing at the \"Waikato Times\" Gold Cup race meeting in 2000 as a 10-year-old and singing the New Zealand national anthem before 27,000 people at the 2002 NPC rugby union final.", "In 2007, after winning the Juice TV award for Best Breakthrough music video for her second single \"Simply on My Lips\", she came to the attention of ex-Independiente Records boss Mark Richardson (Jamiroquai, Paula Abdul) and his newly formed management company and independent label Forum 5 in Melbourne, Victoria.", "She signed with Richardson and in 2008 she moved to Melbourne, Australia.", "In June 2010, Kimbra's first single on Forum 5, \"Settle Down\", was released.", "She had started writing the track four years earlier – it was finished with François Tétaz.", "The music video was directed by Guy Franklin.", "Perez Hilton featured the track on his website citing \"if you like Nina Simone, Florence & the Machine and/or Bjork, then we think you will enjoy Kimbra – her music reminds us of all those fierce ladies!\"", "On 10 December, the Australian 'indietronica' group Miami Horror released their single, \"I Look to You\" featuring Kimbra's vocals.", "Kimbra also stars in its music video, which features wide-angle and kaleidoscope shots of her in face paint and dresses walking through golden fields.", "Early in 2011, Kimbra's song \"Cameo Lover\" was a finalist for the 2011 Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition and eventually won the competition.", "In March she issued \"Cameo Lover\" as her next single, its music video was released in April and was directed by Franklin.", "On 13 March, Kimbra went to perform for \"Moomba\" Festival and \"ChillOut\" Festival in Sydney at \"Oxford Arts Factory\" to welcome the release of her next single, \"Cameo Lover\".", "On 15 July 2011, \"Cameo Lover\" won the songwriting competition, ahead of third placed song, \"Somebody That I Used to Know\", written by Australian musician Gotye.", "On 7 June Kimbra signed to Warner Bros.", "Records New Zealand for distribution in New Zealand and Australia, as well as a worldwide deal for other territories with Warner Bros.", "Records in the US.", "On 5 July Kimbra sang in Gotye's single, \"Somebody That I Used to Know\", which was mixed by Tétaz.", "Tétaz had recommended Kimbra to Gotye after a 'high-profile' Australian female vocalist had withdrawn from the collaboration.", "On 29 August 2011, Kimbra's debut album, \"Vows\", was released in New Zealand and 2 September in Australia.", "In its first week of release it charted at No. 3 in New Zealand, No. 5 in Australia and No. 14 in the US.", "In its second week, it rose to No. 4 on the ARIA Albums Chart.", "Australian producer 'M-Phazes' produced Kimbra's track \"Call Me\" and assisted on other tracks on \"Vows\".", "Its artwork including body art and illustrations were created by Rhys Mitchell and Raphael Rizzo.", "She has won the Critics' Choice Prize at the 2011 New Zealand Music Awards and Best Female Artist and Best Song (for \"Cameo Lover\") at the ARIA Music Awards of 2011.", "The US release of \"Vows\" featured new tracks not available on the Australian or New Zealand version of the album.", "She had performed in various location such as, at the Forum Theatre, Melbourne on 9 September 2011, at Astor Theatre, Perth on 17 September 2011, at the Adelaide Botanic Garden in Brisbane on 1 October 2011, at Adelaide, Australia on 3 October 2011, at Queenscliff Music Festival, Queenscliff, Victoria and Wellington Square, Perth on 25 November 2011, at Homebake Festival 2011, at Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney on 3 December 2011 and at the Falls Festival Lorne, Australia on 30 December 2011.", "On 19 January 2012, \"Good Intent\" was played on an episode of ABC's drama \"Grey's Anatomy\".", "The track also appears in the video game, \"\", which Kimbra recorded in Simlish for the soundtrack.", "Also in January, Kimbra won the \"One to Watch\" award at the 2012 \"Rolling Stone\" Awards.", "Kimbra has collaborated with Mark Foster (of Foster the People) and DJ A-Trak on the track \"Warrior\", which was released on 2 April.", "On 14 April, she performed \"Somebody That I Used to Know\" with Gotye on \"Saturday Night Live\".", "On 15 July 2012, she performed in Santralistanbul, Istanbul, Turkey.", "On 25 September, her song \"With My Hands\" was featured in Tim Burton's movie, \"Frankenweenie\".", "On 1 November, she had been nominated at the Vodafone 2012 New Zealand Music Awards and won for the \"International Achievement\", \"Best Female Solo Artist\", \"Best Pop Album\", \"Breakthrough Artist of the Year\" awards, and also won as a featured artist for the song \"Somebody That I Used to Know\", for \"Most Played Australian Work\" and \"Song of the Year\", at the APRA Music Awards of 2012.", "on the same year, she also received an award for \"Best Female Artist\" at the ARIA Music Awards of 2012 for the second time.", "On 14 November 2012, Kimbra performed at the Calvin Klein Collection which held an exclusive dinner to celebrate the brand's Women's Creative Director, Francisco Costa.", "Kimbra also performed for other events such as, at Homebake Festival 2012 on 8 December, at Festival of the Sun in Port Macquarie, New South Wales on 14 December, at the Rhythm & Vines Music festival 2012 in Gisborne, New Zealand on 29 December 2012 and at the Summadayze Festival in Adelaide, Melbourne, Gold Coast on 30, 31 December 2012.", "On 10 February 2013, Kimbra and Gotye won the \"Record of the Year\" and \"Best Pop Duo/Group Performance\" awards at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards Show for \"Somebody That I Used to Know\".", "This achievement made her only the third New Zealand singer to win a Grammy Award in history.", "Kimbra was also featured with the R&B singer John Legend in the song \"Made to Love\", published in the album \"Love in the Future\".", "The single was released on 11 June 2013 and the album was released on 30 August 2013.", "On 15 September 2013, Kimbra performed for Rock in Rio Festival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "Kimbra was also involved in a non-profit charity organisation called \"So They Can\".", "Kimbra became the ambassador of \"So They Can\" within the year of 2013.", "After the Grammy Awards, Kimbra relocated to LA to work on her second studio album, known as \"The Golden Echo\", taking up residence on a farm.", "People who collaborated on \"The Golden Echo\" include Rich Costey, Daniel Johns, Taylor Graves, Matt Bellamy, Thundercat, Mark Foster, Bilal (Singing on the No. 8 track 'Everlovin' Ya'), John Legend, John Robinson and also Kimbra's bandmates, Timon Martin and Benjamin Davey.", "During the making of the second album, Kimbra was invited to play at a concert in Adelaide and was invited to perform at WOMAD 2014, also debuting a new song titled \"Nobody But You\".", "On 19 May 2014, Kimbra released the lead single from \"The Golden Echo\" called \"90s Music\" to largely positive reviews.", "Jason Lipshutz of Billboard called the song \"captivating\" when he previewed it in May 2014.", "The official music video was not long released after the audio, debuting on YouTube on 3 June 2014.", "The song did not chart in New Zealand or Australia.", "'Miracle' was released as the second single on 24 July 2014.", "It was her first song to chart on \"Billboard\", peaking at No. 37 on the Japan Hot 100.", "The song has received mainly positive reviews from critics, with many complimenting the song's disco-influenced feel.", "Olivia Forman of Spin stated that the song has a \"flawlessly fluctating ... beat\" and additionally complimented Kimbra's vocals.", "The music video for 'Miracle' was released onto YouTube on 19 August 2014, the official music video for the song was directed by Thom Kerr.", "\"The Golden Echo\" was released on 15 August 2014 (AU/NZ) and 19 August 2014 (US) charting Australian Albums (ARIA)at 5, New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) at 5 and US Billboard 200 at 43.", "\"The Golden Echo\" received generally positive reviews from critics.", "On Metacritic, the album obtained a normalised score of 70 out of 100, based on reviews from 16 selected mainstream critics.", "The release of the album was followed by a 12-show US tour with Empress of in November 2015.", "In April 2015, Kimbra toured the US with a total of five shows.", "Kimbra is featured in a song by Bilal called 'Holding It Back' from his album \"In Another Life\".", "On 15 July, Kimbra released the video for her third single from \"The Golden Echo\" called \"Goldmine\", which surpassed 110,000 views in a matter of a day.", "On 30 September 2016, Kimbra released a new single called \"Sweet Relief\".", "On 18 September 2017, Kimbra and her record label sent a personalised email to fans who subscribed to the Warner Bros. mailing list, conveying information about her third studio-album and an upcoming new single.", "On 29 September 2017, she released the album's lead single, entitled \"Everybody Knows\", which was co-produced by Nelly Furtado and Goldfrapp affiliate John Congleton.", "\"Top of the World\" was released as the second single on 10 November 2017 and was later performed on \"Late Night with Seth Meyers\".", "\"Primal Heart\" was initially planned to be released on 19 January 2018, but was then pushed back to 20 April 2018.", "Kimbra explained the reasons for the push back and gave a song out for free to fans subscribed to her mailing list to make it up to them.", "The song is called \"Hi Def Distance Romance\".", "A further three more singles were released before the album release, those being \"Human\" on 19 January 2018, \"Version of Me\" on 23 February 2018 and \"Like They Do on the TV\" on 30 March 2018.", "A new version of \"Version of Me\" featuring Dawn Richard was released on 21 June 2018.", "A new version of \"Top of the World\" featuring Snoop Dogg was released on 20 July 2018.", "Kimbra made her acting debut in a big screen adaption of the musical-drama production \"Daffodils\" released on 21 March 2019.", "The singer stars alongside Kiwi lead actors Rose McIver, from \"iZombie\" and \"The Lovely Bones\" and George Mason, from \"Home and Away\" and \"Go Girls\".", "Muzic.net.nz states that Kimbra's music delves beyond the \"four chord cliché but still maintains strong hooks and catchy melodies that are sometimes unpredictable but satisfying\".", "In an interview with \"American Songwriter\", she listed Daniel Johns, Prince, Rufus Wainwright, Guided by Voices, Imogen Heap, Mike Patton, Michael Jackson, Minnie Riperton and Stevie Wonder as her influences.", "Her musical style is eclectic.", "The Grammy Awards are presented annually from 1959 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS).", "In 2012, Kimbra's collaboration with Gotye, \"Somebody That I Used To Know\", won the Record of the Year and the Best Pop Duo/Group Performance awards.", "The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), \"honouring composers and songwriters\".", "In 2012, Kimbra was nominated for two awards as a solo artist and won two awards as a featured artist.", "The ARIA Music Awards are presented annually from 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).", "In 2011, Kimbra won one award as a solo artist and two awards as a featured artist.", "Gotye featuring Kimbra performed the single, \"Somebody That I Used to Know\", at the awards ceremony.", "The New Zealand Music Awards are awarded annually to musicians of New Zealand origin, by Recorded Music NZ." ] } }

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"normal-4582717-23-0", "normal-4582717-23-1", "normal-4582717-23-2", "normal-4582717-23-3", "normal-4582717-24-0", "normal-4582717-24-1", "normal-4582717-24-2", "normal-4582717-24-3", "normal-4582717-24-4", "normal-4582717-24-5", "normal-4582717-24-6", "normal-4582717-25-0", "normal-4582717-26-0", "normal-4582717-26-1", "normal-4582717-26-2", "normal-4582717-27-0", "normal-4582717-28-0", "normal-4582717-28-1", "normal-4582717-28-2", "normal-4582717-28-3", "normal-4582717-28-4", "normal-4582717-29-0", "normal-4582717-29-1", "normal-4582717-29-2", "normal-4582717-29-3", "normal-4582717-29-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hurricane Audrey was one of the deadliest tropical cyclones in U.S. history, as well as the strongest June hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic basin, tied with Hurricane Alex in 2010.", "The rapidly developing storm struck southwestern Louisiana as a powerful Category 3 hurricane, destroying coastal communities with a powerful storm surge that penetrated as far as 20 mi inland.", "The first named storm and hurricane of the annual hurricane season, it formed on June 24 from a tropical wave which moved into the Bay of Campeche.", "Situated within ideal conditions for tropical development, Audrey quickly strengthened, reaching hurricane status a day afterwards.", "Moving northwards, it continued to strengthen and accelerate as it approached the United States Gulf Coast.", "On June 27, the hurricane reached peak sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h), making it a major hurricane.", "At the time, Audrey had a minimum barometric pressure of 946 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg).", "The hurricane made landfall at the same intensity between the mouth of the Sabine River and Cameron, Louisiana later that day, causing unprecedented destruction across the region.", "Once inland, Audrey weakened and turned extratropical over West Virginia on June 29.", "Prior to making landfall, Audrey severely disrupted offshore drilling operations in the Gulf of Mexico.", "Damages from offshore oil facilities alone was estimated at $16 million.", "Audrey caused much of its destruction near the border between Texas and Louisiana upon its first and only landfall.", "The hurricane's strong winds resulted in widespread property and infrastructural damage.", "Power outages also resulted from the strong winds.", "However, as is typical with most landfalling tropical cyclones, most of the destruction at the coast was the result of the hurricane's strong storm surge, which was amplified by Audrey's rapid deepening just prior to landfall.", "The hurricane's storm surge was reported to have peaked as high as 12 ft (3.7 m), helping to inundate coastal areas.", "Damage from the surge alone extended 25 mi (40 km) inland.", "The rough seas killed nine people offshore after capsizing the boat they were in.", "Further inland in Louisiana, the storm spawned two tornadoes, causing additional damage.", "The hurricane also dropped heavy rainfall, peaking at 10.63 in (270 mm) near Basile.", "In Louisiana and Texas, where Audrey first impacted, damages totaled $128 million.", "After moving inland and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Audrey caused additional damage across the interior United States.", "The storm produced 23 tornadoes across Mississippi and Alabama, causing $600,000 in losses and killing two people.", "As it moved towards the northeast, moisture associated with the extratropical remnants of Audrey intersected with a weather front over the Midwest, producing record rainfall that peaked at 10.20 in (259.08 mm) in Paris, Illinois.", "The resultant flooding resulted in ten fatalities.", "Elsewhere in the United States, the storm brought strong winds, causing additional damage.", "Farther north, in Canada, 15 people were killed in Ontario and Quebec.", "Strong winds and torrential rainfall disrupted transportation services.", "In Quebec, ten people were killed in the Montreal area, making Audrey the deadliest hurricane to strike the Canadian province in recorded history.", "The storm was also considered the worst storm to strike Quebec in at least 20 years.", "In the United States, Audrey killed at least 416 people, the majority of whom were in Cameron Parish, Louisiana, though the final death total may never be known.", "Damage totaled $147 million in the country, at the time the fifth-costliest hurricane recorded in the US since 1900.", "The name Audrey was later retired from usage as an identifier for an Atlantic hurricane.", "The formation and development of Hurricane Audrey was multi-faceted.", "One contributor to Audrey's formation—an area of anomalously low pressures roughly 10000 ft above sea level—was traced back to its first detection in the western Caribbean Sea on June 11.", "In an analysis of weather patterns from June 1957, Weather Bureau meteorologist William H. Klein noted the potential for research on similar disturbances to shed light on tropical cyclone development.", "Concurrently, surface observations suggested the progression of a disorganized tropical wave tracking westward across the Caribbean Sea beginning on June 20, eventually entering the Bay of Campeche on June 22.", "At 12:00 UTC on June 24 (7:00 a.m. CST), the resulting disturbance organized into a tropical depression based on ship reports in the bay; at the time, the first indication of a developing tropical cyclone originated from a report from a shrimp boat.", "The depression was in a highly favorable environment for intensification in the western Gulf of Mexico; sea surface temperatures in the area were at 85 F , or 3 °F (2 °C) above normal for the time of year.", "In addition, the latitudinal alignment of a polar trough over the Great Plains and the nascent disturbance in the Bay of Campeche created an environment suitable for outflow in the upper-levels of the atmosphere.", "Taking advantage of these conditions, Audrey reached tropical storm strength just six hours after being classified as a tropical depression while remaining nearly stationary.", "On June 25, the first reconnaissance aircraft, a P-2 Neptune, reached the system to probe its strength, concluding that Audrey had reached hurricane intensity by 18:00 UTC that day (1:00 p.m. CST), capping off an initial phase of rapid intensification about 380 mi southeast of Brownsville, Texas.", "Now moving slowly northward around the periphery of a ridge of high pressure over the eastern Gulf of Mexico, the storm's strengthening slowed on June 26 though reconnaissance revealed an increase in the storm's rainfall.", "The following day, Audrey entered a second phase of intensification as it accelerated towards the United States Gulf Coast, reaching the equivalent of a modern-day Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale at 00:00 UTC on June 27 (7:00 p.m. CST June 26) and Category 3 status just six hours later.", "Between the final observation from aircraft and landfall, the storm's pressure had deepened by roughly 30 mbar (hPa; 0.89 inHg).", "The last observation near the storm's center occurred approximately five hours before landfall by the tanker \"Tillamook\", documenting a pressure at the western edge of the storm's eyewall of 969 mbar (hPa; 27.94 inHg).", "At 13:30 UTC (8:30 a.m. CST) on June 27, Audrey made landfall at peak intensity just east of the border between Texas and Louisiana with winds of 125 mph (200 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 946 mbar (hPa; 28.61 inHg).", "An oil rig observed conditions suggestive of a much stronger storm with winds of 180 mph (290 km/h) and a pressure of 925 mbar (hPa; 27.32 inHg), but these were discarded as erroneous.", "Radar and ground observations suggested the storm had concentric eyewalls at the time of landfall, resulting in two wind maxima.", "Operationally, Audrey was assessed to have been a Category 4 hurricane at landfall, with various estimation methods suggesting a much lower barometric pressure, but the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project reassessed the system a lower final intensity.", "Despite the lowered intensity, Audrey remains tied with 2010's Hurricane Alex as being the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in June by pressure and with 1966's Hurricane Alma as having the highest winds of any June hurricane in the Atlantic.", "Audrey gradually weakened and turned to the northeast after moving inland, degenerating to a tropical storm on June 28.", "An approaching cold front caused Audrey to evolve into an extratropical cyclone completing this transition on June 29 over West Virginia with a final pressure of 995 mbar (hPa; 29.38 inHg).", "At the same time, a second extratropical cyclone developed near Chicago, Illinois and tracked eastward.", "Six hours later, the remnants of Audrey were absorbed by this second extratropical cyclone over the Great Lakes.", "The interaction of Audrey with this second system led to unusual strengthening of the resulting combined cyclone and hurricane-force winds as it moved across the Northeastern United States, aided in part by an unusual warming of the stratosphere.", "As an extratropical system, Audrey reached a minimum pressure of 974 mbar (hPa; 28.76 inHg) roughly 140 mi north of Buffalo, New York in southwestern Quebec; the post-tropical strengthening of Audrey was reminiscent to that of Hurricane Hazel in 1954.", "Although Audrey's formation was not explicitly forecast, the Weather Bureau in Miami, Florida had issued its first experimental 30-day hurricane forecast on June 17, underscoring a high likelihood for the development of one or two tropical storms in the forecast period.", "The first bulletin on Audrey was issued by the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans, Louisiana at 04:30 UTC on June 25 (11:30 p.m. CST June 24), while Audrey was still a tropical depression in the Bay of Campeche.", "A hurricane watch was advised for the coasts of Texas and Louisiana the following day.", "A hurricane warning was issued for the entirety of the Louisiana coast at 10 a.m. CST on June 26, with the Weather Bureau highlighting track similarities between Audrey and Hurricane Flossy in 1956; experience with Flossy aided in part in convincing Grand Isle, Louisiana residents to evacuate.", "At the same time, northwest storm warnings were issued for the Texas coast east of Galveston, while southeast storm warnings were issued for the U.S. Gulf Coast between Louisiana and Pensacola, Florida.", "Small coastal craft from Brownsville, Texas to Panama City, Florida were advised to remain in port.", "Hurricane warnings were later extended westward to High Island, Texas by June 27.", "Although warnings were issued 24 hours before landfall, the acceleration of Audrey as it neared land surprised meteorologists and residents.", "In total, approximately 75,000 people evacuated from low-lying areas on the United States Gulf Coast in advance of Audrey.", "Due to the threat of inundation of the bridge over Rollover Pass, 270 beach houses and homes on the lower end of Bolivar Peninsula were evacuated, with evacuees staying at either nearby Fort Travis or Port Bolivar.", "Offshore oil rigs were secured, with hundreds of personnel evacuated by helicopter on June 26, including those operated by Kerr-McGee, Gulf Oil, and Humble Oil.", "An estimated 50,000 people in total evacuated from Port Arthur, Texas, while all except two families evacuated Sabine Pass, Port Arthur, Texas; about 2,000 people evacuated from Orange, Texas with another 1,000 evacuating from Beaumont, Texas.", "The American Red Cross opened fifteen shelters in Port Arthur which eventually housed 5,000.", "Four hundred children in church camps in Galveston were evacuated inland to Baytown, Texas.", "A public shelter program was established for Louisiana evacuees by the state civil defense, invoking National Guard equipment; all civil defense groups in the state were ordered to place key men on 24-hour duty.", "Evacuation procedures began on Grand Isle, Louisiana on June 26, culminating in the evacuation of 3,400 people; however, 600 people opted to remain in Grand Isle.", "Most of Cameron, Louisiana was evacuated, while the remaining 12 sought refuge in the town's courthouse.", "Red Cross shelters in Lake Charles, Louisiana housed 19,000 refugees and issued food rations to 30,000 people.", "The United States Air Force and United States Navy evacuated 115 North American T-28 Trojans from Naval Outlying Field Barin in Alabama to Barksdale Air Force Base.", "Similarly, aircraft and personnel were evacuated out of Keesler Air Force Base in Biloxi, Mississippi and the Gulfport Combat Readiness Training Center in Gulfport, Mississippi.", "The high death toll caused by Audrey was partially blamed on the incompleteness of evacuations before the storm made landfall, attributed by meteorologist Robert Simpson to a lack of proper communication between coastal residents and forecasters.", "Although the Weather Bureau's advisories and warnings were technically accurate, they were determined by \"Bartie v. United States\" to have lacked a sense of urgency or emergency.", "The warnings advised the evacuation of \"low or exposed areas,\" but many inland residents at an elevation of 7 – did not consider themselves to be at a low elevation.", "In addition, newly elected city officials in Lake Charles, Louisiana edited warnings and advisories disseminated by a local radio broadcast, tailoring the bulletins to local residents by trimming details deemed irrelevant and possibly resulting in a hesitance to evacuate until it was too late.", "The death toll from Audrey was over 500, with the cost of damage estimated between $150–200 million.", "Other estimates indicated that the death toll amounted to 390, including 263 identified and 127 unidentified persons.", "An additional 192 people were reported as missing.", "The National Weather Service report on the most impactful tropical cyclones in the United States lists Audrey as having caused at least 416 fatalities, with an additional 15 killed in Canada.", "Audrey was the deadliest hurricane to strike the United States since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, which killed approximately 2,800, and comparable to all storms affecting the country in the previous decade combined.", "Nearly all deaths were attributed to storm surge drowning.", "The fishing vessel \"Keturah\" sank after colliding with an oil rig 11 mi off of Galveston, Texas, leading to the loss of nine crewmen.", "In the hours before the collision, the \"Keturah\" had been disabled and taken in tow by the USCGC Cahoone (WSC-131), but the tow line broke.", "In Corpus Christi, where tides were 3 - above normal, a 400 ft tanker, a tug, and a few barges washed aground.", "The surf also washed out a portion of Mustang Island Park Road between Corpus Christi Pass and Packery Channel.", "Another person drowned in the rough surf off the Texas coast.", "At Port Isabel, tides swelled 2.5 ft above normal as Audrey passed to the east, though coastal flooding remained minimal.", "Periodic squalls impacted the Brownsville, Texas area without much consequence, though the wave action on nearby Padre Island pushed marine debris beyond the seawall; tides on Padre Island were the highest in five years.", "The oil barge \"Pemrod\" broke from its mooring, leaving it adrift in Sabine Lake.", "In Galveston, the storm surge swelled to a height of 6.2 ft above mean sea level; the total expanse of coast that saw tides higher than 6 ft spanned 330 mi .", "The surge topped the Galveston Seawall, flooding the downtown streets and inundating businesses.", "Several boats in Galveston Harbor were sunk.", "A 0.75 mi segment of Texas State Highway 87 between Sabine Pass and High Island was submerged underwater.", "Despite the seawater inundation in some areas of Galveston Island, an extension of the Galveston Seawall completed in 1953 was assessed to have mitigated about $100,000 in damage from Audrey.", "A fish market, crab depot, and a smaller shack were destroyed in Texas City, and the city's fishing pier sustained $5,000 in damage after being struck by a loose barge.", "Two oil barges spanning 105 ft were moved 2.5 mi inland north of Gilchrist, Texas.", "Portions of eastern Texas were analyzed to have experienced high-end Category 2 conditions as Audrey made landfall just east of the state.", "Winds reached 72 mph in Port Arthur and 78 mph in Galveston.", "Plate glass windows in downtown Galveston were broken by flying debris, as were high-rise windows in Port Arthur.", "At least 50 homes on the Bolivar Peninsula were flattened.", "Most roofs on the Bolivar Peninsula sustained substantial damage.", "The most severe damage on the peninsula occurred in and around Gilchrist, where the majority of destroyed homes were located.", "On the southern end of the Bolivar Peninsula, the effects of Audrey in Port Bolivar were limited to lost shingles.", "Galveston Island fared comparatively better than the Bolivar Peninsula but nonetheless sustained some impacts.", "Some beachfront establishments in Galveston were demolished by the strong winds and storm surge.", "The rough surf also washed out some segments of Galveston beaches, exacerbated by a local practice of digging holes to sell soil from private beachfront property.", "Minor power outages knocked out service to some 1,700 telephones, but power was quickly restored.", "Damage in Galveston County was estimated at $200,000–$300,000.", "In nearby Orange, homes were damaged by falling trees felled by strong winds.", "Power and other utility lines were also downed, leaving only connectivity for emergency telephones and cutting most power to the city.", "Fifteen people were injured while one was killed in Orange.", "At Jefferson County Airport, 7.35 in fell on June 27, setting a daily rainfall record.", "The monetary cost of Audrey's damage in Texas totaled $8 million, with a conservative estimate of $1.5 million for Orange County alone.", "A total of nine fatalities occurred in the state, in addition to 450 injuries.", "Hurricane Audrey's strong winds generated rough seas offshore Louisiana, with wave heights of 40 – occurring in the Gulf of Mexico.", "At the coast, tides ran 5 - above normal, inundating low-lying areas and penetrating as far as 20 mi inland, resulting in over 1.6 million acres (6,500 km) of land flooded by either storm surge or river flooding.", "In Cameron, tides peaked at 10.6 ft above mean sea level, with some waves reaching as high as 10 ft atop the high water.", "Tides exceeded 12 ft for a 24 mi stretch of the Louisiana coastline, peaking at 12.4 ft just west of Cameron.", "Four Continental Oil sea tenders lost their anchors and went adrift in the rough seas.", "Some drifting oil tenders also reported gusts reaching 150 mph .", "A $2 million oil rig 15 mi east of Sabine Pass capsized, though all crew survived.", "Damage to offshore oil facilities caused by Audrey reached $16 million, though one offshore trade journal remarked that \"the oil industry has scored an overwhelming though costly victory\" due to the lack of industry-related fatalities and small extent of damage compared to coastal communities.", "Beach erosion caused by rough surf stripped away as much as 90 m of beach.", "Wildlife along the coast was impacted heavily, with marshes stripped entirely of vegetation.", "Clumps of salt hay (\"Spartina patens\") were brought as far as 8 km inland.", "Scattered damage occurred in Alexandria, with strong winds knocking out telecommunications and downing tree limbs.", "Winds were measured at 88 mph in Lake Charles, Louisiana roughly 35 mi northeast of Audrey's eye as it made landfall.", "A gust was clocked at 105 mph in Sulphur, Louisiana before the anemometer blew away, though the highest sustained wind at an official observation site was 96 mph at Lake Charles Air Force Base.", "Communities along coastal Louisiana near the point of landfall were completely destroyed, with 4,500 homes considered destroyed or irreparably damaged and another 100,000 sustaining varying degrees of lesser damage.", "In some towns west of the Atchafalaya River, 90% of homes lost their roofs.", "In Cameron and Grand Chenier destroyed or displaced 60–80% of homes, while between 90–95% of all buildings overall in Cameron and nearby Vermilion Parish were irreparably damaged.", "Nearly every home in Lake Charles sustained some degree of damage.", "The city of Cameron sustained the most damage, and 371 people in and around the city perished.", "The city courthouse, where Cameron residents sought refuge, remained the only building left standing in Cameron.", "Wood-frame houses were swept by Audrey's storm surge and carried inland several miles from their original locations, with most found on the Intracoastal Waterway.", "Dead cattle, alligators, snakes, nutria, and muskrats were also deposited in the Intracoastal Waterway, blocking segments of the canal; an estimated 40,000–50,000 head of cattle perished, primarily by drowning.", "Several ships were carried well inland, causing damage; two 50 ft long fishing boats were deposited on Cameron's Main Street (Louisiana Highway 82) while an offshore oil rig destroyed four fuel storage tanks as it was moved onshore.", "Strong winds initially prevented the United States Coast Guard from rescuing stranded residents in the city and nearby areas after dispatching a helicopter and some lifeboats.", "Further east, Pecan Island was submerged under a foot (0.3 m) of seawater.", "Strong winds in Baton Rouge blew out windows in the Louisiana State Capitol.", "One person was killed while clinging to debris after being bitten by a venomous water snake.", "Saltwater inundation was particularly damaging to rice, while strong winds blew down corn and heavy rains flooded cotton fields; these were the main crop losses attributed to Audrey.", "In Louisiana, preliminary estimates of crop damage reached $5 million.", "Forests were also heavily impacted, with an estimated 50000000 ft of timber lost primarily in the parishes of Jeff Davis, Allen, Evangeline, and LaSalle.", "Poisoning efforts that had begun prior to Audrey's arrival to mitigate a boll weevil infestation were disrupted, leading to resurgence in boll weevils following the hurricane.", "The highest rainfall associated with Audrey fell in Louisiana, where 10.63 in was recorded just west of Basile, Louisiana; most of the heaviest rainfall occurred east of Audrey's center of circulation.", "Daily rainfall records were set in Jennings and Lafayette, recording 10.40 in and 3.69 in on June 27, respectively.", "Audrey also spawned two tornadoes in Louisiana, with one F-1 tornado near Arnaudville, Louisiana damaging several homes and the other classified as F-0 in New Orleans.", "In total, damage from Hurricane Audrey in Louisiana amounted to $120 million.", "An estimated 400 people lost their lives in the state, accounting for most of the deaths attributed to Audrey, while another 1,000 were injured.", "Audrey produced 23 tornadoes and severe weather in its rainbands as it moved inland.", "Sixteen of the twenty-three tornadoes touched down in Alabama; a conducive environment over the southern half of the state that took shape as Audrey passed to the northwest, resulting in a localized tornado outbreak causing $600,000 in damage and injuring 14 people.", "A particularly damaging tornado struck parts of Greenville, Alabama, damaging or destroying 60 buildings including some of the facilities at Lomax-Hannon Junior College; damage from that tornado alone was estimated to be as high as $300,000.", "Several tornadoes struck in the vicinity of Evergreen, Alabama, damaging several homes and injuring eight persons; one of the tornadoes tracked 23.2 mi and was 440 yd across at its widest, making it both the longest-tracked and widest tornado caused by Hurricane Audrey.", "Another tornado near Evergreen also swept up fish and crayfish, causing them to fall from the sky.", "Strong winds in Montgomery, Alabama uprooted trees, while 20 mi south in Davenport, Alabama winds damaged a number of homes and injured several people.", "Gusts in the state peaked at 71 mph in Birmingham, Alabama, and wind damage alone caused $200,000 in damage in the state.", "On the Mississippi Gulf Coast, winds and tidal action caused some damage.", "However, the most severe damage in Mississippi occurred in a band stretching from the southwestern to northeastern corner of the state.", "Four tornadoes touched down in the state resulting in slightly over $500,000 in damage; a tornado of F-2 intensity near Philadelphia, Mississippi destroyed seven homes and caused nine injuries, while an F-3 tornado—the strongest caused by Audrey—killed one in Brooksville.", "The Brooksville tornado also destroyed a Kraft Singles plant in the western side of the city and hospitalized six people, with another 25 suffering minor injuries; damage from that tornado was estimated between $100,000–$300,000.", "Another tornado destroyed a grocery store and several large buildings in Clara.", "The strongest winds in Mississippi were measured in Jackson and Greenwood, clocking at 52 mph .", "Mississippi's southwestern regions saw the heaviest rainfall in the state from Audrey, with rainfall totals ranging from 4 – .", "Heavy rains caused minor flooding along the banks of the Pearl River and Big Black River, affecting some farm lands.", "One person was electrocuted in Kosciusko after attempting to upright a utility pole, bringing the number of fatalities in the state to two.", "The total cost of damage in the state was $9 million, and 50,000 homes sustained some form of damage.", "Loss of crops in Mississippi totaled $2 million with corn, cotton, hay, and unharvested oats heavily damaged.", "As was the case in Louisiana, boll weevil poisoning efforts were thwarted in Mississippi.", "Damage from Audrey in Arkansas was limited to minor roof damage caused by strong winds in El Dorado.", "The fringe effects of Audrey's remnant wind field and rainfall also extended to Georgia, where wind damage was light but widespread.", "Peaches were blown down from trees and corn was blown over.", "Falling trees and branches damaged homes and disrupted electric and telecommunication services.", "Tracking farther inland, the weakening storm brought gusts of up to 50 mph to Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio, resulting in minor wind damage.", "Rainfall in these states produced minor flooding along streams and low-lying farmland, exacerbated by antecedent rainfall that had saturated the soil.", "Across Tennessee, property or crop damage associated with strong winds was reported in eleven counties, with property damage mostly being inflicted on roofs, trees, power lines, TV antennas, and other minor structures; one death and three injuries were linked to these winds.", "A tornado destroyed a saw mill, a barn, and several other buildings near Dyersburg, Tennessee, the most northerly tornado associated with Audrey.", "The interaction of Audrey and a second frontal system tracking across the Midwestern United States drew excess moisture across the region, leading to heavy rainfall across Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana.", "Rainfall in those states peaked at 10.20 in in Paris, Illinois, with a similar maximum of 10.16 in in Hermann, Missouri.", "The rains in Paris, Illinois contributed to the rainiest June in the city's history and a yearly record rainfall total.", "Highways in Illinois were submerged for as long as three days.", "Flash flooding in central Indiana led to the closure of 17 highways.", "Two women drowned after a bus was swept off one highway near Indianapolis, Indiana, where over 3 in of rain quickly fell.", "Another three drowned in Indiana, in addition to the inundation of over 1,000 homes and 125 businesses.", "Flooding washed away roughly 500,000 acres (2,000 km) of crops and destroyed highway and railroad bridges.", "An 18-car work train fell into a creek near Reelsville, Indiana after the bridge it was crossing succumbed to floodwaters.", "Railroad losses alone accounted for $1.2 million of the $2.45 million in damage wrought by Audrey in Indiana.", "A total of ten lives were lost in Illinois, Indiana, and New York due to heavy rains and strong winds brought by squalls in Audrey's extratropical remnants.", "Winds peaked at 65 mph in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and 100 mph in Jamestown, New York.", "Damage in Pennsylvania was limited to the state's western regions and confined primarily to the downing of trees, powerlines, and the loss of some roofs.", "One person was killed by lightning while another was injured by a falling tree.", "Areas of New York near Lake Ontario experienced intense wind gusts that caused widespread power outages.", "The winds raised the water level in the lake 3 ft above normal, damaging small boats.", "The rise in Lake Ontario also damaged sightseeing facilities and river docks downstream of the Niagara Falls; total damage in New York was estimated at between $250,000–$400,000 and four deaths were reported in the state.", "Hurricane-force winds extended as far east as St. Albans, Vermont, where winds were measured at 80 mph .", "Across New England, power lines were downed while yachts were driven aground on the coast of Maine.", "The remnants of Audrey entered Ontario with tropical storm force winds after crossing Lake Ontario, while gusts reached 80 mph .", "Heavy rainfall in the province washed out roads and rail lines.", "Six people were trapped in Algonquin Provincial Park for four days due to dangerous river currents and downed trees blocking roads.", "One boy drowned and a firefighter died due to the storm, while three other people died in Ontario due to traffic accidents.", "In neighboring Quebec, the remnants of Audrey were considered the worst storm in about 20 years, and over 100 houses were damaged by floods.", "The Montreal district of Saraguay lost power for several days.", "Throughout Montreal, there were 10 deaths, nine of which due to traffic accidents.", "This made Audrey the deadliest tropical cyclone in Quebec on record.", "Rescue parties from the United States Coast Guard were quickly dispatched for the Cameron area in search for survivors.", "The Coast Guard also dispatched a cutter from New Orleans with medical supplies for affected regions.", "More than 40,000 people were left homeless, with many were housed at McNeese State University in Lake Charles until they could be permanently resettled.", "Statues were erected in honor of those killed by Audrey in southwestern Louisiana, including Highland Memorial Park in Lake Charles where 33 were buried.", "Audrey's storm surge on the Louisiana coastline began receding 10 hours after the storm struck, with the ocean returning to normal levels in around 1.5 days.", "Despite the brief period of submersion, the morphology of the coast changed significantly; about 50% of the coast had retreated inland, with a large amount of sedimentation occurring primarily in the form of mudflats.", "One arc of mud deposited on the coast measured 11350 ft in length and 1000 ft in width.", "In Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, saltwater inundation of habitats led to a significant decrease in waterfowl and plants susceptible to saltwater like bullwhips; damage in the refuge set back management and development plans for the area by two years.", "Other plants intolerant to saltwater sustained a four-year decrease in productivity.", "Nutria, muskrat, raccoon, rabbit, and deer populations experienced 60% mortality, while mink and otters fared comparatively better.", "All animal nests were swept away by either the rough surf or strong winds.", "The destruction wrought by Audrey on Cameron, Louisiana was credited as contributing to the successful evacuation of Cameron Parish in advance of Hurricane Carla four years later, with the parish having a higher evacuation rate (96%) than any other location surveyed in the aftermath of Carla despite being at the edge of the warning area; however, the relevance of the so-called \"Audrey effect\" in the Carla evacuations is disputed.", "The extensive storm surge caused the hurricane represented the first research opportunity for the newly-formed National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) to investigate a major tropical cyclone inundation event since the organization's inception in 1954.", "After investigating the extent of the surge, the NHRP concluded that despite the abundant availability of storm tide observations, a lack of inland information prevented a detailed reconstruction of Audrey's surge; such data would help inform local emergency decisions and improve surge forecasting.", "Following the guidance of the NHRP, the Weather Bureau began installing additional tide recorders along the coast following Hurricane Audrey.", "Due to the damage and fatalities caused by Audrey, the name was retired and will never be used again as a name for a tropical cyclone.", "In 1962, Whitney Bartie, along with hundreds of others, sued the United States federal government, asserting that the United States Weather Bureau had failed to give proper and accurate warning on Audrey and its effects.", "Bartie and his family had concluded that there was no need to evacuate following a 10:00 p.m. CST news broadcast on June 26—the night before Audrey made landfall.", "The family were awoken the following morning by water flooding their house, forcing them to climb onto their roof; the winds and rising water killed all in Bartie's family except Whitney.", "Whitney's claim was two-pronged, with the first point alleging that the Weather Bureau was negligent in their warnings, and the second alleging that despite experiencing the full brunt of the storm, Weather Bureau advisories suggesting the evacuation of those at lower elevations did not implicate him; Whitney sought $360,000 in damages from the federal government.", "A hurricane expert testifying for the Weather Bureau suggested that Audrey's deviation from forecast were as accurate as could be expected at a time where a 24-hour hurricane forecast track errors averaged 100 – .", "The case was argued in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana and presided by Edwin F. Hunter.", "The court ruled that the Weather Bureau failed to convey the urgency of the situation to those on the coast in their warnings, but asserted that evacuation orders were not within the duties of the Weather Bureau.", "The case was dismissed on the grounds that the claim was barred by the discretionary function and misrepresentation exception in the Federal Tort Claims Act as the Weather Bureau's warnings were based on subjective judgements and errors were unintentional; thus, Hunter ruled that Whitney had failed to establish negligence on the part of the Weather Bureau.", "Following the dismissal, Whitney appealed the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which ruled per curiam in favor of the United States in \"Bartie v. United States\" 326 F.2d 754 (1964).", "Another 109 suits similar to \"Bartie\" seeking total damages of $9,755,000 were filed in federal court but did not come to trial." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 261125, "simple_article_title": "Hurricane Audrey", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=261125", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-261125-0-0", "simple-261125-0-1", "simple-261125-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Hurricane Audrey was the most powerful June hurricane in the recorded history of the Atlantic since record keeping began.", "This storm struck Louisiana and Texas, killing more than 500.", "This hurricane was a very powerful Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 21252921, "normal_article_title": "Melleruds IF", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21252921", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-21252921-0-0", "normal-21252921-1-0", "normal-21252921-1-1", "normal-21252921-2-0", "normal-21252921-2-1", "normal-21252921-2-2", "normal-21252921-3-0", "normal-21252921-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Melleruds IF is a Swedish football club located in Mellerud in Västra Götaland County.", "Melleruds Idrottsförening were founded on 28 July 1908 at a meeting in the Jacobssons café at Köpmantorget in Mellerud.", "The first club chairman was Eric Widlund.", "Since their foundation Melleruds IF has participated mainly in the middle divisions of the Swedish football league system.", "The club currently plays in Division 3 Nordvästra Götaland which is the fifth tier of Swedish football.", "They play their home matches at the Rådavallen in Mellerud.", "Melleruds IF are affiliated to the Dalslands Fotbollförbund.", "2011 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland 2010 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland 2009 – Division II, Mellersta Götaland 2008 – Division II, Västra Götaland 2007 – Division II, Västra Götaland 2006 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland 2005 – Division II, Västra Götaland 2004 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland 2003 – Division II, Västra Götaland 2002 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland 2001 – Division IV, Bohuslän/Dal 2000 – Division IV, Bohuslän/Dal 1999 – Division IV, Bohuslän/Dal 1998 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland 1997 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland 1996 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland 1995 – Division II, Västra Götaland 1994 – Division II, Västra Götaland 1993 – Division II, Västra Götaland" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 441357, "normal_article_title": "Somali language", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=441357", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-441357-0-0", "normal-441357-0-1", "normal-441357-0-2", "normal-441357-0-3", "normal-441357-0-4", "normal-441357-1-0", "normal-441357-1-1", "normal-441357-2-0", "normal-441357-2-1", "normal-441357-3-0", "normal-441357-4-0", "normal-441357-4-1", "normal-441357-5-0", "normal-441357-6-0", "normal-441357-6-1", "normal-441357-6-2", "normal-441357-6-3", "normal-441357-6-4", "normal-441357-6-5", "normal-441357-6-6", "normal-441357-6-7", "normal-441357-7-0", "normal-441357-7-1", "normal-441357-7-2", "normal-441357-8-0", "normal-441357-8-1", "normal-441357-9-0", "normal-441357-10-0", "normal-441357-10-1", "normal-441357-10-2", "normal-441357-10-3", "normal-441357-10-4", "normal-441357-11-0", "normal-441357-11-1", "normal-441357-11-2", "normal-441357-12-0", "normal-441357-12-1", "normal-441357-12-2", "normal-441357-12-3", "normal-441357-12-4", "normal-441357-13-0", "normal-441357-13-1", "normal-441357-13-2", "normal-441357-13-3", "normal-441357-13-4", "normal-441357-13-5", "normal-441357-13-6", "normal-441357-14-0", "normal-441357-14-1", "normal-441357-14-2", "normal-441357-14-3", "normal-441357-14-4", "normal-441357-15-0", "normal-441357-15-1", "normal-441357-15-2", "normal-441357-15-3", "normal-441357-15-4", "normal-441357-15-5", "normal-441357-16-0", "normal-441357-16-1", "normal-441357-17-0", "normal-441357-17-1", "normal-441357-18-0", "normal-441357-18-1", "normal-441357-19-0", "normal-441357-19-1", "normal-441357-20-0", "normal-441357-20-1", "normal-441357-20-2", "normal-441357-21-0", "normal-441357-21-1", "normal-441357-21-2", "normal-441357-21-3", "normal-441357-21-4", "normal-441357-21-5", "normal-441357-22-0", "normal-441357-22-1", "normal-441357-22-2", "normal-441357-23-0", "normal-441357-23-1", "normal-441357-23-2", "normal-441357-23-3", "normal-441357-23-4", "normal-441357-24-0", "normal-441357-24-1", "normal-441357-25-0", "normal-441357-26-0", "normal-441357-26-1", "normal-441357-26-2", "normal-441357-26-3", "normal-441357-26-4", "normal-441357-26-5", "normal-441357-26-6", "normal-441357-27-0", "normal-441357-27-1", "normal-441357-27-2", "normal-441357-28-0", "normal-441357-28-1", "normal-441357-28-2", "normal-441357-29-0", "normal-441357-29-1", "normal-441357-30-0", "normal-441357-30-1", "normal-441357-31-0", "normal-441357-31-1", "normal-441357-31-2", "normal-441357-32-0", "normal-441357-32-1", "normal-441357-32-2", "normal-441357-32-3", "normal-441357-32-4", "normal-441357-33-0", "normal-441357-33-1", "normal-441357-33-2", "normal-441357-33-3", "normal-441357-33-4", "normal-441357-33-5", "normal-441357-34-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Somali ( ] ) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch.", "It is spoken as a mother tongue by Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora.", "Somali is an official language of Somalia, a national language in Djibouti, and a working language in the Somali Region of Ethiopia.", "It is used as an adoptive language by a few neighboring ethnic minority groups and individuals.", "The Somali language is written officially with the Latin alphabet.", "Somali is classified within the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family; specifically, as Lowland East Cushitic along with Afar and Saho.", "Somali is the best-documented Cushitic language, with academic studies of the language dating back to the late 19th century.", "Somali is spoken by Somalis in Somalia, Somaliland, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen, Kenya, and by the Somali diaspora.", "It is also spoken as an adoptive language by a few ethnic minority groups and individuals in these areas.", "Somali is the second most widely spoken Cushitic language after Oromo.", "As of 2006, there were approximately 16.6 million speakers of Somali, of which around 8.3 million resided in Somalia.", "The language is spoken by an estimated 95% of the country's inhabitants, and also by a majority of the population in Djibouti.", "Following the start of the Somali Civil War in the early 1990s, the Somali-speaking diaspora increased in size, with newer Somali speech communities forming in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe.", "Constitutionally, Somali and Arabic are the two official languages of Somalia.", "Somali has been an official national language since January 1973, when the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) declared it the Somali Democratic Republic's primary language of administration and education.", "Somali was thereafter established as the main language of academic instruction in forms 1 through 4, following preparatory work by the government-appointed Somali Language Committee.", "It later expanded to include all 12 forms in 1979.", "In 1972, the SRC adopted a Latin orthography as the official national alphabet over several other writing scripts that were then in use.", "Concurrently, the Italian-language daily newspaper \"Stella d'Ottobre\" (\"The October Star\") was nationalized, renamed to \"Xiddigta Oktoobar\", and began publishing in Somali.", "The state-run Radio Mogadishu has also broadcast in Somali since 1943.", "Additionally, the regional public networks the Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV, as well as Eastern Television Network and Horn Cable Television, among other private broadcasters, air programs in Somali.", "Somali is recognized as an official working language in the Somali Region of Ethiopia.", "Although it is not an official language of Djibouti, it constitutes a major national language there.", "Somali is used in television and radio broadcasts, with the government-operated Radio Djibouti transmitting programs in the language from 1943 onwards.", "The Somali language is regulated by the Regional Somali Language Academy, an intergovernmental institution established in June 2013 in Djibouti City by the governments of Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia.", "It is officially mandated with preserving the Somali language.", "As of 2013, Somali is also one of the featured languages available on Google Translate.", "Somali linguistic varieties are broadly divided into three main groups: Northern, Benadir and Maay.", "Northern Somali (or Nsom) forms the basis for Standard Somali.", "It is spoken by more than 60% of the entire Somali population, with its speech area stretching from northern Somalia to parts of the eastern and southwestern sections of the country.", "This widespread modern distribution is a result of a long series of southward population movements over the past ten centuries from the Gulf of Aden littoral.", "Lamberti subdivides Northern Somali is into three dialects: Northern Somali proper (spoken in the northwest; he describes this dialect as Northern Somali in the proper sense), the Darod group (spoken in the northeast and along the eastern Ethiopia frontier; greatest number of speakers overall), and the Lower Juba group (spoken by northern Somali settlers in the southern riverine areas).", "Benadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the central Indian Ocean seaboard, including Mogadishu.", "It forms a relatively large group.", "The dialect is fairly mutually intelligible with Northern Somali.", "Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn or Sab) clans in the southern regions of Somalia.", "Its speech area extends from the southwestern border with Ethiopia to a region close to the coastal strip between Mogadishu and Kismayo, including the city of Baidoa.", "Maay is not mutually comprehensible with Northern Somali, and it differs in sentence structure and phonology.", "It is also not generally used in education or media.", "However, Maay speakers often use Standard Somali as a lingua franca, which is learned via mass communications, internal migration and urbanization.", "Maay is closely related with the Jiddu, Dabarre, Garre and Tunni varieties that are also spoken by smaller Rahanweyn communities.", "Collectively, these languages present similarities with Oromo that are not found in mainstream Somali.", "Chief among these is the lack of pharyngeal sounds in the Rahanweyn/Digil and Mirifle languages, features which by contrast typify Somali.", "Although in the past frequently classified as dialects of Somali, more recent research by the linguist Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi has shown that these varieties, including Maay, constitute separate Cushitic languages.", "The degree of divergence is comparable to that between Spanish and Portuguese.", "Of the Digil varieties, Jiddu is the most incomprehensible to Benadir and Northern speakers.", "Despite these linguistic differences, Somali speakers collectively view themselves as speaking a common language.", "Somali has 22 consonant phonemes.", "The consonants /b d̪ ɡ/ often weaken to β ð ɣ intervocalically.", "The retroflex plosive /ɖ/ may have an implosive quality for some speakers, and intervocalically it can be realized as the flap ɽ .", "Some speakers produce /ħ/ with epiglottal trilling.", "/q/ is often epiglottalized.", "The language has five basic vowels.", "Each has a front and back variation as well as long or short versions.", "This gives a distinct 20 pure vowel sounds.", "It also exhibits three tones: high, low and falling.", "Vowels harmonize within a harmonic group, so all vowels within the group must either be front or back.", "The Somali orthography does not distinguish between the front and back variants of vowels, however, as there are few minimal pairs.", "The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C).", "Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure.", "Pitch is phonemic in Somali, but it is debated whether Somali is a pitch accent or tonal language.", "Andrzejewski (1954) posits that Somali is a tonal language, whereas Banti (1988) suggests that it is a pitch accent language.", "Somali is an agglutinative language, and also shows properties of inflection.", "Affixes mark many grammatical meanings, including aspect, tense and case.", "Somali has an old prefixal verbal inflection restricted to four common verbs, with all other verbs undergoing inflection by more obvious suffixation.", "This general pattern is similar to the stem alternation that typifies Cairene Arabic.", "Changes in pitch are used for grammatical rather than lexical purposes.", "This includes distinctions of gender, number and case.", "In some cases, these distinctions are marked by tone alone (e.g. \"Ínan\", \"boy\"; \"inán\", \"girl\").", "Somali has two sets of pronouns: independent (substantive, emphatic) pronouns and clitic (verbal) pronouns.", "The independent pronouns behave grammatically as nouns, and normally occur with the suffixed article -ka/-ta (e.g. \"adiga\", \"you\").", "This article may be omitted after a conjunction or focus word.", "For example, \"adna\" meaning \"and you...\" (from \"adi\"-\"na\").", "Clitic pronouns are attached to the verb and do not take nominal morphology.", "Somali marks clusivity in the first person plural pronouns; this is also found in a number of other East Cushitic languages, such as Rendille and Dhaasanac.", "As in various other Afro-Asiatic languages, Somali has gender polarity whereby plural nouns usually take the opposite gender agreement of their singular forms.", "For example, the plural of the masculine noun \"dibi\" (\"bull\") is formed by converting it into feminine \"dibi\".", "Somali is unusual among the world's languages in that the object is unmarked for case while the subject is marked, though this feature is found in other Cushitic languages such as Oromo.", "Somali is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language.", "It is largely head final, with postpositions and with obliques preceding verbs.", "These are common features of the Cushitic and Semitic Afroasiatic languages spoken in the Horn region (e.g. Amharic).", "However, Somali noun phrases are head-initial, whereby the noun precedes its modifying adjective.", "This pattern of general head-finality with head-initial noun phrases is also found in other Cushitic languages (e.g. Oromo), but not generally in Ethiopian Semitic languages.", "Somali uses three focus markers: \"baa\", \"ayaa\" and \"waxa(a)\", which generally mark new information or contrastive emphasis.", "\"Baa\" and \"ayaa\" require the focused element to occur preverbally, while \"waxa(a)\" may be used following the verb.", "Somali loanwords can be divided into those derived from other Afroasiatic languages (mainly Arabic), and those of Indo-European extraction (mainly Italian).", "Somali's main lexical borrowings come from Arabic, and are estimated to constitute about 20% of the language's vocabulary.", "This is a legacy of the Somali people's extensive social, cultural, commercial and religious links and contacts with nearby populations in the Arabian peninsula.", "Arabic loanwords are most commonly used in religious, administrative and education-related speech (e.g. \"aamiin\" for \"faith in God\"), though they are also present in other areas (e.g. \"kubbad-da\", \"ball\").", "Soravia (1994) noted a total of 1,436 Arabic loanwords in Agostini a.o. 1985, a prominent 40,000-entry Somali dictionary.", "Most of the terms consisted of commonly used nouns.", "These lexical borrowings may have been more extensive in the past since a few words that Zaborski (1967:122) observed in the older literature were absent in Agostini's later work.", "In addition, the majority of personal names are derived from Arabic.", "The Somali language also contains a few Indo-European loanwords that were retained from the colonial period.", "Most of these lexical borrowings come from English and Italian and are used to describe new objects or modern concepts (e.g. \"telefishen-ka\", \"television\"; \"raadia-ha\", \"radio\").", "There are as well 300 directly Romance loans, such as \"garawati\" for \"tie\" (from the Italian \" \").", "Indeed the most used loanwords from the Italian are \"ciao\" as a friendly salute, \"dimuqraadi\" from Italian \"democratico\" (democratic), \"mikroskoob\" from \"microscopio (microscope), \"Jalaato\" from \"gelato\" (ice cream), \"baasto\" from \"pasta\" (pasta), \"bataate\" from \"patate\" (potato), \"bistoolad\" from \"pistol\" (pistol), \"fiyoore\" from \"fiore\" (flower) and \"injinyeer\" from \"ingegnere\" (engineer).", "Somalis call their calendar months as Soon, soonfur, siditaal, carafa...but these changed recently .", "Furthermore, all the months in Somali language are now loaned words from the Italian, like \"Febraayo\" that comes from \"febbraio\" (February) .", "Additionally, Somali contains lexical terms from Persian, Urdu and Hindi that were acquired through historical trade with communities in the Near East and South Asia (e.g. \"khiyaar\" \"cucumber\" from \"khiyār\").", "Some of these words were also borrowed indirectly via Arabic.", "As part of a broader governmental effort to ensure and safeguard the primacy of the Somali language, the past few decades have seen a push in Somalia toward replacement of loanwords in general with their Somali equivalents or neologisms.", "To this end, the Supreme Revolutionary Council during its tenure officially prohibited the borrowing and use of English and Italian terms.", "Archaeological excavations and research in Somalia uncovered ancient inscriptions in a distinct writing system.", "In an 1878 report to the Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, scientist Johann Maria Hildebrandt noted upon visiting the area that \"we know from ancient authors that these districts, at present so desert, were formerly populous and civilised... I also discovered ancient ruins and rock-inscriptions both in pictures and characters... These have hitherto not been deciphered.\"", "According to Somalia's Ministry of Information and National Guidance, this script represents the earliest written attestation of Somali.", "Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing the Somali language include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad writing.", "According to Bogumił Andrzejewski, this usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language.", "Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems (qasidas), recitations and chants.", "Among these texts are the Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah.", "The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic.", "Since then a number of writing systems have been used for transcribing the Somali language.", "Of these, the Somali Latin alphabet, officially adopted in 1972, is the most widely used and the official.", "The script was developed by the Somali linguist Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except \"p\", \"v\" and \"z\".", "There are no diacritics or other special characters except the use of the apostrophe for the glottal stop, which does not occur word-initially.", "There are three consonant digraphs: DH, KH and SH.", "Tone is not marked, and front and back vowels are not distinguished.", "Writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya, Borama and Kaddare alphabets, which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid, Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare, respectively." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 135404, "simple_article_title": "Somali language", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=135404", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-135404-0-0", "simple-135404-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Somali is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis in Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen and Kenya, as well as by the Somali diaspora around the world -- an estimated total population of between 10 and 16 million speakers.", "The writing system of the somali language is the Latin alphabet since 1960." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2157363, "normal_article_title": "K'naan", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2157363", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2157363-0-0", "normal-2157363-0-1", "normal-2157363-0-2", "normal-2157363-0-3", "normal-2157363-1-0", "normal-2157363-1-1", "normal-2157363-1-2", "normal-2157363-1-3", "normal-2157363-2-0", "normal-2157363-2-1", "normal-2157363-2-2", "normal-2157363-2-3", "normal-2157363-2-4", "normal-2157363-2-5", "normal-2157363-2-6", "normal-2157363-2-7", "normal-2157363-2-8", "normal-2157363-3-0", "normal-2157363-3-1", "normal-2157363-3-2", "normal-2157363-3-3", "normal-2157363-4-0", "normal-2157363-4-1", "normal-2157363-5-0", "normal-2157363-6-0", "normal-2157363-6-1", "normal-2157363-7-0", "normal-2157363-7-1", "normal-2157363-7-2", "normal-2157363-7-3", "normal-2157363-7-4", "normal-2157363-8-0", "normal-2157363-8-1", "normal-2157363-9-0", "normal-2157363-10-0", "normal-2157363-10-1", 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"normal-2157363-20-1", "normal-2157363-21-0", "normal-2157363-21-1", "normal-2157363-21-2", "normal-2157363-21-3", "normal-2157363-22-0", "normal-2157363-22-1", "normal-2157363-23-0", "normal-2157363-23-1", "normal-2157363-23-2", "normal-2157363-23-3", "normal-2157363-23-4", "normal-2157363-23-5", "normal-2157363-23-6", "normal-2157363-24-0", "normal-2157363-24-1", "normal-2157363-24-2", "normal-2157363-24-3", "normal-2157363-24-4", "normal-2157363-24-5", "normal-2157363-25-0", "normal-2157363-26-0", "normal-2157363-26-1", "normal-2157363-26-2", "normal-2157363-26-3", "normal-2157363-26-4", "normal-2157363-26-5", "normal-2157363-27-0", "normal-2157363-27-1", "normal-2157363-27-2", "normal-2157363-27-3", "normal-2157363-27-4", "normal-2157363-28-0", "normal-2157363-28-1", "normal-2157363-28-2", "normal-2157363-29-0", "normal-2157363-29-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Keinan Abdi Warsame ( , \"Kaynān ʿAbdi Warsama\"), better known by his stage name K'naan , is a Somali Canadian poet, rapper, singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist.", "He rose to prominence with the success of his single \"Wavin' Flag\", which was chosen as Coca-Cola's promotional anthem for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.", "Besides hip-hop, K'naan's sound is influenced by elements of Somali music and world music.", "He is also involved in various philanthropic initiatives.", "K'naan was born April 16, 1978, in Mogadishu, situated in the southeastern Banaadir province of Somalia to a Habar Gidir Hawiye family.", "K'naan's family was from an artistic background.", "His grandfather was a famous poet, and his aunt Magool was a renowned singer.", "His name, \"Keynaan\" , means \"traveller\" in the Somali language.", "K'naan spent his childhood in Mogadishu.", "His father, Abdi, had left earlier when he was still a boy to work as a taxi driver in New York City.", "K'naan's early years were idyllic and enveloped in poetry and song, with his aunt Magool often singing to him.", "This changed following the start of the civil war, when at the age of 12, three of his friends were shot by an older adolescent gunman.", "K'naan also narrowly escaped death one day at his school, when he mistook a grenade that he had found in the dirt for a potato and threw it away just before it detonated.", "These incidents and the general escalation in violence prompted his mother to seek a visa so that the family could join his father in New York.", "When he was 13, K'naan and his mother and two siblings, older brother Liban and younger sister Sagal, moved to the United States.", "They stayed in New York for half a year before relocating to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where K'naan's dad had settled.", "His family still resides there.", "In his new environment, K'naan began learning English, partly by listening to hip hop albums by artists like Nas and Rakim.", "Despite the fact that he could not yet speak the language, he taught himself hip-hop and rap diction, copying the lyrics and style phonetically.", "He then also began rapping.", "While growing up in the Rexdale neighborhood, K'naan lost many friends to murder, suicide, prison and deportation.", "K'naan was married to Deqa, a pharmacy technician, with whom he has two sons, born in 2005 and 2007.", "The couple divorced before K'naan started touring for the 2010 FIFA World Cup with Coca-Cola.", "In 2005, K'naan said that he is Muslim.", "K'naan became a friend and associate of Canadian promoter Sol Guy, who helped him secure a speaking engagement before the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 1999, where K'naan performed a spoken word piece criticizing the UN for its failed peacekeeping missions to Somalia.", "One of the audience members, Senegalese singer Youssou N'Dour, was so impressed by the young MC's performance and courage that he invited him to contribute to his 2001 album \"Building Bridges\", a project through which K'naan was able to tour the world.", "This project led to his work at other UN events, as well as the Montreal Jazz Festival and the Halifax Pop Explosion.", "It also helped him meet Canadian producer Brian West and Jarvis Church and his Track & Field team in 2002, who produced his debut album \"The Dusty Foot Philosopher\", which was released in 2005 to critical acclaim.", "In 2006, it won the Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year, and was nominated for the 2006 Polaris Music Prize.", "It also won the BBC Radio 3 Award for World Music in the newcomer category for 2007.", "\"The Dusty Foot Philosopher\" was re-released and repackaged as a \"Deluxe Edition\" featuring new mixes and a bonus DVD in the United States (and various international territories) by the emerging media company and record label iM (Interdependent Media, Inc.) in 2008.", "K'naan toured and collaborated with artists like Nelly Furtado, Mos Def, will.i.am, The Roots, Dead Prez, and Pharoahe Monch on tours such as Live 8 and Breedlove Odyssey.", "He also collaborated with Damian Marley on the \"Welcome to Jamrock\" touring session.", "K'naan released \"The Dusty Foot on the Road\", a collection of recordings made during his world tour on Wrasse Records.", "K'naan rose to mainstream popularity by participating in the 2008 BET Awards Cypher.", "This was his first appearance on American television.", "His second studio album, \"Troubadour\", was released on 24 February 2009 on A&M/Octone Records, and distributed through Universal Music Group worldwide.", "The album's first single, \"ABC's\", was released in late 2008.", "K'naan's music has featured in several video games such as Madden NFL 09 (with his song \"ABC's\") and FIFA 06 (with his song \"Soobax\").", "The song \"If Rap Gets Jealous\", a re-recording of a track of the same name – with different verses – from \"The Dusty Foot Philosopher\", features Metallica lead guitarist Kirk Hammett.", "K'naan was also the first featured artist on X3, a collaborative project between CBC Radio 3, \"Exclaim!\"", "magazine and aux.tv to promote new Canadian music.", "In July 2010, he performed a cover of U2's \"Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of\" for iheartradio.", "On 24 January 2012, K'naan released a 5-song EP under the title \"More Beautiful Than Silence\" including songs such as \"Nothing to Lose\", \"Better\", \"Is Anybody Out There?\".", "The songs also include collaborations with Nas and Nelly Furtado.", "K'naan's 2012 album, \"Country, God or the Girl\", was met with little of the critical acclaim and success that \"Troubadour\" had received.", "Unlike \"Troubadour\", which was produced almost entirely by production team Track and Field, \"Country, God or the Girl\" featured a wide range of different producers, many of whom work on more mainstream projects.", "After the release of the album, K'naan published an article in the New York Times explaining and apologizing for the change in his sound.", "\"My lyrics should change, my label's executives said; radio programmers avoid subjects too far from fun and self-absorption,\" recounts K'naan.", "\"So I began to say yes.", "Yes to trying out songs with A-list producers.", "Yes to moving production from Kingston to Los Angeles.\"", "In the end, K'naan states \"I had not made my Marley or my Dylan, or even my K'naan; I had made an album in which a few genuine songs are all but drowned out by the loud siren of ambition.", "Fatima had become Mary, and Mohamed, Adam.\"", "In 2012, K'naan published a children's book, \"When I Get Older: The Story Behind Wavin' Flag\".", "He is featured along with Howard Shore in the \"Cosmopolis (2012)\" soundtrack.", "K’Naan has remained committed to his Somali roots and continues to be outspoken in the geopolitics of his home country.", "He is often regarded as a spokesperson for the Toronto Somali community.", "In 2007 he was invited by Canadian Broadcast Corporation to reflect on changes Somali courts- including the removal of the Islamic Courts Union.", "K’Naan renounced this act by Somalia and indicated his support for the Islamic Courts Union- pushing back on the Western nations critiques of Muslim governing systems.", "Furthermore, he has spoken out against the clan system used in Somalia and particularly its use in immigrant communities in Canada.", "K’Naan’s engagement with his Somali roots dates back to his first hit “Soobax,” which in his native Somali language means come out.", "The song critiques the warlords that held power in Somalia’s capital, Mogadishu.", "The song gained popularity in both Somalia and Canada, in addition to the general population in North America.", "Additionally, K’Naan goes beyond reflecting on his Somali roots in his lyrics as he often raps in both English and Somali rather than one language.", "His choice to blend both languages has made him a stand out in hip hop, as most rappers often rap in English.", "K’Naan’s involvement in the rap and hip hop in Northern America has expanded the discussion on both Somali and the Black Diaspora in the West.", "Both his music and appearances on television and radio shows have grown the conversation on what it means to be Black in Canada.", "In addition to Black communities that have been residing in the country for over a century there are large Black immigrant communities from the Caribbean and Africa.", "Rather than speaking for a larger Black diaspora, K’Naan speaks on his own personal experience and thus expanding on experiences of Somali’s in Canada.", "K’Naan continues to be a voice of the Toronto Somali communities.", "Additionally, he has expanded the greater discussion of Afrodiasporic communities in Canada and the West.", "K’naan’s cover of the Bob Dylan song ‘with god on our side’ is the closing song on Micheal Moore’s movie Fahrenheit 11/9.", "Jim Welte has said K'naan has \"a sound that fuses Bob Marley, conscious American hip-hop, and brilliant protest poetry.\"", "His voice and style has been compared to Eminem, but his subject matter is very different; according to K'naan, he makes \"urgent music with a message\", talking about the situation in his homeland of Somalia and calling for an end to violence and bloodshed.", "This statement was made to explain his position on the world of difference which exists between where he grew up, and the ghettos of the first world.", "Nonetheless, K'naan denies that he is overtly political, instead explaining that he \"shows the state of the world and if you call it like it is you're being political.\"", "His own opinion of his music is that it's a \"mix of tradition and a kind of articulation of my own life and ..", "K'naan has said that he is influenced by Somali music and the traditional instruments of Somalia.", "His 2009 album, \"Troubadour\", also draws heavily from Ethiopian sources, particularly Ethio-Jazz by Alemayehu Eshete and Tilahun Gessesse.", "Prior to the release of \"Troubadour\", K'naan performed with a small acoustic band, consisting of Rayzak (back-up vocals), Kierscey Rand (acoustic guitar) and UDOGG-The Funky Drummer (djembe and drums).", "This style was an essential element of what set K'naan apart from most hip-hop acts.", "More than that, it reflected K'naan's value of meaningful lyrics over shallow theatrics.", "One of the last performances of this band was on 16 March 2009 when K'naan rendered four songs from the newly launched album for CBC's program \"Q\" with Jian Ghomeshi, although Rayzak continued to join his subsequent shows and Kierscey Rand made occasional appearances, such as his World Cup Trophy Tour.", "Since \"Troubadour\", K'naan has toured almost exclusively with a larger electric ensemble – consisting of drums, bass, electric guitar, and keyboards – and his performances now also feature elaborate lighting.", "This change in showmanship, along with his collaborations with such high-profile artists as Adam Levine and Mos Def, has helped to shift K'naan more into the mainstream flow of the music industry and has helped him gain exposure to a wider audience.", "A remixed version of K'naan's single, \"Wavin' Flag,\" was chosen as Coca-Cola's anthem for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.", "It was also used in the commercials for the pre-game, which was held in South Africa.", "Additionally, the track is in the soundtrack for the official EA Sports 2010 FIFA World Cup video game.", "In December 2009, K'naan performed the song live during the sponsor's FIFA World Cup Trophy Tour, which took him to 86 countries around the world.", "His performance of \"Wavin' Flag\" was featured in the Top 10 hits in 11 different countries across the world.", "This also included number one hits in Mexico, Austria, China, Germany, Luxembourg and Switzerland.", "In order to appeal to different people around the world, K'naan also recorded the song with various local artists such as David Bisbal, Jacky Cheung, Jane Zhang, Nancy Ajram and Tattoo Colour.", "On 21 September 2010, K'naan was scheduled as the headlining act of a student organised concert for World Peace Day which was to benefit girls' education in rural Ghana.", "At 11pm the singer cancelled, for reasons that have been reported as relating to finances.", "His manager stated that, \"this is the first time in K'naan's seven-year career that he has pulled out of a performance for such a reason\".", "K'naan announced on his Twitter following the concert \"amazing how human beings need a bogeyman.", "It's even better when they can turn their heroes to foes.", "SFU, check your own back yard for faults.\"", "On 8 May 2011, K'naan performed live at Atlanta's Centennial Olympic Park for Coca Cola's employees in light of Coke's 125th anniversary.", "On 15 October 2011 at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, K'naan was one of eight performers at the \"Decade of Difference\" concert.", "The concert celebrated former US President Bill Clinton's 65th birthday and the 10-year anniversary of the Clinton Foundation.", "K'naan was the third performer of the evening, following sets by Stevie Wonder and Kenny Chesney and preceding sets by Juanes, Usher, Lady Gaga, and The Edge and Bono of U2.", "K'naan performed three songs – \"Bulletproof Pride,\" \"America,\" and \"Wavin' Flag.\"", "Toward the end of \"Bulletproof Pride,\" K'naan surprised the audience by bringing Bono onstage for a duet.", "K'naan also spoke about his childhood in Somalia and how President Clinton's efforts overseas positively impacted his youth.", "In 2005, the Canadian music scene featured a low-key feud between K'naan and Yonis k-os, one of the most prominent Canadian hip-hop artists.", "Following the release of the music video for the song \"Soobax\", which was shot by K'naan and a film crew in Kenya, k-os released a track \"B-Boy Stance\" attacking K'naan: \"They took cameras to Africa for pictures to rhyme / Over; Oh, yes, the great pretenders ... Religious entertainers who want to be life savers.\"", "Though the feud never became high-profile, with K'naan expressing confusion at the attack and respect for k-os, he nonetheless responded with the mixtape \"Revolutionary Avocado\" which argued \"You the all-knowing with a beer bottle / Wishing you was Plato and me Aristotle?", "/ ...Suburban negro turned hip-hop hero / Is there a reason he really hates me, though?\"", "– a rebuttal CBC's Matthew McKinnon called \"cold-cocking the champ\".", "In addition to his artistic career, K'naan has been involved with various philanthropic initiatives.", "In 2011, he became a co-spokesman with Bono to raise awareness of that year's drought in Eastern Africa.", "Also teaming up with close associate Sol Guy, K'naan performed various concerts for the cause.", "Additionally, K'naan was also active in promoting the Canadian Bill C-393 to help increase medical assistance to countries in Africa.", "He teamed up with James Orbinski, a Canadian humanitarian physician and co-founder of Dignitas International." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 169619, "simple_article_title": "K'naan", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=169619", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-169619-0-0", "simple-169619-0-1", "simple-169619-0-2", "simple-169619-0-3", "simple-169619-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "K'naan (born Kaynaane Warsame in Somalia in 1978) is a Somali-Canadian poet, rapper and musician.", "Warsame started writing music in 2002 when recorded songs for his first album released in 2005 called \"The Dusty Foot Philosopher\".", "He then made a live album in 2007 called \"The Dusty Foot in the Road\".", "In February 2009, he released his third studio album \"Troubadour\".", "K'naan including a bunch of Canadian singers called \"\"Young Artists for Haiti\"\" remade the song \"Wavin' Flag\" for the Earthquake in Haiti." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 22529, "normal_article_title": "Onomatopoeia", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22529", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-22529-0-0", "normal-22529-0-1", "normal-22529-0-2", "normal-22529-0-3", "normal-22529-1-0", "normal-22529-1-1", "normal-22529-1-2", "normal-22529-2-0", "normal-22529-3-0", "normal-22529-3-1", "normal-22529-3-2", "normal-22529-4-0", "normal-22529-5-0", "normal-22529-6-0", "normal-22529-6-1", "normal-22529-6-2", "normal-22529-7-0", "normal-22529-8-0", "normal-22529-9-0", "normal-22529-9-1", "normal-22529-9-2", "normal-22529-9-3", "normal-22529-10-0", "normal-22529-10-1", "normal-22529-10-2", "normal-22529-11-0", "normal-22529-11-1", "normal-22529-11-2", "normal-22529-11-3", "normal-22529-12-0", "normal-22529-13-0", "normal-22529-14-0", "normal-22529-14-1", "normal-22529-14-2", "normal-22529-15-0", "normal-22529-15-1", "normal-22529-16-0", "normal-22529-17-0", "normal-22529-18-0", 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"normal_sentence": [ "Onomatopoeia ( ; from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία; ὄνομα for \"name\" and ποιέω for \"I make\", adjectival form: \"onomatopoeic\" or \"onomatopoetic\", also onomatopœia is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes.", "As such words are uncountable nouns, \"onomatopoeia\" refers to the property of such words.", "Common occurrences of words of the onomatopoeia process include animal noises such as \"oink\", \"meow\" (or \"miaow\"), \"roar\" and \"chirp\".", "Onomatopoeia can differ between languages: it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system; hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as \"tick tock\" in English, \"tic tac\" in Spanish and Italian (shown in the picture), \"dī dā\" in Mandarin, \"katchin katchin\" in Japanese, or \"tik-tik\" in Hindi.", "Although in the English language the term onomatopoeia means 'the imitation of a sound', the compound word \"onomatopoeia\" (ὀνοματοποιία) in the Greek language means 'making or creating names'.", "For words that imitate sounds, the term ὴχομιμητικό (echomimetico) or echomimetic) is used.", "The word ὴχομιμητικό (echomimetico) derives from \"ὴχώ\", meaning 'echo' or 'sound', and \"μιμητικό\", meaning 'mimetic' or 'imitating'.", "In the case of a frog croaking, the spelling may vary because different frog species around the world make different sounds: Ancient Greek \"brekekekex koax koax\" (only in Aristophanes' comic play \"The Frogs\") probably for marsh frogs; English \"ribbit\" for species of frog found in North America; English verb \"croak\" for the common frog.", "Some other very common English-language examples are \"hiccup\", \"zoom\", \"bang\", \"beep\", \"moo\", and \"splash\".", "Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia: \"honk\" or \"beep-beep\" for the horn of an automobile, and \"vroom\" or \"brum\" for the engine.", "In speaking of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity, the word \"zap\" is often used (and its use has been extended to describe non-auditory effects generally connoting the same sort of localized but thorough interference or destruction similar to that produced in short-circuit sparking).", "Human sounds sometimes provide instances of onomatopoeia, as when \"mwah\" is used to represent a kiss.", "For animal sounds, words like \"quack\" (duck), \"moo\" (cow), \"bark\" or \"woof\" (dog), \"roar\" (lion), \"meow\"/\"miaow\" or \"purr\" (cat), \"cluck\" (chicken) and \"baa\" (sheep) are typically used in English (both as nouns and as verbs).", "Some languages flexibly integrate onomatopoeic words into their structure.", "This may evolve into a new word, up to the point that the process is no longer recognized as onomatopoeia.", "One example is the English word \"bleat\" for sheep noise: in medieval times it was pronounced approximately as \"blairt\" (but without an R-component), or \"blet\" with the vowel drawled, which more closely resembles a sheep noise than the modern pronunciation.", "An example of the opposite case is \"cuckoo\", which, due to continuous familiarity with the bird noise down the centuries, has kept approximately the same pronunciation as in Anglo-Saxon times and its vowels have not changed as they have in the word \"furrow\".", "\"Verba dicendi\" (\"words of saying\") are a method of integrating onomatopoeic words and ideophones into grammar.", "Sometimes, things are named from the sounds they make.", "In English, for example, there is the universal fastener which is named for the sound it makes: the zip (in the UK) or zipper (in the U.S.) Many birds are named after their calls, such as the bobwhite quail, the weero, the morepork, the killdeer, chickadees and jays, the cuckoo, the chiffchaff, the whooping crane, the whip-poor-will, and the kookaburra.", "In Tamil and Malayalam, the word for crow is \"kaakaa\".", "This practice is especially common in certain languages such as Māori, and so in names of animals borrowed from these languages.", "Although a particular sound is heard similarly by people of different cultures, it is often expressed through the use of different consonant strings in different languages.", "For example, the \"snip\" of a pair of scissors is \" \" in Italian, \" \" in Spanish, \" \" or \" \" in Portuguese, \" \" in modern Greek, \" \" in Albanian, and \" \" in Hindi.", "Similarly, the \"honk\" of a car's horn is \" \" (Han: ) in Mandarin, \" \" in French, \" \" in Japanese, \" \" in Korean, \" \" in Norwegian, \" \" in Portuguese and \" \" in Vietnamese.", "An onomatopoeic effect can also be produced in a phrase or word string with the help of alliteration and consonance alone, without using any onomatopoeic words.", "The most famous example is the phrase \"\"furrow followed free\"\" in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner\".", "The words \"followed\" and \"free\" are not onomatopoeic in themselves, but in conjunction with \"furrow\" they reproduce the sound of ripples following in the wake of a speeding ship.", "Similarly, alliteration has been used in the line \"\"as the surf surged up the sun swept shore...\"\", to recreate the sound of breaking waves, in the poem \"I, She and the Sea\".", "Comic strips and comic books make extensive use of onomatopoeia.", "In 2002, DC Comics introduced a villain named Onomatopoeia, an athlete, martial artist, and weapons expert, who often speaks pure sounds.", "Advertising uses onomatopoeia for mnemonic purposes, so that consumers will remember their products, as in Alka-Seltzer's \"Plop, plop, fizz, fizz.", "Oh, what a relief it is!\"", "jingle, recorded in two different versions (big band and rock) by Sammy Davis, Jr.", "Rice Krispies (US and UK) and Rice Bubbles (AU) make a \"snap, crackle, pop\" when one pours on milk.", "During the 1930s, the illustrator Vernon Grant developed Snap, Crackle and Pop as gnome-like mascots for the Kellogg Company.", "Sounds appear in road safety advertisements: \"clunk click, every trip\" (click the seatbelt on after clunking the car door closed; UK campaign) or \"click, clack, front and back\" (click, clack of connecting the seat belts; AU campaign) or \"click it or ticket\" (click of the connecting seat belt, with the implied penalty of a traffic ticket for not using a seat belt; US DOT (Department of Transportation) campaign).", "The sound of the container opening and closing gives Tic Tac its name.", "In many of the world's languages, onomatopoeic-like words are used to describe phenomena beyond the purely auditive.", "Japanese often uses such words to describe feelings or figurative expressions about objects or concepts.", "For instance, Japanese \"barabara\" is used to reflect an object's state of disarray or separation, and \"shiiin\" is the onomatopoetic form of absolute silence (used at the time an English speaker might expect to hear the sound of crickets chirping or a pin dropping in a silent room, or someone coughing).", "In Albanian, \"tartarec\" is used to describe someone who is hasty.", "It is used in English as well with terms like \"bling\", which describes the glinting of light on things like gold, chrome or precious stones.", "In Japanese, \"kirakira\" is used for glittery things.", "A key component of language is its arbitrariness and what a word can represent, as a word is a sound created by humans with attached meaning to said sound.", "No one can determine the meaning of a word purely by how it sounds.", "However, in onomatopoeic words, these sounds are much less arbitrary; they are connected in their imitation of other objects or sounds in nature.", "Vocal sounds in the imitation of natural sounds doesn't necessarily gain meaning, but can gain symbolic meaning.", "An example of this sound symbolism in the English language is the use of words starting with \"sn-\".", "Some of these words symbolize concepts related to the nose (\"sneeze\", \"snot\", \"snore\").", "This does not mean that all words with that sound relate to the nose, but at some level we recognize a sort of symbolism associated with the sound itself.", "Onomatopoeia, while a facet of language, is also in a sense outside of the confines of language.", "In linguistics, onomatopoeia is described as the connection, or symbolism, of a sound that is interpreted and reproduced within the context of a language, usually out of mimicry of a sound.", "It is a figure of speech, in a sense.", "Considered a vague term on its own, there are a few varying defining factors in classifying onomatopoeia.", "In one manner, it is defined simply as the imitation of some kind of non-vocal sound using the vocal sounds of a language, like the hum of a bee being imitated with a “buzz” sound.", "In another sense, it is described as the phenomena of making a new word entirely.", "Onomatopoeia works in the sense of symbolizing an idea in a phonological context, not necessarily constituting a direct meaningful word in the process.", "The symbolic properties of a sound in a word, or a phoneme, is related to a sound in an environment, and are restricted in part by a language's own phonetic inventory, hence why many languages can have distinct onomatopoeia for the same natural sound.", "Depending on a language’s connection to a sound's meaning, that language’s onomatopoeia inventory can differ proportionally.", "For example, a language like English generally holds little symbolic representation when it comes to sounds, which is the reason English tends to have a smaller representation of sound mimicry then a language like Japanese that overall has a much higher amount of symbolism related to the sounds of the language.", "In ancient Greek philosophy, onomatopoeia was used as evidence for how natural a language was: it was theorized that language itself was derived from natural sounds in the world around us.", "Symbolism in sounds was seen as deriving from this.", "Some linguists hold that onomatopoeia may have been the first form of human language.", "In the development of a language, sounds that are associated with natural objects then go on to form words with related meanings.", "For example, \"gl-\" at the beginning of an English word can denote something that is shining or iridescent (e.g. glitter, glisten, gleam).", "When first exposed to sound and communication, humans are biologically inclined to mimic the sounds they hear, whether they are actual pieces of language or other natural sounds.", "Early on in development, an infant will vary his/her utterances between sounds that are well established within the phonetic range of the language(s) most heavily spoken in their environment, which may be called \"tame\" onomatopoeia, and the full range of sounds that the vocal tract can produce, or \"wild\" onomatopoeia.", "As one begins to acquire one's first language, the proportion of \"wild\" onomatopoeia reduces in favor of sounds which are congruent with those of the language they are acquiring.", "During the native language acquisition period, it has been documented that infants may react strongly to the more wild-speech features to which they are exposed, compared to more tame and familiar speech features.", "But the results of such tests are inconclusive.", "In the context of language acquisition, sound symbolism has been shown to play an important role.", "The association of foreign words to subjects and how they relate to general objects, such as the association of the words takete and baluma with either a round or angular shape, has been tested to see how languages symbolize sounds.", "The Japanese language has a large inventory of ideophone words that are symbolic sounds.", "These are used in contexts ranging from day to day conversation to serious news.", "The two former correspond directly to the concept of onomatopoeia, while the two latter are similar to onomatopoeia in that they are intented to represent a concept mimetically and performatively rather than referentially, but different from onomatopoeia in that they aren't just imitative of sounds.", "For example, \"shiinto\" represents something being silent, just as how an anglophone might say \"clatter, crash, bang!\"", "to represent something being noisy.", "That \"representative\" or \"performative\" aspect is the similarity to onomatopoeia.", "Sometimes Japanese onomatopoeia produces reduplicated words.", "There is a documented correlation within the Malay language of onomatopoeia that begin with the sound bu- and the implication of something that is rounded.", "As well as with the sound of -lok within a word conveying curvature in such words like \"lok\", \"kelok\" and \"telok\" ('locomotive', 'cove', and 'curve' respectively).", "The Qur'an, written in Arabic, documents instances of onomatopoeia.", "Of about 77,701 words, there are nine words that are onomatopoeic: three are animal sounds (e.g., \"mooing\"), two are sounds of nature (e.g.; \"thunder\"), and four that are human sounds (e.g., \"whisper\" or \"groan\").", "There is wide array of objects and animals in the Albanian language that have been named after the sound they produce.", "Such onomatopoeic words are \"shkrepse\" (matches), named after the distinct sound of friction and ignition of the match head; \"take-tuke\" (ashtray) mimicking the sound it makes when placed on a table; \"shi\" (rain) resembling the continuous sound of pouring rain; \"kukumjaçkë\" (Little owl) after its \"cuckoo\" hoot; \"furçë\" (brush) for its rustling sound; \"shapka\" (slippers and flip-flops); \"pordhë\" (rumorous flatulence) and \"fëndë\" (silent flatulence)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 20874210, "normal_article_title": "Kazuya Maeda (footballer, born 1982)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20874210", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-20874210-0-0", "normal-20874210-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Kazuya Maeda (前田 和哉 , Maeda Kazuya , born September 8, 1982 in Wakayama) is a former Japanese football player who last featured for Giravanz Kitakyushu.", "\"Updated to 2 February 2018\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 588580, "normal_article_title": "Walter Rudolf Hess", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=588580", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-588580-0-0", "normal-588580-0-1", "normal-588580-1-0", "normal-588580-1-1", "normal-588580-1-2", "normal-588580-1-3", "normal-588580-1-4", "normal-588580-1-5", "normal-588580-1-6", "normal-588580-1-7", "normal-588580-2-0", "normal-588580-2-1", "normal-588580-2-2", "normal-588580-2-3", "normal-588580-3-0", "normal-588580-3-1", "normal-588580-3-2", "normal-588580-3-3", "normal-588580-4-0", "normal-588580-4-1", "normal-588580-4-2", "normal-588580-5-0", "normal-588580-5-1", "normal-588580-5-2", "normal-588580-5-3", "normal-588580-6-0", "normal-588580-6-1", "normal-588580-6-2", "normal-588580-6-3", "normal-588580-7-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Walter Rudolf Hess (March 17, 1881 – August 12, 1973) was a Swiss physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for mapping the areas of the brain involved in the control of internal organs.", "He shared the prize with Egas Moniz.", "Hess was born in Frauenfeld as the second of three children to Clemens Hess and Gertrud Hess (née Fischer).", "His father encouraged him to pursue a scientific career and with him he conducted experiments in his physics laboratory.", "He started to study medicine in Lausanne in 1899 and then in Berlin, Kiel and Zurich.", "He received his medical degree from the University of Zürich in 1906 and trained as surgeon in Münsterlingen (in the same canton as his birthplace Frauenfeld) under Conrad Brunner (1859 - 1927).", "He developed a viscosimeter to measure blood viscosity and published his dissertation in 1906 titled \"Zum Thema Viskosität des Blutes und Herzarbeit\".", "In 1907, he went to the University of Zurich to study under Otto Haab to be trained as an ophthalmologist and opened his own private practice in Rapperswil SG.", "In these years, he developed the \"Hess screen\", married Louise Sandmeier and in 1910 their daughter Gertrud Hess was born.", "In 1913 his son Rudolf Max Hess was born.", "In 1912, he left his lucrative private practice as an ophthalmologist and went into research under Justus Gaule (1849–1939), habilitating in 1913 to become Privatdozent.", "His main interests were the regulation of blood flow and respiration.", "During the First World War he spent a year at the Physiological Institute of the University of Bonn under Max Verworn.", "In 1916, Gaule retired and Hess first became interim director of the Department of the Physiological Institute at the University of Zürich and in 1917 he was officially promoted to full professor and director of the institute as which he served until retirement 1951.", "In the 1930s, he began mapping the parts of the diencephalon that control the internal organs using cats.", "This research won him the Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine 1949.", "Hess also helped to found the meteorological research foundation \"International Foundation for the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch \" in 1930 and served as its director until 1937.", "Furthermore, he politically campaigned against the \"anti-vivisectionists\" that wanted to forbid animal experimentation.", "Hess retired in 1951 but continued working at the university in an office.", "In 1967, he moved to Ascona and died of heart failure in 1973 at the age of 92 in Locarno, Switzerland.", "His widow died in 1987.", "Hess used brain stimulation techniques that were developed in the late 1920s, using electrodes to stimulate the brain at well-defined anatomical regions.", "This allowed him to map regions of the brain to specific physiological responses.", "He developed a special technique he called \"interrupted direct-current (DC) stimulation\" which used stimuli of long duration (typically 12.5 or 25 ms) with ramp-like upward and downward slopes.", "Also, the stimuli were rather weak (around 0.5–1.5 V) and of low frequency (2–12 Hz, usually 8 Hz) and he used very fine electrodes with a diameter of 0.25 mm.", "By stimulating the hypothalamus, he could induce behaviors from excitement to apathy; depending on the region of stimulation.", "He found that he could induce different types of responses when stimulating the anterior (lateral) hypothalamus compared to stimulating the posterior ventromedial hypothalamus.", "When stimulating the anterior part, he could induce fall of blood pressure, slowing of respiration and responses such as hunger, thirst, micturition (urination) and defecation.", "On the other hand, stimulation of the posterior part led to extreme excitement and defense-like behavior.", "Hess also found that he could induce sleep in cats — a finding that was highly controversial at the time but later confirmed by other researches, including his son Rudolf Max Hess." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 298095, "simple_article_title": "Walter Rudolf Hess", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=298095", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-298095-0-0", "simple-298095-0-1", "simple-298095-0-2", "simple-298095-0-3", "simple-298095-1-0", "simple-298095-1-1", "simple-298095-1-2", "simple-298095-1-3", "simple-298095-1-4", "simple-298095-2-0", "simple-298095-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Walter Rudolf Hess (17 March 1881 – 12 August 1973) was a Swiss physiologist.", "He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for \"locating the areas of the brain involved in the control of internal organs\".", "The prize was shared with Egas Moniz.", "Hess was born on 17 March 1881 in Frauenfeld, Switzerland and died on 12 August 1973 in Locarno, Switzerland.", "By stimulating the hypothalamus of cats with tiny electric currents, Hess induced behaviours.", "The behaviours ranged from excitement to apathy, depending on the position of the stimulation.", "He could induce different types of responses in the anterior (lateral) hypothalamus compared to stimulating the posterior ventromedial hypothalamus.", "When stimulating the anterior part, he could induce fall of blood pressure, slowing of respiration and responses such as hunger, thirst, urination and defecation.", "On the other hand, stimulation of the posterior part led to extreme excitement and defensive behaviour.", "Hess also found that he could induce sleep in cats – a finding that was highly controversial at the time but later confirmed.", "His work was important step in our understanding of neurosecretion." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1157515, "normal_article_title": "University of Bern", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1157515", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1157515-0-0", "normal-1157515-0-1", "normal-1157515-0-2", "normal-1157515-0-3", "normal-1157515-1-0", "normal-1157515-1-1", "normal-1157515-1-2", "normal-1157515-1-3", "normal-1157515-1-4", "normal-1157515-1-5", "normal-1157515-1-6", "normal-1157515-1-7", "normal-1157515-1-8", "normal-1157515-1-9", "normal-1157515-1-10", "normal-1157515-1-11", "normal-1157515-2-0", "normal-1157515-2-1", "normal-1157515-2-2", "normal-1157515-2-3", "normal-1157515-3-0", "normal-1157515-3-1", "normal-1157515-3-2", "normal-1157515-4-0", "normal-1157515-4-1", "normal-1157515-4-2", "normal-1157515-4-3", "normal-1157515-4-4", "normal-1157515-4-5", "normal-1157515-4-6", "normal-1157515-5-0", "normal-1157515-5-1", "normal-1157515-5-2", "normal-1157515-5-3", "normal-1157515-5-4", "normal-1157515-5-5", "normal-1157515-5-6", "normal-1157515-6-0", "normal-1157515-6-1", "normal-1157515-6-2", "normal-1157515-6-3", "normal-1157515-6-4", "normal-1157515-6-5", "normal-1157515-7-0", "normal-1157515-7-1", "normal-1157515-7-2", "normal-1157515-7-3", "normal-1157515-7-4", "normal-1157515-8-0", "normal-1157515-8-1", "normal-1157515-8-2", "normal-1157515-8-3", "normal-1157515-8-4", "normal-1157515-9-0", "normal-1157515-9-1", "normal-1157515-9-2", "normal-1157515-9-3", "normal-1157515-10-0", "normal-1157515-10-1", "normal-1157515-11-0", "normal-1157515-11-1", "normal-1157515-11-2", "normal-1157515-11-3", "normal-1157515-12-0", "normal-1157515-12-1", "normal-1157515-13-0", "normal-1157515-13-1", "normal-1157515-14-0", "normal-1157515-14-1", "normal-1157515-15-0", "normal-1157515-15-1", "normal-1157515-15-2", "normal-1157515-16-0", "normal-1157515-16-1", "normal-1157515-16-2", "normal-1157515-16-3", "normal-1157515-16-4", "normal-1157515-17-0", "normal-1157515-18-0", "normal-1157515-19-0", "normal-1157515-19-1", "normal-1157515-19-2", "normal-1157515-19-3", "normal-1157515-19-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The University of Bern ( , , ) is a university in the Swiss capital of Bern and was founded in 1834.", "It is regulated and financed by the Canton of Bern.", "It is a comprehensive university offering a broad choice of courses and programs in eight faculties and some 150 institutes.", "With around 18,019 students, the University of Bern is the third biggest University in Switzerland.", "The University of Bern operates at three levels: university, faculties and institutes.", "Other organizational units include interfaculty and general university units.", "The university's highest governing body is the Senate, which is responsible for issuing statutes, rules and regulations.", "Directly answerable to the Senate is the University Board of Directors, the governing body for university management and coordination.", "The Board comprises the Rector, the Vice-Rectors and the Administrative Director.", "The structures and functions of the University Board of Directors and the other organizational units are regulated by the Universities Act.", "The University of Bern had 18,019 students in 2018.", "Of these, 43 percent (7,692) were registered in bachelor programs and 26 percent (4,602) in master's programs, 16 percent (2,966) were doctoral students, and another 15 percent were enrolled in continuing education programs.", "On a regional basis, 37 percent are from the Canton of Bern itself, 12 percent are from abroad, and the remaining 51 percent were from elsewhere in Switzerland.", "There were 1,638 bachelor degree graduation, 1,629 master's degree graduations and 640 PhD student graduations in 2018.", "For some time now, the university has had more female than male students.", "At the end of 2018, women accounted for 55% of students.", "The University of Bern does not have a single large campus on the edge of the city, but has consistently pursued the principle of a university in the city.", "Most institutes and clinics are still in the Länggasse, the traditional university district adjoining the city centre, within walking distance of one another.", "The Faculty of Theology and various institutes in the Faculty of Humanities are now housed in an old chocolate factory (the \"Unitobler\"), and in 2005 the former women's hospital was refurbished to serve as a university centre for institutes in the Faculty of Law and Department of Economics (the \"UniS\").", "The vonRoll site, another former factory building, is in the process of being refurbished to house the Faculty of Human Sciences and the Department of Social Sciences.", "The roots of the University of Bern go back to the sixteenth century, when, as a consequence of the Reformation, a collegiate school was needed to train new pastors.", "As part of its reorganization of higher education, the government of Bern transformed the existing theological college into an academy with four faculties in 1805.", "Henceforth, it was possible to study not only theology in Bern, but also law and medicine.", "As in other countries of Europe, nineteenth century politics in Switzerland were dominated by the struggle between conservative and liberal currents.", "The liberals gained control of the Canton of Bern in 1831 and in 1834 turned the academy into a university, with an academic staff of 45 to teach 167 students.", "Owing to the political situation, it was not until the promulgation of the federal constitution in 1848 that the university was able to embark on a period of peaceful development.", "Between 1885 and 1900, the number of students doubled from 500 to 1,000.", "As a result, at the turn of the twentieth century the University of Bern was the largest university in Switzerland.", "This rapid growth reflected the university's attraction for foreign students, in particular Germans and Russians, who accounted for half of the total enrolment.", "It was also Russian female students who in the 1870s won the right for women to study.", "With the growing prosperity of the city of Bern, the university in the Länggasse quarter expanded at the end of the 19th century.", "In 1903, a new Main Building was inaugurated on the Grosse Schanze and the number of faculties increased.", "In 1908–09, three prominent persons put the University of Bern in the limelight.", "In 1908, Albert Einstein taught the first of three semesters of theoretical physics.", "The following year, Anna Tumarkin, a Russian philosopher, was appointed to an extraordinary professorship and thus became the first female professor at a European university entitled to examine doctoral and post-doctoral theses.", "Also in 1909, Theodor Kocher, a Bernese surgeon, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.", "In the following years the university consolidated its position as a small centre of higher learning with a stable enrollment of about 2,000 students.", "After World War II, a growing number of voices called for the expansion of tertiary education in Switzerland.", "The rapid growth in the 1950s and 1960s (enrolment at the University of Bern had already reached 5,000 in 1968) – generated pressure for expansion.", "The completely revised University Act of 1996 transformed the University of Bern from an administrative division of the Department of Education of the Canton of Bern into an autonomous institution.", "a legal entity in its own right.", "The Act clearly defined the competencies of the university and of the state.", "The university passed another milestone in 1992, when its enrolment reached 10,000.", "The Bologna Declaration ushered in the era of ECTS credits and the bachelor's and master's degree structure.", "The university set strategic research priorities, such as climate research, and promoted inter-university cooperation.", "At the same time, the university reorganized its faculties.", "With the amendment to the University Act in summer 2010, the University Board of Directors acquired the right to choose its own ordinary professors and keep its own accounts separate from the state.", "The University Board of Directors formulated a strategy in 2013, that builds on the previous strategy of 2006, the 2012 mission statement and the performance mandate for the University from the Cantonal Government.", "The medical faculties of the Universities of Bern and Basel have formed a strategic alliance in the fields of cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, pathology and microbiology.", "The Vetsuisse Faculty was created in 2006 through the merger of the Faculties of veterinary medicine of the Universities of Bern and Zurich.", "The Humanities Faculty is comparable to the arts and sciences departments of American universities and offers majors in the three areas of art and culture, archaeology and history, and languages and literature.", "The Faculty of Science focuses on the natural and life sciences.", "The Human Sciences Faculty was founded in 2005 and offers study programmes in education, sports and psychology.", "The function of these general university institutions is to promote dialogue between students in different disciplines and faculties through interdisciplinary events for academic staff and students.", "The Centre for Continuing University Education (ZUW) focuses on scientific further education.", "The selection of topics in the ZUW programmes ranges from public administration through dentistry to spiritual guidance.", "In addition, the University of Bern has also taken the lead in the German-speaking world in creating a number of novel study programmes, for instance Evaluation.", "The university has defined specific focuses of research as strategic and has established interdisciplinary centres of excellence for these that pursue an interdisciplinary approach to research and teaching.", "For example the biomedical engineering programmes of the Artificial Organ (ARTORG) Center for Biomedical Engineering Research and the Public Management and Policy programme of the Center of Competence for Public Management (CCPM).", "A number of the University's centers of excellence focus on the challenges of sustainability.", "The Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) manages research programmes in the field of sustainable development, focusing on its particular areas of expertise in integrated regional development and natural resource management.", "The World Trade Institute (WTI) manages research, education, and outreach focused on global economic governance, including global sustainability policy.", "The Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR) is at the forefront of international research on climate science and policy, and its researchers have participated as co-chair, coordinating lead authors or lead authors in all the assessment reports so far published by the IPCC.", "The Center for Space and Habitability (CSH) leads the European CHEOPS (CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite) project.", "CHEOPS is a planned European space telescope for the study of the formation of extrasolar planets, with a launch window in October to November 2019.", "Several of the centers offer specialized graduate programmes.", "For example: the biomedical engineering programmes of the Artificial Organ (ARTORG) Center for Biomedical Engineering Research; the Public Management and Policy programme of the Center of Competence for Public Management (CCPM); the WTI (offering MAS, LLM, and PhD programs in international economics and economic law); and the OCCR graduate school (offersing an MSc and a PhD program in Climate Sciences, as well as a Swiss Climate Summer School).", "As a comprehensive university, Bern covers a wide range of classical university courses in some 39 bachelor, 71 master and 69 advanced study programs.", "The Physics Institute contributed to the first flight to the moon and still carries out experiments and provides apparatus for NASA and ESA space missions on a regular basis.", "In addition to the classical disciplines, the University of Bern has also established programmes in newer ones such as sports science and theatre studies.", "It is the only institution in Switzerland with a theatre studies course that enables students to major in dance in their master program.", "The Graduate Schools for doctoral candidates offer further-reaching programmes that are closely linked to the University's research priorities in the fields of climate science, health care and penal law and criminology.", "A number of professors at the University of Bern were pioneers in their field.", "The Russian-born Anna Tumarkin was the first female professor in Europe with the right to examine doctoral and post-doctoral students.", "The physician Gabriel Gustav Valentin was the first Jewish professor to be elected to a chair at a German-speaking university.", "Theodor Oskar Rubeli was co-responsible for founding the first faculty of veterinary medicine in the world.", "Finally, the ice core analyses of physicist Hans Oeschger played a pioneering role in the development of climate research.", "In the course of its history, the University of Bern has awarded honorary doctorates to outstanding people for contributions in different fields of society.", "Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer, Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, César Roux, SIr Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Georg von Békésy, Stephen W. Kuffler, George Emil Palade, Willy Burgdorfer, Iván Böszörményi-Nagy, David Sackett, Luc Pettavino Johann Büttikofer, Hans von Euler-Chelpin, Gerold Schwarzenbach, Richard R. Ernst, David Southwood Ernst Karl Abbe, Auguste and Louis Lumière, Jean-Daniel Gerber, Thomas J. Sargent, Maureen O'Hara (professor) Albert Samuel Gatschet, Erwin Heinz Ackerknecht Joseph Simon Volmar, Albert Anker, Cuno Amiet, Rudolf Münger, Alberto Giacometti, Walter Linsenmaier, Ilya Kabakov Charles Ferdinand Ramuz, René Gardi, Kurt Marti, Stefan Heym, John Edgar Wideman, John le Carré, Eveline Hasler Charles Albert Gobat, Rudolf Minger, Annemarie Huber-Hotz, Adolf Ogi, Angela Merkel, Prince Albert II of Monaco Hermann Müller-Thurgau, Eduard Herzog, Mathis Wackernagel, Heidi Tagliavini, Hannah Cotton, Stephen Kosslyn", "Today the University of Bern is one of the top 150 universities in the world.", "In the QS World University Rankings 2019 it ranked 139th.", "The Shanghai Ranking (ARWU) 2018 ranked the University of Bern in the range 101st–150th in the world.", "In the Leiden Ranking 2015 it ranked 122nd in the world and 50th in Europe.", "In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings it ranked 110th in 2018/2019 and 2016/2017 (and 82nd in Clinical, pre-clinical & health 2017.)." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 621175, "simple_article_title": "University of Bern", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=621175", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-621175-0-0", "simple-621175-1-0", "simple-621175-2-0", "simple-621175-2-1", "simple-621175-3-0", "simple-621175-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The University of Bern (, , ) is a public university in the Swiss capital of Berne.", "The University of Bern was founded in 1834.", "It is regulated and financed by the Canton of Berne.", "It is a comprehensive university offering a broad choice of courses and programs in eight faculties and some 160 institutes.", "It has about 17,514 students.", "It is the third-largest university in Switzerland." ] } }

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"normal-393562-37-1", "normal-393562-37-2", "normal-393562-37-3", "normal-393562-38-0", "normal-393562-38-1", "normal-393562-39-0", "normal-393562-39-1", "normal-393562-39-2", "normal-393562-39-3", "normal-393562-39-4", "normal-393562-39-5", "normal-393562-39-6", "normal-393562-39-7", "normal-393562-39-8", "normal-393562-39-9", "normal-393562-40-0", "normal-393562-40-1", "normal-393562-40-2", "normal-393562-40-3", "normal-393562-40-4", "normal-393562-41-0", "normal-393562-41-1", "normal-393562-41-2", "normal-393562-42-0", "normal-393562-42-1", "normal-393562-42-2", "normal-393562-42-3", "normal-393562-42-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Killing Joke are an English rock band formed in October 1978 in Notting Hill, London, England.", "The original line-up included Jaz Coleman (vocals, keyboards), Paul Ferguson (drums), Geordie Walker (guitar) and Youth (bass).", "Their first album, \"Killing Joke\", was released in 1980.", "After the release of \"Revelations\" in 1982, bassist Youth was replaced by Paul Raven.", "The band achieved mainstream success in 1985 with both the album \"Night Time\" and the single \"Love Like Blood\".", "A key influence on industrial rock, their early music was described by critics Stephen Thomas Erlewine and John Dougan as \"quasi-metal ... dancing to a tune of doom and gloom\", which gradually evolved over the years, incorporating elements of electronic music, synthpop and gothic rock, though always emphasising Coleman's \"savagely strident vocals\".", "Killing Joke have influenced many later bands and artists, such as Metallica, Nirvana, Nine Inch Nails and Soundgarden.", "Although Coleman and Walker have been the only constant members of the band, the current line-up features all four original members.", "Paul Ferguson was the drummer in the band of Mataya Clifford (a.k.a. Mat Stagger) when he met Jaz Coleman (from Cheltenham, Gloucestershire) in Notting Hill, London.", "In October 1978, after Coleman was briefly the keyboard player in that band, he and Ferguson left to form Killing Joke.", "They placed an advertisement in \"Melody Maker\", which attracted guitarist Geordie Walker and bassist Youth.", "Coleman said their manifesto at the time was to \"define the exquisite beauty of the atomic age in terms of style, sound and form\".", "Coleman gave an explanation concerning their name: \"The killing joke is like when people watch something like Monty Python on the television and laugh, when really they're laughing at themselves.", "It's like a soldier in the first world war.", "He's in the trench, he knows his life is gone and that within the next ten minutes he's gonna be dead ... and then suddenly he realises that some cunt back in Westminster's got him sussed - 'What am I doing this for?", "I don't want to kill anyone, I'm just being controlled'.\"", "The band played their debut gig on 4 August 1979 at Cheltenham Roadmenders supporting the Ruts and the Selecter.", "By September 1979, shortly before the release of their debut EP, \"Turn to Red\", they started the Malicious Damage record label with graphic artist Mike Coles as a way to press and sell their music; Island Records distributed the records (and released their debut single \"Nervous System\"), until Malicious Damage switched to E.G. Records with distribution through Polydor from 1980.", "Killing Joke's early material \"fused together elements of punk, funk and dub reggae\".", "\"Turn to Red\" came to the attention of legendary DJ John Peel, who was keen to champion the band's urgent new sound and gave them extensive airplay.", "An \"NME\" concert review said that \"their sound is a bit like early Siouxsie and the Banshees without the thrilling, amoral imagination\".", "Concerning their live performances, it was said that \"the only animation on stage is provided by Jaz who crouches behind his synthesizer, making forays like a Neanderthal man gripped by a gesturing, gibbering fury\".", "The songs on the 1980 \"Wardance/Pssyche\" single were described as \"heavy dance music\" by the press.", "The band had changed their sound into something denser, more aggressive and more akin to heavy metal.", "Their debut album, \"Killing Joke\", was released in October 1980; the band had considered calling it \"Tomorrow's World\".", "The press started to criticize them for the lack of new material appearing on the B-sides of singles, which often featured different mixes.", "The group preferred to carry on working into the studio and released \"What's THIS For...!\"", "just eight months after \"Killing Joke\", in June 1981.", "For this second album, they hired sound engineer Nick Launay, who had previously recorded with Public Image Ltd.", "They toured extensively throughout the UK during this time, and both fans of post-punk and heavy metal took interest in Killing Joke via singles such as \"Follow the Leaders\".", "Killing Joke also became notorious largely due to the controversies that arose from their imagery.", "The images that appeared on their records and stage set were often bizarre and potentially shocking and inflammatory.", "Critics noted the band's black humour and the use of musical and visual shock tactics to create a reaction.", "The \"Wardance\" sleeve had already depicted Fred Astaire dancing in a war field.", "One promotional poster featured an original photo, erroneously believed to be of Pope Pius XI.", "The picture was of German abbot Alban Schachleiter walking among rows of Nazi soldiers offering Hitler salutes and appearing to return the salute; it was later used for the cover of the band's compilation album \"Laugh?", "I Nearly Bought One!\".", "\"Revelations\" was recorded in 1982 in Germany near Cologne with producer Conny Plank, who had previously worked for Neu!", "The album was supported by a pair of performances on BBC Radio's \"The John Peel Show\" and a slot on UK TV show \"Top of the Pops\" for \"Empire Song\".", "It was the first time that one of their albums had entered the top 20 of the UK Albums Chart: \"Revelations\" peaked at No. 12 a few weeks after its release.", "Members of the band, especially Coleman, had become immersed in the occult, particularly the works of occultist Aleister Crowley.", "In February of that year, Coleman, with Walker following shortly after, moved to Iceland to survive the Apocalypse, which Coleman predicted was coming soon.", "While in Iceland, Coleman and Walker worked with musicians from the band Þeyr in the project Niceland.", "Youth, who had stayed in England, left the band after a few months.", "He then began the band Brilliant with Ferguson, but the latter defected and travelled to Iceland to rejoin Killing Joke with new bassist Paul Raven.", "The new Killing Joke line-up soon recorded again with Plank, yielding the single \"Birds of a Feather\" and a six-track 10\" EP\" Ha!\",", ", recorded live at Larry's Hideaway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in August.", "The first album with Raven, 1983's \"Fire Dances\", had an atmosphere of tribal celebration and a slightly more melodic and accessible sound (as prefaced by the \"Birds of a Feather\" single) without compromising any of the band's key elements.", "The change was most noticeable on the title track and sole single, \"Let's All Go (To the Fire Dances)\", and was taken even further on the subsequent non-album single \"Me or You?\",", ", released in October.", "The former was also the first Killing Joke single to be promoted with a music video.", "The following year brought more changes with the arrival of producer Chris Kimsey, who had previously worked with the Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin.", "The first fruits were the singles \"Eighties\" (April 1984) and \"A New Day\" (July 1984), the former once again promoted with a video.", "They achieved mainstream success in January 1985 with the single \"Love Like Blood\", which covered all the bases from goth and new wave to pop and dance rock; it peaked at No. 16 in the UK charts.", "In Europe, it reached the No. 5 position in the Netherlands and No. 8 in Belgium.", "The song, and the earlier single \"Eighties\", were both included on their fifth album, \"Night Time\", released later that year.", "Retrospectively reviewed as \"relentlessly catchy\" and \"anthemic\", the album emphasized Coleman's increasingly melodic vocals and reached No. 11 in the UK album chart, their highest position to date.", "\"Night Time\" also became an international success, staying in the Dutch charts for nine weeks, reaching the top 10, and peaking at No. 8 in New Zealand during a 14 week stay.", "The band, still on the E.G. label, then quit their distribution deal with Polydor and signed a new one with Virgin Records.", "The follow-up, the \"flawed but likeable\" \"Brighter than a Thousand Suns\" (1986), also produced by Kimsey, led to controversy.", "The label rejected Kimsey's original mixes and had the album re-mixed against the wishes of the band, in an attempt to achieve a more commercial sound.", "The results have been retrospectively described as synth-heavy, over-polished, buried in reverb and lacking in bite.", "Their efforts were in vain, however; the record was a commercial failure compared to \"Night Time\", failing to even reach the top 50 in the UK charts.", "Its two singles fared little better: \"Adorations\" fractionally missed the UK Top 40 and \"Sanity\" peaked at number 70.", "Despite this, the band continued touring successfully until the end of the year.", "Chris Kimsey's original mixes for the album were finally restored on the 2008 re-release, resulting in much more favourable reviews than those from 1986.", "In 1987, Coleman began recording a solo album, aided by Geordie.", "Costs soon mounted however, and the record label insisted that it had to become a Killing Joke project in order to recoup their investment.", "Raven and Ferguson were then asked to participate, but only as players; they were not invited to participate in the writing or production, leading to tension and acrimony in the studio.", "Ferguson recorded drums but, according to Coleman, was fired because he wasn't able to manage the precise timings required, a version of events which Raven later rejected.", "The latter stated: \"I know Paul and when he does something he does it properly.", "If it wasn't right he would have stayed there 'til it was\".", "Session player Jimmy Copley was brought in to record the drums, supplemented by percussionist Jeff Scantlebury.", "Raven quit shortly afterwards and asked for his name to be removed from the credits, calling Coleman and Walker \"a pair of ego-strokers\".", "Coleman then delivered a lecture at London's Courtauld Institute outlining the thinking behind the album, expounding on its origins in gematria and the occult, while Walker and Scantlebury provided a minimal acoustic musical backing.", "A recording of the event was later released as \"The Courtauld Talks\".", "The resulting album, \"Outside the Gate\", was finally released the following June, and is Killing Joke's most controversial work to date due to its complex synth-led sonics, stylistic departures and widespread panning by critics and many fans.", "It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 92 and stayed for just one week.", "No gigs were played in support of the album and it was not even released in the USA.", "Virgin dropped the band two months later, by which time Coleman and Walker had become embroiled in a lengthy legal battle to extricate themselves from their contract with E.G.", "Towards the end of 1988, Coleman and Walker decided to revive the band and began looking for full-time bass players and drummers.", "First on board was drummer Martin Atkins, who had gained notability in Public Image Ltd.", "A suitable bass player proved more difficult.", "Former Smiths member Andy Rourke was hired, then dismissed after only three days.", "Eventually the band settled on Welsh bass player Dave \"Taif\" Ball, and played their first gigs in almost two years in December 1988.", "Touring continued across the UK, Europe and the US until August 1989, when the band took a break to record new material in Germany and allow Coleman time to record \"Songs from the Victorious City\" with Anne Dudley of Art of Noise.", "For reasons which remain unclear, the German sessions were shelved and bass player Taif left the band.", "He was replaced by former member Paul Raven and the revised line-up began recording again, this time in London.", "The result was Killing Joke's eighth album, \"Extremities, Dirt & Various Repressed Emotions\", released on the German Noise International label in 1990.", "It marked a return to a heavier sound, while incorporating elements of the previous two albums as well.", "Atkins continued with Walker, Raven and the band's live keyboard player, John Bechdel, as the short-lived Murder, Inc., recruiting Scottish vocalist Chris Connelly and reuniting with Ferguson as second drummer.", "A Killing Joke anthology, \"Laugh?", "I Nearly Bought One!\",", ", was released in 1992; during its production, Walker became reacquainted with Youth, who suggested that they reform the band with himself back on bass.", "That same year, two singles (on cassette and CD) appeared featuring the early songs \"Change\" and \"Wardance\" in several new versions remixed by Youth, who was by then a very successful producer.", "Coleman produced the 1993 debut album \"Churn\" by the New Zealand band Shihad, and Shihad drummer Tom Larkin played on some of the songs on the next Killing Joke album, \"Pandemonium\".", "Relations later soured between Coleman and Shihad due to a dispute over Coleman's production fee for \"Churn\".", "The reactivated Killing Joke released two strong and well-received albums on Youth's Butterfly Recordings label, \"Pandemonium\" and \"Democracy\", which saw the band shifting to a more varied approach and employing young talent like Waxworth Industries for 12-inch remixes.", "The heavy, \"trance-inducing\" \"Pandemonium\" (1994) featured some of the Egyptian musicians that Coleman had previously worked with on \"Songs from the Victorious City\", including percussionist Hossam Ramzy and violinist Aboud Abdel Al., and earned Killing Joke a memorable \"Top of the Pops\" appearance for the single \"Millennium\", which was a UK Top 40 hit (the album itself made the Top 20).", "The title track was also released as a single and made the UK Top 30.", "The album itself became Killing Joke's best-selling work.", "In 1995, the band recorded the song \"Hollywood Babylon\" for the soundtrack of Paul Verhoeven's movie \"Showgirls\".", "\"Democracy\" (1996) was more introspective and optimistic, introducing acoustic guitar into the mix, and garnered mixed reviews ranging from \"watered down\" to \"Killing Joke's best album in 11 years\".", "The title track was again released as a single and made the UK Top 40.", "Much of \"Pandemonium\" and all of \"Democracy\" featured session drummer Geoff Dugmore.", "He also played live with the band throughout this era.", "Nick Holywell-Walker joined the band on keyboards and programming for 11 years from 1994 to 2005, notably on \"Democracy\" and \"XXV Gathering\".", "Youth bowed out of live performance early in the \"Democracy\" tour and was replaced by Troy Gregory, previously of Prong.", "After the \"Democracy\" tour, the band went on an extended hiatus.", "Coleman and Youth produced a string of well-received orchestral rock albums based on the music of classic rock artists such as Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd and the Doors.", "Coleman became Composer in Residence for New Zealand and Czech symphony orchestras, and made his acting debut with the main role in the film \"Rok ďábla\" (\"Year of the Devil\") by Czech filmmaker Petr Zelenka.", "In 2002, Coleman, Walker and Youth recorded their second self-titled album with special guest Dave Grohl on drums.", "Produced by Andy Gill and released to much acclaim in 2003, it was heralded as a powerful addition to their earlier classics.", "In 2003, the band played at the biggest open air festival in Europe - Przystanek Woodstock in Poland.", "The War on Terror and the invasion of Iraq were cited as major factors in their reforming, reflected in the lyrical content of much of the album, based on themes of war, government control and Armageddon.", "The album, which fell just short of the UK Top 40 and spawned two singles, \"Loose Cannon\" (a UK Top 25 hit) and \"Seeing Red\".", "The songs were all credited to Coleman/Walker/Youth/Gill, although Raven's name is also on the list of musicians on the liner notes, marking his return to the band after more than a decade.", "The album was accompanied by a tour of the United States, Europe and Australia in 2003-2004, with ex-Prong drummer Ted Parsons on board.", "In February 2005, now with young drummer Ben Calvert (Twin Zero, Sack Trick), Killing Joke played two consecutive shows at London's Shepherds Bush Empire to commemorate their 25th anniversary.", "DVD and CD recordings from these concerts were released in the fall of the same year as \"XXV Gathering: The Band that Preys Together Stays Together\".", "In June, remastered and expanded editions of \"Pandemonium\" and \"Democracy\", were released by Cooking Vinyl.", "These were followed in July by remasters of their first four albums (\"Killing Joke\" to \"Ha!\")", "on EMI, who by then owned the E.G. Records catalogue.", "The second batch of EMI remasters would not appear until January 2008.", "That year, Reza Udhin joined the band on keyboards when they supported Mötley Crüe's British tour; they then began work on their next album in Prague.", "Killing Joke's contribution to the world of rock was recognised when they were awarded the \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" at the 2005 \"Kerrang\" Awards.", "The band recorded the new album in \"Hell\", the basement rehearsal space of Studio Faust Records in Prague, opting for simplicity and raw energy through the use of live takes with a minimum of overdubs.", "The result was \"Hosannas from the Basements of Hell\", released in April 2006, which made the UK Top 75.", "During a European tour in April 2006, Raven abruptly departed after a few dates to tour with Ministry, and was temporarily replaced by Kneill Brown.", "In October, it was announced that Coleman had been chosen as Composer in Residence for the European Union, to be commissioned to write music for special occasions.", "Early in 2007, Killing Joke released three archival collections.", "The first, \"Inside Extremities\", was a double album of material taken from the band's preparations for the \"Extremities\" album, including rehearsals, rare mixes, previously unheard track \"The Fanatic\" and a full live show from the \"Extremities\" tour.", "This was followed by two volumes of \"Bootleg Vinyl Archive\", each consisting of a 3-CD box set of live bootleg recordings originally released on vinyl in the 1980s, plus the Astoria gig from the \"Pandemonium\" tour (which was voted one of the greatest gigs of all time by \"Kerrang\").", "The 1990 album \"Extremities, Dirt & Various Repressed Emotions\", which had long been out of print, was reissued in remastered form.", "On 20 October, Raven died of heart failure prior to a recording session in Geneva, Switzerland.", "In his honour, Coleman composed the track \"The Raven King\", which appeared on the next album.", "In 2008, the second batch of albums, from \"Fire Dances\" to \"Outside the Gate\", was reissued in remastered form with bonus tracks.", "After the death of Raven, the original line-up of Coleman, Youth, Walker and Ferguson reunited.", "Coleman told \"Terrorizer\" magazine how the return of Ferguson came up after 20 years of absence: \"Everything came together when we all met at...Raven's funeral.", "It was funny the unifying effect it had on all of us.", "It made us realise our mortality and how important Killing Joke is to all of us.\"", "They assembled in Granada, Spain, to prepare a world tour consisting of two nights in various capital cities of the world, playing a programme of four complete albums.", "Recordings of the rehearsals were later released as \"Duende - The Spanish Sessions\".", "The first night was dedicated to their first two albums, \"Killing Joke\" and \"What's THIS For...!\",", ", while the second night featured large parts of \"Pandemonium\" plus some early Island singles.", "The world tour began in September in Tokyo and concluded in Chicago in October.", "An album of radio session recordings, \"The Peel Sessions 1979–1981\", was released in September 2008.", "This was the second time all 17 tracks were released in their live session form.", "The band then appeared at several festivals, including All Tomorrow's Parties, Sonisphere Festival, and Rebellion Festival, headlining the latter.", "They also performed in the Big Top Tent at the 2009 Isle Of Wight Festival after being hand-picked by Tim Burgess, frontman for the Charlatans.", "During October and November 2009, they recorded the album \"Absolute Dissent\" (2010), marking the band's 30th anniversary.", "It was preceded by the \"In Excelsis\" EP in June 2010.", "In November, the band received the \"Innovator Award\" at the 2010 \"Classic Rock\" Roll of Honour; the award was presented to Killing Joke by Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, who stated, \"I go back a long way with Jaz Coleman and the band.", "I used to go and see the band, and it was a band that really impressed me because Geordie's guitar sound was just really, really strong.", "And they were really tribal, the band, and it was really intense.", "It was just really good to hear something like that during the 80s, which sort of caved in a bit with haircuts and synthesizers\".", "The band were also honoured by \"Metal Hammer\" at their annual awards, receiving the Album of the Year award for \"Absolute Dissent\".", "In 2012, the group released \"MMXII\".", "It reached No. 44 upon its first week of release, the band's highest UK chart placement since their eponymous 2003 album of 2003, as well as charting across Europe.", "In April 2015, two limited-edition Record Store Day double LPs, \"Live at the Hammersmith Apollo 16.10.2010 Volume 1\" and \"Live at the Hammersmith Apollo 16.10.2010 Volume 2\", were issued for independent record stores in the UK.", "The band released their 15th studio album, \"Pylon\", in October 2015.", "The deluxe edition contained five additional tracks.", "A nine-date British tour followed to promote the record.", "\"Pylon\" entered the UK albums chart at No. 16, becoming the band's first UK Top 20 album since 1994.", "In November 2016, the band played at the Brixton Academy in London, before embarking on a European tour, their longest to date.", "In 2018, the band did a worldwide tour to celebrate their 40th year anniversary.", "The band called their sound \"tension music\".", "Co-founder Ferguson described it as \"the sound of the earth vomiting.", "I’m never quite sure whether to be offended by the question of 'are we punk' or not, because, I loved punk music, but we weren't.", "And I think our influences were beyond punk.", "Obviously before punk, there was Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and there was Yes even and King Crimson, and those had all influenced me as a player, and the other guys would say other things, but I'm sure they were all part of their history as well\".", "Coleman's \"menacing\" vocal style and \"terrifying growl\" have been compared to Motörhead's Lemmy.", "In the first part of their career, Coleman also played synth while singing, adding electronic atonal sounds to create a disturbing atmosphere.", "Walker's guitar style is metallic and cold.", "According to critic Simon Reynolds, Walker took Keith Levene's guitar sound from PiL to another, almost inhuman and extreme level.", "Ferguson's tribal drum style has been compared to early Siouxsie and the Banshees.", "Coleman had stated in early 1980 that Ferguson listened to the Banshees.", "In his review of \"What's THIS For...!\"", "critic Kris Needs commented on the band's song structures, noting that \"the choruses consist mainly of the song titles repeated\".", "Killing Joke have inspired artists of different genres.", "They have been namechecked by several heavy rock bands such as Metallica and Soundgarden.", "Metallica covered \"The Wait\" and James Hetfield picked Coleman as one of his favourite singers.", "Soundgarden cited them as one of their main influences when they started playing.", "Helmet covered \"Primitive\" in 1993.", "Faith No More stated that all of their members liked the group, qualifying them as a \"great band\".", "Walker's style inspired Kurt Cobain's work with Nirvana, according to Bill Janovitz of AllMusic, with the use of a metallic sound mixed with a shimmering chorused effect.", "Foo Fighters, Nirvana drummer Grohl's subsequent band, covered \"Requiem\" in 1997.", "Metal band Fear Factory covered \"Millenium\" in 2005.", "Jane's Addiction said that the group was one of their influences; singer Perry Farrell was inspired by the percussive and tribal aspect of their music.", "The band have inspired many industrial bands, including Nine Inch Nails and Ministry.", "They have been cited by Trent Reznor, Nine Inch Nails's leader, who mentioned his interest in their early material, and said that he studied their music.", "Al Jourgensen of Ministry described himself as a \"big fan\" of the group.", "Marilyn Manson listened to them during his formative years.", "Godflesh frontman Justin Broadrick was particularly influenced by their early releases containing dub versions.", "The group has also been cited by alternative music acts such as My Bloody Valentine and LCD Soundsystem.", "Shoegazing guitarist and composer Kevin Shields of My Bloody Valentine mentioned the band and specifically praised Walker's touch, which he described as \"this effortless playing producing a monstruous sound\".", "In 2002, James Murphy of dance-punk band LCD Soundsystem sampled the music of \"Change\" on his debut single, \"Losing My Edge\".", "Killing Joke were the subject of a feature-length documentary film, \"The Death and Resurrection Show\" (2013), by Shaun Pettigrew.", "The film was shown in various festivals between 2013 and 2014.", "Co-produced by Coleman, it combined archive footage of Killing Joke over the previous decades with tour footage, recording sessions and interviews with subjects including the members of the band, Page, Grohl, Peter Hook and Alex Paterson.", "\"The Death and Resurrection Show\" was broadcast on Sundance TV and was then released on DVD via the film's website in 2017.", "\"Uncut\" rated it 9 out of 10, saying \"Shaun Pettigrew's film mixes outlandish anecdotes, arcane philosophy and blistering music\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 131626, "simple_article_title": "Killing Joke", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=131626", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-131626-0-0", "simple-131626-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Killing Joke are an industrial rock band from England.", "They have been called a key influence on the industrial rock genre." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 15010960, "normal_article_title": "Riki Sorsa", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15010960", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-15010960-0-0", "normal-15010960-0-1", "normal-15010960-0-2", "normal-15010960-0-3", "normal-15010960-0-4", "normal-15010960-0-5", "normal-15010960-1-0", "normal-15010960-1-1", "normal-15010960-1-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Richard Esko \"Riki\" Sorsa (26 December 1952 – 10 May 2016) was a Finnish pop singer.", "He started his career in 1974 as the lead singer in the band The Zoo.", "He represented Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1981 with the entry \"Reggae OK\", a reggae influenced song in Finnish which came 16th (out of 20 countries).", "The song was composed by Jim Pembroke, the lyrics were written by Olli Ojala, and it was conducted by Otto Donner.", "Sorsa released several albums, singing in Finnish, Swedish, and English.", "Sorsa died of cancer on 10 May 2016.", "Sorsa's parents were Esko Sorsa, a goldsmith and entrepreneur, and , a ballerina.", "His maternal grandfather was a Swedish-speaking Finn and maternal grandmother Russian.", "Sorsa's brother is a Swedish music producer." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 541486, "simple_article_title": "Riki Sorsa", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541486", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-541486-0-0", "simple-541486-0-1", "simple-541486-0-2", "simple-541486-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Richard Esko \"Riki\" Sorsa (26 December 1952 – 9 May 2016) was a Finnish pop singer.", "He started his career in 1974 as the lead singer in the band The Zoo.", "He represented Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1981 with the song \"Reggae OK\".", "Sorsa died of cancer on 10 May 2016, aged 63." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 43229140, "normal_article_title": "2014–15 Frauen-Bundesliga", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43229140", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-43229140-0-0", "normal-43229140-0-1", "normal-43229140-0-2", "normal-43229140-1-0", "normal-43229140-1-1", "normal-43229140-1-2", "normal-43229140-2-0", "normal-43229140-3-0", "normal-43229140-3-1", "normal-43229140-3-2", "normal-43229140-4-0", "normal-43229140-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The 2014–15 season of the Frauen-Bundesliga was the 25th season of Germany's premier women's football league.", "The season began on 30 August 2014 and ended on 10 May 2015.", "VfL Wolfsburg were the defending champions.", "This season was the first to be sponsored by a company.", "Allianz bought the rights and the league is known as the Allianz-Frauen Bundesliga.", "As a direct result, each team got €100,000 per season.", "Bayern Munich won the Bundesliga title for the first time, and their second German championship overall.", "The teams promoted from the previous 2.", "Bundesliga season were SC Sand as winners of the Southern division and Herforder SV as winners of the Northern division.", "BV Cloppenburg and VfL Sindelfingen were relegated.", "Frankfurt also qualified to the Champions League as title holders.", "Célia Šašić defended her top-scorer title from last year." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 506067, "simple_article_title": "2014–15 Bundesliga (women)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=506067", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-506067-0-0", "simple-506067-0-1", "simple-506067-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The 2014–15 Frauen Bundesliga was the 25th season of the Frauen Bundesliga in Germany.", "It took place from 30 August 2014 to 10 May 2015.", "Bayern Munich won their first Bundesliga title." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3314407, "normal_article_title": "Arrondissement of Loches", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3314407", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3314407-0-0", "normal-3314407-0-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The arrondissement of Loches is an arrondissement of France in the Indre-et-Loire department in the Centre-Val de Loire region.", "Since the January 2017 reorganization of the arrondissements of Indre-et-Loire, it has 112 communes." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 563240, "simple_article_title": "Arrondissement of Loches", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=563240", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-563240-0-0", "simple-563240-0-1", "simple-563240-1-0", "simple-563240-2-0", "simple-563240-3-0", "simple-563240-3-1", "simple-563240-4-0", "simple-563240-5-0", "simple-563240-6-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The arrondissement of Loches is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre-et-Loire department, Centre-Val de Loire region.", "Its capital is the city of Loches.", "When the Indre-et-Loire department was created on 1800, the \"arrondissement\" of Loches was part of that original department.", "In 1926, the \"arrondissement\" of Loches was eliminated but in 1943 it was made again an \"arrondissement\" of the Indre-et-Loire department.", "The \"arrondissement\" of Loches is the southeast of the Indre-et-Loire department.", "It is bordered to the north by the Tours \"arrondissement\", to the northeast by the Loir-et-Cher department, to the east and southeast by the Indre department, to the southwest by the Vienne department and to the west by the Chinon \"arrondissement\"", "The \"arrondissement\" of Loches is the second largest \"arrondissement\" of the department in area, 1803.4 km2, but the one with fewest people living in it with 50,740 inhabitants.", "After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the \"arrondissements\" so they could have \"communes\" that belong to different \"arrondissements\".", "The \"arrondissement\" of Loches has 113 \"communes\"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 172564, "normal_article_title": "Route inspection problem", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=172564", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-172564-0-0", "normal-172564-0-1", "normal-172564-0-2", "normal-172564-0-3", "normal-172564-1-0", "normal-172564-1-1", "normal-172564-2-0", "normal-172564-2-1", "normal-172564-2-2", "normal-172564-2-3", "normal-172564-2-4", "normal-172564-2-5", "normal-172564-2-6", "normal-172564-2-7", "normal-172564-2-8", "normal-172564-2-9", "normal-172564-2-10", "normal-172564-3-0", "normal-172564-3-1", "normal-172564-3-2", "normal-172564-3-3", "normal-172564-4-0", "normal-172564-4-1", "normal-172564-4-2", "normal-172564-4-3", "normal-172564-4-4", "normal-172564-4-5", "normal-172564-5-0", "normal-172564-5-1", "normal-172564-6-0", "normal-172564-7-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In graph theory, a branch of mathematics and computer science, the Chinese postman problem (CPP), postman tour or route inspection problem is to find a shortest closed path or circuit that visits every edge of an (connected) undirected graph.", "When the graph has an Eulerian circuit (a closed walk that covers every edge once), that circuit is an optimal solution.", "Otherwise, the optimization problem is to find the smallest number of graph edges to duplicate (or the subset of edges with the minimum possible total weight) so that the resulting multigraph does have an Eulerian circuit.", "It may be solved in polynomial time.", "The problem was originally studied by the Chinese mathematician Kwan Mei-Ko in 1960, whose Chinese paper was translated into English in 1962.", "The original name \"Chinese postman problem\" was coined in his honor; different sources credit the coinage either to Alan J. Goldman or Jack Edmonds, both of whom were at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards at the time.", "The undirected route inspection problem may be solved in polynomial time by an algorithm based on the concept of a \"T\"-join.", "Let \"T\" be a subset of the vertex set of a graph.", "An edge set \"J\" is called a \"T-join if the collection of vertices that have an odd number of incident edges in \"J\" is exactly the set \"T\".", "A \"T\"-join exists whenever every connected component of the graph contains an even number of vertices in \"T\".", "The \"T-join problem is to find a \"T\"-join with the minimum possible number of edges or the minimum possible total weight.", "For any \"T\", a smallest \"T\"-join (when it exists) necessarily consists of formula_1 paths that join the vertices of \"T\" in pairs.", "The paths will be such that the total length or total weight of all of them is as small as possible.", "In an optimal solution, no two of these paths will share any edge, but they may have shared vertices.", "A minimum \"T\"-join can be obtained by constructing a complete graph on the vertices of \"T\", with edges that represent shortest paths in the given input graph, and then finding a minimum weight perfect matching in this complete graph.", "The edges of this matching represent paths in the original graph, whose union forms the desired \"T\"-join.", "Both constructing the complete graph, and then finding a matching in it, can be done in O(\"n\") computational steps.", "For the route inspection problem, \"T\" should be chosen as the set of all odd-degree vertices.", "By the assumptions of the problem, the whole graph is connected (otherwise no tour exists), and by the handshaking lemma it has an even number of odd vertices, so a \"T\"-join always exists.", "Doubling the edges of a \"T\"-join causes the given graph to become an Eulerian multigraph (a connected graph in which every vertex has even degree), from which it follows that it has an Euler tour, a tour that visits each edge of the multigraph exactly once.", "This tour will be an optimal solution to the route inspection problem.", "On a directed graph, the same general ideas apply, but different techniques must be used.", "If the directed graph is Eulerian, one need only find an Euler cycle.", "If it is not, one must find \"T\"-joins, which in this case entails finding paths from vertices with an in-degree greater than their out-degree to those with an out-degree greater than their in-degree such that they would make in-degree of every vertex equal to its out-degree.", "This can be solved as an instance of the minimum-cost flow problem in which there is one unit of supply for every unit of excess in-degree, and one unit of demand for every unit of excess out-degree.", "As such it is solvable in O(|\"V\"||\"E\"|) time.", "A solution exists if and only if the given graph is strongly connected.", "The windy postman problem is a variant of the route inspection problem in which the input is an undirected graph, but where each edge may have a different cost for traversing it in one direction than for traversing it in the other direction.", "In contrast to the solutions for directed and undirected graphs, it is NP-complete.", "Various combinatorial problems have been reduced to the Chinese Postman Problem, including finding a maximum cut in a planar graph and a minimum-mean length circuit in an undirected graph.", "A few variants of the Chinese Postman Problem have been studied and shown to be NP-complete." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 21675, "simple_article_title": "Chinese postman problem", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21675", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-21675-0-0", "simple-21675-0-1", "simple-21675-0-2", "simple-21675-1-0", "simple-21675-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Chinese postman problem is a mathematical problem of graph theory.", "It is also known as .", "Suppose there is a mailman who needs to deliver mail to a certain neighbourhood.", "If the graph travelled has an Eulerian path, this circuit is the ideal solution.", "Alan Goldman of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards first coined the name 'Chinese Postman Problem' for this problem, as it was originally studied by the Chinese mathematician Mei-Ku Kuan in 1962." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 22048328, "normal_article_title": "Robin van Persie", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22048328", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-22048328-0-0", "normal-22048328-0-1", "normal-22048328-0-2", "normal-22048328-1-0", "normal-22048328-1-1", "normal-22048328-1-2", "normal-22048328-1-3", "normal-22048328-1-4", "normal-22048328-1-5", "normal-22048328-1-6", "normal-22048328-1-7", "normal-22048328-2-0", "normal-22048328-2-1", "normal-22048328-2-2", "normal-22048328-2-3", "normal-22048328-3-0", "normal-22048328-3-1", "normal-22048328-3-2", "normal-22048328-4-0", "normal-22048328-4-1", "normal-22048328-4-2", "normal-22048328-4-3", "normal-22048328-4-4", "normal-22048328-4-5", "normal-22048328-4-6", "normal-22048328-4-7", "normal-22048328-4-8", "normal-22048328-5-0", "normal-22048328-5-1", "normal-22048328-5-2", "normal-22048328-5-3", "normal-22048328-5-4", "normal-22048328-6-0", "normal-22048328-6-1", 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"normal-22048328-22-7", "normal-22048328-23-0", "normal-22048328-23-1", "normal-22048328-23-2", "normal-22048328-23-3", "normal-22048328-23-4", "normal-22048328-24-0", "normal-22048328-24-1", "normal-22048328-24-2", "normal-22048328-24-3", "normal-22048328-24-4", "normal-22048328-25-0", "normal-22048328-25-1", "normal-22048328-25-2", "normal-22048328-25-3", "normal-22048328-25-4", "normal-22048328-26-0", "normal-22048328-26-1", "normal-22048328-26-2", "normal-22048328-26-3", "normal-22048328-26-4", "normal-22048328-26-5", "normal-22048328-27-0", "normal-22048328-28-0", "normal-22048328-28-1", "normal-22048328-28-2", "normal-22048328-28-3", "normal-22048328-29-0", "normal-22048328-29-1", "normal-22048328-29-2", "normal-22048328-29-3", "normal-22048328-30-0", "normal-22048328-30-1", "normal-22048328-30-2", "normal-22048328-30-3", "normal-22048328-30-4", "normal-22048328-30-5", "normal-22048328-30-6", "normal-22048328-31-0", "normal-22048328-31-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Robin van Persie (] ; born 6 August 1983) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a forward.", "He is regarded as one of the best strikers of his generation.", "He is the record goal scorer of all time for the Netherlands national team.", "He made his senior debut during the 2001–02 season, which culminated with victory in the 2002 UEFA Cup Final; he was also named as the Dutch Football Talent of the Year.", "After five years with Feyenoord, he fell out with manager Bert van Marwijk, and he joined English club Arsenal in 2004 for £2.75 million as a long-term replacement for compatriot Dennis Bergkamp.", "At Arsenal, Van Persie won the 2004 FA Community Shield and the 2004–05 FA Cup.", "He scored a club record of 35 goals in 2011 and was club captain for the 2011–12 season, prior to joining rivals Manchester United in July 2012.", "In his first season, he won the 2012–13 Premier League and finished as the league's top scorer with 26 goals, winning his second consecutive Premier League Golden Boot award.", "After two injury-hit seasons followed, Van Persie fell out of favour at Manchester United and he was allowed to leave for Fenerbahçe in July 2015.", "During his spell in Turkey, Van Persie featured regularly in his first season, but saw limitations in playing time in the following two campaigns after suffering with injuries, with both club and player agreeing to a buyout in January 2018, after which he rejoined Feyenoord on a free transfer.", "By the end of the season he had helped his boyhood team win the Dutch Cup, his first trophy since the 2013 FA Community Shield.", "After representing the Netherlands at under-17, under-19 and under-21 level, Van Persie made his senior international debut in 2005 in a friendly match against Romania.", "A month later, he scored his first senior international goal in a 4–0 win over Finland.", "Van Persie has over 100 caps and has scored 50 goals for the Netherlands, making him their top scorer of all time.", "He has represented his country at the 2006, 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, and the 2008 and 2012 UEFA European Championships.", "Born in Rotterdam, Van Persie joined the youth squad of local side SBV Excelsior when he was five, but left for Feyenoord at the age of 16 after falling out with the Excelsior coaching staff over his \"petulant\" attitude.", "An injury crisis at Feyenoord meant he was quickly promoted into the first team, and made his debut for the club at 17, the first of 15 total starts during the 2001–02 season.", "After starting for Feyenoord in the final of the UEFA Cup, Van Persie received the KNVB Best Young Talent award.", "The following season, Van Persie signed a three-and-a-half-year professional contract with Feyenoord, and scored five goals in a 6–1 KNVB Cup thrashing of AGOVV Apeldoorn on 6 February 2003.", "However, clashes with his manager Bert van Marwijk saw Van Persie demoted to the reserve squad, and an irate Van Marwijk told reporters, \"His behaviour made it impossible for him to remain in the squad any longer so he will join the reserve side for the time being.\"", "During a match featuring the Feyenoord and Ajax reserves, he was one of several Feyenoord players assaulted by hooligans who had invaded the pitch.", "Van Persie's rift with Van Marwijk continued when he was sent home on the eve of the 2002 UEFA Super Cup final against Real Madrid after the coach was displeased with Van Persie's body language after being asked to warm up for a Champions League qualifier.", "Van Persie finished his tumultuous first full season with the first team having scored eight goals in a total of 28 appearances, in addition to finishing runner-up in the KNVB Cup.", "Feyenoord unsuccessfully attempted to extend Van Persie's contract during the off-season, and his deteriorating relationship with Van Marwijk led to his spending most of the 2003–04 season on the bench.", "He again played 28 matches, but finished with two fewer goals than the previous season.", "Feyenoord shopped him at the end of the campaign but found few takers due to Van Persie's past disciplinary issues.", "During the January transfer window, the Eredivisie club opened negotiations with Arsenal, who were seeking a long-term replacement for aging veteran Dennis Bergkamp, but both parties could not agree to terms.", "On 17 May 2004, Van Persie signed a four-year deal with Arsenal for £2.75 million, just over half of Feyenoord's original asking price of £5 million.", "Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger, who planned to convert Van Persie from a left winger to a centre forward as he had successfully done with star player Thierry Henry, said of his new acquisition, \"He can play on the left side of midfield, as a creative player behind the main strikers or as a target man.\"", "Arsenal had further padded their stable of strikers in January by signing Spanish forward José Antonio Reyes, leaving the two to battle for playing time.", "Van Persie made his debut and won a trophy in the process, as he came on as a substitute in the 3–1 FA Community Shield victory over Manchester United on 8 August 2004.", "Van Persie spent most of his time on the bench during earlier parts of the 2004–05 season, and made his competitive debut on 27 October by scoring Arsenal's opening goal in a 2–1 League Cup win over Manchester City.", "He was sent off for the first time, however, in an Arsenal shirt on 26 February during a 1–1 road draw with Southampton, following a lunge at left-back Graeme Le Saux, for which Wenger was seen yelling an obscenity at Van Persie from the sidelines.", "He then later lambasted his charge in the press.", "\"I do not support Van Persie today, but he did not look out of control at half-time.", "When the referee has sent off a home player, he is under pressure, so, if any player had to behave, it was him.\"", "Meanwhile, \"Telegraph\" sportswriter Clive White described Van Persie in his match report as \"\"21 going on nine.\"\"", "Van Persie was consequently benched for a number of games, starting with Arsenal's upcoming replay in the FA Cup against Sheffield United, and he was reintroduced into the squad only after Henry was out with a calf injury, and his return to the first team saw him score twice in a Cup semi-final win over Blackburn Rovers.", "He came on as a substitute in the final and scored one of the penalties in the shootout as Arsenal beat Manchester United.", "The end of Van Persie's season was disrupted by injury, and he finished with ten goals in 41 appearances in all competitions.", "Van Persie's good form at the start of the 2005–06 season earned him the Premier League Player of the Month award for November 2005 after eight goals in eight starts, and he was rewarded with a five-year contract extension until 2011 on 4 January.", "Two days after signing the contract, however, Van Persie was again hit by injury when an opponent stepped on his foot and broke his toe during an FA Cup match against Cardiff.", "Van Persie played the next three matches with a hole cut into his shoe to alleviate the pain until he was finally rested for Arsenal's Premier League match against West Ham United on 1 February.", "He was an unused substitute in Arsenal's first Champions League final appearance, a 2–1 loss to Barcelona.", "The beginning of the 2006–07 season included an airborne volley against Charlton Athletic that Wenger called \"\"the goal of a lifetime\"\" and was later named BBC Sport's \"Goal of the Month\" for September, and he capped off the calendar year by being named the 2006 Rotterdam Sportsman of the Year.", "His season, however, ended early for the second time in his career on 21 January, when he fractured the fifth metatarsal in his right foot while celebrating his late equalizer in a match against Manchester United.", "Although Van Persie was injured for a large part of the season he still managed to finish as Arsenal's top goalscorer with 13 goals in all competitions.", "After Henry departed for Barcelona prior to the 2007–08 season, Van Persie assumed the role as Arsenal's main striker.", "Following a streak of seven goals in ten regular-season games, Van Persie was sidelined for two months with a knee injury suffered on international duty.", "He made his comeback in Arsenal's Champions League group stage win over Steaua București on 12 December and made his Premier League return in the win against Chelsea over the weekend.", "He picked up, however, a recurrent injury that kept him sidelined until January when he played 45 minutes in a League Cup game against Tottenham Hotspur.", "He was withdrawn at half-time following another injury scare and featured sporadically throughout the rest of the campaign.", "Van Persie opened his 2008–09 account on 31 August with a brace in Arsenal's 3–0 league victory over Newcastle United.", "On 29 October, he scored his fiftieth career Arsenal goal in a 4–4 home draw with North London derby rivals Tottenham, but was hit with his first red card of the season on 1 November after knocking down goalkeeper Thomas Sørensen with a shoulder charge in a 2–1 loss to Stoke City.", "Sørensen later admitted to \"teasing\" Van Persie in an attempt to provoke a reaction.", "On 30 November, he scored a brace against Chelsea to help Arsenal come from behind and pick up a 2–1 victory at Stamford Bridge.", "On 21 December 2008, he scored a spectacular goal against Liverpool, which was later named the second BBC Goal of the Month of his career.", "With captain Cesc Fàbregas injured and regular stand-in skipper Manuel Almunia rested, Van Persie captained Arsenal for the first time on 3 January 2009 for the club's 3–1 FA Cup Third Round victory over Plymouth Argyle.", "Van Persie scored Arsenal's first and third goals, while the second was a result of his cross being deflected into the net by a Plymouth player for an own goal.", "In January 2009, every Arsenal goal that month was either scored or assisted by Van Persie, which earned him the club's Player of the Month award.", "His most inspirational display being against Hull City, where he struck the post with a freekick, and provided three assists to his teammates; he later received the Man of the Match award.", "On 24 February, Van Persie scored a crucial penalty that earned Arsenal a 1–0 win over Roma in the UEFA Champions League Round of 16 encounter, after he was fouled by defender Philippe Mexès.", "He followed it up with a fifth Champions League goal by converting another penalty against Villarreal in a 3–0 victory.", "On the final day of the Premier League, Van Persie scored a brace against Stoke City, which guaranteed him for the second time in his career as Arsenal's top scorer.", "He had his best season overall for Arsenal as he scored 11 Premier League goals, along with a league-leading 11 assists and a career-best of 20 goals in all competitions.", "Van Persie was named the 2008–09 Arsenal.com Player of the Season.", "With only one year remaining of his contract, Van Persie was in negotiations with Arsenal about an extension for several months in 2009.", "Finally, it was announced in July that he had signed a new long-term contract with his club, stating, \"My heart is with Arsenal and I just can't picture myself in a different shirt.\"", "The departure of Emmanuel Adebayor also meant that the Dutchman was now the main striker in Wenger's 4–3–3 system.", "Van Persie started the 2009–10 season with two assists in the first match against Everton, which led to a 6–1 victory.", "As one of the first choice penalty and corner takers, he has set up many of Arsenal's goals, including Thomas Vermaelen's debut goal against Everton.", "He scored his first goal of the season in the 4–2 loss at Eastlands to Manchester City, where he later had his head stomped on by former teammate Adebayor (an act the referee failed to notice, but the FA later charged Adebayor with violent conduct and served him with a three-game suspension).", "He then scored goals against Olympiacos, Fulham, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, West Ham United, and Tottenham.", "Van Persie's excellent form in October did not go unrecognised as he was named Premier League Player of the Month for October, his second such award.", "On 14 November, however, he injured his ankle in an international friendly and was initially expected to be out for six weeks, but further tests showed that he would be out of action for five months.", "Van Persie made his return on 14 April, in a 2–1 loss to Tottenham Hotspur.", "He then scored a header against Blackburn Rovers in the 2–1 defeat, and a goal assisted by Theo Walcott in the 4–0 win over Fulham in the last league game of 2009–10 season.", "Before the start of the 2010–11 season, Van Persie changed his squad number to 10, previously worn by Arsenal and Netherlands legend Dennis Bergkamp.", "He made his 200th appearance on 28 August but an ankle injury suffered in the same game placed him on the sidelines once again.", "He returned as a substitute for Arsenal's 1–0 home defeat to Newcastle United on 7 November.", "On 1 January 2011, van Persie scored his first goal of the season in a 3–0 away win over Birmingham City.", "On 15 January, he added two more goals to his tally in a comfortable 3–0 win over West Ham.", "This made him only the fourth Dutchman to reach 50 goals in England's top division.", "Van Persie scored his first career hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Wigan Athletic on 22 January and two goals against Newcastle United in a 4–4 draw on 5 February.", "Continuing his fine form, he hit a brace the following week against Wolverhampton Wanderers scoring both Arsenal goals in a 2–0 win including a volley from inside the box.", "The ten goals he scored between 1 January and 12 February set a new Premier League record for most goals scored in the first two months of a calendar year.", "Van Persie set the Emirates alight with a goal from an almost impossible angle in Arsenal's fightback against Barcelona in the UEFA Champions League Round of 16, which ended 2–1 in favour of the Gunners.", "On 27 February 2011, Van Persie captained Arsenal at Wembley Stadium in the League Cup final, scoring the first half equalizer for the Gunners.", "It was his first goal at Wembley and his first in a cup final for Arsenal.", "However, he was later taken off in the second half with a knee injury he picked up while scoring the goal.", "On 1 March 2011, he was ruled out for three weeks, which would see him miss the Champions League return leg with Barcelona.", "However, he recovered in time for the return leg at Camp Nou.", "During the game, he received a yellow card in the first half for a foul.", "In the second half, he was sent off after he received a second yellow card when the referee, Massimo Busacca, deemed him to be time-wasting by taking a shot at goal after the whistle was blown (one second earlier) for offside.", "Barcelona went on to score twice more and advanced to the quarter finals on a 4–3 aggregate result.", "Afterwards, Van Persie branded Busacca's decision as a \"total joke\", claiming that with the noise of the 95,000-strong crowd he could not hear the whistle.", "On 19 March 2011, he scored the equalizing goal in a 2–2 against West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns.", "The match finished 2–2 with Arsenal still five points behind the current leaders, Manchester United.", "On 10 April 2011 in a match against Blackpool, Van Persie put in a Man of the Match performance to give Arsenal a crucial 3–1 win as he set up a goal and scored the third.", "On 24 April 2011, he became the first player to score in seven successive Premier League away games when he scored against Bolton, beating Didier Drogba's record who was on six successive away games, between August and November 2009.", "However, the \"Gunners\" lost 2–1, all but ending their title hopes.", "On 1 May he assisted Aaron Ramsey who scored the winning goal against league leaders Manchester United to add a twist to the Premier League.", "Van Persie was named Premier League Player of the Month for April.", "On 8 May 2011, Arsenal lost 3–1 against Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium.", "Van Persie scored the goal for Arsenal and extended his Premier League record by scoring in an eighth successive away match.", "In the last home game of the season, he scored against Aston Villa, but Arsenal lost the match 2–1.", "In the last game of the season away to Fulham, he managed to score in his ninth consecutive away match, bringing his goal tally for the season to a personal record of 18 league goals.", "He also equalled the record held by Cristiano Ronaldo and Thierry Henry by scoring 18 league goals from the turn of the year to the end of the season.", "He ended the season just two goals behind joint league top scorers, Carlos Tevez and Dimitar Berbatov in the race for the golden boot, despite being injured for half of the season.", "He was voted as the second best player of the 2010–11 season on Arsenal's official website and also received the team's Goal of the Season award for his audacious strike in the 2–1 victory over Barcelona in the Champions League.", "Having been appointed vice-captain for the 2010–11 season, Van Persie was promoted to club captain following the transfer of Cesc Fàbregas to FC Barcelona at the start of the 2011–12 season.", "On 24 August, Van Persie scored his first goal of the 2011–12 season in the second leg of Arsenal's 2–1 away victory against Udinese in a Champions League play off match.", "On 24 September 2011, he scored twice against Bolton Wanderers to raise his tally for Arsenal to 100 goals, becoming the 17th Arsenal player to reach this milestone.", "On 16 October 2011, he scored the fastest goal of the 2011–12 Premier League season, 28 seconds into a home match against Sunderland.", "He went on to score a late winner from a curling left foot free kick, to put Arsenal 2–1 ahead.", "After the match, Van Persie stated his dedication to the club after speculation surrounding a future transfer away from the Emirates.", "On 23 October, he came on as a substitute in the 66th minute replacing Marouane Chamakh and scored two goals against Stoke City.", "The match ended 3–1 with another home win for Arsenal.", "He then continued his scoring run for Arsenal on 29 October by scoring a hat-trick in Arsenal's 5–3 victory against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.", "Due to his consistent performances and good goal-scoring form, Van Persie was named the Premier League Player of the Month for October 2011.", "He continued scoring as he scored Arsenal's opening goal of the match in their 3–0 win over West Bromwich Albion on 5 November along with two assists.", "After the international break, he scored both Arsenal goals against Norwich City to help the Gunners to a 2–1 win on 19 November 2011.", "In Van Persie's fifth Champions League match of the season he scored twice in the 49th and 86th minute to lift Arsenal to a 2–1 victory over Borussia Dortmund and to qualify Arsenal for the knockout phase on 23 November 2011.", "After failing to score against Fulham, Van Persie scored again for Arsenal, this time against Wigan Athletic to make the score 4–0 to Arsenal on 3 December 2011.", "He then added to his tally with the only goal of the game against Everton, an exquisite volley from an Alex Song long ball.", "The following match, versus Aston Villa, saw him score a penalty and provide an assist.", "Van Persie's final goal of the 2011 calendar year came in Arsenal's one-goal win over Queens Park Rangers on the last day of the year.", "The goal took his tally for the year to 35 goals, one short of Alan Shearer's Premier League record.", "The following calendar year started in the same fashion for Van Persie, but Arsenal began to falter, losing three consecutive matches against Fulham, Manchester United and Swansea City, even though the Dutchman scored in the latter two.", "On 29 January, he rescued his team, scoring two penalties against Aston Villa in the fourth round of the FA Cup to help Arsenal to a 3–2 win after falling 2–0 down in a Man of the Match performance.", "It was also his 120th goal in an Arsenal shirt, equalling fellow Dutch legend Dennis Bergkamp's total.", "On 4 February, he overtook Bergkamp as the 10th highest scorer in Arsenal's history, scoring another hat-trick as Arsenal beat Blackburn 7–1 at home, with three close-range goals from crosses by Theo Walcott and Francis Coquelin.", "He was also credited with two assists in the game as he set up Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain's first Premier League goal and unselfishly passed to Thierry Henry enabling him to score his first Premier League goal since returning on loan.", "With Arsenal in unpredictable form, Van Persie was again of supreme importance for Arsenal, this time in the North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur, played on 26 February.", "Arsenal went 2–0 down at half in the first half, but Van Persie equalised before half-time.", "In the second half, he gave the assist to Walcott's goal as Arsenal performed a remarkable comeback to win the game 5–2.", "A week later, Van Persie scored both goals in a 2–1 away win at Liverpool, one being a left-footed volley assisted by Alex Song, similar to the goal he scored against Everton earlier in the campaign.", "On 11 April 2012, after scoring the penalty against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 3–0 away win, he became only the second player, after Ian Wright, to score against 17 different Premier League opponents in a 20 team campaign.", "He finished as the top goal-scorer in the Premier League with 30 goals, and became Arsenal's 8th all-time top scorer with 132 goals.", "On 4 July 2012, Van Persie announced that he would not be signing a new contract with Arsenal.", "On 15 August 2012, Arsenal announced they had agreed terms with Manchester United for his transfer, but Van Persie had yet to agree personal terms with the club.", "On 17 August, Van Persie transferred to Manchester United for an initial £22.5 million, with an additional £1.5 million to follow if United won a Premier League or Champions League title within the next four years.", "He signed a four-year contract, keeping him at the club until June 2016.", "Van Persie chose the number 20 shirt after assistant coach Rene Meulensteen convinced him that he would help secure Manchester United's 20th league title.", "He made his debut on 20 August, coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Danny Welbeck in a 1–0 loss to Everton.", "Five days later, with his first shot for the club, he scored his first Manchester United goal, United's first in a 3–2 home victory over Fulham.", "On 2 September 2012, he scored his first hat-trick for United in another 3–2 victory over Southampton, helping pull United back from a 2–1 deficit; his third goal was his 100th in the Premier League.", "Van Persie netted a late penalty on 23 September to give United a 2–1 away win at Anfield against Liverpool, and opened his European account with the club, scoring a brace in the 2–1 away win against CFR Cluj, with both goals assisted by Wayne Rooney.", "On 20 October, Van Persie scored United's second goal in a 4–2 win over Stoke City, opening up his body and guiding a cross into the far corner with his left foot.", "In the next Premier League game against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge, he scored his seventh goal in the league, with a sidefoot finish from Antonio Valencia's driven cross to put United 2–0 up.", "He also played a part in the first goal, firing a shot against the post that cannoned off David Luiz and into the net, in a 3–2 United win.", "On 3 November, he scored against his former club Arsenal in a 2–1 victory.", "This meant that he had scored against all 20 current Premier League clubs.", "On 9 December, Van Persie scored a last minute winner from a free kick in a 3–2 victory over Manchester City, his Manchester derby debut.", "This goal ended City's unbeaten Premier League record in the 2012–13 season and also their unbeaten home record extending into the previous season.", "After scoring against Everton on 10 February 2013, Van Persie went ten games without scoring, finally ending his barren run when he scored a penalty against Stoke on 14 April.", "Against Queens Park Rangers on 23 February, he had to be substituted after falling against a television camera and injuring a hip, but was fit for United's next match." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 194247, "simple_article_title": "Robin van Persie", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=194247", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-194247-0-0", "simple-194247-0-1", "simple-194247-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Robin van Persie (born 6 August 1983) is a Dutch football/soccer player.", "He moved from Arsenal F.C. to Manchester United in the summer of 2012 and later, he moved to Turkish club Fenerbahce SK in the summer of 2015.", "He plays for the Netherlands national team." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 11208044, "normal_article_title": "Viriato da Cruz", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11208044", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-11208044-0-0", "normal-11208044-0-1", "normal-11208044-0-2", "normal-11208044-0-3", "normal-11208044-1-0", "normal-11208044-1-1", "normal-11208044-1-2", "normal-11208044-2-0", "normal-11208044-2-1", "normal-11208044-3-0", "normal-11208044-3-1", "normal-11208044-3-2", "normal-11208044-3-3", "normal-11208044-3-4", "normal-11208044-4-0", "normal-11208044-4-1", "normal-11208044-4-2", "normal-11208044-5-0", "normal-11208044-5-1", "normal-11208044-6-0", "normal-11208044-6-1", "normal-11208044-7-0", "normal-11208044-7-1", "normal-11208044-7-2", "normal-11208044-8-0", "normal-11208044-8-1", "normal-11208044-9-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Viriato Clemente da Cruz (25 March 1928 – 13 June 1973) was an Angolan poet and politician, who was born in Kikuvo, Porto Amboim, Portuguese Angola, and died in Beijing, People's Republic of China.", "He is considered one of the most important Angolan poets of his time.", "He wrote poems in Portuguese and Angolan languages.", "He took part in the fight to free Angola from Portuguese rule.", "Cruz was educated in Luanda, the capital of Angola, which was then ruled by Portugal.", "Between 1948 and 1952, Viriato da Cruz involved himself in Luanda's political and literary spheres, becoming part of the Association of the Native Sons of Angola.", "In 1948, he helped found the Movement of the New Intellectuals of Angola.", "On September 30, 1957, Viriato da Cruz left for Lisbon, with the hopes of recruiting advice and support from the Partido Comunista Portugués (PCP).", "His call for help went unanswered by the PCP.", "He was, however, successful in encouraging opposition to the colonial system among Angolans living in Lisbon.", "Afterwards, Viriato da Cruz went to Paris to link up with other Angolan and African immigrants.", "Among them was Mário Pinto de Andrade, another Angolan poet and politician, who helped with his political ideas.", "An important result of this meeting was the creation of the Anticolonial Movement, a unitarian and anticolonial collective consisting of all of the African nationalists in Europe, and the first of its kind.", "In 1956, Viriato da Cruz, as well as de Andrarde helped create the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA—from the Portuguese name \"Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola\").", "The MPLA was not in Angola at this time, but was first in Conakry (the capital of Guinea) and then later in Leopoldville, Congo (now Kinshasa, the capital of the DRC).", "Cruz became secretary-general of the MPLA.", "After some time he and others did not agree with the party leadership, in particular with president Agostinho Neto, and this led to fighting in the streets of Leopoldville.", "In the 1960s, following the fighting in the MPLA, Viriato da Cruz went to Beijing, China, where he was well known as having helped create the MPLA.", "At first, the Chinese government welcomed him, since he wanted to help them bring Maoist-inspired revolution to Africa.", "Cruz's ideas about Soviet social-imperialism were the same as those of the Maoists: he believed in the Maoist tenet that stronger countries could not impose a socialist revolution on other places — as opposed to the pro-Soviet MPLA under Agostinho Neto — and he would not change his ideas.", "Cruz wanted to leave China and return to Africa, but the Chinese government would not allow him to go, since his life was at risk as he would be subjected to persecution by the Pro-Soviet government in Angola.", "The last years of his life were unhappy and difficult.", "Cruz was weak and without much food, and he died on 13 June 1973.", "His body was taken away in a military vehicle and was buried without ceremony.", "In 1961, Casa dos Estudantes do Império published all of Viriato da Cruz's poetic writings in the collection \"Poemas\".", "Among these poems, \"Namoro\" (Courtship), \"Sô Santo\" (Holy One) and \"Makézu\" (Kola Nut) are well-known.", "In poems such as \"Mamãe negra (Canto de esperança)\", Viriato da Cruz explore themes of black African identity, and the symbol of \"Mother Africa\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 22763, "simple_article_title": "Viriato Clemente da Cruz", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22763", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-22763-0-0", "simple-22763-1-0", "simple-22763-1-1", "simple-22763-1-2", "simple-22763-2-0", "simple-22763-2-1", "simple-22763-2-2", "simple-22763-3-0", "simple-22763-3-1", "simple-22763-3-2", "simple-22763-4-0", "simple-22763-4-1", "simple-22763-4-2", "simple-22763-4-3", "simple-22763-5-0", "simple-22763-5-1", "simple-22763-5-2", "simple-22763-5-3", "simple-22763-5-4", "simple-22763-6-0", "simple-22763-6-1", "simple-22763-7-0", "simple-22763-7-1", "simple-22763-7-2", "simple-22763-8-0", "simple-22763-9-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Viriato Clemente da Cruz, an Angolan poet and politician, was born in 1928 in Kikuvo (Porto Amboim), Angola and died in Beijing, China on 13 June 1973.", "He is considered one of the most important Angolan poets of his time.", "He wrote poems in Portuguese and Angolan languages.", "He took part in the fight to free Angola from Portuguese rulers.", "He was educated in Luanda, the capital of Angola, which was then ruled by Portugal.", "As a young man in 1957 he went to Paris, where he met Mario Pinto de Andrade, another Angolan poet and politician, who helped with his political ideas.", "In the 1960s they helped create the group called the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA—from the Portuguese name \"\").", "The MPLA was in not in Angola at this time, but was first in Conakry (the capital of Guinea) and then later in Leopoldville, Congo (now Kinshasa the capital of the DRC).", "Viriato da Cruz became secretary-general of the MPLA.", "After some time he and others, did not agree with some people in the group and this led to fighting in the streets of Leopoldville.", "Viriato da Cruz went to Beijing, China in the 1960s because of the fighting in the MPLA.", "At first, the Chinese government welcomed him.", "He was well-known because he had helped create the MPLA.", "The Chinese wanted Viriato da Cruz to help them bring Maoist socialism to Africa.", "This was a big problem for Viriato and his family.", "His ideas were not the same as the Maoists.", "He thought that stronger countries can not bring a socialist revolution to other places.", "He was very brave and did not change his ideas.", "This was against the Chinese Maoist idea of world revolution.", "Viriato da Cruz wanted to leave China and return to Africa, but the Chinese government would not let him go and they were not good to him.", "This may be because he could have made trouble for their work in Africa.", "The last years of the life of Viriato da Cruz were unhappy and difficult.", "He was weak, without much food, and he died on 13 Jun 1973.", "His dead body was taken away in a military vehicle and his burial was without any ceremony.", "Some Angolan people think that this was shocking, because Viriato da Cruz worked hard for Angola and was one of the leaders of the liberation from Portugal.", "Among these poems, \"Namoro\", \"Sô Santo\" and \"Makézu\" are well-known." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 15935817, "normal_article_title": "Landeronde", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15935817", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-15935817-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Landeronde is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France." ] } }

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"normal-152833-32-6", "normal-152833-32-7", "normal-152833-32-8", "normal-152833-32-9", "normal-152833-33-0", "normal-152833-33-1", "normal-152833-33-2", "normal-152833-34-0", "normal-152833-34-1", "normal-152833-35-0", "normal-152833-35-1", "normal-152833-36-0", "normal-152833-37-0", "normal-152833-37-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Sitting Bull ( ] in Standard Lakota orthography, also nicknamed \"Húŋkešni\" ] or \"Slow\") was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance to United States government policies.", "He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him, at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement.", "Before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw many soldiers, \"as thick as grasshoppers,\" falling upside down into the Lakota camp, which his people took as a foreshadowing of a major victory in which a large number of soldiers would be killed.", "About three weeks later, the confederated Lakota tribes with the Northern Cheyenne defeated the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer on June 25, 1876, annihilating Custer's battalion and seeming to bear out Sitting Bull's prophetic vision.", "Sitting Bull's leadership inspired his people to a major victory.", "In response, the US government sent thousands more soldiers to the area, forcing many of the Lakotas to surrender over the next year.", "But Sitting Bull refused to surrender, and in May 1877 he led his band north to Wood Mountain, North-Western Territory (now Saskatchewan).", "He remained there until 1881, at which time he and most of his band returned to US territory and surrendered to U.S. forces.", "After working as a performer with \"Buffalo Bill's Wild West\" show, Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency in South Dakota.", "Because of fears that he would use his influence to support the Ghost Dance movement, Indian Service agent James McLaughlin at Fort Yates ordered his arrest.", "During an ensuing struggle between Sitting Bull's followers and the agency police, Sitting Bull was shot in the side and head by Standing Rock policemen Lieutenant Bull Head (\"Tatankapah\", ) and Red Tomahawk (\"Marcelus Chankpidutah\", ) after the police were fired upon by Sitting Bull's supporters.", "His body was taken to nearby Fort Yates for burial.", "In 1953, his Lakota family exhumed what were believed to be his remains, reburying them near Mobridge, South Dakota, near his birthplace.", "Sitting Bull was born on land later included in the Dakota Territory.", "In 2007, Sitting Bull's great-grandson asserted from family oral tradition that Sitting Bull was born along the Yellowstone River, south of present-day Miles City, Montana.", "He was named Jumping Badger at birth, and nicknamed Hunkesi, or \"Slow,\" said to describe his careful and unhurried nature.", "When the boy was fourteen years old he accompanied a group of Lakota warriors (which included his father and his uncle Four Horns) in a raiding party to take horses from a camp of Crow warriors.", "Jumping Badger displayed bravery by riding forward and counting coup on one of the surprised Crow, which was witnessed by the other mounted Lakota.", "Upon returning to camp his father gave a celebratory feast at which he conferred his own name upon his son.", "The name, Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake, which in the Lakota language means \"Buffalo Bull Who Sits Down\", would later be abbreviated to \"Sitting Bull\".", "Thereafter, Sitting Bull's father was known as Jumping Bull.", "At this ceremony before the entire band, Sitting Bull's father presented his son with an eagle feather to wear in his hair, a warrior's horse, and a hardened buffalo hide shield to mark his son's passage into manhood as a Lakota warrior.", "During the Dakota War of 1862, in which Sitting Bull's people were not involved, several bands of eastern Dakota people killed an estimated 300 to 800 settlers and soldiers in south-central Minnesota in response to poor treatment by the government and in an effort to drive the whites away.", "Despite being embroiled in the American Civil War, the United States Army retaliated in 1863 and 1864, even against bands which had not been involved in the hostilities.", "In 1864, two brigades of about 2200 soldiers under Brigadier General Alfred Sully attacked a village.", "The defenders were led by Sitting Bull, Gall and Inkpaduta.", "The Lakota and Dakota were driven out, but skirmishing continued into August.", "In September, Sitting Bull and about one hundred Hunkpapa Lakota encountered a small party near what is now Marmarth, North Dakota.", "They had been left behind by a wagon train commanded by Captain James L. Fisk to effect some repairs to an overturned wagon.", "When he led an attack, Sitting Bull was shot in the left hip by a soldier.", "The bullet exited out through the small of his back, and the wound was not serious.", "From 1866 to 1868, Red Cloud as a leader of the Oglala Lakota fought against US forces, attacking their forts in an effort to keep control of the Powder River Country of Montana.", "In support of him, Sitting Bull led numerous war parties against Fort Berthold, Fort Stevenson, and Fort Buford and their environs from 1865 through 1868.", "Sitting Bull also made guerrilla attacks on emigrant parties and smaller forts throughout the upper Missouri River region.", "By early 1868, the U.S. government desired a peaceful settlement to Red Cloud's War.", "It agreed to Red Cloud's demands that the US abandon forts Phil Kearny and C.F. Smith.", "Gall of the Hunkpapa (among other representatives of the Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, and Yankton Dakota) signed a form of the Treaty of Fort Laramie on July 2, 1868 at Fort Rice (near Bismarck, North Dakota).", "Sitting Bull did not agree to the treaty.", "He told the Jesuit missionary, Pierre Jean De Smet, who sought him out on behalf of the government: \"I wish all to know that I do not propose to sell any part of my country.\"", "He continued his hit-and-run attacks on forts in the upper Missouri area throughout the late 1860s and early 1870s.", "The events of 1866–1868 mark a historically debated period of Sitting Bull's life.", "According to historian Stanley Vestal, who conducted interviews with surviving Hunkpapa in 1930, Sitting Bull was made \"Supreme Chief of the whole Sioux Nation\" at this time.", "Later historians and ethnologists have refuted this concept of authority, as the Lakota society was highly decentralized.", "Lakota bands and their elders made individual decisions, including whether to wage war.", "Sitting Bull's band of Hunkpapa continued to attack migrating parties and forts in the late 1860s.", "When in 1871 the Northern Pacific Railway conducted a survey for a route across the northern plains directly through Hunkpapa lands, it encountered stiff Lakota resistance.", "The same railway people returned the following year accompanied by federal troops.", "Sitting Bull and the Hunkpapa attacked the survey party, which was forced to turn back.", "In 1873, the military accompaniment for the surveyors was increased again, but Sitting Bull's forces resisted the survey \"most vigorously.\"", "The Panic of 1873 forced the Northern Pacific Railway's backers (such as Jay Cooke) into bankruptcy.", "This halted construction of the railroad through Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota territory.", "After the 1848 finding of gold in the Sierra Nevada and dramatic gains in new wealth from it, other men became interested in the potential for gold mining in the Black Hills.", "In 1874, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer led a military expedition from Fort Abraham Lincoln near Bismarck, to explore the Black Hills for gold and to determine a suitable location for a military fort in the Hills.", "Custer's announcement of gold in the Black Hills triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush.", "Tensions increased between the Lakota and whites seeking to move into the Black Hills.", "Although Sitting Bull did not attack Custer's expedition in 1874, the US government was increasingly pressured by citizens to open the Black Hills to mining and settlement.", "Failing in an attempt to negotiate a purchase or lease of the Hills, the government in Washington had to find a way around the promise to protect the Sioux in their land, as specified in the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie.", "It was alarmed at reports of Sioux depredations (encouraged by Sitting Bull).", "In November 1875, President Grant ordered all Sioux bands outside the Great Sioux Reservation to move onto the reservation, knowing full well that not all would comply.", "As of February 1, 1876, the Interior Department certified as \"hostile\" those bands who continued to live off the reservation.", "This certification allowed the military to pursue Sitting Bull and other Lakota bands as \"hostiles\".", "Based on tribal oral histories, historian Margot Liberty theorizes many Lakota bands allied with the Cheyenne during the Plains Wars because they thought the other nation was under attack by the US.", "Given this connection, she suggests the major war should have been called \"The Great Cheyenne War\".", "Since 1860, the Northern Cheyenne had led several battles among the Plains Indians.", "Before 1876, the U.S. Army had destroyed seven Cheyenne camps, more than those of any other nation.", "Other historians, such as Robert M. Utley and Jerome Greene, also use Lakota oral testimony, but they have concluded that the Lakota coalition, of which Sitting Bull was the ostensible head, was the primary target of the federal government's pacification campaign.", "During the period 1868–1876, Sitting Bull developed into the most important of Native American political leaders.", "After the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) and the creation of the Great Sioux Reservation, many traditional Sioux warriors, such as Red Cloud of the Oglala and Spotted Tail of the Brulé, moved to reside permanently on the reservations.", "They were largely dependent for subsistence on the US Indian agencies.", "Many other chiefs, including members of Sitting Bull's Hunkpapa band such as Gall, at times lived temporarily at the agencies.", "They needed the supplies at a time when white encroachment and the depletion of buffalo herds reduced their resources and challenged Native American independence.", "In 1875, the Northern Cheyenne, Hunkpapa, Oglala, Sans Arc, and Minneconjou camped together for a Sun Dance, with both the Cheyenne medicine man White Bull or Ice and Sitting Bull in association.", "This ceremonial alliance preceded their fighting together in 1876.", "Sitting Bull had a major revelation.", "At the climactic moment, \"Sitting Bull intoned, 'The Great Spirit has given our enemies to us.", "We are to destroy them.", "We do not know who they are.", "They may be soldiers.'", "Ice too observed, 'No one then knew who the enemy were – of what tribe.'.", "...They were soon to find out.\"(", "Sitting Bull's refusal to adopt any dependence on the US government meant that at times he and his small band of warriors lived isolated on the Plains.", "When Native Americans were threatened by the United States, numerous members from various Sioux bands and other tribes, such as the North Cheyenne, came to Sitting Bull's camp.", "His reputation for \"strong medicine\" developed as he continued to evade the European Americans.", "After the January 1st ultimatum of 1876, when the US Army began to track down as hostiles those Sioux and others living off the reservation, Native Americans gathered at Sitting Bull's camp.", "He took an active role in encouraging this \"unity camp\".", "He sent scouts to the reservations to recruit warriors, and told the Hunkpapa to share supplies with those Native Americans who joined them.", "An example of his generosity was Sitting Bull's taking care of Wooden Leg's Northern Cheyenne tribe.", "They had been impoverished by Captain Reynold's March 17, 1876 attack and fled to Sitting Bull's camp for safety.", "Over the course of the first half of 1876, Sitting Bull's camp continually expanded, as natives joined him for safety in numbers.", "His leadership had attracted warriors and families, creating an extensive village estimated at more than 10,000 people.", "Lt. Col. Custer came across this large camp on June 25, 1876.", "Sitting Bull did not take a direct military role in the ensuing battle; instead he acted as a spiritual leader.", "A week prior to the attack, he had performed the Sun Dance, in which he fasted and sacrificed over 100 pieces of flesh from his arms.", "Custer's 7th Cavalry advance party attacked Cheyenne and Lakota tribes at their camp on the Little Big Horn River (known as the Greasy Grass River to the Lakota) on June 25, 1876.", "The U.S. Army did not realize how large the camp was.", "More than 2,000 Native American warriors had left their reservations to follow Sitting Bull.", "Inspired by a vision of Sitting Bull's, in which he saw U.S. soldiers being killed as they entered the tribe's camp, the Cheyenne and Lakota fought back.", "Custer's badly outnumbered troops lost ground quickly and were forced to retreat.", "The tribes led a counter-attack against the soldiers on a nearby ridge, ultimately annihilating them.", "The Native Americans' victory celebrations were short-lived.", "Public shock and outrage at Custer's death and defeat, and the government's knowledge about the remaining Sioux, led them to assign thousands more soldiers to the area.", "Over the next year, the new American military forces pursued the Lakota, forcing many of the Native Americans to surrender.", "Sitting Bull refused to surrender and in May 1877 led his band across the border into the North-Western Territory, Canada.", "He remained in exile for four years near Wood Mountain, refusing a pardon and the chance to return.", "When crossing the border into Canadian territory, Sitting Bull was met by the Mounties of the region.", "During this meeting, James Morrow Walsh, commander of the North-West Mounted Police, explained to Sitting Bull that the Lakota were now on British soil and must obey British law.", "Walsh emphasized that he enforced the law equally and that every person in the territory had a right to justice.", "Walsh became an advocate for Sitting Bull and the two became good friends for the remainder of their lives.", "While in Canada, Sitting Bull also met with Crowfoot, who was a leader of the Blackfeet, long-time powerful enemies of the Lakota and Cheyenne.", "Sitting Bull wished to make peace with the Blackfeet Nation and Crowfoot.", "As an advocate for peace himself, Crowfoot eagerly accepted the tobacco peace offering.", "Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him.", "Sitting Bull and his people stayed in Canada for 4 years.", "Due to the smaller size of the buffalo herds in Canada, Sitting Bull and his men found it difficult to find enough food to feed his people, who were starving and exhausted.", "Sitting Bull's presence in the country led to increased tensions between the Canadian and the United States governments.", "Before Sitting Bull left Canada, he may have visited Walsh for a final time and left a ceremonial headdress as a memento.", "Hunger and desperation eventually forced Sitting Bull and 186 of his family and followers to return to the United States and surrender on July 19, 1881.", "Sitting Bull had his young son Crow Foot surrender his Winchester lever-action carbine to Major David H. Brotherton, commanding officer of Fort Buford.", "Sitting Bull said to Brotherton, \"I wish it to be remembered that I was the last man of my tribe to surrender my rifle.\"", "To the Oglala Lakotas, Dakotas and Nakota, \"to surrender my rifle\" in this context meant \"We have killed enough white men with your own rifles so I give this rifle back to you, for Tunkasila Wakantanka (Grandfather Great Mystery) will use a different way to help us overcome the white man.\"", "In the parlor of the Commanding Officer's Quarters in a ceremony the next day, he told the four soldiers, 20 warriors and other guests in the small room that he wished to regard the soldiers and the white race as friends but he wanted to know who would teach his son the new ways of the world.", "Two weeks later, after waiting in vain for other members of his tribe to follow him from Canada, Sitting Bull and his band were transferred to Fort Yates, the military post located adjacent to the Standing Rock Agency.", "This reservation straddles the present-day boundary between North and South Dakota.", "Sitting Bull and his band of 186 people were kept separate from the other Hunkpapa gathered at the agency.", "Army officials were concerned that he would stir up trouble among the recently surrendered northern bands.", "On August 26, 1881, he was visited by census taker William T. Selwyn, who counted twelve people in the Hunkpapa leader's immediate family.", "Forty-one families, totaling 195 people, were recorded in Sitting Bull's band.", "The military decided to transfer Sitting Bull and his band to Fort Randall to be held as prisoners of war.", "Loaded onto a steamboat, the band of 172 people was sent down the Missouri River to Fort Randall (near present-day Pickstown, South Dakota) on the southern border of the state.", "There they spent the next 20 months.", "They were allowed to return north to the Standing Rock Agency in May 1883.", "In 1883, rumors were reported that Sitting Bull had been baptized into the Catholic Church.", "James McLaughlin, Indian agent at Standing Rock Agency, dismissed these reports, saying that \"The reported baptism of Sitting-Bull is erroneous.", "There is no immediate prospect of such ceremony so far as I am aware.\"", "In 1884 show promoter Alvaren Allen asked Agent James McLaughlin to allow Sitting Bull to tour parts of Canada and the northern United States.", "The show was called the \"Sitting Bull Connection.\"", "It was during this tour that Sitting Bull met Annie Oakley in Minnesota.", "He was so impressed with Oakley's skills with firearms that he offered $65 (equal to $ today) for a photographer to take a photo of the two together.", "The admiration and respect was mutual.", "Oakley stated that Sitting Bull made a \"great pet\" of her.", "In observing Oakley, Sitting Bull's respect for the young sharpshooter grew.", "Oakley was quite modest in her attire, deeply respectful of others, and had a remarkable stage persona despite being a woman who stood only five feet in height.", "Sitting Bull felt that she was \"gifted\" by supernatural means in order to shoot so accurately with both hands.", "As a result of his esteem, he symbolically \"adopted\" her as a daughter in 1884.", "He named her \"Little Sure Shot\" – a name that Oakley used throughout her career.", "In 1885, Sitting Bull was allowed to leave the reservation to go Wild Westing with Buffalo Bill Cody's \"Buffalo Bill's Wild West\".", "He earned about $50 a week (equal to $ today) for riding once around the arena, where he was a popular attraction.", "Although it is rumored that he cursed his audiences in his native tongue during the show, the historian Utley contends that he did not.", "Historians have reported that Sitting Bull gave speeches about his desire for education for the young, and reconciling relations between the Sioux and whites.", "The historian Edward Lazarus wrote that Sitting Bull reportedly cursed his audience in Lakota in 1884, during an opening address celebrating the completion of the Northern Pacific Railway.", "Sitting Bull stayed with the show for four months before returning home.", "During that time, audiences considered him a celebrity and romanticized him as a warrior.", "He earned a small fortune by charging for his autograph and picture, although he often gave his money away to the homeless and beggars.", "Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency after working in \"Buffalo Bill's Wild West\" show.", "Tension between Sitting Bull and Agent McLaughlin increased and each became more wary of the other over several issues including division and sale of parts of the Great Sioux Reservation.", "During that period, in 1889 Indian Rights Activist Caroline Weldon from Brooklyn, New York, a member of the National Indian Defense Association \"NIDA\", reached out to Sitting Bull, acting to be his voice, secretary, interpreter and advocate.", "She joined him, together with her young son Christy at his compound on the Grand River, sharing with him and his family home and hearth.", "In 1889, during a time of harsh winters and long droughts impacting the Sioux Reservation, a Paiute Indian named Wovoka spread a religious movement from Nevada eastward to the Plains that preached a resurrection of the Native.", "It was known as the \"Ghost Dance Movement\", because it called on the Indians to dance and chant for the rising up of deceased relatives and return of the buffalo.", "The dance included shirts that were said to stop bullets.", "When the movement reached Standing Rock, Sitting Bull allowed the dancers to gather at his camp.", "Although he did not appear to participate in the dancing, he was viewed as a key instigator.", "Alarm spread to nearby white settlements.", "In 1890, James McLaughlin, the U.S. Indian Agent at Fort Yates on Standing Rock Agency, feared that the Lakota leader was about to flee the reservation with the Ghost Dancers, so he ordered the police to arrest him.", "On December 14, 1890, McLaughlin drafted a letter to Lt. Henry Bullhead (noted as Bull Head in lead), an Indian agency policeman, that included instructions and a plan to capture Sitting Bull.", "The plan called for the arrest to take place at dawn on December 15, and advised the use of a light spring wagon to facilitate removal before his followers could rally.", "Bullhead decided against using the wagon.", "He intended to have the police officers force Sitting Bull to mount a horse immediately after the arrest.", "Around 5:30 a.m. on December 15, 39 police officers and four volunteers approached Sitting Bull's house.", "They surrounded the house, knocked and entered.", "Lt. Bullhead told Sitting Bull that he was under arrest and led him outside.", "Sitting Bull and his wife noisily stalled for time, the camp awakened and men converged at the house.", "As Lt. Bullhead ordered Sitting Bull to mount a horse, he said the Indian Affairs agent needed to see the chief, and then he could return to his house.", "When Sitting Bull refused to comply, the police used force on him.", "The Sioux in the village were enraged.", "Catch-the-Bear, a Lakota, shouldered his rifle and shot Lt. Bullhead, who reacted by firing his revolver into the chest of Sitting Bull.", "Another police officer, Red Tomahawk, shot Sitting Bull in the head, and he dropped to the ground.", "He died between 12 and 1 p.m.", "A close-quarters fight erupted, and within minutes several men were dead.", "The Lakota killed six policemen immediately and two more died shortly after the fight, including Lt. Bullhead.", "The police killed Sitting Bull and seven of his supporters at the site, along with two horses.", "Sitting Bull's body was taken to Fort Yates, where it was placed in a coffin (made by the Army carpenter) and buried.", "A monument was installed to mark his burial site after his remains were reportedly taken to South Dakota.", "In 1953 Lakota family members exhumed what they believed to be Sitting Bull's remains, transporting them for reinterment near Mobridge, South Dakota, his birthplace.", "A monument to him was erected there.", "Sitting Bull was the subject of, or a featured character in, several Hollywood motion pictures and documentaries, which have reflected changing ideas about him and Lakota culture in relation to the United States.", "Sitting Bull is a major character in Sharon Pollock's play \"Walsh\" (1973), in which he is depicted as a wise and tragic figure during the Lakota nation's time at Fort Walsh in Saskatchewan.", "The play is sympathetic to the character of Sitting Bull and hostile to the legend of George Armstrong Custer, re-presenting the General from the perspective of Native Americans as a butcher of women and children." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 18102, "simple_article_title": "Sitting Bull", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18102", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-18102-0-0", "simple-18102-0-1", "simple-18102-0-2", "simple-18102-0-3", "simple-18102-0-4", "simple-18102-0-5", "simple-18102-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Sitting Bull (about 1831 – December 15, 1890), real name Tatanka Yotanka, was the chief of a Native American tribe called Hunkpapa-Lakota-Sioux.", "At the age of about 14, Slow participated in a war party against the Crow (warriors).", "At the age of 10, however, he killed his first buffalo.", "He was a very important chief and fought for the freedom of Native Americans.", "He fought with Crazy Horse and Big Foot at the Little Bighorn River against General George A. Custer and won.", "They are the most deadly tribe.", "He was shot and killed by Red Tomahawk, a police sergeant, during an attempt to arrest him." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 23364, "normal_article_title": "Demographics of Pakistan", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23364", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-23364-0-0", "normal-23364-1-0", "normal-23364-1-1", "normal-23364-1-2", "normal-23364-2-0", "normal-23364-2-1", "normal-23364-2-2", "normal-23364-3-0", "normal-23364-4-0", "normal-23364-5-0", "normal-23364-5-1", "normal-23364-5-2", "normal-23364-6-0", "normal-23364-7-0", "normal-23364-8-0", "normal-23364-8-1", "normal-23364-8-2", "normal-23364-9-0", "normal-23364-10-0", "normal-23364-11-0", "normal-23364-11-1", "normal-23364-12-0", "normal-23364-13-0", "normal-23364-13-1", "normal-23364-13-2", "normal-23364-13-3", "normal-23364-13-4", "normal-23364-13-5", "normal-23364-13-6", "normal-23364-13-7", "normal-23364-14-0", "normal-23364-14-1", "normal-23364-15-0", "normal-23364-15-1", "normal-23364-16-0", "normal-23364-17-0", "normal-23364-17-1", "normal-23364-17-2", 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"normal-23364-40-0", "normal-23364-40-1", "normal-23364-40-2", "normal-23364-40-3", "normal-23364-40-4", "normal-23364-41-0", "normal-23364-41-1", "normal-23364-42-0", "normal-23364-42-1", "normal-23364-42-2", "normal-23364-43-0", "normal-23364-44-0", "normal-23364-45-0", "normal-23364-45-1", "normal-23364-45-2", "normal-23364-45-3", "normal-23364-45-4", "normal-23364-45-5", "normal-23364-45-6", "normal-23364-45-7", "normal-23364-45-8", "normal-23364-45-9", "normal-23364-46-0", "normal-23364-46-1", "normal-23364-46-2", "normal-23364-46-3", "normal-23364-47-0", "normal-23364-47-1", "normal-23364-48-0", "normal-23364-48-1", "normal-23364-48-2", "normal-23364-49-0", "normal-23364-49-1", "normal-23364-49-2", "normal-23364-49-3", "normal-23364-49-4", "normal-23364-49-5", "normal-23364-50-0", "normal-23364-51-0", "normal-23364-51-1", "normal-23364-52-0", "normal-23364-52-1", "normal-23364-52-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Pakistan's latest estimated population is 212,742,631 According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan This makes Pakistan the world's sixth-most-populous country, just behind Indonesia and slightly ahead of Brazil.", "During 1950–2012, Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold, while the total population increased by over fourfold.", "In the past, the country's population had a relatively high growth rate that has been changed by moderate birth rates.", "Between 1998-2017, the average population growth rate stood at 2.40%.", "Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanization and the emergence of megacities.", "During 1990–2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the second-most urbanized nation in South Asia with city dwellers making up 36% of its population.", "Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis now reside in towns of 5,000 people or more.", "Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population.", "The Demographic history of Pakistan from the ancient Indus Valley Civilization to modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groups in modern region of Pakistan from Central Asia, Middle East and Europe.", "The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River.", "Karachi is the most populous city in Pakistan.", "In the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Sargodha, Islamabad, Multan, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan, and Peshawar.", "According to OECD/World Bank, the population in Pakistan increased by 23 million from 1990 to 2008, with a 54% growth in population.", "Pakistan's yearly population from 1950 to 2012, with estimation since last census (1998).", "The following statistics are for 1 July 2007.", "They exclude data for Azad Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined.", "They are based on the results of the Pakistan Demographic Survey (PDS 2007).", "Source: \"UN World Population Prospects\"", "As adultery is a crime punishable by death in Pakistan, just in the main cities 1,210 infants were killed or abandoned to die (2010), 90% of them girls and most less than a week old according to conservative estimates by the Edhi Foundation, a charity working to reverse this increasing trend.", "Pakistan’s Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2018 is medium human development category with a score of 0.562 (150th rank out of 189 countries and territories) compared to 0.608 (136th rank) for Bangladesh and 0.640 (130th rank) for India.", "From 1990 to 2017, Pakistan’s HDI increased 39% from 0.404 to 0.562.", "definition: aged 10 and over and can read and write as of 2008–09", "Pakistan's diversity is more visible along cultural differences and less along linguistic, religious or genetic lines.", "Almost all Pakistanis belong to the Indo-Iranian linguistic group of the Indo-European branch.", "Pakistan's rough estimates vary, but the consensus is that the Punjabis are the largest ethnic group.", "Pashtuns (Pakhtuns) make up the second largest group and Sindhi are the third-largest ethnic group.", "Saraikis (a transitional group between Punjabis and Sindhis) speaking people make up 10.53% of the total population.", "The remaining large groups include the Muhajirs and the Baloch people, which make up 7.57% and 3.57% of the total population, respectively.", "Hindkowans and the Brahui, and the various peoples of the Gilgit–Baltistan, constitute roughly 4.66% of the total population.", "The Pakhtun and Baloch represent two of the major populations that are linguistically Iranian, while the majority Punjabis, Hindkowans, Sindhis and Saraikis are the major linguistically Indo-Aryan groups.", "Descendants of Black Africans that were brought as slaves in the 15th to the 19th century are known as Sheedis.", "The Sheedis are Muslims and speak Balochi, Sindhi and Urdu.", "In 1850, the British started developing Karachi as a major port for trade and commerce, resulting in the arrival of a large number immigrants from Rajasthan, Gujarat and Goa.", "The Goan Catholics constitute the majority of the Christians in the city.", "After the Pakistan–India war in 1971, thousands of Biharis and Bengalis from Bangladesh arrived in the Karachi, followed by Muslim Rohingya refugees from Burma, and Asians from Uganda.", "Approximately 1.4 million Afghan citizens reside in Pakistan on a temporary bases.", "Many of them were born and raised in Pakistan in the last 30 years.", "The majority of this group are ethnic Pakhtuns from southeastern Afghanistan.", "All major ethnic groups in Pakistan, while categorized as separate entities, have thousands of years of shared history and inter-mingling.", "In addition, inter-marriages between ethnic groups within the country are not uncommon.", "After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan and they are the largest group of foreign-born residents.", "This group is dwindling because of its age.", "The second-largest group of foreign-born residents consists of Muslim refugees from Afghanistan who are expected to leave Pakistan by the end of 2018.", "There are also smaller groups of Muslim immigrants from countries such as Burma, Bangladesh, Iraq, Somalia, Iran, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, among others.", "Following are the major languages spoken in Pakistan.", "The percentage of Pakistanis who are native speakers of that language is also given.", "There are around 75 to 80 known Pakistani languages although, in practice, there are primarily six major languages in Pakistan spoken by 95% of the population: Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu, and Balochi.", "The official language is English and the national language is Urdu, the census indicates that around 8% of the population speak Urdu as their first language.", "However, due to rapid urbanization and modernization, the use of Urdu as a primary language is increasing, especially amongst the growing urbanized middle class of Pakistan.", "Most Pakistanis speak or understand at least two to three languages and almost all Pakistanis speak or understand the national language, Urdu.", "English is the official language, is widely used within the government, by the civil service and the officer ranks of the military.", "Pakistan's Constitution and laws are written in English.", "Nearly all schools, colleges and universities use English as the medium of instruction.", "Amongst the more educated social circles of Pakistan, English is seen as the language of upward mobility and its use is becoming more prevalent in upper social circles, often spoken alongside native Pakistani languages.", "Among countries that use English as an official language, Pakistan is third-most populous in the world.", "Urdu (or \"Lashkari\") is the national language of Pakistan, the \"lingua franca\" chosen to facilitate communication between the country's diverse linguistic populations.", "Although only about 7.5% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is spoken as a second and often third language by nearly all Pakistanis.", "On the annexation of Sindh (1843) and Punjab (1849), the British Raj encouraged its use as the \"lingua franca\" and subsequently banned the use of Persian, which had been the \"lingua franca\" of the region for centuries before.", "Persian had been introduced by Central Asian Turkic invaders who migrated into South Asia, and had been patronised by the Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate.", "This language change was designed to institute a universal language throughout the then British Raj in South Asia as well as minimize the influence that Persia, the Ottoman Empire and Afghanistan had on this transitional region.", "Urdu is a relatively new language but has undergone considerable modification and development, with many borrowings from older languages such as Persian, Arabic, Chagatai and other South Asian languages.", "It is a standardized register of Hindustani and in its spoken form.", "It is widely used, both formally and informally, for personal letters as well as public literature, in the literary sphere and in the popular media.", "It is a required subject of study in all primary and secondary schools.", "It is the first language of most Muhajirs – Muslim refugees that arrived from different parts of India after the independence of Pakistan in 1947, and that form nearly 8% of Pakistan's population – and is an acquired language by nearly all of Pakistan's native ethnic groups.", "It is spoken by almost 92% of the population, making Pakistan a unique country in its choice of a national language.", "Urdu has been promoted as a token of national unity.", "In recent years, the Urdu spoken in Pakistan has undergone further evolution and acquired a particularly \"Pakistani flavour\", often absorbing local native terminology and adopting a strong Punjabi, Sindhi and Pashto leaning in terms of intonations and vocabulary.", "It is a modern language which is constantly evolving from its original form.", "It is written in a modified form of the Perso-Arabic script, Nastaliq, and its basic Hindi-based vocabulary has been enriched by words from Persian, Arabic, Turkic languages and English.", "Urdu has drawn inspiration from Persian literature and has now an enormous stock of words from that language.", "The first poetry in Urdu was by the poet Amir Khusro (1253–1325) and the first Urdu book \"Woh Majlis\" was written in 1728; the first time the word \"Urdu\" was used was by Sirajuddin Ali Khan Arzoo in 1741.", "The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658–1707) spoke what the locals called \"Lashakri Zaban\" or what the Mughals called \"Zaban-i-Ordu\" (both meaning \"language of the Horde\"; commonly known as Hindustani back then) fluently as did his descendants while his ancestors mostly spoke Persian and a language related to Turkish.", "Punjabi is a provincial language spoken mostly in Punjab, as well as by a large number of people in Karachi.", "Punjabi does not have any official status in Pakistan.", "The exact number of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan is hard to determine since the boundaries with the closely related Hindko and Saraiki are not always clear-cut.", "The standard Punjabi variety is from Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala and Sheikhupura districts of Pakistani Punjab, and is also nowadays the language of Punjabi literature, film and music, such as Lollywood.", "Pashto is a provincial language spoken as a first language by about 15% of Pakistanis, mostly in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in Balochistan as well as by immigrants to the eastern provinces.", "There are two major dialect patterns within which the various individual dialects may be classified; these are Pakhto, which is the Northern (Peshawar) variety and the softer Pashto spoken in the southern areas.", "There are also many Pakistanis from the adjacent regions of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan who are conversant in Pashto and count it as their second language.", "They are not included in the overall percentage.", "The Pashtuns (Pakhtuns or Pathans), originally from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and northern Balochistan, are now the city's second largest ethnic group in Karachi after Muhajirs.", "With as high as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban Pakhtun population in the world, including 50,000 registered Afghan refugees in the city.", "Karachi is the biggest Pashto speaking city in the world although the Pashto speakers constitute only about 25% of Karachi's population.", "Sindhi is a provincial language spoken as a first language by 16% of Pakistanis, mostly in Sindh.", "It has a rich literature and is used in schools.", "It is an Indo-Aryan (Indo-European) language, derived from Sanskrit.", "The Arabs ruled Sindh for more than 150 years after Muhammad bin Qasim conquered it in 712 AD, remaining there for three years to set up Arab rule.", "Consequently, the social fabric of Sindh contains elements of Arabic society.", "Sindhi is spoken by over 36 million people in Pakistan and is the official language of Sindh province.", "It is widely spoken in the Lasbela District of Balochistan (where the Lasi tribe speaks a dialect of Sindhi), many areas of the Naseerabad and Jafarabad districts of Balochistan, and by the Sindhi diaspora abroad.", "The Sindhi language has six major dialects: Sireli, Vicholi, Lari, Thari, Lasi and Kachhi.", "It is written in the Arabic script with several additional letters to accommodate special sounds.", "The largest Sindhi-speaking cities are Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Shikarpur, Dadu, Jacobabad, Larkana, Mirpur Khas, Thatta, Badin and Nawabshah.", "Sindhi literature is also spiritual in nature.", "Shah Abdul Latif Bhita'i (1689–1752) is one of its greatest poets, and wrote Sassi Punnun and Umar Marvi, folk stories, in his famous book \"Shah Jo Risalo\".", "Vicholi is considered as the standard dialect by all Sindhi speakers.", "Saraiki, sometimes spelled Seraiki and Siraiki, is spoken as a first language by about 20 million people, mostly in the southern districts of Punjab: Multan, Lodhran, Bahawalpur, Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh and Rahim Yar Khan.", "It is also spoken by the majority of the population of Dera Ismail Khan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Kachi plain of Balochistan, northern parts of Sindh, and cities of Hyderabad and Karachi.", "Balochi is a provincial language spoken as the first language by about 3.5% of Pakistanis, mostly in Balochistan.", "Sindh and southern Punjab.", "The name \"Balochi\" or \"Baluchi\" is not found before the 10th century.", "It is believed that the language was brought to its present location in a series of migrations Aleppo, Syria.", "Rakshani is the major dialect group in terms of numbers.", "Sarhaddi, is a sub dialect of Rakshani.", "Other sub – dialects are Qalati, Chagai Kharani, and Makrani.", "The Eastern Hill Balochi or Northern Balochi are distinct dialects.", "The Kethran language in North East Balochistan is also a variant of Balochi.", "It is one of the 9 distinguished languages of Pakistan.", "Since Balochi is a poetic and rich language and have a certain degree of affinity to Urdu, Balochi poets tend to be very good poets in Urdu as well as Ata Shaad, Gul Khan Nasir and Noon Meem Danish are excellent examples of this.", "Brahui is a regional language of uncertain origin despite the fact that the bulk of the language shares lexical similarities to Balochi as well as Sindhi.", "In colonial times, many British linguists tried to make the claim of a possible Dravidian language origin but this has not been conclusively proven despite ongoing research in the language for a century now.", "spoken in southern Pakistan, may have evolved from the original languages of Indus valley civilizations at Mehrgarh.", "However it is heavily influenced by Balochi and Pashto.", "It is spoken in central and east central Balochistan.", "The Mengals are a famous Brahvi tribe.", "Around 1–1.5% of the Pakistani population has Brahui as their first language.", "It is one of the nine distinguished languages of Pakistan.", "The Brahui population of Balochistan has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages.", "However it has now been demonstrated that the Brahui could only have migrated to Balochistan from central India after 1000 CE.", "The absence of any Avestan, an older Iranian language, loanwords in Brahui supports this hypothesis.", "The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi, is a western Iranian language like Kurdish, and moved to the area from the west only around 1000 CE.", "Hazaragi, spoken by the Hazaras in Pakistan, is similar to Dari.", "It is spoken in parts of the Quetta district of Karachi, Islamabad, and in parts of Ziarat.", "There are estimated to be 900,000 to 1,000,000 Hazaragi-speakers.", "Hindko, spoken by the Hindkowans in Pakistan, is similar to the northern dialects of Punjabi.", "It is spoken in areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including Hazara), Peshawar city, Punjab and Azad Kashmir, by an estimated 2 million people.", "It shows close affinity to Punjabi and the Lahnda sub-group of Indo-Aryan tongues and can be sub-divided into a northern and southern dialects.", "Kashmiri (کشمیری) is a Dardic language spoken in Azad Kashmir, Gilgit–Baltistan and Punjab provinces of Pakistan.", "There are over 100,000 Kashmiri speakers in Pakistan.", "Gujari or Gojri (گوجری زبان) is a language closely related to Rajasthani languages, and is spoken in Azad Kashmir, Gilgit–Baltistan and Punjab KPK provinces of Pakistan.", "There are over 500,000 Gujari speakers in Pakistan.", "Arabic is considered to be a religious language in Pakistan.", "The Qur'an, Sunnah, Hadith and Muslim theology is taught in Arabic with Urdu translation.", "The large numbers of Pakistanis living in the Persian Gulf region and in other Middle Eastern countries has further increased the number of people who can speak Arabic in Pakistan.", "Arabic is taught as a religious language in Mosques, Schools, Colleges, Universities and Madrassahs.", "Nearly all of Pakistan's Muslim population has had some form of education in the reading, writing and pronunciation of the Arabic language.", "Many Arabs who took part in Afghanistan war have now settled in Pakistan permanently with their families.", "Millions of Pakistanis that have worked in Middle East also speak Arabic as a second language.", "Numerous other languages are spoken by relatively small numbers of people, especially in some of the more remote and isolated places in, for example, the Northern Areas of Pakistan.", "Other Indo-European languages spoken in Pakistan include Pothohari, Shina, Balti, Gujjari, Kutchi, Wakhi, Kashmiri, Marwari, Memoni, Khowar, and Dari Persian.", "Non-Indo-European languages include Brahui and Burushaski, a language isolate.", "There are some languages that are spoken by less than a thousand people, such as Aer.", "Most of Pakistan's languages are Indo-European languages and within the smaller Indo-Iranian sub-branch.", "Around 80% of Pakistan's population speak one or more of the various Indo-Aryan languages.", "Usually concentrated in the heavily populated areas east of the Indus river, the Indo-Aryan languages and their cultures form the predominant cultural group in the country.", "They derive their roots from the Sanskrit language of Aryan invadors and are later heavily influenced by the languages of the later Muslim arrivals (i.e., Turkish, Persian, and Arabic), and are all written in a variant of either the Arabic or Nastaliq script.", "Urdu, the country's national language, is an Indo-Aryan tongue.", "Punjabi, Hindko and Seraiki, all mutually intelligible, are classified by linguists as dialects of an Indo-Aryan speech called Lahnda, also spelled as Lehnda.", "These are also, to a lesser extent, mutually intelligible with Urdu.", "Added together, speakers of these mutually-intelligible languages make up nearly two-thirds of Pakistan's population.", "Sindhi is the common language of the people of Sindh in southern Pakistan and has a rich literary history of its own, traced back to the era of the early Arab arrivals.", "The Dardic languages of Gilgit–Baltistan, Azad Kashmir and the northwestern mountains are sometimes classified by many linguists as belonging to the Indo-Aryan family.", "Other Indo-Aryan languages include Gujarati, Kutchi, Memoni and others.", "The Dardic languages are spoken in the northern Pakistan.", "They include Shina (spoken in Gilgit, Chilas and Diamar), Khowar (spoken in Chitral, Ghizer, Swat and the balti language (spoken in baltistan including skardu district and Ghanche district.", "Majority of population living in the valley of Hunza, Nagar and Yasin speak Mishaski.", "Kalam Valley of upper Swat), Kalash (spoken by Kalash tribe), Kohistani (spoken in upper Swat and Kohistan) and Kashmiri mostly by Immigrants from Kashmir valley and by a few in the Neelum District.", "Kashmiri spoken in north east Azad Kashmir and the adjacent Kashmir valley, (not to be confused with Pahari language spoken in the lower Azad Kashmir) is one of the Dardic languages that has a literary tradition that goes well back into the history whereas other Dardic languages spoken in northern Pakistan, do not have written literature.", "It is believed to be the result of the northern areas of Pakistan having remained isolated in the mountain valleys from the others for centuries.", "Pashto, Yidgha and Wakhi are Eastern Iranian languages spoken in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and the Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan.", "Balochi spoken in Balochistan is classified as a members of the Northwestern Iranian languages.", "If combined, Iranian peoples who speak Pashto, Balochi, Yidgha and Wakhi comprise about 18% of the population of Pakistan, and are concentrated in the northwest and west of Pakistan.", "Brahui may or may not be a language isolate and many origins have been hypothesized for it including Iranian and Dravidian.", "spoken in southern Pakistan, primarily in Kalat in Balochistan.", "The Brahui population of Balochistan has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages.", "However it has now been demonstrated that the Brahui could only have migrated to Balochistan from central India after 1000 CE.", "The absence of any Avestan, an older Iranian language, loanwords in Brahui supports this hypothesis.", "The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi, is a western Iranian language like Kurdish, and moved to the area from the west only around 1000 CE.", "Burushaski is a language isolate, spoken by Burusho people in Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, and parts of the Gilgit valleys in the Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan.", "According to the CIA World Factbook, Library of Congress, Oxford University, over 96% of the population of Pakistan is Muslim and the remaining 4% is Hindu, Christian, and others.", "Majority of the Muslims practice Sunni with a significant minority of Shi'as.", "Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school, although there are some Hanbalis and Ahlul Hadeeth.", "The majority of Shia Muslims belong to the Ithnā‘Ashariyyah branch, while a smaller number practice Ismailism.", "There are small non-Muslim religious groups, including Christians, Ahmadis, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Bahá'ís and Zoroastrians (Parsis)," ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 124765, "simple_article_title": "Demographics of Pakistan", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=124765", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-124765-0-0", "simple-124765-0-1", "simple-124765-0-2", "simple-124765-0-3", "simple-124765-0-4", "simple-124765-0-5", "simple-124765-0-6", "simple-124765-0-7", "simple-124765-1-0", "simple-124765-2-0", "simple-124765-3-0", "simple-124765-3-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Demographics of Pakistan are a study of the population and the people.", "It is estimated that Pakistan's population was over 170,000,000 in mid 2008.", "Pakistan had an estimated population of 169,300,000 as of July 2007.", "Between 1951-1998, the number of people in Pakistan's cities and towns (known as the urban population) increased sevenfold.", "And by the next decade the population is expected to exceed 176 million.", "In the past, the country's population had a quite high growth rate.", "Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanisation and the emergence of megacities.", "Between 1990-2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the most urbanised nation in South Asia, with city dwellers making up 34% of its population.", "Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and has one of the largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population.", "Pakistan's next national census will take place in 2008.", "The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River.", "In the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan and Peshawar." ] } }

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"normal-238097-55-1", "normal-238097-55-2", "normal-238097-55-3", "normal-238097-55-4", "normal-238097-56-0", "normal-238097-56-1", "normal-238097-56-2", "normal-238097-56-3", "normal-238097-57-0", "normal-238097-58-0", "normal-238097-58-1", "normal-238097-58-2", "normal-238097-59-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Warfarin, sold under the brand name Coumadin among others, is a medication that is used as an anticoagulant (blood thinner).", "It is commonly used to treat blood clots such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and to prevent stroke in people who have atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease or artificial heart valves.", "Less commonly it is used following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and orthopedic surgery.", "It is generally taken by mouth but may also be used by injection into a vein.", "The common side effect is bleeding.", "Less common side effects may include areas of tissue damage and purple toes syndrome.", "Use is not recommended during pregnancy.", "It is recommended that the effects of warfarin typically be monitored by checking prothrombin time (INR) every one to four weeks.", "Many other medications and dietary factors can interact with warfarin, either increasing or decreasing its effectiveness.", "The effects of warfarin may be reversed with phytomenadione (vitamin K), fresh frozen plasma, or prothrombin complex concentrate.", "Warfarin decreases blood clotting by blocking an enzyme called vitamin K epoxide reductase that reactivates vitamin K. Without sufficient active vitamin K, clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X have decreased clotting ability.", "The anticlotting protein C and protein S are also inhibited but to a lesser degree.", "A few days are required for full effect to occur and these effects can last for up to five days.", "Warfarin first came into commercial use in 1948 as a rat poison.", "In 1954 it was approved for medical use in the United States.", "It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.", "Warfarin is available as a generic medication.", "The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$1.12 to 7.20 for a typical month of treatment.", "In the United States it usually costs less than $25 a month.", "In 2016 it was the 41st most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 18 million prescriptions.", "Warfarin is used to decrease the tendency for thrombosis or as secondary prophylaxis (prevention of further episodes) in those individuals who have already formed a blood clot (thrombus).", "Warfarin treatment can help prevent formation of future blood clots and help reduce the risk of embolism (migration of a thrombus to a spot where it blocks blood supply to a vital organ).", "Warfarin is best suited for anticoagulation (clot formation inhibition) in areas of slowly running blood (such as in veins and the pooled blood behind artificial and natural valves) and in blood pooled in dysfunctional cardiac atria.", "Thus, common clinical indications for warfarin use are atrial fibrillation, the presence of artificial heart valves, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism (where the embolized clots first form in veins).", "Warfarin is also used in antiphospholipid syndrome.", "It has been used occasionally after heart attacks (myocardial infarctions), but is far less effective at preventing new thromboses in coronary arteries.", "Prevention of clotting in arteries is usually undertaken with antiplatelet drugs, which act by a different mechanism from warfarin (which normally has no effect on platelet function).", "It can be used to treat people following an ischemic strokes due to atrial fibrillation, though direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) may offer increased benefits.", "Dosing of warfarin is complicated because it is known to interact with many commonly used medications and certain foods.", "These interactions may enhance or reduce warfarin's anticoagulation effect.", "To optimize the therapeutic effect without risking dangerous side effects such as bleeding, close monitoring of the degree of anticoagulation is required by a blood test measuring an INR.", "During the initial stage of treatment, INR is checked daily; intervals between tests can be lengthened if the patient manages stable therapeutic INR levels on an unchanged warfarin dose.", "Newer point-of-care testing is available and has increased the ease of INR testing in the outpatient setting.", "Instead of a blood draw, the point of care test involves a simple finger prick.", "When initiating warfarin therapy (\"warfarinization\"), the doctor will decide how strong the anticoagulant therapy needs to be.", "The target INR level varies from case to case depending on the clinical indicators, but tends to be 2–3 in most conditions.", "In particular, target INR may be 2.5–3.5 (or even 3.0–4.5) in patients with one or more mechanical heart valves.", "In addition, for the first three days of \"warfarinization\", the levels of protein C and protein S (anticoagulation factors) drop faster than procoagulation proteins such as factor II, VII, IX, and X. Therefore, bridging anticoagulant therapies (usually heparin) are often used to reverse this temporary hypercoagulable state.", "Recommendations by many national bodies, including the American College of Chest Physicians, have been distilled to help manage dose adjustments.", "The maintenance dose of warfarin can fluctuate significantly depending on the amount of vitamin K in the diet.", "Keeping vitamin K intake at a stable level can prevent these fluctuations.", "Leafy green vegetables tend to contain higher amounts of vitamin K. Green parts of members of the family Apiaceae, such as parsley, cilantro, and dill, are extremely rich sources of vitamin K; cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and broccoli, as well as the darker varieties of lettuces and other leafy greens, are also relatively high in vitamin K. Green vegetables such a peas and green beans do not have such high amounts of vitamin K as leafy greens.", "Certain vegetable oils have high amounts of vitamin K. Foods low in vitamin K include roots, bulbs, tubers, and most fruits and fruit juices.", "Cereals, grains and other milled products are also low in vitamin K.", "Patients are making increasing use of self-testing and home monitoring of oral anticoagulation.", "International guidelines on home testing were published in 2005.", "The guidelines stated: \"The consensus agrees that patient self-testing and patient self-management are effective methods of monitoring oral anticoagulation therapy, providing outcomes at least as good as, and possibly better than, those achieved with an anticoagulation clinic.", "All patients must be appropriately selected and trained.", "Currently available self-testing/self-management devices give INR results that are comparable with those obtained in laboratory testing.\"", "A 2006 systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 randomized trials showed home testing led to a reduced incidence of complications (thrombosis and major bleeding) and improved the time in the therapeutic range.", "In some countries, other coumarins are used instead of warfarin, such as acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon.", "These have a shorter (acenocoumarol) or longer (phenprocoumon) half-life, and are not completely interchangeable with warfarin.", "Several types of anticoagulant drugs offering the efficacy of warfarin without a need for monitoring, such as dabigatran, apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban, have been approved in a number of countries for classical warfarin uses.", "There is a reversal agent available for dabigatran (idarucizumab) but not for apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban.", "All anticoagulants are generally contraindicated in situations where the reduction in clotting that they cause might lead to serious and potentially life-threatening bleeds.", "This includes people with active bleeding conditions (such as gastrointestinal ulcers), or disease states with increased risk of bleeding e.g. low platelets, severe liver disease, uncontrolled hypertension.", "For patients undergoing surgery, treatment with anticoagulants is generally suspended.", "Similarly, spinal or lumbar puncture (e.g. spinal injections, epidurals, etc.) carry increased risk so treatment is suspended prior to these procedures.", "Warfarin should not be given to people with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia until platelet count has improved or normalised.", "Warfarin is usually best avoided in people with protein C or protein S deficiency as these thrombophilic conditions increase the risk of skin necrosis, which is a rare but serious side effect associated with warfarin.", "Warfarin is contraindicated in pregnancy, as it passes through the placental barrier and may cause bleeding in the fetus; warfarin use during pregnancy is commonly associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death, and preterm birth.", "Coumarins (such as warfarin) are also teratogens, that is, they cause birth defects; the incidence of birth defects in infants exposed to warfarin \"in utero\" appears to be around 5%, although higher figures (up to 30%) have been reported in some studies.", "Depending on when exposure occurs during pregnancy, two distinct combinations of congenital abnormalities can arise.", "Usually, warfarin is avoided in the first trimester, and a low molecular weight heparin such as enoxaparin is substituted.", "With heparin, risk of maternal haemorrhage and other complications are still increased, but heparins do not cross the placental barrier, so do not cause birth defects.", "Various solutions exist for the time around delivery.", "When warfarin (or another 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative) is given during the first trimester—particularly between the sixth and ninth weeks of pregnancy—a constellation of birth defects known variously as fetal warfarin syndrome (FWS), warfarin embryopathy, or coumarin embryopathy can occur.", "FWS is characterized mainly by skeletal abnormalities, which include nasal hypoplasia, a depressed or narrowed nasal bridge, scoliosis, and calcifications in the vertebral column, femur, and heel bone, which show a peculiar stippled appearance on X-rays.", "Limb abnormalities, such as brachydactyly (unusually short fingers and toes) or underdeveloped extremities, can also occur.", "Common nonskeletal features of FWS include low birth weight and developmental disabilities.", "Warfarin administration in the second and third trimesters is much less commonly associated with birth defects, and when they do occur, are considerably different from fetal warfarin syndrome.", "The most common congenital abnormalities associated with warfarin use in late pregnancy are central nervous system disorders, including spasticity and seizures, and eye defects.", "Because of such later pregnancy birth defects, anticoagulation with warfarin poses a problem in pregnant women requiring warfarin for vital indications, such as stroke prevention in those with artificial heart valves.", "According to the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), warfarin may be used in lactating women who wish to breast-feed their infants.", "Available data does not suggest that warfarin crosses into the breast milk.", "Similarly, INR levels should be checked to avoid adverse effects.", "The only common side effect of warfarin is bleeding.", "The risk of severe bleeding is small but definite (a typically yearly rate of 1–3% has been reported) and any benefit needs to outweigh this risk when warfarin is considered.", "All types of bleeding occur more commonly, but the most severe ones are those involving the brain (intracerebral hemorrhage/hemorrhagic stroke) and the spinal cord.", "Risk of bleeding is increased if the INR is out of range (due to accidental or deliberate overdose or due to interactions).", "This risk increases greatly once the INR exceeds 4.5.", "A number of risk scores exist to predict bleeding in people using warfarin and similar anticoagulants.", "A commonly used score (HAS-BLED) includes known predictors of warfarin-related bleeding: uncontrolled high blood pressure (H), abnormal kidney function (A), previous stroke (S), known previous bleeding condition (B), previous labile INR when on anticoagulation (L), elderly as defined by age over 65 (E), and drugs associated with bleeding (e.g. aspirin) or alcohol misuse (D).", "While their use is recommended in clinical practice guidelines, they are only moderately effective in predicting bleeding risk and do not perform well in predicting hemorrhagic stroke.", "Bleeding risk may be increased in people on hemodialysis.", "Another score used to assess bleeding risk on anticoagulation, specifically Warfarin or Coumadin, is the ATRIA score, which uses a weighted additive scale of clinical findings to determine bleeding risk stratification.", "The risks of bleeding are increased further when warfarin is combined with antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel, aspirin, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "A rare but serious complication resulting from treatment with warfarin is warfarin necrosis, which occurs more frequently shortly after commencing treatment in patients with a deficiency of protein C. Protein C is an innate anticoagulant that, like the procoagulant factors that warfarin inhibits, requires vitamin K-dependent carboxylation for its activity.", "Since warfarin initially decreases protein C levels faster than the coagulation factors, it can paradoxically increase the blood's tendency to coagulate when treatment is first begun (many patients when starting on warfarin are given heparin in parallel to combat this), leading to massive thrombosis with skin necrosis and gangrene of limbs.", "Its natural counterpart, purpura fulminans, occurs in children who are homozygous for certain protein C mutations.", "After initial reports that warfarin could reduce bone mineral density, several studies have demonstrated a link between warfarin use and osteoporosis-related fracture.", "A 1999 study in 572 women taking warfarin for deep venous thrombosis, risk of vertebral fracture and rib fracture was increased; other fracture types did not occur more commonly.", "A 2002 study looking at a randomly selected selection of 1523 patients with osteoporotic fracture found no increased exposure to anticoagulants compared to controls, and neither did stratification of the duration of anticoagulation reveal a trend towards fracture.", "A 2006 retrospective study of 14,564 Medicare recipients showed that warfarin use for more than one year was linked with a 60% increased risk of osteoporosis-related fracture in men; there was no association in women.", "The mechanism was thought to be a combination of reduced intake of vitamin K (a vitamin necessary for bone health) and inhibition by warfarin of vitamin K-mediated carboxylation of certain bone proteins, rendering them nonfunctional.", "Another rare complication that may occur early during warfarin treatment (usually within 3 to 8 weeks of commencement) is \"purple toe syndrome\".", "This condition is thought to result from small deposits of cholesterol breaking loose and causing embolisms in blood vessels in the skin of the feet, which causes a blueish purple colour and may be painful.", "It is typically thought to affect the big toe, but it affects other parts of the feet as well, including the bottom of the foot (plantar surface).", "The occurrence of purple toe syndrome may require discontinuation of warfarin.", "Several studies have also implicated warfarin use in valvular and vascular calcification.", "No specific treatment is available, but some modalities are under investigation.", "The major side effect of warfarin use is bleeding.", "Risk of bleeding is increased if the INR is out of range (due to accidental or deliberate overdose or due to interactions).", "Many drug interactions can increase the effect of warfarin, also causing an overdose.", "For people who need rapid reversal of warfarin – such as due to serious bleeding – or who need emergency surgery, the effects of warfarin can be reversed with vitamin K, prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), or fresh frozen plasma (FFP).", "Generally, 4-factor PCC can be given more quickly than FFP, the amount needed is a smaller volume of fluid than FFP, and does not require ABO blood typing.", "Administration of PCCs result in rapid hemostasis, similar to that of FFP; namely, with comparable rates of thromboembolic events, but with reduced rates of volume overload.", "Blood products should not be routinely used to reverse warfarin overdose, when vitamin K could work alone.", "While PCC has been found in lab tests to be better than FFP, when rapid reversal is needed, as of 2018, it was unclear whether there is a difference in outcomes such as death or disability.", "Details on reversing warfarin are provided in clinical practice guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians.", "For people with an international normalized ratio (INR) between 4.5 and 10.0, a small dose (about 1000 mcg = one milligram) of oral vitamin K is sufficient.", "When warfarin is being given and INR is in therapeutic range, simple discontinuation of the drug for five days is usually enough to reverse the effect and cause INR to drop below 1.5.", "Warfarin interacts with many commonly used drugs, and the metabolism of warfarin varies greatly between patients.", "Some foods have also been reported to interact with warfarin.", "Apart from the metabolic interactions, highly protein bound drugs can displace warfarin from serum albumin and cause an increase in the INR.", "This makes finding the correct dosage difficult, and accentuates the need of monitoring; when initiating a medication that is known to interact with warfarin (e.g. simvastatin), INR checks are increased or dosages adjusted until a new ideal dosage is found.", "When taken with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), warfarin increases the risk for gastrointestinal bleeding.", "This increased risk is due to the anti-platelet effect of NSAIDs as well as the possible damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa.", "Many commonly used antibiotics, such as metronidazole or the macrolides, will greatly increase the effect of warfarin by reducing the metabolism of warfarin in the body.", "Other broad-spectrum antibiotics can reduce the amount of the normal bacterial flora in the bowel, which make significant quantities of vitamin K, thus potentiating the effect of warfarin.", "In addition, food that contains large quantities of vitamin K will reduce the warfarin effect.", "Thyroid activity also appears to influence warfarin dosing requirements; hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid function) makes people less responsive to warfarin treatment, while hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) boosts the anticoagulant effect.", "Several mechanisms have been proposed for this effect, including changes in the rate of breakdown of clotting factors and changes in the metabolism of warfarin.", "Excessive use of alcohol is also known to affect the metabolism of warfarin and can elevate the INR and thus increase the risk of bleeding.", "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) product insert on warfarin states that alcohol should be avoided.", "Warfarin also interacts with many herbs and spices, some used in food (such as ginger and garlic) and others used purely for medicinal purposes (such as ginseng and \"Ginkgo biloba\").", "All may increase bleeding and bruising in people taking warfarin; similar effects have been reported with borage (starflower) oil or fish oils.", "St. John's Wort, sometimes recommended to help with mild to moderate depression, reduces the effectiveness of a given dose of warfarin; it induces the enzymes that break down warfarin in the body, causing a reduced anticoagulant effect.", "Between 2003 and 2004, the UK Committee on Safety of Medicines received several reports of increased INR and risk of haemorrhage in people taking warfarin and cranberry juice.", "Data establishing a causal relationship is still lacking, and a 2006 review found no cases of this interaction reported to the FDA; nevertheless, several authors have recommended that both doctors and patients be made aware of its possibility.", "The mechanism behind the interaction is still unclear.", "X-ray crystallographic studies of warfarin show that it exists in tautomeric form, as the cyclic hemiketal, which is formed from the 4-hydroxycoumarin and the ketone in the 3-position substituent.", "However, the existence of many 4-hydroxycoumadin anticoagulants (for example phenprocoumon) that possess no ketone group in the 3-substituent to form such a structure, suggests that the hemiketal must tautomerise to the 4-hydroxy form in order for warfarin to be active.", "Warfarin contains a stereocenter and consists of two enantiomers.", "Warfarin consists of a racemic mixture of two active enantiomers—\"R\"- and \"S\"- forms—each of which is cleared by different pathways.", "S-warfarin is 2-5 times more potent than the R-isomer in producing an anticoagulant response.", "Both the enantiomers of warfarin undergo CYP-mediated metabolism by many different CYPs to form 3',4',6,7,8 and 10-hydroxy warfarin metabolites, major being 7-OH warfarin formed from S-warfarin by CYP2C9 and 10-OH warfarin from R-warfarin by CYP3A4.", "Warfarin is slower acting than the common anticoagulant heparin, though it has a number of advantages.", "Heparin must be given by injection, whereas warfarin is available orally.", "Warfarin has a long half-life and need only be given once a day.", "Heparin can also cause a prothrombotic condition, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (an antibody-mediated decrease in platelet levels), which increases the risk for thrombosis.", "It takes several days for warfarin to reach the therapeutic effect since the circulating coagulation factors are not affected by the drug (thrombin has a half-life time of days).", "Warfarin's long half-life means that it remains effective for several days after it was stopped.", "Furthermore, if given initially without additional anticoagulant cover, it can increase thrombosis risk (see below).", "For these main reasons, hospitalised patients are usually given heparin with warfarin initially, the heparin covering the 3–5 day lag period and being withdrawn after a few days.", "While warfarin is one of several drugs popularly referred to as a \"blood thinner\"; this is a misnomer since it does not affect the viscosity of blood.", "Warfarin inhibits the vitamin K-dependent synthesis of biologically active forms of the calcium-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, as well as the regulatory factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z.", "Other proteins not involved in blood clotting, such as osteocalcin, or matrix Gla protein, may also be affected.", "The precursors of these factors require gamma carboxylation of their glutamic acid residues to allow the coagulation factors to bind to phospholipid surfaces inside blood vessels, on the vascular endothelium.", "The enzyme that carries out the carboxylation of glutamic acid is gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.", "The carboxylation reaction will proceed only if the carboxylase enzyme is able to convert a reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin K hydroquinone) to vitamin K epoxide at the same time.", "The vitamin K epoxide is in turn recycled back to vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone by another enzyme, the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR).", "Warfarin inhibits epoxide reductase (specifically the VKORC1 subunit), thereby diminishing available vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in the tissues, which inhibits the carboxylation activity of the glutamyl carboxylase.", "When this occurs, the coagulation factors are no longer carboxylated at certain glutamic acid residues, and are incapable of binding to the endothelial surface of blood vessels, and are thus biologically inactive.", "As the body's stores of previously produced active factors degrade (over several days) and are replaced by inactive factors, the anticoagulation effect becomes apparent.", "The coagulation factors are produced, but have decreased functionality due to undercarboxylation; they are collectively referred to as PIVKAs (proteins induced by vitamin K absence/antagonism), and individual coagulation factors as PIVKA-\"number\" (e.g.PIVKA-II).", "The end result of warfarin use, therefore, is to diminish blood clotting in the patient.", "When warfarin is newly started, it may \"promote\" clot formation temporarily.", "This is because the level of protein C and protein S are also dependent on vitamin K activity.", "Warfarin causes decline in protein C levels in first 36 hours.", "In addition, reduced levels of protein S lead to a reduction in activity of protein C (for which it is the co-factor) and therefore reduced degradation of factor Va and factor VIIIa.", "Although loading doses of warfarin over 5 mg also produce a precipitous decline in factor VII, resulting in an initial prolongation of the INR, full antithrombotic effect does not take place until significant reduction in factor II occurs days later.", "The haemostasis system becomes temporarily biased towards thrombus formation, leading to a prothrombotic state.", "Thus, when warfarin is loaded rapidly at greater than 5 mg per day, it is beneficial to co-administer heparin, an anticoagulant that acts upon antithrombin and helps reduce the risk of thrombosis, with warfarin therapy for four to five days, in order to have the benefit of anticoagulation from heparin until the full effect of warfarin has been achieved.", "Warfarin activity is determined partially by genetic factors.", "Polymorphisms in two genes (\"VKORC1\" and \"CYP2C9\") play a particularly large role in response to warfarin.", "VKORC1 polymorphisms explain 30% of the dose variation between patients: particular mutations make VKORC1 less susceptible to suppression by warfarin.", "There are two main haplotypes that explain 25% of variation: low-dose haplotype group (A) and a high-dose haplotype group (B).", "\"VKORC1\" polymorphisms explain why African Americans are on average relatively resistant to warfarin (higher proportion of group B haplotypes), while Asian Americans are generally more sensitive (higher proportion of group A haplotypes).", "Group A \"VKORC1\" polymorphisms lead to a more rapid achievement of a therapeutic INR, but also a shorter time to reach an INR over 4, which is associated with bleeding.", "\"CYP2C9\" polymorphisms explain 10% of the dose variation between patients, mainly among Caucasian patients as these variants are rare in African American and most Asian populations.", "These \"CYP2C9\" polymorphisms do not influence time to effective INR as opposed to\"VKORC1\", but does shorten the time to INR >4.", "Despite the promise of pharmacogenomic testing in warfarin dosing, its use in clinical practice is controversial.", "In August 2009 the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services concluded that \"the available evidence does not demonstrate that pharmacogenomic testing of CYP2C9 or VKORC1 alleles to predict warfarin responsiveness improves health outcomes in Medicare beneficiaries.\"", "A 2014 meta-analysis showed that using genotype-based dosing did not confer benefit in terms of time within therapeutic range, excessive anticoagulation (as defined by INR greater than 4), or a reduction in either major bleeding or thromboembolic events.", "In the early 1920s, there was an outbreak of a previously unrecognized cattle disease in the northern United States and Canada.", "Cattle were haemorrhaging after minor procedures and on some occasions, spontaneously.", "For example, 21 out of 22 cows died after dehorning and 12 out of 25 bulls died after castration.", "All of these animals had bled to death.", "In 1921, Frank Schofield, a Canadian veterinary pathologist, determined that the cattle were ingesting moldy silage made from sweet clover, and that this was functioning as a potent anticoagulant.", "Only spoiled hay made from sweet clover (grown in northern states of the USA and in Canada since the turn of the century) produced the disease.", "Schofield separated good clover stalks and damaged clover stalks from the same hay mow, and fed each to a different rabbit.", "The rabbit that had ingested the good stalks remained well, but the rabbit that had ingested the damaged stalks died from a haemorrhagic illness.", "A duplicate experiment with a different sample of clover hay produced the same result.", "In 1929, North Dakota veterinarian Lee M. Roderick demonstrated that the condition was due to a lack of functioning prothrombin.", "The identity of the anticoagulant substance in spoiled sweet clover remained a mystery until 1940.", "In 1933 Karl Paul Link and his lab of chemists working at the University of Wisconsin set out to isolate and characterize the haemorrhagic agent from the spoiled hay.", "It took five years before Link's student Harold A. Campbell recovered 6 mg of crystalline anticoagulant.", "Next, Link's student Mark A. Stahmann took over the project and initiated a large-scale extraction, isolating 1.8 g of recrystallized anticoagulant in about 4 months.", "This was enough material for Stahmann and Charles F. Huebner to check their results against Campbell's and to thoroughly characterize the compound.", "Through degradation experiments they established that the anticoagulant was 3,3'-methylenebis-(4-hydroxycoumarin), which they later named dicoumarol.", "They confirmed their results by synthesizing dicoumarol and proving in 1940 that it was identical to the naturally occurring agent.", "Dicoumarol was a product of the plant molecule coumarin (not to be confused with Coumadin, a later tradename for warfarin).", "Coumarin is now known to be present in many plants, and produces the notably sweet smell of freshly cut grass or hay and plants like sweet grass; in fact, the plant's high content of coumarin is responsible for the original common name of \"sweet clover\", which is named for its sweet smell, not its bitter taste.", "They are present notably in woodruff (\"Galium odoratum\", Rubiaceae), and at lower levels in licorice, lavender, and various other species.", "However, coumarins themselves do not influence clotting or warfarin-like action, but must first be metabolized by various fungi into compounds such as 4-hydroxycoumarin, then further (in the presence of naturally occurring formaldehyde) into dicoumarol, in order to have any anticoagulant properties.", "Fungal attack of the damaged and dying clover stalks explained the presence of the anticoagulant only in spoiled clover silages; dicoumarol is considered to be a fermentation product and mycotoxin.", "Over the next few years, numerous similar chemicals (specifically 4-hydroxycoumarins with a large aromatic substituent at the 3 position) were found to have the same anticoagulant properties.", "The first drug in the class to be widely commercialized was dicoumarol itself, patented in 1941 and later used as a pharmaceutical.", "Karl Link continued working on developing more potent coumarin-based anticoagulants for use as rodent poisons, resulting in warfarin in 1948.", "The name \"warfarin\" stems from the acronym \"WARF\", for \"Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation\" + the ending \"-arin\" indicating its link with coumarin.", "Warfarin was first registered for use as a rodenticide in the US in 1948, and was immediately popular.", "Although warfarin was developed by Link, the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation financially supported the research and was assigned the patent.", "After an incident in 1951, where an army inductee attempted suicide with multiple doses of warfarin in rodenticide but recovered fully after presenting to a Naval Hospital and being treated with vitamin K (by then known as a specific antidote), studies began in the use of warfarin as a therapeutic anticoagulant.", "It was found to be generally superior to dicoumarol, and in 1954 was approved for medical use in humans.", "An early recipient of warfarin was US president Dwight Eisenhower, who was prescribed the drug after having a heart attack in 1955.", "The exact mechanism of action remained unknown until it was demonstrated, in 1978, that warfarin inhibits the enzyme epoxide reductase and hence interferes with vitamin K metabolism.", "It has been posited that Lavrenty Beria, Nikita Khrushchev and others conspired to use warfarin to poison Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.", "Warfarin is tasteless and colourless, and produces symptoms similar to those that Stalin exhibited.", "Coumarins (4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives) are used as rodenticides for controlling rats and mice in residential, industrial, and agricultural areas.", "Warfarin is both odorless and tasteless, and is effective when mixed with food bait, because the rodents will return to the bait and continue to feed over a period of days until a lethal dose is accumulated (considered to be 1 mg/kg/day over about six days).", "It may also be mixed with talc and used as a \"tracking powder\", which accumulates on the animal's skin and fur, and is subsequently consumed during grooming.", "The LD is 50–500 mg/kg.", "The IDLH value is 100 mg/m (warfarin; various species).", "The use of warfarin itself as a rat poison is now declining, because many rat populations have developed resistance to it, and poisons of considerably greater potency are now available.", "Other 4-hydroxycoumarins used as rodenticides include coumatetralyl and brodifacoum, which is sometimes referred to as \"super-warfarin\", because it is more potent, longer-acting, and effective even in rat and mouse populations that are resistant to warfarin.", "Unlike warfarin, which is readily excreted, newer anticoagulant poisons also accumulate in the liver and kidneys after ingestion.", "However, such rodenticides may also accumulate in birds of prey and other animals that eat the poisoned rodents or baits.", "Warfarin is used to cull vampire bat populations in areas where human–wildlife conflict is a concern.", "Vampire bats are captured with mist nets and coated with a combination of petroleum jelly and warfarin.", "The bat returns to its roost and other members of the roost become poisoned as well by ingesting the warfarin after reciprocal grooming.", "Suspected vampire bat roosts may also be coated in the warfarin solution, though this kills other bat species and remains in the environment for years.", "The efficacy of killing vampire bats to reduce rabies transmission is questionable, however; a study in Peru showed that culling programs did not lead to lower transmission rates of rabies to livestock and humans.", "People can be exposed to warfarin in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin absorption, and eye contact.", "The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for warfarin exposure in the workplace as 0.1 mg/m over an 8-hour workday.", "The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.1 mg/m over an 8-hour workday.", "At levels of 100 mg/m, warfarin is immediately dangerous to life and health.", "It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.", "Warfarin is a derivative of dicoumarol, an anticoagulant originally discovered in spoiled sweet clover.", "Dicoumarol, in turn, is from coumarin, a sweet-smelling but coagulation-inactive chemical found in \"sweet\" clover and tonka beans (also known as \"cumaru\" from which coumarin's name derives).", "The name \"warfarin\" stems from its discovery at the University of Wisconsin, incorporating the acronym for the organization that funded the key research, \"WARF\" for the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and the ending \"-arin\", indicating its link with coumarin.", "The drug is marketed under many brand and generic names including Aldocumar, Anasmol, Anticoag, Befarin, Cavamed, Cicoxil, Circuvit, Cofarin, Coumadin, Coumadine, Cumar, Farin, Foley, Haemofarin, Jantoven, Kovar, Lawarin, Maforan, Marevan, Marfarin, Marivanil, Martefarin, Morfarin, Orfarin, Panwarfin, Scheme, Simarc, Varfarin, Varfarins, Varfine, Waran, Warcok, Warf, Warfareks, Warfarin, Warfarina, Warfarine, Warfarinum, Warfen, Warfin, Warik, Warin, Warlin, and Zyfarin." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 630959, "simple_article_title": "Warfarin", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=630959", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-630959-0-0", "simple-630959-0-1", "simple-630959-0-2", "simple-630959-0-3", "simple-630959-0-4", "simple-630959-0-5", "simple-630959-1-0", "simple-630959-1-1", "simple-630959-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Warfarin (or brand name \"Coumadin\") is a powerful water-soluble compound.", "It prevents blood from clotting.", "It does that by reducing the production of factors by the liver that promote clotting.", "It is called an \"anticoagulant agent\".", "It is a powerful rat poison.", "In concentrated form, it causes bleeding of internal organs which leads to death.", "It is also used, in very low doses, to prevent thrombosis, the local coagulation or clotting of the blood in the circulatory system.", "This is to make heart attacks, strokes, and pulmonary embolism less likely.", "The degree of anticoagulation is monitored by blood tests." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5492397, "normal_article_title": "Maicon Sisenando", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5492397", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5492397-0-0", "normal-5492397-1-0", "normal-5492397-1-1", "normal-5492397-1-2", "normal-5492397-1-3", "normal-5492397-1-4", "normal-5492397-2-0", "normal-5492397-2-1", "normal-5492397-2-2", "normal-5492397-3-0", "normal-5492397-3-1", "normal-5492397-4-0", "normal-5492397-4-1", "normal-5492397-4-2", "normal-5492397-4-3", "normal-5492397-5-0", "normal-5492397-5-1", "normal-5492397-5-2", "normal-5492397-6-0", "normal-5492397-6-1", "normal-5492397-6-2", "normal-5492397-6-3", "normal-5492397-6-4", "normal-5492397-7-0", "normal-5492397-7-1", "normal-5492397-7-2", "normal-5492397-7-3", "normal-5492397-7-4", "normal-5492397-8-0", "normal-5492397-8-1", "normal-5492397-8-2", "normal-5492397-9-0", "normal-5492397-9-1", "normal-5492397-9-2", "normal-5492397-9-3", "normal-5492397-9-4", "normal-5492397-9-5", "normal-5492397-10-0", "normal-5492397-10-1", "normal-5492397-11-0", "normal-5492397-11-1", "normal-5492397-11-2", "normal-5492397-11-3", "normal-5492397-11-4", "normal-5492397-12-0", "normal-5492397-12-1", "normal-5492397-13-0", "normal-5492397-14-0", "normal-5492397-14-1", "normal-5492397-14-2", "normal-5492397-14-3", "normal-5492397-15-0", "normal-5492397-15-1", "normal-5492397-16-0", "normal-5492397-16-1", "normal-5492397-17-0", "normal-5492397-17-1", "normal-5492397-18-0", "normal-5492397-18-1", "normal-5492397-19-0", "normal-5492397-20-0", "normal-5492397-20-1", "normal-5492397-20-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Maicon Douglas Sisenando (born 26 July 1981), known as Maicon (] ), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Criciúma as a right-back.", "Maicon began his career in his native country for Cruzeiro after initially playing for Criciúma as a youngster.", "He played 56 times for Cruzeiro between 2001 and 2004 and earned one Brazilian league title and several other domestic cups before moving to Europe when he signed for Ligue 1 side Monaco.", "After two years in France, he signed for Inter Milan in 2006, where he became an established first team player, going on to win the UEFA Champions League in 2010, four Serie A titles, the FIFA Club World Cup and various domestic competitions.", "In August 2012, he signed for Manchester City.", "Maicon failed to secure a regular place in the team, moving back to Italy to play for Roma the following season.", "A former Brazil international, Maicon made his debut in 2003 and represented his nation on 76 occasions, scoring seven goals.", "With Brazil, he won a runners-up medal at the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup, and took part in three Copa América tournaments (winning the competition in 2004 and 2007) and two FIFA World Cups (finishing in fourth-place in 2014 on home soil).", "He was also a member of the Brazilian teams that won consecutive FIFA Confederations Cup titles in 2005 and 2009.", "A talented right-sided wingback, Maicon debuted for Cruzeiro in 2001 and after two successful seasons in Brazil, which included winning a championship and being called up for the Brazil national team in 2003.", "In June 2004, he was signed by Monaco for £2.1 million.", "In July 2006, Inter Milan officially announced the signing of Maicon for a fee of £4.8 million and a five-year contract, along with fellow Brazilian fullback Maxwell and French midfielder Olivier Dacourt.", "During his time at Inter, he established himself as a reliable wing-back, solid defensively with an ability of making emphatic runs down the right wing, often setting up goals or scoring himself with his powerful right foot.", "He overtook Inter captain Javier Zanetti as the first choice right back, with the Argentine moving in midfield.", "He was generally considered as one of the best wing-backs in the game.", "During a UEFA Champions League match on 6 March 2007, Maicon was involved in a brawl with Valencia defender David Navarro.", "Maicon was originally banned for six matches, but the ban was reduced to three.", "A regular under former coach José Mourinho, he contributed his fair share of assists and goals as Inter won a fourth consecutive title in the 2008–09 season, including a match-winning brace against Siena.", "Maicon continued the good form he displayed in previous seasons during the 2009–10 season; he started the season by scoring a goal against Milan in the 4–0 \"Derby della Madonnina\" victory, and then playing well against Barcelona in a 0–0 draw at the San Siro.", "He subsequently set up Diego Milito on matchday five in Serie A against Napoli, as Inter defeated Napoli 3–1.", "Maicon continued with his soild performances, notably scoring the last goal in a 5–0 win over Genoa on 17 October and making a fantastic byline run which resulted in Milito's match killing goal in a 5–3 home victory over Palermo two weeks later.", "In the very next match, he scored a goal against Livorno, where the match ended 2–0 for Inter.", "During Inter's home leg of the \"Derby d'Italia\", the right back opened the scoring against Juventus with one of the most spectacular goals of the season, juggling a loose ball over the onrushing defender at the top of the penalty box and volleying it into the opposite corner.", "Later that month, Maicon scored his first Champions League goal against reigning champions Barcelona when Inter registered a famous victory over the Catalans.", "He reportedly knocked out a tooth after he collided with Lionel Messi.", "Having overtaken Roma at the summit of the Serie A and winning the league title, Inter went on to eliminate Barcelona from the Champions League in the semi-finals, with Maicon earning praise.", "On 22 May 2010, after beating Roma in the Coppa Italia final weeks earlier, Inter won the Champions League, thus obtaining the treble, with a 2–0 victory over Bayern Munich in the final at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid.", "He was named the 2009–10 UEFA Club Defender of the Year and his performances earned him a nomination for the Ballon d'Or trophy as Europe's top player.", "In the 2011–12 season Maicon played just 23 games in Serie A.", "In his 23 appearances Maicon scored two goals, the first in a 2–1 defeat to Juventus at the San Siro on 29 October 2011, and the second in the \"Derby della Madonnina\" against Milan in a 4–2 win, on 6 May 2012.", "He scored from outside the penalty box with a belting shot into the top left corner of Marco Amelia's goal, in a game in which teammate Diego Milito scored a hat-trick.", "On 31 August 2012, Maicon signed for Manchester City in a £3 million transfer deal, taking the number 3 shirt.", "He made his City debut on 15 September in a 1–1 draw against Stoke City.", "He made his home debut in a 2–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur on 11 November, replacing centre-back Matija Nastasić in the second half.", "Maicon struggled with injury throughout the season, but when fit he found it a struggle to break into the City team, ultimately failing to dislodge Pablo Zabaleta from the right back position and struggling to even supplant the injury-prone Micah Richards for the substitute right-back role fit.", "Maicon therefore rarely made City's substitutes' bench.", "When manager Roberto Mancini was sacked at the end of the season, his replacement Manuel Pellegrini was quick to move the player, omitting him from the club's pre-season tour of South Africa and commenting that he would not be in the squad this year.", "On 18 July 2013, Maicon returned to Serie A after Manchester City allowed him to move on a free transfer to Roma.", "His transfer was made official by Roma on 26 July on his 32nd birthday, with Maicon signing a two-year deal.", "Roma started the 2013–14 season under manager Rudi Garcia with ten wins in its first ten Serie A games.", "He was allocated squad number 13, and made his competitive debut on 25 August in the opening league week against Livorno, playing full-90 minutes in a 0–2 away win.", "On 25 September, during the away match against Sampdoria, Maicon suffered an muscular injury and was replaced in the 35th minute; following the match, it was reported he had a first degree lesion in the right thigh, and the recovery time was around 15 days.", "Maicon returned in action for the league match against Napoli, helping the team to win 2–0 at home.", "Later on 8 December, Maicon scored his first goal for Roma in the 2–1 home win against Fiorentina, returning the team to the winning ways after four consecutive draws.", "He started 2014 by scoring his second goal of the season in Roma's 4–0 home defeat of Genoa.", "Maicon made his Coppa Italia debut nine days later in the quarter-final against Juventus, contributing in a 1–0 home win and progression to the semi-final.", "On 13 October 2014, Maicon agreed a contract extension with Roma, extending his stay at Stadio Olimpico until June 2016.", "On 31 May 2017, Maicon signed with Brazilian side Avaí on a one-year contract.", "After training for a few weeks with Botafogo, he didn't sign with the Glorioso, instead going to the club from Santa Catarina.", "Maicon came back to Brazilian football after 13 years, after leaving Cruzeiro for AS Monaco.", "In December 2017 Maicon announced his retirement after spending one season with Avaí who were relegated to Série B.", "On 22 December 2018 Maicon announced he had signed a one-year contract with Série B side Criciúma.", "Maicon cited his son as one of the reasons for his return to football and his previous history with the club as a youth player.", "After appearing for Brazil's under-20 team at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship, Maicon made his senior international debut in the team's opening game of the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup against Mexico on 12 July 2003.", "He was named in the team of the tournament as Brazil finished as runner-up.", "He went on to become the first choice right-back for the \"Seleção\", winning the Copa América in 2004 and 2007, and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2005 and 2009.", "He appeared in his first FIFA World Cup in 2010 and scored on his tournament debut, a 2–1 win over North Korea.", "In June 2014, Maicon was selected in Brazil's squad for the 2014 World Cup.", "He replaced Dani Alves as the team's starting right-back for the 2–1 quarter-final win against Colombia in Fortaleza.", "On 7 September 2014, Maicon was dismissed from the Brazil squad for an unspecified \"internal problem\".", "Due to his work-rate and stamina, Maicon is known to be capable of aiding his team both offensively and defensively, and has been used both as a full-back and as an attacking wing-back or wide midfielder.", "He is gifted with outstanding physical attributes, athleticism and excellent technical skills, as well as good vision, crossing ability and a powerful shot, which made him a dangerous attacking threat down the right flank in his prime.", "Due to his success, strength, pace and power, he earned the nickname \"\"Il Colosso\"\" (\"The Colossus\") during his time at Inter, where he developed into one of the best attacking full-backs in the world, forming a notable partnership with teammate Javier Zanetti." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 245729, "simple_article_title": "Maicon Douglas Sisenando", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245729", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-245729-0-0", "simple-245729-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Maicon Douglas Sisenando (born 26 July 1981) is a Brazilian football player.", "He plays for Roma and Brazil national team." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1938873, "normal_article_title": "Renato Portaluppi", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1938873", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1938873-0-0", "normal-1938873-0-1", "normal-1938873-1-0", "normal-1938873-1-1", "normal-1938873-2-0", "normal-1938873-2-1", "normal-1938873-2-2", "normal-1938873-3-0", "normal-1938873-3-1", "normal-1938873-3-2", "normal-1938873-4-0", "normal-1938873-5-0", "normal-1938873-5-1", "normal-1938873-5-2", "normal-1938873-6-0", "normal-1938873-6-1", "normal-1938873-6-2", "normal-1938873-6-3", "normal-1938873-7-0", "normal-1938873-7-1", "normal-1938873-7-2", "normal-1938873-7-3", "normal-1938873-7-4", "normal-1938873-7-5", "normal-1938873-7-6", "normal-1938873-7-7", "normal-1938873-8-0", "normal-1938873-8-1", "normal-1938873-8-2", "normal-1938873-9-0", "normal-1938873-10-0", "normal-1938873-10-1", "normal-1938873-10-2", "normal-1938873-10-3", "normal-1938873-10-4", "normal-1938873-10-5", "normal-1938873-10-6", "normal-1938873-10-7", "normal-1938873-11-0", "normal-1938873-11-1", "normal-1938873-12-0", "normal-1938873-12-1", "normal-1938873-13-0", "normal-1938873-14-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Renato Portaluppi (born 9 September 1962), also known as Renato or Renato Gaúcho, is a Brazilian football coach and former footballer who played as a right winger.", "He is the current manager of Grêmio.", "Born in Guaporé, Rio Grande do Sul, Renato started his career in Esportivo in Bento Gonçalves where he grew up.", "He was later signed with Grêmio, where in 1983 he won the Copa Libertadores, beating Peñarol of Uruguay, and the Intercontinental Cup, beating Hamburger SV of Germany, and scoring twice.", "In 1987, he moved to Flamengo and won the Green Module of Brasileirão Série A in the same year.", "Then in 1988 Renato moved abroad, signing with Roma.", "However, he failed to settle in Italy and returned to Flamengo after only one disappointing season, in time to win one more trophy, the Copa do Brasil in 1990.", "Renato's career in Fluminense is generally associated to his belly goal in the Campeonato Carioca of 1995, against Flamengo, in the year when Flamengo celebrated 100 years.", "With his goal he was crowned the King of Rio in that year.", "In the same year, he led Fluminense to the semi-finals of the Brasileirão Série A.", "Renato Gaúcho appeared 41 times for the Brazilian national team, scoring five goals.", "In 1986, while preparing for the FIFA World Cup Finals in Mexico, Renato was dropped from the squad by coach Telê Santana for disciplinary reasons, primarily partying late and missing training.", "As a result, his teammate and close friend Leandro also withdrew from the squad on the eve of Brazil's departure for Mexico.", "Leandro's replacement at right-back was Edson, who was injured in the second World Cup match and was then replaced by the relatively unknown Josimar of Botafogo, who became one of the stars of the tournament.", "He has been working as a coach since 2000.", "He was Madureira's coach in 2000 and 2001.", "Between September 2, 2002 and July 11, 2003, and between October 1, 2003 and December 28, 2003, he was coach of Fluminense.", "From July 2005 to April 2007 he was Vasco da Gama's coach.", "Since April 2007, he is Fluminense's coach again.", "On June 6, 2007 he won the Brazil Cup as Fluminense's coach, his first title in the new career.", "However, he failed to win the Copa Libertadores as Fluminense was defeated in a penalty shootout to underdogs LDU from Ecuador.", "On August 10, 2008 Renato was sacked as manager of Fluminense Football Club.", "His sacking followed a 2–1 defeat to the Brasileirão's bottom side, Ipatinga which left them joint-bottom of the table.", "On September 18, 2008, he was hired as Vasco's manager.", "Fluminense have hired former Vasco da Gama coach Renato Gaúcho on July 21, 2009 he replaces Carlos Alberto Parreira, who was sacked in July 2009, Renato has already coached Fluminense twice before (in 2002–2003 and again in 2007–2008).", "On September 1, 2009 Fluminense club officials have fired the coach due to poor results.", "Being the first choice of the sponsor, who intervened with the presidency of the club.", "Renato was chosen again as coach of Fluminense.", "being his fifth spell at the club from Laranjeiras.", "Bahia chairman Marcelo Guimarães has hired on December 13, 2009 the former Fluminense coach to replace Paulo Bonamigo, for the 2010 season.", "On August 10, 2010 Grêmio confirmed Renato was their new coach, two days after the sacking of their former coach Silas.", "He tried to start a good season, but in his debut the team lost to Goiás and was eliminated from the 2010 Copa Sudamericana on the Second Stage.", "In the 2010 Brazilian League Grêmio ended in 4th place and consequently qualified to 2011 Copa Libertadores.", "Afterward, Renato did not do a great season in 2011.", "His team lost the 2011 Campeonato Gaúcho finals to their rival Internacional and was the runner-up.", "Grêmio was also eliminated from the 2011 Copa Libertadores on the Round of 16, losing to Chilean club Universidad Católica.", "All of that disappointed himself and Grêmio's President Paulo Odone.", "He coached some matches of the 2011 Brazilian League, however their performance wasn't good, and Renato resigned on June 30.", "Even after being two years without coaching any club, Renato was the first choice of Fábio Koff, president of Grêmio, to succeed Vanderlei Luxemburgo as the new coach of Grêmio.", "On July 2, 2013 the coach signed with the club and was presented to more than 5,000 supporters in Grêmio Arena.", "On September 18, 2016 his third passage as commander of the \"Tricolor Gaúcho\" was announced, replacing Roger Machado.", "In the same year, he led the Porto Alegre-based team to their fifth Copa do Brasil trophy.", "The following year, Portaluppi became the first Brazilian to win the Copa Libertadores as a player and as a manager, with Grêmio beating Buenos Aires side Lanús in the final.", "In the 2018 season, he helped his team to win the Recopa Sudamericana over Independiente and the Campeonato Gaúcho over Brasil de Pelotas, their first win since 2010." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 178992, "simple_article_title": "Renato Gaúcho", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=178992", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-178992-0-0", "simple-178992-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Renato Gaúcho (born 9 September 1962) used to be a Brazilian football player.", "He has played for Brazil national team." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 818759, "normal_article_title": "Maceió", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=818759", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-818759-0-0", "normal-818759-0-1", "normal-818759-0-2", "normal-818759-1-0", "normal-818759-1-1", "normal-818759-1-2", "normal-818759-2-0", "normal-818759-2-1", "normal-818759-3-0", "normal-818759-3-1", "normal-818759-4-0", "normal-818759-4-1", "normal-818759-4-2", "normal-818759-5-0", "normal-818759-6-0", "normal-818759-6-1", "normal-818759-6-2", "normal-818759-7-0", "normal-818759-7-1", "normal-818759-8-0", "normal-818759-9-0", "normal-818759-9-1", "normal-818759-9-2", "normal-818759-10-0", "normal-818759-10-1", "normal-818759-10-2", "normal-818759-11-0", "normal-818759-12-0", "normal-818759-13-0", "normal-818759-13-1", "normal-818759-13-2", "normal-818759-13-3", "normal-818759-13-4", "normal-818759-13-5", "normal-818759-13-6", "normal-818759-14-0", "normal-818759-14-1", "normal-818759-15-0", "normal-818759-16-0", "normal-818759-16-1", "normal-818759-17-0", "normal-818759-18-0", "normal-818759-19-0", "normal-818759-20-0", "normal-818759-21-0", "normal-818759-22-0", "normal-818759-22-1", "normal-818759-22-2", "normal-818759-22-3", "normal-818759-22-4", "normal-818759-22-5", "normal-818759-22-6", "normal-818759-23-0", "normal-818759-23-1", "normal-818759-24-0", "normal-818759-24-1", "normal-818759-25-0", "normal-818759-25-1", "normal-818759-26-0", "normal-818759-26-1", "normal-818759-26-2", "normal-818759-26-3", "normal-818759-27-0", "normal-818759-27-1", "normal-818759-28-0", "normal-818759-28-1", "normal-818759-29-0", "normal-818759-30-0", "normal-818759-30-1", "normal-818759-30-2", "normal-818759-31-0", "normal-818759-32-0", "normal-818759-33-0", "normal-818759-34-0", "normal-818759-34-1", "normal-818759-34-2", "normal-818759-34-3", "normal-818759-35-0", "normal-818759-35-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Maceió (] ) is the capital and the largest city of the coastal state of Alagoas, Brazil.", "The name \"Maceió\" is an Indigenous term for a spring.", "Most maceiós flow to the sea, but some get trapped and form lakes (\"lagoas\", in Portuguese).", "There are numerous maceiós and lakes in this part of Brazil; because of this, the city was named Maceió, and the state, Alagoas.", "The new Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport connects Maceió with many Brazilian cities and also operates some international flights.", "The city is home to the Federal University of Alagoas.", "The name \"Maceió\" has origin in the term tupi maçayó or maçaio-k, that means \"what it covers the swamp\".", "The Aurélio Dictionary says that the term \"maceió\" means a temporary and cyclic lagoon that is located at the edge of the sea at the mouth of a watercourse small enough to be interrupted by a silicate bar until the high tide opens the way temporarily cyclically related to the season, river flow, lunar seasons, etc.", "The city began in an old sugar mill and plantation complex around the 19th century.", "Its development started with the arrival of ships taking wood from Jaraguá bay.", "With the installation of the sugar mills, Maceió started to export sugar, then tobacco, coconut, leather, and some spices.", "Prosperity made it possible for the settlement to become a village on December 5, 1815.", "Thanks to its continued growth, Maceió became the capital of the Alagoas state on December 9, 1839.", "Maceió is also a port city and due to its port development about 200 years ago it changed from a village into a city.", "The city is located between Mundaú Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean.", "The city proper has a total population of 922,458 inhabitants (year 2006) living under a tropical climate with average temperature of 25 °C .", "s of 2010 , Maceio metropolitan area had a total population of 1,156,287 inhabitants.", "Maceió has a typical tropical climate, specifically a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: \"Am\"), with very warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year.", "However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and trade winds blowing from the ocean.", "January is the warmest month, with mean maximum of 32 °C and minimum of 22 °C and more sun; July experiences the coolest temperatures, with mean maximum of 27 °C and minimum of 17 °C and more rain and much higher humidity.", "The natural vegetation surrounding Maceió is tropical rainforest.", "Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 2,000 mm (about 78 inches or 2 meters) and 1700 mm (about 67 inches).", "The soil can be poor because high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients.", "One substantial local industry is based on chemical products from brine pumped from deep wells on the outskirts of Maceió.", "Another substantial industry is the production of ethanol and sugar from sugarcane grown in the region.", "In the last thirty years the tourist industry has transformed the coastal areas of the city into vibrant centers of entertainment for Brazilian and foreign tourists (Americans, Italians, French, Germans, Argentinians, etc.).", "These coastal neighborhoods include coconut palm trees, playgrounds, squares, open-to-the-public football, volleyball, and basketball fields, residential buildings, bars, nightclubs, tourist-oriented shops, restaurants, banks, hotels, and gambling houses (slot machines and bingo only, since casino games are illegal in Brazil).", "The GDP for the city was R$9,143,488,000 (as of 2008 ); The per capita income for the city was R$9,894 (as of 2008 ).", "Strong point in the municipality's economy is tourism.", "Maceió has a great potential to attract tourists due to its natural beauties and great cultural diversity.", "In addition, Maceió offers several leisure options and modern spaces for business, such as the new Cultural and Exhibition Center of Maceió, in the Jaraguá district.", "In September 2005, the Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport, one of the most modern in Brazil, was inaugurated.", "The Jaraguá neighborhood was very popular during the end of the 1990s, with large investments by the Maceió prefecture.", "Nowadays, the Jaraguá is a commercial district, equipped with banks, museums and colleges.", "Nordeste Invest, an event of tourism and real estate investments of international scope, happened in Maceió in the editions of years 2006 and 2009.", "Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools.", "English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.", "Top high schools of the city are: Maria Montessori (the best according to ENEM), Colégio Oswaldo Cruz (A.K.A. COC) Colégio Santa Úrsula, Colégio Intensivo, Colégio Marista de Maceió, Colégio Santa Madalena Sofia, Colégio Contato and others.", "American jazz and rock and almost all Brazilian styles and dances are played all over the city in bars, pubs, restaurants, nightclubs, street festivals, concerts, private gatherings, and churches all the year round.", "Some classical music in concerts in the University, in the theater, and museums can also be heard.", "Movie theaters can be found in the Maceió Shopping, Pátio Maceió, Parque Shopping Maceió and Farol malls.", "Spetacles can be seen at the Deodoro Theatre and Gustavo Leite Theatre.", "Théo Brandão Museum (folk and primitive arts), Museum of the Historical and Geografical Institute of Alagoas (fine arts and historical objects), Pierre Chalita Museum (fine arts), Museum of Image and Music (photographic, cinematographic, and sound exhibitions and archives), Museum of sport, Museum of natural history UFAL(museum which serves as the search for the Federal University of Alagoas).", "Folk art in the Théo Brandão Museum, and in outdoor markets at Pajuçara Beach and Pontal da Barra where one can buy works by local folk artists.", "The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maceió.", "Festa Junina was introduced to Northeastern Brazil by the Portuguese for whom St John's day (also celebrated as Midsummer Day in several European countries), on June 24, is one of the oldest and most popular celebrations of the year.", "Differently from what happens on the European Midsummer Day, the festivities in Brazil do not take place during the summer solstice but during the tropical winter solstice.", "The festivities traditionally begin after June 12, on the eve of St Anthony's day, and last until the 29th, which is Saint Peter's day.", "During these fifteen days, there are bonfires, fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets (step names are in French, which shows the mutual influences between court life and peasant culture in the 17th, 18th, and 19th-century Europe).", "Typical refreshments and dishes are served.", "Like during Carnival, these festivities involve costumes-wearing (in this case, peasant costumes), dancing, heavy drinking, and visual spectacles (fireworks display and folk dancing).", "Like what happens on Midsummer and St John's Day in Europe, bonfires are a central part of these festivities in Brazil.", "This is a typical Alagoas revelry that resulted from the union of Reisado (an Epiphany celebration), Auto dos Caboclinhos (Caboclinhos' Play), Chegança (public folk play depicting a naval battle) and Pastoril (outdoor folk play).", "Its choreography and costumes with colored ribbons and beads reproduce the cathedral's façades on the monumental hats covered with mirrors.", "This is a dramatic dance motivated by the sea.", "It tells the sea adventures of the first navigators in its songs accompanied by guitar and ukulele.", "Boi do Carnaval is a popular culture display derived from Bumba-Meu-Boi.", "It is always presented together with La Ursa (The Bear), Vaqueiro (Cowboy) and a percussion band whose rhythm captivates everyone that hears it.", "Gogó da Ema was a famous palm tree with a crooked trunk roughly shaped like a curvilinear letter \"N\".", "The tree fell on July 27, 1955 at 2:20 in the afternoon.", "It has become a symbol for Maceian culture and tourism, and there is a beach named after the celebrated tree.", "The tree also appears in folkloric art and music throughout northeastern Brazil.", "Maceió is home to numerous beaches, the color of sea varying from emerald green to blue; the water is always clear.", "The sand is white and there are many coconut plantations.", "The Maceió sea has natural pools and reefs a few meters off the coast, that can be accessed by boat or raft sailings.", "The Mundaú lake is another option for sailing and bathing in transparent water.", "Historical buildings include the Cathedral of Our Lady of Pleasures (1840), the Deodoro Theatre, the Municipal Market, the Historical Institute Museum and the Floriano Peixoto Palace, seat of Alagoas State government.", "Gastronomy include fishes, shrimps, crabs and lobsters are some of Maceió’s specialties.", "Fresh seafood is prepared from local recipes, such as tapioca, acaraje, carne-de-sol, cuscuz de tapioca.", "A kind of mollusk, the sururu, is appreciated in the city and is incorporated in many typical dishes.", "Maceió is served by Maceió Urban Rail, a light rail system.", "Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport located outside Maceió serves the area with international connections to Milan in Italy and Buenos Aires in Argentina, as well as cities throughout Brazil.", "In 2012 the airport handled 1,719,979 passengers.", "The Port of Jaraguá is a Brazilian port located in Maceió.", "The commercial and economic development of the Port of Jaraguá, next to the margins of the Mundaú lagoon, was responsible for the emergence of an important settlement that received the name of Maceió and later became the present capital of Alagoas.", "The Port of Jaraguá is situated in a natural port area that facilitates the ships docking.", "During the Brazilian colonial period, the most important products exported from there port were sugar, tobacco, coconut and spices.", "Maceió is connected to the main cities of Brazil by the BR-104, BR-101, BR-316 and AL-101 highways.", "The distances to other Braziian cities are below." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 12830, "simple_article_title": "Maceió", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12830", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-12830-0-0", "simple-12830-0-1", "simple-12830-1-0", "simple-12830-1-1", "simple-12830-2-0", "simple-12830-2-1", "simple-12830-2-2", "simple-12830-3-0", "simple-12830-3-1", "simple-12830-3-2", "simple-12830-3-3", "simple-12830-4-0", "simple-12830-4-1", "simple-12830-4-2", "simple-12830-4-3", "simple-12830-4-4", "simple-12830-5-0", "simple-12830-5-1", "simple-12830-5-2", "simple-12830-6-0", "simple-12830-6-1", "simple-12830-6-2", "simple-12830-7-0", "simple-12830-7-1", "simple-12830-7-2", "simple-12830-8-0", "simple-12830-8-1", "simple-12830-8-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Maceió is the capital of Alagoas, a state in the Northeast of Brazil.", "It has a population of 884.320 people (estimate from the year 2000) and a total area of 512 square km.", "The city attracts many tourists and it enjoys an important location between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mundaú Lake.", "Maceió has several urban beaches which are visited by many tourists, for example, the beaches named Pajuçara, Ponta Verde, Jatiúca and Cruz das Almas, famous for their natural beauty.", "Maceió originated from a sugar cane engine where initially a village increased around it.", "Soon the place gained a port, nowadays in Jaraguá district, that as long as years were gone influenced the village development transforming it into a city.", "Its condition of port city made Maceió to be the state capital in 1839, which was earlier on Santa Maria Madalena da Alagoa do Sul (Saint Mary Magdalene of the Southern Lake) or simply Alagoa do Sul (nowadays the historic city of Marechal Deodoro).", "The community of Pajussara is on the ocean coast of Maceió, with modern streets and avenues, many shops, clubs and hotels in front of the sea.", "Its beach is very attractive and visited by many tourists and natives.", "In Pajussara beach, a nice place to go is a natural swimming pool 1.500 meters east of the coast and that is placed on a sand bank of the Atlantic Ocean.", "The pool is formed only when tide is low and people can get there by boat.", "It is considered the most beautiful beach in the city.", "The community started from an old little farm named Ponta Verde that gave the neighborhood its name.", "The long extension of land was full of coconut trees and was a wild and quiet place.", "Currently the urbanization has taken all the area of Ponta Verde and many important events and shows of the city have happened there.", "The place has good hotels and restaurants and some of them are the best ones in the city.", "Farol means lighthouse in Portuguese.", "The community is in an elevated area not far from the sea where the old lighthouse was that aided the ships to come in the port of the city.", "From this place is possible to see as the Atlantic Ocean as the Mundaú Lake and because of this the area was strategically important to military force in the Colonial age.", "Jatiúca, besides Ponta Verde, is one of the most valued areas in the city in the ranking of the properties salesmen.", "It is a place with very nice hotels, resorts and restaurants that enjoy a good location in front of the sea.", "The seacoast in Jatiúca has a lot of beach bars.", "Jaraguá has a historic importance because it is the initial point of the city and could be appropriately named Old Town.", "Maceió was just a village when the port of Jaraguá helped the little village to become a city in the 19th century.", "Currently some old buildings were transformed in bars and restaurants that are very attended at the weekends but the history of Maceió keeps preserved in many of the old and classic buildings, houses, manors and churches of Jaraguá.", "The earlier dunes between the Mundaú Lake and the Atlantic Ocean gave place later to the community of fishermen and crafts men and women that currently inhabit this portion of land on the south of the city.", "Hospitality and beautiful handcrafts are good characteristics of this place.", "This is because the community of Pontal enjoy to welcome lots of visitors amazed with the incredible ability of the craft workers and the good taste of the typical seafood dishes." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 45676754, "normal_article_title": "Östersunds BS", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45676754", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-45676754-0-0", "normal-45676754-0-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Östersunds BS is a bandy club in Östersund, Sweden, established on 5 September 1974 when Ope IF's bandy section was disestablished.", "The women's bandy team debuted in the Swedish top division during the season of 2013-2014." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 484466, "simple_article_title": "Östersunds BS", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=484466", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-484466-0-0", "simple-484466-0-1", "simple-484466-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Östersunds BS is a bandy club in the town of Östersund in Sweden.", "It was established on 5 September 1974 when Ope IF's bandy section was disestablished.", "The women's bandy team debuted in the Swedish top division during the season of 2013-2014." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1908348, "normal_article_title": "Peace of Münster", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1908348", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1908348-0-0", "normal-1908348-0-1", "normal-1908348-1-0", "normal-1908348-1-1", "normal-1908348-1-2", "normal-1908348-1-3", "normal-1908348-2-0", "normal-1908348-2-1", "normal-1908348-2-2", "normal-1908348-3-0", "normal-1908348-3-1", "normal-1908348-3-2", "normal-1908348-3-3", "normal-1908348-3-4", "normal-1908348-4-0", "normal-1908348-4-1", "normal-1908348-4-2", "normal-1908348-4-3", "normal-1908348-5-0", "normal-1908348-5-1", "normal-1908348-5-2", "normal-1908348-5-3", "normal-1908348-6-0", "normal-1908348-6-1", "normal-1908348-6-2", "normal-1908348-7-0", "normal-1908348-7-1", "normal-1908348-8-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Peace of Münster was a treaty between the Lords States General of the United Netherlands and the Spanish Crown, the terms of which were agreed on 30 January 1648.", "The Treaty is a key event in Dutch history marking formal recognition of the independent Dutch Republic and formed part of the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.", "The Dutch Revolt, also called the Eighty Years' War, of 1568–1648 was the struggle by the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands for independence from the Spanish Empire.", "Spain was at the height of its power and initially suppressed the rebellion, but in 1572 the Dutch rebels captured the strategic port of Brielle, providing them with a bridgehead for rapidly expanding the area under their control.", "Supported by France and Protestant states like England and Scotland, by 1581 the Northern provinces of the Netherlands were \"de facto\" independent.", "By the mid-17th century the Netherlands was the world's leading economic and maritime power, a period of economic, scientific and cultural growth later known as the Dutch Golden Age.", "Despite these successes, the Dutch failed to expel the Spanish from the wealthy provinces of the Southern Netherlands, modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg plus the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Longwy regions of northern France.", "France had financed the Dutch for many years to weaken the Habsburgs, then the dominant power in Europe; after the Treaty of Prague in 1635 it formally declared war on Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.", "In 1639, the Dutch navy destroyed a Spanish fleet carrying supplies and men to the Netherlands at the Battle of the Downs while in 1643 the French defeated the Army of Flanders at the Battle of Rocroi.", "French intervention and internal discontent at the costs of the Dutch war led to a change in Spain's 'Netherlands First' policy and a focus on suppressing the French-backed Catalan Revolt or Reapers War.", "After Rocroi, France acquired large parts of the Southern Netherlands and Dutch leaders like Andries Bicker and Cornelis de Graeff grew concerned the main beneficiary of continuing the war was France.", "These fears were heightened by suggestions of a treaty between Spain and France that would be reinforced by a marriage between Louis XIV and a daughter of Philip IV.", "Such an outcome threatened the Dutch since France would acquire dynastic rights over the Southern Netherlands and potentially the Northern provinces as well.", "These factors increased the urgency on both sides to end the war.", "Negotiations between began in 1641 in the towns of Münster and Osnabrück, in present-day Germany.", "With the initiation of Spanish-Dutch peace talks, Dutch trade with the Levant and the Iberian Peninsula began to flourish.", "Dutch merchants, benefiting from both the availability of relatively cheap shipping and the cessation of hostilities, soon dominated the markets that had been previously dominated by English traders.", "Dutch merchants would also benefit from the foreign upheavals of the English Civil War and gain on English trade in their American colonies.", "While Spain did not recognise the Dutch Republic, it agreed that the Lords States General of the United Netherlands was 'sovereign' and could participate in the peace talks.", "In January 1646, eight Dutch representatives arrived in Münster to begin negotiations; these included two delegates from Holland with one each from the other six provinces.", "The Spanish envoys had been given great authority by the Spanish King Philip IV who had been suing for peace for years.", "On 30 January 1648, the parties reached agreement and the text sent to the Hague and Madrid for approval; it was ratified by the Spanish and Dutch delegations on 15 May, with the States General narrowly approving the Treaty on 5 June 1648.", "The Peace of Münster between the Holy Roman Emperor, France and their allies and the Treaty of Osnabrück involving the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden and their allies were collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia.", "While European conflict continued, this marks a significant point in the transition to sovereignty based on states rather than individuals e.g. the Habsburgs.", "Sovereignty has been defined by historian Harry Hinsley as \"the idea that there is a final and absolute political authority in the political community...and no final and absolute authority exists elsewhere.\"", "Despite achieving independence, there was considerable opposition to the Treaty within the States General since it allowed Spain to retain the Southern Provinces and permitted religious toleration for Catholics.", "Support from the powerful province of Holland meant it was narrowly approved but these differences resulted in political conflict.", "An original copy of the treaty is held by the Rijksarchief (Dutch national archives) in The Hague." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 42240518, "normal_article_title": "Get Blake!", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42240518", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-42240518-0-0", "normal-42240518-0-1", "normal-42240518-0-2", "normal-42240518-1-0", "normal-42240518-1-1", "normal-42240518-1-2", "normal-42240518-1-3", "normal-42240518-2-0", "normal-42240518-2-1", "normal-42240518-3-0", "normal-42240518-3-1", "normal-42240518-3-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "(formerly Blake and the Aliens) is an American-French children's animated television series.", "The series is produced by the animation company Marathon Media for the global Nickelodeon network.", "The show first premiered on March 2, 2015 on Nicktoons in the United Kingdom and Ireland.", "was created by Antoine Guilbaud, an animator currently based in Los Angeles.", "Guilbaud's previous experiences in animation have included writing and storyboarding on hit series such as \"Rocko's Modern Life\", \"Rugrats\", \"Camp Lazlo\", and \"Phineas & Ferb\".", "Acclaimed independent cartoonist Kaz, who had previously collaborated with Guilbaud on the latter two shows, was brought on board as co-executive producer.", "After 3 years of hiatus with one season and 26 episodes the series was renewed for the second season .", "The series tracks the exploits of Blake Myers, an adventurous boy who is destined to one day become a space ranger who protects humanity from alien squirrels called \"Squaliens\".", "The Squaliens, however, are sent back in time to prevent Blake from fulfilling this destiny.", "was originally going to premiere on Nickelodeon in the United States in April 2015, but instead began to air on Nicktoons on April 20, 2016.", "The series premiered on Nickelodeon in Africa on April 6 but later moved to Nicktoons in Africa from November 2 for new episodes and on Nickelodeon in Australia and New Zealand on May 17.", "In Arabia, it is being broadcast on both Nickelodeon and Nicktoons." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 453251, "simple_article_title": "Blake and the Aliens", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=453251", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-453251-0-0", "simple-453251-0-1", "simple-453251-1-0", "simple-453251-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Blake and the Aliens is an American TV show by Marathon Media and Nickelodeon.", "The series will premiere in April 2015 in the United States and in autumn 2015 in France.", "The series is about Blake Meyers, an adventurous boy who is destined to one day become a Space Ranger who protects humanity from alien squirrels called \"Squaliens\".", "The alien squirrels are sent back in time to prevent Blake from ever becoming the adult hero" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 610221, "normal_article_title": "Tim Salmon", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=610221", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-610221-0-0", "normal-610221-0-1", "normal-610221-1-0", "normal-610221-2-0", "normal-610221-2-1", "normal-610221-2-2", "normal-610221-2-3", "normal-610221-2-4", "normal-610221-2-5", "normal-610221-2-6", "normal-610221-3-0", "normal-610221-4-0", "normal-610221-4-1", "normal-610221-4-2", "normal-610221-5-0", "normal-610221-5-1", "normal-610221-5-2", "normal-610221-5-3", "normal-610221-5-4", "normal-610221-6-0", "normal-610221-6-1", "normal-610221-6-2", "normal-610221-6-3", "normal-610221-6-4", "normal-610221-6-5", "normal-610221-7-0", "normal-610221-7-1", "normal-610221-8-0", "normal-610221-8-1", "normal-610221-8-2", "normal-610221-9-0", "normal-610221-10-0", "normal-610221-10-1", "normal-610221-11-0", "normal-610221-12-0", "normal-610221-12-1", "normal-610221-12-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Timothy James Salmon (born August 24, 1968), nicknamed King Fish, is a retired Major League Baseball outfielder and designated hitter who played his entire career with the team known, at various points during his tenure, as the California Angels, Anaheim Angels and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.", "He appeared with the Angels franchise under all three of its recent names.", "Salmon who had been selected in the third round of the Major League Baseball Draft in 1989 out of Grand Canyon University in Phoenix, made his major league debut in 1992, the same year that he won the Baseball America Minor League Player of the Year Award.", "In his first full season the next year, when he hit 31 home runs with a .918 OPS, Salmon was named the American League's Rookie of the Year for 1993 and quickly became a favorite of the Angels' organization and a household name among the team's fans.", "He maintained his status as one of the league's elite power-hitting outfielders throughout the decade.", "He finished seventh in MVP voting totals for the first time in 1995 , when he won a Silver Slugger Award, finished third in the league with a .330 batting average, and posted an OPS above 1.000.", "That year, he was the first major league player to get a hit off closer for the New York Yankees, Mariano Rivera.", "He finished seventh again in 1997 when he had a career high 129 RBIs.", "After playing in fewer than 100 games in 1999 , he tied a career high 34 home runs in 2000 .", "From 1993 to 2000 he only had two OPS lines below .900 and he never finished below .860.", "Before the 2001 season, Salmon, who was about to finish a four-year contract signed before the 1997 season, briefly considered signing with the Arizona Diamondbacks, but instead signed a four-year, $40 million extension with the Angels.", "Salmon's 2001 season was largely disappointing as he finished with career lows for full seasons in a number of categories.", "Nevertheless, he followed it up with what may have been his most meaningful season.", "After a resurgent regular season for which he was named the AL Comeback Player of the Year, Salmon was a crucial part of the Angels' playoff and World Series run in 2002 , hitting two key home runs in Game 2 of the World Series against the San Francisco Giants and batting .346 with a 1.067 OPS in the series overall.", "Following a solid 2003 season, Salmon appeared in only 60 games for the Angels in 2004 .", "After being sidelined for the entire 2005 season to recover from left knee and right rotator cuff surgery, a return was doubtful.", "Deciding against ending his career on those terms, however, Salmon dedicated himself to becoming healthy enough to play one final season in 2006.", "On December 2, 2005, the Angels announced that they had agreed to terms on a minor league contract with Salmon, making him a non-roster invitee to the team's 2006 spring training.", "Though he preferred to return to the Angels, Salmon was aware that he was considered unlikely to make the team's roster, but he saw the opportunity to play with the team during the exhibition season as a chance to potentially audition for other teams.", "However, Salmon turned in a surprisingly strong performance during spring training and secured a role for himself with the Angels.", "At the end of the exhibition, the team announced that Salmon had made their roster, meaning he would earn a $400,000 salary for the 2006 season.", "Salmon spent the season as a designated hitter and reserve outfielder.", "He indicated that making it through the season successfully would mean that he accomplished his goal of being able to end his career on his own terms.", "In any respect, Salmon's 2006 season was a significant improvement over his meager 2004 campaign.", "He finished the season with an .811 OPS over 76 games, having passed 1000 career RBIs and boosted his career home run total to 299.", "Despite setting the Angels' franchise record for home runs and finishing his career with over 1,000 RBIs, Salmon was never selected as an All-Star during his 14-year career.", "Salmon's career home run total is the highest for any player since the first All-Star Game in 1933 to have never been selected to appear in the game.", "On September 28, 2006, Salmon announced he would retire at the end of the 2006 season.", "He played his final Major League game on October 1, 2006, against the Oakland Athletics.", "His name and jersey number were cut into the infield and outfield grass of the playing field at Angel Stadium.", "He returned to Angel Stadium as a player in the 2010 All-Star Legends and Celebrity Softball Game where he received a standing ovation before hitting two home runs for the American League and receiving the game's MVP award.", "Salmon's number (15) with the Angels has not been retired yet, but it has not been used by an Angel since his retirement.", "When Dan Haren was traded to the Angels from the Arizona Diamondbacks on July 25, 2010, he requested number 24 instead of his usual 15 out of respect for Salmon.", "Since 2014, Salmon has been a pre-game and post-game analyst for Angels games on Fox Sports West.", "As of 2019 , Salmon is the Angels' all-time leader in home runs (299) and walks (965).", "He is second in franchise history with 1016 RBIs and 986 runs scored, behind Garret Anderson.", "He is one of only three Angels players to have won the Rookie of the Year award, the others being Mike Trout in 2012 and Shohei Ohtani in 2018." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2822871, "normal_article_title": "Antony Costa", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2822871", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2822871-0-0", "normal-2822871-0-1", "normal-2822871-1-0", "normal-2822871-1-1", "normal-2822871-1-2", "normal-2822871-1-3", "normal-2822871-1-4", "normal-2822871-1-5", "normal-2822871-2-0", "normal-2822871-2-1", "normal-2822871-2-2", "normal-2822871-2-3", "normal-2822871-2-4", "normal-2822871-2-5", "normal-2822871-2-6", "normal-2822871-2-7", "normal-2822871-2-8", "normal-2822871-2-9", "normal-2822871-2-10", "normal-2822871-3-0", "normal-2822871-3-1", "normal-2822871-3-2", "normal-2822871-3-3", "normal-2822871-4-0", "normal-2822871-4-1", "normal-2822871-4-2", "normal-2822871-4-3", "normal-2822871-4-4", "normal-2822871-4-5", "normal-2822871-4-6", "normal-2822871-4-7", "normal-2822871-5-0", "normal-2822871-5-1", "normal-2822871-5-2", "normal-2822871-5-3", "normal-2822871-5-4", "normal-2822871-5-5", "normal-2822871-5-6", "normal-2822871-5-7", "normal-2822871-6-0", "normal-2822871-6-1", "normal-2822871-6-2", "normal-2822871-6-3", "normal-2822871-6-4", "normal-2822871-6-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Antony Daniel Costa (born 23 June 1981) is an English singer-songwriter and actor.", "He is best known as a member of the boy band Blue.", "Costa was born in Edgware, north London, Costa attended Hendon School in nearby Barnet.", "His father is Greek Cypriot, whereas his mother is Jewish.", "He attended the American Academy school in Larnaca before moving back to England.", "He has a sister Natalie and a brother Louis who appeared on The X Factor on 3 September 2011 and who was also in a group called The Chase with former S Club 8 member Jay Asforis.", "One of Costa's earliest television roles was as a pupil in Steven Moffat's sitcom \"Chalk\".", "He then went on to appear in the BBC children's drama \"Grange Hill\".", "In early 2000, Costa and Duncan James convinced Lee Ryan and Simon Webbe to form the group Blue.", "Blue's R&B-influenced pop allowed the group to achieve commercial success in the United Kingdom and many other countries, including Ireland, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, France, Australia and New Zealand.", "The band released their debut single \"All Rise\" in May 2001 and it reached number 4 on the UK Singles Chart.", "Their follow-up single \"Too Close\" was released in August 2001 peaking at No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart.", "They went on to achieve a second number one in November with the ballad \"If You Come Back\".", "The album \"All Rise\" was released in time for Christmas and reached number one, eventually selling in excess of 1.8 million albums in the UK.", "The final single from the album, \"Fly By II\", reached number six in March 2002.", "Their second studio album, \"One Love\" was released in October 2002, entering at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart and selling more than 150,000 copies.", "Three singles were released from the album: \"One Love\", which peaked at No. 3, \"Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word\", featuring vocals from Elton John, which peaked at No. 1, and \"U Make Me Wanna\", which peaked at #4.", "Their third studio album, \"Guilty\", was released in autumn 2003, entering at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart and selling 100,000 copies on the week of release.", "The album spawned four singles, including the title track, \"Guilty\", which peaked at No. 2, \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours\", featuring vocal from Stevie Wonder and Angie Stone, which peaked at No. 11, \"Breathe Easy\", which peaked at No. 4, and \"Bubblin'\", which peaked at No. 9.", "Following the release of \"Best of Blue\", includes three tracks only previously in Japan: \"The Gift\", \"It's Alright\" and \"Elements\".", "By the indication of the album booklet, a live version of \"Lonely This Christmas\" from CD:UK was intended to be track seven on the album, however, was removed from the track listing for unknown reasons.", "The album was released in July 2005, becoming available in several European countries, as well as Japan, Thailand and China, however, was a commercial failure and failed to chart anywhere.", "The album was not released in the UK, despite copies being widely available.", "Costa was a contestant on the 2005 series of \"I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!\"", "and was evicted from the programme on 3 December 2005 after fourteen days.", "He released his debut solo single called \"Do You Ever Think of Me\" in February 2006.", "The single made its debut and peaked at number nineteen on the UK Singles Chart.", "Costa worked on the song with Songwriter John McLaughlin and performed live with Scottish session musician Paul Boyd.", "He went on to compete in the 2006 \"\" programme to find a competitor to represent the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, but did not win the honour, with \"It's a Beautiful Thing\".", "In June 2006 Costa posed naked for \"Cosmopolitan\" magazine's 10 Years of Naked Male Centrefolds, alongside other stars including singer Ronan Keating, actor Danny Dyer, Labour MP Jim Devine, and TV presenter Craig Doyle.", "Costa's debut album, \"Heart Full of Soul\" was released on 3 July 2006 only in Japan by his record label, Globe Records.", "From 10 April 2006, Costa played the lead role of Mickey Johnstone in the London production of the long-running musical \"Blood Brothers\", directed and produced by Bill Kenwright; his contract ran to February 2007.", "From March, Costa toured the UK in the tenth anniversary tour of \"Boogie Nights\".", "Costa had his first solo UK tour in February and March 2008, performing songs from his debut album.", "His UK tour had eighteen dates, which started on 16 February 2008 at The Brindley, in Runcorn and finished on 26 March 2008 in Barrow in Furness.", "He modelled for Giorgio Armani in late 2008.", "Costa has appeared twice on the BBC pop quiz \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\" in 2006 and 2008 Costa played Jack in the 2009/2010 pantomime, \"Jack and the Beanstalk\", in Ipswich.", "Costa toured with the production \"Popstar: The Musical\", playing the part of Cal between April and July 2010, at a series of theatres, across the UK.", "Costa took part in a celebrity version of TV show Total Wipeout which aired on 18 September 2010.", "The group represented the United Kingdom at the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest in Düsseldorf, Germany with the song \"I Can\" coming in 11th place with 100 points.", "Blue released their fourth studio album, \"Roulette\" on 25 January 2013 with \"Hurt Lovers\" as the lead single.", "On 21 February 2013, it was confirmed that the group would be joining \"The Big Reunion\" in which six groups from the past reform for a one off gig including Liberty X, Atomic Kitten and 5ive.", "From May 2013, the group will be touring the UK and Ireland with the other groups in The Big Reunion concert series.", "On 27 March 2013, the group announced they would embark on their first headlining tour later on in the year, their first tour in nearly ten years.", "In April 2016, Antony will join the cast of the musical Save The Last Dance For Me, playing the part of Milton, touring the UK until October 2016." ] } }

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"normal-1059378-84-0", "normal-1059378-84-1", "normal-1059378-84-2", "normal-1059378-85-0", "normal-1059378-85-1", "normal-1059378-85-2", "normal-1059378-85-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A Shinto shrine (神社 , jinja , archaic: \"shinsha\", meaning: \"place of the god(s)\") is a structure whose main purpose is to house (\"enshrine\") one or more \"kami\".", "Its most important building is used for the safekeeping of sacred objects, and not for worship.", "Although only one word (\"shrine\") is used in English, in Japanese, Shinto shrines may carry any one of many different, non-equivalent names like \"gongen\", \"-gū\", \"jinja\", \"jingū\", \"mori\", \"myōjin\", \"-sha\", \"taisha\", \"ubusuna\" or \"yashiro\".", "(For details, see the section Interpreting shrine names.)", "Structurally, a Shinto shrine is usually characterized by the presence of a \"honden\" or sanctuary, where the \"kami\" is enshrined.", "The \"honden\" may however be completely absent, as for example when the shrine stands on a sacred mountain to which it is dedicated, and which is worshipped directly.", "The \"honden\" may be missing also when there are nearby altar-like structures called \"himorogi\" or objects believed capable of attracting spirits called \"yorishiro\" that can serve as a direct bond to a \"kami\".", "There may be a \"haiden\" (拝殿 , hall of worship ) and other structures as well (see below).", "However, a shrine's most important building is used for the safekeeping of sacred objects rather than for worship.", "Miniature shrines (hokora) can occasionally be found on roadsides.", "Large shrines sometimes have on their precincts miniature shrines (\"sessha\" (摂社 ) or \"massha\" (末社 ) ).", "The portable shrines (mikoshi) which are carried on poles during festivals (\"matsuri\") enshrine \"kami\" and are therefore true shrines.", "In 927 CE, the Engi-shiki (延喜式 , literally, Procedures of the Engi Era) was promulgated.", "This work listed all of the 2,861 Shinto shrines existing at the time, and the 3,131 official-recognized and enshrined Kami.", "Certainly, that number has grown and greatly exceeded this figure through the following generations.", "In Agency for Cultural Affairs in Japan placed the number of shrines at 79,467, mostly affiliated with the Association of Shinto Shrines (神社本庁 ) .", "Some shrines, such as the Yasukuni Shrine are totally independent of any outside authority.", "The number of Shinto shrines in Japan is estimated to be around 100,000.", "This figure may, or may not, include private shrines in homes and owned by small groups, abandoned or derelict shrines, roadside Hokora.", "The unicode character that depicts a shinto shrine is ⛩ U+26E9.", "Ancestors are \"kami\" to be worshiped.", "Yayoi-period village councils sought the advice of ancestors and other \"kami\", and developed instruments (\"yorishiro\" (依り代 ) ) to evoke them.", "\"Yoshishiro\" means \"approach substitute\" and were conceived to attract the \"kami\" to allow them physical space, thus making \"kami\" accessible to human beings.", "Village-council sessions were held in quiet spots in the mountains or in forests near great trees or other natural objects that served as \"yorishiro\".", "These sacred places and their \"yorishiro\" gradually evolved into today's shrines, whose origins can be still seen in the Japanese words for \"mountain\" and \"forest\", which can also mean \"shrine\".", "Many shrines have on their grounds one of the original great \"yorishiro\": a big tree, surrounded by a sacred rope called \"shimenawa\" (標縄・注連縄・七五三縄 ) .", "The first buildings at places dedicated to worship were surely huts built to house some \"yorishiro\".", "A trace of this origin can be found in the term \"hokura\" (神庫 ) , \"deity storehouse\", which evolved into \"hokora\" (written with the same characters 神庫), and is considered to be one of the first words for shrine.", "True shrines arose with the beginning of agriculture, when the need arose to attract \"kami\" to ensure good harvests.", "These were, however, just temporary structures built for a particular purpose, a tradition of which traces can be found in some rituals.", "Hints of the first shrines can still be found here and there.", "Ōmiwa Shrine in Nara, for example, contains no sacred images or objects because it is believed to serve the mountain on which it stands.", "Those images or objects are therefore unnecessary.", "For the same reason, it has a worship hall (a \"haiden\" (拝殿 ) ) but no place to house the \"kami\" (\"shinden\" (神殿 ) ).", "Archeology confirms that, during the Yayoi period, the most common \"shintai\" (神体 ) (a \"yorishiro\" actually housing the enshrined \"kami\") in the earliest shrines were nearby mountain peaks that supplied stream water to the plains where people lived.", "Besides the already mentioned Ōmiwa Shrine, another important example is Mount Nantai, a phallus-shaped mountain in Nikko which constitutes Futarasan Shrine's \"shintai\".", "Significantly, the name Nantai (男体 ) means \"man's body\".", "The mountain not only provides water to the rice paddies below but has the shape of the phallic stone rods found in pre-agricultural Jōmon sites.", "In 905 CE, Emperor Daigo ordered a compilation of Shinto rites and rules.", "Previous attempts at codification are known to have taken place, but, neither the \"Konin\" nor the \"Jogan Gishiki\" survive.", "Initially under the direction of Fujiwara no Tokihira, the project stalled at his death in April 909.", "Fujiwara no Tadahira, his brother, took charge and in 912 CE and in 927 CE the Engi-shiki (延喜式, literally, Procedures of the Engi Era) was promulgated in fifty volumes.", "This, the first formal codification of Shinto rites and Norito (liturgies and prayers) to survive, became the basis for all subsequent Shinto liturgical practice and efforts.", "In addition to the first ten volumes of this fifty volume work (which concerned worship and the Department of Worship), sections in subsequent volumes addressing the Ministry of Ceremonies (治部省) and the Ministry of the Imperial Household (宮内省) also regulated Shinto worship and contained liturgical rites and regulation.", "Felicia Gressitt Brock published a two-volume annotated English language translation of the first ten volumes with an introduction entitled \"Engi-shiki; procedures of the Engi Era\" in 1970.", "The arrival of Buddhism changed the situation, introducing to Japan the concept of the permanent shrine.", "A great number of Buddhist temples were built next to existing shrines in mixed complexes called \"jingū-ji\" ( , lit.", "shrine temple ) to help priesthood deal with local \"kami\", making those shrines permanent.", "Some time in their evolution, the word Miya (宮 ) meaning \"palace\" came into use, indicating that shrines had by then become the imposing structures of today.", "Once the first permanent shrines were built, Shinto revealed a strong tendency to resist architectural change, a tendency which manifested itself in the so-called \"Shikinen sengū-sai\" (式年遷宮祭 ) , the tradition of rebuilding shrines faithfully at regular intervals adhering strictly to their original design.", "This custom is the reason ancient styles have been replicated through the centuries to the present day, remaining more or less intact.", "Ise Shrine, still rebuilt every 20 years, is its best extant example.", "The tradition of rebuilding shrines or temples is present in other religions, but in Shinto it has played a particularly significant role in preserving ancient architectural styles.", "Izumo Taisha, Sumiyoshi Taisha and Nishina Shinmei Shrine in fact represent each a different style whose origin is believed to predate Buddhism in Japan, a religion which arrived in Japan around the beginning of the sixth century.", "These three styles are known respectively as \"taisha-zukuri\", \"sumiyoshi-zukuri\" and \"shinmei-zukuri\" (see description below).", "Shrines weren't of course completely immune to change, and in fact show various influences, particularly that of Buddhism, a cultural import which provided much of Shinto architecture's vocabulary.", "The \"rōmon\" (楼門 , tower gate ) , the \"haiden\", the \"kairō\" (回廊 , corridor ) , the \"tōrō\", or stone lantern, and the \"komainu\", or lion dogs (see below for an explanation of these terms), are all elements borrowed from Buddhism.", "Until the Meiji period (1868–1912), shrines as we know them today were rare.", "With very few exceptions like Ise Shrine and Izumo Taisha, they were just a part of a temple-shrine complex controlled by Buddhist clergy.", "These complexes were called \"jingū-ji\" (神宮寺 , shrine temple ) , places of worship composed of a Buddhist temple and of a shrine dedicated to a local \"kami\".", "The complexes were born when a temple was erected next to a shrine to help its \"kami\" with its karmic problems.", "At the time, \"kami\" were thought to be also subjected to karma, and therefore in need of a salvation only Buddhism could provide.", "Having first appeared during the Nara period (710–794), the \"jingū-ji\" remained common for over a millennium until, with few exceptions, they were destroyed in compliance with the new policies of the Meiji administration in 1868.", "The Shinto shrine went through a cataclysmic change when the Meiji administration promulgated a new policy of separation of \"kami\" and foreign Buddhas (\"shinbutsu bunri\") with the \"Kami and Buddhas Separation Order\" (神仏判然令 , Shinbutsu Hanzenrei ) .", "This event is of great historical importance partly because it triggered the \"haibutsu kishaku\", a violent anti-Buddhist movement which in the final years of the Tokugawa shogunate and during the Meiji Restoration caused the forcible closure of thousands of Buddhist temples, the confiscation of their land, the forced return to lay life of monks, and the destruction of books, statues and other Buddhist property.", "Until the end of Edo period, local \"kami\" beliefs and Buddhism were intimately connected in what was called \"shinbutsu shūgō\" (神仏習合), up to the point that even the same buildings were used as both Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples.", "After the law, the two would be forcibly separated.", "This was done in several stages.", "A first order issued by the \"Jingijimuka\" in April 1868 ordered the defrocking of \"shasō\" and \"bettō\" (shrine monks performing Buddhist rites at Shinto shrines).", "A few days later, the 'Daijōkan' banned the application of Buddhist terminology such as \"gongen\" to Japanese \"kami\" and the veneration of Buddhist statues in shrines.", "The third stage consisted of the prohibition against applying the Buddhist term \"Daibosatsu\" (Great Bodhisattva) to the syncretic \"kami\" Hachiman at the Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū and Usa Hachiman-gū shrines.", "In the fourth and final stage, all the defrocked \"bettō\" and \"shasō\" were told to become \"shrine priests\" (\"kannushi\") and return to their shrines.", "Also, monks of the Nichiren sect were told not to refer to some deities as \"kami\".", "After a short period in which it enjoyed popular favor, the process of separation of Buddhas and \"kami\" however stalled and is still only partially completed: to this day, almost all Buddhist temples in Japan have a small shrine (\"chinjusha\") dedicated to its Shinto tutelary \"kami\", and vice versa Buddhist figures (e.g. goddess Kannon) are revered in Shinto shrines.", "As the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, US General Douglas MacArthur issued an order known as the Shinto Directive to the Japanese government on December 15, 1945.", "This order acted as a means of abolishing State Shinto and restructuring both the roles shrines played in government and everyday society and how other institutions supported the shrines.", "This included prohibition of financial and ideological support for shrines from every viable level of government, the absolution of the Shrine Board of the Ministry of Home Affairs, the removal of articles of faith like kamidana from publicly funded spaces (i.e. schools, offices, etc.) among many other stipulations.", "Some of these included the permission for the continuation of private education of Shinto priests under restrictions similarly placed upon other private universities.", "In 1946, the Association of Shinto Shrines was established to create a network connecting 80,000 shrines within Japan as well as the select few later established in America.", "In the same year, Emperor Showa made his declaration of humanity and stepped down as the divine ruler of Japan, although he would continue to fulfill his role as the emperor until his death in 1989, upon which Akihito ascended to the throne and began the Heisei period.", "The role Shinto shrines play in contemporary Japanese society depends heavily upon the shrine itself, its history and its location.", "The Ise Grand Shrine and Izumo-taisha still play large roles in the preservation of traditional culture, namely ancient architecture and traceable mythological history.", "Ise is rebuilt every 20 years, houses the sun goddess Amaterasu’s sacred mirror and one of the three Imperial Regalia, the Yata no Kagami, and whose inner sanctum only the shrine staff and the emperor are allowed to enter.", "Izumo enshrines the kami Ōkuninushi and Kotomatsukami, the ruler kami of Izumo and the collective heavenly kami, and is said to be the location where all of the kami gather in October in a period of time celebrated as a festival known as Kannazuki (神無月, “month with no gods”) outside of Izumo and kamiarizuki (神在月, “month with gods”) within.", "In the modern day, visiting shrines for everyday purposes is very common.", "For example, many students make their way to Kitano Tenmangū in order to pray to Tenjin, the kami of study and education, for good results on their exams.", "Furthermore, there are many festivals known as matsuri held throughout the year that center around Shinto rites meant to pay homage to the enshrined deities for certain holidays with varying purpose, execution, and scale amongst other factors.", "The most well-known, both to those within Japan and those beyond, are typically held in the summer.", "The defining features of a shrine are the \"kami\" it enshrines and the \"shintai\" (or \"go-shintai\" if the honorific prefix \"go-\" is used) that houses it.", "While the name literally means \"body of a kami\", \"shintai\" are physical objects worshiped at or near Shinto shrines because a \"kami\" is believed to reside in them.", "In spite of what their name may suggest, \"shintai\" are not themselves part of \"kami\", but rather just symbolic repositories which make them accessible to human beings for worship.", "It is said therefore that the \"kami\" \"inhabits\" them.", "\"Shintai\" are also of necessity \"yorishiro\", that is objects by their very nature capable of attracting \"kami\".", "The most common \"shintai\" are man-made objects like mirrors, swords, jewels (for example comma-shaped stones called \"magatama)\", \"gohei\" (wands used during religious rites), and sculptures of \"kami\" called \"shinzō\" (神像 ) , but they can be also natural objects such as rocks, mountains, trees and waterfalls.", "Mountains were among the first, and are still among the most important, \"shintai\", and are worshiped at several famous shrines.", "A mountain believed to house a \"kami\", as for example Mount Fuji or Mount Miwa, is called a \"shintai-zan\" .", "In the case of a man-made \"shintai\", a \"kami\" must be invited to reside in it (see the next subsection, \"Kanjō\").", "The founding of a new shrine requires the presence of either a pre-existing, naturally occurring \"shintai\" (for example a rock or waterfall housing a local \"kami\"), or of an artificial one, which must therefore be procured or made to the purpose.", "An example of the first case are the Nachi Falls, worshiped at Hiryū Shrine near Kumano Nachi Taisha and believed to be inhabited by a \"kami\" called Hiryū Gongen.", "The first duty of a shrine is to house and protect its \"shintai\" and the \"kami\" which inhabits it.", "If a shrine has more than one building, the one containing the \"shintai\" is called \"honden\"; because it is meant for the exclusive use of the \"kami\", it is always closed to the public and is not used for prayer or religious ceremonies.", "The \"shintai\" leaves the \"honden\" only during festivals (\"matsuri\"), when it is put in portable shrines (\"mikoshi\") and carried around the streets among the faithful.", "The portable shrine is used to physically protect the \"shintai\" and to hide it from sight.", "Often the opening of a new shrine will require the ritual division of a \"kami\" and the transferring of one of the two resulting spirits to the new location, where it will animate the \"shintai\".", "This process is called \"kanjō\", and the divided spirits \"bunrei\" (分霊 , divided spirit ) , \"go-bunrei\" (御分霊 ) or \"wakemitama\" (分霊 ) .", "This process of propagation, described by the priests, in spite of this name, not as a division but as akin to the lighting of a candle from another already lit, leaves the original \"kami\" intact in its original place and therefore doesn't alter any of its properties.", "The resulting spirit has all the qualities of the original and is therefore \"alive\" and permanent.", "The process is used often, for example during Shinto festivals (\"Matsuri\") to animate temporary shrines called \"mikoshi\".", "The transfer does not necessarily take place from a shrine to another: the divided spirit's new location can be a privately owned object or an individual's house.", "The \"kanjō\" process was of fundamental importance in the creation of all of Japan's shrine networks (Inari shrines, Hachiman shrines, etc.).", "Those worshiped at a shrine are generally Shinto \"kami\", but sometimes they can be Buddhist or Taoist deities, as well as others not generally considered to belong to Shinto.", "Some shrines were established to worship living people or figures from myths and legends.", "A famous example are the Tōshō-gū shrines erected to enshrine Tokugawa Ieyasu, or the many shrines dedicated to Sugawara no Michizane, like Kitano Tenman-gū.", "Often the shrines historically most significant do not lie in a former center of power like Kyoto, Nara or Kamakura.", "For example, Ise Shrine, the Imperial household's family shrine, is in Mie prefecture.", "Izumo-taisha, one of the oldest and most revered shrines in Japan, is in Shimane prefecture.", "This is because their location is that of a traditionally important \"kami\", and not that of temporal institutions.", "Some shrines exist only in one locality, while others are at the head of a network of branch shrines (分社 , bunsha ) that extends to all the country.", "The spreading of a \"kami\" can be due to one or more of several different mechanisms.", "The normal one is an operation called \"kanjō\" (see the \"Re-enshrinement\" section above), a propagation process through which a \"kami\" is invited to a new location and there re-enshrined.", "The new shrine is administratively completely independent from the one it originated from.", "However, other transfer mechanisms exist.", "In Ise Shrine's case, for example, its network of Shinmei shrines (from Shinmei (神明 ) , another name for Amaterasu) grew due to two concurrent causes.", "During the late Heian period the cult of Amaterasu, worshiped initially only at Ise Shrine, started to spread to the shrine's possessions through the usual \"kanjō\" mechanism.", "Later, branches shrines started to appear further away.", "The first evidence of a Shinmei shrine far from Ise is given by the Azuma Kagami, a Kamakura period text which refers to Amanawa Shinmei-gū's appearance in Kamakura, Kanagawa.", "Amaterasu began being worshiped in other parts of the country also because of the so-called \"tobi shinmei\" (飛び神明 , flying Shinmei ) phenomenon, the belief that she would fly to other locations and settle there.", "Similar mechanisms have been responsible for the spreading around the country of other \"kami\".", "The Ise Grand Shrine in Mie prefecture is, with Izumo-taisha, the most representative and historically significant shrine in Japan.", "The \"kami\" the two enshrine play fundamental roles in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, two texts of great importance to Shinto.", "Because its \"kami\", Amaterasu, is an ancestor of the Emperor, Ise Shrine is the Imperial Household's family shrine.", "Ise Shrine is, however, dedicated specifically to the Emperor and in the past, even his mother, wife and grandmother needed his permission to worship there.", "Its traditional and mythological foundation date goes back to 4 BC, but historians believe it was founded around the 3rd to 5th century.", "Izumo Taisha (Shimane prefecture) is so old that no document about its birth survives, and the year of foundation is therefore unknown.", "The shrine is at the center of a series of popular sagas and myths.", "The \"kami\" it enshrines, Ōkuninushi, created Japan before it was populated by Amaterasu's offspring, the Emperor's ancestors.", "Because of its physical remoteness, in historical times Izumo has been eclipsed in fame by other sites, but there is still a widespread belief that in October all Japanese gods meet there.", "For this reason, this month is known also as the Month Without Gods (神無月 , Kannazuki ) (one of its names in the old lunar calendar), while at Izumo Taisha alone it is referred to as the Month With Gods (神在月 or 神有月 , Kamiarizuki ) .", "Fushimi Inari Taisha is the head shrine of the largest shrine network in Japan, which has more than 32 000 members (about a third of the total).", "Inari Okami worship started here in the 8th century and has continued ever since, expanding to the rest of the country.", "Located in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, the shrine sits at the base of a mountain also named Inari, and includes trails up the mountain to many smaller shrines.", "Another very large example is the Yūtoku Inari Shrine in Kashima City, Saga Prefecture.", "Ōita Prefecture's Usa Shrine (called in Japanese Usa Jingū or Usa Hachiman-gū) is, together with Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū, the head of the Hachiman shrine network.", "Hachiman worship started here at least as far back as the Nara period (710–794).", "In the year 860 the \"kami\" was divided and brought to Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū in Kyoto, which became the focus of Hachiman worship in the capital.", "Located on top of Mount Otokoyama, Usa Hachiman-gū is dedicated to Emperor Ojin, his mother Empress Jungū and female \"kami\" Hime no Okami.", "Itsukushima Shrine is, together with Munakata Taisha, at the head of the Munakata shrine network (see below).", "Remembered for his \"torii\" raising from the waters, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "The shrine is dedicated to the three daughters of Susano-o no Mikoto, \"kami\" of seas and storms and brother of the great sun \"kami\".", "Kasuga Taisha is a Shinto shrine in the city of Nara, in Nara Prefecture, Japan.", "Established in 768 A.D. and rebuilt several times over the centuries, it is the shrine of the Fujiwara family.", "The interior is noted for its many bronze lanterns, as well as the many stone lanterns that lead up the shrine.", "The architectural style \"Kasuga-zukuri\" takes its name from Kasuga Taisha's \"honden\".", "The Kumano Sanzan shrine complex, head of the Kumano shrine network, includes Kumano Hayatama Taisha (Wakayama Prefecture, Shingu), Kumano Hongu Taisha (Wakayama Prefecture, Tanabe), and Kumano Nachi Taisha (Wakayama Prefecture, Nachikatsuura).", "The shrines lie at between 20 and 40 km of distance one from the other.", "They are connected by the pilgrimage route known as \"Kumano Sankeimichi\" (熊野参詣道 ) .", "The great Kumano Sanzan complex also includes two Buddhist temples, Seiganto-ji and Fudarakusan-ji.", "The religious significance of the Kumano region goes back to prehistoric times, and therefore predates all modern religions in Japan.", "The area was, and still is, considered a place of physical healing.", "Yasukuni shrine, in Tokyo, is dedicated to the soldiers and others who died fighting on behalf of the Emperor of Japan.", "There are estimated to be about 80,000+ shrines in Japan.", "The majority of Shinto shrines are associated with a shrine network.", "This counts only shrines with resident priests; if smaller shrines (such as roadside or household shrines) are included, the number would increase by at least an order of magnitude.", "These are highly concentrated; over one-third are associated with Inari (over 30,000 shrines), and the top six networks comprise over 90% of all shrines, though there are at least 20 networks with over 200 shrines.", "The next ten networks have sizes going from about 2,000 branches down to about 200 branches, and include the networks headed by Matsunoo-taisha, Kibune Shrine, and Taga-taisha, among others.", "The following six shrine networks alone account for more than 90% of all shrines in Japan.", "The number of branch shrines gives an approximate indication of their religious significance, and neither Ise Shrine nor Izumo-taisha can claim the first place.", "By far the most numerous are shrines dedicated to Inari, tutelary \"kami\" of agriculture popular all over Japan, which alone constitute almost a third of the total.", "Inari also protects fishing, commerce and productivity in general.", "For this reason, many modern Japanese corporations have shrines dedicated to Inari on their premises.", "Inari shrines are usually very small and therefore easy to maintain, but can also be very large, as in the case of Fushimi Inari Taisha, the head shrine of the network.", "The \"kami\" is also enshrined in some Buddhist temples.", "The entrance to an Inari shrine is usually marked by one or more vermilion \"torii\" and two white foxes (See photo above).", "This red color has come to be identified with Inari because of the prevalence of its use among Inari shrines and their \"torii\".", "The \"kitsune\" statues are at times mistakenly believed to be a form assumed by Inari, and they typically come in pairs, representing a male and a female, although sex is usually not obvious.", "These fox statues hold a symbolic item in their mouths or beneath a front paw – most often a jewel and a key, but a sheaf of rice, a scroll, or a fox cub are all common.", "Almost all Inari shrines, no matter how small, will feature at least a pair of these statues, usually flanking or on the altar or in front of the main sanctuary.", "A syncretic entity worshiped as both a \"kami\" and a Buddhist \"daibosatsu\", Hachiman is intimately associated with both learning and warriors.", "In the sixth or seventh century Emperor Ōjin and his mother Empress Jingū came to be identified together with Hachiman.", "First enshrined at Usa Hachiman-gū in Ōita Prefecture, Hachiman was deeply revered during the Heian period.", "According to the Kojiki, it was Ōjin who invited Korean and Chinese scholars to Japan, and for this reason he is the patron of writing and learning.", "Because as Emperor Ōjin he was an ancestor of the Minamoto clan, Hachiman became the tutelary \"kami\" (氏神 , ujigami ) of the Minamoto samurai clan of Kawachi (Osaka).", "After Minamoto no Yoritomo became \"shōgun\" and established the Kamakura shogunate, Hachiman's popularity grew and he became by extension the protector of the warrior class the \"shōgun\" had brought to power.", "For this reason, the \"shintai\" of a Hachiman shrine is usually a stirrup or a bow.", "During the Japanese medieval period, Hachiman worship spread throughout Japan among not only samurai, but also the peasantry.", "There are 25,000 shrines in Japan dedicated to him, the second most numerous after those of the Inari network.", "Usa Hachiman-gū is the network's head shrine together with Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū.", "However, Hakozaki Shrine and Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū are historically no less significant shrines, and are more popular.", "Headed by Kyūshū's Munakata Taisha and Itsukushima Shrine, shrines in this network enshrine the Three Female Kami of Munakata (宗像三女神 , Munakata Sanjoshin ) , namely Chikishima Hime-no-Kami, Tagitsu Hime-no-Kami, and Tagori Hime-no-Kami.", "The same three \"kami\" are enshrined elsewhere in the network, sometimes under a different name.", "However, while Munakata Taisha enshrines all three in separate islands belonging to its complex, branch shrines generally do not; which \"kami\" they enshrine depends on the history of the shrine and the myths tied to it.", "The Tenjin shrine network enshrines 9th-century scholar Sugawara no Michizane.", "Sugawara had originally been enshrined to placate his spirit, not to be worshiped.", "Michizane had been unjustly exiled in his life, and it was therefore necessary to somehow placate his rage, believed to be the cause of a plague and other disasters.", "Kitano Tenman-gū was the first of the shrines dedicated to him.", "Because in life he was a scholar, he became the \"kami\" of learning, and during the Edo period schools often opened a branch shrine for him.", "Another important shrine dedicated to him is Dazaifu Tenman-gū.", "While the ritsuryō legal system was in use, visits by commoners to Ise were forbidden.", "With its weakening during the Heian period, commoners also started being allowed to the shrine.", "The growth of the Shinmei shrine network was due to two concomitant causes.", "During the late Heian period goddess Amaterasu, worshiped initially only at Ise Shrine, started to be re-enshrined in branch shrines in Ise's own possessions through the usual \"kanjō\" mechanism.", "The first evidence of a Shinmei shrine elsewhere is given by the Azuma Kagami, a Kamakura period text which refers to Amanawa Shinmei-gū's appearance in Kamakura.", "Amaterasu spread to other parts of the country also because of the so-called \"tobi shinmei\" (飛び神明 , flying Shinmei ) phenomenon, the belief that Amaterasu flew to other locations and settled there.", "Kumano shrines enshrine the three Kumano mountains: Hongū, Shingū, and Nachi (the Kumano Gongen (熊野権現 ) ).", "The point of origin of the Kumano cult is the Kumano Sanzan shrine complex, which includes Kumano Hayatama Taisha (熊野速玉大社 ) (Wakayama Prefecture, Shingu), Kumano Hongu Taisha (Wakayama Prefecture, Tanabe), and Kumano Nachi Taisha (Wakayama Prefecture, Nachikatsuura).", "There are more than 3000 Kumano shrines in Japan.", "The following is a diagram illustrating the most important parts of a Shinto shrine.", "The general blueprint of a Shinto shrine is Buddhist in origin.", "The presence of verandas, stone lanterns, and elaborate gates is an example of this influence.", "The composition of a Shinto shrine is extremely variable, and none of its possible features is necessarily present.", "Even the \"honden\" can be missing if the shrine worships a nearby natural \"shintai\".", "However, since its grounds are sacred, they are usually surrounded by a fence made of stone or wood called \"tamagaki\", while access is made possible by an approach called \"sandō\".", "The entrances themselves are straddled by gates called \"torii\", which are usually the simplest way to identify a Shinto shrine.", "A shrine may include within its grounds several structures, each destined to a different purpose.", "Among them are the already mentioned \"honden\" or sanctuary, where the \"kami\" are enshrined, the \"heiden\" or hall of offerings, where offers and prayers are presented, and the \"haiden\" or hall of worship, where there may be seats for worshippers.", "The \"honden\" is the building that contains the \"shintai\", literally, \"the sacred body of the kami\".", "Of these, only the \"haiden\" is open to the laity.", "The \"honden\" is usually located behind the \"haiden\" and is often much smaller and unadorned.", "Other notable shrine features are the \"temizuya\", the fountain where visitors cleanse their hands and mouth, and the \"shamusho\" (社務所 ) , the office which oversees the shrine.", "Buildings are often adorned by \"chigi\" and \"katsuogi\", variously oriented poles which protrude from their roof (see illustration above).", "As already explained above, before the Meiji Restoration it was common for a Buddhist temple to be built inside or next to a shrine, or vice versa for a shrine to include Buddhist subtemples.", "If a shrine housed a Buddhist temple, it was called a \"jingūji\" (神宮寺 ) .", "Analogously, temples all over Japan adopted tutelary kami (chinju (鎮守/鎮主 ) ) and built temple shrines (寺社 , jisha ) to house them.", "After the forcible separation of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines (shinbutsu bunri) ordered by the new government in the Meiji period, the connection between the two religions was officially severed, but continued nonetheless in practice and is still visible today.", "Shrine buildings can have many different basic layouts, usually named either after a famous shrine's \"honden\" (e.g. \"hiyoshi-zukuri\", named after Hiyoshi Taisha), or a structural characteristic (e.g. \"irimoya-zukuri\", after the hip-and gable roof it adopts.", "The suffix \"-zukuri\" in this case means \"structure\".)", "The \"honden's\" roof is always gabled, and some styles also have a veranda-like aisle called \"hisashi\" (a 1-\"ken\" wide corridor surrounding one or more sides of the core of a shrine or temple).", "Proportions are also important.", "A building of a given style often must have certain proportions measured in \"ken\" (the distance between pillars, a quantity variable from one shrine to another or even within the same shrine).", "The oldest styles are the \"tsumairi\" \"shinmei-zukuri\", \"taisha-zukuri\", and \"sumiyoshi-zukuri\", believed to predate the arrival of Buddhism.", "The two most common are the \"hirairi\" \"nagare-zukuri\" and the \"tsumairi\" \"kasuga-zukuri\".", "Larger, more important shrines tend to have unique styles.", "The following are the two most common shrine styles in Japan.", "The \"nagare-zukuri\" (流造 , flowing style ) or \"nagare hafu-zukuri\" (流破風造 , flowing gabled style ) is a style characterized by a very asymmetrical gabled roof (\"kirizuma-yane\" (切妻屋根 ) in Japanese) projecting outwards on the non-gabled side, above the main entrance, to form a portico (see photo).", "This is the feature which gives the style its name, the most common among shrines all over the country.", "Sometimes the basic layout consisting of an elevated core (母屋 , moya ) partially surrounded by a veranda called \"hisashi\" (all under the same roof) is modified by the addition of a room in front of the entrance.", "The \"honden\" varies in roof ridge length from 1 to 11 \"ken\", but is never 6 or 8 \"ken\".", "The most common sizes are 1 and 3 \"ken\".", "The oldest shrine in Japan, Uji's Ujigami Shrine, has a \"honden\" of this type.", "Its external dimensions are 5x3 \"ken\", but internally it is composed of three sanctuaries (内殿 , naiden ) measuring 1 \"ken\" each.", "\"Kasuga-zukuri\" (春日造 ) as a style takes its name from Kasuga Taisha's \"honden\".", "It is characterized by the extreme smallness of the building, just 1x1 \"ken\" in size.", "In Kasuga Taisha's case, this translates in 1.9 m x 2.6 m.", "The roof is gabled with a single entrance at the gabled end, decorated with \"chigi\" and \"katsuogi\", covered with cypress bark and curved upwards at the eaves.", "Supporting structures are painted vermillion, while the plank walls are white.", "After the \"Nagare-zukuri\" (see above), this is the most common style, with most instances in the Kansai region around Nara.", "The following four styles predate the arrival in Japan of Buddhism.", "This style is rare, but historically important.", "It is also unique in that the \"honden\", normally the very center of a shrine, is missing.", "It is believed shrines of this type are reminiscent of what shrines were like in prehistorical times.", "The first shrines had no \"honden\" because the \"shintai\", or object of worship, was the mountain on which they stood.", "An extant example is Nara's Ōmiwa Shrine, which still has no \"honden\".", "An area near the \"haiden\" (hall of worship), sacred and taboo, replaces it for worship.", "Another prominent example of this style is Futarasan Shrine near Nikkō, whose \"shintai\" is Mount Nantai.", "For details, see Birth and evolution of Shinto shrines above.", "\"Shinmei-zukuri\" (神明造 ) is an ancient style typical of, and most common at, Ise Grand Shrine, the holiest of Shinto shrines.", "It is most common in Mie prefecture.", "Characterized by an extreme simplicity, its basic features can be seen in Japanese architecture from the Kofun period (250–538 C.E.) onwards and it is considered the pinnacle of Japanese traditional architecture.", "Built in planed, unfinished wood, the \"honden\" is either 3x2 \"ken\" or 1x1\"ken\" in size, has a raised floor, a gabled roof with an entry on one the non-gabled sides, no upward curve at the eaves, and decorative logs called \"chigi\" and \"katsuogi\" protruding from the roof's ridge.", "The oldest extant example is Nishina Shinmei Shrine.", "\"Sumiyoshi-zukuri\" (住吉造 ) takes its name from Sumiyoshi Taisha's \"honden\" in Ōsaka.", "The building is 4 \"ken\" wide and 2 \"ken\" deep, and has an entrance under the gable.", "Its interior is divided in two sections, one at the front (\"gejin\" (外陣 ) ) and one at the back (\"naijin\" (内陣 ) ) with a single entrance at the front.", "Construction is simple, but the pillars are painted in vermilion and the walls in white.", "The style is supposed to have its origin in old palace architecture Another example of this style is Sumiyoshi Jinja, part of the Sumiyoshi Sanjin complex in Fukuoka Prefecture.", "In both cases, as in many others, there is no veranda.", "\"Taisha-zukuri\" or \"Ōyashiro-zukuri\" (大社造 ) is the oldest shrine style, takes its name from Izumo Taisha and, like Ise Grand Shrine's, has \"chigi\" and \"katsuogi\", plus archaic features like gable-end pillars and a single central pillar (\"shin no mihashira\").", "Because its floor is raised on stilts, it is believed to have its origin in raised-floor granaries similar to those found in Toro, Shizuoka prefecture.", "The \"honden\" normally has a 2x2 \"ken\" footprint (12.46x12.46 m in Izumo Taisha's case), with an entrance on the gabled end.", "The stairs to the honden are covered by a cypress bark roof.", "The oldest extant example of the style is Kamosu Jinja's \"honden\" in Shimane prefecture, built in the 16th century.", "Many other architectural styles exist, most of them rare.", "For details, see .", "Shrine nomenclature has changed considerably since the Meiji period.", "Until then, the vast majority of shrines were small and had no permanent priest.", "With very few exceptions, they were just a part of a temple-shrine complex controlled by Buddhist clergy.", "They usually enshrined a local tutelary \"kami\", so they were called with the name of the \"kami\" followed by terms like \"gongen\"; \"ubusuna (産土 ) \", short for \"ubusuna no kami\", or guardian deity of one's birthplace; or \"myōjin\" (明神 , great kami ) .", "The term \"jinja\" (神社 ) , now the most common, was rare.", "Examples of this kind of pre-Meiji use are Tokusō Daigongen and Kanda Myōjin.", "Today, the term \"Shinto shrine\" in English is used in opposition to \"Buddhist temple\" to mirror in English the distinction made in Japanese between Shinto and Buddhist religious structures.", "This single English word however translates several non equivalent Japanese words, including \"jinja\" (神社 ) as in Yasukuni Jinja; \"yashiro\" (社 ) as in Tsubaki Ōkami Yashiro; \"miya\" (宮 ) as in Watarai no Miya; -\"gū\" (宮 ) as in Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū; \"jingū\" (神宮 ) as in Meiji Jingū; \"taisha\" (大社 ) as in Izumo Taisha; \"mori\" (杜 ) ; and \"hokora/hokura\" (神庫 ) .", "Shrine names are descriptive, and a difficult problem in dealing with them is understanding exactly what they mean.", "Although there is a lot of variation in their composition, it is usually possible to identify in them two parts.", "The first is the shrine's name proper, or \"meishō\" (名称 ) , the second is the so-called \"shōgō\" (称号 ) , or \"title\".", "The most common \"meishō\" is the location where the shrine stands, as for example in the case of Ise Jingū, the most sacred of shrines, which is located in the city of Ise, Mie prefecture.", "Very often the \"meishō\" will be the name of the \"kami\" enshrined.", "An Inari Shrine for example is a shrine dedicated to \"kami\" Inari.", "Analogously, a Kumano Shrine is a shrine that enshrines the three Kumano mountains.", "A Hachiman Shrine enshrines \"kami\" Hachiman.", "Tokyo's Meiji Shrine enshrines the Meiji Emperor.", "The name can also have other origins, often unknown or unclear.", "The second part of the name defines the status of the shrine.", "These names are not equivalent in terms of prestige: a \"taisha\" is more prestigious than a \"-gū\", which in turn is more important than a \"jinja\".", "Shrines that are part of a World Heritage Site are set in bold.", "A \"kannushi\" (神主 , kami master) or \"shinshoku\" (神職 , kami employee) is a priest responsible for the maintenance of a shrine as well as for leading worship of a given kami.", "These two terms were not always synonyms.", "Originally, a \"kannushi\" was a holy man who could work miracles and who, thanks to purification rites, could work as an intermediary between \"kami\" and man, but later the term evolved to being synonymous with \"shinshoku\", a man who works at a shrine and holds religious ceremonies there.", "A \"miko\" (巫女 , \"shrine maiden\", lit.", "\"shaman woman\") is a young woman who has trained for and taken up several duties at a shrine including the sale of sacred goods (these goods include objects such as amulets known as omamori, wood votive tablets known as ema (Shinto) among other items to visitors), daily tidying of the premises, rites of purification, and performing kagura dances on certain occasions.", "Shrine maidens and some of the duties they perform currently have been observed to have a root in the roles played by female shamans dating back to the Kofun period being exemplified in certain haniwa statuettes.", "The current shrine maiden is often a young woman of high school or college age who may be partaking as part time work or as part of family work if her own family is the one who maintains the shrine." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3447416, "normal_article_title": "Legacy of Kings", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3447416", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3447416-0-0", "normal-3447416-0-1", "normal-3447416-0-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Legacy of Kings is the second album created by the Swedish metal band HammerFall.", "It was released on September 28, 1998, by Nuclear Blast Records.The enhanced CD release includes the music video for the track \"Let the Hammer Fall\", a photo gallery, lyrics for the songs, PC wallpapers, a screensaver, and a Winamp skin only on the Bonus Deluxe Edition.", "The cover art for this album was painted by Andreas Marschall." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 101618, "normal_article_title": "Chamonix", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=101618", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-101618-0-0", "normal-101618-0-1", "normal-101618-1-0", "normal-101618-1-1", "normal-101618-2-0", "normal-101618-2-1", "normal-101618-3-0", "normal-101618-3-1", "normal-101618-4-0", "normal-101618-4-1", "normal-101618-5-0", "normal-101618-5-1", "normal-101618-5-2", "normal-101618-5-3", "normal-101618-6-0", "normal-101618-6-1", "normal-101618-7-0", "normal-101618-8-0", "normal-101618-9-0", "normal-101618-9-1", "normal-101618-9-2", "normal-101618-10-0", "normal-101618-10-1", "normal-101618-11-0", "normal-101618-12-0", "normal-101618-12-1", "normal-101618-13-0", "normal-101618-13-1", "normal-101618-14-0", "normal-101618-15-0", "normal-101618-15-1", "normal-101618-15-2", "normal-101618-15-3", "normal-101618-16-0", "normal-101618-16-1", "normal-101618-16-2", "normal-101618-16-3", "normal-101618-16-4", "normal-101618-16-5", "normal-101618-17-0", "normal-101618-17-1", "normal-101618-17-2", "normal-101618-18-0", "normal-101618-18-1", "normal-101618-18-2", "normal-101618-18-3", "normal-101618-19-0", "normal-101618-19-1", "normal-101618-19-2", "normal-101618-19-3", "normal-101618-20-0", "normal-101618-20-1", "normal-101618-20-2", "normal-101618-20-3", "normal-101618-20-4", "normal-101618-20-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, more commonly known as Chamonix (formerly spelled Chamounix), is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.", "It was the site of the first Winter Olympics in 1924.", "Situated to the north of Mont Blanc, and near the massive peaks of the Aiguilles Rouges and most notably the Aiguille du Midi, Chamonix is one of the oldest ski resorts in France.", "The Chamonix commune is popular with skiers and mountain enthusiasts, and via the cable car lift to the Aiguille du Midi it is possible to access the off-piste (backcountry) ski run of the \"Vallée Blanche\".", "Chamonix is the fourth largest commune in mainland France, with an area of 245 km2 .", "Its population of around 8,900 ranks 1,089th within the country of France.", "The valley was first mentioned in 1091, when it was granted by the Count of the Genevois to the great Benedictine house of St. Michel de la Cluse, near Turin, which by the early 13th century had established a priory there.", "However, in 1786 the inhabitants bought their freedom from the canons of Sallanches, to whom the priory had been transferred in 1519.", "In 1530, the inhabitants obtained from the Count of the Genevois the privilege of holding two fairs a year, while the valley was often visited by the civil officials and by the bishops of Geneva (first recorded visit in 1411, while St. Francis de Sales came there in 1606).", "But travellers for pleasure were very rare.", "Chamonix was part of the historical land of Savoy emerged as the feudal territory of the House of Savoy during the 11th to 14th centuries.", "The historical territory is shared between the modern countries of France, Italy, and Switzerland.", "The House of Savoy became the longest surviving royal house in Europe.", "It ruled the County of Savoy to 1416 and then the Duchy of Savoy from 1416 to 1860.", "The first party to publish (1744) an account of their visit was that of Richard Pococke, William Windham and others, such as the Englishmen who visited the Mer de Glace in 1741.", "In 1742 came P. Martel and several other Genevese, in 1760 H.B. de Saussure, and rather later Marc Th.", "The growth of tourism in the early 19th century led to the formation of the \"Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix\" in 1821, to regulate access to the mountain slopes (which were communally or co-operatively owned), and this association held a monopoly of guiding from the town until it was broken by French government action in 1892; thereafter guides were required to hold a diploma issued by a commission dominated by civil servants and members of the French Alpine Club rather than local residents.", "From the late 19th century on, tourist development was dominated by national and international initiatives rather than local entrepreneurs, though the local community was increasingly dependent upon and active in the tourist industry.", "The commune successfully lobbied to change its name from Chamonix to Chamonix-Mont-Blanc in 1916.", "However, following the loss of its monopoly, the \"Compagnie\" reformed as an association of local guides, and retained an important role in local society; it provided the services of a friendly society to its members, and in the 20th century many of them were noted mountaineers and popularisers of mountain tourism, for example the novelist Roger Frison-Roche, the first member of the \"Compagnie\" not to be born in Chamonix.", "The holding of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 further raised Chamonix's profile as an international tourist destination.", "During the Second World War, a Children's Home operated in Chamonix, in which several dozens of Jewish children were hidden from the Nazis.", "Some of those who hid them were recognised as \"Righteous Among the Nations\".", "By the 1960s, agriculture had been reduced to a marginal activity, while the number of tourist beds available rose to around 60,000 by the end of the 20th century, with about 5 million visitors a year.", "The commune of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc includes 16 villages and hamlets.", "From north to south: Le Tour 1462 m , Montroc, Le Planet, Argentière 1252 m , Les Chosalets, Le Lavancher, Les Tines, Les Bois, Les-Praz-de-Chamonix 1060 m , Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, Les Pècles, Les Mouilles, Les Barrats, Les Pélerins, Les Gaillands, and Les Bossons 1012 m .", "Due to its elevation, Chamonix has a humid continental climate (\"Dfb,\" according to the Köppen climate classification\")\", with an average annual precipitation of 1275 mm .", "Summers are mild and winters are cold and snowy.", "Sources : Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1962, INSEE database from 1968 (population without double counting and municipal population from 2006)", "Chamonix is a winter sports resort town.", "As the highest European mountain west of Russia, Mont Blanc attracts mountain climbers.", "There is a cable car up to the 3842 m Aiguille du Midi.", "Constructed in 1955, it was then the highest cable car in the world and remains the highest vertical ascent cable car in the world.", "The town of Chamonix is served by French \"Route Nationale\" 205 (RN 205), nicknamed the \"Route blanche\", or \"white route\", due to its snowiness.", "This is an extension of French \"autoroute\" 40 (A40), similarly nicknamed the \"autoroute blanche\", which ends at Le Fayet, a village in the commune of Saint-Gervais-les-Bains.", "The 11.6-km Mont Blanc Tunnel originates here, linking Chamonix to Courmayeur in Italy.", "Chamonix is linked to Switzerland by what used to be RN 506a.", "In 2006, it was converted to a \"Route Départementale\" 1506, with a part of it integrated into RN 205.", "The nearest airport to Chamonix is Geneva Cointrin International and it is 88 km away.", "Chamonix is served by the metre-gauge St Gervais-Vallorcine Line, operated by SNCF.", "The line from Saint Gervais (on the standard-gauge rail network) to Chamonix opened in 1901; it was extended to Vallorcine in 1908.", "The line holds the record for the steepest gradient on any standard (i.e. adhesion) railway.", "From Vallorcine, the rail route continues over the border into Switzerland, meeting the SBB network at Martigny.", "This latter section, a metre-gauge cog railway, is operated by Transports de Martigny et Régions SA.", "The train service from Vallorcine to Martigny is known as the Mont Blanc Express.", "Timetables on the St Gervais-Vallorcine and Vallorcine-Martigny sections are synchronized.", "The 5.1-km Montenvers Railway is a cog railway that provides access to the tourist site of Montenvers.", "Opened in 1909, its rail station was built next to SNCF's Chamonix station on the St Gervais-Vallorcine Line.", "In fact the two stations are directly linked.", "Montenvers provides further tourist access to middle and high mountain areas.", "Chamonix has one of the highest cable cars in the world, which links the town to the summit of the Aiguille du Midi at 3842 m.", "It is based on an older system built in 1920, rebuilt in the first half of the 1950s over five summer seasons, fully modernized in 1979, and upgraded again in 2008.", "On the other side of the valley, another cable car links Chamonix to the viewpoint of Planpraz.", "A second line links Planpraz to the summit of Le Brévent at 2525 m.", "Many other cable cars exist in the valley, and are heavily used by skiers and residents.", "The Plan Joran chairlift at the base of Les Grands Montets is due to be replaced by a 10-person gondola for the Winter 2014/15 season." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1092713, "normal_article_title": "Approximation theory", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1092713", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1092713-0-0", "normal-1092713-0-1", "normal-1092713-1-0", "normal-1092713-2-0", "normal-1092713-2-1", "normal-1092713-3-0", "normal-1092713-3-1", "normal-1092713-3-2", "normal-1092713-3-3", "normal-1092713-4-0", "normal-1092713-4-1", "normal-1092713-4-2", "normal-1092713-4-3", "normal-1092713-4-4", "normal-1092713-4-5", "normal-1092713-5-0", "normal-1092713-5-1", "normal-1092713-5-2", "normal-1092713-5-3", "normal-1092713-6-0", "normal-1092713-6-1", "normal-1092713-6-2", "normal-1092713-7-0", "normal-1092713-7-1", "normal-1092713-8-0", "normal-1092713-9-0", "normal-1092713-9-1", "normal-1092713-9-2", "normal-1092713-9-3", "normal-1092713-9-4", "normal-1092713-9-5", "normal-1092713-9-6", "normal-1092713-10-0", "normal-1092713-10-1", "normal-1092713-11-0", "normal-1092713-12-0", "normal-1092713-12-1", "normal-1092713-12-2", "normal-1092713-13-0", "normal-1092713-14-0", "normal-1092713-15-0", "normal-1092713-15-1", "normal-1092713-15-2", "normal-1092713-16-0", "normal-1092713-16-1", "normal-1092713-16-2", "normal-1092713-16-3", "normal-1092713-17-0", "normal-1092713-17-1", "normal-1092713-18-0", "normal-1092713-18-1", "normal-1092713-18-2", "normal-1092713-18-3", "normal-1092713-19-0", "normal-1092713-19-1", "normal-1092713-19-2", "normal-1092713-19-3", "normal-1092713-20-0", "normal-1092713-20-1", "normal-1092713-20-2", "normal-1092713-20-3", "normal-1092713-21-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In mathematics, approximation theory is concerned with how functions can best be approximated with simpler functions, and with quantitatively characterizing the errors introduced thereby.", "Note that what is meant by \"best\" and \"simpler\" will depend on the application.", "A closely related topic is the approximation of functions by generalized Fourier series, that is, approximations based upon summation of a series of terms based upon orthogonal polynomials.", "One problem of particular interest is that of approximating a function in a computer mathematical library, using operations that can be performed on the computer or calculator (e.g. addition and multiplication), such that the result is as close to the actual function as possible.", "This is typically done with polynomial or rational (ratio of polynomials) approximations.", "The objective is to make the approximation as close as possible to the actual function, typically with an accuracy close to that of the underlying computer's floating point arithmetic.", "This is accomplished by using a polynomial of high degree, and/or narrowing the domain over which the polynomial has to approximate the function.", "Narrowing the domain can often be done through the use of various addition or scaling formulas for the function being approximated.", "Modern mathematical libraries often reduce the domain into many tiny segments and use a low-degree polynomial for each segment.", "Once the domain (typically an interval) and degree of the polynomial are chosen, the polynomial itself is chosen in such a way as to minimize the worst-case error.", "That is, the goal is to minimize the maximum value of formula_1, where \"P\"(\"x\") is the approximating polynomial, \"f\"(\"x\") is the actual function, and \"x\" varies over the chosen interval.", "For well-behaved functions, there exists an \"N\"th-degree polynomial that will lead to an error curve that oscillates back and forth between formula_2 and formula_3 a total of \"N\"+2 times, giving a worst-case error of formula_4.", "It is seen that there exists an \"N\"th-degree polynomial can interpolate \"N\"+1 points in a curve.", "Such a polynomial is always optimal.", "It is possible to make contrived functions \"f\"(\"x\") for which no such polynomial exists, but these occur rarely in practice.", "For example, the graphs shown to the right show the error in approximating log(x) and exp(x) for \"N\" = 4.", "The red curves, for the optimal polynomial, are level, that is, they oscillate between formula_2 and formula_3 exactly.", "Note that, in each case, the number of extrema is \"N\"+2, that is, 6.", "Two of the extrema are at the end points of the interval, at the left and right edges of the graphs.", "When a maximum of \"P\"−\"f\" occurs at \"x\", then And when a minimum of \"P\"−\"f\" occurs at \"x\", then So, as can be seen in the graph, \"P\"(\"x\") − \"f\"(\"x\") − \"Q\"(\"x\") − \"f\"(\"x\") must alternate in sign for the \"N\" + 2 values of \"x\".", "But \"P\"(\"x\") − \"f\"(\"x\") − \"Q\"(\"x\") − \"f\"(\"x\") reduces to \"P\"(\"x\") − \"Q\"(\"x\") which is a polynomial of degree \"N\".", "This function changes sign at least \"N\"+1 times so, by the Intermediate value theorem, it has \"N\"+1 zeroes, which is impossible for a polynomial of degree \"N\".", "One can obtain polynomials very close to the optimal one by expanding the given function in terms of Chebyshev polynomials and then cutting off the expansion at the desired degree.", "This is similar to the Fourier analysis of the function, using the Chebyshev polynomials instead of the usual trigonometric functions.", "and then cuts off the series after the formula_11 term, one gets an \"N\"th-degree polynomial approximating \"f\"(\"x\").", "The reason this polynomial is nearly optimal is that, for functions with rapidly converging power series, if the series is cut off after some term, the total error arising from the cutoff is close to the first term after the cutoff.", "That is, the first term after the cutoff dominates all later terms.", "The same is true if the expansion is in terms of Chebyshev polynomials.", "If a Chebyshev expansion is cut off after formula_11, the error will take a form close to a multiple of formula_13.", "The Chebyshev polynomials have the property that they are level – they oscillate between +1 and −1 in the interval −1, 1.", "formula_13 has \"N\"+2 level extrema.", "This means that the error between \"f\"(\"x\") and its Chebyshev expansion out to formula_11 is close to a level function with \"N\"+2 extrema, so it is close to the optimal \"N\"th-degree polynomial.", "In the graphs above, note that the blue error function is sometimes better than (inside of) the red function, but sometimes worse, meaning that it is not quite the optimal polynomial.", "Note also that the discrepancy is less serious for the exp function, which has an extremely rapidly converging power series, than for the log function.", "Chebyshev approximation is the basis for Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature, a numerical integration technique.", "The Remez algorithm (sometimes spelled Remes) is used to produce an optimal polynomial \"P\"(\"x\") approximating a given function \"f\"(\"x\") over a given interval.", "It is an iterative algorithm that converges to a polynomial that has an error function with \"N\"+2 level extrema.", "By the theorem above, that polynomial is optimal.", "Remez's algorithm uses the fact that one can construct an \"N\"th-degree polynomial that leads to level and alternating error values, given \"N\"+2 test points.", "The right-hand sides alternate in sign.", "Since formula_16, ..., formula_18 were given, all of their powers are known, and formula_31, ..., formula_32 are also known.", "That means that the above equations are just \"N\"+2 linear equations in the \"N\"+2 variables formula_33, formula_34, ..., formula_35, and formula_4.", "Given the test points formula_16, ..., formula_18, one can solve this system to get the polynomial \"P\" and the number formula_4.", "The graph below shows an example of this, producing a fourth-degree polynomial approximating formula_40 over −1, 1.", "The test points were set at −1, −0.7, −0.1, +0.4, +0.9, and 1.", "Those values are shown in green.", "The resultant value of formula_4 is 4.43 x 10", "Note that the error graph does indeed take on the values formula_42 at the six test points, including the end points, but that those points are not extrema.", "If the four interior test points had been extrema (that is, the function \"P\"(\"x\")\"f\"(\"x\") had maxima or minima there), the polynomial would be optimal.", "The second step of Remez's algorithm consists of moving the test points to the approximate locations where the error function had its actual local maxima or minima.", "For example, one can tell from looking at the graph that the point at −0.1 should have been at about −0.28.", "The way to do this in the algorithm is to use a single round of Newton's method.", "Since one knows the first and second derivatives of \"P\"(\"x\")−\"f\"(\"x\"), one can calculate approximately how far a test point has to be moved so that the derivative will be zero.", "Calculating the derivatives of a polynomial is straightforward.", "One must also be able to calculate the first and second derivatives of \"f\"(\"x\").", "Remez's algorithm requires an ability to calculate formula_43, formula_44, and formula_45 to extremely high precision.", "The entire algorithm must be carried out to higher precision than the desired precision of the result.", "After moving the test points, the linear equation part is repeated, getting a new polynomial, and Newton's method is used again to move the test points again.", "This sequence is continued until the result converges to the desired accuracy.", "The algorithm converges very rapidly.", "Convergence is quadratic for well-behaved functions—if the test points are within formula_46 of the correct result, they will be approximately within formula_47 of the correct result after the next round.", "Remez's algorithm is typically started by choosing the extrema of the Chebyshev polynomial formula_13 as the initial points, since the final error function will be similar to that polynomial." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 530946, "simple_article_title": "Approximation theory", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=530946", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-530946-0-0", "simple-530946-0-1", "simple-530946-0-2", "simple-530946-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Approximation theory is a field of mathematics which is concerned with approximating the values of a function.", "Usually, the approximation is only needed for a range of values or domain.", "A good approximation will only have a small error in the domain of interest.", "There are different ways in which this approximation is done: common ones are using a combination of simpler functions or using polynomials." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 619273, "normal_article_title": "Shooter game", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=619273", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-619273-0-0", "normal-619273-0-1", "normal-619273-1-0", "normal-619273-1-1", "normal-619273-2-0", "normal-619273-2-1", "normal-619273-3-0", "normal-619273-4-0", "normal-619273-4-1", "normal-619273-4-2", "normal-619273-5-0", "normal-619273-5-1", "normal-619273-5-2", "normal-619273-5-3", "normal-619273-5-4", "normal-619273-6-0", "normal-619273-6-1", "normal-619273-7-0", "normal-619273-7-1", "normal-619273-8-0", "normal-619273-8-1", "normal-619273-8-2", "normal-619273-8-3", "normal-619273-8-4", "normal-619273-8-5", "normal-619273-8-6", "normal-619273-8-7", "normal-619273-9-0", "normal-619273-10-0", "normal-619273-10-1", "normal-619273-11-0", "normal-619273-12-0", "normal-619273-12-1", "normal-619273-12-2", "normal-619273-13-0", "normal-619273-13-1", "normal-619273-13-2", "normal-619273-13-3", "normal-619273-13-4", "normal-619273-13-5", "normal-619273-14-0", "normal-619273-14-1", "normal-619273-14-2", "normal-619273-14-3", "normal-619273-14-4", "normal-619273-15-0", "normal-619273-15-1", "normal-619273-15-2", "normal-619273-15-3", "normal-619273-15-4", "normal-619273-16-0", "normal-619273-17-0", "normal-619273-17-1", "normal-619273-17-2", "normal-619273-17-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Shooter games are a subgenre of action video game, which often test the player's spatial awareness, reflexes, and speed in both isolated single player or networked multiplayer environments.", "Shooter games encompass many subgenres that have the commonality of focusing on the actions of the avatar engaging in combat with a weapon against both code-driven NPC enemies or other avatars controlled by other players.", "Usually this weapon is a firearm or some other long-range weapon, and can be used in combination with other tools such as grenades for indirect offense, armor for additional defense, or accessories such as telescopic sights to modify the behavior of the weapons.", "A common resource found in many shooter games is ammunition, armor or health, or upgrades which augment the player character's weapons.", "Most commonly, the purpose of a shooter game is to shoot opponents and proceed through missions without the player character being killed or dying as a result of the player's actions.", "A shooting game is a genre of video game where the focus is almost entirely on the defeat of the character's enemies using the weapons given to the player.", "Shoot 'em ups are a specific subgenre of shooters wherein the player may move up and down and left and right around the screen, typically firing straight forward.", "Shoot 'em ups share common gameplay, but are often categorized by viewpoint.", "This includes fixed shooters on fixed screens, such as \"Space Invaders\" and \"Galaxian\"; scrolling shooters that mainly scroll in a single direction, such as \"Xevious\" and \"Darius\"; top-down shooters (sometimes referred to as twin-stick shooters) where the levels are controlled from an overhead viewpoint, such as \"Bosconian\" and \"Time Pilot\"; rail shooters where player movement is automatically guided down a fixed forward-scrolling \"rail\", such as \"\" and \"Space Harrier\"; and isometric shooters which use an isometric perspective, such as \"Zaxxon\" and \"Viewpoint\".", "This genre also includes \"run and gun\" games which emphasize greater maneuvering or even jumping, such as \"Thexder\", \"Contra\" and \"Metal Slug\".", "Shooting gallery games include light gun games, although many can also be played using a regular joypad and an on-screen cursor to signify where the bullets are being aimed.", "When these debuted, they were typically played from a first-person perspective, with enemy fire that occurred anywhere on the screen damaging or killing the player.", "As they evolved away from the use of light guns, the player came to be represented by an on-screen avatar, usually someone on the bottom of the screen, who could move and avoid enemy attacks while returning fire.", "These sorts of shooters almost always utilize horizontal scrolling to the right to indicate level progression, with enemies appearing in waves from predestined locations in the background or from the sides.", "One of the earliest examples is the 1985 arcade game \"Shootout\" produced by Data East.", "A specific subgenre of this type of game is the Cabal shooter, named for the game \"Cabal\", in which the player controls an on-screen avatar that can run and often jump around the screen in addition to being able to aim their gun.", "Other games in this subgenre include \"Blood Bros.\", \"Dynamite Duke\", \"NAM-1975\", \"Wild Guns\", and \"Sin and Punishment\".", "As light gun games became more prevalent and started to make use of fully 3D backgrounds, such as the \"Time Crisis\" or \"House of the Dead\" series, these sorts of games fell out of popular production, but many like \"Blood Bros.\" still have their fanbase today.", "Other notable games of this category include \"Operation Wolf\" and \"Laser Invasion\".", "Light gun shooters are shooting gallery games that use a pointing device for computers and a control device for arcade and video games.", "The first light guns appeared in the 1930s, following the development of light-sensing vacuum tubes.", "It was not long before the technology began appearing in arcade shooting games, beginning with the Seeburg Ray-O-Lite in 1936.", "These early light gun games used small targets (usually moving) onto which a light-sensing tube was mounted; the player used a gun (usually a rifle) that emitted a beam of light when the trigger was pulled.", "If the beam struck the target, a \"hit\" was scored.", "Modern screen-based light guns work on the opposite principle—the sensor is built into the gun itself, and the on-screen target(s) emit light rather than the gun.", "The first light gun of this type was used on the MIT Whirlwind computer, which used a similar light pen.", "Like rail shooters, movement is typically limited in light-gun games.", "Notable games of this category include the 1974 and 1984 versions of \"Wild Gunman\", \"Duck Hunt\" for the NES, the \"Virtua Cop\" series, \"Time Crisis\" series, \"House of the Dead\" series, and \"\" & \"\".", "First-person shooters are characterized by an on-screen view that simulates the in-game character's point of view.", "While many rail shooters and light-gun shooters also use a first-person perspective, they are generally not included in this category.", "Notable examples of the genre include \"Doom\", \"Quake\", \"Half-Life\", \"Counter-Strike\", \"GoldenEye 007\", \"Battlefield\", \"Medal of Honor\", \"Unreal\", \"Call of Duty\", \"Killzone\", \"TimeSplitters\", \"Team Fortress 2\" and \"Halo\".", "Third-person shooters are characterized by a third-person camera view that fully displays the player character in his/her surroundings.", "Notable examples of the genre include the \"Tomb Raider\" series, \"Syphon Filter\", \"Max Payne\", \"SOCOM\", \"\", \"Resident Evil 4\", \"Gears of War\", and \"Splatoon\".", "Third person shooter mechanics are often incorporated into open-world adventure and sandbox games, including the \"Elder Scrolls\" series and the \"Grand Theft Auto\" franchise.", "Hero shooters are a variation of multiplayer first- or third-person arena-based shooters, where players, split among two or more teams, select from pre-designed \"hero\" characters that each possess unique attributes, skills, weapons, and other passive and active abilities; players may have the ability to customize the appearance of these characters, but these changes are usually cosmetic only and do not alter the game's balance or the behavior of the \"hero\".", "Hero shooters strongly encourage teamwork between players on a team, guiding players to select effective combinations of hero characters and coordinate the use of hero abilities during a match.", "Such games are inspired by multiplayer online battle arena games.", "The class-based shooter \"Team Fortress 2\" is considered to be the codifier of the hero shooter genre.", "Popular hero shooters include \"Overwatch\", \"Paladins\", \"Apex Legends\" and \"Quake Champions\".", "Hero shooters have been considered to have strong potential as esports games.", "Tactical shooters are shooters that generally simulate realistic squad-based or man-to-man skirmishes.", "Notable examples of the genre include Ubisoft's \"Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six\" and \"Ghost Recon\" series and Bohemia Software's \"Operation Flashpoint\".", "A common feature of tactical shooters that is not present in many other shooters is the ability for the player character to lean out of cover, increasing the granularity of a player's movement and stance options to enhance the realism of the game.", "Tactical shooters also commonly feature more extensive equipment management, more complex healing systems, and greater depth of simulation compared to other shooters.", "As a result of this, many tactical shooters are commonly played from the first person perspective.", "Loot shooters are shooter games where the player's overarching goal is the accumulation of loot; weapons, equipment, armor, accessories and resources.", "To achieve this players complete tasks framed as quests, missions or campaigns and are rewarded with better weapons, gear and accessories as a result, with the qualities, attributes and perks of such gear generated randomly following certain rarity scales (also known as loot tables).", "The better gear allows players to take on more difficult missions with potentially more powerful rewards.", "Loot shooters are inspired by similar loot-based action role-playing games like \"Diablo\".", "Examples of loot shooters include the \"Borderlands\" franchise, \"Warframe\", \"Destiny\" and its sequel, \"Tom Clancy's The Division\" and its sequel, and \"Anthem\".", "Additionally, artillery games have been described as a type of \"shooting game\", though they are more frequently classified as a type of strategy game.", "Shooter games have been accused of glorifying and promoting violence and several games have been the cause of notable video game controversies.", "After school shootings in Erfurt, Emsdetten and Winnenden, German conservative politicians accused violent shooter games, most notably \"Counter Strike\", to incite young gamers to run amok.", "Several attempts were made to banish the so-called \"Killerspiele\" (killing games) in Germany and the European Union.", "Shooter games were further criticised when Anders Breivik, perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, claimed that he developed target acquisition skills by playing \"\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 12724, "simple_article_title": "Shooter", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12724", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-12724-0-0", "simple-12724-0-1", "simple-12724-0-2", "simple-12724-1-0", "simple-12724-1-1", "simple-12724-2-0", "simple-12724-2-1", "simple-12724-2-2", "simple-12724-2-3", "simple-12724-2-4", "simple-12724-2-5", "simple-12724-2-6" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A shooter is a kind of video game.", "The aim of the game is to beat enemies by shooting (or otherwise killing) them.", "The enemies shoot back.", "Many of the oldest computer games were shooters; the first video game ever made was a shooter called \"Computer Space\".", "And one of the first games that many people played was a shooter called \"Space Invaders\".", "There are lots of different kinds of shooter.", "Now many people like first-person shooters.", "But there are other kinds too.", "In Japan many people play shooters where the enemies fire lots of bullets.", "The bullets make beautiful patterns on the screen.", "This kind of shooter is called a \"barrage shooter\" or a \"curtain fire shooter\".", "It is also called by the Japanese name, \"danmaku\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 259655, "normal_article_title": "Olean, New York", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=259655", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-259655-0-0", "normal-259655-0-1", "normal-259655-0-2", "normal-259655-1-0", "normal-259655-1-1", "normal-259655-2-0", "normal-259655-2-1", "normal-259655-2-2", "normal-259655-2-3", "normal-259655-3-0", "normal-259655-3-1", "normal-259655-3-2", "normal-259655-3-3", "normal-259655-3-4", "normal-259655-4-0", "normal-259655-4-1", "normal-259655-4-2", "normal-259655-4-3", "normal-259655-4-4", "normal-259655-4-5", "normal-259655-5-0", "normal-259655-5-1", "normal-259655-5-2", "normal-259655-5-3", "normal-259655-5-4", "normal-259655-5-5", "normal-259655-5-6", "normal-259655-6-0", "normal-259655-6-1", "normal-259655-6-2", "normal-259655-6-3", "normal-259655-6-4", "normal-259655-6-5", "normal-259655-6-6", "normal-259655-6-7", "normal-259655-6-8", "normal-259655-6-9", "normal-259655-6-10", "normal-259655-7-0", "normal-259655-7-1", "normal-259655-7-2", "normal-259655-8-0", "normal-259655-8-1", "normal-259655-9-0", "normal-259655-9-1", "normal-259655-9-2", "normal-259655-9-3", "normal-259655-9-4", "normal-259655-9-5", "normal-259655-9-6", "normal-259655-10-0", "normal-259655-10-1", "normal-259655-10-2", "normal-259655-11-0", "normal-259655-11-1", "normal-259655-11-2", "normal-259655-11-3", "normal-259655-11-4", "normal-259655-12-0", "normal-259655-12-1", "normal-259655-13-0", "normal-259655-13-1", "normal-259655-13-2", "normal-259655-13-3", "normal-259655-13-4", "normal-259655-13-5", "normal-259655-14-0", "normal-259655-14-1", "normal-259655-14-2", "normal-259655-14-3", "normal-259655-15-0", "normal-259655-15-1", "normal-259655-15-2", "normal-259655-15-3", "normal-259655-15-4", "normal-259655-15-5", "normal-259655-15-6", "normal-259655-15-7", "normal-259655-15-8", "normal-259655-16-0", "normal-259655-16-1", "normal-259655-16-2", "normal-259655-17-0", "normal-259655-18-0", "normal-259655-19-0", "normal-259655-19-1", "normal-259655-20-0", "normal-259655-20-1", "normal-259655-20-2", "normal-259655-20-3", "normal-259655-20-4", "normal-259655-21-0", "normal-259655-21-1", "normal-259655-21-2", "normal-259655-22-0", "normal-259655-22-1", "normal-259655-22-2", "normal-259655-22-3", "normal-259655-23-0", "normal-259655-23-1", "normal-259655-23-2", "normal-259655-23-3", "normal-259655-24-0", "normal-259655-24-1", "normal-259655-25-0", "normal-259655-26-0", "normal-259655-26-1", "normal-259655-27-0", "normal-259655-28-0", "normal-259655-28-1", "normal-259655-28-2", "normal-259655-29-0", "normal-259655-29-1", "normal-259655-29-2", "normal-259655-29-3", "normal-259655-29-4", "normal-259655-29-5", "normal-259655-29-6", "normal-259655-29-7", "normal-259655-29-8", "normal-259655-30-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Olean is a city in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States.", "Olean is the largest city in Cattaraugus County and serves as its financial, business, transportation and entertainment center.", "It is one of the principal cities of the Southern Tier region of New York.", "The city is surrounded by the town of Olean and is located in the southeastern part of the county.", "The population was 14,452 at the 2010 census.", "The first European in the area was possibly Joseph de La Roche Daillon, a missionary and explorer from Canada.", "La Roche reported on the presence of oil near Cuba, the first petroleum sighting in North America.", "At that time the area was a part of the territory of the Wenrohronon or Wenro Indians, an Iroquois speaking people.", "In 1643, the Wenro tribes became the first victims of a series of brutal conflicts known as the Second Beaver War.", "The area was first settled by Europeans around 1765, called by the Indian name \"Ischua\".", "Officially, this was illegal, as the British had declared the land in the Allegheny River watershed to be part of the Indian Reserve after conquering the territory in the French and Indian War two years prior.", "The surface is a hilly upland, separated into two distinct parts by the valley of the Allegheny.", "The highest points are 500 to above the valley.", "During the American Revolutionary War, the 1779 Sullivan Expedition established the first road to what would become Olean, blazing a trail to what is now Kittanning, Pennsylvania along the path of what is now New York State Route 16.", "Originally the entire territory of the county of Cattaraugus was called the Town of Olean, formed March 11, 1808.", "As population allowed, the county was split in half and the top half was called \"Hebe\", and was taken off in 1812, a part of Perrysburgh in 1814, then Great Valley in 1818.", "Hinsdale formed in 1820, and Portville in 1837, leaving the current boundary of Olean that lies upon the south line of the county, near the southeast corner.", "The area remained sparsely populated until 1804, when Major Adam Hoops acquired the land and gave it its modern name.", "Hoops was a surveyor and Revolutionary War veteran, and was politically connected with Robert Morris, the financier of the Revolution.", "Along with Morris, Hoops became involved with the Holland Land Company, which was settling western New York.", "This was a time of great western expansion into places like Ohio and Indiana.", "Since neither canals nor railroads had become widespread by this point, the main means of travel were either by cart or by small-boat travel.", "The Allegheny River was a major transportation route.", "Hoops believed that a great city could be created at the confluence of the Allegany and one of its tributaries, and went looking for the right spot.", "In 1804, he found one where Olean Creek meets the river; the confluence was important, as it was the farthest point downstream in the state before hitting the Seneca Reservation that surrounded most of New York's piece of the river.", "Hoops received title to 20000 acre from the Holland Land Company in 1804.", "Hoops' brother Robert came to the site and built the first permanent structure near today's Forness Park, calling the area \"Hamilton\" in honor of Alexander Hamilton.", "Canandaigua, N.Y., April 15, 1804 \"To Joseph ELLICOTT, Esq., Batavia, New York.", "Dear Sir,―It was proposed to me at New York to drop the Indian name of Ischue or Ischua (it is also spelt other ways).", "Confusion might arise from the various spellings, of which to obviate all risk I have concluded so to do as proposed.", "The neighborhood of the oil spring suggests a name different in sound, though perhaps not different in meaning, which I wish to adopt,―it is \"Olean.\"", "You will do me a favor by assisting me to establish this name.", "It may easily be done now by your concurrence.", "The purpose will be most effectually answered by employing the term, when occasion requires, without saying anything of an intended change of name.", "To begin, you will greatly oblige me by addressing the first letter you may have occasion to write to me, after I receive the survey, to the Mouth of Olean.", "The bearer being properly instructed, there will be thereafter no difficulty.", "Your co-operation in the matter (the effect of which, though not important in itself, may be so on account of precision) will oblige.", "Your servant, A. HOOPS", "The Post Office recognized the new town as \"Olean Point\".", "The site was surveyed by 1808, and a map from that year shows a basic street pattern that still survives, along with most of the modern street names.", "In 1823, the city is called Olean, without the \"Point\", on county maps.", "In 1854 Olean was formally incorporated by the New York State Legislature, and the trustees elected at the first subsequent town meeting were Dr. Lambert Thithney, C.B.B. Barse, Charles Thing, and John K. Comstock.", "Enos C. Brooks, descendant of Judge James Brooks and of Cornelius Brooks (one of the earliest settlers of Olean (1808)), was appointed Clerk of Olean.", "Adam Hoops's dream of creating a major transportation hub on the Allegheny River — on the scale of a Buffalo or a Pittsburgh — was never realized, and he himself died in poverty.", "Nonetheless, Olean prospered and was soon the central town of the region.", "Olean grew quickly as a transportation hub for migrants taking the Allegheny River into Ohio.", "For much of this era, Olean was larger and better known than its northern competitor, Buffalo.", "This period ended with the creation of the great canals, especially the Erie Canal in 1825.", "The Allegheny River was usually too shallow for the larger steamboats to navigate except in the spring, and only two steamboats—the \"Allegheny\" in 1830 and the \"New Castle\" of 1837—reached the city.", "A Genesee Valley Canal was extended to Olean and the Allegheny River in 1862, but the Allegheny's shallowness and the rise of the railroads rendered it obsolete before it even opened.", "Timber was a major industry in New York and Pennsylvania between 1830 and 1850, and Olean was the chief timber town in the region during those times.", "After river travel declined, Olean became the regional railroad hub.", "The town was the crossroads of several railroads, a situation which endures into today with the WNYP.", "Olean was the home of several corporations.", "During the late 19th century, Olean had a few mills, a bicycle company, a manufacturer of mechanical pumps, and a glass works, among other factories.", "St. Bonaventure University was founded just outside town in 1858.", "Olean was incorporated as a village in 1854, and as a city in 1893.", "Olean was rivals with the comparably populated, but much newer, city of Salamanca (city), New York at the turn of the 20th century, but the decline of the timber industry in southwestern Cattaraugus County and complications with Salamanca being situated on borrowed Seneca Nation land allowed Olean to continue growing while Salamanca declined.", "Oil was first discovered in the region by a French explorer in 1632, but it was rediscovered for commercial use during the Pennsylvania oil rush.", "Oil became the city's claim to fame for fifty years.", "Olean was the railroad and pipeline hub for the surrounding oil region.", "The operations HQ of Standard Oil's New York affiliate, Socony, was based in the city.", "Oil produced on both sides of the state line (e.g. in Bradford, Pennsylvania) would be transported to Olean for rail travel.", "For a short time, Olean was the world's largest oil depot, complete with a \"tank city\" on the edge of town.", "A pipeline was also built linking the city to Standard Oil refineries in Bayonne, New Jersey.", "The oil industry maintained a presence in the city until 1954, the same year in which Olean's population peaked.", "Oil also produced Olean's highest-ranking politician.", "Oil executive Frank W. Higgins was governor of New York in 1905-1907.", "Higgins' family owned grocery stores in the area, and Higgins also ran this business before his political career.", "To this day, Olean is one of the few smaller cities in New York State to be home to a governor.", "Olean garnered notoriety as a major stop on bootlegging routes during Prohibition in 1920s.", "Dempsey, the Chief of Police, did not condone these thugs or their illegal activities.", "He did not aggressively pursue arrests, however, unless he had evidence the violator was responsible for a crime committed in his jurisdiction.", "As long as you kept your nose clean in the Olean City limits, it was a \"safe haven\".", "Local stories relating to this period are numerous.", "Some are documented and some are legends.", "Olean, located on a back road route between Chicago and New York City, was often frequented by famous mobsters of the era.", "Al Capone of Chicago, probably the most famous gang leader of the time, visited Olean in pursuance of his illegal endeavors.", "Olean was nicknamed \"Little Chicago\" in the press, due to its connection with mobsters and bootleggers, and Capone was a frequent visitor.", "Olean is the largest city in Cattaraugus County.", "The city's population peaked at an estimated 25,000 during the mid-1950s.", "The current population of the city is roughly around 15,000.", "Olean is located in southeastern Cattaraugus County at (42.08264, -78.430965).", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.0 sqkm , of which 15.3 sqkm is land and 0.7 sqkm , or 4.19%, is water.", "The city is located where Olean Creek flows into the Allegheny River and by the Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86 and New York State Route 17).", "New York State Route 417 passes east–west through the city and intersects New York State Route 16, a north–south highway.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 15,347 people, 6,446 households, and 3,803 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 2,588.0 people per square mile (999.2/km2).", "There were 7,121 housing units at an average density of 1,200.8 per square mile (463.6/km2).", "The racial makeup of the city was 93.31% White, 3.47% Black or African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.89% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.24% of the population.", "There were 6,446 households out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% were non-families.", "35.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.97.", "In the city, the population was spread out with 24.6% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 38 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.3 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $30,400, and the median income for a family was $38,355.", "Males had a median income of $32,341 versus $22,469 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $17,169.", "About 13.9% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.", "Olean has two elementary schools — East View Elementary and Washington West Elementary; a middle school — Olean Intermediate Middle School; and Olean High School is the city's public high school.", "It was the site of the Olean High School shooting in 1974.", "Archbishop Walsh School is Olean's Roman Catholic school for grades K-12.", "A branch of Jamestown Community College is within the city.", "St. Bonaventure University is a few miles to the west in the town of Allegany.", "Olean is the home of the Southern Tier Diesel adult amateur football team.", "Bradner Stadium, originally built in the 1920s, is a multi-purpose stadium which was once the home to the minor-league baseball teams the Olean Oilers, who played in the short-season Pony League, and the Olean Yankees, an earlier team.", "In the summer, the stadium hosts the collegiate team that has revived the Olean Oilers, and in the fall is the home for the Olean High School football team.", "A team representing Olean also plays in the local Town Team Baseball circuit.", "Olean is also the home of Team AKT, the Sport Jujitsu team of AKT Combatives Academy with locations in Olean and Wellsville, NY.", "Team AKT has competed nationally in sanctioned Sport Jujitsu events since their inception in 2013.", "Five members of Team AKT were selected to represent the United States as members of the 2017 USA National Jujitsu Team that competed at the World Council of Ju-Jitsu Organisations' World Championships held in Queensland, Australia in October 2017.", "Mike Hanchett, Charlie Love, and Desmond White were selected as team members, while Barry A. Broughton was named to the USA Team coaching staff.", "At the culmination of the four day World Championships, the USA National Team returned with both the Men's and Women's Sport Jujitsu (SJJ) Team Gold Medals and the Jujtisu Demonstration Team Silver Medal.", "White earned a Silver Medal in the Individual Sport Jujitsu Division as well as SJJ Team Gold and Demonstration Team Silver.", "Hanchett returned with SJJ Team Gold and Demonstration Team Silver.", "Charlie Love garnered the World Champion title by winning the Gold Medal in the Men's Individual Sport Jujitsu Heavyweight Division along with the SJJ Team Gold and Demonstration Team Silver.", "Broughton earned Team Silver for coaching and competing on the Jujitsu Demonstration Team, as well as SJJ Team Gold (coach).", "The following are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Beardsley-Oliver House, Conklin Mountain House, Oak Hill Park Historic District, Olean Armory, Olean Public Library, Olean School No. 10, St. Stephen's Episcopal Church Complex, Temple B'Nai Israel, Union and State Streets Historic District, and the United States Post Office." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 456529, "simple_article_title": "Olean, New York", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=456529", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-456529-0-0", "simple-456529-0-1", "simple-456529-0-2", "simple-456529-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Olean is a city in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States.", "It had a population of 14,452 as of 2010.", "The mayor of Olean is Thomas Windus.", "It was founded in March 1808." ] } }

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"normal-128031-24-9", "normal-128031-24-10", "normal-128031-25-0", "normal-128031-26-0", "normal-128031-27-0", "normal-128031-27-1", "normal-128031-27-2", "normal-128031-28-0", "normal-128031-29-0", "normal-128031-29-1", "normal-128031-29-2", "normal-128031-29-3", "normal-128031-29-4", "normal-128031-29-5", "normal-128031-29-6", "normal-128031-29-7" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Samson and Delilah , Op. 47, is a grand opera in three acts and four scenes by Camille Saint-Saëns to a French libretto by Ferdinand Lemaire.", "It was first performed in Weimar at the (Grand Ducal) Theater (now the Staatskapelle Weimar) on 2 December 1877 in a German translation.", "The opera is based on the Biblical tale of Samson and Delilah found in Chapter 16 of the Book of Judges in the Old Testament.", "It is the only opera by Saint-Saëns that is regularly performed.", "The second act love scene in Delilah's tent is one of the set pieces that define French opera.", "Two of Delilah's arias are particularly well known: \" \" (\"Spring begins\") and \" \" (\"My heart opens itself to your voice\", also known as \"Softly awakes my heart\"), the latter of which is one of the most popular recital pieces in the mezzo-soprano/contralto repertoire.", "In the middle of the 19th century, a revival of interest in choral music swept France, and Saint-Saëns, an admirer of the oratorios of Handel and Mendelssohn, made plans to compose an oratorio on the subject of Samson and Delilah as suggested by Voltaire's libretto \"Samson\" for Rameau.", "The composer began work on the theme in 1867, just two years after completing his first (and as then yet unperformed) opera, \"Le timbre d'argent\".", "Saint-Saëns had approached Ferdinand Lemaire, the husband of one of his wife's cousins, about writing a libretto for the oratorio but Lemaire convinced the composer that the story was better suited to an opera.", "Saint-Saëns later wrote: A young relative of mine had married a charming young man who wrote verse on the side.", "I realized that he was gifted and had in fact real talent.", "I asked him to work with me on an oratorio on a biblical subject.", ", he said, 'no, let's make it an opera!',", ", and he began to dig through the Bible while I outlined the plan of the work, even sketching scenes, and leaving him only the versification to do.", "For some reason I began the music with act 2, and I played it at home to a select audience who could make nothing of it at all.", "After Lemaire finished the libretto, Saint-Saëns began actively composing act 2 of the opera, producing an aria for Dalila, a duet for Samson and Dalila, and some musical pieces for the chorus (some of which were later assigned to act 1) during 1867–1869.", "From the very beginning, the work was conceived as a grand duet between Samson and Dalila set off against the approaching tempest.", "Although the orchestration was not yet complete, act 2 was presented in a private performance in 1870 just prior to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War with Saint-Saëns playing the orchestral parts, which were largely improvised, on the piano.", "Composer Augusta Holmès (Dalila), painter Henri Regnault (Samson), and Romain Bussine (High Priest) rendered their roles from part books.", "In spite of many precedents, the French public reacted negatively to Saint-Saëns's intention of putting a Biblical subject on the stage.", "The alarm on the part of the public caused him to abandon working further on the opera for the next two years.", "In the summer of 1872, not too long after the premiere of Saint-Saëns's second opera \"La princesse jaune\", the composer went to Weimar to see the first revival of Wagner's \"Das Rheingold\" under the baton of Franz Liszt, the former musical director of the Weimar court orchestra and opera.", "Liszt was highly interested in producing new works by talented composers and persuaded Saint-Saëns to finish \"Samson and Delilah\", even offering to produce the completed work at the grand-ducal opera house in Weimar.", "Encouraged, Saint-Saëns began composing act 1 in late 1872 and worked on it sporadically for the next few years.", "He wrote a large amount of act 1 and completed it during a trip to Algiers in 1874.", "Upon returning to France in 1875, Saint-Saëns presented act 1 in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet in a similar format as the 1870 performance of act 2.", "The work was harshly received by music critics and failed to gain the public's interest.", "That same year acclaimed mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, for whom Saint-Saëns wrote the role of Dalila, organized and performed in a private performance of act 2 at a friend's home in Croissy, with the composer at the piano.", "Viardot was a great admirer of the work and she hoped that this private performance would encourage Halanzier, the director of the Paris Opéra who was in attendance, to mount a full production.", "Although Saint-Saëns completed the score in 1876, no opera houses in France displayed any desire to stage \"Samson et Dalila\".", "Liszt's sustained support however led to the work being mounted in Weimar in 1877.", "Although Liszt was no longer the musical director in Weimar, he still exerted a powerful influence at the Weimar court.", "Eduard Lassen, the director who followed Liszt at Weimar, owed much of his success to his celebrated predecessor, and Liszt used his influence to arrange the premiere of \"Samson et Dalila\" with Lassen on the podium during the 1877/1878 season.", "The libretto was duly translated into German for the production and the opera's first performance was given on 2 December 1877 at the Grossherzogliches Theatre (Grand Ducal Theater).", "Viardot was too old to sing Delilah so the role was entrusted to Auguste von Müller, a resident performer at the Weimar opera house.", "Although a resounding success with the Weimar critics and audience, the opera was not immediately revived in other opera houses.", "After the numerous setbacks it suffered in its early years, \"Samson et Dalila\" finally began to attract the attention of the world's great opera houses during the 1890s.", "Although the first revival of \"Samson et Dalila\" was in Germany at the Hamburg State Opera in 1882, the opera was not seen again until it was performed for the first time in France at the Théâtre des Arts in Rouen on 3 March 1890 with Carlotta Bossi as Dalila and Jean-Alexandre Talazac as Samson.", "The opera received its Paris premiere at the Éden-Théâtre on 31 October 1890 with Rosine Bloch as Dalila and Talazac singing Samson once again, this time with a much warmer reception by Paris audiences.", "Over the next two years, performances were given in Bordeaux, Geneva, Toulouse, Nantes, Dijon, and Montpellier.", "The Paris Opéra finally staged the opera on 23 November 1892 in a performance under the supervision of Saint-Saëns conducted by Édouard Colonne with Blanche Deschamps-Jéhin as Dalila and Edmond Vergnet as Samson.", "Directed by Lapissida, the staging had costumes by Charles Bianchini and sets by Amable and Eugène Gardy (acts 1 and 2), and Eugène Carpezat (act 3).", "The performance was lauded by critics and spectators alike.", "\"Samson et Dalila\" also earned a great deal of popularity outside France during the 1890s.", "The opera debuted successfully in Monaco at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo on 15 March 1892.", "This was followed by the opera's United States premiere at Carnegie Hall in a concert version on 25 March 1892.", "The first staged performance of the opera in the U.S. was held at the French Opera House, New Orleans on 4 January 1893.", "The first of many productions at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City was held on 2 February 1895, with Eugenia Mantelli as Dalila, Francesco Tamagno as Samson, and Pol Plançon portraying both Abimélech and the Old Hebrew.", "There is some evidence that the sets for the Met's production had been taken from some of their other operas, and at the second performance that season the work was given in concert, with the ballet sequences omitted; in this form the work traveled to Boston, where it was performed on 3 March 1895.", "The opera made its premiere in Italy at the Teatro Pagliano (Teatro Verdi (Florence)) on 26 March 1892.", "The opera was given in Venice at the Teatro La Fenice on 8 March 1893 with Elisa Persini as Dalila and Augusto Brogi as Samson.", "The work was first given at La Scala on 17 January 1895 with Renée Vidal as Dalila and Emanuele Lafarge as Samson.", "This was followed by its first performance at the Teatro Regio di Torino on 6 January 1897 with Alice Cucini and Irma De Spagni alternating as Dalila and Hector Dupeyron as Samson.", "The work was first performed at the Teatro Regio di Parma that same year and was mounted at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna in 1899.", "In England, the opera was first performed on 25 September 1893 at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.", "Although the company planned on performing the work in a fully staged production, the Lord Chamberlain objected to a Biblical work being mounted and the company was forced to present the opera in a concert version.", "It was not staged in London until 1909 when the ban was finally lifted.", "Louise Kirkby Lunn portrayed Dalila and Charles Fontaine portrayed Samson in the 1909 production.", "Subsequently, Paul Franz replaced Fontaine in the protagonist's role, earning the composer's praise for both the quality of his voice and his interpretation.", "By 1906, \"Samson et Dalila\" had received more than 200 performances internationally.", "The opera has continued to remain moderately popular since and, while not being among the most frequently performed operas, the work has become a part of the standard opera performance repertory at most major opera houses.", "The opera has been revived numerous times not only in Europe and North America, but also in South America, Australia, and Asia.", "While none of Saint-Saëns's later operas suffered the tribulations endured by \"Samson et Dalila\" during its early years, none of his other works have achieved the same enduring success either.", "In North America, French contralto Jeanne Gerville-Réache is largely credited for popularizing the work in the United States and Canada during the early twentieth century.", "Réache first performed the role of Delilah with the Manhattan Opera Company in New York City in 1908 and went on to sing the role several more times over the next seven years, including performances in Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, and Montreal (for the Canadian premiere in 1915).", "The Metropolitan Opera revived the opera in its 1915/1916 season with Margaret Matzenauer as Delilah, Enrico Caruso as Samson, and Pasquale Amato as the High Priest.", "Since then the company has staged productions of the opera at least once every decade giving more than 200 performances of the work.", "Plácido Domingo performed as Samson in the 1981 San Francisco Opera production co-starring Shirley Verrett, under Julius Rudel and at the Metropolitan Opera's 1998 production with Olga Borodina.", "More recent productions of the opera by the Metropolitan have been in 2006, with Marina Domashenko and Olga Borodina alternating as Delilah, and in 2018 with Elīna Garanča and Roberto Alagna.", "The Lyric Opera of Chicago gave their first performance of the opera in November 1962 with Rita Gorr as Delilah and as Samson.", "The company has revived the work numerous times since then, most recently in their 2003/2004 season with Olga Borodina as Dalila and José Cura as Samson.", "Likewise, the San Francisco Opera has staged the opera 10 times during its history giving its first performance in 1925, with Marguerite d'Alvarez and Fernand Ansseau in the principal roles, and its most recent performance in 2008, with Borodina and Clifton Forbis.", "\"Samson et Dalila\" became a consistent presence in the opera houses of Europe.", "By 1920, the Paris Opéra alone had given more than five hundred performances of the opera.", "In the decades after World War II, it was less often heard by European audiences; but since the 1980s it has regained much of its former Continental popularity.", "Recent European productions include performances at La Scala, Milan, in 2002 (Domingo and Borodina); the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in 2004 (Denyce Graves and José Cura); the Royal Swedish Opera in 2008 (Anna Larsson and Lars Cleveman).", "Throughout its history, \"Samson et Dalila\" has served as a star vehicle for many singers.", "The role of Delilah is considered to be one of the great opera roles for the mezzo-soprano.", "Although the libretto of \"Samson et Dalila\" is taken from Chapter 16 of the Book of Judges, the opera does not include the accounts of Samson's heroic deeds which earned him both fame and leadership among the Hebrews.", "The accounts of Samson's slaying of a lion and his triumph over 1000 Philistines while wielding only the jawbone of an ass are omitted.", "Saint-Saëns and his librettist most likely made this choice so the story would concentrate on Dalila.", "Samson, therefore, is presented as an inspiring leader rather than the almost supernatural hero of the Bible.", "It is his vulnerable, tender heart and his susceptibility to the protestations of love from a dissembling woman that is the focus of the plot.", "Delilah is portrayed as a manipulative, conniving, ruthless woman bent on revenge.", "Samson's numerous attempts to conceal the secret of his strength in the Biblical account are only referenced by Dalila in her duet with the High Priest in the opera, and the revelation that his strength resides in his hair occurs offstage.", "The opera includes some material not found in the Bible such as the death of Abimélech in act 1.", "\"A square in Gaza at night\"", "In a square outside the temple of Dagon, a group of Hebrews beg Jehovah for relief from their bondage to the Philistines in a melancholy chorus (\"Dieu d'Israël – God of Israel\"), which leads into a fugue (\"Nous avons vu nos cités renversées – We have seen our cities overturned\").", "Samson tries to revive the Israelites' morale and faith in God (\"Arrêtez, ô mes frères – Stop, O my brothers\") in a rousing aria set against the chorus's continuous prayer.", "Abimelech, the Philistine governor, appears and taunts the Israelites, saying that they are helpless because their god has abandoned them.", "He further states that his god, Dagon, is far superior (\"Ce Dieu que votre voix implore – This God that your voice implores\").", "The Hebrews cower in fear before Abimelech until Samson incites them into defiant action.", "Enraged, Abimelech attacks an unarmed Samson with his sword.", "Samson manages to wrest the sword from Abimelech and kills him.", "Afraid of what might now happen, the Hebrews flee, abandoning Samson.", "The High Priest of Dagon comes from the Philistine temple and curses the Hebrews and Samson's prodigious strength.", "A messenger arrives and informs the High Priest that the Hebrews are destroying the harvest.", "He responds with a further curse that alludes to his plot to utilize Dalila's beauty to outwit Samson's strength (\"Qu'enfin une compagne infâme trahisse son amour!", "– Finally an infamous companion betray his love!\").", "As dawn breaks the Hebrews lift up a humble prayer to God in a style reminiscent of plainchant.", "Out of the temple emerges Dalila along with several priestesses of Dagon.", "As they walk down the temple steps, they sing of the pleasures of spring.", "Dalila engages seductively with Samson proclaiming that he has won her heart and bids him to come with her to her home in the valley of Sorek.", "As she tries to charm him, a trio forms as an old Hebrew warns of the danger this woman presents and Samson prays for God's protection from Dalila's charms.", "In an attempt to seduce Samson away from his leadership of the Israelite uprising, Dalila and the priestesses begin a sexually charged dance for him accompanied by a tambourine.", "After the dance, Dalila sings how spring is blossoming all around her yet, in her heart, she feels like it is still winter (\"Printemps qui commence – Spring begins\").", "As Samson struggles with his desire for Dalila, the old Hebrew repeats his cautionary plea.", "His warning, however, is made in vain and the curtain closes as Samson meets Delilah's gaze with every intention of going to her nearby dwelling.", "\"Delilah's retreat in the Valley of Sorek\"", "Dalila knows that Samson is entranced with her and will come to her instead of leading the revolution against the Philistines.", "Sitting on a rock outside the entrance to her retreat, she sings triumphantly about her power to ensnare Samson.", "She says that all of his strength is hopeless to withstand love's onslaught (\"Amour!", "viens aider ma faiblesse – Love!", "come help my weakness\").", "Distant lightning is seen as the High Priest arrives to report that Samson and the Hebrews have conquered the Philistines.", "He attempts to achieve Samson's capture by offering Dalila gold, but she refuses saying she cares not for money but only for revenge.", "Her desire to hurt Samson is motivated solely by her loyalty to her gods and her hatred for the Hebrews.", "Dalila and the High Priest sing a duet expressing their mutual abhorrence for Samson and the Hebrews.", "Dalila vows to discover the secret of Samson's strength.", "Now alone, Dalila contemplates her chances of success.", "Samson, intent on taking his place as the leader of the Hebrew revolt, emerges to say his last farewell as distant lightning is once again seen.", "In an attempt to close the trap which she has set for Samson, Dalila tells Samson seductively that she is completely his if he wants her.", "She begs him to respond to her caresses, hoping that he will finally let go of all other things and concentrate completely on her.", "His admission \"Je t'aime!\"", "introduces her main aria \"Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix – My heart opens to your voice\", which becomes a duet on the second verse when Samson joins her in song.", "Now that Dalila has him in her power, she feigns disbelief in his constancy and demands that he show his love by confiding in her the secret of his strength.", "Samson hears rolling thunder again which now seems like a warning from God and refuses.", "Dalila weeps and scorns Samson and runs into her dwelling.", "Samson is momentarily torn but then follows Dalila inside.", "Not long afterward, having finally learned that the secret of Samson's strength is his long hair, she calls to hidden Philistine soldiers, who rush in to capture and blind Samson.", "\"The city of Gaza\"", "\"Scene 1: In a dungeon at Gaza\"", "His hair shorn and now blind and shackled, Samson is turning a mill-wheel and praying for his people, who will suffer for his sin.", "He hears their voices, echoing the Hebrews' lament from act 1.", "Overcome with remorse, Samson offers his life in sacrifice, while the Hebrews are heard in the distance lamenting his fate.", "\"Scene 2: In the Temple of Dagon\"", "A musical interlude is played as the scene changes to the temple of Dagon, where the Philistines are preparing a sacrifice to commemorate their victory.", "The priests and priestesses of Dagon sing softly, reprising the song to spring from act 1.", "The music turns savage as the priests dance a wild Bacchanale.", "Following the dance, Samson enters led by a boy.", "He is ridiculed by the High Priest and the crowd.", "Dalila taunts Samson further by recounting to him the details of her devious plot in a variant of her love song.", "When the priests try to force him to kneel before Dagon, he asks the boy to lead him to the two main pillars of the temple, then telling the child to flee.", "Samson prays to God to restore his strength, and pushes down the pillars and the temple with them, crushing himself and his enemies." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 327257, "simple_article_title": "Samson and Delilah (opera)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=327257", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-327257-0-0", "simple-327257-0-1", "simple-327257-0-2", "simple-327257-0-3", "simple-327257-0-4", "simple-327257-0-5", "simple-327257-1-0", "simple-327257-1-1", "simple-327257-1-2", "simple-327257-1-3", "simple-327257-1-4", "simple-327257-1-5", "simple-327257-1-6", "simple-327257-1-7", "simple-327257-1-8", "simple-327257-2-0", "simple-327257-2-1", "simple-327257-2-2", "simple-327257-2-3", "simple-327257-2-4", "simple-327257-2-5", "simple-327257-3-0", "simple-327257-3-1", "simple-327257-3-2", "simple-327257-3-3", "simple-327257-3-4", "simple-327257-3-5", "simple-327257-4-0", "simple-327257-4-1", "simple-327257-4-2", "simple-327257-4-3", "simple-327257-5-0", "simple-327257-5-1", "simple-327257-5-2", "simple-327257-5-3", "simple-327257-5-4", "simple-327257-5-5", 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"simple-327257-16-5", "simple-327257-16-6", "simple-327257-16-7", "simple-327257-16-8", "simple-327257-16-9", "simple-327257-17-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Samson and Delilah (Fr: \"Samson et Dalila\") is a three-act French opera.", "It is based on the story of Samson and Delilah in the Old Testament of the Bible.", "The words and story of the opera (the \"libretto\") were written by Ferdinand Lemaire.", "The music was written by Camille Saint-Saëns.", "The opera was first performed in Weimar, Germany on 2 December 1877.", "It was sung in German instead of French.", "Saint-Saëns thought the Samson story would make a good oratorio.", "He was persuaded by Lemaire to write an opera on the subject instead.", "When the opera was completed, Saint-Saëns met some stiff opposition about staging it in France.", "It was considered sacrilegious to stage a work based on a Bible story.", "Additionally, Saint-Saëns was considered a \"symphonist\" rather than an opera composer.", "People were not interested in \"Samson\".", "Liszt staged the work in Germany.", "It was a hit.", "It was soon staged in America and in England.", "Roles in the opera include Samson (tenor), Delilah (mezzo-soprano), and the High Priest of Dagon (baritone).", "The story tells of the enslavement of the Hebrews by the Philistines.", "Samson urges them to resist their masters.", "The High Priest of Dagon uses Delilah to destroy Samson.", "Musical highlights include \"\" and \"\" The opera finally played the Paris Opéra.", "It ranked second in popularity to Charles Gounod's \"Faust\".", "Saint-Saëns thought the Samson and Delilah story would make a good oratorio.", "Oratorios were popular in the late 1860s.", "The city of Paris was offering a prize for a new one.", "Saint-Saëns asked a relative, Ferdinand Lemaire, to write the libretto.", "Lemaire thought the story of Samson and Delilah was better suited to an opera.", "He persuaded Saint-Saëns to write an opera instead of an oratorio.", "Saint-Saëns was drawn to the story because it gave him the opportunity to compose a grand duet against a rising storm.", "He knew Rameau's take on the story from Voltaire's libretto for an opera on the subject (now lost), but Rameau's storm was a metaphor for the wrath of God.", "Rossini's \"Otello\" was nearer to what Saint-Saëns had in mind.", "He wrote, \"I imagined a storm that would no longer be an hors-d'œuvre (a tidbit eaten before a meal) but adhere to the action and become one with it.\"", "Saint-Saëns set to work in 1868.", "He wrote an aria for Delilah, a duet for Samson and Delilah, and the Prelude.", "He tried them out at home.", "Friends weren't very interested.", "The composer put the work aside for a time.", "He met Liszt in Weimar, Germany about 1870.", "Liszt encouraged him to take up the project again.", "He promised Saint-Saëns he would stage the opera.", "In 1873 Saint-Saëns finished the score.", "Pauline Viardot staged Act 2 in a garden at Croissy.", "The director of the Paris Opera was present.", "He found the opera too Wagnerian.", "He also thought it neglected French opera tradition.", "Biblical stories were not staged in France.", "It was considered sacrilegious.", "Act 1 was performed \"concert style\" in 1875.", "This means it was performed without costumes, scenery, or \"acting\".", "It was a failure.", "He published the score.", "He wrote a dedication to Viardot.", "In 1877 Liszt staged the work at the Weimar Court Theatre in Germany.", "It was sung in German instead of French.", "The opera was well received.", "Paris wasn't very interested, though.", "In 1890 the opera was staged in Rouen at composer Gabriel Faure's urging.", "It was staged the same year in Paris.", "Two years later it was finally staged at the Paris Opéra.", "The opera ranked second in popularity to Gounod's \"Faust\".", "Once the opera gained favor with audiences it quickly spread outside France.", "The first production in America was at New Orleans in 1893.", "In 1894 it was staged at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.", "In these early days, productions were mounted in Milan, St Petersburg, and Moscow.", "French singers walked out on a concert performance in London in 1893.", "They were expected to sing in English instead of French.", "Biblical stories were banned from the stage in Britain.", "The first full production of \"Samson\" took place in 1909.", "King Edward VII of England was said to have helped get the opera staged.", "Goodwin writes that Saint-Saëns's pupil and friend Gabriel Faure always said that the reason \"Samson and Delilah\" met with disinterest in France was the fact that the composer was viewed as a symphonistnot because the opera was based on a Biblical text.", "\"Symphonist\" was a pejorative term at the time.", "It was tossed about by opera and ballet fans.", "\"Samson and Delilah\" was also a departure from 19th century opera traditions.", "This was another reason for some to ignore it.", "It was a three-act opera rather than a standard five-act opera as laid down by Meyerbeer.", "The opera featured only three principal charactersSamson, Delilah, and the High Priestthus creating another departure from the norm.", "Saint-Saëns was almost an atheist.", "He did not point out a moral in this opera but let the work speak for itself.", "He admired the operas of Verdi.", "He liked the oratorios of Handel and Mendelssohntwo composers whose influence is felt in the choruses of \"Samson\".", "He framed the central seduction scene with the two outer acts.", "In contrast with Samson (strength) and the High Priest (power), Delilah is a character of \"seductive\" strength and power.", "She wants Samson on her sidenot for lovebut for her own vanity and sexual gratification.", "She puts everything she has into successfully seducing him because, if she fails, her head will be on the chopping block.", "In a square in Gaza, the Hebrews pray for release from slavery to the Philistines.", "Samson tries to lift their spirits.", "Abimelech taunts the Hebrews.", "He says his god Dagon is greater than the Hebrew god.", "Abimelech attacks Samson with a sword.", "Samson disarms and kills him.", "The High Priest of Dagon makes plans to use Delilah to trap Samson.", "Delilah enters with the priestesses of Dagon.", "She flirts with Samson.", "She invites him to her home in Sorek.", "An old Hebrew warns Samson about loving Delilah.", "Samson prays for God's protection.", "Delilah and the priestesses begin to dance.", "Samson fights his desire for Delilah.", "The old Hebrew repeats his warning.", "As the curtain closes, Samson meets Delilah's gaze.", "It is clear he will join her in Sorek.", "In Sorek Delilah sings about her power over Samson.", "The High Priest arrives.", "He reports that Samson and the Hebrews have destroyed the harvest.", "He offers gold to Delilah to trap Samson.", "She refuses to take the money.", "She wants only revenge.", "Delilah vows to find the secret of Samson's strength.", "The High Priest leaves.", "Delilah considers her chances of success.", "Samson arrives to say farewell.", "He plans to lead the Hebrew revolt.", "Delilah tells Samson that she loves him.", "He admits that he loves her.", "Delilah wants to know the secret of his strength.", "Samson will not tell her.", "She weeps and runs into her house.", "She learns the secret of his strength.", "She calls to Philistine soldiers hiding nearby.", "They capture Samson and blind him.", "Samson is chained to a mill-wheel in a dungeon.", "He prays for his people.", "They will suffer for his sin.", "Samson offers his life as a sacrifice.", "The Hebrews are heard in the distance singing sorrowfully.", "The Philistines are preparing a victory celebration in the temple of Dagon.", "The priests and priestesses sing softly.", "The priests dance a wild Bacchanale.", "Samson enters led by a boy.", "He is mocked by the High Priest.", "The priests try to force him to kneel before a statue of Dagon.", "The boy leads him to the two main pillars in the temple.", "Samson prays for strength.", "He pulls down the pillars.", "Samson is crushed with his enemies beneath the stones.", "\"from Encyclopedia Americana, 2002; volume 24, pages 185-86\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1429354, "normal_article_title": "William Scranton", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1429354", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1429354-0-0", "normal-1429354-0-1", "normal-1429354-1-0", "normal-1429354-1-1", "normal-1429354-1-2", "normal-1429354-1-3", "normal-1429354-2-0", "normal-1429354-2-1", "normal-1429354-2-2", "normal-1429354-2-3", "normal-1429354-2-4", "normal-1429354-3-0", "normal-1429354-3-1", "normal-1429354-3-2", "normal-1429354-3-3", "normal-1429354-3-4", "normal-1429354-4-0", "normal-1429354-4-1", "normal-1429354-4-2", "normal-1429354-4-3", "normal-1429354-5-0", "normal-1429354-5-1", "normal-1429354-5-2", "normal-1429354-5-3", "normal-1429354-5-4", "normal-1429354-5-5", "normal-1429354-5-6", "normal-1429354-6-0", "normal-1429354-6-1", "normal-1429354-6-2", "normal-1429354-7-0", "normal-1429354-7-1", "normal-1429354-7-2", "normal-1429354-7-3", "normal-1429354-7-4", "normal-1429354-7-5", "normal-1429354-7-6", "normal-1429354-8-0", "normal-1429354-8-1", "normal-1429354-8-2", "normal-1429354-8-3", "normal-1429354-8-4", "normal-1429354-8-5", "normal-1429354-9-0", "normal-1429354-9-1", "normal-1429354-9-2", "normal-1429354-9-3", "normal-1429354-10-0", "normal-1429354-10-1", "normal-1429354-10-2", "normal-1429354-10-3", "normal-1429354-11-0", "normal-1429354-11-1", "normal-1429354-12-0", "normal-1429354-12-1", "normal-1429354-12-2", "normal-1429354-13-0", "normal-1429354-13-1", "normal-1429354-13-2", "normal-1429354-13-3", "normal-1429354-13-4", "normal-1429354-13-5", "normal-1429354-14-0", "normal-1429354-14-1", "normal-1429354-14-2", "normal-1429354-14-3", "normal-1429354-14-4", "normal-1429354-15-0", "normal-1429354-15-1", "normal-1429354-15-2", "normal-1429354-15-3", "normal-1429354-15-4", "normal-1429354-15-5", "normal-1429354-16-0", "normal-1429354-16-1", "normal-1429354-17-0", "normal-1429354-17-1", "normal-1429354-17-2", "normal-1429354-18-0", "normal-1429354-18-1", "normal-1429354-18-2", "normal-1429354-18-3", "normal-1429354-19-0", "normal-1429354-19-1", "normal-1429354-20-0", "normal-1429354-20-1", "normal-1429354-20-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "William Warren Scranton (July 19, 1917 – July 28, 2013) was an American Republican Party politician and diplomat.", "Scranton served as the 38th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1963 to 1967.", "Born into the prominent Scranton family, he graduated from Yale Law School and served in the United States Army Air Corps during World War II.", "After the war, he practiced law and became active in the Pennsylvania Republican Party.", "He won election to the United States House of Representatives in 1960 and gained a reputation as an outspoken moderate during his time in Congress.", "He won the Republican nomination in Pennsylvania's 1962 gubernatorial election, defeating Democrat Richardson Dilworth in the general election.", "As governor, Scranton presided over sweeping reforms to Pennsylvania's education system, including the creation of the state's community college system.", "Scranton entered the race for the 1964 Republican presidential nomination after the collapse of Nelson Rockefeller's candidacy, but Barry Goldwater won the nomination.", "Scranton was term-limited out of office in 1967 but remained active in politics.", "He chaired the President's Commission on Campus Unrest, served as a member of the transition team for President Gerald Ford, and served as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 1976 to 1977.", "He also served on the boards of several high-profile corporations and was associated with the Trilateral Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations.", "William Scranton was born on July 19, 1917 while the Scranton family was on vacation at a cottage in Madison, Connecticut.", "He was the son of Worthington Scranton, a wealthy Pennsylvania businessman, and Marion Margery (Warren) Scranton, a member of the Republican National Committee for over two decades.", "Despite her own involvement in politics, his mother tried to dissuade him from entering politics because of his childhood struggles with asthma.", "She feared that the stress of campaigning would be detrimental to his frail health.", "She died just before her son's election to Congress in 1960.", "Scranton family members, George W. Scranton and his brother Selden, were the founders and patriarchs of the city of Scranton, Pennsylvania.", "He was the grandnephew of Joseph A. Scranton, a Representative from Pennsylvania.", "He was also a nephew by marriage of former U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Davis, a confidante of President Abraham Lincoln.", "His maternal ancestors came to America on the \"Mayflower\".", "Scranton's father was the son of William Walker Scranton (1844-1916) and Katharine Maria Smith (1851-1935).", "His father was an industrialist, general manager of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company founded by George W. Scranton, among other interests in Scranton.", "Katherine Smith was the daughter of Worthington Curtis Smith, who served as a Congressman from Vermont.", "Katherine M. Smith's uncle was J. Gregory Smith, who served as Governor of Vermont.", "Her cousins included Edward Curtis Smith, who also served as governor.", "Her grandfather, John Smith, also served as a Congressman from Vermont.", "Scranton's genealogical line runs from John Smith (great-great-grandfather) to Worthington C. Smith (great-grandfather) to Katherine Maria Smith Scranton (paternal grandmother) to Worthington Scranton (father) to Scranton.", "He began his education at the Scranton Country Day School, which had been founded by his parents, completing his basic schooling at the Fessenden School in Newton, Massachusetts, and attended the prestigious Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut.", "Scranton graduated from Yale University in 1939.", "While at Yale, he was a member of the Yale Political Union and the Chi Psi fraternity, where he became friends with another fraternity brother from Delta Kappa Epsilon, future U.S. President Gerald Ford, and of the Berzelius Secret Senior Society (pictured with his Berzelius Class of '39 as", "He attended Yale Law School from 1939 to 1941, dropping out in advance of World War II, enlisting in the United States Army Air Corps and serving as an Air Transport Command pilot during the war.", "Although he did not serve in combat, he was assigned to aircraft mobilization and pilot training duties, and was stationed on three different continents during his tour of duty, including South America, Africa, and Asia.", "On July 6, 1942, he married Mary Lowe Chamberlain (1918-2015).", "The couple had four children, a daughter and three sons, Susan, William Worthington, Joseph Curtis and Peter Kip.", "He was honorably discharged from military as a captain, but was active in the U.S. Air Force Reserves for two decades thereafter.", "Following the war, he resumed his studies at Yale Law School.", "He graduated in 1946 and was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in August of that year.", "Scranton practiced law and then entered the business community after the war becoming successful in several firms in northeastern Pennsylvania.", "He joined the largest correspondence school in America (International Correspondence Schools) in 1949 as its Vice President for legal affairs.", "He left in 1954 (but later served on the Board of Directors, as had his father).", "He became active in Republican Party politics in the 1950s and came to the attention of President Dwight Eisenhower.", "In 1959, Eisenhower appointed Scranton as a special assistant to US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and later Christian Herter.", "Scranton served a little over a year before resigning to run for Congress.", "Scranton's name recognition and family connections helped him win a 17,000 vote victory over incumbent Stanley Prokop in a largely Democratic district in 1960.", "Scranton represented Pennsylvania's 10th Congressional District in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1961 to 1963.", "Though a freshman Republican, he quickly gained a reputation as an outspoken moderate and supported much of President John F. Kennedy's social agenda including his legislative agenda for the Civil Rights Movement and the Peace Corps.", "The media quickly dubbed him a \"Kennedy Republican.\"", "In 1962, the Republican party in Pennsylvania, which had lost the two previous gubernatorial elections and seen the state's electoral votes go to Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election, became convinced that a moderate like Scranton, would have enough bipartisan appeal to revitalize the party.", "He ran for governor against Richardson Dilworth, the mayor of Philadelphia.", "The ticket added Raymond Shafer, who would succeed him as governor, as his running mate.", "After one of the most acrimonious campaigns in state history, Scranton and Shafer won a huge victory in the election against their opponents by nearly half a million votes, out of just over 6.6 million cast.", "As governor, he signed into law sweeping reforms in the state's education system including creation of the state community college system, the state board of education and the state Higher Education Assistance Agency.", "Furthermore, he created a program designed to promote the state in national and international markets and to increase the attractiveness of the state's products and services.", "Protests in Chester, Pennsylvania in the spring of 1964 led by George Raymond of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Persons (NAACP) and Stanley Branche of the Committee for Freedom Now (CFFN) against the de facto segregation of public schools prompted Scranton to implement the Pennsylvania Human Relations commission.", "All protests were discontinued while the commission held hearings during the summer of 1964.", "Scranton also supported the formation of the Greater Chester Movement, an umbrella organization intended to coordinate activities of groups working toward the betterment of Chester", "While he was governor, the largest manhunt in the history of Pennsylvania until then took place.", "On May 11, 1966, Peggy Ann Bradnick was kidnapped near Shade Gap.", "Pennsylvania State Police, FBI agents, local law enforcement, and civilian volunteers scoured the mountains around Shade Gap and Burnt Cabins.", "On May 17, the kidnapper, William Diller Hollenbaugh, shot and killed FBI Agent Terry Ray Anderson.", "On May 18, Hollenbaugh shot and wounded Cambria County Deputy Sheriff Francis Sharpe.", "There was a shootout at Rubeck's farm in Burnt Cabins and Hollenbaugh was killed; Peggy Ann Bradnick was rescued without serious injury.", "Although he did not actively seek the 1964 Republican nomination for President of the United States in the beginning, a \"Draft Scranton\" movement quickly gathered momentum among moderate and liberal Republicans who saw him as an alternative to conservative frontrunner, Senator Barry Goldwater, and other Republicans who feared that Goldwater's polarizing views would lead to defeat, after the campaign of Goldwater's liberal opponent, New York governor Nelson Rockefeller, had lost steam.", "Early in the campaign, he announced that he would be willing to accept the nomination for Vice President.", "Scranton first declined to enter the race but later threw his hat into the ring on June 12, 1964.", "Scranton won the support of ten state delegations, but Goldwater went on to win the nomination on the first ballot.", "Republican National Committee Chairman and US Representative William E. Miller of New York was nominated for Vice President.", "Under the then-existing Pennsylvania law, Scranton was limited to a single term and could not run for reelection in 1966.", "That same year, he announced that he would never again seek elected office.", "After his term in office, Scranton attended the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention of 1967-1968 and helped write a new constitution for the state, which included a provision allowing future governors to seek a second term.", "In 1968, President-elect Richard Nixon asked Scranton to become Secretary of State, but he declined.", "He did serve as a special envoy to the Middle East but when he said the Nixon Administration should be \"more evenhanded\" in managing the problems of the Middle East, some in the American Jewish community regarded this as antisemitic and Nixon quickly distanced himself from the former governor.", "In accordance with his 1966 pledge never to seek elected office, he rebuffed a draft movement encouraging him to run for the U.S. Senate.", "After the Kent State shootings in 1970, Scranton was asked to chair the President's Commission on Campus Unrest to investigate this and other incidents of campus violence and protest.", "The committee's conclusions came to be known as the \"Scranton Report\".", "Following Nixon's resignation from the Presidency in 1974, he was appointed as a transition team member for incoming President Gerald Ford.", "Scranton reentered the business world and served on the boards of several high-profile American corporations such as A&P, IBM, The New York Times, Pan American Airways, and the H.J. Heinz Company and was president of Northeastern National Bank and Trust Company.", "He was also associated with the Trilateral Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations, and was a trustee of Yale University, his alma mater.", "In 1976, Scranton was chosen by President Ford to become United States Ambassador to the United Nations.", "His measured approach to diplomacy and genuine interest in human rights earned him much respect in his short time in office.", "Some in the Republican Party pushed for Scranton to be named Ford's running mate for the 1976 presidential election, but Ford chose Senator Robert Dole of Kansas instead.", "After his term as UN Ambassador, Scranton retired to his home in Dalton, Pennsylvania.", "Scranton's son, William Scranton III, served as Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania under Richard Thornburgh.", "He ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1986 and was for a while considered a leading candidate for the Republican gubernatorial nomination in 2006 but ultimately dropped out of the race.", "Scranton died on July 28, 2013, nine days after his 96th birthday, from a cerebral hemorrhage at a retirement community in Montecito, California where he lived with his wife.", "His widow, Mary Scranton, the former First Lady of Pennsylvania, died from Alzheimer's disease on December 26, 2015, at the age of 97.", "In Jeff Greenfield's alternate history book \"If Kennedy Lived\", Scranton is featured as Senator Barry Goldwater's running mate in the 1964 presidential election, instead of William E. Miller." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 411530, "simple_article_title": "William Scranton", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411530", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-411530-0-0", "simple-411530-1-0", "simple-411530-1-1", "simple-411530-2-0", "simple-411530-2-1", "simple-411530-2-2", "simple-411530-2-3", "simple-411530-2-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "William Warren Scranton (July 19, 1917 – July 28, 2013) was an American Republican Party politician.", "Scranton served as the 38th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1963 to 1967.", "From 1976 to 1977, he served as United States Ambassador to the United Nations.", "Scranton was born on July 19, 1917 in Madison, Connecticut.", "He studied at Yale University.", "Scranton was married to Mary Lowe Chamberlain.", "They had four children.", "Scranton died on July 28, 2013 in Santa Barbara, California from a cerebral hemorrhage, aged 96." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 267413, "normal_article_title": "Père David's deer", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=267413", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-267413-0-0", "normal-267413-0-1", "normal-267413-0-2", "normal-267413-0-3", "normal-267413-0-4", "normal-267413-1-0", "normal-267413-1-1", "normal-267413-1-2", "normal-267413-1-3", "normal-267413-1-4", "normal-267413-2-0", "normal-267413-2-1", "normal-267413-3-0", "normal-267413-4-0", "normal-267413-4-1", "normal-267413-4-2", "normal-267413-4-3", "normal-267413-5-0", "normal-267413-5-1", "normal-267413-5-2", "normal-267413-5-3", "normal-267413-6-0", "normal-267413-6-1", "normal-267413-6-2", "normal-267413-6-3", "normal-267413-6-4", "normal-267413-7-0", "normal-267413-7-1", "normal-267413-8-0", "normal-267413-8-1", "normal-267413-8-2", "normal-267413-8-3", "normal-267413-8-4", "normal-267413-8-5", "normal-267413-8-6", "normal-267413-8-7", "normal-267413-8-8", "normal-267413-8-9", "normal-267413-8-10", "normal-267413-8-11", "normal-267413-9-0", "normal-267413-9-1", "normal-267413-9-2", "normal-267413-9-3", "normal-267413-9-4", "normal-267413-9-5", "normal-267413-9-6", "normal-267413-9-7", "normal-267413-9-8", "normal-267413-10-0", "normal-267413-10-1", "normal-267413-10-2", "normal-267413-10-3", "normal-267413-10-4", "normal-267413-10-5", "normal-267413-11-0", "normal-267413-11-1", "normal-267413-11-2", "normal-267413-11-3", "normal-267413-11-4", "normal-267413-12-0", "normal-267413-12-1", "normal-267413-13-0", "normal-267413-13-1", "normal-267413-14-0", "normal-267413-14-1", "normal-267413-14-2", "normal-267413-14-3", "normal-267413-14-4", "normal-267413-15-0", "normal-267413-15-1", "normal-267413-15-2", "normal-267413-15-3", "normal-267413-15-4", "normal-267413-15-5", "normal-267413-16-0", "normal-267413-16-1", "normal-267413-16-2", "normal-267413-16-3", "normal-267413-16-4", "normal-267413-16-5", "normal-267413-17-0", "normal-267413-17-1", "normal-267413-17-2", "normal-267413-18-0", "normal-267413-18-1", "normal-267413-18-2", "normal-267413-18-3", "normal-267413-18-4", "normal-267413-19-0", "normal-267413-20-0", "normal-267413-20-1", "normal-267413-20-2", "normal-267413-20-3", "normal-267413-20-4", "normal-267413-20-5", "normal-267413-21-0", "normal-267413-21-1", "normal-267413-21-2", "normal-267413-21-3", "normal-267413-21-4", "normal-267413-21-5", "normal-267413-21-6", "normal-267413-22-0", "normal-267413-22-1", "normal-267413-22-2", "normal-267413-22-3", "normal-267413-22-4", "normal-267413-22-5", "normal-267413-22-6", "normal-267413-22-7", "normal-267413-22-8", "normal-267413-22-9", "normal-267413-22-10", "normal-267413-22-11", "normal-267413-23-0", "normal-267413-23-1", "normal-267413-23-2", "normal-267413-23-3", "normal-267413-23-4", "normal-267413-23-5", "normal-267413-23-6", "normal-267413-23-7", "normal-267413-23-8", "normal-267413-23-9" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Père David's deer (\"Elaphurus davidianus\"), also known as the milu or elaphure, is a species of deer that went extinct in the wild, but has been reintroduced in some areas.", "The milu is native to the river valleys of China, where it prefers wetland habitats.", "It grazes mainly on grass and aquatic plants.", "It is the only extant member of the genus \"Elaphurus\".", "Based on genetic comparisons, Père David's deer is closely related to the deer of the genus \"Cervus\", leading many experts to suggest merging \"Elaphurus\" into \"Cervus\", or demoting \"Elaphurus\" to a subgenus of \"Cervus\".", "The Père David's deer is endemic to the Chinese region.", "According to fossil records, the species first appeared during the Pleistocene period, when it could be found anywhere in the Manchuria.", "This demography changed during the Holocene period; during this time, the species could only be found in the swamp lands and wetlands of southern China.", "Due to hunting and land reclamation, the demography of the Père David's deer became even smaller.", "By 1939, the last of the wild species were shot and killed.", "This species of deer was first made known to Western science in 1866 by Armand David (Père David), a French missionary working in China.", "He obtained the carcasses of an adult male, an adult female and a young male, and sent them to Paris, where the species was named Père David's Deer by Alphonse Milne-Edwards, a French biologist.", "By this name, this undomesticated animal entered Chinese mythology as the mount of Jiang Ziya in \"Fengshen Bang\" (translated as \"Investiture of the Gods\"), a Chinese classical work of fiction written during the Ming Dynasty.", "The adult Père David's deer reaches a head-and-body length of up to 1.9 - and stands about 1.2 m tall at the shoulder.", "The tail is relatively long for a deer, measuring 50 - when straightened.", "Weight is between 135 and .", "The head is long and slender with large eyes, very large preorbital glands, a naked nose pad and small, pointed ears.", "The branched antlers are unique in that the long tines point backward, while the main beam extends almost directly upward.", "There may be two pairs per year.", "The summer antlers are the larger set, and are dropped in November, after the summer rut.", "The second set—if they appear—are fully grown by January, and fall off a few weeks later.", "The coat is reddish tan in the summer, changing to a dull gray in the winter.", "Long wavy guard hairs are present on and coat throughout the year, with the coat becoming woolier in winter.", "There is a mane on the neck and throat and a black dorsal stripe running along the cervicothoracic spine.", "The tail is about 50 cm in length, with a dark tuft at the end.", "The hooves are large and spreading, and make clicking sounds (as in the reindeer) when the animal is moving.", "A semiaquatic animal, Père David's deer swims well, spending long periods standing in water up to its shoulders.", "Although predominantly a grazer, the deer supplements its grass diet with aquatic plants in the summer.", "To those living in temperate latitudes, Père David's deer has similar reproductive physiological mechanisms.", "These mechanisms aid in the adaptation to a high latitude environment.", "The reproductive behavior in stags differs from hinds.", "In stags rutting behavior includes urine sniffing, anogenital sniffing, wallowing, and antler adorning.", "Mating behavior includes mounting and copulating.", "Communication behavior includes the spraying of urine and preorbital gland marking.", "The stags generally begin to rut before any signs of female sexual behavior.", "The reason to this is to establish a social rank among the stags.", "For Père David's deer the stag initiates the breeding season with the rutting.", "In hinds, estrous behavior includes urinating frequently, receptivity, and allowing the stags to mount.", "Parental behavior involves sniffing the calf, calling, and rubbing the face of the calf.", "The hind has a typical behavior of being solitary.", "The gestation period is about nine months, roughly around 280 days, after which a single offspring is usually born; twins are born rarely.", "The gestation period is significantly longer than any other deer besides the roe deer.", "Père David's deer are considered seasonal breeders because three out of four calves are born during April in captive European populations.", "The breeding season is 160 days with the mating season usually being in June and July.", "Calf weight, calculated using Robbins and Robbins equation, tends to be between 11.3 and 13.2 kg.", "The juveniles (referred to as either \"fawns\" or \"calves\") have a spotted coat, as is commonly seen in most species of deer.", "They are known to develop very quickly after birth.", "They reach sexual maturity at about 14 months.", "The average lifespan of a Père David deer is up to 18 years.", "An experiment was conducted to show how captivity would affect the deer's behavior and survival rate.", "Two areas were created; one with a large area containing a few Père David's deer present and one with a small area containing a high concentration of Père David's deer present.", "It was found when in captivity, it is best to keep the deer in large open areas that allow for adequate space with a reasonable number of individual deer living in the area; if put in a small area with a multitude of individuals present, stress amongst the deer will build up.", "Studies have shown through the high concentration of fecal matter in an area of captivity with limited space and a large number of Père David deer that they have shown different behavioral patterns to their wild counterparts.", "These deer would spend less time resting, and would stand longer due to human presence as well as display social aggression and competition over food sources.", "It is therefore unwise to keep them in small, densely populated areas to prevent accumulation of stress and aggression against each other.", "The Père David's deer has been in isolation from the wild for more than 1200 years, causing humans to be the primary perceived threat due to a long-term lack of exposure to other natural predators.", "When encountering humans, the deer's response varies according to gender.", "Female-only groups display a lower degree of caution towards humans than in male-only groups.", "It was hypothesized that the presence of a single type of threat may be sufficient to maintain anti-predator responses in the face of relaxed predation pressure.", "During rutting season, the does will display increased vigilance and heightened threat perception, likely in response to the mating activities of the males .", "Historically, the main predators of the Père David's deer are believed to have been tigers and leopards.", "Although they no longer encounter ancestral predators while living in captivity, while experimenting with exposures to images and stimuli relating to these big cats, the deer seemed to instinctively react with a cautious predator-prey response typical of wild deer.", "In neolithic times, the \"milu\"'s range extended across much of China Proper.", "Archaeologists have found \"milu\" antlers at settlements from the Liao River in the north to Jiangsu and Zhejiang Province and across the Yellow and Yangtze River Basins in Shaanxi and Hunan Province.", "In the late 19th century, the world's only herd belonged to Tongzhi, the Emperor of China.", "The herd was maintained in the Nanyuan Royal Hunting Garden in Nan Haizi, near Peking.", "In 1895, one of the walls of the hunting garden was destroyed by a heavy flood of the Yongding River, and most of the deer escaped and some of them were killed and eaten by starving peasants.", "Fewer than thirty Père David's Deer remained in the garden.", "Then in 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion, the garden was occupied by troops from the German Empire and all the remaining deer were shot and eaten by the soldiers, leaving the Père David's deer extinct in its native China.", "A few of the deer had previously been illegally transported to Europe for exhibition and breeding.", "After the extirpation of the Chinese population in 1900, Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford, was instrumental in saving the species.", "He acquired the few remaining deer from European zoos and nurtured a herd at Woburn Abbey.", "Threatened again by both World Wars, the species survived largely due to the efforts of Bedford and his son Hastings, later 12th Duke of Bedford.", "The current world population, now found in zoos around the world, stems from the Woburn Abbey herd.", "Only three founders (1 male, two females) from the Berlin Zoo contributed to the current population of more than 5,000.", "Reintroduction of Père David's deer to China began in 1985, with a herd of 20 deer (5 males and 15 females).", "This was followed in 1987 by a second herd, consisting of 18 deer (all females).", "Both herds had been drawn from the Woburn Abbey herd and were donated by the 12th Duke's grandson and successor, John.", "The transportation was sponsored by the World Wildlife Fund.", "The relic site of the Nanyuan Royal Hunting Garden in the southern suburbs of Beijing was chosen as the site of re-introduction, creating the Beijing Milu Park.", "The population in China expanded to around 2,000 in 2005.", "A second re-introduction into China was conducted in 1986 where 36 Père David's deer were chosen from five UK zoological gardens with the bulk of the deer coming from Whipsnade Wild Animal Park.", "These deer were introduced into Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, near the Yellow Sea coast in eastern China.", "In 2006 the population at this Nature Reserve had reached around 950 with an average annual population increase of 17%.", "Of 1993, 30 deer taken from the herd at Beijing Milu Park were released into the Tian'ezhou Milu National Nature Reserve (a.k.a. Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve) in , Shishou.", "These were followed by another 34 deer taken from Beijing Park and released into the Tian'ezhou Reserve.", "In a 1998 flood, a number of deer escaped from the reserve and have since been living and multiplying in the wild.", "As of 2015, the number of deer living in the wild is 700.", "The average annual population growth rate for Père David's deer in Tianezhou Nature Reserve was 22.2%.", "In 2002, 30 deer taken from the herd at Beijing Milu Park and 20 from Dafeng Nature Reserve were released into the Yuanyang Yellow River Nature Reserve.", "When the species was assessed for the IUCN Red List (1996), it was classified as \"critically endangered\" in the wild, under criterion \"D\": \"wild population estimated to number less than 50 mature individuals\".", "In October 2008, they were officially listed as extinct in the wild, though this is no longer accurate.", "Today, there are 53 herds of Père David's deer in China.", "Nine of the herds consist of 25 or under deer, and the remaining herds have under 10 deer.", "Due to the small population size a lack of genetic diversity is expected, but in spite of the small population size, the animals do not appear to suffer genetic problems from the genetic bottleneck.", "The captive population in China has increased in recent years, and the possibility remains that free-ranging populations can be reintroduced in the near future.", "When reintroduced into their habitat, the species could face many problems due to years in captivity.", "Relaxed selection and reproduction with no environmental pressure may have taken place for Père David's deer, due to captive breeding, which can result in the loss of adaptive anti-predator behavior.", "It is possible that when fully released in the environment from captivity, after generations of offspring, the species could be unable to retain parasite-defense behaviors like grooming.", "If the population is reintroduced into the environment with no protection against tick infestation then they can face major problems if not adapted to that environment.", "Since also no longer being adapted to other predators, such as tigers, it could cause confusion for the Père David's deer.", "They could have possibly lost the memories of their ancestral predators.", "Although, a study was done on the species that are in captivity using the sounds of tigers roaring and dogs barking and the deer did not respond to the barking of the dogs, but hearing the tiger roar caused the deer to spend more time being cautious after hearing the sound, thus showing that the deer still retained memories of their previous predator, the tiger.", "Though New Zealand lacked its own native population of deer, European settlers had introduced numerous species of deer into the land for the use of farming and hunting.", "Some of these deer species had crossbred in the wild, creating hybrids, which in turn were then utilized in deer farms based on their apparent genetic improvements.", "Alongside this discovery, deer farms began the practice of inciting hybridization in order to encourage genetic advancement.", "This includes a hybrid between Père David's deer and Red deer.", "These F1 hybrids are unique for several reasons.", "To begin with, both male and female offspring of this hybrid remain fertile, a rare prospect especially for species that have such a genetic distance.", "Both species differ in seasonal behaviors, gestation length, behavioral traits, morphology, maturity size, and disease resistance.", "Père David's deer is also unique in that its antlers are unlike any other deer in the world.", "However, due to having different seasonal behavior each species would enter their mating season at different intervals, thus preventing natural mating from occurring.", "In response, artificial insemination was employed on Red deer hinds with the semen from Père David's deer.", "These F1 hybrids did not share similar mating seasons with Père David's deer and as such were able to successfully mate with other red deer naturally.", "Three F1 hybrid stags successfully mated naturally in a period from 1989 to 1991 with 144 hinds and semen had been used to artificially inseminate 114 other Red deer hinds producing over 300 backcross hybrids.", "According to Chinese legend, when the tyrant King Zhou of Shang ruled the land more than 3,000 years ago, a horse, a donkey, an ox and a deer went into a cave in the forest to meditate and on the day the King executed his minister Bigan, the animals awoke from their meditation and turned into humans.", "They entered society, learned of the King's heinous acts and wanted to take recourse against the King, who was powerful.", "So they transformed themselves into one creature that combined the speed of the horse, the strength of the ox, the donkey's keen sense of direction and the nimble agility of the deer.", "This new animal then galloped to the Kunlun Mountains to seek the advice of the Primeval Lord of Heaven.", "The Lord was astonished at the sight of a creature that had antlers of a deer, hooves of an ox, face of a horse and tail of a donkey.", "\"It's unlike any of four creatures!\"", "Upon learning of the animal's quest, Lord gave his blessing and dispatched the creature to his disciple the sage Jiang Ziya, who was battling the King.", "Jiang Ziya rode the creature to victory over the King and helped found the Zhou Dynasty.", "After fulfilling its vow, the \"milu\" settled in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.", "The animal became a symbol of good fortune and was sought by later emperors who believed eating the meat of the milu would lead to everlasting life." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 106115, "simple_article_title": "Père David's deer", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=106115", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-106115-0-0", "simple-106115-0-1", "simple-106115-0-2", "simple-106115-0-3", "simple-106115-0-4", "simple-106115-0-5", "simple-106115-1-0", "simple-106115-1-1", "simple-106115-1-2", "simple-106115-2-0", "simple-106115-2-1", "simple-106115-2-2", "simple-106115-3-0", "simple-106115-3-1", "simple-106115-3-2", "simple-106115-3-3", "simple-106115-3-4", "simple-106115-3-5", "simple-106115-3-6", "simple-106115-3-7", "simple-106115-3-8", "simple-106115-3-9", "simple-106115-3-10", "simple-106115-4-0", "simple-106115-4-1", "simple-106115-4-2", "simple-106115-4-3", "simple-106115-4-4", "simple-106115-5-0", "simple-106115-5-1", "simple-106115-5-2", "simple-106115-5-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Père David's deer (\"Elaphurus davidianus\",) is a species of deer.", "It is also known as Milu (麋鹿) in Chinese.", "In the past it went extinct in the wild and existed only in captivity.", "However, it has been reintroduced to the wild in some areas.", "It likes marshland, and is believed to be native to the subtropics.", "It eats a mixture of grass and water plants.", "Adults weigh between 150 kg and 200 kg.", "They have a nine-month gestation period, and one or two fawns are born at a time.", "They reach maturity at about 14 months, and have been known to reach the age of 23 years.", "Père David's deer has a long tail, wide hooves, and branched antlers.", "Adults have summer coats that are bright red with a dark dorsal stripe, and dark gray winter coats.", "The fawns are spotted.", "This species of deer is native to China.", "By the late 19th century, the deer had become extinct in the wild.", "The only remaining herd belonged to the was Chinese emperor.", "He kept the deer in a royal hunting park in the southern part of Beijing.", "In 1895, a flood washed away part of the wall and some of the deer escaped.", "Most of these were then killed and eaten by the local population.", "This left fewer than 30 deer left in the park.", "Then in 1900, the park was occupied by German and Japanese soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion.", "These killed and ate the remaining deer.", "This left the deer nearly extinct in China.", "The last known deer in the wild in China was shot in 1939 near the Yellow Sea.", "A few animals had been taken illegally to Europen countries to be put on show.", "In 1900, Herbrand Russell was determined to save the deer.", "He bought all that remained in captivity in Europe and brought them to Woburn Abbey, England.", "The deer survived through both World Wars due to the efforts of Russell and his son, Hastings.", "The current world population comes from this herd, and can be found in zoos around the world.", "The deer began to be reintroduced in the wild in 1985, with a herd of 20 deer.", "These were placed in Nan Haizi Milu Park, Beijing, and Dafeng Reserve, Jiangsu Province, China.", "Other herds were added in 1986 and 1987.", "By 2005, the wild population had increased to about 2,000." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 746126, "normal_article_title": "Nashik", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=746126", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-746126-0-0", "normal-746126-0-1", "normal-746126-0-2", "normal-746126-0-3", "normal-746126-0-4", "normal-746126-1-0", "normal-746126-2-0", "normal-746126-3-0", "normal-746126-3-1", "normal-746126-3-2", "normal-746126-3-3", "normal-746126-3-4", "normal-746126-4-0", "normal-746126-5-0", "normal-746126-5-1", "normal-746126-5-2", "normal-746126-6-0", "normal-746126-6-1", "normal-746126-6-2", "normal-746126-6-3", "normal-746126-7-0", "normal-746126-7-1", "normal-746126-8-0", "normal-746126-8-1", "normal-746126-8-2", "normal-746126-9-0", "normal-746126-9-1", "normal-746126-9-2", "normal-746126-9-3", "normal-746126-9-4", "normal-746126-10-0", "normal-746126-10-1", "normal-746126-10-2", "normal-746126-10-3", "normal-746126-10-4", "normal-746126-10-5", "normal-746126-11-0", "normal-746126-11-1", "normal-746126-12-0", "normal-746126-12-1", "normal-746126-12-2", "normal-746126-13-0", "normal-746126-14-0", "normal-746126-14-1", "normal-746126-14-2", "normal-746126-15-0", "normal-746126-15-1", "normal-746126-16-0", "normal-746126-16-1", "normal-746126-16-2", "normal-746126-17-0", "normal-746126-17-1", "normal-746126-17-2", "normal-746126-17-3", "normal-746126-17-4", "normal-746126-18-0", "normal-746126-19-0", "normal-746126-19-1", "normal-746126-19-2", "normal-746126-20-0", "normal-746126-20-1", "normal-746126-20-2", "normal-746126-21-0", "normal-746126-22-0", "normal-746126-22-1", "normal-746126-23-0", "normal-746126-24-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Nashik ( also called as Nasik ) is an ancient holy city in the northern region of the Indian state of Maharashtra.", "Situated on the banks of river Godavari, Nasik is well known for being one of Hindu pilgrimage sites, that of Kumbh Mela which is held every 12 years.", "It is the Fourth largest city in Maharashtra after Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur.", "Mumbai-Nashik-Pune forms a golden triangle region in Maharashtra.", "Golden triangle region is the area of Mumbai Megaregion also known as Mumbai Megalopolis which includes Mumbai Metropolitan Region, Pune Metropolitan Region and Nashik and has a population of over 50 millions making Mumbai Megaregion the most populated area in the world.", "The city located about 190 km north of state capital Mumbai, is called the \"\"Wine Capital of India\"\" as half of India’s vineyards and wineries are located in Nashik.", "As per \"Ramayana\", Nashik is the location on the banks of Godavari river where Laxman, by the wish of Lord Rama, cut the nose of Shurpanakha and thus this city was named as \"Nashik\".", "Nashik lies in the northern part of Maharashtra state at 584 m from the mean sea level which gives it ideal temperature variation, particularly in winters.", "The river Godavari originates from the Brahmagiri Mountain, Trimbakeshwar about 24 km from Nashik and flows through the old residential settlement, now in the central part of the city.", "Due to high pollution created by factories in proximity of the city the river was dying at an alarming rate.", "It has since been successfully cleaned.", "Other than Godavari, important rivers like Vaitarana, Bhima, Girana flow across Nashik.", "Nashik lies on the western edge of the Deccan Plateau which is a volcanic formation.", "Trimbakeshwar is about 30 km from the city, it is where from river Godavari originates.", "The land area of the city is about 259.13 km2 .", "Anjaneri near Nashik is traditionally considered the birthplace of Hanuman.", "The city's tropical location and high altitude combine to give it a relatively mild version of a tropical wet and dry climate.", "Temperatures rise slightly in October, but this is followed by the cool season from November to February.", "The cool season sees warm temperatures of around 28 °C during the day, but cool nights, with lows averaging 10 °C, and extremely dry air.", "Nashik city is governed by the Nashik Municipal Corporation.", "The Nashik Court Building is built in black stone in British regime style and a new building was inaugurated on 18 September 2005.", "There are 73 courts including taluka court.", "In the Nashik Municipal Corporation area about 225 MT of solid waste is generated per day.", "Unlike other Indian cities, this garbage is collected by vehicles titled 'Ghantagadi' (meaning the vehicle with a bell): a system which has resulted in smaller versions of the ghantagadi ply in the congested old city areas.", "A plant has been set by the Nashik Municipal Corporation near Pandav Leni (Pandavleni Caves) to process the garbage and convert into compost.", "Nashik is the fourth largest city in Maharashtra in terms of population after Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur.", "According to the Census of India, 2011, Nashik had a population of 1,486,053.", "Males constitute 782,517 of the population and females 703,536.", "Metropolitan Nashik population was 1,561,809 in which 821,921 were males and 739,888 were females.", "Nashik city had an average literacy rate of 89.85%: male literacy was 93.40%, and female literacy was 85.92%.", "The sex ratio is 894 per 1,000 males for Nashik city.", "Child sex ratio is 865 girls per 1,000 boys.", "In Nashik, 11.42% of the population is under 6 years of age.", "In census year 2001 the Nashik Urban Agglomeration had a population of 11,52,326.", "Thus it was the fourth largest urban area of Maharashtra State after Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur.", "The projected population of Nashik urban agglomeration (which includes abutting urban areas like Deolali) as on 11 November 2012 is 15,62,769.", "In February 2016, The Statue of Ahimsa, a 108 ft idol of first Jain tirthankara Rishabhdev carved in monolithic stone was consecrated at Mangi Tungi.", "It is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest Jain idol in the world.", "The Pandavleni Caves, or Nasik Caves, are a group of 24 caves carved between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE, representing the Hinayana Buddhist caves and.", "Most of the caves are Viharas except for the 18th cave which is a Chaitya.", "The location of the caves is a holy Buddhist site and is located about 8 km south of Nashik.", "The culture of the city of Nashik, in northwestern Maharashtra, is centred around Hindu customs and festivals, and the Jain Statue of Ahimsa.", "The Kumbh Mela is celebrated every six years at Haridwar and Allahabad and Maha Kumbh takes place every twelve years at four places in Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik.", "According to the Puranas, it is believed that Kumbh derives its name from an immortal pot of nectar, which the devtas (Gods) and demons fought over.", "The four places where the nectar fell are at the banks of river Godavari in Nashik, river Kshipra in Ujjain, river Ganges in Haridwar and at Triveni Sangam of Ganga, Yamuna and invisible Saraswati River in Allahabad.", "In early 1925, the table grape revolution was started in Ojhar, a small town near Nashik, by Raosaheb Jairam Krishna Gaikwad.", "Today, table grapes are exported to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.", "The average Kharip crop area is 663,200 hectares while the average Rabbi crop area is 136500 hectares.", "The sown area is 658,763 hectares (99%) and the forest land is 340,000 hectares (21.75%).", "The uncultivable area is 23,000 hectares (1.48%).", "The Igatpuri-Nashik-Sinnar investment region is an important node in the US$90 billion Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project.", "Nashik is a defense and aerospace manufacturing hub with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited aircraft manufacturing plant located at Ozar.", "The Currency Note Press and India Security Press are on Nashik Road, where Indian currency and government stamp papers are printed respectively.", "Existing industrial areas in Nashik district are Satpur, Ambad, Sinnar, Igatpuri, Dindori and Vinchur.", "The proposed additional areas are Sinnar, Malegaon and Rajur Bahula.", "Large-scale industries present in Nashik district are Atlas Copco, Robert Bosch GmbH, CEAT Limited, Crompton Greaves, Graphite India, Schneider Electric, ThyssenKrupp, Epcos, Everest Industries, Gabriel India, GlaxoSmithKline, Hindustan Coca-Cola, Hindustan Unilever Limited, Jindal Polyster, Jyoti Structures, Kirlosker Oil Engines, KSB Pumps, Larsen & Toubro, Mahindra and Mahindra, Mahindra Sona, United Spirits Limited, Perfect Circle Industries, Mahindra Ugine Steel, Samsonite, Shalimar Paints, Siemens, VIP Industries, Indian Oil Corporation, XLO India Limited and Jindal Saw.", "Apart from manufacturing, Nashik is an emerging investment destination for Information Technology companies.", "Tata Consultancy Services has invested in Nashik under the government of India BPO promotion scheme (IBPS).", "Also WNS, ACRESS, Accenture, ICOMET technoloies TCS has set up Digital Impact Square, or DISQ, which is a social innovation center.", "Nashik has a textile industry.", "National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development has selected Yeola Block for development of Paithani Cluster.", "To facilitate exports, a container freight station was started at MIDC Ambad by the Central Government.", "Nashik has been described as \"The Wine Capital of India\" the Nashik region reportedly produced 10,000 tonnes of grapes per year.", "In 2013, there were 22 wineries in Nashik, out of 46 wineries throughout India.", "The largest vineyard in Nashik is the Sula Vineyards.", "In the harvest season, Nashik is home to several wine festivals, such as the India Grape Harvest and SulaFest.", "The city has two state-run universities: the Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University and the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 39762, "normal_article_title": "Norman Rockwell", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39762", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-39762-0-0", "normal-39762-0-1", "normal-39762-0-2", "normal-39762-0-3", "normal-39762-0-4", "normal-39762-0-5", "normal-39762-1-0", "normal-39762-1-1", "normal-39762-1-2", "normal-39762-1-3", "normal-39762-1-4", "normal-39762-1-5", "normal-39762-1-6", "normal-39762-1-7", "normal-39762-2-0", "normal-39762-2-1", "normal-39762-2-2", "normal-39762-2-3", "normal-39762-2-4", "normal-39762-2-5", "normal-39762-3-0", "normal-39762-3-1", "normal-39762-3-2", "normal-39762-3-3", "normal-39762-4-0", "normal-39762-4-1", "normal-39762-4-2", "normal-39762-4-3", "normal-39762-5-0", "normal-39762-5-1", "normal-39762-5-2", "normal-39762-5-3", "normal-39762-5-4", "normal-39762-6-0", "normal-39762-6-1", "normal-39762-6-2", "normal-39762-6-3", "normal-39762-6-4", "normal-39762-7-0", "normal-39762-7-1", 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"normal-39762-21-2", "normal-39762-21-3", "normal-39762-21-4", "normal-39762-21-5", "normal-39762-21-6", "normal-39762-21-7", "normal-39762-22-0", "normal-39762-22-1", "normal-39762-22-2", "normal-39762-22-3", "normal-39762-23-0", "normal-39762-23-1", "normal-39762-23-2", "normal-39762-24-0", "normal-39762-24-1", "normal-39762-25-0", "normal-39762-25-1", "normal-39762-25-2", "normal-39762-26-0", "normal-39762-26-1", "normal-39762-26-2", "normal-39762-26-3", "normal-39762-26-4", "normal-39762-26-5", "normal-39762-27-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Norman Percevel Rockwell (February 3, 1894 – November 8, 1978) was an American author, painter and illustrator.", "His works have a broad popular appeal in the United States for their reflection of American culture.", "Rockwell is most famous for the cover illustrations of everyday life he created for \"The Saturday Evening Post\" magazine over nearly five decades.", "Among the best-known of Rockwell's works are the \"Willie Gillis\" series, \"Rosie the Riveter\", \"The Problem We All Live With\", \"Saying Grace\", and the \"Four Freedoms\" series.", "He is also noted for his 64-year relationship with the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), during which he produced covers for their publication \"Boys' Life\", calendars, and other illustrations.", "These works include popular images that reflect the \"Scout Oath\" and \"Scout Law\" such as \"The Scoutmaster\", \"A Scout is Reverent\" and \"A Guiding Hand\", among many others.", "Norman Rockwell was a prolific artist, producing more than 4,000 original works in his lifetime.", "Most of his works are either in public collections, or have been destroyed in fire or other misfortunes.", "Rockwell was also commissioned to illustrate more than 40 books, including \"Tom Sawyer\" and \"Huckleberry Finn\" as well as painting the portraits for Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, as well as those of foreign figures, including Gamal Abdel Nasser and Jawaharlal Nehru.", "His portrait subjects included Judy Garland.", "One of his last portraits was of Colonel Sanders in 1973.", "His annual contributions for the Boy Scouts calendars between 1925 and 1976 (Rockwell was a 1939 recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award, the highest adult award given by the Boy Scouts of America), were only slightly overshadowed by his most popular of calendar works: the \"Four Seasons\" illustrations for Brown & Bigelow that were published for 17 years beginning in 1947 and reproduced in various styles and sizes since 1964.", "He painted six images for Coca-Cola advertising.", "Illustrations for booklets, catalogs, posters (particularly movie promotions), sheet music, stamps, playing cards, and murals (including \"Yankee Doodle Dandy\" and \"God Bless the Hills\", which was completed in 1936 for the Nassau Inn in Princeton, New Jersey) rounded out Rockwell's œuvre as an illustrator.", "Rockwell's work was dismissed by serious art critics in his lifetime.", "Many of his works appear overly sweet in the opinion of modern critics, especially the \"Saturday Evening Post\" covers, which tend toward idealistic or sentimentalized portrayals of American life.", "This has led to the often-deprecatory adjective, \"Rockwellesque\".", "Consequently, Rockwell is not considered a \"serious painter\" by some contemporary artists, who regard his work as bourgeois and kitsch.", "Writer Vladimir Nabokov stated that Rockwell's brilliant technique was put to \"banal\" use, and wrote in his book \"Pnin\": \"That Dalí is really Norman Rockwell's twin brother kidnapped by Gypsies in babyhood\".", "He is called an \"illustrator\" instead of an artist by some critics, a designation he did not mind, as that was what he called himself.", "In his later years, however, Rockwell began receiving more attention as a painter when he chose more serious subjects such as the series on racism for \"Look\" magazine.", "One example of this more serious work is \"The Problem We All Live With\", which dealt with the issue of school racial integration.", "The painting depicts a young black girl, Ruby Bridges, flanked by white federal marshals, walking to school past a wall defaced by racist graffiti.", "This painting was displayed in the White House when Bridges met with President Obama in 2011.", "Norman Rockwell was born on February 3, 1894, in New York City, to Jarvis Waring Rockwell and Anne Mary \"Nancy\" Rockwell, born Hill.", "His earliest American ancestor was John Rockwell (1588–1662), from Somerset, England, who immigrated to colonial North America, probably in 1635, aboard the ship \"Hopewell\" and became one of the first settlers of Windsor, Connecticut.", "He had one brother, Jarvis Waring Rockwell, Jr., older by a year and a half.", "Jarvis Waring, Sr., was the manager of the New York office of a Philadelphia textile firm, George Wood, Sons & Company, where he spent his entire career.", "Rockwell transferred from high school to the Chase Art School at the age of 14.", "He then went on to the National Academy of Design and finally to the Art Students League.", "There, he was taught by Thomas Fogarty, George Bridgman, and Frank Vincent DuMond; his early works were produced for \"St. Nicholas Magazine\", the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) magazine \"Boys' Life\", and other youth publications.", "As a student, Rockwell was given small jobs of minor importance.", "His first major breakthrough came at age 18 with his first book illustration for Carl H. Claudy's \"Tell Me Why: Stories about Mother Nature\".", "After that, Rockwell was hired as a staff artist for \"Boys' Life\" magazine.", "In this role, he received 50 dollars' compensation each month for one completed cover and a set of story illustrations.", "It is said to have been his first paying job as an artist.", "At 19, he became the art editor for \"Boys' Life\", published by the Boy Scouts of America.", "He held the job for three years, during which he painted several covers, beginning with his first published magazine cover, \"Scout at Ship's Wheel\", which appeared on the \"Boys' Life\" September 1913 edition.", "Rockwell's family moved to New Rochelle, New York, when Norman was 21 years old.", "They shared a studio with the cartoonist Clyde Forsythe, who worked for \"The Saturday Evening Post\".", "With Forsythe's help, Rockwell submitted his first successful cover painting to the \"Post\" in 1916, \"Mother's Day Off\" (published on May 20).", "He followed that success with \"Circus Barker and Strongman\" (published on June 3), \"Gramps at the Plate\" (August 5), \"Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins\" (September 16), \"People in a Theatre Balcony\" (October 14), and \"Man Playing Santa\" (December 9).", "Rockwell was published eight times on the \"Post\" cover within the first year.", "Ultimately, Rockwell published 323 original covers for \"The Saturday Evening Post\" over 47 years.", "His \"Sharp Harmony\" appeared on the cover of the issue dated September 26, 1936; it depicts a barber and three clients, enjoying an a cappella song.", "The image was adopted by SPEBSQSA in its promotion of the art.", "Rockwell's success on the cover of the \"Post\" led to covers for other magazines of the day, most notably the \"Literary Digest\", the \"Country Gentleman\", \"Leslie's Weekly\", \"Judge\", \"Peoples Popular Monthly\" and \"Life\" magazine.", "When Rockwell's tenure began with \"The Saturday Evening Post\" in 1916, he left his salaried position at \"Boys' Life\", but continued to include scouts in \"Post\" cover images and the monthly magazine of the \"American Red Cross\".", "He resumed work with the Boy Scouts of America in 1926 with production of his first of fifty-one original illustrations for the official Boy Scouts of America annual calendar, which still may be seen in the \"Norman Rockwell Art Gallery\" at the National Scouting Museum in the city of Cimarron in New Mexico.", "During World War I, he tried to enlist into the U.S. Navy but was refused entry because, at 140 lb , he was eight pounds underweight for someone 6 ft tall.", "To compensate, he spent one night gorging himself on bananas, liquids and doughnuts, and weighed enough to enlist the next day.", "He was given the role of a military artist, however, and did not see any action during his tour of duty.", "In 1943, during World War II, Rockwell painted the \"Four Freedoms\" series, which was completed in seven months and resulted in his losing fifteen pounds.", "The series was inspired by a speech by Franklin D. Roosevelt, wherein Roosevelt described and articulated Four Freedoms for universal rights.", "Rockwell then painted \"Freedom from Want\", \"Freedom of Speech\", \"Freedom of Worship\" and \"Freedom from Fear\".", "The paintings were published in 1943 by \"The Saturday Evening Post\".", "Rockwell used the Pennell shipbuilding family from Brunswick, Maine as models for two of the paintings, \"Freedom from Want\" and \"A Thankful Mother\", and would combine models from photographs and his own vision to create his idealistic paintings.", "The United States Department of the Treasury later promoted war bonds by exhibiting the originals in sixteen cities.", "Rockwell considered \"Freedom of Speech\" to be the best of the four.", "That same year, a fire in his studio destroyed numerous original paintings, costumes, and props.", "Because the period costumes and props were irreplaceable, the fire split his career into two phases, the second phase depicting modern characters and situations.", "Rockwell was contacted by writer Elliott Caplin, brother of cartoonist Al Capp, with the suggestion that the three of them should make a daily comic strip together, with Caplin and his brother writing and Rockwell drawing.", "King Features Syndicate is reported to have promised a $1,000 per week deal, knowing that a Capp-Rockwell collaboration would gain strong public interest.", "The project was ultimately aborted, however, as it turned out that Rockwell, known for his perfectionism as an artist, could not deliver material so quickly as would be required of him for a daily comic strip.", "During the late 1940s, Norman Rockwell spent the winter months as artist-in-residence at Otis College of Art and Design.", "Students occasionally were models for his \"Saturday Evening Post\" covers.", "In 1949, Rockwell donated an original \"Post\" cover, \"April Fool\", to be raffled off in a library fund raiser.", "In 1959, after his wife Mary died suddenly from a heart attack, Rockwell took time off from his work to grieve.", "It was during that break that he and his son Thomas produced Rockwell's autobiography, \"My Adventures as an Illustrator\", which was published in 1960.", "The \"Post\" printed excerpts from this book in eight consecutive issues, the first containing Rockwell's famous \"Triple Self-Portrait\".", "Rockwell's last painting for the \"Post\" was published in 1963, marking the end of a publishing relationship that had included 321 cover paintings.", "He spent the next 10 years painting for \"Look\" magazine, where his work depicted his interests in civil rights, poverty, and space exploration.", "In 1966, Rockwell was invited to Hollywood to paint portraits of the stars of the film \"Stagecoach\", and also found himself appearing as an extra in the film, playing a \"mangy old gambler\".", "In 1968, Rockwell was commissioned to do an album cover portrait of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper for their record, \"The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper\".", "In 1969, as a tribute to Rockwell's 75th anniversary of his birth, officials of Brown & Bigelow and the Boy Scouts of America asked Rockwell to pose in \"Beyond the Easel\", the calendar illustration that year.", "In 1969 the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation commissioned Rockwell to paint the Glen Canyon Dam.", "His last commission for the Boy Scouts of America was a calendar illustration entitled \"The Spirit of 1976\", which was completed when Rockwell was 82, concluding a partnership which generated 471 images for periodicals, guidebooks, calendars, and promotional materials.", "His connection to the BSA spanned 64 years, marking the longest professional association of his career.", "His legacy and style for the BSA has been carried on by Joseph Csatari.", "For \"vivid and affectionate portraits of our country,\" Rockwell was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States of America's highest civilian honor, in 1977 by President Gerald Ford.", "Rockwell's son, Jarvis, accepted the award.", "Rockwell died on November 8, 1978, of emphysema at age 84 in his Stockbridge, Massachusetts home.", "First Lady Rosalynn Carter attended his funeral.", "Rockwell married his first wife, Irene O'Connor, in 1916.", "Irene was Rockwell's model in \"Mother Tucking Children into Bed\", published on the cover of The \"Literary Digest\" on January 19, 1921.", "The couple divorced in 1930.", "Depressed, he moved briefly to Alhambra, California as a guest of his old friend Clyde Forsythe.", "There he painted some of his best-known paintings including \"The Doctor and the Doll\".", "While there he met and married schoolteacher Mary Barstow in 1930.", "The couple returned to New York shortly after their marriage.", "They had three children: Jarvis Waring, Thomas Rhodes, and Peter Barstow.", "The family lived at 24 Lord Kitchener Road in the Bonnie Crest neighborhood of New Rochelle, New York.", "For multiple reasons, Rockwell and his wife were not regular church attendees, although they were members of St. John's Wilmot Church, an Episcopal church near their home, where their sons were baptized.", "Rockwell moved to Arlington, Vermont, in 1939 where his work began to reflect small-town life.", "In 1953, the Rockwell family moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, so that his wife could be treated at the Austen Riggs Center, a psychiatric hospital at 25 Main Street, close to where Rockwell set up his studio.", "Rockwell also received psychiatric treatment, seeing the analyst Erik Erikson, who was on staff at Riggs.", "Erikson is said to have told the artist that he painted his happiness, but did not live it.", "In 1959, Mary died unexpectedly of a heart attack.", "Rockwell married his third wife, retired Milton Academy English teacher, Mary Leete \"Mollie\" Punderson (1896-1985), on October 25, 1961.", "His Stockbridge studio was located on the second floor of a row of buildings; directly underneath Rockwell's studio was, for a time in 1966, the Back Room Rest, better known as the famous \"Alice's Restaurant.\"", "During his time in Stockbridge, chief of police William Obanhein was a frequent model for Rockwell's paintings.", "From 1961 until his death, Rockwell was a member of the Monday Evening Club, a men's literary group based in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.", "At his funeral, five members of the club served as pallbearers, along with Jarvis Rockwell.", "A custodianship of his original paintings and drawings was established with Rockwell's help near his home in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and the Norman Rockwell Museum still is open today year round.", "The museum's collection includes more than 700 original Rockwell paintings, drawings, and studies.", "The Rockwell Center for American Visual Studies at the Norman Rockwell Museum is a national research institute dedicated to American illustration art.", "Rockwell's work was exhibited at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 2001.", "Rockwell's \"Breaking Home Ties\" sold for $15.4 million at a 2006 Sotheby's auction.", "A 12-city U.S. tour of Rockwell's works took place in 2008.", "In 2008, Rockwell was named the official state artist of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.", "The 2013 sale of \"Saying Grace\" for $46 million (including buyer's premium) established a new record price for Rockwell.", "Rockwell's work was exhibited at the Reading Public Museum and the Church History Museum in 2013–2014.", "Rockwell designed six film posters during his career, and one LP cover." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 73440, "simple_article_title": "Norman Rockwell", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73440", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-73440-0-0", "simple-73440-0-1", "simple-73440-0-2", "simple-73440-0-3", "simple-73440-0-4", "simple-73440-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Norman Rockwell (February 3, 1894 - November 8, 1978) was an American painter.", "He was born in New York City.", "During 40 years Rockwell drew the cover pages of \"The Saturday Evening Post\".", "He died of emphysema in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.", "The Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge owns much of his work.", "Well known are his paintings on the \"Four Freedoms\" of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, called: \"Freedom of Speech\", \"Freedom of Worship\", \"Freedom from Want\" and \"Freedom from Fear\"." ] } }

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"normal-1716187-29-0", "normal-1716187-29-1", "normal-1716187-29-2", "normal-1716187-29-3", "normal-1716187-29-4", "normal-1716187-29-5", "normal-1716187-29-6", "normal-1716187-30-0", "normal-1716187-31-0", "normal-1716187-31-1", "normal-1716187-31-2", "normal-1716187-31-3", "normal-1716187-31-4", "normal-1716187-31-5", "normal-1716187-32-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Saanen is a municipality in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.", "It is the capital of the Obersimmental-Saanen administrative district.", "Saanen is first mentioned in 1228 as \"Gissinay\".", "In 1340 it was mentioned as \"Sanon\".", "During the Bronze Age there was a hill fort on the Cholis Grind near the modern village of Saanen.", "The region was occupied by the Gallo-Romans until the 10th or 11th century when the Alamanni began to drive them out.", "This migration created the modern language borders in Switzerland.", "During the Middle Ages several forts were built to guard the mule trails into the Valais and Vaud.", "These included the Kramburg (which was first mentioned in 1331 but is now covered by later construction), the Swabia Ried tower (11th-12th century) and the tower Schönried (remains are visible as part of house number 349).", "During the Middle Ages it was part of the vogtei of Vanel in the county of Gruyère.", "In 1244, the counts became the vassals of Savoy.", "The counts' financial problems forced them to sell parts of the vogtei and some of the rights to the residents of Saanen in the 14th century.", "The village then became the center of the Saanen district and parish.", "The villagers often acted against the interests of the counts.", "In 1340 the valley concluded a peace treaty with the Simmental, which provided for arbitration in disputes.", "They entered into another treaty in 1393 with the Valais.", "In 1401, Count Rudolph of Gruyère entered into a treaty with Bern which included Saanen.", "Two years later Saanen negotiated their own alliance with Bern.", "Due to the Bernese alliance, Saanen sent troops, under their own banner, to support the Bernese invasions of Aargau in 1415 and Valais in 1418.", "The military losses and taxes following the Old Zürich War led Saanen to support the Evil League (\"Böser Bund\") in 1445 against Bern.", "It took about six years before Confederation mediation was able to resolve the arguments between Saanen and Bern.", "During the Burgundian War in 1475 Saanen, together with troops from Château-d'Œx and the Simmental captured the Savoy district of Aigle for Berne.", "Saanen and the surrounding district enjoyed a great deal of independence during the 16th century.", "However, in 1555 the last Count of Gruyère lost the entire district to Bern when his county went bankrupt.", "Bern took over the entire valley in the following year and introduced the Protestant Reformation.", "The Bernese bailiff administered the districts of Gessenay (Saanen) and Pays-d'Enhaut until the great fire of 1575 which destroyed much of the town.", "The bailiff then moved to the former monastery of Mont Rouge.", "The district covered eleven separate \"Bäuerten\" or agricultural collectives or farming villages and the towns of Saanen and Gstaad.", "The main sources of income were seasonal alpine herding, forestry and providing warehousing and extra oxen for wagon trains coming over the mule trails.", "Saanen was the market town for the surrounding villages, with weekly and yearly markets in the town.", "There were two taverns in Saanen for merchants and travelers.", "The village church of St. Mauritius was built in 1228.", "It was expanded in 1444-47 and the wall paintings are from the second half of the 15th century.", "Other churches in the area included the St. Anna chapel, built in 1511, the St. John's chapel and the Plague chapel.", "The parish was administered by a group of five or six priests and chaplains.", "Until the 1798 French invasion, the Pays-d'Enhaut and Saanen districts were jointly administered.", "Under the Helvetic Republic, Pays-d'Enhaut became part of the Canton of Léman while Saanen and the rest of the district became part of the Canton of Oberland.", "When the Helvetic Republic collapsed in 1803, Saanen and its district became a district in the new Canton of Bern.", "In 1833, Saanen became a political municipality.", "In 1845 the Zweisimmen-Saanen road replaced the old mule trail and the town got postal service.", "Around 1900, tourism began to grow in Saanen and Gstaad and new hotels opened.", "The opening of the Montreux-Oberland Bernois rail road in 1905, made it easier for tourists to visit.", "During both World Wars, the tourism industry in Saanen suffered, but it has expanded since 1945.", "Between the wars, a small weaving industry developed which helped support the municipality.", "After the war a number of small local industries also developed in the area.", "The major employer at the beginning of the 21st century was Bergbahnen Destination Gstaad AG, a company that brings together more than 60 different cable cars and lifts in the region.", "There are 11 school buildings in Saanen, including a secondary school, which was first built in 1867.", "The Businessmen's Vocational School opened in 1908 and is now the Saanenland-Obersimmental business school, which is part of the Thun business school.", "The District Hospital opened in 1905.", "During the Middle Ages, Gstaad village developed at the fork in the trails into the Valais and Vaud.", "It had an inn, a warehouse for storing trade goods and oxen to help pull wagons over the alpine passes by the 13th-14th centuries.", "The St. Nicholas chapel was built in the village in 1402, while the murals are from the second half of the 15th century.", "The village was dominated by cattle farming and agriculture until the great fire of 1898.", "It was then rebuilt to support the growing tourism industry.", "In a short time there were more than 1,000 hotel beds in the region.", "The Palace Hotel opened in 1913 as Gstaad's first luxury hotel.", "During the World Wars and the Great Depression, the tourism industry suffered and many hotels closed.", "After World War II, many of the large hotels remained closed, but they were replaced with a number of smaller non-hotel accommodation (chalets, apartment houses, residences).", "Most of the modern resorts and small hotels are built out of wood and retain traditional design elements.", "Abländschen is a small hamlet in the upper Jaun valley.", "It is the only Bernese settlement in the otherwise Fribourg valley.", "Its population was 52 in 1990, down from a peak of 132 in 1888.", "The area was transferred in 1555 along with the rest of the Saanen parish from the Counts of Gruyere to Bern.", "Abländschen has always been hard to reach from Saanen and even today it can only be reached by a road from Boltigen over the Jaun Pass.", "Agriculture is still important to this day and is still the most important source of income.", "About one-third of the farms have a home farm, a spring pasture and alpine shelters.", "However, almost all farmers also have a second job either in forestry, tourism or as commuters to another town for weekday work.", "Saanen has an area of Incorrect Municipal Code 0843 .", "Of this area, 61.4 km2 or 51.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 42.21 km2 or 35.3% is forested.", "Of the rest of the land, 5.46 km2 or 4.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.68 km2 or 0.6% is either rivers or lakes and 9.99 km2 or 8.3% is unproductive land.", "Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.4%.", "Out of the forested land, 27.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 5.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.", "Of the agricultural land, 15.3% is pastures and 35.9% is used for alpine pastures.", "All the water in the municipality is flowing water.", "Of the unproductive areas, 4.8% is unproductive vegetation and 3.5% is too rocky for vegetation.", "The municipality is located in the upper Saane valley.", "It consists of the economic center and district capital, the village of Saanen along with the villages of Gstaad, Abländschen, Bissen, Ebnit, Gruben, Grund, Kalberhöni, Saanen, Saanenmöser, Schönried, and Turbach.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Gules a Crane rising Argent beaked and membered Or on a Mount of 3 Coupeaux of the second.\"", "Saanen has a population (as of December 2017 ) of .", "s of 2010 , 24.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals.", "Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 5.4%.", "Migration accounted for 6.1%, while births and deaths accounted for 1.4%.", "Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks German (5,676 or 82.1%) as their first language, French is the second most common (247 or 3.6%) and Portuguese is the third (239 or 3.5%).", "There are 120 people who speak Italian and 5 people who speak Romansh.", "s of 2008 , the population was 50.2% male and 49.8% female.", "The population was made up of 2,584 Swiss men (37.2% of the population) and 906 (13.0%) non-Swiss men.", "There were 2,661 Swiss women (38.3%) and 804 (11.6%) non-Swiss women.", "Of the population in the municipality, 3,000 or about 43.4% were born in Saanen and lived there in 2000.", "There were 1,267 or 18.3% who were born in the same canton, while 842 or 12.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,392 or 20.1% were born outside of Switzerland.", "s of 2000 , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 24.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15.4%.", "s of 2000 , there were 3,104 people who were single and never married in the municipality.", "There were 3,147 married individuals, 390 widows or widowers and 273 individuals who are divorced.", "s of 2000 , there were 2,660 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household.", "There were 1,006 households that consist of only one person and 205 households with five or more people.", "In 2000 , a total of 2,446 apartments (48.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 2,325 apartments (46.4%) were seasonally occupied and 242 apartments (4.8%) were empty.", "s of 2009 , the construction rate of new housing units was 5.4 new units per 1000 residents.", "The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010 , was 1.48%.", "The Alte Kastlanei and the Church are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.", "The entire village of Saanen is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.", "In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 54.58% of the vote.", "The next three most popular parties were the FDP (17.06%), the SPS (8.03%) and the Green Party (5.92%).", "In the federal election, a total of 2,084 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 48.8%.", "s of 2010 , Saanen had an unemployment rate of 1.8%.", "s of 2008 , there were 491 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 202 businesses involved in this sector.", "1,199 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 110 businesses in this sector.", "3,969 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 414 businesses in this sector.", "In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 4,852.", "The number of jobs in the primary sector was 298, of which 290 were in agriculture and 8 were in forestry or lumber production.", "The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,117 of which 188 or (16.8%) were in manufacturing and 891 (79.8%) were in construction.", "The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 3,437.", "In the tertiary sector; 907 or 26.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 212 or 6.2% were in the movement and storage of goods, 1,156 or 33.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 12 or 0.3% were in the information industry, 95 or 2.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 192 or 5.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 108 or 3.1% were in education and 235 or 6.8% were in health care.", "In 2000 , there were 1,013 workers who commuted into the municipality and 256 workers who commuted away.", "The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 4.0 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving.", "Of the working population, 5.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 44.3% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census , 1,089 or 15.8% were Roman Catholic, while 4,363 or 63.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.", "Of the rest of the population, there were 169 members of an Orthodox church (or about 2.44% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.07% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 564 individuals (or about 8.16% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.", "There were 15 individuals (or about 0.22% of the population) who were Jewish, and 146 (or about 2.11% of the population) who were Islamic.", "There were 10 individuals who were Buddhist and 6 individuals who belonged to another church.", "342 (or about 4.95% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 480 individuals (or about 6.94% of the population) did not answer the question.", "In Saanen about 2,437 or (35.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 695 or (10.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\").", "Of the 695 who completed tertiary schooling, 53.2% were Swiss men, 21.4% were Swiss women, 14.7% were non-Swiss men and 10.6% were non-Swiss women.", "The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school.", "This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude.", "Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.", "During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 740 students attending classes in Saanen.", "There were 7 kindergarten classes with a total of 109 students in the municipality.", "Of the kindergarten students, 27.5% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 29.4% have a different mother language than the classroom language.", "The municipality had 17 primary classes and 335 students.", "Of the primary students, 13.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 18.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language.", "During the same year, there were 16 lower secondary classes with a total of 228 students.", "There were 10.1% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 14.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language.", "s of 2000 , there were 238 students in Saanen who came from another municipality, while 51 residents attended schools outside the municipality.", "John F. Kennedy International School is a private boarding school and summer camp located in Saanen.", "Originally, called Kinderheim Chalet Pfrundacker, the school later became known as John F. Kennedy International School.", "Founded in 1949 by Fred Sicking and his wife, the school is an institution, with 75 boarding and day students, whose ages range from 5 to 16.", "JFKIS's (upper) secondary education (\"Middle and High School\") is neither approved as a Gymnasium by the bureau for gymnasial and vocational education MBA (\"Mittelschul- und Berufsbildungsamt MBA\"), administration for education (\"Erziehungsdirektion\"), canton of Berne, nor by the Swiss Federal State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).", "It is an English language school and offers daily ski instruction in the Swiss Alps.", "JFK School has a student-teacher ratio of 3 to 1.", "Previously Gstaad International School had its Alpine Lodge Campus in Saanen." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 13125377, "normal_article_title": "Marœuil", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13125377", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-13125377-0-0", "normal-13125377-1-0", "normal-13125377-2-0", "normal-13125377-2-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Marœuil (or Maroeuil) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.", "Marœuil is a large farming and light industrial village situated 4 mi northwest of Arras, at the junction of the D55, D56 and the D60E roads.", "First recorded as Maraculum around 680, then as Maroel in 1104, Maroeul in 1307 and finally as Marœuil in 1670.", "A church was first built here by St.Bertille around the year 697." ] } }

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"normal-4474885-34-2", "normal-4474885-34-3", "normal-4474885-34-4", "normal-4474885-35-0", "normal-4474885-35-1", "normal-4474885-36-0", "normal-4474885-36-1", "normal-4474885-36-2", "normal-4474885-36-3", "normal-4474885-36-4", "normal-4474885-37-0", "normal-4474885-37-1", "normal-4474885-37-2", "normal-4474885-37-3", "normal-4474885-37-4", "normal-4474885-37-5", "normal-4474885-37-6", "normal-4474885-37-7", "normal-4474885-37-8", "normal-4474885-37-9", "normal-4474885-37-10", "normal-4474885-38-0", "normal-4474885-38-1", "normal-4474885-38-2", "normal-4474885-39-0", "normal-4474885-39-1", "normal-4474885-40-0", "normal-4474885-41-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Giorgio Chiellini (] ; born 14 August 1984) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a defender and captains both Serie A club Juventus and the Italy national team.", "Chiellini is considered to be one of the best defenders in the world.", "A physically strong, aggressive, and versatile defender, although he is usually deployed as a centre-back, he is also capable of playing as a left-back, both in a three or four-man defence.", "At club level, Chiellini began his career with Livorno in 2000, also later playing for Roma and Fiorentina, before moving to Juventus in 2005.", "With Juventus, he has won eight consecutive Serie A titles from 2012 to 2019, as well as four consecutive Coppa Italia titles, and four Supercoppa Italiana titles.", "Chiellini has been named in the Serie A Team of the Year four times: in 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16, and 2017–18 and has been awarded the Serie A Defender of the Year also three times: in 2008, 2009 and 2010.", "He made his international debut for Italy in 2004, and currently has a total of 102 caps making him Italy's seventh-highest appearance holder.", "He was selected in the nation's squads for the 2004 Olympics, winning a bronze medal, as well as for three UEFA European Championships, two FIFA World Cups and two FIFA Confederations Cups, helping the \"Azzurri\" to reach the final of UEFA Euro 2012 and achieve a third-place finish at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.", "Chiellini joined the youth teams at Livorno at age six and started out as a central midfielder.", "As he matured, he switched to playing as a winger and finally he found his position as a left back.", "He played in the club's youth academy between 1990 and 2000, before earning first team call-ups for the 2000–01 Serie C1 season.", "In his first season with the first team, Chiellini made three appearances and followed that up with five more appearances the following season.", "In June 2002, he was signed by Roma in a co-ownership deal, for €3.1 million, (who also saw Marco Amelia, move in the opposite direction, for €2.8 million) however, he was loaned back to Livorno for the 2002–03 Serie B season, after they had earned promotion.", "In his first Serie B season, Chiellini made six seasonal appearances, also making his Coppa Italia debut.", "In his second Serie B season, Chiellini broke into the starting line-up for the club, and would go on to make 42 official appearances, also scoring four goals from his left back position.", "In June 2004, Livorno officially bought back Chiellini for €3 million.", "During his four-season spell with the clubs' first team, Chiellini made a total of 57 appearances, scoring four goals, before his transfer to Juventus.", "Chiellini was signed by Juventus in the summer 2004 for €6.5 million from Livorno, but was immediately sold in a co-ownership deal to Fiorentina for €3.5 million, and played on the Florentine team during the 2004–05 Serie A season.", "The complex deal actually meant Juventus bought Roma's half for €3 million and Fiorentina bought Livorno's half for €3.5 million.", "In his loan season with the club, Chiellini was a regular in the club's starting XI, making 42 official appearances, also scoring three goals.", "After an excellent first season in Serie A, Chiellini was recalled for the 2005–06 season and Juventus paid €4.3 million for the rest of his contract.", "He became a regular under Fabio Capello and made 23 appearances in his first season with the club, also helping the \"Old Lady\" to their 29th \"scudetto\" (which was later assigned to Inter following the 2006 \"Calciopoli\" scandal).", "While in the Serie B, he started playing at centre back, partnering Nicola Legrottaglie, Jean-Alain Boumsong and Robert Kovač at various stages of the season.", "Juventus won the 2006–07 Serie B title, gaining Serie A promotion with the best goal difference, conceding only 30 goals and scoring over 80 in 42 matches.", "He scored a double in a 5–1 thrashing at Arezzo in May, a result that mathematically sealed promotion for Juventus.", "With Juventus back in Serie A for the 2007–08 season, Chiellini again was a starter for the club at left back, but following injuries to Jorge Andrade and Domenico Criscito, he was shifted to centre back again.", "Chiellini had a tremendous season and eventually made the position his own.", "Alongside fellow centre-half Nicola Legrottaglie, the duo were instrumental as Juventus finished the season with the joint second-best defensive record.", "The surprising aspect of this is that neither were considered remotely close to pinning down a centre back position in the summer before the season, with Domenico Criscito and Jorge Andrade preferred as the starting duo.", "He has been a regular fixture in the Juventus backline since their return to Serie A and was notably named Man of the Match in a game against Juventus rivals, Internazionale when he won a physical and heated duel with former teammate Zlatan Ibrahimović, keeping the Swedish striker at bay.", "Chiellini extended his original contract from until 2009 to 2011 on 12 October 2006.", "On 27 April 2008, Chiellini scored twice for Juventus in 5–2 win over Lazio that confirmed Juventus's place in the Serie A top four.", "on 26 June 2008, Chiellini extended his contract with Juventus until 2013.", "During the 2008–09 season, Chiellini remained as first choice in central defence alongside Nicola Legrottaglie.", "Chiellini scored his first goal in Europe on 13 August 2008 as Juve beat Artmedia Petržalka 4–0 in the first leg of the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round tie.", "Four days later, he injured his left knee again during the Trofeo Luigi Berlusconi against Milan and missed the start of the Serie A season, returning to duty in September starting in each of Juve's first three Champions League group games.", "At the end of the year, he was named Serie A Defender of the Year for 2008 at the annual \"Oscar del Calcio\" awards ceremony.", "On 10 March 2009, Chiellini was sent off for a second bookable offense during the Champions League first knockout round second leg tie at home in a tightly contested match against Chelsea, but Juventus were eliminated 3–2 on aggregate after holding the former English champions to a 2–2 draw.", "An injury sustained in the win over Fiorentina on 6 March 2010 sidelined him for several important games and, in his absence, Juventus embarked on a miserable run of form, conceding nine goals in the four games he missed.", "He marked his return by scoring the opening goal away at Napoli but was unable to prevent Juventus from succumbing to a 3–1 defeat.", "On 23 November 2010, Chiellini extended his contract with Juventus again until 30 June 2015 and was given a pay raise.", "During the beginning of the 2010–11 season, Chiellini was mostly partnered with newly signed youngster Leonardo Bonucci.", "With the arrival of fellow Italy international Andrea Barzagli in the winter transfer window, Chiellini occasionally played at left back to accommodate the Bonucci-Barzagli partnership and sometimes partnered Barzagli.", "Under manager Antonio Conte, Chiellini returned to his original position at left back due to Barzagli and Bonucci's good run of form.", "After struggling to re-adapt back to his former position, he grew into his role and managed to keep Paolo De Ceglie, the only other natural left back in the squad, on the bench for much of the first half of the 2011–12 season.", "In the second half of the 2011–12 season, Conte switched to a three-man defence, where Chiellini partnered Bonucci and Barzagli in a very successful defensive system for Juve, who ended the season as Serie A champions, with the best defensive record, as well as being unbeaten in the league.", "Due to their performances together, the three-man defence earned the nickname \"BBC\", a reference to the players' initials, and soon the trio established themselves as one of the best defences in world football during the following seasons.", "Juventus lost the 2012 Coppa Italia Final against Napoli, but would later defeat them in the 2012 Supercoppa Italiana, although Chiellini would miss the match.", "Chiellini made his 250th appearance with Juventus on 22 September 2012, on his first appearance of the 2012–13 season after coming back from injury, in a 2–0 home win over Chievo.", "On 1 March 2013, after coming back from another injury suffered in mid-December, he scored a header in a 1–1 draw over Napoli at the San Paolo stadium, which allowed Juventus to keep their 6-point lead over Napoli, who were in second place.", "Juventus retained the Serie A title and the Supercoppa Italiana that season, once again finishing the year with the best defensive record in Italy.", "Chiellini was the only Italian player to be nominated for the 2013 UEFA Team of the Year.", "On 6 October 2013, Chiellini scored in Juventus's 3–2 win over Milan, scoring the match winning goal; the next day he announced the renewal of his contract with Juventus, which would keep him at the club until 2017.", "He made his 300th appearance with Juventus in a 3–0 Serie A victory against Roma on 5 January 2014, as he went on to win his third consecutive league title with Juventus that season.", "In the 2014 Supercoppa Italiana on 22 December 2014, Juventus were defeated by Napoli on penalties after a 2–2 draw following extra-time; Chiellini missed one of Juventus's spot-kicks in the resulting shoot-out.", "On 20 May, Chiellini captained Juventus in the club's 2–1 win over Lazio in the 2015 Coppa Italia Final, also scoring Juventus's first goal of the night.", "On 4 June 2015, it was confirmed that Chiellini would not participate in the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final against Barcelona as a scan on his left leg revealed he had a first degree calf muscle tear.", "In the absence of Chiellini, Juventus were defeated 3–1 by Barcelona at Berlin's Olympiastadion.", "Chiellini was ruled out of the 2015 Supercoppa Italiana after sustaining an injury in a 2–1 away friendly victory over Lechia Gdańsk on 29 July, which kept him sidelined for three weeks.", "On 24 November, Chiellini was nominated for the 2015 UEFA Team of the Year.", "On 9 February 2016, it was confirmed that Chiellini would miss the Serie A match on 13 February against Napoli, as well as the first round of 16 leg of the Champions League on 23 February against Bayern Munich due to an injury.", "Chiellini returned to action on 28 February to take on rivals Internazionale, yet again sustaining an injury to his thigh which caused him to limp off the pitch and substituted off in the 35th minute.", "After already having missed the first round of 16 leg against Bayern, there was further doubt as to if he would miss the second leg as well on 16 March.", "However, after medical testing it was estimated he would only be out for ten days, initially thought to only miss the second leg of the Coppa Italia semi-finals against Internazionale on 2 March and a Serie A match against Atalanta on 6 March; he wouldn't be fit for the second round of 16 leg of the Champions League, and missed the match.", "He returned from injury on 2 April, starting in a 1–0 home win over Empoli, but sustained yet another injury to his adductor longus muscle in his right thigh before being substituted off in the 54th minute of that match; further tests in the following days revealed he would be out for 20 days.", "He returned to action once again in a 2–1 away defeat to Verona, on 8 May.", "After constant injury spells throughout the season, Chiellini scored in the last match of the season on 14 May in the 77th minute of a 5–0 home win over Sampdoria, as Juventus celebrated winning the league title for a fifth consecutive time since the 2011–12 season; this was Chiellini's 400th appearance for Juventus.", "On 21 May, Chiellini captained Juventus in the 2016 Coppa Italia Final in Rome; he played a key role in a 1–0 extra-time victory over Milan (the club's eleventh Coppa Italia title in total), helping his team to defend the title and keep a clean sheet.", "He later lifted the trophy as Juventus became the first Italian club ever to win consecutive domestic doubles.", "On 26 October 2016, Chiellini scored two goals in a 4–1 home win over Sampdoria after three weeks out due to injury.", "On 23 December, Chiellini scored the opening goal in the Supercoppa Italiana against Milan, but it ended in defeat as Milan won 4–3 in penalty shoot-out following a 1–1 draw after extra time.", "On 28 April, he made his 300th appearance in Serie A with Juventus in a 2–2 away draw against Atalanta.", "On 3 June, after Chiellini missed out on the 2015 Champions League Final, he started in the 2017 final, Juventus' second final appearance in three years, but were defeated 4–1 by defending champions Real Madrid.", "On 12 September 2017, Chiellini missed the opening 2017–18 Champions League group stage match of the season against Barcelona, due to a calf injury.", "On 11 January 2018, Chiellini was named to the 2017 UEFA Team of the Year.", "He made his 350th appearance in Serie A in a 0–0 away draw against S.P.A.L., on 17 March.", "On 29 June 2018, Chiellini was given a two-year contract extension until 2020 and also named the club's new captain after the departure of Buffon.", "On 16 January 2019, Chiellini lifted his first title as Juventus's new official captain – the Supercoppa Italiana – following a 1–0 victory over Milan.", "On 12 March, Chiellini marked his 500th appearance in a Juventus jersey with a 3–0 win home to Atlético Madrid in the Champions League round of 16 second leg to overturn a 2–0 deficit to reach the quarter-finals.", "Juventus ended the season as league champions, with Chiellini capturing his record eighth Serie A title with the club.", "On 24 August, in Juventus's opening match of the 2019–20 season against Parma, Chiellini scored the only goal of the match in a 1–0 away win in Serie A. On 30 August, Chiellini tore his anterior cruciate ligament during training.", "Chiellini made his debut for the Italian national team on 17 November 2004 against Finland under Marcello Lippi, at the age of 20, and has since become a regular squad member.", "He previously represented Italy at all youth levels, and he won the European Under-19 Championship with Italy in 2003, and was also a member of the Italy team that won the bronze medal at the football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.", "He participated in the 2006 and 2007 U-21 Championships as Italy's captain, scoring 2 goals over both tournaments, although Italy were eliminated in the group stage on both occasions.", "He was named in the 'UEFA Team of the tournament' of the 2007 U-21 Championships held in the Netherlands, where Italy also obtained qualification for the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "In total, he made 26 appearances for the Under-21 side, scoring 6 goals.", "He scored his first goal for Italy on 21 November 2007, against the Faroe Islands, in Modena, in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying match.", "Chiellini was called up to Italy's squad for UEFA Euro 2008 under manager Roberto Donadoni, and injured captain Fabio Cannavaro in a collision during a training session, that resulted in Cannavaro missing out on the tournament.", "He was sidelined in the opening game against the Netherlands, which Italy went on to lose 3–0.", "He subsequently received the nod to partner Christian Panucci at centre-back from the second game onwards, cementing his place in the \"Azzurri\" defence; in the second group match of the tournament, he assisted Panucci's equaliser in a 1–1 draw against Romania.", "While he also featured in the final group game, keeping a clean-sheet in a 2–0 win against France, his most impressive display was arguably against Spain in the quarter-finals, where he famously neutralised the threat of the Spanish attacking duo of David Villa and Fernando Torres.", "The game ended 0–0, with Italy eventually losing 4–2 on penalties.", "During 2010 World Cup qualifying, Chiellini cemented his place as an undisputed first-choice in Marcello Lippi's squad.", "He played the full 90 minutes in all three group matches at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup but Italy were eliminated at the group stages on goal difference.", "He was also the starting Italy centre back, along with Cannavaro, in the 2010 World Cup, although Italy disappointed and exited in the first round, finishing in last place in their group with two points, and failing to win a match or keep a clean sheet.", "Under Cesare Prandelli, Chiellini was once again the starting centre back during Italy's UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign.", "Along with Juventus teammates Andrea Barzagli and Leonardo Bonucci, and also Daniele De Rossi, he started in defence for Italy in the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament, after recovering from an injury he had encountered during the final Serie A game of the season.", "He suffered another injury in Italy's final group match against Ireland, which ended in a 2–0 win, ruling him out of the quarter-final fixture against England; he returned to the starting line-up for Italy's 2–1 semi-final victory over Germany.", "Italy reached the final, but were defeated once again by Spain, suffering a 4–0 loss.", "Despite suffering a minor injury in the semi-final, Chiellini started as left back in the final, but was substituted after sustaining yet another injury; Spain's first goal of the match arose from his mistake, due to his precarious physical condition.", "On 14 November 2012, in a 2–1 friendly defeat to France, Chiellini wore the captain's armband with Italy for the first time in his career.", "On 22 June 2013, Chiellini scored his third goal for Italy against Brazil in the 2013 Confederations Cup in a 2–4 defeat, a low shot to the net after the referee Ravshan Irmatov had initially signaled for a penalty kick to Italy.", "Italy managed to finish the tournament in third place, following a 3–2 penalty shootout win over Uruguay in the bronze medal match.", "In the 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualifying fixture against the Czech Republic, at the Juventus Stadium in Turin, on 10 September 2013, Chiellini scored Italy's first goal in a 2–1 home win, which allowed the nation to clinch the top spot in their group and qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil with two games at hand; this was the first time that the Italian squad had done so.", "During the 2014 World Cup, in Italy's final group stage game against Uruguay, replays showed Luis Suárez biting Chiellini on the shoulder before Suárez fell and clutched his face, in Suárez's third career biting incident.", "As the Italian players protested to the Mexican referee Marco Antonio Rodríguez for not penalizing Suárez, Uruguay won a corner and scored, winning 1–0 to qualify for the last 16 and eliminating Italy.", "As a result, the FIFA Disciplinary Committee launched an investigation into the incident.", "On 26 June, The FIFA Disciplinary Committee announced that Suárez would be suspended for nine matches and banned from any football activity (including entering any stadium) for four months.", "Suárez was also fined CHF100,000 (approx.", "Even so, Chiellini expressed his view that the four-month ban for Suárez was \"excessive\".", "On 10 October 2014 in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Azerbaijan in Palermo, Chiellini put Italy ahead with a first-half header.", "He then scored a late own goal, but headed a winner three minutes from time to give Italy a 2–1 victory.", "Italy qualified for Euro 2016 on 10 October of the following year after a 3–1 win over Azerbaijan.", "On 17 November 2015, Chiellini made his 82nd appearance for Italy in a 2–2 friendly home draw against Romania, overtaking Franco Baresi, Giuseppe Bergomi, and Marco Tardelli as Italy's tenth most capped player of all time.", "On 31 May 2016, Chiellini was named to Conte's 23-man Italy squad for Euro 2016.", "Playing alongside Bonucci and Barzagli, Chiellini drew praise for his defensive performances, as he helped Italy keep clean-sheets in both of their opening two victories over Belgium and Sweden, which enabled the nation to top their group and advance to the second round.", "Having been booked for a tactical foul in Italy's opening match on 13 June, Chiellini was rested for Italy's final group match against Ireland on 22 June, which ended in a 1–0 defeat.", "In the round of 16 at Stade de France in Paris on 27 June, he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 win over reigning European champions Spain and helped Italy record their third clean-sheet of the tournament.", "Italy were eliminated from the competition in a 6–5 penalty shoot-out defeat to reigning World Cup champions Germany in the quarter-finals, on 2 July.", "In Italy's opening 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Israel on 5 September 2016, Chiellini earned his 90th international cap, but was later given his first ever national team red card after a second bookable offense in the 55th minute of an eventual 3–1 away win; causing him to miss the next group match against Spain on 6 October, an eventual 1–1 draw.", "Chiellini also missed the return match against Spain on 2 September 2017, an eventual 3–0 away loss, as well as the return march against Israel on 5 September, an eventual 1–0 home win, with a calf injury.", "On 9 October, Chiellini made his 94th appearance for Italy in a 1–0 away victory over Albania in a World Cup qualifier, equalling Giacinto Facchetti as the nation's joint-eighth highest appearance holder of all time.", "Italy finished in Group G in second place behind Spain, and advanced to the play-off against Sweden.", "Italy failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup after a 1–0 aggregate loss to Sweden.", "Immediately following the second leg – a 0–0 home draw on 13 November –, was initially thought to be his final international appearance as Chiellini announced his retirement from the national team.", "On 17 March 2018, despite Chiellini's initial decision to retire, he was called up for the March 2018 friendlies against Argentina and England by interim manager Luigi Di Biagio.", "After sustaining an injury, however, he was dropped from the squad, and Angelo Ogbonna was called up in his place.", "He was once again called-up to the national team in September 2018, by manager Roberto Mancini, for Italy's opening UEFA Nations League matches against Poland and Portugal later that month.", "Chiellini was also named the new captain of the Italian national team following Gianluigi Buffon's international retirement.", "He subsequently wore the captain's armband in Italy's 1–1 home draw against Poland on 7 September, in their UEFA Nations League opener.", "On 11 October, he made his 98th appearance for Italy in a 1–1 friendly draw against Ukraine in Genoa, equalling Gianluca Zambrotta as his nation's joint-seventh highest appearance holder of all time.", "On 17 November, he made his 100th appearance for Italy in a 0–0 draw against Portugal at the San Siro stadium in Milan, in his team's final UEFA Nations League match.", "Chiellini began his professional career as a defensive-minded left-back, but later made his name as an aggressive, courageous, physical, and hard-tackling centre-back, with a penchant for scoring headers from set-pieces, due to his aerial prowess and strength.", "A versatile, consistent, commanding, and dependable left-footed defender, with good awareness, positional sense, and an ability to read the game, he is capable of playing both in a three or four-man defence.", "A hard-working player, he is also known for his ability to cover ground and put pressure on or anticipate opponents in positions higher up on the pitch.", "Considered one of the best defenders in world football, regarding Chiellini's strength and man-marking ability, Walter Mazzarri once labeled him as \"a force of nature\", also adding \"he's a universal player that any coach would love to have on his team.", "He is from another planet; he can mark three players by himself.\"", "Due to his tenacious, no-nonsense playing style, Chiellini has been described as an \"old-fashioned\" centre-back, who primarily serves as a ball-winner; his physicality and aggression as a defender, as well as his trademark goal celebration, which involves him beating his chest, have earned him the nickname \"King Kong\".", "Although he is not particularly skilful or elegant from a technical standpoint, he possesses good vision and reliable distribution, which allows him to play the ball out or launch attacks from the back after winning back possession.", "A popular figure with fans, he is also known for his dedication and vocal leadership on the pitch, and was Juventus's long-time vice captain, behind Gianluigi Buffon; following Buffon's departure in 2018, Chiellini was appointed the team's new captain.", "Although he is not known for his pace over short distances, he is also a mobile defender.", "Moreoever, he possesses a strong mentality, good temperament under pressure, determination, and excellent concentration.", "Despite his ability as a defender, he has often struggled with injuries in recent seasons.", "Chiellini was raised in Livorno and is one of twin boys.", "He completed a \"laurea\" (bachelor's degree) in economics and commerce at the University of Turin in July 2010, and earned a \"\" (master's degree) in business administration in April 2017 from the same institution, graduating \"cum laude\" (with honours).", "Unlike some other Italian top players that have never played abroad, Chiellini is a bilingual English speaker.", "In July 2014, Chiellini married his long-time girlfriend Carolina Bonistalli at a private Catholic ceremony at the Sanctuary of Montenero in Livorno.", "The couple have two daughters: Nina born July 2015, and Olivia born June 2019.", "Chiellini features in EA Sports' \"FIFA\" video game series; he was on the covers of the Italian editions of \"FIFA 10\", alongside global cover star Ronaldinho, and \"FIFA 11\", alongside global cover star Kaká.", "Throughout the 2017–18 season, Chiellini appeared in the Netflix docu-series called \"\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 192094, "simple_article_title": "Giorgio Chiellini", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192094", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-192094-0-0", "simple-192094-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Giorgio Chiellini (born 14 August 1984) is an Italian football player.", "He plays for Juventus and Italy national team." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 30228241, "normal_article_title": "Mohamed Said Fofana", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30228241", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-30228241-0-0", "normal-30228241-0-1", "normal-30228241-0-2", "normal-30228241-1-0", "normal-30228241-1-1", "normal-30228241-2-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Mohamed Said Fofana (born 1952) was the Prime Minister of Guinea from 2010 to 2015.", "He was appointed by President Alpha Condé on December 24, 2010.", "His previous role was director of economic research at the commerce ministry.", "Fofana and his government resigned on January 16, 2014.", "However, he was re-appointed as Prime Minister three days later.", "After Condé won a second term in the October 2015 presidential election, Fofana resigned as Prime Minister on 23 December 2015, and Condé appointed Mamady Youla to replace him on 26 December." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 429902, "simple_article_title": "Mohamed Said Fofana", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=429902", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-429902-0-0", "simple-429902-0-1", "simple-429902-0-2", "simple-429902-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Mohamed Said Fofana (born 1952) is a Guinean politician.", "He was the Prime Minister of Guinea from 2010 to 2015.", "He began his term as Prime Minister in 2010.", "His predecessor was Jean-Marie Doré." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1840608, "normal_article_title": "S/2004 S 12", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1840608", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1840608-0-0", "normal-1840608-0-1", "normal-1840608-1-0", "normal-1840608-2-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "S/2004 S 12 is a natural satellite of Saturn.", "Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005 from observations taken between December 12, 2004 and March 9, 2005.", "S/2004 S 12 is about 5 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,906 Gm in 1048.541 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (162° to Saturn's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.396.", "This moon has not been seen since its discovery in 2004 and is currently considered lost." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 80405, "simple_article_title": "S/2004 S 12", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=80405", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-80405-0-0", "simple-80405-0-1", "simple-80405-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "S/2004 S 12 is an unnamed moon of Saturn.", "Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 9, 2005.", "S/2004 S 12 is about 5 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,906,000 km in 1048.541 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (162° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.396." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 146351, "normal_article_title": "Hospital ship", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=146351", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-146351-0-0", "normal-146351-0-1", "normal-146351-1-0", "normal-146351-2-0", "normal-146351-3-0", "normal-146351-3-1", "normal-146351-4-0", "normal-146351-4-1", "normal-146351-4-2", "normal-146351-4-3", "normal-146351-5-0", "normal-146351-5-1", "normal-146351-5-2", "normal-146351-5-3", "normal-146351-5-4", "normal-146351-5-5", "normal-146351-6-0", "normal-146351-6-1", "normal-146351-6-2", "normal-146351-6-3", "normal-146351-6-4", "normal-146351-7-0", "normal-146351-7-1", "normal-146351-7-2", "normal-146351-7-3", "normal-146351-7-4", "normal-146351-7-5", "normal-146351-8-0", "normal-146351-8-1", "normal-146351-8-2", "normal-146351-9-0", "normal-146351-9-1", "normal-146351-9-2", "normal-146351-9-3", "normal-146351-9-4", "normal-146351-10-0", "normal-146351-10-1", "normal-146351-10-2", "normal-146351-10-3", "normal-146351-11-0", "normal-146351-11-1", "normal-146351-12-0", "normal-146351-12-1", "normal-146351-12-2", "normal-146351-13-0", "normal-146351-13-1", "normal-146351-13-2", "normal-146351-13-3", "normal-146351-13-4", "normal-146351-14-0", "normal-146351-14-1", "normal-146351-14-2", "normal-146351-15-0", "normal-146351-15-1", "normal-146351-15-2", "normal-146351-15-3", "normal-146351-15-4", "normal-146351-15-5", "normal-146351-15-6", "normal-146351-16-0", "normal-146351-16-1", "normal-146351-17-0", "normal-146351-17-1", "normal-146351-18-0", "normal-146351-19-0", "normal-146351-19-1", "normal-146351-20-0", "normal-146351-21-0", "normal-146351-21-1", "normal-146351-21-2", "normal-146351-22-0", "normal-146351-22-1", "normal-146351-22-2", "normal-146351-22-3", "normal-146351-23-0", "normal-146351-24-0", "normal-146351-24-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A hospital ship is a ship designated for primary function as a floating medical treatment facility or hospital.", "Most are operated by the military forces (mostly navies) of various countries, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones.", "Although attacking a hospital ship is a war crime, belligerent navies have the right to board such ships for inspections.", "In the nineteenth century redundant warships were used as moored hospitals for seamen.", "Hospital ships possibly existed in ancient times.", "The Athenian Navy had a ship named \"Therapia\", and the Roman Navy had a ship named \"Aesculapius\", their names indicating that they may have been hospital ships.", "The earliest British hospital ship may have been the vessel \"Goodwill\", which accompanied a Royal Navy squadron in the Mediterranean in 1608 and was used to house the sick sent aboard from other ships.", "However this experiment in medical care was short-lived, with \"Goodwill\" assigned to other tasks within a year and her complement of convalescents simply left behind at the nearest port.", "It was not until the mid-seventeenth century that any Royal Navy vessels were formally designated as hospital ships, and then only two throughout the fleet.", "These were either hired merchant ship or elderly sixth rates, with the internal bulkheads removed to create more room, and additional ports cut through the deck and hull to increase internal ventilation.", "In addition to their sailing crew, these seventeenth century hospital ships were staffed by a surgeon and four surgeon's mates.", "The standard issue of medical supplies were bandages, soap, needles and bedpans.", "Patients were offered a bed or rug to rest upon, and given a clean pair of sheets.", "These early hospital ships were for the care of the sick rather than the wounded, with patients quartered according to their symptoms and infectious cases quarantined from the general population behind a sheet of canvas.", "The quality of food was very poor.", "In the 1690s the surgeon aboard \"Siam\" complained that the meat was in an advanced state of putrefaction, the biscuits were weevil-ridden and bitter, and the bread was so hard that it stripped the skin off patient's mouths.", "Hospital ships were also used for the treatment of wounded soldiers fighting on land.", "An early example of this was during an English operation to evacuate English Tangier in 1683.", "An account of this evacuation was written by Samuel Pepys, an eyewitness.", "One of the main concerns was the evacuation of sick soldiers \"and the many families and their effects to be brought off\".", "The hospital ships \"Unity\" and \"Welcome\" sailed for England on 18 October 1683 with 114 invalid soldiers and 104 women and children, arriving at The Downs on 14 December 1683.", "The number of medical personnel aboard Royal Navy hospital ships was slowly increased, with regulations issued in 1703 requiring that each vessel also carry six landsmen to act surgical assistants, and four washerwomen.", "A 1705 amendment provided for a further five male nurses, and requisitions from the era suggest the number of sheets per patient was increased from one to two pairs.", "On 8 December 1798, unfit for service as a warship, was ordered to be converted to a hospital ship to hold wounded French and Spanish prisoners of war.", "According to Edward Hasted in 1798, two large hospital ships (also called lazarettos), (which were the surviving hulks of forty-four gun ships) were moored in Halstow Creek in Kent.", "The creek is an inlet from the River Medway and the River Thames.", "The crew of these vessels watched over ships coming to England, which were forced to stay in the creek under quarantine to protect the country from infectious diseases including the plague.", "From 1821 to 1870 the Seamen's Hospital Society provided HMS \"Grampus\", HMS \"Dreadnought\" and HMS \"Caledonia\" (later renamed \"Dreadnought\") as successive hospital ships moored at Deptford in London.", "In 1866 HMS \"Hamadryad\" was moored in Cardiff as a seamen's hospital, replaced in 1905 by the Royal Hamadryad Seamen's Hospital.", "Other redundant warships were used as hospitals for convicts and prisoners of war.", "The institutionalization of the use of hospital ships by the Royal Navy occurred during the first half of the nineteenth century.", "By the standard of the medical provision available at the time for convalescent soldiers, hospital ships were generally superior in their standard of service and sanitation.", "It was during the Crimean War in the 1850s that the modern hospital ship began to emerge.", "The only military hospital available to the British forces fighting on the Crimean Peninsula was at Scutari near the Dardanelles.", "Over the course of the Siege of Sevastopol, almost 15,000 wounded troops were transported there from the port at Balaklava by a squadron of converted hospital ships.", "The first ships to be equipped with genuine medical facilities were the steamships HMS \"Melbourne\" and HMS \"Mauritius\".", "These hospitals were manned by the Medical Staff Corps and provided services to the British expedition to China in 1860.", "The ships provided relatively spacious accommodation for the patients and were equipped with an operating theatre.", "Another early example of a hospital ship was in the 1860s, which aided the wounded soldiers of both sides during the American Civil War.", "During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), the British Red Cross supplied a steel-hulled ship, equipped with modern surgery equipment including chloroform and other anaesthetics and carbolic acid for antisepsis.", "Similar vessels accompanied the 1882 invasion of Egypt and aided American personnel during the Spanish–American War.", "Hospital ships were used by both sides in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05).", "It was the sighting by the Japanese of the Russian hospital ship \"Orel\", correctly illuminated in accordance with regulations, that led to the decisive naval Battle of Tsushima.", "\"Orel\" was retained as a prize of war by the Japanese after the battle.", "During World War I and World War II, hospital ships were first used on a massive scale.", "Many passenger liners were converted for use as hospital ships.", "and were two famous examples of ships serving in this capacity.", "By the end of the First World War, The British Royal Navy had 77 such ships in service.", "During the Gallipoli Campaign, hospital ships were used to evacuate over 100,000 wounded personnel to Egypt.", "Canada operated hospital ships in both world wars.", "In World War I these included SS \"Letitia\" (I) and which was deliberately sunk by a German U-boat with great loss of life, despite the hospital ship's clearly marked status.", "In World War II, Canada operated the hospital ship and SS \"Letitia (II).", "The first purposely built hospital ship in the U.S. Navy was which was commissioned in 1921.", "During World War II both the United States Navy and Army operated hospital ships though with different purposes.", "Naval hospital ships were fully equipped hospitals designed to receive casualties direct from the battlefield and also supplied to provide logistical support to front line medical teams ashore.", "Army hospital ships were essentially hospital transports intended and equipped to evacuate patients from forward area Army hospitals to rear area hospitals or from those to the United States and were not equipped or staffed to handle large numbers of direct battle casualties.", "Three of the Navy hospital ships, , , and , were less elaborately equipped than other Navy hospital ships, medically staffed by Army medical personnel and similar in purpose to the Army model.", "The last British royal yacht, the post World War II , was ostensibly constructed in a way as to be easily convertible to a hospital ship in wartime.", "After her decommissioning, Peter Hennessey discovered that this was a cover story: her actual role would have been as Queen Elizabeth II's refuge from nuclear weapons, hiding amidst the lochs (fjords) of western Scotland.", "A development of the Lun-class ekranoplan was planned for use as a mobile field hospital for rapid deployment to any ocean or coastal location at a speed of 297 knots (550 km/h, 341.8 mph).", "Work was 90% complete on this model, \"Spasatel\", but Soviet military funding ceased and it was never completed.", "Some hospital ships, such as and \"Esperanza del Mar\", belong to civilian agencies, and as such are not part of any navy.", "Mercy Ships, an international charity, do not belong to any government.", "Hospital ships were covered under the Hague Convention X of 1907.", "According to the San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, a hospital ship violating legal restrictions must be duly warned and given a reasonable time limit to comply.", "If a hospital ship persists in violating restrictions, a belligerent is legally entitled to capture it or take other means to enforce compliance.", "In all other circumstances, attacking a hospital ship is a war crime.", "Modern hospital ships display large Red Crosses or Red Crescents to signify their Geneva Convention protection under the laws of war.", "Even so, marked vessels have not been completely free from attack.", "Notable examples of hospital ships deliberately attacked during wartime are in 1915, the in 1941 and in 1943.", "It is common for naval ships, especially large ships such as aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships to have on-board hospitals.", "However, they are only one small part of the vessel's overall capability, and are used primarily for the ship's crew and its amphibious forces (and occasionally for relief missions).", "They do not qualify as \"hospital ships\", as they are not marked and designated as such, and as armed vessels they are disqualified from protection as a hospital ship under international law.", "Examples of these ships from various navies include;", "Several classes of US Navy ships are equipped with on-board hospitals;", "\"This article incorporates text from the public domain \"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships\".", "The entry can be found here.\"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 305079, "simple_article_title": "Hospital ship", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=305079", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-305079-0-0", "simple-305079-0-1", "simple-305079-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A Hospital ship is a big boat which is built to cure patients.", "Most are operated by militaries, or by governments.", "Attacking one is a war crime, but Hospital ships are not allowed to carry any weapons, and enemy navies (if the owner of the Hospital ship is at war) are allowed to inspect them." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 869926, "normal_article_title": "Alejandro González Iñárritu", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=869926", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-869926-0-0", "normal-869926-0-1", "normal-869926-1-0", "normal-869926-1-1", "normal-869926-1-2", "normal-869926-1-3", "normal-869926-1-4", "normal-869926-1-5", "normal-869926-1-6", "normal-869926-2-0", "normal-869926-2-1", "normal-869926-3-0", "normal-869926-3-1", "normal-869926-3-2", "normal-869926-3-3", "normal-869926-3-4", "normal-869926-4-0", "normal-869926-4-1", "normal-869926-4-2", "normal-869926-4-3", "normal-869926-4-4", "normal-869926-4-5", "normal-869926-4-6", "normal-869926-5-0", "normal-869926-5-1", "normal-869926-5-2", "normal-869926-5-3", "normal-869926-6-0", "normal-869926-6-1", "normal-869926-6-2", "normal-869926-6-3", "normal-869926-6-4", "normal-869926-7-0", "normal-869926-7-1", "normal-869926-7-2", "normal-869926-7-3", "normal-869926-8-0", "normal-869926-8-1", "normal-869926-8-2", "normal-869926-8-3", "normal-869926-8-4", "normal-869926-9-0", "normal-869926-9-1", "normal-869926-9-2", "normal-869926-9-3", "normal-869926-9-4", "normal-869926-9-5", "normal-869926-10-0", "normal-869926-10-1", "normal-869926-10-2", "normal-869926-10-3", "normal-869926-10-4", "normal-869926-10-5", "normal-869926-11-0", "normal-869926-11-1", "normal-869926-11-2", "normal-869926-11-3", "normal-869926-12-0", "normal-869926-12-1", "normal-869926-12-2", "normal-869926-12-3", "normal-869926-12-4", "normal-869926-12-5", "normal-869926-12-6", "normal-869926-12-7", "normal-869926-13-0", "normal-869926-13-1", "normal-869926-13-2", "normal-869926-14-0", "normal-869926-14-1", "normal-869926-14-2", "normal-869926-14-3", "normal-869926-14-4", "normal-869926-14-5", "normal-869926-15-0", "normal-869926-15-1", "normal-869926-15-2", "normal-869926-15-3", "normal-869926-15-4", "normal-869926-16-0", "normal-869926-17-0", "normal-869926-17-1", "normal-869926-17-2", "normal-869926-18-0", "normal-869926-18-1", "normal-869926-19-0", "normal-869926-20-0", "normal-869926-20-1", "normal-869926-20-2", "normal-869926-20-3", "normal-869926-20-4", "normal-869926-21-0", "normal-869926-21-1", "normal-869926-21-2", "normal-869926-22-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Alejandro González Iñárritu ( ; ] ; born 15 August 1963) is a Mexican film director, producer, and screenwriter.", "He is known for telling international stories about the human condition, and his projects have garnered critical acclaim and numerous accolades.", "His debut film, Amores Perros, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2000, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival and won the Critics' Week Grand Prize.", "In 2006, he earned Best Director at Cannes for \"Babel\" and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director and the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing.", "In 2014, he won three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay for \"Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)\".", "The following year, he won a second Academy Award for Best Director for \"The Revenant\" (2015), making him the third director to win back to back Academy Awards, and the first since 1950.", "The Revenant also won Iñarritu a DGA Award, making history as the first person to ever win two in a row.", "Additionally, Iñárritu was awarded a Special Achievement Academy Award for his virtual reality project \"Carne y Arena\" in 2017, the first time it had been awarded since 1995.", "Carne y Arena also became the first VR installation ever presented at the Cannes Film Festival in 2017.", "Iñarritu was also the first Mexican to receive these recognitions and awards, except for the Best Director Academy Award, which Alfonso Cuarón received for \"Gravity\" in 2014.", "Finally, Iñarritu became the first Latin American to become the President of the Jury of the 72nd Cannes Film Festival in 2019.", "Iñárritu was born in Mexico City, the youngest of seven children to Luz María Iñárritu and Héctor González Gama.", "Crossing the Atlantic Ocean on a cargo ship at the ages of 16 and 18, Iñárritu worked his way across Europe and Africa.", "He has noted that these early travels as a young man have had a great influence on him as a filmmaker.", "The settings of his films have often been in the places he visited during this period.", "After his travels, Iñárritu returned to Mexico City and majored in communications at Universidad Iberoamericana, one of the most prestigious private universities in Mexico.", "Iñárritu began his career in 1984 as a radio host at the Mexican radio station WFM, the country's most popular rock music station, where he \"pieced together playlists into a loose narrative arc\".", "He worked with and interviewed artists like Robert Plant, David Gilmore, Elton John, Bob Geldof and Carlos Santana.", "During his time in radio he also wrote and broadcast small audio stories and storytelling promos that would become a reference for generations of audio producers, radio Dj's and broadcasters as to how to use radio as a more creative media outlet.", "He later became the youngest producer for Televisa, the largest mass media company in Latin America.", "From 1987 to 1989, he composed music for six Mexican feature films.", "During this time, Iñárritu became acquainted with Mexican writer Guillermo Arriaga, beginning their screenwriting collaborations.", "Iñárritu has stated that he believes music has had a bigger influence on him as an artist than film itself.", "In the early 1990s, Iñárritu created Z films, a production company, with Raul Olvera in Mexico.", "Under Z Films, he started writing, producing and directing short films and advertisements.", "Making the final transition into TV and film directing, he studied under well-known theater director Ludwik Margules, as well as Judith Weston in Los Angeles.", "In 1995, Iñárritu wrote and directed his first TV pilot for Z Films, called \"Detrás del dinero\", or \"Behind the Money\", starring Miguel Bosé.", "In 2000, Iñárritu directed his first feature film \"Amores perros\", co-written with Guillermo Arriaga.", "\"Amores perros\" explored Mexican society in Mexico City told via three intertwining stories.", "In 2000, \"Amores perros\" premiered at the Cannes Film Festival and won the Critics' Week Grand Prize.", "It was the film debut of actor Gael García Bernal, who would later appear in \"Babel\" and the Iñárritu-produced Mexican film \"Rudo y Cursi\".", "\"Amores perros\" was the first installment in Iñárritu's and Arriaga's thematic \"Death trilogy\", and nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.", "After the success of \"Amores Perros\", Iñárritu and Arriaga revisited the intersected-stories structure of \"Amores perros\" in Iñárritu's second feature film, \"21 Grams\" (2003).", "The film starred Benicio del Toro, Naomi Watts and Sean Penn.", "It was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival, where Penn received the Volpi Cup for Best Actor.", "At the 76th Academy Awards, Del Toro and Watts received nominations for their performances.", "Iñárritu embarked on his third and last film that formed the \"Death Trilogy\", \"Babel\" (2006), co-written with Arriaga.", "\"Babel\" comprises four interrelated stories set in Morocco, Mexico, the United States, and Japan, in four different languages.", "The film stars Brad Pitt, Cate Blanchett, Adriana Barraza, Gael Garcia Bernal, Rinko Kikuchi and Kōji Yakusho.", "The rest of the cast comprised non-professional actors.", "The film competed at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, where Iñárritu received the Best Director Award (Prix de la mise en scène), becoming the first Mexican-born director to win the award.", "\"Babel\" received seven nominations at the 79th Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.", "Gustavo Santaolalla, the film's composer, won the Academy Award for Best Original Score.", "The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama in 2007.", "Iñárritu became the first Mexican director to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Directing and the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing.", "After this third feature film collaboration with writing partner Arriaga, Iñárritu and he professionally parted ways, following Iñárritu's barring of Arriaga from the set during filming.", "Arriaga told the \"Los Angeles Times\" in 2009, \"It had to come to an end, but I still respect González Iñárritu.\"", "In 2010, Iñárritu directed and produced \"Biutiful\", starring Javier Bardem, written by Iñárritu, Armando Bó Jr., and Nicolás Giacobone.", "The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010.", "Bardem went on to win Best Actor (shared with Elio Germano for \"La nostra vita\") at Cannes.", "\"Biutiful\" is Iñárritu's first film in his native Spanish since his debut feature \"Amores perros\".", "The film was nominated at the 2011 Golden Globes for Best Foreign Language Film, and at the BAFTA Awards for Best Film Not in the English Language and Best Actor.", "For the second time in his career, Iñárritu's film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the Academy Awards; Javier Bardem's performance was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.", "In 2014, Iñárritu ultimately won three Academy Awards for directing, co-writing and co-producing Best Picture winner \"Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)\", starring Michael Keaton, Edward Norton, Emma Stone, Naomi Watts, Zach Galifianakis, and Andrea Riseborough.", "The film is an existential dark comedy exploring the ego of a forgotten superhero actor, experienced as if filmed on a single shot.", "It was the first time a Mexican Filmmaker received Best Picture at the Academy Awards.", "He also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay, a DGA Award and a PGA Award for the film.", "The following year, Iñárritu directed \"The Revenant\", which he and Mark L. Smith adapted from Michael Punke's novel of the same name.", "The film starred Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Hardy, Domhnall Gleeson, and Will Poulter.", "It is a \"gritty\" 19th-century period drama-thriller about fur trapper Hugh Glass, a real person who joined the Rocky Mountain Fur Company on a \"journey into the wild\" and was robbed and abandoned after being mauled by a grizzly bear.", "The film considers the nature and stresses on relationships under the duress of the wilderness, and issues of revenge and pardon via Glass's pursuit of the man who was responsible for his hardship.", "\"The Revenant\" took nine months to shoot.", "With The Revenant, Iñárritu won a second consecutive Oscar for Best Director and was nominated for 12 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, winning Best Director, Best Cinematography and Best Actor.", "Iñárritu is one of only three directors to ever win consecutive Oscars, and the first to do it in 65 years.", "He was also nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, winning three, including Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director; received nine Critics' Choice Movie Awards nominations, including Best Picture and Best Director; five BAFTAs including Best Picture and Best Director; and a DGA Award, making history as the first person to ever win two in a row.", "\"The One Percent\", originally planned as an upcoming American television drama series created and written by Iñárritu, Alexander Dinelaris Jr., Nicolás Giacobone and Armando Bó, was eventually postponed on early March of 2017 due to Alejandro feeling burnt out after the production of \"The Revenant\".", "The quartet, who also collaborated on \"Birdman\", were to serve as executive producers.", "Iñárritu was set to direct the first two episodes and set the visual style of the show.", "From 2001 to 2011, Iñárritu directed several short films.", "In 2001, he directed an 11-minute film segment for \"11'09\"01 September 11\" - which is composed of several short films that explore the effects of the 9/11 terrorist attacks from different points of view around the world.", "In 2007, he made \"ANNA\", part of French anthology film \"Chacun son cinéma\", which screened at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.", "\"Chacun son cinéma\", a collection of 34 short films by 34 renowned film directors representing 25 countries, was produced for the 60th anniversary of the film festival.", "In 2012, Iñárritu made the experimental short film \"Naran Ja: One Act Orange Dance\", inspired by L.A Dance Project's premiere performance, featuring excerpts from the new choreography Benjamin Millepied crafted for \"Moving Parts\".", "The story takes place in a secluded, dusty space and centers around LADP dancer Julia Eichten.", "In 2002, Iñárritu directed \"Powder Keg\", an episode for the BMW short film series \"The Hire\", starring Clive Owen as the driver and Stellan Skarsgård as a war photographer.", "It won the Cannes Gold Lion Advertising Award.", "In 2010, Iñárritu directed \"Write the Future\", a football-themed commercial for Nike ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which went on to win the Grand Prix at the Cannes Lions Advertising Festival.", "In 2012, he directed Procter & Gamble's \"Best Job\" commercial spot for the 2012 Olympic Ceremonies.", "It won the Best Primetime Commercial Emmy at Creative Arts Emmy Awards and the DGA Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Commercials.", "On 4 October 2012, Facebook released an Iñárritu-directed brand film titled \"The Things That Connect Us\" to celebrate the social network reaching one billion users.", "Iñárritu's virtual reality project \"Carne y Arena\" was the first ever VR installation presented at the Cannes Film Festival in 2017.", "Carne y Arena was also presented, at LACMA, Washington DC and featured at the Prada Foundation in Milan.", "Additionally, Carne y Arena was awarded the first Special Achievement Academy Award in over 20 years at the Academy’s 9th Annual Governors Awards.", "Iñárritu is married to Maria Eladia Hagerman, an editor and graphic designer.", "They have a daughter, Maria Eladia, and a son, Eliseo.", "In 2009, Iñárritu signed a petition in support of Polish director Roman Polanski, calling for his release from custody after he was detained in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.", "Iñárritu has been recognized with multiple awards for his films, including four Academy Awards, two Directors Guild of America Awards, a Producers Guild of America Award, three British Academy Film Awards, three AACTA Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, two Independent Spirit Awards, two American Film Institute Awards, and three Cannes Film Festival Award.", "He is the first Mexican director to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing, and the first to win the Best Director Award at the Cannes Film Festival.", "In 2015, Iñárritu won, among many other accolades, the Directors Guild Award for Outstanding Directing, the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture, and the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing for \"Birdman\", becoming the first Mexican to win three Academy awards.", "In 2016, Iñárritu won the Academy Award for Best Director for his work on \"The Revenant\", marking the first time in 65 years that a director has won the award in two consecutive years.", "Iñárritu is the third director to accomplish this feat, following John Ford and Joseph L. Mankiewicz.", "In 2006, Iñárritu was honored at the Gotham Awards' World Cinema Tribute, alongside fellow Mexican filmmakers Alfonso Cuarón and Guillermo del Toro.", "In 2015, Iñárritu received the Sundance Institute's Vanguard Leadership Award for the \"originality and independent spirit\" of his films.", "He was also honored by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art at its Art + Film Gala.", "s of 2018 , each of Iñárritu's feature films, with the exception of \"Amores perros\", showcases at least one Academy Award nominated performance." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 483005, "simple_article_title": "Alejandro González Iñárritu", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=483005", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-483005-0-0", "simple-483005-0-1", "simple-483005-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Alejandro González Iñárritu (born August 15, 1963) is an Academy Award-winning Mexican movie director, screenwriter, movie producer, and composer.", "His five feature movies – \"Amores perros\" (2000), \"21 Grams\" (2003), \"Babel\" (2006), \"Biutiful\" (2010), \"Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)\" (2014), and \"The Revenant\" (2015).", "He is also close friends with fellow Mexican filmmakers Alfonso Cuarón and Guillermo del Toro, collectively known as \"The Three Amigos of Cinema\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 47320997, "normal_article_title": "Shiboprosad Mukherjee", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47320997", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-47320997-0-0", "normal-47320997-0-1", "normal-47320997-0-2", "normal-47320997-0-3", "normal-47320997-0-4", "normal-47320997-0-5", "normal-47320997-1-0", "normal-47320997-1-1", "normal-47320997-1-2", "normal-47320997-2-0", "normal-47320997-3-0", "normal-47320997-3-1", "normal-47320997-3-2", "normal-47320997-3-3", "normal-47320997-3-4", "normal-47320997-4-0", "normal-47320997-4-1", "normal-47320997-4-2", "normal-47320997-4-3", "normal-47320997-4-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Shiboprosad Mukherjee (born 20 May 1974) is an Indian Bengali filmmaker, writer and actor.", "He, collaborating with Nandita Roy, debuted with their film \"Icche\", which garnered both critical acclaim as well as commercial success.", "The director duo is known for making socially relevant films which are also entertaining to the viewers.", "They have also directed some of the popular most new age Bengali films like \"Praktan\", \"Bela Seshe\", \"Icche\", \"Muktodhara\", \"Accident\", \"Alik Sukh\" and \"Ramdhanu\", which were critically acclaimed as well as enjoyed commercial success.", "He also serves as a partner at Windows Productions.", "His film, Praktan, bagged multiple National Awards.", "Shiboprosad Mukherjee was born on 20 May 1974 at Baranagar in the northern fringes Kolkata, West Bengal, India.", "He was a student of Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School and later completed his high school from Hindu School.", "He pursued his graduation in Political Science Honours from Jadavpur University.", "He married journalist Zinia Sen in 2016.", "He joined the theatre school as a trainer after completing his schooling.", "He participated in the T.I. E Project (Theatre in Education), while being under the guidance of eminent theatre personality Rudraprasad Sengupta and also attended a workshop conducted by Ibrahim Alkazi.", "He was also guided by Rituporno Ghosh when he was working as a freelance journalist in \"Anandalok\" (a film Magazine of Ananda Publishers), during his acting days.", "He debuted in the year 1995 he stared in Zee Bangla, with 'Ekushe Pa', directed by Raja Dasgupta.", "Later he went on to work in other daily television Serials like \"Janmabhoomi\", \"Ghoom Nei\", etc.", "Although as a director and producer he has worked with all the leading channels in West Bengal and Bangladesh and has designed television programmes of duration not less than 10,000 hours, he has been a long term associated with ETV Bangla from its inception.", "From 1999 to 2002, he was a senior programming associate at ETV Bangla and currently, he is behind conceptualising, designing & producing 6 hours of original programming daily.", "With the credit of more than 50 non-fiction shows for Bengali television completely, designed by him, he has also conceptualised the first Bengali women's magazine programmes on television – \"Sreemoti\".", "He is also the first to launch Reality Show in Bengali television – \"Ritur Mela Jhoom Tara Ra Ra\".", "He started his own production company named \"Windows Productions\", along with his partner Nandita Roy and together they have produced many non-fiction and fiction programmes." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 703049, "simple_article_title": "Shiboprosad Mukherjee", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=703049", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-703049-0-0", "simple-703049-0-1", "simple-703049-0-2", "simple-703049-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Shiboprosad Mukherjee (born 20 May 1974) is an Indian Bengali filmmaker, writer and actor.", "Shiboprosad Mukherjee was born on 20 May 1974 at Baranagar in the northern fringes Kolkata, West Bengal, India.", "He was a student of Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School and later completed his high school from Hindu School.", "He pursued his graduation in Political Science Honours from Jadavpur University." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4722289, "normal_article_title": "Jenna Dewan", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4722289", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4722289-0-0", "normal-4722289-0-1", "normal-4722289-0-2", "normal-4722289-0-3", "normal-4722289-0-4", "normal-4722289-0-5", "normal-4722289-1-0", "normal-4722289-1-1", "normal-4722289-2-0", "normal-4722289-2-1", "normal-4722289-2-2", "normal-4722289-2-3", "normal-4722289-2-4", "normal-4722289-3-0", "normal-4722289-3-1", "normal-4722289-3-2", "normal-4722289-4-0", "normal-4722289-5-0", "normal-4722289-5-1", "normal-4722289-5-2", "normal-4722289-6-0", "normal-4722289-6-1", "normal-4722289-6-2", "normal-4722289-6-3", "normal-4722289-6-4", "normal-4722289-7-0", "normal-4722289-7-1", "normal-4722289-7-2", "normal-4722289-8-0", "normal-4722289-8-1", "normal-4722289-8-2", "normal-4722289-9-0", "normal-4722289-9-1", "normal-4722289-9-2", "normal-4722289-10-0", "normal-4722289-10-1", "normal-4722289-10-2", "normal-4722289-10-3", "normal-4722289-11-0", "normal-4722289-11-1", "normal-4722289-11-2", "normal-4722289-11-3", "normal-4722289-11-4", "normal-4722289-12-0", "normal-4722289-12-1", "normal-4722289-13-0", "normal-4722289-13-1", "normal-4722289-14-0", "normal-4722289-14-1", "normal-4722289-15-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Jenna Lee Dewan ( ; born December 3, 1980) is an American actress and dancer.", "She started her career as a backup dancer for Janet Jackson, and later worked with artists including Pink, Missy Elliott, and Christina Aguilera.", "She is known for her role as Nora Clark in the 2006 film \"Step Up\".", "She has also starred on the short-lived NBC series \"The Playboy Club\" and had a recurring role on the FX series \"\".", "She portrayed Freya Beauchamp on the Lifetime series \"Witches of East End\" and played Lucy Lane in The CW series \"Supergirl\".", "Dewan hosted the NBC reality competition television series \"World of Dance\".", "Dewan was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the daughter of Nancy Smith (née Bursch) and Darryll Dewan, who was a running back on the 1972 Notre Dame football team.", "Her father is of Lebanese and Polish descent and her mother is of German and English ancestry.", "As a child, Dewan moved frequently; she mentioned in an interview that she lived in seven cities before reaching the seventh grade.", "While attending high school at Notre Dame Preparatory School in Towson, Maryland, Dewan was a varsity cheerleader.", "She transferred to Grapevine High School in Grapevine, Texas.", "She was also a varsity cheerleader there and was voted prom queen during her senior year.", "She went to University of Southern California and was a member of the California Gamma chapter of Pi Beta Phi.", "Dewan first appeared in Janet Jackson's \"Doesn't Really Matter\" video in 2000, and later in \"All for You\" and the \"All for You Tour\" in 2001.", "She credits working with Jackson for aiding her career, allowing her to later work with many other artists and giving her the experience necessary to co-star in the dance film \"Step Up\".", "In 2016, Dewan modeled as the face of dancewear manufacturer Danskin in a campaign and photo shoot that captured and featured her athleticism as a dancer.", "In 2006, Dewan co-starred with Channing Tatum in \"Step Up\", as well as starring in \"Take the Lead\" that same year.", "In August 2008, Dewan starred in the Lifetime made-for-television film \"\" which follows five rule-breaking teens.", "She portrayed the role of disciplinarian Coach Emma Carr.", "In November 2009, she appeared in the straight-to-DVD comedy \"American Virgin\" alongside Rob Schneider.", "In March 2011, Dewan was cast in the NBC pilot of \"The Playboy Club\".", "In May 2011, NBC picked up the series for a full season.", "She portrayed the role of Bunny Janie, a provocative Playboy bunny who works at a Playboy Club in Chicago in 1961.", "The series premiered on September 19 to 5.2 million viewers with mixed reviews from critics.", "Due to low ratings, NBC cancelled the series after just three episodes in October 2011.", "In November 2011, Dewan starred in the film \"The Jerk Theory\".", "This was first released in Germany in 2009.", "It was later released in the United States in November 2011.", "Dewan appeared in the romantic-comedy film \"10 Years\", produced by her then husband Channing Tatum.", "The film was released on September 14, 2012.", "That same year, she appeared as Teresa Morrison in \"\", the second season of the horror television series.", "In 2013, Dewan began starring in the Lifetime series \"Witches of East End\" as Freya Beauchamp, one of the lead characters.", "In late 2015, she began a recurring role in the CBS series \"Supergirl\" as Lucy Lane.", "Dewan's upcoming projects include \"The Wedding Year\", \"Berlin, I Love You\" and \"Soundtrack\".", "Along with friends Reid Carolin, Adam Martingano, Brett Rodriguez and Channing Tatum, Dewan started a production company called 33andOut Productions.", "Their first production is a documentary called \"Earth Made of Glass\" that follows Rwandan President Paul Kagame and genocide survivor Jean-Pierre Sagahutu.", "It premiered at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival.", "Dewan and Tatum collaborated in a YouTube Premium web television series \"\", where they executive produced together.", "In 2006, Dewan met actor Channing Tatum on the set of their film \"Step Up\".", "They began dating shortly after filming had finished.", "The couple became engaged in early September 2008 in Maui, and married on July 11, 2009, at Church Estates Vineyards in Malibu, California.", "Their daughter was born in May 2013 in London, England.", "In an interview on the \"Late Show with David Letterman\", Tatum explained that Everly's middle names are from Dewan's grandmother, Elizabeth, and his own grandmother, Maiselle.", "On April 2, 2018, after nearly nine years of marriage, the couple announced that they were separating.", "Six months later, Dewan filed for divorce from Tatum.", "Since October 2018, Dewan has been in a relationship with actor, Steve Kazee.", "Due to Steve she has recently become a fan of WWE .", "Dewan is an animal rights activist and a vegan.", "PETA declared her to be one of three \"Sexiest Vegans\" of 2017.", "Dewan is raising her daughter as a vegetarian but says she will let her decide what to eat when she is old enough." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 40553209, "normal_article_title": "The Sound of Music Live!", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40553209", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-40553209-0-0", "normal-40553209-0-1", "normal-40553209-0-2", "normal-40553209-0-3", "normal-40553209-1-0", "normal-40553209-1-1", "normal-40553209-1-2", "normal-40553209-1-3", "normal-40553209-1-4", "normal-40553209-2-0", "normal-40553209-2-1", "normal-40553209-2-2", "normal-40553209-2-3", "normal-40553209-3-0", "normal-40553209-3-1", "normal-40553209-3-2", "normal-40553209-3-3", "normal-40553209-3-4", "normal-40553209-4-0", "normal-40553209-4-1", "normal-40553209-4-2", "normal-40553209-4-3", "normal-40553209-5-0", "normal-40553209-5-1", "normal-40553209-5-2", "normal-40553209-5-3", "normal-40553209-5-4", "normal-40553209-5-5", "normal-40553209-6-0", "normal-40553209-6-1", "normal-40553209-6-2", "normal-40553209-6-3", "normal-40553209-6-4", "normal-40553209-7-0", 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"normal-40553209-15-3", "normal-40553209-16-0", "normal-40553209-16-1", "normal-40553209-16-2", "normal-40553209-16-3", "normal-40553209-16-4", "normal-40553209-16-5", "normal-40553209-16-6", "normal-40553209-16-7", "normal-40553209-17-0", "normal-40553209-17-1", "normal-40553209-17-2", "normal-40553209-18-0", "normal-40553209-18-1", "normal-40553209-18-2", "normal-40553209-18-3", "normal-40553209-18-4", "normal-40553209-18-5", "normal-40553209-19-0", "normal-40553209-20-0", "normal-40553209-20-1", "normal-40553209-21-0", "normal-40553209-21-1", "normal-40553209-21-2", "normal-40553209-21-3", "normal-40553209-22-0", "normal-40553209-22-1", "normal-40553209-22-2", "normal-40553209-22-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Sound of Music Live!", "is a television special that was originally broadcast by NBC on December 5, 2013.", "Produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, the special was an adaptation of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical \"The Sound of Music\".", "The television special starred country singer and \"American Idol\" winner Carrie Underwood as Maria von Trapp, and was performed and televised live from Grumman Studios in Bethpage, New York.", "Spearheaded by NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt, the network positioned the special as being a live television \"event\".", "In preparing for the broadcast, Meron and Zadan emphasized the logistical challenges that they would face due to the live aspects of the special, and the fact that \"The Sound of Music Live!\"", "was an adaptation based on the musical itself and not the 1965 film version.", "Meron felt that if the telecast were successful, the concept could become \"another kind of entertainment that can exist on TV.\"", "By her request, Underwood's casting as Maria was personally endorsed by Julie Andrews, who starred in the 1965 film.", "The production was met with mixed reviews; much of its criticism was directed towards the casting of Carrie Underwood to play Maria, whom critics (including the real-life von Trapp family) believed was not experienced enough in theatre to portray such an iconic role.", "While her vocal performance was praised, her acting was described by critics as \"amateur\", \"lifeless\" and lacking emotion.", "The production was a ratings success for NBC; with a total of 18.62 million live viewers, \"The Sound of Music Live!\"", "brought the network its highest Thursday night viewership for an entertainment program since the series finale of \"Frasier\" in 2004, and prompted NBC to sign Zadan and Meron on to produce more live musicals for the network in the future.", "Maria Rainer, a postulant at Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg, is contemplating the day she has spent in the mountains (\"The Sound of Music\").", "When she returns to the Abbey, she learns from the Mother Abbess that she is to be the new governess for the von Trapp children.", "Before she leaves the Abbey, Mother Abbess asks her to teach her the song that she's always singing (\"My Favorite Things\").", "When Maria arrives at the von Trapp house, she is greeted coldly by the Captain and introduced to the children, who enter with military precision.", "Maria finds that the Captain has emotionally closed himself off since the death of his wife and decides to teach his children the basics of singing to gain their trust and acceptance.", "A month, later the captain returns home with Elsa Schraeder, whom he is courting, and their friend Max Detweiler, who is looking for the perfect local singing group to perform at the annual Kaltzberg Festival.", "When his children arrive dressed in clothes Maria had made from her old bedroom curtains he is outraged and embarrassed.", "Maria then confronts him and tells him how he does not know or understand his children and that they need him but this only upsets him more and he orders her to return to Nonnberg Abbey.", "However, upon hearing his children sing to Schraeder, his eyes are open to the truth Maria had been speaking and he embraces his children and ask Maria to stay on as governess.", "He then throws a grand party for Schraeder and when the band plays the Ländler, the captain's youngest son asks Maria to teach him the dance and the captain steps in to help.", "As the two dance an unspoken attraction begins to arise in the two and Maria puts a stop to the dancing.", "However, this unspoken attraction did not go unnoticed by Brigitta who confronts Maria on this.", "Though Maria strongly denies it she begins to realize that Brigitta is telling the truth.", "Then, Schraeder calls the children out to say good night to the guests and Max is instantly smitten with the idea to have the children sing in the festival and during all the hustle and bustle Maria sneaks off unnoticed and returns to the Abbey, where she confides in the Mother Abbess that she has fallen in love with the captain but that she is ready to take the orders of poverty, obedience and chastity.", "The Mother Abbess denies her this and encourages her to take face her problem head-on and to find the life she was born to live.", "Maria then returns to the von Trapp home and is warmly greeted by the children, who no longer feel the joys of singing due to her sudden departure.", "When she finds out that the captain intends to marry Schraeder she decides to see her duties through until arrangements can be made for a new governess.", "However, the political differences between Schraeder and the captain cause the two to realize that they have no future together and she leaves.", "Meanwhile, the captain meets up with Maria and the two admit their feelings for each other.", "The two agree to marry at the Abbey and while the two are on honeymoon, Germany invades Austria.", "When they return, the captain is ordered to accept a commission in the German Navy and report immediately to Bremerhaven.", "Maria, thinking quickly, hands the Admiral the program for the Kaltzberg Festival showing that the von Trapp Family Singers are scheduled to perform, so the captain couldn’t possibly leave right away.", "They are granted permission to perform.", "During the finale, Max announces that a guard of honor is waiting to escort the captain away as soon as the concert is over.", "Maria leads the family in one more song to which they escape to one by one and flee to the Abbey.", "The Nazi soldiers search the Abbey for the von Trapps to no avail, as the family decides to flee Austria over the mountains with Maria's help.", "Benanti had previously portrayed Maria von Trapp on Broadway in 1998.", "Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, who had previously worked with Borle on the NBC musical drama television series \"Smash\", served as executive producers.", "Other credits include Rob Ashford and Beth McCarthy-Miller as directors, Ashford also was the choreographer, Priscilla Taussig served as producer, David Chase as music director and Derek McLane as production designer.", "Catherine Zuber was costume designer and Bernie Telsey was the casting director.", "The production is taken from the book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse and is based off the memoir, \"The Story of the Trapp Family Singers\" by Maria von Trapp.", "On June 30, 2012, NBC's chairman Bob Greenblatt announced the network's plans to broadcast a live adaptation of the Broadway musical \"The Sound of Music\" in 2013.", "On November 30, 2012, the network announced that country music and fourth season of \"American Idol\", winner performer Carrie Underwood would star as Maria von Trapp in the production.", "In a statement, Greenblatt justified Underwood's involvement, saying that \"Maria was an iconic woman who will now be played by an iconic artist.\"", "On September 16, 2013, NBC revealed the full cast of the special, and released a promotional image depicting Underwood as Maria von Trapp, wearing blond braids and a dirndl, referencing one of Julie Andrews' \"most iconic moments\" from the film adaptation.", "Prior to being cast, Underwood personally asked Andrews for her endorsement of the role and the production, explaining that \"whenever I do a cover of somebody's song or whatever, I always get permission of the artist first.\"", "Produced on a budget of around $9 million, \"The Sound of Music Live!\"", "was broadcast live from a soundstage built at Grumman Studios in Bethpage, New York.", "NBC, as well as producers Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, emphasized that the production was not a remake of the film, but an adaptation of the musical itself; Meron iterated that \"the audience will discover, within the first few minutes of watching the show, that they are not seeing a TV version of the movie.", "They'll know right away it's \"The Sound of Music\", but it's a different \"Sound of Music\" than they are accustomed to seeing on film.\"", "Meron felt that if successful, the broadcast could \"open the door to another kind of entertainment that can exist on TV.\"", "He also praised the involvement of Underwood as the star of the production, believing that she was a quick learner, and \"has all of the qualities of Maria.\"", "Greenblatt was highly supportive of the project, as he was, in the words of Zadan, a \"passionate devotee of theater\".", "Zadan considered the production to be \"one of the profoundly complicated, amazing experiences we’ve ever had\", noting the additional challenges created by the live broadcast.", "Promoted by NBC as a \"three-hour holiday event\", \"The Sound of Music Live!\"", "was aired as part of a push by NBC to air more live entertainment specials.", "Among its most popular programs in recent years have been those with live components (such as \"The Voice\" and \"Sunday Night Football\"); NBC's Jennifer Salke believed that the increased level of social network interaction possible in a live broadcast, along with the feeling of being part of an \"event\", would encourage viewers to watch the special live instead of on-demand or from a recording.", "NBC's previous attempt at event television, \"The Million Second Quiz\", was met with mixed reviews and viewership, but NBC did indicate that Subway's advertising throughout the series brought a higher level of awareness to the brand.", "The television special was also the first live musical special in almost fifty years on NBC.", "Retail chain Walmart served as the presenting sponsor for \"The Sound of Music Live!\".", "NBC also produced five themed Walmart commercials to air throughout the special, featuring scenes of a family using products from the store set to songs from \"The Sound of Music\".", "The five ads were timed to air during the commercial break following the scene where the song was featured; NBC's advertising chief Dan Lovinger considered the ads to be a way to \"enhance the excitement\" of the presentation for families.", "Prior to the broadcast, members of the real-life von Trapp family were critical of casting Underwood to play Maria, agreeing with the notion that she would be a good singer but a poor actor.", "They suggested that Anne Hathaway, who played Fantine in the 2012 film adaptation of \"Les Misérables\" for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, would have been a better choice.", "\"The Sound of Music Live!\"", "received mixed reviews from entertainment critics, commending the show for its scope and supporting cast while questioning Underwood's acting capabilities.", "Kevin Fallon of \"The Daily Beast\" wrote: \"Naturally, Underwood sounded astounding, as alive as those damned hills, every time she was asked to stand on top of things and belt.", "But whether it was because of nerves or lack of experience, her acting was painfully lifeless and amateur throughout the first two thirds of the lengthy ordeal.", "The singer, it seems, is a proud graduate of the school of 'If I don't blink, they'll think I'm acting!'\"", "Verne Gay of \"Newsday\" liked Underwood's performance, commenting that not only could she sing, but \"she is a luminous stage presence who had the guts to take on one of the most iconic roles of the stage or screen.\"", "Brian Lowry of \"Variety\" described the production \"as lifeless as its alpine backdrops.\"", "Marc Bernardin of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" commended the production's aesthetics but called it a \"very expensive karaoke\", and he wrote that Underwood \"doesn’t acquit herself so well when it comes to the carrying the emotional weight of the production.\"", "He also panned Moyer, criticizing his vocal performance and describing \"his attempt at conveying an emotional hollowness\" as \"mildly constipated\" and \"clenched.\"", "However, he lauded Benanti, Borle and McDonald's \"strong\" performances.", "18.62 million viewers watched \"The Sound of Music Live!\",", ", making it the most-watched program of the night.", "It had a 4.6 rating, 13 share in the 18–49 demographic, which led all networks.", "It attracted NBC's largest non-sports Thursday audience since the series finale of \"Frasier\" in 2004 (which averaged 22.6 million viewers), and NBC's largest non-sports audience on any night since the 2007 Golden Globe Awards.", "The special performed the best with women in the 25–54 demographic, reaching a household rating of 7.0 for that demographic during the primetime broadcast.", "It did particularly well in Oklahoma City, the capital of Underwood's home state, where it was watched by 28% of TV viewers.", "At least 38.69 million viewers watched a portion of \"The Sound of Music Live!\".", "Factoring in DVR viewership over the week following the broadcast, the special was viewed by 21.84 million, with 3.1 million within the first three days.", "Following its original airing, an encore presentation of \"The Sound of Music Live!\"", "aired on December 14, 2013, attracting 3.1 million viewers.", "It notably displaced one of NBC's two traditional airings of the film \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (the other being on Christmas Eve), which was bumped ahead to December 20, 2013.", "NBC's Bob Greenblatt considered the production to be a success, and signed Meron and Zadan to produce another live musical for the 2014 holiday season.", "Greenblatt felt that there were enough recognizable, family-friendly musicals to make events like \"The Sound of Music Live!\"", "an annual tradition, and he indicated that NBC received e-mails and phone calls from various theatrical rightsholders, expressing interest in having their musicals adapted in a similar fashion, In January 2014, NBC announced that it would broadcast a live version of \"Peter Pan\" in December 2014, and at NBC's upfronts in May 2014, Greenblatt announced that NBC had also obtained rights to produce an adaptation of \"The Music Man\", although the network did not announce any timeframe for the production.", "It was later revealed that \"The Music Man\" project was put on hold for a live performance of \"The Wiz\".", "Interest in the concept also spread to competing networks: in April 2014, Fox announced that it would produce a of \"Grease\", which aired in January 2016.", "NBC aired \"Hairspray Live!\"", "The special also had an influence on viewership for ABC's annual broadcast of the 1965 film version of \"The Sound of Music\"; with 6.5 million viewers and a 1.3 share, it was ABC's highest-rated airing of the film since 2007, although it was beaten by NBC's \"Sunday Night Football\".", "The broadcast has been nominated for four Emmy Awards for the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Music Direction, Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special, Outstanding Special Class Program and Outstanding Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special in 2014.", "It won the Emmy for Outstanding Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special.", "A soundtrack for the broadcast was released on December 3, 2013 and consists of 22 studio recordings.", "Walmart outlets exclusively released a nine-track instrumental (sing-along) bonus CD with the soundtrack.", "It peaked at number 17 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Soundtracks chart.", "The soundtrack had sold 103,000 copies as of January 2, 2014.", "A DVD of the special was released on December 17, 2013, through Universal Studios Home Entertainment.", "The DVD includes a behind-the-scenes look, titled \"The Making of \"The Sound of Music Live!\"\"", "and a preview of the soundtrack.", "It was released on DVD in Canada on January 7, 2014." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 428556, "simple_article_title": "The Sound of Music Live", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=428556", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-428556-0-0", "simple-428556-0-1", "simple-428556-0-2", "simple-428556-1-0", "simple-428556-1-1", "simple-428556-2-0", "simple-428556-3-0", "simple-428556-3-1", "simple-428556-3-2", "simple-428556-3-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Sound of Music Live!", "was a live television production of the musical \"The Sound of Music\".", "It was telecast on NBC Thursday evening December 5, 2013 between 8 and 11 p.m. ET.", "The production starred Carrie Underwood as Maria von Trapp.", "Others in the cast included Stephen Moyer as Georg von Trapp, Audra McDonald as Mother Abbess, Laura Benanti as Elsa Schrader, and Christian Borle as Max Detweiler.", "The production was based on the original 1959 Broadway musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, rather than the 1965 movie adaptation starring Julie Andrews.", "Critics said that Underwood sang well, but she received poor reviews for her acting.", "The \"New York Times\" wrote that Underwood's \"bloodless performance put a damper on the night\" and described her as \"sleepwalking\".", "The greatest praise was given to Laura Benanti as Elsa Schrader who was said to have \"had all the sparkle and mischief that Ms. Underwood, as Maria, lacked.\"", "The \"Times\" closed their review with, \"It was a live performance of a legendary musical that felt muted and a little sad.\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 130774, "normal_article_title": "Båstad Municipality", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=130774", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-130774-0-0", "normal-130774-0-1", "normal-130774-1-0", "normal-130774-1-1", "normal-130774-2-0", "normal-130774-3-0", "normal-130774-3-1", "normal-130774-4-0", "normal-130774-4-1", "normal-130774-4-2", "normal-130774-5-0", "normal-130774-5-1", "normal-130774-5-2", "normal-130774-5-3", "normal-130774-5-4", "normal-130774-6-0", "normal-130774-6-1", "normal-130774-7-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Båstad Municipality (\"Båstads kommun\") is a municipality in Skåne County in South Sweden, located in Sweden.", "Its seat is located in the town of Båstad.", "The present municipality was established in 1971 when the market town (\"köping\") \"Båstad\" was amalgamated with the surrounding rural municipalities.", "One parish was transferred from Halland County.", "There are 6 localities in Båstad Municipality.", "In the table they are listed according to the size of the population as of December 31, 2005.", "The municipal seat is in bold characters.", "Below are the results since the 1973 municipal reform listed.", "Between 1988 and 1998 the Sweden Democrats' results were not published by the SCB due to the party's small size nationwide.", "\"Turnout\" denotes the percentage of the electorate casting a ballot, but \"Votes\" only applies to valid ballots cast.", "This lists the relative strength of the socialist and centre-right blocs since 1973, but parties not elected to the Riksdag are inserted as \"other\", including the Sweden Democrats results from 1988 to 2006, but also the Christian Democrats pre-1991 and the Greens in 1982, 1985 and 1991.", "The sources are identical to the table above.", "The coalition or government mandate marked in bold formed the government after the election.", "New Democracy got elected in 1991 but are still listed as \"other\" due to the short lifespan of the party.", "\"Elected\" is the total number of percentage points from the municipality that went to parties who were elected to the Riksdag.", "Extending through the municipality, marking the border to the province Halland, is the ridge of Hallandia, or \"Hallandsåsen\".", "It is one of the highest points in the otherwise flat-terrained Scania, with a height of 226 meters.", "The ridge reached the public eye in 1997, when the construction of the Hallandsås Tunnel through the ridge caused fishes in the streams to die and cows grazing on the ridge to become paralyzed due to the poisonous substance acrylamide used by the digging company to counteract the high level of groundwater in the ridge." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 411764, "simple_article_title": "Båstad Municipality", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411764", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-411764-0-0", "simple-411764-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Båstad Municipality is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden.", "The seat is in Båstad." ] } }

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until 2016.", "He is the first English player to win league titles in four countries: England, Spain, the United States and France.", "He retired in May 2013 after a 20-year career, during which he won 19 major trophies.", "Beckham's professional club career began with Manchester United, where he made his first-team debut in 1992 at age 17.", "With United, he won the Premier League title six times, the FA Cup twice, and the UEFA Champions League in 1999.", "He then played four seasons with Real Madrid, winning the La Liga championship in his final season with the club.", "In July 2007, Beckham signed a five-year contract with Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy.", "While a Galaxy player, he spent two loan spells in Italy with Milan in 2009 and 2010.", "He was the first British footballer to play 100 UEFA Champions League games.", "In international football, Beckham made his England debut on 1 September 1996 at the age of 21.", "He was captain for six years, earning 58 caps during his tenure.", "He made 115 career appearances in total, appearing at three FIFA World Cup tournaments, in 1998, 2002 and 2006, and two UEFA European Championship tournaments, in 2000 and 2004.", "Known for his range of passing, crossing ability and bending free-kicks as a right winger, Beckham has been hailed as one of the greatest midfielders of all time.", "He was runner-up in the Ballon d'Or, twice runner-up for FIFA World Player of the Year and in 2004 was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players.", "He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008.", "A global ambassador for the sport, Beckham is regarded as a British cultural icon.", "Beckham has consistently ranked among the highest earners in football, and in 2013 was listed as the highest-paid player in the world, having earned over $50 million in the previous 12 months.", "He has been married to Victoria Beckham since 1999 and they have four children.", "He has been a UNICEF UK ambassador since 2005, and in 2015 he launched \"7: The David Beckham UNICEF Fund\".", "In 2014, MLS announced that Beckham and a group of investors would own an Inter Miami CF, which will begin in 2020.", "Beckham was born at Whipps Cross University Hospital in Leytonstone, London, England.", "He is the son of Sandra Georgina (\"née\" West; b. 1949), a hairdresser, and David Edward Alan \"Ted\" Beckham (b. Edmonton, London, 1948), a kitchen fitter, who married in the London Borough of Hackney in 1969.", "He has an older sister, Lynne Georgina, and a younger sister, Joanne Louise.", "He regularly played football in Ridgeway Park, Chingford, as a child, and attended Chase Lane Primary School and Chingford County High School.", "In a 2007 interview, Beckham said that, \"At school whenever the teachers asked, 'What do you want to do when you're older?'", "I'd say, 'I want to be a footballer.'", "And they'd say, 'No, what do you really want to do, for a job?'", "But that was the only thing I ever wanted to do.\"", "Beckham's maternal grandfather was Jewish, and Beckham has referred to himself as \"half Jewish\" and wrote in his autobiography \"I've probably had more contact with Judaism than with any other religion\".", "In his book \"Both Feet on the Ground\", he stated that growing up he attended church every week with his parents, because that was the only way he could play football for their team.", "His parents were fanatical Manchester United supporters who frequently travelled to Old Trafford from London to attend the team's home matches.", "David inherited his parents' love of Manchester United, and his main sporting passion was football.", "He attended one of Bobby Charlton's football schools in Manchester and won the chance to take part in a training session with Barcelona, as part of a talent competition.", "He played for a local youth team called Ridgeway Rovers, which was coached by his father, Stuart Underwood, and Steve Kirby.", "Beckham was a Manchester United mascot for a match against West Ham United in 1986.", "Young Beckham had trials with his local club Leyton Orient, Norwich City and attended Tottenham Hotspur's school of excellence.", "Tottenham Hotspur was the first club he played for.", "During a two-year period in which Beckham played for Brimsdown Rovers' youth team, he was named Under-15 Player of the Year in 1990.", "He also attended Bradenton Preparatory Academy, but signed schoolboy forms at Manchester United on his 14th birthday, and subsequently signed a Youth Training Scheme contract on 8 July 1991.", "Having signed for Manchester United as a trainee on 8 July 1991, Beckham was part of a group of young players, including Ryan Giggs, Gary Neville, Phil Neville, Nicky Butt and Paul Scholes, who were coached by Eric Harrison, and helped the club win the FA Youth Cup in .", "Beckham scored Manchester United's second goal in the 30th minute of their 3–1 first-leg win of the final against Crystal Palace on 14 April 1992.", "In the second leg on 15 May, Beckham played a full 90-minutes of the fixture which ended 3–2 in favour of Manchester United and 6–3 on aggregate.", "Beckham's impact led to a first-team debut on 23 September 1992, as a substitute for Andrei Kanchelskis in a League Cup match against Brighton & Hove Albion.", "Shortly afterwards, Beckham signed as a professional on 23 January 1993.", "Manchester United again reached the , where they faced Leeds United.", "The first leg was played on 10 May 1993, where Beckham started in Manchester United's 2–0 home loss but was replaced by substitute Robbie Savage.", "In the second leg on 13 May 1993, Beckham played the full 90 minutes of Manchester United's 2–1 defeat, which gave Leeds United a 4–1 aggregate score.", "Beckham also received honours with the club's reserve team when the squad won the league in 1994.", "In September 1994, Beckham made his first full appearance in the club's first team against Port Vale in a League Cup fixture.", "On 7 December 1994, Beckham made his UEFA Champions League debut, scoring a goal in a 4–0 victory at home to Galatasaray in the final game of the group stage.", "Despite the victory, however, they finished third out of four in their group, behind Barcelona.", "Beckham then went to Preston North End on loan for part of the 1994–95 season to get some first team experience.", "He impressed, scoring two goals in five appearances, notably scoring directly from a corner kick.", "Beckham returned to Manchester and made his Premier League debut for Manchester United on 2 April 1995, in a goalless draw against Leeds United.", "He played four times for United in the league that season, as they finished second behind Blackburn Rovers, missing out on a third successive Premier League title by a single point.", "He was not in the squad for the FA Cup final with Everton on 20 May, which United lost 1–0, leaving the club without a major trophy for the first time since 1989.", "United manager Sir Alex Ferguson had a great deal of confidence in the club's young players.", "Beckham was part of a group of young talents Ferguson brought into United in the 1990s (known as \"Fergie's Fledglings\"), which included Nicky Butt and Gary and Phil Neville.", "When experienced players Paul Ince, Mark Hughes, and Andrei Kanchelskis left the club after the end of the 1994–95 season, his decision to let youth team players replace them instead of buying star players from other clubs (United had been linked with moves for players including Darren Anderton, Marc Overmars and Roberto Baggio, but no major signings were made that summer), drew a great deal of criticism.", "The criticism increased when United started the season with a 3–1 defeat at Aston Villa, with Beckham scoring United's only goal of the game.", "However, United recovered from this early season defeat and the young players performed well.", "Beckham swiftly established himself as United's right-sided midfielder (rather than a right-winger in the style of his predecessor Andrei Kanchelskis) and helped them to win the Premier League title and FA Cup double that season, scoring the winner in the semi-final against Chelsea and also providing the corner from which Eric Cantona scored in the FA Cup Final.", "Beckham's first title medal had, for a while, looked like it would not be coming that season, as United were still 10 points adrift of leaders Newcastle United at the turn of the new year, but Beckham and his teammates had overhauled the Tynesiders at the top of the league by mid March and they remained top until the end of the season.", "Despite playing regularly and to a consistently high standard for Manchester United, Beckham did not break into the England squad before Euro 1996.", "At the beginning of the 1996–97 season, Beckham was given the number 10 shirt that had most recently been worn by Mark Hughes.", "On 17 August 1996 (the first day of the Premier League season), Beckham became something of a household name when he scored a spectacular goal in a match against Wimbledon.", "With United leading 2–0, Beckham noticed that Wimbledon's goalkeeper Neil Sullivan was standing a long way out of his goal, and hit a shot from the halfway line – 60 yards out – that floated over the goalkeeper and into the net.", "His goal celebration for the 60-yard strike saw him raise his arms and walk away smiling rather than run as he often would.", "When Beckham scored the goal he was wearing Adidas Predator boots.", "In a UK poll conducted by Channel 4 in 2002, the British public voted the goal No.18 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments.", "In a 2016 Sky Sports poll it was ranked the best opening day goal in Premier League history.", "During the 1996–97 season, Beckham became an automatic first-choice player at Manchester United, helping them to retain the Premier League title, and was voted PFA Young Player of the Year by his peers.", "Prior to the 1997–98 season, Beckham inherited the number 7 shirt, a number previously worn by such United legends as George Best and Eric Cantona.", "Manchester United started the season well but erratic performances in the second half of the season saw United finish second behind Arsenal.", "In the 1998–99 season, he was part of the United team that won the treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and Champions League, a unique feat in English football.", "There had been speculation that the criticism that he had received after being sent off in the World Cup would lead to him leaving England, but Beckham decided to stay at Manchester United.", "To ensure they would win the Premier League title, United needed to win their final league match of the season, at home to Tottenham.", "There were reports suggesting that the opposition would allow themselves to be beaten to prevent their local rivals Arsenal from retaining the title, but Tottenham took an early lead in the match.", "Beckham scored the equaliser with a curling strike from 25 yards out into the top left corner of the goal and United went on to win the match and the league.", "Beckham played in central midfield in United's win over Bayern Munich in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final, since United's first string centre-midfielders Paul Scholes and Roy Keane were suspended for the match.", "United were losing the match 1–0 at the end of normal time, but won the trophy by scoring two goals in injury time.", "Both of the goals came from corners taken by Beckham.", "Those crucial assists, coupled with great performances over the rest of the season, led to him finishing runner up to Rivaldo for 1999's European Footballer of the Year and FIFA World Player of the Year awards.", "Despite Beckham's achievements in the 1998–99 season, he was still unpopular among some opposition fans and journalists, and he was criticised after being sent off for a deliberate foul in Manchester United's World Club Championship match against Necaxa.", "It was suggested in the press that his wife was a bad influence on him, and that it might be in United's interests to sell him, but his manager publicly backed him and he stayed at the club.", "During the 1999–2000 season, there was a talk of a transfer to Juventus in Italy, but this never happened.", "Beckham helped United retain the Premier League title in 1999–2000 by an 18-point margin, after being pushed by Arsenal and Leeds United for much of the season.", "United won their final 11 league games of the season, with Beckham scoring five goals during this run, with his last goal coming from a swerving shot from the edge of the penalty area in their final home game against Tottenham Hotspur.", "By the early 2000s, the relationship between Ferguson and Beckham had begun to deteriorate, possibly as a result of Beckham's fame and commitments away from football.", "In 2000, Beckham was given permission to miss training to look after his son Brooklyn, who had gastroenteritis, but Ferguson was furious when Victoria Beckham was photographed at a London Fashion Week event on the same night, claiming that Beckham would have been able to train if Victoria had looked after Brooklyn that day.", "He responded by fining Beckham the maximum amount that was permitted (two weeks' wages – then £50,000) and dropping him for a crucial match against United's rivals Leeds United.", "He later criticised Beckham for this in his autobiography, claiming he had not been \"fair to his teammates\" Beckham had a good season for his club, though, and helped United to win the Premier League by a record margin.", "\"He was never a problem until he got married.", "He used to go into work with the academy coaches at night time, he was a fantastic young lad.", "Getting married into that entertainment scene was a difficult thing – from that moment, his life was never going to be the same.", "He is such a big celebrity, football is only a small part.\"'", "– Alex Ferguson speaking about Beckham's marriage in 2007.", "He was a key player in United's third successive league title in 2000–01, only the fourth time that any club had achieved three league titles in a row.", "He scored nine goals that season, all in the Premier League.", "On 10 April 2002, Beckham was injured during a Champions League match against Deportivo de La Coruña, breaking the second metatarsal bone in his left foot.", "There was speculation in the British media that the injury might have been caused deliberately, as the player who had injured Beckham was Argentine Aldo Duscher, and England and Argentina were due to meet in that year's World Cup.", "The injury prevented Beckham from playing for United for the rest of the season and they missed out on the Premier League title to Arsenal (also being knocked out of the Champions League by Bayer Leverkusen on away goals in the semi-finals), but he signed a three-year contract in May, following months of negotiations with the club, mostly concerning extra payments for his image rights.", "The income from his new contract, and his many endorsement deals, made him the highest-paid player in the world at the time.", "Despite the injury, 2001–02 was arguably Beckham's best season as a United player; he scored 11 goals in 28 league games, and a total of 16 goals in 42 games in all competitions, the best of his career.", "Following an injury early in the 2002–03 season, Beckham was unable to regain his place on the Manchester United team, with Ole Gunnar Solskjær having replaced him on the right side of midfield.", "His relationship with his manager deteriorated further on 15 February 2003 when, in the changing room following an FA Cup defeat to Arsenal, a furious Alex Ferguson threw", "Beckham had made 265 Premier league appearances for United and scored 61 goals.", "He also made 81 Champions league appearances, scoring 15 goals.", "Beckham won six Premier League titles, two FA Cups, one European Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FA Youth Cup in the space of 12 years.", "By this stage, he was their joint second longest serving player behind Ryan Giggs (having joined them at the same time as Nicky Butt, Gary Neville and Paul Scholes).", "As the summer 2003 transfer window approached, Manchester United appeared keen to sell Beckham to Barcelona and the two clubs even announced that they reached a deal for Beckham's transfer, but instead he joined reigning Spanish champions Real Madrid for €37 million on a four-year contract.", "Beckham was the latest signing in the \"Galácticos\" era of global stars signed by club president Florentino Pérez every summer.", "The news came as a bitter blow to the newly elected Barcelona president Joan Laporta, who based much of his presidential campaign on signing Beckham.", "Though announced in mid-June, the transfer was completed on 1 July 2003, making him the third Englishman to play for the club, after Laurie Cunningham and Steve McManaman.", "Following a successful medical on 2 July, Beckham was unveiled in front of 500 accredited journalists from 25 countries at Real's basketball facility, where he was handed the famous white shirt by club legend Alfredo Di Stéfano.", "Although Beckham had worn the number seven shirt for Manchester United and England, he was unable to wear it at Madrid as it was assigned to club captain Raúl.", "He decided to wear number 23 instead, citing his admiration of basketball player Michael Jordan, who also wore the number 23 shirt, as the reason behind his decision.", "In the week before Beckham's presentation, Real named Carlos Queiroz as their new head coach, meaning that Beckham was reunited with a familiar face upon arriving to Madrid, since Queiroz had spent the previous season as Alex Ferguson's assistant at Manchester United.", "In late July 2003, the club went on a tour of the Far East as part of pre-season training, but also to cash in on Beckham's huge marketing appeal in Asia, where he enjoyed tremendous following.", "Real's brand recognition in that part of the globe was already well established as the club made financially successful trips to Asia during previous off-seasons.", "The presence of a global marketing icon such as Beckham, however, made this particular tour a financial smash for \"los Merengues\".", "Shortly after his transfer to Real, Beckham also ended his relationship with agent Tony Stephens of SFX Europe, who had guided him through his career until that point, including helping to engineer Beckham's move from Manchester to Madrid.", "Beckham signed on with Simon Fuller and his company 19 Entertainment, which already managed the career of Victoria.", "Beckham also appointed close friend Terry Byrne to be his personal manager.", "In late August 2003, Real Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup over two legs versus RCD Mallorca, with Beckham scoring the final goal in a 3–0 return leg win at home, thus setting the stage for the start of the league season.", "Playing in a star-laden team which included three former FIFA World Player of the Year recipients, Zinedine Zidane, Ronaldo and Luís Figo, in addition to Roberto Carlos, Raúl and Iker Casillas, Beckham did not require much time to settle in, scoring five times in his first 16 matches (including a goal less than three minutes into his La Liga debut).", "Queiroz mostly favoured the adaptable 5–3–2 formation, with two fullbacks Míchel Salgado and Roberto Carlos, often joining the attack down the wings, while Beckham played on the right of the three-man midfield, alongside Zidane and Figo.", "Real Madrid were runners-up in the Copa del Rey, were knocked out of the UEFA Champions League at the quarter-final stage and finished the league season in fourth place, meaning the team, whose president Pérez expected them to win either the Spanish league or the Champions League each season, did not match expectations.", "In July 2004, while Beckham was in pre-season training in Spain, an intruder scaled a wall at the Beckham home while carrying a can of petrol.", "Victoria and their children were in the house at the time, but security guards apprehended the man before he reached the house.", "The league season began with new head coach José Antonio Camacho at the helm, but he ended up lasting only three matches, handing in his resignation as Real dropped to eighth spot in the La Liga standings.", "Camacho's assistant Mariano García Remón took over on temporary basis as Real's leadership scrambled to find a permanent replacement.", "Beckham made more headlines on 9 October 2004 when he admitted intentionally fouling Ben Thatcher in an England match against Wales to get himself booked.", "Beckham was due to receive a one-match suspension for his next caution, and had picked up an injury which he knew would keep him out of England's next match, so he deliberately fouled Thatcher to serve his suspension in a match that he would have had to miss anyway.", "The Football Association asked Beckham for an explanation of his actions and he admitted that he had \"made a mistake\" and apologised.", "He was sent off shortly afterwards, this time in a league match for Real Madrid against Valencia.", "Having received a yellow card, he was judged to have sarcastically applauded the referee and was given a second yellow card, causing an automatic dismissal, although the suspension was cancelled on appeal.", "By Christmas 2004, with the team sitting in second position in the league, García Remón was dismissed, and Vanderlei Luxemburgo became the new head coach.", "However, the well-travelled Brazilian failed to inspire the team to the title as Real again finished the season in second position.", "On 3 December 2005, Beckham was sent off for the third time that season in a league match against Getafe CF. A day later Luxemburgo was sacked and was replaced by Juan Ramón López Caro.", "By the end of that season, Beckham led La Liga in number of assists.", "During the season, Beckham established football academies in Los Angeles and east London and was named a judge for the 2006 British Book Awards.", "Real Madrid finished second to Barcelona in the 2005–06 La Liga, albeit with a large 12-point gap, and only reached the last 16 in the Champions League after losing to Arsenal.", "The season also marked the end of an era for the club as Pérez resigned his post as president in January 2006, with Vicente Boluda named as replacement on an interim basis until the end of the season.", "The summer 2006 off-season marked a turbulent time as the club's presidential elections were held.", "Ramón Calderón became the new Real president.", "As expected, none of the club officials who served under the previous president was kept, including head coach López Caro.", "Initially out of favour with newly arrived head coach Fabio Capello, Beckham started only a few games at the beginning of the season, as the speedier José Antonio Reyes was normally preferred on the right wing.", "Of the first nine matches Beckham started, Real lost seven.", "On 10 January 2007, after prolonged contractual negotiations, Real Madrid's sporting director Predrag Mijatović announced that Beckham would not remain at Real Madrid after the end of the season.", "However, he later claimed that he was mistranslated and that he actually said that Beckham's contract had not yet been renewed.", "On 11 January 2007, Beckham announced that he had signed a five-year deal to play for the LA Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007.", "On 13 January 2007, Fabio Capello said that Beckham had played his last game for Real Madrid, although he continued to train with the team.", "A few days later, while speaking to the students at Villanueva University Center in Madrid, Calderón said that Beckham is \"going to Hollywood to be half a film star\", adding \"our technical staff were right not to extend his contract, which has been proved by the fact that no other technical staff in the world wanted him except Los Angeles\".", "About a month later, however, Capello backtracked on his earlier statement, allowing Beckham to rejoin the team for the match against Real Sociedad on 10 February 2007.", "The player immediately repaid his head coach's trust by scoring the equalising goal from a 27-yard free kick, as Real Madrid eventually recorded a 2–1 victory.", "In his final UEFA Champions League appearance for the club, Real Madrid were knocked out of the competition by Bayern Munich at the round-of-16 stage (on the away goals rule) on 7 March 2007.", "Beckham played a pivotal role in all three Madrid goals in the home game, with Bayern goalkeeper Oliver Kahn describing his performance as \"world class\".", "On 17 June 2007, the last day of the La Liga season, Beckham started in his final match for the club, a 3–1 win over Mallorca which saw them clinch the title from Barcelona.", "With Real down 0–1, Beckham limped off the field and was replaced by José Antonio Reyes, who scored two goals, leading the team to that season's La Liga title, their first since Beckham had signed with them and 30th overall in the club's history.", "Although Real and Barçelona both finished level on points, Madrid took the title because of their superior head-to-head record, capping a remarkable six-month turnaround for Beckham.", "With his wife and children, along with celebrity friends Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes, watching from a luxury box at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, it was only Beckham's second piece of silverware since he joined the famous club.", "Towards the end of the season, as Beckham was getting back into Capello's good books after successfully fighting his way back into the first team, Real Madrid announced they would try to untie his transfer to LA Galaxy, but were ultimately unsuccessful.", "Several weeks before Beckham's scheduled arrival in the United States, Real's management contacted LA Galaxy's ownership group about reacquiring the player, but were quickly turned down.", "A month after the conclusion of Beckham's Real career, \"Forbes\" magazine reported that he had been the party primarily responsible for the team's huge increase in merchandise sales, a total reported to top US$600 million during Beckham's four years at the club.", "Beckham's involvement with Major League Soccer (MLS) began while he was still a Real Madrid player when it was confirmed on 11 January 2007 that he would be leaving Madrid in six months to join MLS side LA Galaxy.", "The speculation about his new contract in Madrid was thus put to an end and the following day Beckham's official press conference was held in conjunction with the 2007 MLS SuperDraft.", "The announcement made global headlines and elevated the league's profile.", "Though many worldwide media outlets reported the deal to be worth US$250 million, the astronomical figure was soon revealed to be something of a PR stunt engineered by Beckham's media handlers (British representative agency 19 Entertainment).", "To maximise the media effect, in the press release they decided to list the potential sum that Beckham could make over the five-year period from all his revenue sources, which in addition to his Galaxy pay also include his personal endorsements.", "Beckham's actual deal with the Galaxy was a five-year contract worth US$32.5 million in total or $6.5 million per year.", "The high-profile acquisition paid immediate financial dividends for Galaxy long before Beckham joined the team.", "On the strength of the signing and the media frenzy it created, the club was able to pull off a new five-year shirt sponsorship deal with Herbalife nutrition company worth US$20 million.", "The gate revenue peaked as well with 11,000 new season tickets holders and sold-out luxury suites (each one of the 42 inside the team's home stadium, the Home Depot Center).", "LA Galaxy owners Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) also reported an immediate spike in business.", "Involved on many business fronts worldwide, AEG was already leveraging its Beckham association in places such as China, where the company had been working aggressively in Shanghai and Beijing for years to receive clearance to build arenas and stadiums.", "The company's CEO Tim Leiweke put it as follows: \"Suddenly, we're known as the company that owns the team that David Beckham is going to play for, so our world changed\".", "In the months following the announcement, the additional terms of Beckham's contract became public knowledge.", "One unique contract provision was giving him the option of buying an MLS expansion franchise in any market except New York City at the fixed price of $25 million whenever he stopped playing in the league – an allowance that the league's owners had never given to a player before.", "Another provision was the opt-out clause after the 2009 season, meaning that should he decide so, Beckham was free to leave the club after completing year three of his five-year contract.", "The league had a salary cap in place, requiring the creation of the Designated Player Rule for Beckham to bypass the cap; the rule was later nicknamed in his honor.", "In April 2007, he and wife Victoria bought an $18.2 million home on San Ysidro Drive in Beverly Hills.", "Beckham's contract with LA Galaxy took effect on 11 July, and on 13 July, the Englishman was officially unveiled as a Galaxy player at the Home Depot Center to much fanfare and world media interest in front of more than 5,000 gathered fans and some 700 accredited media members.", "Beckham chose to wear number 23.", "It was announced that Galaxy jersey sales had already reached a record figure of over 250,000 prior to this formal introduction.", "In parallel, Beckham's handlers at 19 Entertainment succeeded in putting together an unprecedented US media rollout designed to expand his carefully crafted personal brand in America.", "He made the cover of \"Sports Illustrated\", a few weeks earlier Adidas launched the extensive 13-part ad campaign \"Fútbol meets Football\" starring Beckham and NFL running back Reggie Bush, and \"W\" magazine published a racy photo spread featuring David and wife Victoria photographed by Steven Klein.", "Meanwhile, ESPN sports network was running a promotional campaign and it also agreed to air \"David Beckham: New Beginnings\" documentary produced by 19 Entertainment before the friendly match versus Chelsea, which was expected to be Beckham's American debut.", "In addition to popularising soccer, Beckham's arrival was used as platform for entertainment industry endeavours.", "Since both Beckham's and his wife's often overlapping careers were handled by 19 Entertainment, which is owned by Simon Fuller, who in turn has a business relationship with the Creative Artists Agency (CAA), one of Hollywood's most powerful talent agencies, it was important also for CAA that the Beckhams made as big an impact as possible upon their arrival in the United States.", "On 16 July, CAA had hosted a welcoming bash for David at its new eight-storey, $400 million headquarters in Century City with CAA employees reportedly instructed beforehand to line the staircase and clap for Beckham upon his arrival.", "That night Victoria's reality show prime-time special \"\" aired on NBC, drawing negative reviews in the press and poor viewership ratings.", "On Saturday afternoon, 21 July, despite still nursing the injured left ankle that he picked up a month earlier during the final match of La Liga's season, Beckham made his Galaxy debut, coming on for Alan Gordon in the 78th minute of a 0–1 friendly loss to Chelsea as part of the World Series of Soccer.", "With a capacity crowd, along with a long Hollywood celebrity list featuring Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Eva Longoria, Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Drew Carey among others, present at the Home Depot Center, the match was broadcast live on ESPN's main network.", "However, the proceedings on the field of play took a back seat to the Beckham spectacle, and despite the presence of worldwide football stars such as Andriy Shevchenko, Didier Drogba, Michael Ballack, and Frank Lampard, the US television cameras were firmly focused on Beckham who spent most of the match on the bench.", "The match's added time featured a scare for already injured Beckham when he got tackled by Steve Sidwell whose cleats struck Beckham's right foot, sending him airborne before he crumpled hard to the ground.", "Though the existing injury was not aggravated too much, Beckham's recovery process was set back by about a week.", "ESPN's presentation of Beckham's debut earned a 1.0 TV rating, meaning it was seen in an average of 947,000 television homes in the US – a disappointing figure given the national media buzz and two weeks of constant promotion by ESPN.", "As far as sporting events that were televised that weekend in the United States, Beckham's much publicised debut drew fewer TV viewers than British Open golf tournament, a regular-season national baseball game, and even the Indy Racing League's Honda 200 motor race.", "The day after the made-for-TV debut was reserved for the welcoming party for the Beckhams at LA's Museum of Contemporary Art, formally billed as being hosted by Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Will Smith, and Jada Pinkett Smith though in actuality a CAA-organized event.", "Attended by many Hollywood A-listers, the lavish bash was big news in the US celebrity tabloid media, including daily entertainment TV magazines such as \"Entertainment Tonight\" and \"Access Hollywood\".", "Beckham missed the next four LA Galaxy matches – three in the North American SuperLiga and an MLS game away at Toronto FC though he still made the trip with his teammates, sitting on the bench in street clothes.", "It was in Toronto on 5 August that the team got its first taste of what life would be like on the road with Beckham on the roster.", "Due to security concerns, it was the first time the team flew on a charter for a road match, rather than flying commercial (MLS normally forbids charter flights for away matches, claiming they provide competitive advantage, but in this case they made an exception due to the frenzy created around Beckham and resulting security issues).", "Also, instead of the usual MLS-mandated modest hotels, LA Galaxy stayed at the five-star Le Méridien King Edward in downtown Toronto (an expense paid for by the local Toronto promoter), while the glitz and glamour continued with the velvet rope, red carpet party at the Ultra Supper Club with Beckham as the centerpiece guest.", "Two weeks after his 12-minute appearance against Chelsea, Beckham made his league debut as a substitute on 9 August away versus D.C. United in front of the sellout crowd of 46,686 (nearly three times the average D.C. United home crowd) at the RFK Stadium, coming on for Quavas Kirk in the 71st minute.", "Coming into the nationally televised match on ESPN, played under a heavy downpour with his team down a man and down a goal, Beckham left a mark during the remaining 20-plus minutes.", "He hit a long free kick that Carlos Pavón failed to finish on for the equaliser, and then in the final minutes Beckham served a weighted through ball into Landon Donovan's path that United's keeper Troy Perkins managed to break up in the last moment – the Galaxy lost 1–0.", "The next match on the road trip was at New England Revolution and Beckham decided to sit it out, fearing further aggravating his ankle injury on the Gillette Stadium's artificial surface.", "Beckham returned to the pitch the following week, again facing D.C. United, in the SuperLiga semi-final on 15 August.", "During this game he had many firsts with the Galaxy; his first start, first yellow card and first game as team captain.", "He also scored his first goal for the team, from a free kick, and also made his first assist, for Landon Donovan in the second half.", "These goals gave the team a 2–0 victory, and a place in the North American SuperLiga final versus Pachuca on 29 August.", "During the SuperLiga final against Pachuca, Beckham injured his right knee, with an MRI scan revealing that he had sprained his medial collateral ligament and would be out for six weeks.", "He returned to play in the final home match of the season.", "The Galaxy were eliminated from playoff contention on 21 October, in the final MLS match of the season, a 1–0 loss to the Chicago Fire.", "Beckham played as a substitute in the match, bringing his season totals to eight matches played (5 league); one goal scored (0 league); and three assists (2 league).", "Beckham trained with Arsenal from 4 January 2008 for three weeks until he returned to the Galaxy for pre-season training.", "Beckham scored his first league goal with the Galaxy on 3 April against the San Jose Earthquakes in the ninth minute.", "On 24 May 2008, the Galaxy defeated the Kansas City Wizards 3–1, giving the Galaxy their first winning record in two years and moving the club into first place in the Western Conference.", "In the match, Beckham scored an empty-net goal from 70 yards out.", "The goal marked the second time in Beckham's career that he had scored from his own half, the other being a 1996-goal from the half-way line against Wimbledon at Selhurst Park.", "Overall, however, the Galaxy had a disappointing year, failing to qualify for the end-of-season play-offs.", "In 2008, Beckham's success in the England national team under Fabio Capello led to speculation that he might return to Europe to retain match fitness for the World Cup qualifying matches in 2009.", "On 30 October 2008, Milan announced that Beckham was to join them on loan from 7 January 2009.", "Despite this and other speculation, Beckham made it clear that the move in no way signalled his intent to leave MLS and announced his intent to return to the Galaxy in time for the start of the 2009 season in March.", "Many at Milan both within and outside of the club expressed serious reservations about the transfer, with it considered by some players no more than a marketing move.", "Beckham was unveiled at Milan's training facility by the club's chief executive Adriano Galliani on 20 December 2008.", "The player chose the number 32 shirt previously worn by Christian Vieri, as both the number 7 and 23 shirts were already used by Alexandre Pato and club vice captain Massimo Ambrosini, respectively.", "The day after his unveiling, Beckham was brought to San Siro where he got introduced to home fans by walking out on the pitch before the league match versus Udinese and proclaiming \"Forza Milan\" over the public address system.", "Afterwards, he and wife Victoria watched from a luxury box as Milan won 5–1.", "Playing on the squad led by the 26-year-old superstar Kaká in addition to several other world-class players at or near the peak of their careers – 28-year-old Ronaldinho, and 29-year-old Andrea Pirlo – as well as club veterans Paolo Maldini, Clarence Seedorf, Massimo Ambrosini, Giuseppe Favalli, Gianluca Zambrotta, Filippo Inzaghi and Andriy Shevchenko, Beckham made his competitive debut for the \"rossoneri\" in Serie A as a starter away at Roma on 11 January 2009, playing 89 minutes of the 2–2 draw in front of 53,444 at the Stadio Olimpico.", "Playing his first competitive match in almost three months, Beckham gave a decent performance in right midfield alongside Pirlo.", "Though clearly lacking match fitness, occasionally struggling to keep up in a high-tempo match, Beckham put in enough useful crosses and corners to justify the coach Carlo Ancelotti's decision to play him from the start.", "In Beckham's home debut against Fiorentina a week later, he turned in another understated performance on the right side of midfield before advancing into a more active central role in the second half thus effectively taking over Seedorf's role after the Dutchman was subbed off.", "Milan won 1–0 courtesy of Pato, but the 65,000+ San Siro crowd mostly focused on Kaká, imploring him to stay.", "A noticeably older team, Ancelotti-coached Milan was proving a good fit for the 33-year-old Englishman.", "He scored his first goal in Serie A for Milan in a 4–1 victory over Bologna on 25 January, his third appearance for the club.", "Though Beckham was expected to return to Los Angeles in March, after impressing at the Italian club, scoring two goals in his first four matches and assisting on several more, rumours began to swirl that Beckham would stay in Milan, with the Italian club reportedly offering to pay a multimillion-dollar fee for him.", "The rumours were confirmed on 4 February, when Beckham stated that he was seeking a permanent transfer to Milan in a bid to sustain his England career through the 2010 World Cup.", "Milan, however, failed to match Galaxy's valuation of Beckham, in the US$10–15 million range.", "Still, negotiations continued during a month of speculation.", "On 2 March, the \"Los Angeles Times\" reported that Beckham's loan had been extended through mid-July.", "This was later confirmed by Beckham, revealing what was described as a unique \"timeshare\" deal, in which Beckham would play with L.A. from mid-July until the end of the 2009 MLS season.", "After his return from Milan, many LA fans showed dislike and anger towards him as he missed the first half of the season and several held up signs saying \"Go home fraud\", and \"Part-time player\".", "The Galaxy, however, had a much more successful season than in previous years, rising from third to first in the Western Conference during Beckham's time with them.", "He remained a key part of the squad which saw Galaxy win the 2009 Western Conference final after a 2–0 overtime victory over the Houston Dynamo.", "In the final on 22 November 2009, the Galaxy lost to Real Salt Lake by 5–4 in a penalty shoot-out after a 1–1 draw.", "Beckham also scored in the shootout.", "In November 2009, after the end of 2009 MLS season, it was confirmed that Beckham would return to Milan for a second loan period beginning in January 2010.", "On 6 January 2010, Beckham made a winning return in a Milan shirt, playing 75 minutes of a 5–2 victory over Genoa.", "On 16 February 2010, Beckham played against Manchester United for the first time since he left the club in 2003.", "He played 76 minutes of the match at the San Siro – which ended 3–2 to Manchester United – before being substituted for Clarence Seedorf.", "Beckham returned to Old Trafford for the second leg of the tie on 10 March 2010; he did not start the match, but was brought on for Ignazio Abate in the 64th minute to a positive reception from the Manchester United fans.", "The score was 3–0 for United at that point and the tie was all but decided.", "The match was the first time Beckham had played against Manchester United at Old Trafford and saw him create several scoring opportunities via crosses and corner kicks, but Manchester United dominated Milan and beat them 4–0, winning the tie 7–2.", "Following the final whistle, he aroused a bit of controversy by draping the green-and-gold scarf around his neck that was given to him by the Manchester United supporters protesting against club owner Malcolm Glazer.", "As the fan protests against Glazer by the people gathered around Manchester United Supporters' Trust gained steam in 2010, the green-and-gold scarf had come to be seen as an anti-Glazer symbol, and by extension many saw Beckham's decision to publicly put it on as gesture of support.", "When asked about it later, however, Beckham responded that protests are not his business.", "In Milan's next game, against Chievo, Beckham suffered a torn left Achilles tendon, causing him to miss the World Cup as well as the MLS season due to the injury, which took him out of action for the next five months.", "Doctor Sakari Orava performed surgery on Beckham's tendon in Turku, Finland, on 15 March 2010.", "After the operation, Orava affirmed that, \"it went quite fine.", "The prognosis is he needs a rehabilitation for the next few months, and the plaster cast is the next six to eight weeks.", "I would say that it will be maybe four months before he's running, but six months before he's jumping and kicking.\"", "On 11 September 2010, after recovering from his Achilles tendon injury, Beckham returned to the game as a substitute in the 70th minute in the Galaxy's 3–1 win over Columbus Crew.", "On 4 October, Beckham scored a trademark free kick in a 2–1 win over Chivas USA to mark his first goal in 2010.", "On 24 October, Beckham scored his second goal of the season in the Galaxy's 2–1 win over FC Dallas which secured them their second successive Western Conference title and first MLS Supporters' Shield since 2002.", "During January and February 2011, ahead of the 2011 MLS season, Beckham trained with Tottenham Hotspur.", "Rumours in the media claimed that the club were in talks with the Galaxy to sign the player on loan, but, according to Spurs manager Harry Redknapp, the move was blocked by Galaxy, who wanted a full final season from their number 23.", "As a result, he ended up only training with the club as he had done with Arsenal three years earlier.", "With Beckham playing in the centre of midfield, the Galaxy won the 2011 MLS cup.", "On 15 May, Beckham scored his first goal of the season for the Galaxy from a 30-yard free kick, in a 4–1 victory over Sporting Kansas City.", "On 9 July, Beckham scored directly from a corner in a 2–1 win over Chicago Fire, repeating a feat he also achieved while playing for Preston North End.", "After having his best season with the Galaxy to date and finishing second in the league in assists, Beckham finished his fifth MLS season on a high.", "On 20 November 2011, he joined an elite group of players to have won league titles in three countries, when Los Angeles won their third MLS Cup against the Houston Dynamo, winning 1–0 on a goal by captain Landon Donovan, with assists from Beckham and fellow designated player Robbie Keane.", "Following the 2011 season, in which the Galaxy won their second consecutive Supporters' Shield, having the second most points in MLS history, Beckham's five-year contract with the Galaxy expired on 31 December 2011.", "Despite being 36, he stated that he did not intend to retire.", "Beckham was heavily linked with Paris Saint-Germain, but on 18 January 2012, Galaxy announced Beckham had signed a new two-year contract to remain in Los Angeles.", "In May 2012, Beckham and his victorious teammates were received by President of the United States Barack Obama at the White House.", "Beckham helped the Galaxy to a fourth-place finish in the MLS Western Conference 2012 regular season with Beckham scoring seven goals and adding nine assists.", "The Galaxy defeated Vancouver Whitecaps FC, the San Jose Earthquakes, and Seattle Sounders FC on their way to the MLS Cup final, where they defeated the Houston Dynamo 3–1 to retain the cup.", "He was subbed off in the 89th minute for Marcelo Sarvas and was given a standing ovation at their home venue.", "Beckham had earlier announced that the 2012 MLS Cup Final would be his final game with the Galaxy despite having another year remaining on his contract.", "On 31 January 2013, ahead of the transfer deadline it was announced that Beckham would be undergoing a medical with Paris Saint-Germain ahead of a potential move to the Ligue 1 side.", "Beckham signed a five-month deal with the club later that afternoon and confirmed that his entire salary during his time in Paris would be donated to a local children's charity.", "His PSG debut came on 24 February 2013, when he came off the bench in the 76th minute in a Ligue 1 home match against Marseille.", "This made him the 400th player in the history of the club.", "On 12 May 2013, Beckham won a fourth different top flight winners' medal after PSG beat Lyon 1–0 to claim the Ligue 1 title.", "On 16 May 2013, Beckham announced that he would retire from professional football at the end of that year's French football season.", "Following his decision to retire at the end of the 2012–13 season, Beckham was given specially designed boots in the colours of the Union Jack to wear in his final game.", "These boots had the names of his wife and children stitched on to them.", "On 18 May 2013, Beckham was made captain in his final home game against Brest.", "In this game, Beckham assisted a goal by Matuidi from a corner.", "Beckham was subbed after 80 minutes, receiving hugs from his fellow players and manager, as well as a standing ovation from fans.", "PSG went on to win the game 3–1.", "Beckham made his first appearance for the England national team on 1 September 1996, in a World Cup qualifying match against Moldova.", "Beckham had played in all of England's qualifying matches for the 1998 World Cup and was part of the England squad at the World Cup finals in France, but the team's manager Glenn Hoddle publicly accused him of not concentrating on the tournament, and he did not start in either of England's first two games.", "He was picked for the third game against Colombia and scored with a bending 30-yard free kick in a 2–0 victory, which was his first goal for England.", "In the second round (last 16) of that competition, he received a red card in England's match against Argentina.", "Beckham, after having been fouled by Diego Simeone, kicked Simeone while lying on the floor, striking him on the calf muscle.", "\"Sports Illustrated\" was critical of the Argentinians' theatrics in that incident, stating that Simeone first delivered a \"heavy-handed challenge\" on Beckham and then \"fell like a ton of bricks\" when Beckham retaliated.", "Simeone later admitted to trying to get Beckham sent off by over-reacting to the kick and then, along with other members of his team, urging the referee to send Beckham off.", "The match finished in a draw and England were eliminated in a penalty shootout.", "Many supporters and journalists blamed him for England's elimination and he became the target of criticism and abuse, including the hanging of an effigy outside a London pub, and the \"Daily Mirror\" printing a dartboard with a picture of him centred on the bullseye.", "Beckham also received death threats after the World Cup.", "The abuse that Beckham was receiving from English supporters peaked during England's 3–2 defeat by Portugal in Euro 2000, a match where Beckham set up two goals, when a group of England supporters taunted him throughout the match.", "Beckham responded by raising his middle finger and, while the gesture attracted some criticism, many of the newspapers that had previously encouraged his vilification asked their readers to stop abusing him.", "On 15 November 2000, following Kevin Keegan's resignation as England manager in October, Beckham was promoted to team captain by the caretaker manager Peter Taylor, and then kept the role under new manager Sven-Göran Eriksson.", "Beckham played a major role in helping England qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, starring in an impressive 5–1 victory over Germany in Munich.", "The final step in Beckham's conversion from villain to national hero happened in England's final qualifying game against Greece on 6 October 2001.", "England needed to win or draw the match to qualify outright for the World Cup, but were losing 2–1 with little time remaining.", "When Teddy Sheringham was fouled eight yards outside the Greek penalty area, England were awarded a free-kick and Beckham ensured England's qualification with a curling strike of the kind that had become his trademark.", "Beckham was voted the BBC Sports Personality of the Year for 2001, and finished runner-up, to Luís Figo of Portugal, for the FIFA World Player of the Year award.", "Beckham was partially fit by the time of the 2002 World Cup held in Japan and South Korea, and played in the first match against Sweden.", "After the events of four years earlier, Beckham achieved a degree of revenge over Argentina by scoring the winning goal with a penalty, causing Argentina to fail to qualify for the knockout stage.", "England defeated Denmark in the second round with Beckham providing an assist in a 3–0 win.", "England were knocked out in the quarter-finals by eventual winners Brazil after Ronaldinho scored the winner.", "The following month, at the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, Beckham escorted Kirsty Howard as she presented the Jubilee Baton to the Queen.", "Beckham played in all of England's matches at Euro 2004.", "He had a penalty saved in England's 2–1 defeat to France and missed another in a penalty shootout in the quarter-final match against Portugal.", "England lost the shootout thus going out of the competition.", "Beckham became a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in January 2005 and was involved in promoting London's successful bid for the 2012 Olympic Games.", "In October 2005, Beckham's sending off against Austria made him the first England captain to be sent off and the first player to be sent off twice while playing for England.", "He captained England for the 50th time in a friendly international against Argentina the following month.", "In England's opening game at the 2006 World Cup, against Paraguay on 10 June 2006, Beckham's free kick led to an own-goal by Carlos Gamarra as England won 1–0.", "In England's next match, played against Trinidad and Tobago on 15 June 2006, Beckham's cross in the 83rd minute led to a Peter Crouch goal, which put England into the lead 1–0.", "Beckham gave another assist to Steven Gerrard.", "In the end they won 2–0.", "He was named Man of the Match by tournament sponsor Budweiser.", "During England's second round match against Ecuador, Beckham scored from a free kick in the 59th minute, becoming the first English player to score in three separate World Cups, and giving England a 1–0 victory and a place in the quarter-finals.", "He was sick before the game and vomited several times as a result of dehydration and illness that he got after having scored the winning goal for England.", "In the quarter-final against Portugal, Beckham was substituted following an injury shortly after half time and the England team went on to lose the match on penalties (3–1), the score having been 0–0 after extra time.", "After his substitution, Beckham was visibly shaken and emotional for not being able to play, being in tears at one point.", "A day after England were knocked out of the World Cup, an emotional Beckham made a statement in a news conference that he had stepped down as England captain, stating, \"It has been an honour and privilege to captain my country but, having been captain for 58 of my 95 games, I feel the time is right to pass on the armband as we enter a new era under Steve McClaren.\"", "(Beckham had won 94 caps up to that point.)", "He was succeeded by Chelsea captain John Terry.", "Having stepped down as captain after the World Cup, Beckham was dropped completely from the England national team selected by new coach Steve McClaren on 11 August 2006.", "McClaren claimed that he was \"looking to go in a different direction\" with the team, and that Beckham \"wasn't included within that.\"", "McClaren said Beckham could be recalled in future.", "Shaun Wright-Phillips, Kieran Richardson, and the World Cup alternative to Beckham, Aaron Lennon, were all included, although McClaren eventually opted to employ Steven Gerrard in that role.", "On 26 May 2007, McClaren announced that Beckham would be recalled to the England squad for the first time since stepping down as their captain.", "Beckham started against Brazil in England's first match at the new Wembley Stadium and put in a positive performance.", "In the second half, he set up England's goal converted by captain John Terry.", "It looked as though England would claim victory over Brazil, but newcomer Diego equalised in the dying seconds.", "In England's next match, a Euro 2008 qualifier against Estonia, Beckham sent two trademark assists for Michael Owen and Peter Crouch, helping England to prevail 3–0.", "Beckham had assisted in three of England's four total goals in those two games, and he stated his desire to continue to play for England after his move to Major League Soccer.", "On 22 August 2007, Beckham played in a friendly for England against Germany, becoming the first to play for England while with a non-European club team.", "On 21 November 2007, Beckham earned his 99th cap against Croatia, setting up a goal for Peter Crouch to tie the game at 2–2.", "Following the 2–3 loss, England failed to qualify for the Euro 2008 Finals.", "Despite this, Beckham said that he has no plans to retire from international football and wanted to continue playing for the national team.", "After being passed over by new England coach and Beckham's former manager at Real Madrid, Fabio Capello, for a friendly against Switzerland which would have given him his hundredth cap; Beckham admitted that he was not in shape at the time, as he had not played a competitive match in three months.", "On 20 March 2008, Beckham was recalled to the England squad by Capello for the friendly against France in Paris on 26 March.", "Beckham became only the fifth Englishman to win 100 caps.", "Capello had hinted on 25 March 2008 that Beckham had a long-term future in his side ahead of crucial qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup.", "On 11 May 2008, Capello included an in-form Beckham in his 31-man England squad to face the United States at Wembley Stadium on 28 May before the away fixture with Trinidad and Tobago on 1 June.", "Beckham was honoured before the match by receiving an honorary gold cap representing his 100th cap from Bobby Charlton, and was given a standing ovation from the crowd.", "He played well and assisted John Terry on the match-winning goal.", "When substituted at half-time for David Bentley, the pro-Beckham crowd booed the decision.", "In a surprise move, Capello handed Beckham the captaincy for England's friendly against Trinidad and Tobago on 1 June 2008.", "The match was the first time since the 2006 World Cup that Beckham had skippered England and marked a dramatic turnaround for Beckham.", "In two years, he had gone from being dropped completely from the England squad to being reinstated (though temporarily) as England captain.", "During the 2010 World Cup Qualifier against Belarus in which England won 3–1 in Minsk, Beckham came off the bench in the 87th minute to earn his 107th cap making him England's third-most-capped player in history, overtaking Bobby Charlton in the process.", "On 11 February 2009, Beckham drew level with Bobby Moore's record of 108 caps for an English outfield player, coming on as a substitute for Stewart Downing in a friendly match against Spain.", "On 28 March 2009, Beckham surpassed Moore to hold the record outright when he came on as a substitute in a friendly against Slovakia, providing the assist for a goal from Wayne Rooney in the process.", "In all, Beckham had made 16 appearances out of a possible 20 for England under Capello until his ruptured Achilles tendon of March 2010 ruled him out of selection for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.", "His last game for England before injury had been on 14 October 2009 as a substitute in England's last World Cup qualifying game, which ended England 3 – 0 Belarus.", "After a poor performance from England at the World Cup, Capello remained as manager but was under pressure to revamp the England squad for the imminent UEFA Euro 2012 qualification campaign.", "He unveiled a new team at the next England match, a home friendly game against Hungary on 11 August 2010, with Beckham still unavailable for selection but aiming for a return to playing in MLS by the following month.", "In the post-match interview, Capello said of the prospect of the now 35-year-old Beckham playing any future competitive matches for England, that \"I need to change it.", "David is a fantastic player but I think we need new players for the future\", referring to the new players that play in Beckham's right midfield position, including Theo Walcott and Adam Johnson, adding \"This is the future of the team under Fabio Capello or another manager.\"", "He said that Beckham may be selected for one last friendly game, stating, \"If he is fit, I hope we will play one more game here at Wembley so the fans can say goodbye.\"", "In response to the comments, Beckham's agent released a statement reiterating Beckham's position that he had no desire to retire from international football, and would always make himself available for selection for England if fit and if needed.", "He remained 10 caps short of the record number of 125 caps by goalkeeper Peter Shilton, for a player of any position.", "Beckham was named in the provisional squad to represent the Great Britain Olympic football team at the 2012 Olympics.", "He was not included in the final selection by manager Stuart Pearce.", "Beckham was a product of Sir Alex Ferguson's hard-working approach at Manchester United, and was renowned for his long-range passing, crossing ability, and bending free-kicks as a right winger.", "Ferguson noted that Beckham \"practised with a discipline to achieve an accuracy that other players wouldn't care about.\"", "Beckham reportedly spent hours practising his free kicks after training sessions had ended.", "Beckham maintained his training routine at Real Madrid and even when his relationship with management was strained in early 2007, Real Madrid president Ramón Calderón and manager Fabio Capello praised Beckham for maintaining his professionalism and commitment to the club.", "Beckham's Real Madrid teammate Roberto Carlos regarded Beckham to be the best free-kick exponent he had ever seen.", "Two of the best free kick exponents of their generation, Roberto Carlos commented on the dilemma the team faced when they won a free kick on the edge of the penalty area: \"I would stand on one side and Beckham on the other but I wanted to see Beckham take the free-kick because it's beautiful how he hits the ball.\"", "In May 2013, asked about how he wanted to be remembered in his retirement, Beckham said, \"I just want people to see me as a hardworking footballer, someone that's passionate about the game, someone that – every time I stepped on the pitch – I've given everything that I have, because that's how I feel.", "That's how I look back on it and hope people will see me.\"", "Beckham was the first England player ever to collect two red cards, and the first England captain to be sent off.", "Beckham's most notorious red card was during the 1998 World Cup after Argentina's Diego Simeone had fouled him: Beckham, lying face down on the pitch, kicked out at the Argentine midfielder, who fell dramatically.", "He amassed 41 yellow cards and four red cards in his time at Real Madrid; all four reds came in La Liga.", "He received one red card while at Paris Saint-Germain, picked up in injury time in a match against Evian on 28 April 2013.", "Between 2000 and 2013, Beckham played 420 competitive games for England, Milan, LA Galaxy, Manchester United, Real Madrid and PSG, and received seven red cards, one every 60 matches on average.", "In 2005, Beckham founded the David Beckham Academy football school, operating from two sites, in London and Los Angeles.", "It was announced in late 2009 that both would close.", "A mobile academy is being developed by Beckham, to travel around the UK and further afield.", "On 5 February 2014, MLS announced that Beckham had exercised his option to buy a MLS expansion team for $25 million, which he had received as part of the contract he signed with the LA Galaxy in 2007.", "The ownership group, led by Beckham, originally hoped the Miami-based team would begin play in 2016 or 2017.", "After delays getting a stadium deal completed, MLS announced in January 2018 that the team had been approved and would likely begin play in 2020.", "The team name and crest were revealed on 5 September.", "Club Internacional de Futbol Miami – more commonly known as, Inter Miami – is represented by a black crest with neon pink trimmings and herons whose legs clasp to form an \"M\" for Miami.", "In January 2019 it was announced that Beckham was set to join his Class of '92 teammates as part owner of English non-league club Salford City, taking 10% of the club previously held by Peter Lim, with the deal being subject to Football Association approval.", "On the 31 January, the club announced that the FA had approved him to become a director of the club.", "In 1997, Beckham started dating Victoria Adams, after she attended a Manchester United match.", "She was famously known as \"Posh Spice\" of the pop music group Spice Girls, one of the world's top pop groups at the time, and his team was also enjoying a great run of success.", "Therefore, their relationship instantly attracted a great deal of media attention.", "The couple were dubbed \"Posh and Becks\" by the media.", "He proposed to her on 24 January 1998 in a restaurant in Cheshunt, England.", "On 4 July 1999, they married at Luttrellstown Castle in Ireland.", "Beckham's teammate Gary Neville was the best man, and the couple's infant son, Brooklyn, was the ring bearer.", "The media were kept away from the ceremony, as the Beckhams had an exclusive deal with \"OK! Magazine\", but newspapers were still able to obtain photographs showing them sitting on golden thrones.", "437 staff were employed for the wedding reception, which was estimated to have cost £500,000.", "David and Victoria Beckham have four children: sons Brooklyn Joseph (born 4 March 1999 at Portland Hospital, London), Romeo James (born 1 September 2002 at Portland Hospital, London), Cruz David (born 20 February 2005 at Ruber International Hospital, Madrid), and daughter Harper Seven (born 10 July 2011 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles).", "Elton John is godfather to Brooklyn and Romeo Beckham; their godmother is Elizabeth Hurley.", "Beckham's three sons have all played football in the Arsenal Academy.", "Like their father, Brooklyn and Romeo have both done modelling work and been named among GQ's best dressed British men.", "Brooklyn previously played football for Arsenal U16, but was released at the end of the 2014–15 season.", "In his early Manchester United career, Beckham lived in a four-bedroom house in Worsley that he bought directly from the property developer as a 20-year-old in 1995.", "In 1999, shortly after his wedding he and Victoria bought a country house set in 24 acres in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, which the media nicknamed \"Beckingham Palace\".", "Known by the nickname \"Golden Balls\", Beckham acquired the name from Victoria, who revealed it on national TV in 2008 while praising him for rebuidling his reputation after the 1998 World Cup.", "Beckham suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), which he says makes him \"have everything in a straight line or everything has to be in pairs.\"", "Victoria Beckham claims, \"If you open our fridge, it's all co-ordinated down either side.", "We've got three fridges – food in one, salad in another and drinks in the third.", "In the drinks one, everything is symmetrical.", "If there's three cans, he'll throw one away because it has to be an even number.\"", "In April 2004, the British tabloid \"News of the World\" carried claims by Beckham's former personal assistant Rebecca Loos that he and Loos had an extramarital affair.", "A week later, the Malaysian-born Australian model Sarah Marbeck claimed that she had slept with Beckham on two occasions.", "Beckham dismissed both claims as \"ludicrous\".", "In September 2010, Beckham announced that he was making a court application against prostitute Irma Nici and several others over claims in the magazine \"In Touch\" that he had sex with her.", "Although the magazine later accepted that the allegations against Beckham were untrue, his court application was dismissed under US freedom of speech laws.", "Beckham's fame extends beyond the pitch; in much of the world his name is \"as instantly recognisable as that of multinational companies like Coca-Cola and IBM.\"", "Beckham's relationship and marriage to Victoria, who has been famous in her own right as part of the Spice Girls, contributed to his celebrity beyond football.", "Beckham became known as a fashion icon, and together with Victoria, the couple became lucrative spokespeople sought after by clothing designers, health and fitness specialists, fashion magazines, perfume and cosmetics manufacturers, hair stylists, exercise promoters, and spa and recreation companies.", "One example is a line of aftershave and fragrances called David Beckham Instinct.", "In 2002, Beckham was hailed as the ultimate \"metrosexual\" by the man who invented the term and has been described as such by numerous other articles since.", "The Beckhams were paid $13.7 million in 2007 to launch his fragrance line in the United States In the world of fashion, David has already appeared on the covers of many magazines.", "United States covers have included the men's magazine \"Details\", and with his wife for the August 2007 issue of \"W\".", "According to Google, \"David Beckham\" was searched for more than any other sports topic on their site in 2003 and 2004.", "According to Ask Jeeves, Beckham ranked third, after Britney Spears and Osama bin Laden, among subjects most searched for by British users of that site in the first decade of the 2000s.", "Upon their arrival in Los Angeles on 12 July 2007, the night before Beckham's formal introduction, Los Angeles International Airport was filled with paparazzi and news reporters.", "On the next night, Victoria appeared on \"The Tonight Show\" with Jay Leno to talk about their move to LA, and presented Leno with a number 23 Galaxy jersey with his own name on the back.", "Victoria also talked about her NBC TV show \"\".", "On 22 July, a private welcoming party was held for the couple at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.", "A-list celebrities attending included Steven Spielberg, Jim Carrey, George Clooney, Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Will Smith, Jada Pinkett Smith, and Oprah Winfrey.", "Beckham's many endorsement deals make him one of the most recognisable athletes throughout the world.", "Having worn Adidas football boots from the start of his career (notably Adidas Predator), in 2003 he signed a $160 million lifetime contract with Adidas, earning nearly half the money upfront, and will continue to earn percentages of profits on all of his branded Adidas products.", "He had a 10-year collaboration with PepsiCo that expired in 2009.", "He has also promoted The Walt Disney Company theme parks.", "Beckham has several eponymous video games, including \"Go!", "Adventure on Soccer Island\", a platform game for the Game Boy Advance, and \"David Beckham Soccer\", a football game for a number of platforms, and he was brand ambassador for exercise video game \"EA Sports Active 2\".", "Beckham featured in EA Sports' \"FIFA\" video game series; he was on the cover for the International edition of \"\".", "During his playing career (which ended in May 2013), Beckham generated an estimated £1 billion in shirt and boot sales.", "In 2006, Lloyd's of London insured his legs for £100m, at the time he was playing for Real Madrid.", "Beckham played a critical part in bringing the Olympics to London in 2012, travelling with the British delegation to Singapore in 2005 for the host city selection.", "At the 2008 Beijing Olympics closing ceremony, Beckham, Jimmy Page and Leona Lewis represented Britain during the handover segment for the 2012 Olympics.", "Beckham rode a London double-decker bus into the stadium and Page and Lewis performed \"Whole Lotta Love\".", "He also featured at the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics, carrying the Olympic flame to the stadium by speedboat.", "Beckham visited Afghanistan in May 2010 for a morale-boosting visit to British troops fighting the Taliban insurgency.", "The appearance of Beckham as well as British Foreign Secretary William Hague and Defence Secretary Liam Fox was believed to have prompted a Taliban attack on Kandahar airfield.", "Chinese authorities appointed Beckham as global ambassador for Chinese football in March 2013.", "After numerous officials had been banned for match-fixing, and the Chinese Super League had failed to retain the services of well-known international names, Beckham's role was to help improve the image of the game and raise its profile both in China and abroad.", "From 14 July 2013, Beckham started appearing in adverts for BSkyB advertising their Sky Sports coverage via the Sky Go app.", "In January 2014, Beckham appeared on \"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon\" on NBC in the U.S, and in March he made a guest appearance in the BBC's Sport Relief special of \"Only Fools and Horses\".", "He was named one of \"GQ\"' s 50 best dressed British men in 2015.", "In March 2015 Beckham had the third highest social media rank in the world among sportspeople, behind Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi, with over 52 million Facebook fans.", "He also has over 57 million Instagram followers, the fourth highest for a sportsperson, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Messi and Neymar, and the most for a person from the UK.", "During the 2016 EU referendum, Beckham voiced his opposition to Brexit (the United Kingdom leaving the European Union) stating “For our children and their children we should be facing the problems of the world together and not alone.", "For these reasons, I am voting to remain.”", "Beckham was announced as the new Ambassadorial president of the British Fashion Council on 11 May 2018.", "Prior to the June 2018 vote by FIFA member nations for selecting the hosts of the 2026 FIFA World Cup, Beckham endorsed the North American bid (Canada, Mexico and the United States).", "Beckham's former club LA Galaxy unveiled a statue of him outside of their stadium in March 2019, the first of its kind in the MLS.", "He was subject of prank by his friend James Corden who presented a ‘hideous’ fake statue before the real one was unveiled.", "Beckham has supported UNICEF since his days at Manchester United and in January 2005, the English national team captain became a Goodwill Ambassador with a special focus on UNICEF's Sports for Development program.", "In 2012, he met with UK Prime Minister David Cameron at 10 Downing Street to call for more action to help children affected by malnutrition around the world.", "In 2015, his tenth year as a UNICEF Ambassador, Beckham launched \"7: The David Beckham UNICEF Fund\" to help protect children in danger.", "In June 2015 he visited Siem Reap in Cambodia, where he met with child victims of violence.", "Beckham has pledged his support for the Unite for Children, Unite Against AIDS campaign.", "He is a former patron of the Elton John AIDS Foundation.", "In 2013, he also donated all his £3.4 million salary taken from Paris Saint-Germain to two children's charities in France.", "Beckham has been supporting the charity named Help For Heroes for many years whose aim is to help soldiers injured in Iraq and Afghan wars.", "On 17 January 2007, Rebecca Johnstone, a 19-year-old cancer patient from Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, received a surprise phone call from Beckham.", "After the conversation, he sent her a Real Madrid jersey with his signature on it.", "Rebecca died on 29 January 2007.", "On 1 July 2007, Beckham appeared as a speaker at the Concert for Diana held at Wembley Stadium, London to celebrate the life of Princess Diana almost 10 years after her death.", "Proceeds from the concert went to Diana's charities as well as to charities of which her sons Princes William and Harry are patrons.", "Beckham is a founding member of the Malaria No More UK Leadership Council and helped launch the charity in 2009 with Andy Murray at Wembley Stadium.", "Beckham also appeared in a 2007 public service announcement for Malaria No More U.S, advertising the need for inexpensive bed nets.", "The TV spot aired in the United States on Fox Networks, including Fox Soccer Channel, and can also be seen on YouTube.", "Since joining Major League Soccer, Beckham has been a very public advocate in the United States for related charities such as \"MLS W.O.R.K.S.\" On 17 August 2007, he conducted a youth clinic in Harlem, along with other current and former MLS players.", "This was in advance of his first New York City area match the following day against the New York Red Bulls.", "That team's Jozy Altidore and Juan Pablo Ángel were also with Beckham, teaching skills to disadvantaged youth to benefit FC Harlem Lions.", "Beckham never personally appeared in the 2002 film \"Bend It Like Beckham\", except in archive footage.", "He and his wife wanted to make cameo appearances, but scheduling proved difficult, so the director used lookalike Andy Harmer instead.", "Beckham makes a cameo appearance with Zinedine Zidane and Raúl, in the 2005 film \"Goal!\".", "Harmer also doubled for him in the party scene.", "Beckham himself appears in the sequel \"\" in a larger role, when the film's lead character gets transferred to Real Madrid.", "This time, the story centres on the Real Madrid team, with other Madrid players also appearing on and off the pitch, alongside the fictional characters.", "Though the use of stock footage from the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Beckham appeared in \"\", which was released straight to DVD on 15 June 2009.", "Beckham has expressed no interest in pursuit of acting roles, saying he is too \"stiff\".", "However, due to his friendship with Guy Ritchie, he has made two cameo appearances in Ritchie's films: as a projectionist in \"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\" (based on the 1964 MGM television series of the same name), and as Trigger in \"\".", "Beckham has played along to jokes about his voice.", "In a 2018 promo for \"Deadpool 2\", Beckham is seen watching the first installment of the film franchise in which Ryan Reynolds' character compares Beckham's voice to inhaling helium.", "Beckham is seen rolling his eyes at the voice jibe before receiving an apology text from Deadpool.", "Beckham answers his door to the antihero who presents him with milk and cookies, before Deadpool knocks again and has a bunch of helium-filled red balloons.", "Beckham captained England 59 times, the fourth highest after Bobby Moore and Billy Wright both with 90, and Bryan Robson with 65.", "With his free kick goal against Ecuador in the second round of the 2006 World Cup, Beckham gained membership into two of football's exclusive clubs: he became the only English player – and the 21st player in the world – to score in three World Cups; Real Madrid teammate Raúl also achieved this feat a few days earlier.", "It also made him only the fifth player in World Cup history to score twice from a direct free kick; the other four were Pelé, Roberto Rivelino, Teófilo Cubillas, and Bernard Genghini (Beckham had previously scored this way against Colombia in the first round of the 1998 World Cup).", "All three goals were against South American teams (Colombia, Argentina and Ecuador) and from set pieces (the two aforementioned free kicks and a penalty against Argentina).", "s of 2017 , Beckham had more than 50 tattoos.", "There are names of his sons Romeo, Cruz and Brooklyn, and of his wife Victoria.", "His wife's name, tattooed on his left forearm, is in Sanskrit script because Beckham thought it would be \"tacky\" to have it in English.", "However, this was misspelt as the equivalent of \"Vihctoria\".", "In his autobiography \"David Beckham: My Side\", he said that the idea of having tattoos came to him in 1999 after his son Brooklyn was born, following a conversation on the subject of tattoos with Mel B and her then-husband, Jimmy Gulzar.", "Beckham said: \"When you see me, you see the tattoos.", "You see an expression of how I feel about Victoria and the boys.", "They're part of me.\"", "In 2018, Beckham added to his collection with a tattoo of a solar system covering the left side of his scalp.", "On 9 May 2019, at Bromley Magistrates Court, Beckham was banned from driving for six months.", "He previously pleaded guilty to using the device while driving his Bentley in central London on 21 November 2018.", "The court heard he was photographed by a member of the public holding a phone as he drove in \"slowly moving\" traffic.", "Beckham received 6 points on his licence to add to the 6 he already had for previous speeding matters.", "He was also fined £750, ordered to pay £100 in prosecution costs and a £75 surcharge fee within seven days." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 28945, "simple_article_title": "David Beckham", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28945", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-28945-0-0", "simple-28945-0-1", "simple-28945-1-0", "simple-28945-2-0", "simple-28945-2-1", "simple-28945-2-2", "simple-28945-2-3", "simple-28945-2-4", "simple-28945-2-5", "simple-28945-3-0", "simple-28945-3-1", "simple-28945-3-2", "simple-28945-4-0", "simple-28945-5-0", "simple-28945-6-0", "simple-28945-7-0", "simple-28945-7-1", "simple-28945-7-2", "simple-28945-7-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "David Beckham (born 2 May 1975) is an English retired association football player.", "The teams he played for were Manchester United, Real Madrid, Los Angeles Galaxy, Preston North End, AC Milan, Paris Saint-Germain, and the England national team.", "Beckham's parents insisted that he finish his secondary school education before he could join a professional team.", "He grew up in the Manchester football youth system along with Ryan Giggs, Nicky Butt, Phil Neville,Gary Neville and Paul Scholes who all turned out to be famous footballers.", "Since his move from Manchester United to Real Madrid, Spain in 2003, he has been the highest paid footballer in the world.", "In June 2003, Queen Elizabeth II gave Beckham an OBE.", "In January 2005, Beckham became a UNICEF ambassador.", "He retired from playing football at the end of the 2012/13 season.", "His most recent club was Paris Saint-Germain.", "He played for England for 13 years.", "He was dropped from the England team after giving up his England captaincy.", "But regained his place in the England squad when Fabio Capello became the England manager.", "From 1993 through 2003, he played for Manchester United in England.", "After leaving Manchester United, he signed a four-year contract with Real Madrid which ended in June, 2007.", "He played for Paris Saint-Germain in Ligue 1 until the end of the 2012/13 season.", "Beckham's wife is singer Victoria Beckham.", "Some people call her Posh Spice because she was a member of the Spice Girls.", "The couple have three sons: Brooklyn Joseph Beckham (born 4 March 1999 in London), Romeo James Beckham (born 1 September 2002 in London), and Cruz David Beckham (born 20 February 2005 in Madrid, Spain), and a daughter Harper Beckham (born 2 July 2011).", "She is also the youngest member of the Beckham family." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 393545, "normal_article_title": "Bakili Muluzi", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=393545", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-393545-0-0", "normal-393545-0-1", "normal-393545-0-2", "normal-393545-0-3", "normal-393545-1-0", "normal-393545-1-1", "normal-393545-1-2", "normal-393545-2-0", "normal-393545-2-1", "normal-393545-2-2", "normal-393545-3-0", "normal-393545-3-1", "normal-393545-3-2", "normal-393545-4-0", "normal-393545-4-1", "normal-393545-4-2", "normal-393545-4-3", "normal-393545-5-0", "normal-393545-5-1", "normal-393545-5-2", "normal-393545-5-3", "normal-393545-6-0", "normal-393545-7-0", "normal-393545-7-1", "normal-393545-7-2", "normal-393545-7-3", "normal-393545-8-0", "normal-393545-8-1", "normal-393545-9-0", "normal-393545-9-1", "normal-393545-10-0", "normal-393545-10-1", "normal-393545-10-2", "normal-393545-11-0", "normal-393545-12-0", "normal-393545-12-1", "normal-393545-12-2", "normal-393545-12-3", "normal-393545-13-0", "normal-393545-13-1", "normal-393545-13-2", "normal-393545-13-3", "normal-393545-13-4", "normal-393545-14-0", "normal-393545-14-1", "normal-393545-14-2", "normal-393545-14-3", "normal-393545-14-4", "normal-393545-14-5", "normal-393545-14-6", "normal-393545-14-7", "normal-393545-14-8", "normal-393545-15-0", "normal-393545-15-1", "normal-393545-15-2", "normal-393545-15-3", "normal-393545-15-4", "normal-393545-15-5", "normal-393545-16-0", "normal-393545-16-1", "normal-393545-16-2", "normal-393545-17-0", "normal-393545-17-1", "normal-393545-17-2", "normal-393545-17-3", "normal-393545-18-0", "normal-393545-19-0", "normal-393545-19-1", "normal-393545-19-2", "normal-393545-19-3", "normal-393545-19-4", "normal-393545-20-0", "normal-393545-20-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Elson Bakili Muluzi (born March 17, 1941 in Machinga, Nyasaland) is a Malawian politician who was the first freely elected President of Malawi from 1994 to 2004.", "He was also chairman of the United Democratic Front (UDF) until 2009.", "He succeeded Hastings Kamuzu Banda as Malawi's president.", "He also served in Banda's cabinet as Minister without Portfolio, before retiring in 1980.", "Muluzi was the candidate of the opposition UDF in the May 1994 presidential election, the country's first multiparty election.", "He won the election with 47% of the vote, defeating Malawi's leader since independence, Hastings Kamuzu Banda.", "There is no provision for a runoff election in Malawi, so this was enough for him to end Banda's 33-year rule (dating back to when Malawi was still a British colony).", "He was re-elected in June 1999, taking 52.4% of the vote and defeating challenger Gwanda Chakuamba who was the leader of the opposition movement.", "In 2002 he proposed an amendment to Malawi's constitution that would have allowed him to run for a third term, but this was abandoned in the face of demonstrations against him, as well as vigorous opposition from the legislature and courts.", "After serving two terms, he therefore handed over power to his successor after the May 2004 election, in which UDF candidate Bingu wa Mutharika (who was handpicked and groomed by Muluzi) was elected to succeed Muluzi as President.", "Muluzi came to lead the UDF after leaving the Banda government, and he became an advocate for democracy.", "Muluzi's time as President was marred by controversy and scandal, particularly due to the sale of Malawi's reserves of maize to other countries shortly before the onset of a drought, which resulted in famine throughout the country.", "Despite international pressure, the millions of dollars realized from the sale of Malawi's food reserves have never been turned over, and it is widely suspected that it wound up in foreign accounts belonging to Muluzi and his supporters.", "Even with the controversy and questionable dealings, Muluzi was a popular leader, particularly in the southern part of the country.", "He remained the Chairman of the UDF.", "After a dispute with his successor as President, Mutharika, the latter left the UDF and formed his own party, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), in February 2005.", "In April 2005, Muluzi apologized to Malawians for choosing Mutharika as his successor \"and imposing him on the country\".", "On July 27, 2006, Muluzi was arrested on fraud and corruption charges; he was released on bail later that day.", "Hours after his arrest, the chief investigator Gustav Kaliwo was suspended by President Mutharika; Director of Public Prosecutions Ishmael Wadi said he had no choice but to drop the charges.", "Muluzi was once more arrested on 26 February 2009 and initially charged with 86 counts of corruption and abuse of office.", "The charges claimed that he had allegedly diverted 1.7 billion Malawi Kwacha (US$11m) of donor money into his personal account, funds that came from, among others, the Republic of China, the Kingdom of Morocco and Libya.", "As a former Commonwealth leader, Muluzi was invited by the Commonwealth Secretary-General to Chair the Commonwealth Observer Group which observed the 2012 general election in Lesotho.", "In early March 2007, with many prominent members of the UDF calling for Muluzi to run for president in 2009, the party said that he would have until March 11 to declare whether he intended to run.", "Accordingly, on that date Muluzi announced that he would seek the party's nomination as its presidential candidate.", "The question of whether Muluzi is eligible to run again has raised some controversy.", "Because the constitution refers to a limit of two consecutive terms, this could be regarded as enabling Muluzi to run again after being out of office for a term.", "The Chairman of the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB), Alex Nampota, announced on March 17, 2008 that the ACB intended to prosecute Muluzi for allegedly diverting about 11 million dollars of donor money into his personal account; Nampota said that the ACB had asked the courts to lift an injunction that prevented it from questioning Muluzi.", "Kennedy Makwangwala, the Secretary-General of the UDF, denounced this as \"political persecution\".", "On April 24, 2008, a UDF convention chose Muluzi as the party's 2009 presidential candidate.", "He received 1,950 votes against 38 for Vice-President Cassim Chilumpha.", "On March 20, 2009 the Malawi Electoral Commission passed a judgement to bar Bakili Muluzi from running for the presidency for the third time.", "Muluzi challenged this, but on May 16, only three days before the election, the Constitutional Court ruled that Muluzi could not run again.", "By that point, Muluzi and the UDF had thrown their support behind the candidacy of John Tembo, the President of the Malawi Congress Party (MCP).", "Muluzi announced on December 23, 2009, that he was retiring from active politics and that Friday Jumbe was replacing him as UDF leader.", "After Mutharika formed the DPP in 2005, over 70 Members of Parliament joined the DPP; the opposition, including the UDF, has sought to have these MPs expelled from their seats for switching parties.", "In May 2008, Mutharika said that Muluzi was trying to remove him from office by depriving the DPP MPs of their seats; to press its demand for the removal of the DPP MPs, the opposition had refused to debate any government bills.", "Mutharika called Muluzi a \"coward\" and accused him of treason.", "Speaking on Joy Radio, a station he owns, on May 12, 2008, Muluzi denied any plot against Mutharika and expressed exasperation with threats made by Mutharika.", "Eight prominent associates of Muluzi were arrested shortly afterward in connection with the alleged plot to overthrow Mutharika; an arrest warrant was also issued for Muluzi, who was in the United Kingdom at the time on holiday.", "In connection with the investigation into this alleged plot, police attempted to search Muluzi's home on May 14, but his guards barred them from entry.", "According to an aide to Muluzi, Humphrey Mvula, the police said that they wanted to remove guns from the home, but Mvula said that these guns had been issued by the police themselves for Muluzi's protection.", "On the same day, Muluzi said on Joy Radio that he would return to Malawi from the United Kingdom regardless of the alleged plot.", "By May 25, all but one of the eight arrested associates of Muluzi had been released on bail.", "When Muluzi returned on May 25, 2008, he was arrested at the airport in Lilongwe.", "Muluzi had planned to address a UDF rally upon his arrival, and police surrounded the stadium where the rally was to be held.", "Thousands of infuriated supporters of Muluzi clashed with the police and blocked roads following his arrest.", "Muluzi was promptly flown to Blantyre, placed under house arrest at his home in Limbe, near Blantyre, and interrogated.", "His home was also searched by the police.", "Muluzi was questioned for about two hours and was shown documents which purportedly linked him to the alleged plot.", "Speaking on Joy Radio on May 27, Muluzi said that the documents were \"laughable and fake\" and accused the government of attempting to \"intimidate and silence the opposition\".", "His lawyers said on the same day that they would seek bail for Muluzi.", "According to one lawyer, the only people allowed into Muluzi's home by the police were four lawyers and a bodyguard, and he had been asked to name family members and lawyers who would be given permission to visit.", "On May 29, Muluzi, who had still not been charged, appeared at the High Court in Blantyre for his bail application.", "On his arrival, he declared that the government was \"useless\".", "Fahad Assani, the head of Muluzi's legal team, described the arrest as \"illegal and unconstitutional\" and demanded his release from house arrest.", "According to Assani, because more than 48 hours had passed and Muluzi had not been charged, it was necessary for him to be released \"without any conditions\".", "Wezi Kayira, the Director of Public Prosecutions, urged the court to reject the bail application, stressing that treason was \"a very serious offence which carries a heavy penalty\"; he said that investigations were continuing and expressed concern that they \"would be jeopardised and evidence tampered with\".", "Kayira also requested that the court impose \"very strict conditions\" if it chose to grant bail.", "Judge Joseph Manyumgwa granted Muluzi bail on May 30, saying that in the absence of any charges against Muluzi he had to be released.", "According to Manyumgwa, Muluzi had the right to bail regardless of \"the gravity of the alleged offence\".", "Kayira said the investigation was ongoing and that charges would follow.", "Speaking to Capital Radio on 22 February 2009, Muluzi accused the government of using intimidation against his presidential candidacy and warned that such conduct could lead to \"problems\".", "A few days later, he was charged by the Anti-Corruption Bureau with stealing 12 million dollars of aid money; he appeared before a court in Blantyre and was released on bail.", "He appeared in court again on 12 March 2009 but failed to enter a plea on the 86 graft charges against him.", "Kalekeni Kaphale, a lawyer for Muluzi, asked for a delay, arguing that \"this is the first time someone has been charged with such a volume of cases\" in Malawi and that, since the defense had not seen the charges until early March, it needed \"at least 14 days to study them to make proper responses\".", "On 10 July 2014, Muluzi was appointed as Special Commonwealth Envoy to Swaziland, an appointment endorsed by the President of Malawi, Peter Mutharika.", "Muluzi was Malawi's first Muslim President.", "He was married to, Annie Chidzira Muluzi and then Patricia Shanil Muluzi, while in office.", "After divorcing Annie Muluzi, he married Shanil Muluzi.", "His children include Austin Atupele Muluzi.", "He is father-in-law to Angela Zachepa.", "Muluzi's first born daughter, Esme Atweni Muluzi, died after lightning struck her on December 12, 2016.", "She was pronounced dead in Mwaiwathu Private Hospital." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 647585, "simple_article_title": "Bakili Muluzi", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=647585", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-647585-0-0", "simple-647585-0-1", "simple-647585-0-2", "simple-647585-0-3", "simple-647585-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Elson Bakili Muluzi (born March 17, 1943 in Machinga, Nyasaland) is a Malawian politician.", "He was the first freely elected President of Malawi from 1994 to 2004.", "He was also chairman of the United Democratic Front (UDF) until 2009.", "He replaced Hastings Kamuzu Banda as Malawi's president.", "He also served in Banda's cabinet as Minister without Portfolio, before retiring in 1980." ] } }

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"normal-76793-28-1", "normal-76793-28-2", "normal-76793-28-3", "normal-76793-29-0", "normal-76793-29-1", "normal-76793-29-2", "normal-76793-29-3", "normal-76793-29-4", "normal-76793-30-0", "normal-76793-30-1", "normal-76793-31-0", "normal-76793-31-1", "normal-76793-31-2", "normal-76793-31-3", "normal-76793-31-4", "normal-76793-31-5", "normal-76793-31-6", "normal-76793-32-0", "normal-76793-32-1", "normal-76793-32-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Love Hina (Japanese: ラブ ひな , Hepburn: Rabu Hina ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ken Akamatsu.", "It was serialized in \"Weekly Shōnen Magazine\" from October 21, 1998 to October 31, 2001, with the chapters collected into 14 \"tankōbon\" volumes by Kodansha.", "The series tells the story of Keitarō Urashima and his attempts to find the girl with whom he made a childhood promise to enter the University of Tokyo.", "The manga was licensed for an English-language release in North America and the United Kingdom by Tokyopop, in Australia by Madman Entertainment, and in Singapore by Chuang Yi.", "Two novelizations of \"Love Hina\", written by two anime series screenwriters, were also released in Japan by Kodansha.", "Both novels were later released in North America and the United Kingdom by Tokyopop.", "A twenty-four episode anime adaptation of the manga series, produced by Xebec, aired in Japan from April 19, 2000, to September 27, 2000.", "It was followed by a bonus DVD episode, Christmas and Spring television specials, and a three episode original video animation (OVA) entitled \"Love Hina Again\".", "The anime series, special, and OVA were licensed for release in North America by Bandai Entertainment.", "In July 2007, the license was acquired by Funimation, who released a boxset of the television series in February 2009.", "The series is also licensed in Australia by Madman Entertainment and in the United Kingdom by MVM Films.", "The series has proved extremely popular around the world, both commercially and critically.", "In Japan, the manga sold over 16 million copies; over 1 million anime DVDs were also sold.", "The English release of the manga has been reprinted many times.", "Both anime and manga have received numerous industry awards in Japan and North America, as well as praise from critics.", "The story is a \"shōnen\" comedy that takes place in the Kanagawa Prefecture, and centers on Keitarō Urashima and his attempts to fulfill a childhood promise that he made with a girl to enter the University of Tokyo together.", "However, he has forgotten the name of the girl he made the promise to and hopes to be accepted into the university in order to find her.", "Having failed the entrance exam twice and with his parents no longer willing to support him, he goes to stay at his grandmother's hotel, only to find that it has been converted into a female-only apartment.", "The tenants are about to kick him out when his aunt appears and announces that his grandmother has given him the title to the apartments.", "Much to their dismay Keitarō becomes the new manager of the family-owned girls' dorm Hinata House and must now balance his new responsibilities in addition to studying for the university entrance exam.", "At Hinata House, Keitarō meets Naru Narusegawa, who is also studying to enter the university.", "Naru ranks first in the whole of Japan on the practice exams, and Keitarō convinces her to help him study.", "As the two of them grow closer through their studies, and after Keitarō accidentally reads a small section of Naru's diary, he becomes increasingly convinced that Naru may be the girl with whom he made the promise.", "On the second day of the university exam, Keitarō asks Naru about the promise and is stunned when she tells him he is mistaken.", "Despite their studying, and Naru's mock exam results, they both fail the exams.", "The pair then have an argument and independently run off to Kyoto to clear their heads.", "While on their trip they settle their differences and meet Mutsumi Otohime, who lives in Okinawa and is also studying for the university exams.", "After returning from Kyoto, Keitarō and Naru decide to retake the exams.", "After a while, Mutsumi moves to Tokyo, and the three begin to study together.", "During this period, Naru becomes convinced that Mutsumi is Keitarō's promised girl, but Mutsumi states that she made a childhood promise with Naru, not Keitarō.", "During the next round of university exams, Keitarō believes he has failed them once again and runs away before finding out his results.", "After learning of this, Naru chases after him without checking her exam results either, and they are followed by the rest of the residents of Hinata House who announce that Keitarō and Naru both passed the exams along with Mutsumi.", "Unfortunately for him, Keitarō has an accident at the University of Tokyo opening ceremony and is unable to attend classes for three months.", "After recovering from his injuries, Keitarō decides to study overseas with Noriyasu Seta.", "As Keitarō is about to leave, Naru finally confesses her feelings to him at the airport and decides to wait for him to return.", "When Keitarō returns, he and Naru finally begin to express their feelings for each other.", "After they deal with new obstacles, Grandma Hina returns to Hinata House and reveals Naru is the girl of Keitarō's promise.", "Three years later, a wedding ceremony (with a new girl, Ema Maeda, presented) is held at Hinata House for Naru and Keitarō as they finally fulfill their childhood promise to each other.", "Initial sketches for the series were created between September and December 1997, after the completion of \"A.I. Love You\".", "Early storyboards with initial character designs were created between December 1997 and January 1998, and further character designs and location sketches followed between January and April 1998.", "The last storyboards before serialization were created between April and August 1998.", "Around six months before the start of serialization, character designs were still going through several revisions before being settled upon.", "Several characters underwent complete redesigns and name changes.", "At one stage the character Naru was named Midori, and she was supposed to fall through a hole in the floor naked, bump her head on Keitaro and lose her memory.", "Naru's name was changed many times before the author settled on Naru Narusegawa, and her final design is similar to Saati Namba from \"A.I. Love You\".", "Mitsune \"Kitsune\" Konno's money-grubbing nature and her older, jaded, and more mature personality were originally intended to be used for Kaolla Su.", "Shinobu Maehara's nature was settled on from the beginning of the series, however her physical appearance and age were extensively redesigned as the series concept was shaped.", "In her early design, Shinobu had a similar appearance to Forty Namba from \"A.I. Love You\".", "Throughout the run of the manga, the series used digital editing processes.", "After a rough sketch of a page was created, the page layout and basic detail were drawn and scanned into an Apple Macintosh.", "The major page elements were then shaded or filled with patterns, and elements that were drawn separately were added digitally to the page.", "The manga also used a series of \"banked images\", which were basic line drawings of locations, such as a characters room.", "Instead of redrawing a location from scratch every time it was used, these banked images could be used as a base, and extra detail added to them depending on the requirements for the scene.", "Both of these techniques lead to characters having white outlines when copied digitally onto the scene.", "Parts of Hinata Inn and other locations used were inspired by real life locations and designed from photographs collected during research.", "\"Love Hina\" were originally serialized in \"Weekly Shōnen Magazine\", between November 4, 1998 and November 14, 2001 for a total of 123 chapters.", "The series was released as a 14-volume collected edition between March 1999 and January 2002.", "The series was later released in a partially colored format known as the \"Iro Hina version\".", "The 14 Iro Hina volumes were released between July 2001 and April 2004.", "A new seven-volume edition was released by Kodansha between June and December 2014.", "Kodansha published a bilingual English and Japanese edition under the Kodansha Bilingual Comics label.", "Eight volumes were produced under the bilingual format between October 2000 and July 2001.", "The edition was removed from sale after the series was licensed by Tokyopop.", "The series was licensed for an English-language release in North America and the United Kingdom by Tokyopop, which released the 14 volumes between May 21, 2002 and September 16, 2003.", "The English release was one of Tokyopop's first releases in the \"Authentic Manga\" lineup of titles using the Japanese right to left reading style.", "In doing so the artwork remained unchanged from the original.", "The series appeared consistently in Tokyopop's top five selling manga and has been reprinted several times.", "In August 2009, it was revealed that Tokyopop's license had been left to expire by Kodansha and would not be renewed.", "Kodansha Comics licensed the series with a new translation.", "This omnibus edition was released as 5 volumes between October 2011 and March 2013.", "The series is also licensed for an English-language release in Singapore by Chuang Yi and for regional language releases in France and Québec by Pika Édition, in Spain by Glénat, in Brazil by Editora JBC, in Mexico by Grupo Editorial Vid, in Poland by Waneko, in Greece by Compupress, in Germany in German, in Norway by Schibsted Forlag, in Sweden by Bonnier Carlsen and in Denmark by Egmont Manga & Anime.", "The September 1, 2010 issue of \"Weekly Shōnen Magazine\" included a six-color-page \"Love Hina\" one-shot.", "A crossover one-shot with \"Aho Girl\" was released on August 27, 2014.", "The first 11 volumes sold over 6 million copies in Japan.", "\"Love Hina\" was adapted into a 24-episode anime television series by Xebec, a division of Production I.G.", "The series aired on TV Tokyo April 19 through September 27, 2000.", "The opening theme was \"Sakura Saku\" and the closing theme was \"Kimi Sae Ireba\".", "Both songs were written by Ritsuko Okazaki and performed by Megumi Hayashibara.", "The two themes were released as a CD single, which debuted on the Oricon charts at Number 7.", "A bonus 25th episode was later created and released as a DVD bonus.", "The series and bonus episode were directed by Yoshiaki Iwasaki, written by Shō Aikawa and featured character designs by Makoto Uno.", "In Japan, the television series was released on nine DVDs by Starchild Records between August 3, 2000 and April 2, 2001, and sold over 1 million copies.", "\"Love Hina\" is credited with being one of the first anime series to be available unofficially as a digitally produced fansub, with multiple groups working on the series.", "The popularity, and widespread availability of the series in this form meant that several potential licensors of the series such as ADV Films had concerns over licensing the series.", "The series was later licensed in North America by Bandai Entertainment, who released six DVDs between February 19 and November 19, 2002.", "In July 2007, Funimation Entertainment announced they had acquired the license to the series after Bandai's license had expired.", "A new boxset of the television series across 4 discs was released by Funimation on February 24, 2009.", "It was then re-released as part of Funimation's Viridian Collection on July 27, 2010.", "In the United Kingdom, the series is licensed by MVM Films, who released the series on six DVDs between September 6, 2004 and March 7, 2005, and as a boxset on May 14, 2007.", "In Australia and New Zealand the series is licensed by Madman Entertainment, who also released the series across six DVDs between September 18, 2002, and February 11, 2003.", "A box set was later released on December 3, 2003.", "After the television series was completed, a Christmas special, \"Love Hina Xmas Eve: Silent Night\", was produced and shown on December 25, 2000 on TV Tokyo.", "A DVD was released in Japan on July 4, 2001.", "It was then released in North America on December 3, 2002 and in the United Kingdom on November 7, 2005.", "The Spring Special \"Love Hina Spring Special: I Wish Your Dream\" was also shown on TV Tokyo on April 2, 2001.", "The DVD was released in Japan on August 1, 2001, in North American on March 18, 2003 and in the United Kingdom on May 16, 2005.", "Finally, an OVA series called \"Love Hina Again\" was released on DVD in Japan in 3 parts between January 26, 2002 and March 27, 2002.", "A CD single featuring the opening theme \"Kirari Takaramono\" and the ending theme \"Be for Me, Be for You\" was released on February 28, 2002.", "A solo version was used for the first episode, and a duet with Yūji Ueda was used for the third episode.", "The North American and United Kingdom releases of \"Love Hina Again\" grouped the 3 parts together on one disc and were released on September 2, 2003 and January 7, 2008 respectively.", "After the end of the television series, \"Love Hina Final Selection\" was released, containing a summary of the series and \"Love Live Hina\", a live concert featuring all of the main cast members.", "The anime was later used as the source for a film comic, \"Love Hina Anime Comics\", which told the anime story in comic form using stills from the show as the comic panels.", "The anime Comics series follows the story of the television series, unaired 25th episode, and the Xmas and Spring specials and each volume contains 3 exclusive trading cards.", "The film comics also contain anime production info.", "Two novels have been written by the anime screenwriters and illustrated by Ken Akamatsu as side stories of the main series.", "\"Love Hina: Mystery Guests at Hinata Hotel\" was written by Shō Aikawa under the pen name \"Kurō Hazuki\", was published in Japan by Kodansha on May 17, 2001.", "It was later rereleased in a bilingual edition (English and Japanese) in December 2001.", "The second novel, \"Love Hina: Secrets at Hinata Hotel\" was written by Hiroyuki Kawasaki and released in Japan on February 15, 2002, with a bilingual edition released the same month.", "Tokyopop licensed both novels for an English-language distribution in North America, releasing the first novel under the title \"Love Hina: The Novel, Volume 1\" on April 11, 2006, and the second novel under the title \"Love Hina: The Novel, Volume 2\" on August 8, 2006.", "Two reference books for the manga series have been released for fans of the series.", "\"Love Hina 0\" was released on July 17, 2002 and contains character profiles, interviews and production info as well as other supporting materials for the first seven volumes of the manga.", "\"Love Hina Mugendai\" (ラブひな∞ ) was released on July 17, 2002 and contains character profiles, a timeline, artwork, interviews and production info.", "A large section is dedicated to early production sketches and handwritten development notes.", "Two reference books have also been released for the anime series.", "\"Ani-Hina Ver.1\" was released on August 4, 2000 and \"Ani-Hina Ver.2\" was released on November 9, 2000.", "Each book contains character profiles, episode summaries, production sketches and details as well as interviews and information on the voice actors; each covers half of the anime series.", "The series has seen several video games released across several platforms.", "The Game Boy Color received \"Love Hina Pocket\" on August 4, 2000, and \"Love Hina Party\" on January 26, 2001.", "The Game Boy Advance received \"Love Hina Advance\" on September 7, 2001.", "The Sega Dreamcast received \"Love Hina: Totsuzen no Engeji Happening\" on September 28, 2000 and \"Love Hina: Smile Again\" on March 29, 2001.", "The Sony PlayStation received \"Love Hina 1: Ai wa Kotoba no Naka ni\" on September 28, 2000 and \"Love Hina 2: Kotoba wa Konayuki no Yō ni\" on November 30, 2000.", "The Sony PlayStation 2 received \"Love Hina: Gojasu Chiratto Happening\" on May 22, 2003.", "Prior to the start of the anime, several image songs were recorded by the anime cast members.", "Several maxi singles were released featuring some of these image songs as well as drama tracks, also performed by the anime cast.", "\"I Love Hina\" was released on April 26, 2000 and followed by \"Love Hina 1\" on June 26, 2000, \"Love Hina 2\" on July 26, 2000 and \"Love Hina 3\" on August 23, 2000.", "\"Love Hina 1\" came with a box to hold the other singles.", "There have been several \"Love Hina\" soundtracks released.", "\"Love Hina Original Sound File\" was released on September 21, 2000 and contains all of the background music for the series as well as many vocal songs.", "\"Love Hina — Winter Special Soundtrack\" was released on January 24, 2001 and was followed by \"Love Hina — Spring Special Soundtrack\" on June 6, 2001.", "\"Love Hina Again Soundtrack\" was released on April 3, 2002.", "Two collections of vocal songs featuring the female cast members were released: \"Love Hina – Hinata Girls Song Best\" was released on March 16, 2001 and \"Love Hina – Hinata Girls Song Best 2\" was released on October 3, 2001.", "Many of the songs featured on these two albums were written by Ritsuko Okazaki, who released the self cover album \"Love Hina Okazaki Collection\" on December 16, 2001.", "Two live concerts called \"Love Live Hina\" were performed by the Japanese cast members.", "The Tokyo Bay performance was bundled on DVD with \"Love Hina Final Selection\", and the Osaka Performance was available separately.", "\"Love Hina\" won the Kodansha Manga Award for best \"shōnen\" title in 2001.", "It was selected as the \"Best Manga, USA Release\" at both the 2002 and 2004 Anime Expo conventions.", "In 2003, the title was among the top ten graphic novels on Nielsen BookScan's list and one of the first graphic novels to ever appear in the general trade paperback list.", "The pop culture website ICv2 voted \"Love Hina\" \"Anime Product of the Year\" in 2002.", "The series was well received by critics.", "Tony Chen, of Anime News Network (ANN), found it to be a funny series, though finding the 16+ rating appropriate due to the number of jokes involving sexual innuendo.", "He praised the beautiful artwork, feeling the \"sexy and cute\" female designs were perfect for the series and that Keitarō's design fit his dorky personality.", "Chen found Naru's regularly catching Keitarō making a mistake and calling him a pervert redundant and annoying.", "Eric Luce of Ex.org notes an increased character development over other love comedies, and describes the series as \"nothing if not whimsical\".", "The release of the second and third DVDs in Japan was only the second time that an anime series had consecutive number 1 chart positions.", "This would not occur again until over 15 years later with \"Mr. Osomatsu\".", "ANN's Bamboo Dong praised the anime adaptation for being very intriguing and mixing \"drama, romance, and slapstick comedy in a pleasing combination\".", "She found the music \"incredibly cute\" and felt it was used in a way which contributed to many of the dramatic effects in the anime.", "In \"The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917\", Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy felt the female characters were a \"standard rack of female anime archetypes\" and that the series as a whole was a \"culmination of a decade of geek-centered anime\".", "Kenneth Lee, writing for Ex.org, praised the look and quality of the animation, highlighting the benefits of the digital creation of the adaption over traditional cel animation.", "Lee recognised elements from other series such as \"Maison Ikkoku\" and \"Kimagure Orange Road\", and summarised the series as \"simply wonderful\".", "Chris Beveridge, of AnimeOnDVD.com, noted the first anime DVD volume was \"really well put together\", but also felt the manga did not translate into an anime series particularly well.", "He praised the Christmas special, noting that it was \"several notches above the TV series\" but found that while the Spring Special had amusing moments, it was rushed with bad plotting.", "The \"Love Hina Again\" OVA received more mixed reviews, with ANN's Zac Berthschy feeling it reversed part of the plot of the main anime series and never reached the same entertainment level as the television series.", "The character of Kanako, Keitarō's sister, was heavily criticized for being \"one of the most annoying characters ever created even though she would have been better for Keitaro than Naru.\"", "Beveridge praised the fun and comedy as well as the fan service, but also noted that one's enjoyment would depend on whether they still cared for the characters." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 44985, "simple_article_title": "Love Hina", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44985", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-44985-0-0", "simple-44985-0-1", "simple-44985-0-2", "simple-44985-0-3", "simple-44985-0-4", "simple-44985-1-0", "simple-44985-1-1", "simple-44985-1-2", "simple-44985-1-3", "simple-44985-1-4", "simple-44985-1-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Love Hina is a Japanese manga.", "It was created by Ken Akamatsu.", "It tells the story Keitarô Urashima.", "Urashima is a Japanese student who tried to enter the famous university of Tokyo (Todai or Tokyô Daigaku).", "\"Love Hina\" exists also as an animated series.", "Keitarô Urashima is a 19-year-old boy who tries to study at the well known university of Todai.", "He tried three times and failed.", "He finally decides to go to the hotel of his aunt, the Hinata Hotel.", "When he got to the hotel, he found that it has been changed into a girls' hotel.", "The first time he met the people living in the hotel, they were not very happy to see him.", "Slowly, they began to accept him, even if he is clumsy and a pervert." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 182600, "normal_article_title": "Barrel racing", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=182600", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-182600-0-0", "normal-182600-0-1", "normal-182600-0-2", "normal-182600-1-0", "normal-182600-1-1", "normal-182600-1-2", "normal-182600-2-0", "normal-182600-2-1", "normal-182600-2-2", "normal-182600-2-3", "normal-182600-2-4", "normal-182600-2-5", "normal-182600-3-0", "normal-182600-3-1", "normal-182600-3-2", "normal-182600-4-0", "normal-182600-4-1", "normal-182600-4-2", "normal-182600-4-3", "normal-182600-4-4", "normal-182600-5-0", "normal-182600-5-1", "normal-182600-5-2", "normal-182600-6-0", "normal-182600-6-1", "normal-182600-6-2", "normal-182600-6-3", "normal-182600-6-4", "normal-182600-6-5", "normal-182600-6-6", "normal-182600-6-7", "normal-182600-7-0", "normal-182600-7-1", "normal-182600-7-2", "normal-182600-7-3", "normal-182600-8-0", "normal-182600-8-1", "normal-182600-8-2", "normal-182600-9-0", "normal-182600-9-1", "normal-182600-10-0", "normal-182600-11-0", "normal-182600-11-1", "normal-182600-12-0", "normal-182600-12-1", "normal-182600-12-2", "normal-182600-13-0", "normal-182600-14-0", "normal-182600-14-1", "normal-182600-14-2", "normal-182600-14-3", "normal-182600-14-4", "normal-182600-14-5", "normal-182600-14-6", "normal-182600-14-7", "normal-182600-14-8", "normal-182600-14-9", "normal-182600-14-10", "normal-182600-14-11", "normal-182600-14-12", "normal-182600-15-0", "normal-182600-15-1", "normal-182600-15-2", "normal-182600-15-3", "normal-182600-15-4", "normal-182600-15-5", "normal-182600-15-6", "normal-182600-15-7", "normal-182600-16-0", "normal-182600-17-0", "normal-182600-17-1", "normal-182600-18-0", "normal-182600-18-1", "normal-182600-18-2", "normal-182600-18-3", "normal-182600-18-4", "normal-182600-18-5", "normal-182600-19-0", "normal-182600-19-1", "normal-182600-19-2", "normal-182600-19-3", "normal-182600-19-4", "normal-182600-20-0", "normal-182600-20-1", "normal-182600-20-2", "normal-182600-20-3", "normal-182600-20-4", "normal-182600-21-0", "normal-182600-21-1", "normal-182600-21-2", "normal-182600-21-3", "normal-182600-21-4", "normal-182600-21-5", "normal-182600-22-0", "normal-182600-22-1", "normal-182600-22-2", "normal-182600-23-0", "normal-182600-23-1", "normal-182600-23-2", "normal-182600-23-3", "normal-182600-23-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Barrel racing is a rodeo event in which a horse and rider attempt to complete a cloverleaf pattern around preset barrels in the fastest time.", "Though both boys and girls compete at the youth level, in collegiate and professional ranks, it is a rodeo event for women.", "It combines the horse's athletic ability and the horsemanship skills of a rider in order to safely and successfully maneuver a horse in a pattern around three barrels (typically three water barrels) placed in a triangle in the center of an arena.", "Barrel racing originally developed as an event for women.", "In early barrel racing, the pattern alternated between a figure-eight and a cloverleaf pattern.", "The figure-eight was eventually dropped in favor of the more difficult cloverleaf.", "It is believed that competitive barrel racing was first held in Texas.", "The Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA) was developed in 1948 by a group of women from Texas who were looking to make a home for themselves and women in general in the sport of rodeo.", "When it initially began, the WPRA was called the Girls Rodeo Association, with the acronym GRA.", "It consisted of only 74 members, with as few as 60 approved tour events.", "The Girls Rodeo Association was the first body of rodeo developed specifically for women.", "The GRA eventually changed its name and officially became the WPRA in 1981, and the WPRA still allows women to compete in the various rodeo events as they like, but barrel racing remains the most popular event competition.", "Today barrel racing is a part of most rodeos and is also included in gymkhana or O-Mok-See events, which are a mostly amateur competition open to riders of all ages and abilities.", "There are also open barrel racing jackpots (open to all contestants no matter their age or gender).", "Barrel racing at this level is usually an event in which age group riders compete against each other, others including the keyhole race and pole bending.", "In barrel racing the purpose is to run the pattern as fast as possible.", "The times are measured either by an electric eye, a device using a laser system to record times, or by a judge who drops a flag to let the timer know when to hit the timer stop.", "Judges and timers are more commonly seen in local and non-professional events.", "The timer begins when horse and rider cross the start line, and ends when the barrel pattern has been successfully executed and horse and rider cross the finish line.", "The rider's time depends on several factors, most commonly the horse's physical and mental condition, the rider's horsemanship abilities, and the type of ground or footing (the quality, depth, content, etc. of the sand or dirt in the arena).", "Modern barrel racing horses not only need to be fast, but also strong, agile, and intelligent.", "Strength and agility are needed to maneuver the course in as little distance as possible.", "A horse that is able to \"hug the barrels\" as well as maneuver the course quickly and accurately follow commands, will be a horse with consistently low times.", "The approach to the first barrel is a critical moment in executing a successful pattern; the rider must rate her horse's speed at the right moment to enter the correct path to make a perfect turn.", "The rider can decide whether to go to the left or the right barrel first.", "Each turn in barrel racing should be a relatively even half circle around the barrel.", "As the horse sets up to take the turn, the rider must be in position as well, which entails sitting deeply in the saddle, using one hand on the horn and the other hand to guide the horse through and around the barrel turn.", "The rider's legs will be held closely to the horse's sides; the leg to the inside of the turn should be held securely along the girth to support the horse's rib cage and give them a focal point for the turn.", "The athleticism required for this maneuvering comes from optimum physical fitness of the rider and especially the horse.", "Improper preparation for such a sport can cause injury to both horse and rider.", "Injury can be avoided by using the proper protection for both horse and rider.", "In approaching the second barrel, the rider will be looking through the turn and now focused on the spot to enter the second barrel, across the arena.", "Now the horse and rider will go around the barrel in the opposite direction, following exactly the same procedure and switching to the opposite limbs.", "Next, running toward the backside of the arena (opposite the entrance), and through the middle, they are aiming for the third and final barrel, in the same direction as the second barrel was taken, all while racing against the timer.", "Completing the third and final turn sends them \"home\", which represents crossing the timer or line once more to finish.", "From the finish of the third barrel turn, the horse and rider have a straight shot back down the center of the arena, which means they must stay between the two other barrels.", "Once the timer is crossed, the clock stops to reveal their race time.", "Now the cloverleaf pattern, the three barrels set in a triangle formation, is completed.", "Standard barrel racing patterns call for a precise distance between the start line and the first barrel, from the first to the second barrel, and from the second to the third barrel.", "The pattern from every point of the cloverleaf will have a precisely measured distance from one point to the next.", "\"Note:\" In a standard WPRA pattern, the score line begins at the plane of arena, meaning from fence to fence regardless of the position of the electric eye or timer.", "In larger arenas, there is a maximum allowable distance of 105 feet between barrels 1 and 2, and a maximum distance of 120 feet between barrels 2 and 3, and 1 and 3.", "Barrels 1 and 2 must be at least 18 feet from the sides of the arena — in smaller arenas this distance may be less, but in no instance should the barrels be any closer than 15 feet from the sides of the arena.", "Barrel 3 should be no closer than 25 feet to the end of the arena, and should be set no more than 15 feet longer than the first and second barrel.", "If arena size permits, barrels must be set 60 feet or further apart.", "In small arenas it is recommended the pattern be reduced proportionately to a standard barrel pattern.", "The above pattern is the set pattern for the Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA), and The National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association (NIRA).", "In barrel racing, the fastest time wins.", "It is not judged under any subjective points of view, only the clock.", "Barrel racers in competition at the professional level must pay attention to detail while maneuvering at high speeds.", "Precise control is required to win.", "The rider is allowed to choose either the right or left barrel as their first barrel but must complete the correct pattern, allowing for turn changes depending on whether they are on the right or left lead.", "Running past a barrel and off the pattern will result in a \"no time\" score and disqualification.", "If a barrel racer or her horse hits a barrel and knocks it over there is a time penalty of five seconds (sometimes more), which usually will result in a time too slow to win.", "There is a sixty-second time limit to complete the course after time begins.", "Contestants cannot be required to start a run from an off-center alleyway, but contestants are not allowed to enter the arena and \"set\" the horse.", "It is required that the arena be \"worked\" after twelve contestants have run and before slack.", "Barrels are required to be fifty-five gallons, metal, enclosed at both ends, and of at least two colors.", "Competitors in the National Barrel Racing Association (NBRA) are required to wear a western long-sleeved shirt (tucked in), western cut pants or jeans, western hat, and boots.", "Competitors are required to abide by this dress code beginning one hour before the competition and lasting until after slack.", "Since its beginnings, the sport has developed over the years into a highly organized, exciting, but well-governed sport.", "The main sanctioning body of professional female rodeo athletes is the Women's Professional Rodeo Association.", "Today, the WPRA boasts a total of over 800 sanctioned tour events with an annual payout of more than three million dollars.", "The WPRA is divided into 12 divisional circuits.", "Average and overall winners from their circuit compete at the Ram National Circuit Finals Rodeo.", "In the United States, two national organizations promote events for barrel racing alone: the National Barrel Horse Association and Better Barrel Races.", "The WPRA is co-sanctioned with the PRCA (Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association) to allow women to compete in PRCA-endorsed rodeos.", "Without the co-sanction, barrel racing would be removed from PRCA rodeos and the Wrangler National Finals Rodeo.", "The American Quarter Horse is the most commonly used horse breed.", "Costs for the purchase of a high caliber barrel racing horse can currently reach well over $100,000, depending on the ability and individuality of the horse.", "While breeding plays a huge role in the sale price of a horse, athletic ability, intelligence, drive, and willingness to please also \"make or break\" the sale of a horse.", "There are no specific bits required for barrel racing, although some bits are more common to barrel racers.", "The type used is determined by an individual horse's needs.", "Bits with longer shanks cause the horse to stop quicker than normal due to the additional leverage on the mouth/jaw, while bits with shorter shanks are used for more lateral work.", "Curb chains, nosebands, and tie-downs can be used in conjunction with the bit.", "Curb chains are primarily used for rate.", "Tie-downs give the horse a sense of security when stopping and turning.", "Typically, reins used in barrel racing competitions are a single looped rein.", "This allows the rider the ability to quickly recover the reins if dropped, unlike split reins.", "Leather reins are widely used.", "These can be flat or braided, but both varieties have a tendency to become slippery when wet.", "Reins made of synthetic materials are also available.", "A lightweight western saddle with a high pommel and cantle is ideal.", "Forward hung stirrups also help to keep the rider's feet in proper position.", "Typically, riders choose a saddle that is up to a full size smaller than he or she would normally use.", "Most importantly, it must fit the rider's horse properly.", "Saddle pads and cinches are chosen based on the horse's size.", "The Camas Prairie Stump Race is a barrel race which is also a match race: two horses race against each other on identical circuits opposite the start-finish line; the riders start beside each other facing in opposite directions, and the first horse and rider back across the line win the race.", "The races continue until all but the last is eliminated.", "It is not a timed event.", "It is one of five game classes approved for horse club shows by the Appaloosa Horse Club.", "The ApHC rules state that racing competition is traditional to the Nez Perce Native American people.", "However, it is unclear if this particular competition is derived from any traditional competition.", "Commonly, protective boots are worn on the horse's front and hind legs to decrease the risk of potential injury.", "Injuries can occur when horses or riders collide with a barrel, fall on a sharp turn, or have an accident in the crowded gate area outside of the arena.", "Although equestrian helmets are not traditionally worn by riders, their use is slowly increasing, particularly since one championship-level rider debuted helmet use at the 2014 National Finals Rodeo.", "The metacarpophalangeal joint is the most frequently injured area in barrel horses.", "Due to the nature of the tight turns of the pattern and abrupt changes of speed, the right forelimb appears to be subjected to more stress than the left, yet in radiographs, the left shows more abnormalities.", "At the fetlock, the medial sesamoid bones are more likely to suffer inflammation than the lateral.", "Over time, some horses develop osteoarthritis.", "There are few studies on lameness in barrel horses, and most only examined horses known to be lame." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 58527, "simple_article_title": "Barrel racing", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58527", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-58527-0-0", "simple-58527-0-1", "simple-58527-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Barrel racing is an event often seen in rodeos.", "It involves a rider and horse going around 3 barrels in a cloverleaf pattern, started on either the right or the left side, but more often than not, the right side.", "Riders go from one barrel to the next making a square pattern around each and then running back past the timer in want of the fastest time." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 43521, "normal_article_title": "The Three Little Pigs", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43521", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-43521-0-0", "normal-43521-0-1", "normal-43521-0-2", "normal-43521-0-3", "normal-43521-0-4", "normal-43521-0-5", "normal-43521-1-0", "normal-43521-1-1", "normal-43521-2-0", "normal-43521-2-1", "normal-43521-2-2", "normal-43521-3-0", "normal-43521-3-1", "normal-43521-3-2", "normal-43521-4-0", "normal-43521-5-0", "normal-43521-5-1", "normal-43521-5-2", "normal-43521-5-3", "normal-43521-5-4", "normal-43521-5-5", "normal-43521-5-6", "normal-43521-5-7", "normal-43521-5-8", "normal-43521-6-0", "normal-43521-6-1", "normal-43521-6-2", "normal-43521-6-3", "normal-43521-6-4", "normal-43521-6-5", "normal-43521-6-6", "normal-43521-7-0", "normal-43521-7-1", "normal-43521-8-0", "normal-43521-8-1", "normal-43521-9-0", "normal-43521-9-1", "normal-43521-9-2", "normal-43521-9-3", "normal-43521-9-4", "normal-43521-10-0", "normal-43521-10-1", "normal-43521-10-2", "normal-43521-10-3", "normal-43521-10-4", "normal-43521-11-0", "normal-43521-11-1", "normal-43521-12-0", "normal-43521-12-1", "normal-43521-12-2", "normal-43521-12-3", "normal-43521-13-0", "normal-43521-13-1", "normal-43521-14-0", "normal-43521-15-0", "normal-43521-16-0", "normal-43521-16-1", "normal-43521-17-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Three Little Pigs is a fable about three pigs who build three houses of different materials.", "A Big Bad Wolf blows down the first two pigs' houses, made of straw and sticks respectively, but is unable to destroy the third pig's house, made of bricks.", "Printed versions date back to the 1840s, but the story itself is thought to be much older.", "The phrases used in the story, and the various morals drawn from it, have become embedded in Western culture.", "Many versions of \"The Three Little Pigs\" have been recreated or have been modified over the years, sometimes making the wolf a kind character.", "It is a type B124 folktale in the Aarne–Thompson classification system.", "\"The Three Little Pigs\" was included in \"The Nursery Rhymes of England\" (London and New York, c.1886), by James Halliwell-Phillipps.", "The story in its arguably best-known form appeared in \"English Fairy Tales\" by Joseph Jacobs, first published on June 19, 1890 and crediting Halliwell as his source.", "The story begins with the title characters being sent out into the world by their mother, to \"seek out their fortune\".", "The first little pig builds a house of straw, but a wolf blows it down and devours him.", "The second little pig builds a house of sticks, which the wolf also blows down, and the second little pig is also devoured.", "The third little pig builds a house of bricks, which the wolf fails to blow down.", "He then attempts to trick the pig out of the house by asking to meet him at various places, but he is outwitted each time.", "Finally, the wolf resolves to come down the chimney, whereupon the pig catches the wolf in a cauldron of boiling water, slams the lid on, then cooks and eats him.", "In some versions, the first and second little pigs are not eaten by the wolf after he demolishes their homes, but instead run to their brother's house, and after the wolf goes down the chimney he either dies like in the original, or runs away and never returns to eat the three little pigs, who all survive in either case.", "The story uses the literary rule of three, expressed in this case as a \"contrasting three\", as the third pig's brick house turns out to be the only one which is adequate to withstand the wolf.", "Variations of the tale appeared in \"Uncle Remus: His Songs and Sayings\" in 1881.", "The story also made an appearance in \"Nights with Uncle Remus\" in 1883, both by Joel Chandler Harris, in which the pigs were replaced by Brer Rabbit.", "Andrew Lang included it in \"The Green Fairy Book\", published in 1892, but did not cite his source.", "In contrast to Jacobs's version, which left the pigs nameless, Lang's retelling cast the pigs as Browny, Whitey, and Blacky.", "It also set itself apart by exploring each pig's character and detailing interaction between them.", "The antagonist of this version is a fox, not a wolf.", "The pigs' houses are made either of mud, cabbage, or brick.", "Blacky, the third pig, rescues his brother and sister from the fox's den after the fox has been defeated.", "The most well-known version of the story is the award-winning 1933 \"Silly Symphony\" cartoon, which was produced by Walt Disney.", "The production cast the title characters as \"Fifer Pig\", \"Fiddler Pig\", and \"Practical Pig\".", "The first two are depicted as both frivolous and arrogant.", "The story has been somewhat softened.", "The first two pigs still get their houses blown down, but escape from the wolf.", "Also, the wolf is not boiled to death but simply burns his behind and runs away.", "Three sequels soon followed in 1934, 1936 and 1939 respectively as a result of the short film's popularity.", "Fifer Pig, Fiddler Pig, Practical Pig and the Big Bad Wolf appeared in the 2001 series \"Disney's House of Mouse\" in many episodes, and again in \"\".", "The three pigs can be seen in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts as greetable characters.", "In 1943, there was a Merrie Melodies version, \"Pigs in a Polka\", which was a serious musical treatment, plus the usual Friz Freleng visual humor.", "It parodies both the Disney version, and \"Fantasia\" itself.", "Other versions of the tale were also made.", "One was an MGM Tex Avery cartoon named \"Blitz Wolf\", a 1942 wartime version with the Wolf as a Nazi.", "Another animated spoof was a 1952 Warner Brothers cartoon called The Turn-Tale Wolf, directed by Robert McKimson.", "This cartoon tells the story from the wolf's point of view and makes the pigs out to be the villains.", "Another Warner Brothers spoof was Friz Freleng's \"The Three Little Bops\" (1957), which depicts the three little pigs as jazz musicians who refuse to let the wolf join their band.", "In 1953, Tex Avery did a Droopy cartoon, \"The Three Little Pups\".", "In it, the wolf is a Southern-accented dog catcher (voiced by Daws Butler) trying to catch Droopy and his brothers, Snoopy and Loopy, to put in the dog pound.", "Though successfully blowing the first two houses down, he meets his match when he fails to blow down Droopy's house of bricks.", "The dog catcher makes several failed attempts to destroy the house and catch the pups.", "His last failed attempt ended with him \"going to television\" where he is playing a cowboy on the TV show the pups were watching.", "The 1989 parody \"The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs!\"", "is presented as a first-person narrative by the wolf, who portrays the entire incident as a misunderstanding; he had gone to the pigs to borrow some sugar, had destroyed their houses in a sneezing fit, ate the first two pigs to not waste food (since they'd died in the house collapse anyway), and was caught attacking the third pig's house after the pig had continually insulted him.", "The 1992 Green Jellö song, \"Three Little Pigs\" (and its claymation music video) sets the story in Los Angeles.", "The wolf drives a Harley Davidson motorcycle, the first little pig is an aspiring guitarist, the second is a cannabis smoking, dumpster diving evangelist and the third holds a Master of Architecture degree from Harvard University.", "In the end, with all three pigs barricaded in the brick house, the third pig calls 9-1-1.", "John Rambo is dispatched to the scene, and kills the wolf with a machine gun.", "The 1993 children's book \"The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig\" inverts the cast and makes a few changes to the plot: the wolves build a brick house, then a concrete house, then a steel house, and finally a house of flowers.", "The pig is unable to blow the houses down, destroying them by other means, but eventually gives up his wicked ways when he smells the scent of the flower house, and becomes friends with the wolves.", "In one Shining Time Station episode, \"Schemer's Alone\", Midge Smoot reads a version of this story to Schemer who paid her an IOU instead of real money, despite the fact that he's tricking his friends.", "The three pigs and the wolf appear in the four \"Shrek\" films, and the specials \"Shrek the Halls\" and \"Scared Shrekless\".", "In 2003, the Flemish company Studio 100 created a musical called \"Three Little Pigs\" , which follows the three daughters of the pig with the house of stone with new original songs, introducing a completely new story loosely based on the original story.", "The musical was specially written for the band K3, who play the three little pigs, Pirky, Parky and Porky .", "In 2014, Peter Lund let the three little pigs live together in a village in the musical \"Grimm\" with Little Red Riding Hood and other fairy tale characters." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 475418, "simple_article_title": "The Three Little Pigs", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=475418", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-475418-0-0", "simple-475418-0-1", "simple-475418-0-2", "simple-475418-0-3", "simple-475418-0-4", "simple-475418-0-5", "simple-475418-0-6", "simple-475418-0-7", "simple-475418-0-8", "simple-475418-0-9", "simple-475418-0-10", "simple-475418-0-11", "simple-475418-1-0", "simple-475418-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "\"The Three Little Pigs\" is a fable/fairy tale featuring three pigs.", "They each build houses of different materials.", "A big bad wolf (the villain or bad guy) is able to blow down the first two pigs' houses.", "The first is made of straw, the second is made of wood.", "But he is unable to destroy the third pig's house.", "This is because it is made of bricks.", "The moral or lesson of the story is to plan ahead.", "Printed versions of the story date back to the 1840s.", "But the story may have borrowed parts from older stories.", "One is \"The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids\" .", "This is a German folktale collected as the fifth tale in Grimms' Fairy Tales in 1812.", "The phrases used in the story, and the various morals that can be drawn from it, have become a part of Western culture.", "Walt Disney made an animated version of the story.", "It features the song, \"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 10858178, "normal_article_title": "Midnight (Hunter novel)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10858178", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-10858178-0-0", "normal-10858178-0-1", "normal-10858178-0-2", "normal-10858178-1-0", "normal-10858178-1-1", "normal-10858178-1-2", "normal-10858178-1-3", "normal-10858178-1-4", "normal-10858178-1-5", "normal-10858178-1-6", "normal-10858178-2-0", "normal-10858178-2-1", "normal-10858178-2-2", "normal-10858178-2-3", "normal-10858178-2-4", "normal-10858178-2-5", "normal-10858178-2-6", "normal-10858178-3-0", "normal-10858178-3-1", "normal-10858178-3-2", "normal-10858178-3-3", "normal-10858178-4-0", "normal-10858178-4-1", "normal-10858178-4-2", "normal-10858178-4-3", "normal-10858178-4-4", "normal-10858178-4-5", "normal-10858178-5-0", "normal-10858178-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Midnight is a fantasy novel, the first book in Erin Hunter's \"Warriors: The New Prophecy\" series.", "Following \"The Darkest Hour\" and \"\", and preceding \"Moonrise\", it was released May 10, 2005.", "The novel centers on a group of feral cats living in four Clans: ThunderClan, RiverClan, WindClan, and ShadowClan.", "More than a year has passed since the previous book, \"The Darkest Hour\".", "Bramblepaw, Tigerstar's son, has received his warrior name, Brambleclaw.", "Firestar has had two kits with Sandstorm, named Squirrelpaw and Leafpaw.", "Squirrelpaw is apprenticed to Dustpelt, and Leafpaw is apprenticed to Cinderpelt, in training to become the next medicine cat of ThunderClan.", "While Leafpaw and Cinderpelt search for herbs, StarClan, the cats' ancestors, sends Cinderpelt an ominous warning in some burning bracken, a picture of a tiger running through fire, which she interprets to mean that fire and tiger will destroy the forest.", "Cinderpelt concludes that the warning must be about Squirrelpaw and Brambleclaw, the daughter of Firestar and the son of Tigerstar.", "They share the warning with Firestar, who later decides to keep Brambleclaw and Squirrelpaw separated.", "In a dream, StarClan tells Brambleclaw, Feathertail (Graystripe's daughter), Crowpaw, and Tawnypelt (formerly Tawnypaw, Brambleclaw's sister) to listen to what \"midnight\" has to say.", "Eventually, they begin a journey in the direction of the setting sun.", "Squirrelpaw tags along and Stormfur insists on accompanying them to protect his sister, Feathertail, as the six cats trek into the unknown world.", "On their journey, they meet an old loner named Purdy who helps the Clan cats get to the sun-drown place (ocean).", "Eventually, they reach the sun-drown-place and enter a cavern inhabited by a highly intelligent American badger known as Midnight, able to speak the languages of cats, foxes and rabbits, who reveals to them that humans will destroy the forest and that the cats must either leave the forest or die.", "She also tells them that a dying warrior will lead the Clans to their new home.", "The book ends with a short epilogue back in the forest, where the humans begin to destroy ThunderClan's territory.", "\"Midnight\" was first released in the US and Canada in hardcover on May 10, 2005.", "It was released in the UK on October 25, 2006.", "It was released in paperback on April 4, 2006.", "It was also released for the Amazon Kindle on November 6, 2007.", "The reception of \"Midnight\" was mixed.", "Children's Literature gave a negative review.", "Points raised in the review include the demotion of Firestar to a simple spokesman, the huge volume of characters, and the \"wimpy\" group of traveling cats.", "However, the review did praise the character of Squirrelpaw.", "On the other hand, Kirkus Reviews said the novel was \"structurally solid\".", "BookLoons called the new generation \"engaging\".", "The forest depicted in the book is based on New Forest, a forest in southern England.", "The herbs that the cats use for healing is based on information found in \"Culpeper's Herbal\" by Nicholas Culpeper." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 276412, "simple_article_title": "Midnight (Warriors)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=276412", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-276412-0-0", "simple-276412-0-1", "simple-276412-0-2", "simple-276412-1-0", "simple-276412-1-1", "simple-276412-1-2", "simple-276412-1-3", "simple-276412-1-4", "simple-276412-1-5", "simple-276412-2-0", "simple-276412-2-1", "simple-276412-2-2", "simple-276412-2-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Midnight is the first book in the 2nd \"Warriors\" series, \"The New Prophecy\".", "The book is, like the others before it, placed in the New Forest in England.", "There is also some other places, like the sea, towns, and forests.", "Brambleclaw starts having dreams, and they tell him to meet at the New Moon at Fourtrees.", "He does, and finds out that he must go on a journey to the Sun Drown Place; the sea.", "Meanwhile Firestar starts mysteriously trying to keep Squirrelpaw and Brambleclaw apart.", "They go on the journey, and find the reason that they were sent on this journey.", "The forest is currently being destroyed.", "They are shocked to see that the news comes from Midnight, a badger.", "Leafpaw has a special bond with Squirrelpaw, where one feels the pain of the other, and they can know where each other is.", "Leafpaw uses this to tell Squirrelpaw that borage is best for rat bites.", "The morning the journeying cats set off, Leafpaw intercepts Brambleclaw and Squirrelpaw, giving them traveling herbs.", "Soon, the forest starts being destroyed." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 78455, "normal_article_title": "Pac-12 Conference", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78455", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-78455-0-0", "normal-78455-0-1", "normal-78455-1-0", "normal-78455-1-1", "normal-78455-2-0", "normal-78455-2-1", "normal-78455-2-2", "normal-78455-3-0", "normal-78455-3-1", "normal-78455-3-2", "normal-78455-4-0", "normal-78455-4-1", "normal-78455-4-2", "normal-78455-5-0", "normal-78455-5-1", "normal-78455-6-0", "normal-78455-7-0", "normal-78455-8-0", "normal-78455-9-0", "normal-78455-9-1", "normal-78455-10-0", "normal-78455-10-1", "normal-78455-11-0", "normal-78455-11-1", "normal-78455-12-0", "normal-78455-13-0", "normal-78455-13-1", "normal-78455-14-0", "normal-78455-14-1", "normal-78455-15-0", "normal-78455-15-1", "normal-78455-15-2", "normal-78455-16-0", "normal-78455-17-0", "normal-78455-17-1", "normal-78455-18-0", "normal-78455-19-0", "normal-78455-19-1", "normal-78455-20-0", "normal-78455-20-1", "normal-78455-20-2", "normal-78455-20-3", "normal-78455-20-4", "normal-78455-21-0", "normal-78455-21-1", "normal-78455-21-2", "normal-78455-21-3", "normal-78455-21-4", "normal-78455-22-0", "normal-78455-22-1", "normal-78455-22-2", "normal-78455-22-3", "normal-78455-23-0", "normal-78455-24-0", "normal-78455-24-1", "normal-78455-25-0", "normal-78455-25-1", "normal-78455-26-0", "normal-78455-26-1", "normal-78455-26-2", "normal-78455-27-0", "normal-78455-27-1", "normal-78455-27-2", "normal-78455-27-3", "normal-78455-27-4", "normal-78455-28-0", "normal-78455-29-0", "normal-78455-29-1", "normal-78455-30-0", "normal-78455-30-1", "normal-78455-30-2", "normal-78455-31-0", "normal-78455-31-1", "normal-78455-31-2", "normal-78455-31-3", "normal-78455-32-0", "normal-78455-32-1", "normal-78455-32-2", "normal-78455-33-0", "normal-78455-33-1", "normal-78455-34-0", "normal-78455-34-1", "normal-78455-35-0", "normal-78455-35-1", "normal-78455-35-2", "normal-78455-36-0", "normal-78455-36-1", "normal-78455-37-0", "normal-78455-38-0", "normal-78455-39-0", "normal-78455-40-0", "normal-78455-41-0", "normal-78455-42-0", "normal-78455-43-0", "normal-78455-43-1", "normal-78455-44-0", "normal-78455-44-1", "normal-78455-44-2", "normal-78455-45-0", "normal-78455-46-0", "normal-78455-46-1", "normal-78455-46-2", "normal-78455-47-0", "normal-78455-47-1", "normal-78455-48-0", "normal-78455-48-1", "normal-78455-48-2", "normal-78455-49-0", "normal-78455-49-1", "normal-78455-49-2", "normal-78455-49-3", "normal-78455-50-0", "normal-78455-50-1", "normal-78455-51-0", "normal-78455-51-1", "normal-78455-52-0", "normal-78455-52-1", "normal-78455-53-0", "normal-78455-53-1", "normal-78455-53-2", "normal-78455-54-0", "normal-78455-54-1", "normal-78455-55-0", "normal-78455-56-0", "normal-78455-57-0", "normal-78455-57-1", "normal-78455-57-2", "normal-78455-57-3", "normal-78455-58-0", "normal-78455-58-1", "normal-78455-58-2", "normal-78455-59-0", "normal-78455-59-1", "normal-78455-59-2", "normal-78455-60-0", "normal-78455-60-1", "normal-78455-60-2", "normal-78455-60-3", "normal-78455-61-0", "normal-78455-61-1", "normal-78455-62-0", "normal-78455-63-0", "normal-78455-64-0", "normal-78455-65-0", "normal-78455-65-1", "normal-78455-65-2", "normal-78455-65-3", "normal-78455-66-0", "normal-78455-66-1", "normal-78455-66-2", "normal-78455-66-3", "normal-78455-66-4", "normal-78455-67-0", "normal-78455-68-0", "normal-78455-68-1", "normal-78455-68-2", "normal-78455-68-3", "normal-78455-68-4", "normal-78455-68-5", "normal-78455-68-6", "normal-78455-68-7", "normal-78455-69-0", "normal-78455-69-1", "normal-78455-69-2", "normal-78455-69-3", "normal-78455-69-4", "normal-78455-69-5", "normal-78455-70-0", "normal-78455-70-1", "normal-78455-70-2", "normal-78455-71-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States, participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level.", "Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS; formerly Division I-A), the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition.", "The conference's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.", "They include each state's flagship public university, four additional public universities, and two private research universities.", "The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) in 1959.", "The conference previously went by the names Big Five, Big Six, Pacific-8, and Pacific-10.", "The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah.", "Nicknamed the \"Conference of Champions\", the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history.", "The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12: Stanford, UCLA, and USC, in that order.", "Washington's national title in women's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school.", "The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott.", "Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen, who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position.", "Prior to joining the Pac-10, Scott was Chairman and CEO of the Women's Tennis Association.", "The Pac-12 has twelve full member institutions.", "Football is the only sport where the conference is split into two divisions, the North Division and the South Division.", "The Pac-12's members are spread evenly between 3 regions, with 4 schools each in California, the Pacific Northwest, and the Four Corners region.", "Endowment figures per NACUBO's 2017 figures and from the University of California Endowment Report.", "The Pac-12 has three affiliate member institutions in California and one in Arkansas.", "Cal State Bakersfield initially announced it would become a men's soccer affiliate starting in 2013, but never went through with those plans, accepting an invitation to become an all-sports member of the Western Athletic Conference, which sponsors men's soccer, also in 2013.", "The school will maintain its Pac-12 affiliation in wrestling, which the WAC does not sponsor.", "No school has left the Pac-12 since its founding as the AAWU in 1959.", "Two members of the PCC were not invited to join the AAWU or its successors.", "Eight of the twelve member schools are members of the Association of American Universities (AAU), including all four California-based schools.", "The only FBS conference with more AAU members is the Big Ten with 13 out of 14 member institutions having AAU membership.", "Additionally, these member schools are also highly ranked nationally and globally by various groups, including the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) and Times Higher Education World University Rankings (Times).", "Total revenue includes ticket sales, contributions and donations, rights and licensing, student fees, school funds and all other sources including TV income, camp income, concessions, and novelties.", "Total expenses includes coach and staff salaries, scholarships, buildings and grounds, maintenance, utilities and rental fees, recruiting, team travel, equipment and uniforms, conference dues, and insurance.", "The following table is updated to show institutional reporting to the Department of Education as shown on the DOE Equity in Athletics website for the 2013–14 academic year.", "The national ranking of revenue is based on 2075 institutions reporting to the Department of Education that year.", "The roots of the Pac-12 Conference go back to December 2, 1915, when the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) was founded at a meeting at the Imperial Hotel in Portland, Oregon.", "Charter members were the University of California (now University of California, Berkeley), University of Washington, University of Oregon, and Oregon Agricultural College (now Oregon State University).", "The PCC began play in 1916.", "One year later, Washington State College (now Washington State University) joined the league, followed by Stanford University in 1918.", "In 1922, the PCC expanded to eight teams with the admission of USC and Idaho.", "Montana joined the Conference in 1924, and in 1928, the PCC grew to 10 members with the addition of UCLA.", "For many years, the conference split into two divisions for basketball and baseball – a Southern Division comprising the four California schools and a Northern Division comprising the six schools in the Pacific Northwest.", "In 1950, Montana departed to join the Mountain States Conference.", "The PCC continued as a nine-team league through June 1959.", "Following \"pay-for-play\" scandals at California, USC, UCLA, and Washington, the PCC disbanded in June 1959.", "Ten months earlier in August 1958, these four schools agreed to form a new conference that would take effect the following summer.", "When the four schools and Stanford began discussions for a new conference in 1959, retired Admiral Thomas J. Hamilton interceded and suggested the schools consider creating a national \"power conference\" (Hamilton had been a key player, head coach, and athletic director at Navy, and was the current athletic director at Pittsburgh).", "Nicknamed the \"Airplane Conference,\" the five former PCC schools would have played with other major academically-oriented schools, including Army, Navy, Air Force, Notre Dame, Pitt, Penn State, and Syracuse.", "The effort fell through when a Pentagon official vetoed the idea and the service academies backed out.", "On July 1, 1959, the new Athletic Association of Western Universities was launched, with California, UCLA, USC, and Washington as the four charter members.", "Stanford joined during the first month.", "Hamilton left Pittsburgh to become the first commissioner of the AAWU, and remained for twelve years.", "The conference also was popularly known as the Big Five from 1960 to 1962.", "When Washington State joined in 1962, the conference became informally known as the Big Six.", "Oregon and Oregon State joined in the summer of 1964.", "With their addition, the conference was known unofficially as the Pacific Athletic and then the Pacific-8 (as there already was a major conference called the Big Eight).", "In 1968, the AAWU formally renamed itself the Pacific-8 Conference, or Pac-8 for short.", "The Pac-8 did not allow a second bowl team from the conference until the 1975 season; in basketball, participation in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) was not allowed until 1973.", "Idaho was never invited to join the AAWU; the Vandals were independent for four years until the formation of the Big Sky Conference in 1963, and were independent in football until 1965.", "In 1978, the conference added Arizona and Arizona State from the Western Athletic Conference, becoming the Pacific-10 Conference or Pac-10.", "The invitations to the schools were extended in December 1976, and the expansion formally announced in May 1977.", "In 1986, the Pac-10 began sponsoring women's athletics.", "Prior to this time members' women's teams competed with other large universities on the Pacific coast in either the Northern Pacific Conference or the Western Collegiate Athletic Association.", "In the mid-1990s the conference expressed interest in admitting the University of Colorado and the University of Texas after the collapse of the Southwest Conference.", "Texas expressed an interest in joining a strong academic conference, but joined three fellow Southwest Conference schools (Texas A&M, Texas Tech, and Baylor) to merge with the Big Eight Conference to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996.", "Colorado elected to remain in the newly formed Big 12.", "Before the addition of Colorado and Utah in 2011, only the Ivy League had maintained its membership for a longer time than the Pac-10 among Division I conferences.", "Commissioner Larry Scott said on February 9, 2010, that the window for expansion was open for the next year as the conference began negotiations for a new television deal.", "Speaking on a conference call to introduce former Big 12 commissioner Kevin Weiberg as his new deputy, Scott talked about possibly adding new teams to the conference and launching a new television network.", "Scott, the former head of the Women's Tennis Association, took over the conference in July 2009.", "In his first eight months on the job, he saw growing interest from the membership over the possibility of adding teams for the first time since Arizona and Arizona State joined the conference in 1978.", "In early June 2010, there were reports that the Pac-10 was considering adding up to six teams to the conference: the University of Texas, Texas A&M University, Texas Tech University, the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the University of Colorado.", "On June 10, 2010, the University of Colorado Boulder officially accepted an invitation to join the Pac-10 Conference, effective starting with the 2012–2013 academic year.", "The school later announced it would join the conference a year earlier than previously announced, in the 2011–2012 academic year.", "On June 15, 2010, a deal was reached between Texas and the Big 12 Conference to keep Texas, Texas A&M, Texas Tech, Oklahoma, and Oklahoma State in the Big 12.", "Following Texas' decision, the other Big 12 schools that had been rumored candidates to join the Pac-10 announced they would remain in the Big 12.", "This deal effectively ended the Pac-10's ambition to potentially become a sixteen-team conference.", "On June 17, 2010, the University of Utah officially accepted an invitation to join the Pac-10 Conference, effective starting July 2011.", "Utah was a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) with Arizona and Arizona State before those two left for the Pac-10 in 1978.", "The Utes left an expanded WAC with seven other schools in 1999 to form the new Mountain West Conference.", "Utah became the first \"BCS Buster\" to join a BCS conference, having played in (and won) two BCS games beforehand.", "On July 27, 2010, the conference unveiled a new logo and announced that the Pac-10 would be renamed the Pac-12 when Utah and Colorado formally joined in July 2011.", "On October 21, the Pac-12 announced that its football competition would be split into two divisions—a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools, and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Southern California schools.", "On July 1, 2011, the Pac-12 assumed its current alignment when both Colorado and Utah officially joined as full members.", "On August 15, 2012, the conference debuted the Pac-12 Network.", "It was the third college sports conference to launch a dedicated network, and the first to completely fund and own their own network outright.", "The Pac-12 claims the PCC's history as its own.", "It inherited the PCC's berth in the Rose Bowl, and the eight largest schools in the old PCC all eventually joined the new league.", "The Pac-12 is one of the founding members of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF), a conference organized to provide competition in non-revenue Olympic sports.", "All-Pac-12 members participate in at least one MPSF sport (men's and women's indoor track and field both actually have enough participating Pac-12 schools for the conference to sponsor a championship, but the Pac-12 has opted not to do so).", "For certain sports, the Pac-12 admits certain schools as associate members.", "The Pac-12 Conference sponsors championship competition in 10 men's and 13 women's NCAA-sanctioned sports, plus one men's sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA.", "Four schools are associate members, each in a single men's sport.", "The newest sport to be sponsored by the Pac-12 is women's lacrosse, which began play in spring 2018 following the elevation of Arizona State's club team to full varsity status.", "Member-by-member sponsorship of the 11 men's Pac-12 sports.", "Men's sports that are not sponsored by the Pac-12 but are fielded as a varsity sport at Pac-12 schools", "Member-by-member sponsorship of the 13 women's Pac-12 sports.", "Women's sports that are not sponsored by the Pac-12 but are fielded as a varsity sport at Pac-12 schools", "See also: List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships, List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships, and NCAA Division I FBS Conferences", "† Co-ed sports include fencing (since 1990), rifle, and skiing (since 1983).", "Team fencing championships before 1990 and team skiing championships before 1983 were awarded as men's or women's championships and are counted here as such.", "These totals do not include football national championships, which the NCAA does not officially award at the FBS level.", "Various polls, formulas, and other third-party systems have been used to determine national championships, not all of which are universally accepted.", "These totals also do not include championships prior to the inception of the NCAA.", "USC claims 11 national football championships, California claims 5, Washington and Stanford claim 2, and Colorado, Utah, and UCLA claim 1.", "Each of the ten schools that were conference members before 2011 has its own in-state, conference rivalry.", "One is an intracity rivalry (UCLA-USC), and another is within the same metropolitan area (California-Stanford).", "Colorado and Utah, who joined in 2011, were historic rivals in the Rocky Mountain region prior to 1962 when they suspended the series.", "The most frequently played rivalries in the conference are the Civil War between Oregon and Oregon State (120 meetings through 2016) and Big Game between Stanford and California (119 meetings).", "These rivalries are among the most played rivalries in college football.", "The two newest members, Colorado and Utah, had a football rivalry that had been dormant since 1962 – both were conference rivals previously in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (now a Division II conference), and later the now-defunct Mountain States Conference (also known as the Skyline Conference).", "Even after Colorado joined what became the Big 12 in 1948 (the conference was then known popularly as the Big 7 Conference), the two schools continued their football rivalry for over a decade before ending it after the 1962 season.", "With the two schools being placed in the same division for football starting in 2011, the rivalry was revived with their 58th meeting during the 2011 season.", "All of the California schools consider each other major rivals, due to the culture clash between Northern and Southern California.", "California and UCLA have a rivalry rooted in their shared history as the top programs within the University of California system.", "Stanford and USC have a rivalry rooted in their shared history as the only private schools in the Pac-12.", "California and USC also have a long history, having played each other every year in football since 1916.", "Oregon, Oregon State, Washington, and Washington State all consider each other major rivals due to their proximity and long history.", "The Oregon–Washington rivalry is sometimes referred to as the Border War.", "Arizona and New Mexico have a recently renewed rivalry game, based upon when they were both members of the WAC and both states were longtime territories before being admitted as states in 1912.", "They played for the Kit Carson Rifle trophy, which was no longer used starting with their meeting in the 1997 Insight Bowl.", "USC and Notre Dame have an intersectional rivalry (See Notre Dame–USC rivalry).", "The games in odd-numbered years are played in South Bend in mid-October, while the games in even-numbered years are played in Los Angeles, usually in late November.", "Stanford and Notre Dame also have an intersectional rivalry (See Notre Dame–Stanford football rivalry).", "The schedule of the Stanford–Notre Dame rivalry mirrors that of USC–Notre Dame.", "The games in even-numbered years are played at Notre Dame in mid-October, while the games in odd-numbered years are played at Stanford in late November.", "The isolated rural campuses of Washington State and Idaho are eight miles (13 km) apart on the Palouse, creating a natural border war known as the Battle of the Palouse.", "Idaho rejoined FBS in 1996, until 2017.", "Utah and BYU have a fierce rivalry nicknamed the Holy War that goes back to 1896.", "Colorado also has a rivalry with in-state rival Colorado State called the Rocky Mountain Showdown.", "With the NCAA permanently approving 12-game schedules in college football beginning in 2006, the Pac-10—alone among major conferences in doing so—went to a full nine-game conference schedule.", "Previously, the schools did not play one non-rival opponent, resulting in an eight-game conference schedule (four home games and four away).", "In 2010, the last season before the arrival of Colorado and Utah, the only other BCS conference that played a round-robin schedule was the Big East.", "The schedule consisted of one home and away game against the two schools in each region, plus the game against the primary in-state rival.", "On October 21, 2010 the Pac-10 announced the creation of divisions and a championship game in football, to be used when Colorado and Utah joined the conference effective July 1, 2011.", "The twelve members were split into two divisions for football only: a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools, and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Los Angeles schools.", "The four California schools (gray background below) will still play each other every season despite spanning both divisions.", "A nine-game conference schedule is being maintained, with five games within the assigned division and four games from the opposite division.", "The four California teams will play each other every season.", "Consequently, the four non-California teams in each division will only play one of the two California teams from the opposite division each year.", "The Pac-12 Football Championship Game features the North Division Champion against the South Division Champion.", "The divisional champions are determined based on record in all conference games (both divisional and cross-divisional).", "The first three championship games were played at the home stadium of the participant with the better overall conference record.", "Since 2014, the Championship Game has been hosted at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, but will move to Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas for at least 2020 and 2021.", "As of the 2017 college football season, the following is the selection order of bowl games with Pac-12 tie-ins.", "If a Pac-12 team is selected to participate in the College Football Playoff, all other bowl-eligible teams move up one spot in the order.", "In honor of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the conference, an All-Century Team was unveiled on December 2, 2015, voted on by a panel of coaches, players, and the media.", "\"Note: Bold Italic notes Offensive, Defensive and Coach of the Century selections; The voting panel was made up of 119 former players, coaches and media.\"", "All of the intra-conference rivalries in football are carried over into other sports.", "During the 1970s, UCLA and Notre Dame had an intense men's basketball rivalry.", "For several years, it was one of a small number of non-conference games in Division I basketball that was played twice a season (home-and-away).", "The most famous game in the rivalry was on January 19, 1974, when Notre Dame scored the last 12 points of the game to nip UCLA and end the Bruins' record 88-game winning streak.", "This rivalry is now dormant, partly because Notre Dame is no longer independent in sports other than football (now in the ACC).", "In baseball, there are intense rivalries between the four southern schools.", "Arizona, Arizona State, and USC have long and successful histories in baseball and all have won national titles in the sport.", "The most intense series is widely regarded to be the \"Basebrawl\" series between USC and Arizona State in 1990.", "Arizona State swept the series and in the final game a bench clearing brawl spread quickly to the stands and made national headlines.", "Several were injured and riot police were called to end the fracas.", "Washington and California have a longstanding rivalry in men's crew as the two traditionally dominant programs on the West Coast.", "Due to the unique geographic nature of the Pac-12 teams, the teams travel in pairs for road basketball games.", "For example, on Thursday, February 28, 2008, USC played Arizona and UCLA played Arizona State.", "Two nights later the teams switched and USC played Arizona State and UCLA played Arizona.", "The teams are paired as follows: USC and UCLA (the L.A. teams), Arizona and Arizona State (the Arizona teams), California and Stanford (the Bay Area teams), Washington and Washington State (the Washington teams), Oregon and Oregon State (the Oregon teams), and Colorado and Utah (the Rocky Mountain teams).", "Usually, the games are played on Thursdays and Saturdays with a game or occasionally two on Sundays for television purposes.", "This pairing formula is also used in women's volleyball.", "To make scheduling simpler for men and women's basketball (a sport in which each conference member uses a single venue for both teams' home games), the schedule for women's basketball is the opposite of the men's schedule.", "For example, when the Oregon schools are hosting the men's teams from the Arizona schools, the Arizona schools host the women's teams from Oregon schools the same weekend.", "This formula has made a tradition in conference play to keep track of how a team does against a particular region; and stats are kept as to how successful a team is against, for example, \"the Bay Area schools\" at home or away.", "Effective in the 2011–12 season, with the expansion into 12 teams, a 10-year rotation model has been developed to maintain the existing 18-game conference schedule.", "Teams remained paired with their regional rival.", "Each school plays its regional rival and six other teams both home and away, and the other four teams once – two at home and two away.", "The newest members, Colorado and Utah, are paired with each other.", "The single play opponents rotate every two years.", "Recently, Cal Poly and UCLA has grown into a competitive Men's Soccer rivalry with Cal Poly hosting UCLA in a 0–0 tie in front of a crowd of 8,717 which at the time was the 9th largest regular season, on-campus attendance in the history of college soccer.", "The schools have played several times since however UCLA has not returned to San Luis Obispo for a Friday or Saturday game since tying Cal Poly in front of a record crowd.", "UCLA leads the series 6–2–2.", "Commissioners of the forerunner PCC" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 116052, "simple_article_title": "Pac-12 Conference", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=116052", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-116052-0-0", "simple-116052-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Pac-12 Conference is a group of universities who play each other in football, basketball, and other sports.", "It has won more national championships than any other conference." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 64696, "normal_article_title": "Boyar", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64696", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-64696-0-0", "normal-64696-0-1", "normal-64696-1-0", "normal-64696-2-0", "normal-64696-2-1", "normal-64696-2-2", "normal-64696-2-3", "normal-64696-2-4", "normal-64696-3-0", "normal-64696-3-1", "normal-64696-3-2", "normal-64696-3-3", "normal-64696-4-0", "normal-64696-4-1", "normal-64696-4-2", "normal-64696-5-0", "normal-64696-6-0", "normal-64696-6-1", "normal-64696-6-2", "normal-64696-6-3", "normal-64696-7-0", "normal-64696-7-1", "normal-64696-7-2", "normal-64696-8-0", "normal-64696-8-1", "normal-64696-9-0", "normal-64696-9-1", "normal-64696-10-0", "normal-64696-10-1", "normal-64696-10-2", "normal-64696-10-3", "normal-64696-10-4", "normal-64696-11-0", "normal-64696-11-1", "normal-64696-11-2", "normal-64696-11-3", "normal-64696-12-0", "normal-64696-12-1", "normal-64696-12-2", "normal-64696-12-3", "normal-64696-12-4", "normal-64696-12-5", "normal-64696-12-6", "normal-64696-12-7", "normal-64696-12-8", "normal-64696-13-0", "normal-64696-13-1", "normal-64696-13-2", "normal-64696-13-3", "normal-64696-13-4", "normal-64696-13-5", "normal-64696-13-6", "normal-64696-14-0", "normal-64696-14-1", "normal-64696-14-2", "normal-64696-14-3", "normal-64696-14-4", "normal-64696-15-0", "normal-64696-15-1", "normal-64696-15-2", "normal-64696-15-3", "normal-64696-15-4", "normal-64696-15-5", "normal-64696-16-0", "normal-64696-16-1", "normal-64696-16-2", "normal-64696-16-3", "normal-64696-16-4", "normal-64696-16-5", "normal-64696-16-6", "normal-64696-17-0", "normal-64696-17-1", "normal-64696-17-2", "normal-64696-18-0", "normal-64696-18-1", "normal-64696-19-0", "normal-64696-19-1", "normal-64696-19-2", "normal-64696-19-3", "normal-64696-19-4", "normal-64696-19-5", "normal-64696-19-6", "normal-64696-19-7", "normal-64696-20-0", "normal-64696-20-1", "normal-64696-20-2", "normal-64696-20-3", "normal-64696-20-4", "normal-64696-21-0", "normal-64696-21-1", "normal-64696-21-2", "normal-64696-21-3", "normal-64696-21-4", "normal-64696-21-5", "normal-64696-21-6", "normal-64696-21-7", "normal-64696-21-8", "normal-64696-22-0", "normal-64696-22-1", "normal-64696-22-2", "normal-64696-22-3", "normal-64696-22-4", "normal-64696-23-0", "normal-64696-23-1", "normal-64696-23-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A boyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Wallachian, Moldavian, and later Romanian and Livonian (Modern day Latvia and Estonia ) aristocracies, second only to the ruling princes (in Bulgaria, tsars) from the 10th century to the 17th century.", "The rank has lived on as a surname in Russia, and Romania, Finland and Latvia where it is spelled \"Pajari\" or \"Bajāri'.", "Also known as bolyar; variants in other languages include or ; or ; Russian: , ; , ] ; and .", "For the linguists, the title Boila is predecessor or old form of the title Bolyar (the Bulgarian word for Boyar).", "Boila was a title worn by some of the Bulgar aristocrats (mostly of regional governors and noble warriors) in the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018).", "The plural form of boila (\"noble\"), \"bolyare\" is attested in Bulgar inscriptions and rendered as \"boilades\" or \"boliades\" in the Greek of Byzantine documents.", "Multiple different derivation theories of the word have been suggested by scholars and linguists, such as it having possible roots from old Turkic: \"bai\" (\"noble, rich\"; \"cf.\" \"bey\"), itself a derivative of beg, bag, from the Indo-European Iranic word \"bagh\", \"lord\" – whence, \"Bagh\"dad (lord-given), akin to Russian \"bog\", Serbian \"bojh\", \"lord,\" plus Turkic \"är\" (\"man, men\").", "The title entered Old Russian as \"быля\" (\"bylya\", attested solely in \"The Tale of Igor's Campaign\").", "The oldest Slavic form of \"boyar\"—\"bolyarin\", pl.", "\"bolyari\" —dates from the 10th century, and it is found in Bulgaria, where it may have stemmed from the old Bulgar title \"boila\", which denoted a high aristocratic status among the Bulgars.", "It was probably transformed through \"boilar\" or \"bilyar\" to \"bolyar\" and \"bolyarin\".", "In support of this hypothesis is the 10th-century diplomatic protocol of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, where the Bulgarian nobles are called \"boliades\", while the 9th-century Bulgar sources call them \"boila\".", "A member of the nobility during the First Bulgarian Empire was called a \"boila\", while in the Second Bulgarian Empire, the corresponding title became \"bolyar\" or \"bolyarin\".", "\"Bolyar\", as well as its predecessor, \"boila\", was a hereditary title.", "The Bulgarian bolyars were divided into \"veliki\" (\"great\") and \"malki\" (\"minor\").", "Presently in Bulgaria, the word \"bolyari\" is used as a nickname for the inhabitants of Veliko Tarnovo—once the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire.", "In medieval Serbia, the rank of the boyars was equivalent to the rank of the baron; meaning \"free warrior\" (or \"free man\" in general), it was the first rank after the non-free peasants or serfs.", "The etymology of the term comes from the word \"battle\" ; the boyars of Serbia were literally \"men for the battle\" or the warrior class, in contrast to the peasants; they could own land but were obliged to defend it and fight for the king.", "With the rule of the Ottoman Empire after 1450, the Ottoman as well as the Austro-Hungarian terms exchanged the Serbian one.", "Today, it is an archaic term representing the aristocracy .", "From the 9th to 13th century, boyars wielded considerable power through their military support of the Kievan princes.", "Power and prestige of many of them, however, soon came to depend almost completely on service to the state, family history of service and, to a lesser extent, land ownership.", "Boyars of Kievan Rus were visually very similar to knights, but after the Mongol invasion, their cultural links were mostly lost.", "The boyars occupied the highest state offices and, through a council (duma), advised the grand duke.", "They received extensive grants of land and, as members of the Boyars' Duma, were the major legislators of Kievan Rus'.", "After the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, the boyars from central and southern parts of Kievan Rus' (modern Belarus and Ukraine) were incorporated into Lithuanian and Polish nobility (szlachta).", "In the 16th and 17th centuries, many of those Ukrainian boyars who failed to get the status of a nobleman actively participated in the formation of the Cossack army, based in the south of modern Ukraine.", "During the 14th and 15th centuries, the boyars of Moscow had considerable influence that continued from the Muscovy period.", "However, starting with the reign of Ivan III, the boyars were starting to lose that influence to the authoritative tsars in Russia.", "Because of Ivan III's expansionist policies, administrative changes were needed in order to ease the burden of governing Muscovy.", "Small principalities knew their loyal subjects by name, but after the consolidation of territories under Ivan, familial loyalty and friendship with the boyar's subjects turned those same subjects into administrative lists.", "The face of provincial rule disappeared.", "Boyar membership, until the 16th century, did not necessarily require one to be Russian, or even Orthodox, as historians note that many boyars came from places like Lithuania or the Nogais, and some remained Muslims for a generation after the Mongols were ousted.", "What is interesting about the boyars is their implied duties.", "Because boyars were not constitutionally instituted, much of their powers and duties came from agreements signed between princes.", "Agreements, such as one between Ivan III and Mikhail Borisovich in 1484 showed how allegiances needed to be earned and secured, rather than implied and enforced.", "Instead of the grand prince personally overseeing his lands, he had to rely on his captains and close advisors to oversee day-to-day operations.", "Instead of the great voice the boyars had previously in their advisory roles, they now had less bargaining power and mobility.", "They answered questions posed by the grand prince, and Ivan III even made sure to get their approval on special events, such as his marriage to Zoe Paleologa, or the attack on Novgorod.", "This was to ensure the boyars and their military power remained loyal to the tsar.", "The grand duke also made sure that peasants could not leave the princes’ lands, or from one place to another, in the mid-1400s, effectively establishing serfdom.", "The boyars gained rewards and gifts as well.", "Some boyars were sent to regions as governors, and could “feed off” the locals in this way.", "Still, by the end of the 15th century, boyar membership had declined, and merit rather than belonging to the family decided who became a boyar.", "Then Ivan IV became the tsar, and more radical changes were implemented.", "Ivan III became the grand prince of all Rus' in 1533 at the age of three, but various boyar factions tried to compete for control of the regency.", "When Ivan IV came to power in 1547, much more of the boyar's independent political power became obsolete.", "The independence and autonomy experienced by the princes of the regions in Russia was abolished under Ivan IV by the end of the sixteenth century, making them “the prince’s sons”, or just simple boyars serving the Grand Prince.", "Ivan IV divided Rus' into two parts in 1565, and in the private part, the terror began.", "The boyars attempted to band together and resist, but instead of constitutionally establishing their role in government, Ivan IV ruthlessly crushed the boyar opposition with the use of the oprichnina terror.", "Land grants were also given to subjects that provided military service, and soon this type of land grant became the more common compared to inherited land among the boyars.", "Ivan IV consolidated his power, centralized royal power, and made every effort possible to curb the influence of the princes.", "After Ivan IV, a time of troubles began when his son Fedor, died without an heir, ending the Rurik dynasty.", "The boyar Boris Godunov tried to proclaim himself tsar, but several boyar factions refuse to recognize him.", "The chaos continued after the first False Dmitriy gained the throne, and civil war erupted.", "When the Romanovs took over, the seventeenth century became one filled with administrative reform.", "A comprehensive legal code was introduced, and a merging of the boyars into the elite bureaucracy was beginning to form.", "By the end of the Time of Troubles, the boyars had lost nearly all independent power they had.", "Instead of going to Moscow to gain more power, the boyars felt defeated, and felt compelled to go to Moscow to maintain a united and strong Russia.", "Second, the boyars lost their independent principalities, where they maintained all their power, and instead governed districts and regions under the grand prince of the time.", "Boyars also lost their advisory influence over the grand prince with tools such as the duma, and instead the grand prince no longer felt compelled to listen to the demands of the boyars.", "Finally, the tsar no longer feared losing their military support, and unification of Russia became paramount in importance.", "With Peter the Great, the final nail in the coffin happened for the boyar's power, and they would never recover from his administrative reforms.", "Peter the Great, who took power in 1697, took it upon himself to westernize Russia, and catch it up with the modern world.", "After the revolt of the streltsy regiments in 1698, Peter the Great returned to Russia, forcing government officials and those that were financially able to have clean shaven faces and wear Western clothing.", "Peter also reformed the judicial system, and created a senate with members appointed by him, replacing the old council of boyars that originally advised the tsar.", "This move he made was one of many that dismantled the powers and status the boyars previously possessed.", "Peter was driving out the conservative and religious faction of the boyars out of the courts, and instead using both foreign and Russian officials to fill the administrative system.", "Several boyars, as well as other nobility, spoke out against these reforms, including historian Mikhail Shcherbatov, who stated that the reforms Peter made helped destroy Russian tradition, and created people that tried to “worm their way up, by flattering and humoring the monarch and the grandees in every way.”", "Still, the reforms continued, as by this point, the tsar possessed too much power, and Russia became an absolute monarchy more and more with each ruler.", "Being part of Ruthenia (also known in the Russian historiography as Kievan Rus), the Galician nobility originally were called boyars.", "With the annexation of Galicia by the Kingdom of Poland as the result of the Galicia-Volhynia wars, local boyars were equated since 1430 in rights along with Polish nobility (szlachta).", "A great number of boyars fled to the lands of Great Duchy of Lithuania in Volhynia and Podolia.", "In the Carpathian regions inhabited by Romanians, the boyar class emerged from the chiefs (named (\"leader\") or (\"judge\") in the areas north of the Danube, and south of the river) of rural communities in the early Middle Ages, initially elected, who later made their judicial and administrative attributions hereditary and gradually expanded them upon other communities.", "After the appearance of more advanced political structures in the area, their privileged status had to be confirmed by the central power, which used this prerogative to include in the boyar class individuals that distinguished themselves in the military or civilian functions they performed (by allocating them lands from the princely domains).", "The Romanian social hierarchy was composed of boyar, , and .", "Being a boyar implied three things: being a land-owner, having serfs, and having a military and/or administrative function.", "A boyar could have a state function and/or a court function.", "These functions were called or .", "Only the prince had the power to assign a boierie.", "Landowners with serfs but no function were categorized as but were still considered to be of noble origin ( , which translates literally as \"of boyar bones\").", "Small landowners who possessed a domain without distinction or serfs were called .", "According to some historians, they were descendants of mazil landowners.", "Although functions could only be accorded by the prince and were not hereditary, land possession was hereditary.", "The prince could give land to somebody but could not take it from its possessor except for serious reasons such as treason.", "Therefore, there were two kinds of boyars: those whose ancestors, as chiefs of the ancient rural communities, had held land before the formation of the feudal states, such that the prince merely confirmed their preexisting status as landowners; and those who acquired their domain from a princely donation or who had inherited it from an ancestor who acquired it through such a donation (\"cf.\" the distinction between \"Uradel\" and \"Briefadel\" in the Holy Roman Empire and in its feudal successor regimes).", "During the Phanariot régime, there were also boyars who had no land at all, but only a function.", "This way, the number of boyars could be increased, by selling functions to those who could afford them.", "The close alliance between the boyar condition and the military-administrative functions led to a confusion, aggravated by the Phanariots: these functions began to be considered as noble titles, like in the Occident.", "In fact, this was not at all the case.", "Traditionally, the boyars were organized in three states: boyars of the first, second, and third states.", "For example, there was a first or a grand postelnic, a second postelnic, and a third postelnic, each one with his different obligations and rights.", "The difference of condition was visible even in the vestimentation or physical aspect.", "Only the boyars of the first state had the right, for example, to grow a beard, the rest being entitled only to a mustache.", "Within the class of the boyars of the first state, there was the subclass of the \"grand boyars\".", "Those were great landowners who also had some very high functions, such as the function of great vornic.", "Above those grand boyars was only the prince.", "Usually a prince was a boyar before his election or appointment as prince, but this was not an absolute condition.", "Initially, only princely descendants could be elected princes.", "During the Phanariot epoch, however, any man could be a prince if appointed by the sultan (and rich enough to buy this appointment from the grand vizier).", "During the Ottoman suzerainty, and especially during the Phanariot régime, the title of Prince became an administrative function within the imperial Ottoman hierarchy, and thus the ultimate form of boyardness.", "The title of Prince of Wallachia or Moldavia was equivalent in dignity to that of a pasha with two horse-tails.", "Norwegian composer Johan Halvorsen wrote a march entitled \"Bojarenes inntogsmarsj\" (\"Entry March of the Boyars\"), known in Norway as the signal tune for the radio programme \"Ønskekonserten\".", "Edvard Grieg arranged it for solo piano.", "August Strindberg requests that this piece be played during his play \"The Dance of Death, Part One\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 324017, "simple_article_title": "Boyar", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=324017", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-324017-0-0", "simple-324017-0-1", "simple-324017-0-2", "simple-324017-0-3", "simple-324017-1-0", "simple-324017-1-1", "simple-324017-1-2", "simple-324017-1-3", "simple-324017-1-4", "simple-324017-1-5", "simple-324017-2-0", "simple-324017-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A boyar was a member of the ruling nobility in medieval Russia and some other Slavic countries such as Bulgaria.", "The boyars held the most important jobs in the army.", "They met in a group called the duma and gave advice to the ruling prince or, in later times, the tsar.", "In the 13th and 14th centuries they were rich landowners who could advise the prince, but they were free to go and work for another prince if they wanted to.", "In Moscow from the 15th to the 17th centuries they were a closely bonded aristocracy.", "There were about 200 boyar families.", "Their ancestors were former princes, or Moscow boyar families or foreign aristocrats.", "They were not nobility in the European sense.", "Many of them had bad manners and not many of them could read.", "They did not travel, and they were suspicious of anything foreign", "In the 17th century they started to lose power.", "In the early 18th century Tsar Peter the Great abolished the title of boyar." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 372910, "normal_article_title": "Swiss Chalet", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=372910", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-372910-0-0", "normal-372910-0-1", "normal-372910-0-2", "normal-372910-0-3", "normal-372910-1-0", "normal-372910-1-1", "normal-372910-1-2", "normal-372910-1-3", "normal-372910-1-4", "normal-372910-2-0", "normal-372910-2-1", "normal-372910-2-2", "normal-372910-3-0", "normal-372910-4-0", "normal-372910-4-1", "normal-372910-5-0", "normal-372910-5-1", "normal-372910-5-2", "normal-372910-6-0", "normal-372910-7-0", "normal-372910-8-0", "normal-372910-8-1", "normal-372910-8-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Swiss Chalet is a Canadian chain of casual dining restaurants founded in 1954 in Toronto, Ontario.", "As of 2015, there are over 200 Swiss Chalet restaurants in Canada.", "Swiss Chalet is among the holdings of Recipe Unlimited, which also owns the fast food chain Harvey's.", "Swiss Chalet and Harvey's franchises share many locations.", "Swiss Chalet franchises include a variety of points of sale.", "The company's locations generally have an architectural alpine theme, a dining room, a take-out counter, and delivery.", "Some feature drive-thru windows while other locations in certain urban areas are only take-out counters and are more akin to fast food restaurants.", "The brand also has an online food ordering system.", "Recipe Unlimited retails signature Swiss Chalet sauce, gravy, and marinades (as powdered mixes) in Canadian supermarkets.", "The first Swiss Chalet restaurant, at 234 Bloor Street West in Toronto, operated for 52 years.", "The building featured exposed-beam ceilings in the Swiss chalet style.", "This store closed in 2006 and was demolished in 2009 as part of a condominium development.", "In the early 2000s, Cara Operations closed all of its Quebec and US based restaurants.", "The company returned to Saskatchewan with a location in south Regina, although this location no longer shows on their website.", "In 2008, Air Canada added Swiss Chalet food products to its buy-on-board menu.", "In 2010, the last two Swiss Chalet restaurants in the US closed.", "They were located in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York.", "On June 1, 2011, the only company restaurant operating in Puerto Rico closed.", "The company began a partnership with the Scene loyalty program in February 2015.", "On March 31, 2016, the company's parent, Cara Operations, announced that it will acquire St-Hubert, a Quebec-based chain of rotisserie chicken restaurants, in the summer of 2016 for CAD$537 million.", "Restaurant fare is based upon its signature item, rotisserie chicken.", "The Quarter Chicken Dinner, the restaurant's signature dish, includes a roasted chicken leg or breast with \"Chalet Sauce\", a bread roll and a side dish.", "The company also purveys some non-chicken items, such as ribs, rotisserie beef, burgers and poutine." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 475948, "simple_article_title": "Swiss Chalet", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=475948", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-475948-0-0", "simple-475948-0-1", "simple-475948-0-2", "simple-475948-0-3", "simple-475948-0-4", "simple-475948-0-5", "simple-475948-1-0", "simple-475948-1-1", "simple-475948-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Swiss Chalet is a Canadian chain of casual dining restaurants.", "Swiss Chalet was started in 1954 in Toronto, Ontario.", "The restaurant chain is owned by Cara Operations.", "Swiss chalet's signature food is rotisserie chicken.", "Their signature dish is the Quarter Chicken Dinner, either a roasted chicken leg or breast with \"Chalet Sauce\", a bread roll, and a side dish of the customers choice.", "Other combinations up to and including a whole chicken are also available.", "The first Swiss Chalet restaurant was opened at 234 Bloor Street West in Toronto and it operated for 52 years.", "This restaurant was closed in 2006 and it was demolished in 2009 to make way for condominiums.", "In 2008, Swiss Chalet food products were added to Air Canada to be on their buy-on-board menu." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 45195256, "normal_article_title": "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45195256", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-45195256-0-0", "normal-45195256-0-1", "normal-45195256-1-0", "normal-45195256-1-1", "normal-45195256-1-2", "normal-45195256-2-0", "normal-45195256-3-0", "normal-45195256-3-1", "normal-45195256-4-0", "normal-45195256-5-0", "normal-45195256-5-1", "normal-45195256-6-0", "normal-45195256-7-0", "normal-45195256-8-0", "normal-45195256-8-1", "normal-45195256-8-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The South American section of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification acted as qualifiers for the 2018 FIFA World Cup held in Russia, for national teams which are members of the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL).", "A total of 4.5 slots (4 direct slots and 1 inter-confederation play-off slot) in the final tournament were available for CONMEBOL teams.", "The qualification structure was the same as for the previous five tournaments.", "The ten teams played in a league of home-and-away round-robin matches.", "The top four teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and the fifth-placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play-offs.", "Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined, the fixtures were determined by draw, which was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015, starting 18:00 MSK , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.", "For scheduling reasons, Argentina and Brazil were automatically positioned as Teams 4 and 5 respectively to ensure that no team has to play both of them on any double matchday.", "The remaining eight teams were drawn into one of the remaining eight positions from Teams 1 to 10 (except 4 and 5).", "All 10 national teams from CONMEBOL entered qualification.", "Note: Bolded teams qualified for the World Cup.", "Peru advanced to the inter-confederation play-offs and won.", "There were a total of 18 matchdays: four in 2015, eight in 2016, and six in 2017.", "The inter-confederation play-offs were scheduled to be played between 6–14 November 2017.", "The draw for the inter-confederation play-offs was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015, starting 18:00 MSK , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg.", "The fifth-placed team from CONMEBOL was drawn against the first-placed team from OFC, with the CONMEBOL team hosting the second leg.", "The following five teams from CONMEBOL qualified for the final tournament." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 601950, "simple_article_title": "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=601950", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-601950-0-0", "simple-601950-1-0", "simple-601950-1-1", "simple-601950-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The 2018 CONMEBOL FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL) tournament was held from 8 October 2015 to 10 October 2017 and was used to determine which South American teams will qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.", "Ten teams participated in the tournament.", "Edinson Cavani (Uruguay) was the top scorer with 10 goals.", "Peru moved on to the inter-confederation play-offs, which is a tournament between 4th and 5th placed teams from other international world cup qualification tournaments." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 833399, "normal_article_title": "Fair ball", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=833399", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-833399-0-0", "normal-833399-0-1", "normal-833399-1-0", "normal-833399-1-1", "normal-833399-2-0", "normal-833399-2-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base.", "By contrast, a foul ball is a batted ball that does not entitle the batter to attempt to reach first base.", "If the ball is on or above fair territory at the appropriate reference point, it is fair; else it is foul.", "Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines themselves and the foul poles.", "On a fair ball, the batter attempts to reach first base or any subsequent base, runners attempt to advance and fielders try to record outs.", "A fair ball is considered a live ball until the ball becomes dead by leaving the field or any other method." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 342728, "simple_article_title": "Fair ball", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=342728", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-342728-0-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that gives the batter to attempt to reach first base." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4925336, "normal_article_title": "Dead Calm (novel)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4925336", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4925336-0-0", "normal-4925336-0-1", "normal-4925336-1-0", "normal-4925336-1-1", "normal-4925336-1-2", "normal-4925336-1-3", "normal-4925336-1-4", "normal-4925336-2-0", "normal-4925336-2-1", "normal-4925336-2-2", "normal-4925336-2-3", "normal-4925336-3-0", "normal-4925336-3-1", "normal-4925336-3-2", "normal-4925336-4-0", "normal-4925336-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Dead Calm is a 1963 novel by Charles F. Williams.", "It was the basis for the unfinished Orson Welles film \"The Deep\", was adapted by Phillip Noyce as the film \"Dead Calm\" (1989), and is the sequel to Williams' lesser-known romantic thriller \"Aground\" (1960).", "Honeymooners John and Rae Ingram take their yacht for a cruise through the Indian Ocean, where they rescue a young man, Hughie, from a lifeboat.", "Hughie claims to have escaped from another vessel after its crew succumbed to food poisoning.", "John, a former naval officer, is suspicious of inconsistencies in Hughie's story and goes to inspect the sinking ship while Hughie sleeps.", "He discovers the captain, Russ, and a passenger, Mrs. Warriner, alive and begging for help.", "Meanwhile, upon discovering that John has left, Hughie panics, takes Rae hostage, and begins sailing her boat away from the sinking ship.", "Onboard the sinking ship, John learns that Hughie, Mrs. Warriner, Russ, and Russ' wife, Mrs. Bellows, were vacationing when Hughie suffered an agoraphobic reaction while diving with Mrs. Bellows and accidentally killed her by trying to climb onto her shoulders.", "The realization of what he'd done resulted in Hughie's suffering a psychotic break.", "Mrs. Warriner further tells John that Hughie, though a gifted artist, has the mind of a child, his emotional growth having been stunted by his overbearing father and a codependent relationship with an inappropriately affectionate mother.", "Onboard the Ingrams' boat, Rae is able to surmise this herself from Hughie's behavior and assumes the role of a caring mother figure in order to lull him into a false sense of security, while preparing to kill him with a shotgun John has stashed in their stateroom.", "Ultimately, John and Russ are able to sufficiently repair the sinking boat and rendezvous with Hughie and Rae.", "When everyone is reunited, Hughie suffers a flashback, sees Russ as his father, and throws himself and Russ overboard.", "Although John attempts to rescue them, Hughie restrains Russ, causing them both to sink into the ocean and drown.", "John gives a sympathetic psychological analysis of Hughie as he, Rae, and Mrs. Warriner see that a new wind has come in that will take them all home.", "The book bears many similarities to the highly publicized 1961 \"Bluebelle\" murders, in which a former sailor murdered his wife and four family members of the boat he was captaining before intentionally scuttling it and escaping in a dinghy." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 28174, "simple_article_title": "Dead Calm", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28174", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-28174-0-0", "simple-28174-0-1", "simple-28174-0-2", "simple-28174-1-0", "simple-28174-2-0", "simple-28174-2-1", "simple-28174-2-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Dead Calm is an American novel that was written in 1963.", "A 1989 Australian movie was made from it.", "The movie stars Sam Neill, Nicole Kidman, and Billy Zane.", "In it, a honeymoon couple rescue a young man from a sinking boat who claims to have lost his companions to food poisoning, but the real story is much less innocent.", "In this movie, Kidman and Neill plays good guys and Zane plays a bad guy.", "This movie was Kidman's first well-known movie, and it helped make her famous.", "In this movie, Zane's character rapes Kidman's character." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 462562, "normal_article_title": "Jerusalem artichoke", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=462562", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-462562-0-0", "normal-462562-0-1", "normal-462562-0-2", "normal-462562-1-0", "normal-462562-1-1", "normal-462562-1-2", "normal-462562-1-3", "normal-462562-2-0", "normal-462562-3-0", "normal-462562-3-1", "normal-462562-4-0", "normal-462562-4-1", "normal-462562-4-2", "normal-462562-4-3", "normal-462562-5-0", "normal-462562-5-1", "normal-462562-5-2", "normal-462562-5-3", "normal-462562-6-0", "normal-462562-6-1", "normal-462562-6-2", "normal-462562-7-0", "normal-462562-7-1", "normal-462562-7-2", "normal-462562-7-3", "normal-462562-7-4", "normal-462562-7-5", "normal-462562-7-6", "normal-462562-7-7", "normal-462562-8-0", "normal-462562-8-1", "normal-462562-9-0", "normal-462562-9-1", "normal-462562-10-0", "normal-462562-10-1", "normal-462562-10-2", "normal-462562-10-3", "normal-462562-10-4", "normal-462562-10-5", "normal-462562-10-6", "normal-462562-10-7", "normal-462562-11-0", "normal-462562-11-1", "normal-462562-11-2", "normal-462562-12-0", "normal-462562-12-1", "normal-462562-12-2", "normal-462562-13-0", "normal-462562-13-1", "normal-462562-14-0", "normal-462562-14-1", "normal-462562-15-0", "normal-462562-15-1", "normal-462562-15-2", "normal-462562-15-3", "normal-462562-15-4", "normal-462562-16-0", "normal-462562-16-1", "normal-462562-16-2", "normal-462562-16-3", "normal-462562-17-0", "normal-462562-17-1", "normal-462562-18-0", "normal-462562-18-1", "normal-462562-18-2", "normal-462562-19-0", "normal-462562-19-1", "normal-462562-20-0", "normal-462562-20-1", "normal-462562-20-2", "normal-462562-20-3", "normal-462562-20-4", "normal-462562-21-0", "normal-462562-21-1", "normal-462562-21-2", "normal-462562-21-3", "normal-462562-21-4", "normal-462562-21-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Jerusalem artichoke (\"Helianthus tuberosus\"), also called sunroot, sunchoke, or earth apple, is a species of sunflower native to central North America.", "It grows wild in eastern and western North America but is considered an introduced species.", "It is also cultivated widely across the temperate zone for its tuber, which is used as a root vegetable.", "\"Helianthus tuberosus\" is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1.5 – tall with opposite leaves on the upper part of the stem but alternate below.", "The leaves have a rough, hairy texture.", "Larger leaves on the lower stem are broad ovoid-acute and can be up to 30 cm long.", "Leaves higher on the stem are smaller and narrower.", "The flowers are yellow and produced in capitate flowerheads, which are 5 – in diameter, with 10–20 ray florets and 60 or more small disc florets.", "The tubers are often elongated and uneven, typically 7.5 – long and 3 – thick, and vaguely resembling a ginger root in appearance, with a crisp and crunchy texture when raw.", "They vary in colour from pale brown to white, red, or purple.", "Before the arrival of Europeans, Native Americans cultivated \"H. tuberosus\" as a food source.", "The tubers persist for years after being planted, so that the species expanded its range from central North America to the eastern and western regions.", "Early European colonists learned of this, and sent tubers back to Europe, where it became a popular crop and naturalized there.", "It later gradually fell into obscurity in North America, but attempts to market it commercially have been successful in the late 1900s and early 2000s.", "The tuber contains about 2% protein, no oil, and little starch.", "It is rich in the carbohydrate inulin (8 to 13%), which is a polymer of the monosaccharide fructose.", "Tubers stored for any length of time convert their inulin into its component fructose.", "Jerusalem artichokes have an underlying sweet taste because of the fructose, which is about one and a half times as sweet as sucrose.", "It has also been reported as a folk remedy for diabetes.", "Temperature variances have been shown to affect the amount of inulin the Jerusalem artichoke can produce.", "When not in tropical regions, it makes less inulin than when it is in a warmer region.", "Despite one of its names, the Jerusalem artichoke has no relationship to Jerusalem, and it is not a type of artichoke, though the two are distantly related as members of the daisy family.", "The origin of the \"Jerusalem\" part of the name is uncertain.", "Italian settlers in the United States called the plant , the Italian word for sunflower, because of its familial relationship to the garden sunflower (both plants are members of the genus \"Helianthus\").", "Over time, the name \"girasole\" (pronounced closer to ] in southern Italian dialects) may have been changed to Jerusalem.", "In other words, English speakers would have corrupted \"girasole artichoke\" (meaning, \"sunflower artichoke\") to Jerusalem artichoke.", "Another explanation for the name is that the Puritans, when they came to the New World, named the plant with regard to the \"New Jerusalem\" they believed they were creating in the wilderness.", "Also, various other names have been applied to the plant, such as the French or Canada potato, \"topinambour\", and lambchoke.", "Sunchoke, a name by which it is still known today, was invented in the 1960s by Frieda Caplan, a produce wholesaler who was trying to revive the plant's appeal.", "The artichoke part of the Jerusalem artichoke's name comes from the taste of its edible tuber.", "Samuel de Champlain, the French explorer, sent the first samples of the plant to France, noting its taste was similar to that of an artichoke.", "The name \"topinambur\", in one account, dates from 1615, when a member of the Brazilian coastal tribe called the Tupinambá visited the Vatican at the same time that a sample of the tuber from Canada was on display there, presented as a critical food source that helped French Canadian settlers survive the winter.", "The New World connection resulted in the name \"topinambur\" being applied to the tuber, the word now used in French, German, Italian, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish.", "Jerusalem artichokes were first cultivated by the Native Americans long before the arrival of the Europeans; this extensive cultivation obscures the exact native range of the species.", "The French explorer Samuel de Champlain discovered that the native people of Nauset Harbor in Massachusetts had cultivated roots that tasted like artichoke.", "The following year, Champlain returned to the same area to discover that the roots had a flavour similar to chard and was responsible for bringing the plant back to France.", "Some time later, Petrus Hondius, a Dutch botanist, planted a shrivelled Jerusalem artichoke tuber in his garden at Terneuzen and was surprised to see the plant proliferate.", "Jerusalem artichokes are so well suited for the European climate and soil that the plant multiplies quickly.", "By the mid-1600s, the Jerusalem artichoke had become a very common vegetable for human consumption in Europe and the Americas, and was also used for livestock feed in Europe and colonial America.", "The French in particular were especially fond of the vegetable, which reached its peak popularity at the turn of the 19th century.", "The Jerusalem artichoke was titled 'best soup vegetable' in the 2002 Nice Festival for the Heritage of the French Cuisine.", "The French explorer and Acadia’s first historian, Marc Lescarbot, described Jerusalem artichokes as being “as big as turnips or truffles”, suitable for eating and taste \"like chards, but more pleasant.”", "In 1629, English herbalist and botanist, John Parkinson, wrote that the widely grown Jerusalem artichoke had become very common and cheap in London, so much so “that even the most vulgar begin to despise them.”", "In contrast, when Jerusalem artichokes first arrived in England, the tubers were \"dainties for the Queen\".", "They have also been called the \"Canadian truffle\".", "In France, they are associated, along with rutabagas, with the deprivations of the years of Nazi occupation during World War II, when the rationing and scarcity of traditional foods made them a regular part of the French diet.", "At the end of the war, they returned to their customary role as animal feed.", "Unlike most tubers, but in common with many other members of the Asteraceae (including the artichoke), the tubers store their carbohydrate as inulin (not to be confused with insulin) rather than as starch.", "So, Jerusalem artichoke tubers are an important source of inulin used as a dietary fiber in food manufacturing.", "Crop yields are high, typically 16–20 tonnes/ha for tubers, and 18–28 tonnes/ha green weight for foliage.", "Jerusalem artichoke also has potential for production of ethanol fuel, using inulin-adapted strains of yeast for fermentation.", "Jerusalem artichokes are easy to cultivate, which tempts gardeners to simply leave them completely alone to grow.", "The quality of the edible tubers degrades, however, unless the plants are dug up and replanted in fertile soil.", "Because even a small piece of tuber will grow if left in the ground, the plant can ruin gardens by smothering or overshadowing nearby plants and can take over huge areas.", "Farmers growing Jerusalem artichokes who then rotate the crop may have to treat the field with a weedkiller (such as glyphosate) to stop their spread.", "Each root can make an additional 75 to 200 tubers during a year.", "The tubers are sometimes used as a substitute for potatoes: they have a similar consistency, and in their raw form have a similar texture, but a sweeter, nuttier flavor; raw and sliced thinly, they are fit for a salad.", "Their inulin form of carbohydrates give the tubers a tendency to become soft and mushy if boiled, but they retain their texture better when steamed.", "The inulin cannot be broken down by the human digestive system but it is metabolized by bacteria in the colon.", "This can cause flatulence and, in some cases, gastric pain.", "Jerusalem artichokes have 650 mg potassium per 1 cup (150g) serving.", "They are also high in iron, and contain 10-12% of the US RDA of fiber, niacin, thiamine, phosphorus, and copper.", "Jerusalem artichokes can be used as animal feed, but they must be washed before being fed to most animals.", "Pigs can forage, however, and safely eat them directly from the ground.", "The stalks and leaves can be harvested and used for silage, though cutting the tops greatly reduces the harvest of the roots.", "In Baden-Württemberg, Germany, over 90% of the Jerusalem artichoke crop is used to produce a spirit called \"\", \"Topi\" or \"Rossler\".", "By the end of the 19th century, Jerusalem artichokes were being used in Baden to make a spirit called \"Jerusalem Artichoke Brandy\", \"Jerusalem Artichoke\", \"Topi\", \"Erdäpfler\", \"Rossler\", or \"Borbel\".", "Jerusalem artichoke brandy smells fruity and has a slight nutty-sweet flavour.", "It is characterised by an intense, pleasing, earthy note.", "The tubers are washed and dried in an oven before being fermented and distilled.", "It can be further refined to make \"Red Rossler\" by adding common tormentil, and other ingredients such as currants, to produce a somewhat bitter and astringent decoction.", "It is used as digestif and as a remedy for diarrhea or abdominal pain.", "In the 1980s, the Jerusalem artichoke also gained some notoriety when its seeds were planted by Midwestern US farmers at the prodding of an agricultural attempt to save the family farm.", "This effort was an attempt to teach independent farmers to raise their own food, feed, and fuel.", "Little market existed for the tuber in that part of the US at the time, but contacts were made with sugar producers, oil and gas companies, and the fresh food market for markets to be developed.", "Fructose had not yet been established as a mainstay, nor was ethanol used as a main fuel additive as it is today.", "The only real profits then in this effort were realized by a few first-year growers (who sold some of their seed to other farmers individually as well as with the help of the company attempting this venture).", "As a result, many of the farmers who had planted large quantities of the crop lost money." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 402900, "simple_article_title": "Jerusalem artichoke", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=402900", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-402900-0-0", "simple-402900-0-1", "simple-402900-0-2", "simple-402900-0-3", "simple-402900-0-4", "simple-402900-0-5", "simple-402900-0-6", "simple-402900-1-0", "simple-402900-1-1", "simple-402900-1-2", "simple-402900-2-0", "simple-402900-2-1", "simple-402900-2-2", "simple-402900-2-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Jerusalem artichoke (\"Helianthus tuberosus\"), also called sunroot, sunchoke, earth apple or topinambour, is a species of sunflower native to eastern North America, and found from eastern Canada and Maine west to North Dakota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.", "It is also cultivated widely across the temperate zone for its tuber, which is used as a root vegetable.", "The herbaceous plant is perennial.", "It can reach heights of up to 3 m.", "The leaves are oval, and grow to 7 cm to 10 cm wide, and 10 cm to 25 cm long.", "The plant has been imported to Europe, and it is seen as an invasive species - few animals eat it, and it will take away the space of other plants.", "This means that often, there is uncontrolled growth.", "The plant has been used to make spirits and sugar.", "It is a food plant for animals such as horses and pigs.", "People who suffer from diabetes often use it: Up to sixteen percent of the plant is made of the polysaccharide inulin.", "In the 1980s, the Jerusalem artichoke also gained some notoriety when its seeds were planted by midwestern US farmers at the prodding of an agricultural pyramid scheme.", "There was little market for the tuber in that part of the US at the time, but farmers were assured it would soon appear on the commodity market.", "The only profits were realized by the initial distributors and the first few levels of farmers (who sold their seeds to other levels of the pyramid).", "As a result, many of the farms that had planted large quantities of the crop were ruined." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 6162499, "normal_article_title": "Uttigen", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6162499", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-6162499-0-0", "normal-6162499-0-1", "normal-6162499-1-0", "normal-6162499-2-0", "normal-6162499-2-1", "normal-6162499-3-0", "normal-6162499-3-1", "normal-6162499-3-2", "normal-6162499-3-3", "normal-6162499-3-4", "normal-6162499-3-5", "normal-6162499-3-6", "normal-6162499-3-7", "normal-6162499-3-8", "normal-6162499-3-9", "normal-6162499-3-10", "normal-6162499-3-11", "normal-6162499-3-12", "normal-6162499-3-13", "normal-6162499-4-0", "normal-6162499-4-1", "normal-6162499-5-0", "normal-6162499-5-1", "normal-6162499-5-2", "normal-6162499-5-3", "normal-6162499-5-4", "normal-6162499-5-5", "normal-6162499-5-6", "normal-6162499-6-0", "normal-6162499-6-1", "normal-6162499-6-2", "normal-6162499-6-3", "normal-6162499-6-4", "normal-6162499-6-5", "normal-6162499-7-0", "normal-6162499-7-1", "normal-6162499-7-2", "normal-6162499-7-3", "normal-6162499-8-0", "normal-6162499-8-1", "normal-6162499-8-2", "normal-6162499-8-3", "normal-6162499-9-0", "normal-6162499-9-1", "normal-6162499-10-0", "normal-6162499-11-0", "normal-6162499-11-1", "normal-6162499-11-2", "normal-6162499-11-3", "normal-6162499-12-0", "normal-6162499-12-1", "normal-6162499-13-0", "normal-6162499-13-1", "normal-6162499-13-2", "normal-6162499-13-3", "normal-6162499-13-4", "normal-6162499-14-0", "normal-6162499-15-0", "normal-6162499-15-1", "normal-6162499-16-0", "normal-6162499-16-1", "normal-6162499-16-2", "normal-6162499-16-3", "normal-6162499-16-4", "normal-6162499-17-0", "normal-6162499-17-1", "normal-6162499-17-2", "normal-6162499-18-0", "normal-6162499-18-1", "normal-6162499-18-2", "normal-6162499-18-3", "normal-6162499-18-4", "normal-6162499-18-5", "normal-6162499-19-0", "normal-6162499-19-1", "normal-6162499-19-2", "normal-6162499-19-3", "normal-6162499-19-4", "normal-6162499-20-0", "normal-6162499-20-1", "normal-6162499-20-2", "normal-6162499-20-3", "normal-6162499-21-0", "normal-6162499-21-1", "normal-6162499-22-0", "normal-6162499-22-1", "normal-6162499-22-2", "normal-6162499-22-3", "normal-6162499-23-0", "normal-6162499-24-0", "normal-6162499-24-1", "normal-6162499-24-2", "normal-6162499-24-3", "normal-6162499-24-4", "normal-6162499-25-0", "normal-6162499-25-1", "normal-6162499-26-0", "normal-6162499-26-1", "normal-6162499-26-2", "normal-6162499-27-0", "normal-6162499-27-1", "normal-6162499-27-2", "normal-6162499-27-3", "normal-6162499-27-4", "normal-6162499-27-5", "normal-6162499-28-0", "normal-6162499-28-1", "normal-6162499-28-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Uttigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.", "On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Kienersrüti merged into the municipality of Uttigen.", "Uttigen was first mentioned in 894 as \"Utingun\".", "The oldest traces of a settlement in the area include a grave mound that can not be accurately dated and what is probably a Roman era villa.", "Several graves from the Early Middle Ages have also been found.", "By the 13th century Uttigen Castle had been built on a rocky plateau above the modern village.", "The large square keep was surrounded by a town and a high curtain wall.", "At the time, Uttigen Castle was one of the largest fortifications in the Canton of Bern.", "Uttigen Castle controlled both a major road and a navigable river that connected the Bernese Oberland with the towns of the Swiss Plateau.", "In 1271 the Freiherr von Wädenswil owned the castle, along with expansive holdings as the governors of Unspunnen, Frutigen and Mülinen.", "In 1285 the castle church was mentioned in the Strättliger Chronicle as one of the twelve churches surrounding Lake Thun.", "In the 14th century the von Wädenswil family died out and the Freiherr von Kramburg inherited Uttigen Castle and village.", "They held it briefly and then passed it on to Heinrich von Resti in 1355.", "In the 15th century the Castle, village and lands were divided into two shares and the von Speichingen of Thun and Michel von Schwertschwendi in Burgdorf each owned half.", "The two half shares were gradually purchased by or given as gifts to the Hospital in Thun between 1476-1521.", "In 1521 the Hospital combined both halves of Uttigen with Uetendorf to form a single court.", "Following the 1798 French invasion and the creation of the Helvetic Republic the Hospital lost their rulership over Uttigen.", "With the collapse of the Republic and the 1803 Act of Mediation the village became part of the District of Seftigen.", "Uttigen Castle was abandoned and left to decay.", "The village church was destroyed in a fire in 1536 and not rebuilt.", "After the fire, Uttigen became part of the parish of Kirchdorf, though the villagers fought the change until 1579 when they were granted a cemetery.", "In 1859 the Bern-Thun Railway opened a station in Uttigen, connecting the small farming village with nearby cities.", "The Aare and Zulg river correction projects of the 1860s and 1884 respectively, opened up new farm land and protected the village from floods.", "The village began to slowly grow.", "The growth accelerated in the 1970s when on-ramps to the A6 motorway were built near Uttigen.", "By the 21st century it was part of the agglomeration of Thun.", "In 2005, agriculture provided only 12% of jobs in the municipality, while industry and commerce provided 45%.", "A primary school and a Realschule were in built in the municipality, while secondary students attend the school in Uetendorf.", "Very little is known about the early history of Kienersrüti.", "It was a small farming community that probably grew out of the nearby village of Noflen or other small farming communities.", "After Bern adopted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation, it was probably combined with neighboring villages into the court of Gelterfingen or Mühledorf in the Seftigen District.", "It was part of the parish of Kirchdorf.", "Despite generally having a population of less than 100, it was an independent municipality from the 18th century until 2014.", "Today it is still a small farming community and about two-thirds of the work force commutes to jobs in nearby towns and cities.", "After the merger Uttigen has an area of Incorrect Municipal Code 0885 .", "Before the merger Uttigen had an area of 3 km2 .", "As of 2012, a total of 1.41 km2 or 46.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.99 km2 or 32.5% is forested.", "The rest of the municipality is 0.55 km2 or 18.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.06 km2 or 2.0% is either rivers or lakes.", "During the same year, industrial buildings made up 2.0% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 10.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.3%.", "All of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests.", "Of the agricultural land, 30.5% is used for growing crops and 14.4% is pasturage, while 1.3% is used for orchards or vine crops.", "All the water in the municipality is flowing water.", "On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Seftigen, the municipality's former district, was dissolved.", "On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Thun.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Azure an Oar and a Pike both Or in slatire.\"", "Uttigen has a population (as of December 2017 ) of .", "s of 2011 , 4.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals.", "Over the last year (2010-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 2.3%.", "Migration accounted for 1.6%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.6%.", "Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks German (1,514 or 96.2%) as their first language, French is the second most common (11 or 0.7%) and English is the third (10 or 0.6%).", "There are 7 people who speak Italian.", "s of 2008 , the population was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.", "The population was made up of 837 Swiss men (46.4% of the population) and 46 (2.5%) non-Swiss men.", "There were 888 Swiss women (49.2%) and 33 (1.8%) non-Swiss women.", "Of the population in the municipality, 392 or about 24.9% were born in Uttigen and lived there in 2000.", "There were 880 or 55.9% who were born in the same canton, while 166 or 10.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 89 or 5.7% were born outside of Switzerland.", "s of 2011 , children and teenagers (0-19 years old) make up 23.9% of the population, while adults (20-64 years old) make up 61.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.2%.", "s of 2000 , there were 672 people who were single and never married in the municipality.", "There were 750 married individuals, 77 widows or widowers and 75 individuals who are divorced.", "s of 2010 , there were 204 households that consist of only one person and 49 households with five or more people.", "In 2000 , a total of 600 apartments (92.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 26 apartments (4.0%) were seasonally occupied and 23 apartments (3.5%) were empty.", "s of 2010 , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.9 new units per 1000 residents.", "The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010 , was 0.25%.", "In 2011, single family homes made up 62.2% of the total housing in the municipality.", "The historical population is given in the following chart: In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 32.8% of the vote.", "The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (15.9%), the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (15.7%) and the Green Party (9.2%).", "In the federal election, a total of 834 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 59.3%.", "s of 2011 , Uttigen had an unemployment rate of 1.09%.", "s of 2008 , there were a total of 258 people employed in the municipality.", "Of these, there were 23 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector.", "124 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 25 businesses in this sector.", "111 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 31 businesses in this sector.", "There were 900 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.8% of the workforce.", "In 2008 there were a total of 206 full-time equivalent jobs.", "The number of jobs in the primary sector was 16, all of which were in agriculture.", "The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 108 of which 10 or (9.3%) were in manufacturing, 22 or (20.4%) were in mining and 63 (58.3%) were in construction.", "The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 82.", "In the tertiary sector; 26 or 31.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 4 or 4.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 1 was in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 2.4% were in the information industry, 4 or 4.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 13 or 15.9% were in education and 3 or 3.7% were in health care.", "In 2000 , there were 113 workers who commuted into the municipality and 698 workers who commuted away.", "The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 6.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.", "A total of 202 workers (64.1% of the 315 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Uttigen.", "Of the working population, 25.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 51.2% used a private car.", "In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Uttigen making 150,000 CHF was 12.1%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 17.8%.", "For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively.", "In 2009 there were a total of 753 tax payers in the municipality.", "Of that total, 292 made over 75,000 CHF per year.", "There were 4 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year.", "The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Uttigen was 113,867 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.", "In 2011 a total of 1.8% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.", "From the 2000 census , 1,205 or 76.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 125 or 7.9% were Roman Catholic.", "Of the rest of the population, there were 9 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.57% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.13% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 99 individuals (or about 6.29% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.", "There were 2 (or about 0.13% of the population) who were Muslim.", "There were 3 individuals who were Buddhist, 8 individuals who were Hindu and 2 individuals who belonged to another church.", "74 (or about 4.70% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 45 individuals (or about 2.86% of the population) did not answer the question.", "In Uttigen about 62.6% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 17.5% have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\").", "Of the 177 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 83.1% were Swiss men, 13.0% were Swiss women.", "The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school.", "This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude.", "Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.", "During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 219 students attending classes in Uttigen.", "There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 39 students in the municipality.", "Of the kindergarten students, 10.3% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 12.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language.", "The municipality had 8 primary classes and 151 students.", "Of the primary students, 2.6% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 4.6% have a different mother language than the classroom language.", "During the same year, there were 2 lower secondary classes with a total of 29 students.", "s of 2000 , there were a total of 155 students attending any school in the municipality.", "Of those, 154 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while one student came from another municipality.", "During the same year, 76 residents attended schools outside the municipality." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 38867765, "normal_article_title": "Ursula Marvin", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38867765", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-38867765-0-0", "normal-38867765-1-0", "normal-38867765-1-1", "normal-38867765-1-2", "normal-38867765-1-3", "normal-38867765-1-4", "normal-38867765-2-0", "normal-38867765-2-1", "normal-38867765-2-2", "normal-38867765-2-3", "normal-38867765-2-4", "normal-38867765-3-0", "normal-38867765-3-1", "normal-38867765-3-2", "normal-38867765-3-3", "normal-38867765-4-0", "normal-38867765-4-1", "normal-38867765-4-2", "normal-38867765-4-3", "normal-38867765-5-0", "normal-38867765-5-1", "normal-38867765-5-2", "normal-38867765-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ursula Bailey Marvin (August 20, 1921 – February 12, 2018) was an American planetary geologist and author who worked for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.", "She won the 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award from Women in Science and Engineering.", "In 1986, the Geological Society of America awarded her their History of Geology Award.", "She also won the 2005 Sue Tyler Friedman Medal, and Antarctica's Marvin Nunatak is named in her honor.", "In 2012, the Meteoritical Society awarded her the Service Award in part for her work recording the oral history of meteoriticists.", "Asteroid (4309) Marvin is named in her honour.", "Marvin was born in Bradford, Vermont on August 20, 1921.", "While studying history at Tufts University, she took a geology class to fulfill her science requirements and was taken by the subject.", "She asked her geology professor to change majors to geology, but he refused, so she added geology, math and physics courses to her schedule.", "She graduated with a bachelor's degree in history from Tufts University in 1943.", "She then attended Harvard University-Radcliffe, earning a master's degree in geology in 1946.", "Following World War II, she moved to Chicago to be a research associate at the University of Chicago.", "While earning her Ph.D in Geology at Harvard, she worked alongside her second husband, Thomas Crockett Marvin (June 28, 1916 – July 1, 2012), whom she married in 1952, prospecting for ore deposits in Brazil and Angola starting in 1953.", "After returning to the United States in 1958, she taught mineralogy at Tufts for two years before she was offered a job researching meteorites at Harvard.", "She was appointed to a permanent research staff position at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in 1961 and received a Ph.D. in Geology from Harvard in 1969.", "She authored the 1973 book \"Continental Drift: Evolution of a Concept\" and authored over 160 research papers.", "Her key contributions in planetary science concentrated on studies of meteorites and lunar samples.", "Her publications include analysis of oxidation products of Sputnik 4 to determine mineralogical alteration over exposure time with applications to iron meteorites.", "She was also involved with numerous studies of returned samples from both the American and Russian lunar programs, including from the Apollo 12, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 missions, and from Luna 16 and Luna 20.", "She traveled to Antarctica for three of the early ANSMET surveys and analyzed the first lunar meteorite, Allan Hills A81005.", "She was the first woman on the American team that conducted research there.", "Because of her contributions to research in Antarctica, a small mountain on the ice sheet was named for her, Marvin Nunatak.", "She served as a trustee at Tufts University from 1975 to 1985, and was an emerita trustee of the university." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 623002, "simple_article_title": "Ursula B. Marvin", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=623002", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-623002-0-0", "simple-623002-0-1", "simple-623002-1-0", "simple-623002-1-1", "simple-623002-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ursula Bailey Marvin (August 20, 1921 – February 12, 2018) was an American planetary geologist and author.", "She worked for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.", "She won the 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award from Women in Science and Engineering.", "Asteroid (4309) Marvin is named in her honour.", "Marvin died at a retirement home in Concord, Massachusetts on February 12, 2018 at the age of 96." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 35218273, "normal_article_title": "Nicolas Noxon", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35218273", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-35218273-0-0", "normal-35218273-0-1", "normal-35218273-0-2", "normal-35218273-1-0", "normal-35218273-1-1", "normal-35218273-2-0", "normal-35218273-2-1", "normal-35218273-3-0", "normal-35218273-4-0", "normal-35218273-4-1", "normal-35218273-5-0", "normal-35218273-5-1", "normal-35218273-5-2", "normal-35218273-5-3", "normal-35218273-5-4", "normal-35218273-6-0", "normal-35218273-6-1", "normal-35218273-7-0", "normal-35218273-8-0", "normal-35218273-8-1", "normal-35218273-9-0", "normal-35218273-10-0", "normal-35218273-10-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Nicolas Lane Noxon (July 29, 1936 – May 3, 2016) was an American documentary filmmaker.", "He specialized in television programs dealing with history, science, and the natural world.", "Noxon produced television specials and series in association with ABC, David Wolper, Columbia Pictures Television, Metromedia, MGM, Survival Anglia, Time-Life, and National Geographic Television.", "Noxon was born in 1936 in London, England, to a Canadian father, the writer and filmmaker Gerald Forbes Noxon, and an American mother, the painter Betty Lane.", "He emigrated to the United States when he was less than a year and a half.", "Noxon graduated from the private boarding school The Putney School.", "In 1959, he received his B.A. from Antioch College.", "Noxon began his work on the National Geographic Specials in the mid-60s, producing and writing three of the first programs when they premiered on CBS.", "In 1967 he was co-founder of the Documentary Department at MGM, the first such organization in a major movie studio.", "There he produced and supervised many natural history documentaries as well as films on such diverse subjects as archaeology, forest fires, the history of the movies and early child development.", "In 1978 Noxon returned to Geographic where he wrote and produced the Emmy Award winning documentary \"The Great Whales\" and \"The Sharks\", one of the highest rated programs ever aired on PBS.", "In 1982 he became a writer-producer on the series \"Ripley's Believe It or Not!\"", "which ran for four years on ABC.", "In 1986, he took part in Robert Ballard's expedition to explore the wreck of the \"Titanic\".", "The film that resulted, \"Secrets of the Titanic\", was for years the best-selling documentary released on videocassette and the original inspiration for James Cameron's feature film.", "In 1991 Noxon became Executive Producer of the National Geographic Specials and head of Geographic's West Coast production facility.", "Productions he supervised there have included \"Wolves Of The Sea\" and \"Dragons Of Galapagos\" both winners of the prestigious Golden Panda at the Wildscreen Film Festival, \"Heroes of the High Frontier\", awarded the Emmy Award for best informational or cultural special of 1999-2000 and \"Adventures in Time\", the two-hour National Geographic Millennium Special which achieved winning ratings and critical acclaim on NBC.", "Noxon has long been associated with the National Geographic Specials, a series which has aired on the major television networks and which have been considered among the most popular group of programs aired on PBS.", "His productions won many awards in television including several Emmys and numerous international honors.", "In 2009 he received the International Documentary Association Pioneer Award, which is presented annually to an individual who has made an indelible impression on the evolving art and craft of nonfiction filmmaking.", "Over the years the specials have won more than 400 awards including 58 Emmy Awards, four George Foster Peabody awards and two Dupont Columbia awards for Broadcast Journalism.", "In 1974, Noxon divorced Mary Straley, with whom he had had four children.", "In 1978, Noxon married Nicky Nicholass." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 541221, "simple_article_title": "Nicolas Noxon", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541221", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-541221-0-0", "simple-541221-0-1", "simple-541221-0-2", "simple-541221-0-3", "simple-541221-0-4", "simple-541221-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Nicolas Lane Noxon (July 29, 1936 – May 3, 2016) was an American documentary filmmaker.", "He worked in television programs about history, science and the natural world.", "Noxon produced television specials and series with ABC, David Wolper, Columbia Pictures Television, Metromedia, MGM, Survival Anglia, Time-Life and National Geographic Television.", "He was born in London, England to American parents.", "He was known for producing the documentary \"Secrets of the Titanic\".", "Noxon died of pancreatic cancer on May 3, 2016 in Westlake Village, California, aged 79." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2432758, "normal_article_title": "Lake Chaubunagungamaug", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2432758", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2432758-0-0", "normal-2432758-0-1", "normal-2432758-0-2", "normal-2432758-0-3", "normal-2432758-0-4", "normal-2432758-1-0", "normal-2432758-1-1", "normal-2432758-1-2", "normal-2432758-2-0", "normal-2432758-2-1", "normal-2432758-2-2", "normal-2432758-3-0", "normal-2432758-3-1", "normal-2432758-3-2", "normal-2432758-3-3", "normal-2432758-3-4", "normal-2432758-4-0", "normal-2432758-4-1", "normal-2432758-4-2", "normal-2432758-4-3", "normal-2432758-5-0", "normal-2432758-5-1", "normal-2432758-6-0", "normal-2432758-6-1", "normal-2432758-6-2", "normal-2432758-7-0", "normal-2432758-7-1", "normal-2432758-8-0", "normal-2432758-8-1", "normal-2432758-8-2", "normal-2432758-9-0", "normal-2432758-9-1", "normal-2432758-10-0", "normal-2432758-10-1", "normal-2432758-11-0", "normal-2432758-11-1", "normal-2432758-12-0", "normal-2432758-12-1", "normal-2432758-12-2", "normal-2432758-13-0", "normal-2432758-13-1", "normal-2432758-13-2", "normal-2432758-13-3", "normal-2432758-14-0", "normal-2432758-14-1", "normal-2432758-14-2", "normal-2432758-14-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lake Chaubunagungamaug, also known as Webster Lake, is a lake in the town of Webster, Massachusetts.", "It is located near the Connecticut border and has a surface area of 1,442 acres.", "Since 1921, the lake has also been known by a much longer name having 45 letters comprising fourteen syllables: Lake Char­gogg­a­gogg­man­chaugg­a­gogg­chau­bun­a­gung­a­maugg.", "The name attracts many tourists.", "It is well known, simply because it is the longest name of any place in all of the United States.", "The lake's name comes from Ln.", "Nipmuc, an Algonquian language, and is often said to mean, \"Fishing Place at the Boundaries—Neutral Meeting Grounds\".", "A more fitting translation is \"lake divided by islands\", according to anthropologist Ives Goddard.", "Today, \"Webster Lake\" may be the name most used, but some (including many residents of Webster) take pride in reeling off the longer versions.", "This lake has several alternative names.", "Lake Chaubunagungamaug is the name of the lake as recognized by the U.S. Department of the Interior, and is the name appearing in the earliest local records.", "Algonquian-speaking peoples had several different names for the lake as recorded on old maps and historical records.", "However, all of these were similar in part and had almost the same translation.", "Among other early names were \"Chabanaguncamogue\" and \"Chaubanagogum\".", "Early town records show the name as \"Chabunagungamaug Pond\", which was also the name of the local Nipmuc town (recorded in 1668 and 1674 with somewhat different spellings).", "This has been translated as \"boundary fishing place\", but something close to \"fishing place at the boundary\" or \"that which is a divided island lake\" may be more accurate.", "A map of 1795, showing the town of Dudley, and a 1795 map of Massachusetts indicated the name, using the long-form's first eight syllables, as \"Chargoggagoggmanchoggagogg\".", "A survey of the lake done in 1830 lists the name as \"Chaubunagungamaugg\", the six-syllable older name.", "The following year, both Dudley and Oxford, which then adjoined the lake, filed maps listing the lake by its eight-syllable form, as \"Chargoggagoggmanchoggagogg\".", "Anthropologist Ives Goddard considers that 1831 name to be a cartographer's creation that corrupted the actual name while confusing this lake with nearby Manchaug Pond.", "The exaggerated name \"Lake Char­gogg­a­gogg­man­chaugg­a­gogg­chau­bun­a­gung­a­maugg\" (/ˌleɪk tʃɚˈɡɒɡəɡɒɡ ˌmænˈtʃɔːɡəɡɒɡ tʃəˌbʌnəˈɡʌŋɡəmɔːɡ/ ), is a 45-letter alternative name for this body of fresh water, often cited as the longest place name in the United States and one of the longest in the world.", "Many area residents, as well as the official website of the town of Webster, consider the longer version correct.", "The humorous translation is: \"You fish on your side, I'll fish on my side, and no one shall fish in the middle\".", "Both the exaggerated name and its humorous translation were apparently invented by Laurence J. Daly, editor of \"The Webster Times\".", "According to Ives Goddard, Curator of Anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution, Daly created this \"monstrosity\" around 1921.", "Spellings of the long name vary; in 2009, following six years of press reports, the local Chamber of Commerce agreed to have the spelling changed on its signs, but a 45-letter version of the name arrayed in a semicircle is still used.", "Webster schools use one long form of the name in various capacities.", "Webster Lake is a 1442 acre lake with a 17 mi shoreline in southern Massachusetts, near the Connecticut border.", "It is the third largest fresh body of water in Massachusetts, after slightly larger Long Pond, and the much larger Quabbin Reservoir.", "The average depth is 13 ft and the maximum depth is 49 ft .", "Although the lake is natural in origin, its outlet has a dam that raises the water level by a couple feet.", "The dam initially provided water for a mill, and subsequently the water rights to the lake were owned by Cranston Print Works; currently, the dam is owned by Webster Lake Preservation LLC.", "The lake is commonly divided into three smaller bodies of water: North Pond, Middle Pond, and South Pond.", "They are connected by narrow channels.", "Webster Lake has about 7–8 islands.", "Some have houses and are habitable; a few are extremely small and uninhabitable.", "\"Touch not a g!\"", "No impious hand Shall wrest one from that noble name Fifteen in all their glory stand And ever shall the same.", "For never shall that number down, Tho Gogg and Magogg shout and thunder; Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg's renown Shall blaze, the beacon of the town, While nations gaze and wonder.", "Three songs about the lake's name have been written.", "The first was a regional song from the 1930s.", "The second was recorded by Ethel Merman and Ray Bolger and released in 1954 by Decca and incorporates the tale about the lake's name according to the name's inventor, Laurence J. Daly, editor of \"The Webster Times\".", "The most recent was released in 2010 by Diane Taraz.", "The lake is referenced in season 6, episode 6 of \"Gilmore Girls\", \"Welcome to the Dollhouse.\"", "The character Kirk says, \"It is an old Nipmuc Indian name.", "It means you fish on your side of the lake, I'll fish on my side, no one fishes in the middle.", "Or maybe it means Buffalo.\"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 18759, "simple_article_title": "Lake Chaubunagungamaug", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18759", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-18759-0-0", "simple-18759-0-1", "simple-18759-0-2", "simple-18759-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Lake Chaubunagungamaug, or Lake Webster is a lake in the United States.", "It is in the state of Massachusetts.", "The lake is also known by the much shorter name of \"Webster Lake\", but some people prefer the long name Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, which is the Native American name for the lake.", "The name is the longest place name in the United States." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3914048, "normal_article_title": "Victor Silvester", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3914048", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3914048-0-0", "normal-3914048-0-1", "normal-3914048-1-0", "normal-3914048-1-1", "normal-3914048-1-2", "normal-3914048-1-3", "normal-3914048-1-4", "normal-3914048-2-0", "normal-3914048-2-1", "normal-3914048-2-2", "normal-3914048-2-3", "normal-3914048-2-4", "normal-3914048-3-0", "normal-3914048-3-1", "normal-3914048-3-2", "normal-3914048-4-0", "normal-3914048-4-1", "normal-3914048-4-2", "normal-3914048-4-3", "normal-3914048-5-0", "normal-3914048-5-1", "normal-3914048-5-2", "normal-3914048-6-0", "normal-3914048-6-1", "normal-3914048-6-2", "normal-3914048-7-0", "normal-3914048-7-1", "normal-3914048-7-2", "normal-3914048-8-0", "normal-3914048-8-1", "normal-3914048-9-0", "normal-3914048-9-1", "normal-3914048-9-2", "normal-3914048-9-3", "normal-3914048-9-4", "normal-3914048-9-5", "normal-3914048-10-0", "normal-3914048-10-1", "normal-3914048-10-2", "normal-3914048-11-0", "normal-3914048-11-1", "normal-3914048-12-0", "normal-3914048-12-1", "normal-3914048-12-2", "normal-3914048-12-3", "normal-3914048-12-4", "normal-3914048-12-5", "normal-3914048-12-6", "normal-3914048-13-0", "normal-3914048-13-1", "normal-3914048-13-2", "normal-3914048-13-3", "normal-3914048-14-0", "normal-3914048-15-0", "normal-3914048-15-1", "normal-3914048-15-2", "normal-3914048-15-3", "normal-3914048-16-0", "normal-3914048-17-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Victor Marlborough Silvester OBE (25 February 190014 August 1978) was an English dancer, author, musician and bandleader from the British dance band era.", "He was a significant figure in the development of ballroom dance during the first half of the 20th century, and his records sold 75 million copies from the 1930s through to the 1980s.", "Silvester was born the second son of a vicar in Wembley, Middlesex.", "He was educated at Ardingly College, St. John's School, Leatherhead and John Lyon School, Harrow, from all of which he absconded.", "In September 1916 he enlisted in the British Army during the First World War and served as a private in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders.", "He lied about his age to the recruiting authorities, stating this as 20 whereas he was only 16.", "He took part in the Battle of Arras in April/May 1917, and also was a member of five execution squads, where deserters, some no doubt suffering from shell-shock, were shot.", "Once his age was discovered, he was immediately withdrawn from the front and sent back to the military base at Étaples.", "After two weeks he was transferred to the First British Ambulance Unit For Italy.", "On 4 September 1917 at Sella di Dol near San Gabriele, while acting as a stretcher bearer to evacuate wounded Italian servicemen during a heavy bombardment by the Austrians and Germans, he was injured in the leg by a shell burst but refused medical treatment until the other wounded had been attended to.", "For his gallantry on this occasion he was awarded the Italian Bronze Medal of Military Valour in a decree by the Italian Minister of War dated 30 November 1917.", "In a letter to Silvester's parents dated 20 September 1917, his Commandant in the First British Ambulance Unit, the noted historian G. M. Trevelyan, wrote: \"He is certainly one who will be deservedly loved wherever he goes in life, and he is besides made of sterling stuff.\"", "After the war he studied at Worcester College, Oxford for a year.", "He decided to resume a military career when he was offered a place at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, but he quickly decided it was not for him.", "He also studied music at Trinity College, London, having already had private piano lessons as a child.", "His interests had meanwhile turned to dancing.", "He was one of the first post-war English dancers to feature the full natural turn in the slow waltz.", "This innovation was a factor in his winning the first World Ballroom Dancing Championship in 1922 with Phyllis Clarke as his partner.", "He married Dorothy Newton a few days later.", "He competed again in 1924, coming second to Maxwell Stewart – the inventor of the double reverse spin in the waltz – and Barbara Miles.", "He was a founding member of the Ballroom Committee of the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing which codified the theory and practice of Ballroom Dance – now known as the International Style – and published the first book embodying the new standards in 1927.", "This was \"Modern Ballroom Dancing\", which became a best-seller and has remained in print through many editions, the last issued in 2005.", "He went on to open a dancing academy in London, which eventually developed into a chain of 23 dance studios.", "By the early 1930s his teaching had become famous and he had taught some of the top celebrities of the day, among whom was Estelle Thompson, better known as Merle Oberon.", "Victor had his own BBC television show through the 1950s, called \"BBC Dancing Club\", and was later the President of the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing.", "The lack of what he felt were adequate records for dancing led Silvester in 1935 to form his own five-piece band, later enlarged and named \"Victor Silvester and his Ballroom Orchestra\", whose first record, \"You're Dancing on My Heart\" (by Al Bryan and George M. Meyer), sold 17,000 copies and was to become his signature tune.", "He insisted his recordings conform precisely to the beats per minute recommended by the ISTD for ballroom dances, a concept termed \"strict tempo\".", "In British eyes he became indelibly associated with the catch-phrase \"slow, slow, quick-quick-slow\" – a rhythm that occurs in the foxtrot and quickstep.", "The Silvester band always had a distinctive sound, achieved by an unusual line-up including, as well as the usual rhythm section, alto saxophone (initially Charlie Spinelli and later, for 26 years, Edward Owen \"Poggy\" Pogson, who had previously played in Jack Payne's and Jack Hylton's bands), a lead solo violin (for many years usually Oscar Grasso), and not one but two pianos, one taking turn in solos and the other maintaining an improvised tinkling continuo in the background throughout every piece, which Silvester called his \"lemonade\".", "This piano sound is said to have been created for him by the pianist/ later bandleader and BBC radio star Felix King.", "He notes in his autobiography that his first two pianists in 1935 were Gerry Moore for the melody and Felix King for the \"lemonade\".", "Later pianists included, at different times, Monia Liter, Charlie Pude, Jack Phillips, Billy Munn, Victor Parker (also accordion), Ernest \"Slim\" Wilson (who was also Silvester's main arranger, and with whom he co-wrote several pieces), Eddie Macauley and Ronnie Taylor.", "Silvester's drummer for over four decades was Ben Edwards, crucial for supplying the strict tempo.", "Sometimes there might be four saxophones altogether, two alto and two tenor, including in latter years Tony Mozr, Percy Waterhouse and Phil Kirby in addition to Pogson, all doubling on clarinet as required.", "On some recordings, the Ballroom Orchestra was augmented with 15 strings and woodwind, when it became \"The Silver Strings\".", "During the war, when Oscar Grasso was in the forces, the classical violinist Alfredo Campoli took his place, using the name \"Alfred Campbell\" for contractual reasons.", "These were first-class players, some of whom (like Liter, Grasso and Pogson) were already noted in jazz or danceband circles before they joined Silvester's band.", "Unlike most British dance bands of the era, there were no vocals.", "Silvester usually did not play (he was a violinist), but stood in front of his orchestra in white tie and tails, conducting with a flourish.", "He would continue to make music for half a century, mostly covering the popular music standards and show tunes, sometimes (but rarely) swing, trad jazz and in latter years, especially from 1971 when the orchestra continued under his son Victor Silvester Jr, rock and roll, disco and pop.", "These later attempts to stay \"with it\" involved the introduction of an electric guitar, but it is mostly the more melodic recordings of the 1940s and 1950s that are now reissued on CD and still sold widely.", "Silvester's record sales were so huge that competition was inevitable.", "Other dancers were attracted to the idea, and set up their own strict-tempo bands.", "Henry Jacques, Maxwell Stewart, Josephine Bradley and Wally Fryer were all top-flight dancers who set up in competition to Silvester.", "There were other bands led by musicians who were capable of recording in strict time.", "The best for ballroom competitions was probably Joe Loss, who had an even longer musical career than Silvester.", "Other bands that catered to ballroom dancing were Oscar Rabin and Jack Harris, whose band played in clubs and restaurants through the 1930s, Phil Tate, and Jack Parnell.", "For the post-war period of Latin dances to (mostly) Cuban and Brazilian rhythms, Edmundo Ros was in a class of his own.", "By 1958, when he published his autobiography, he was the most successful dance band leader in British musical history, and a major star on British radio and television.", "His BBC Television show \"Dancing Club\" lasted 17 years.", "He also presented a weekly request programme on the BBC Overseas Service (later World Service) which ran from 1948 to 1975.", "His obituary in \"The Times\" noted, \"Turn on a radio in Famagusta, Cape Town or Peking and one would be likely to hear his music issuing from the speakers\".", "He was the subject of \"This Is Your Life\" in 1957 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre.", "Victor Silvester was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1961.", "He died while on holiday in the south of France at the age of 78.", "The orchestra remained in existence under his son's direction until the 1990s.", "Victor, his wife and son are memorialised at Golders Green Crematorium, London.", "The Victor Silvester Archive - which includes his OBE and First World War medals and related original documents and correspondence, his many other accolades such as his four Carl Alan Awards for services to dancing and his BBC Radio Golden Microphone Award, the complete archive of programme sheets for his orchestra's BBC broadcasts, platinum and silver discs for his orchestra's record sales and the orchestra's entire archive of original hand-scored strict tempo sheet music - was sold at auction in London in March 2000 and is now held in a private collection in Northern England.", "Also published were sheet music arrangements." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 206497, "simple_article_title": "Victor Silvester", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=206497", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-206497-0-0", "simple-206497-0-1", "simple-206497-0-2", "simple-206497-1-0", "simple-206497-1-1", "simple-206497-2-0", "simple-206497-2-1", "simple-206497-2-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Victor Marlborough Silvester OBE (25 February 1900 – 14 August 1978) was a English dancer, author, musician and dance band leader whose records sold 75 million copies from the 1930s through to the 1980s.", "He was a significant figure in the development of ballroom dance during the first half of the 20th century.", "Victor married \"Dorothy Newton\" in 1922, a few days after winning the World Ballroom Dancing Championship.", "Silvester was born in Wembley, Middlesex.", "He died in France.", "After World War II, his orchestra and his weekly television programme, \"Victor Silvester's Dancing Club\", kept him in the public eye.", "His 1927 textbook, \"Modern Ballroom Dancing\", was an immediate bestseller and has remained in print through many editions, the last issued in 2005.", "He wrote ten other books, including his autobiography." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 473286, "normal_article_title": "Anything Else", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=473286", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-473286-0-0", "normal-473286-0-1", "normal-473286-1-0", "normal-473286-1-1", "normal-473286-1-2", "normal-473286-1-3", "normal-473286-1-4", "normal-473286-1-5", "normal-473286-1-6", "normal-473286-2-0", "normal-473286-2-1", "normal-473286-2-2", "normal-473286-2-3", "normal-473286-2-4", "normal-473286-2-5", "normal-473286-2-6", "normal-473286-2-7", "normal-473286-2-8", "normal-473286-3-0", "normal-473286-3-1", "normal-473286-3-2", "normal-473286-4-0", "normal-473286-5-0", "normal-473286-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Anything Else is a 2003 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Woody Allen, produced by his sister Letty Aronson, and starring Jason Biggs, Christina Ricci, Allen, Stockard Channing, Danny DeVito, Jimmy Fallon, Erica Leerhsen and KaDee Strickland.", "The film was shown as the opening night selection at the 60th annual Venice International Film Festival.", "Jerry Falk (Biggs), an aspiring writer living in New York City, has a girlfriend, Brooke (Strickland).", "He falls in love with Amanda (Ricci) and has an affair with her.", "Brooke finds out of Jerry's infidelity and leaves him.", "Amanda leaves her own boyfriend for Jerry.", "Brooke finally figures it out and leaves Jerry.", "Jerry turns to ageing, struggling artist (Allen) who acts as his mentor, which includes trying to help sort out Jerry’s romantic life.", "Dobel says that when he told a cab driver of all his anxieties and phobias in life, the cab driver told him, \"It's like anything else\".", "Dobel tries to convince Jerry that his manager is only holding him back and his relationship with Amanda is the most destructive force in his life.", "Amanda continuously cheats on Jerry.", "Amanda leaves and then comes back.", "Jerry's neuroses start to worsen.", "Eventually, Jerry leaves town as Dobel gets him a job writing for television in California.", "Amanda has an affair with the doctor who was treating her and runs off with him.", "He sees them together laughing as she once did with him as the cab is taking him towards the airport.", "Jerry talks to the cabbie of love and relationships.", "The cabbie simply replies, \"It's like anything else\".", "The film received mixed reviews from critics.", "Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 40%, based on reviews from 129 critics.", "Metacritic gave the film an average score of 43 out of 100, based on reviews from 37 critics.", "Leonard Maltin, in his movie and video guide, gave the film a \"BOMB\" rating (the only Allen-directed film he ever rated BOMB), and called it \"Allen's all-time worst\".", "In August 2009, it was cited by Quentin Tarantino as one of his favorite 20 films since 1992, when his career as a filmmaker began.", "In 2016, film critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey ranked \"Anything Else\" as one of the worst movies by Woody Allen." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 433186, "simple_article_title": "Anything Else", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=433186", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-433186-0-0", "simple-433186-0-1", "simple-433186-0-2", "simple-433186-0-3", "simple-433186-0-4", "simple-433186-1-0", "simple-433186-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Anything Else is an American romantic comedy movie.", "It was released on August 27, 2003.", "The story is about an aspiring writer who falls in love at first sight.", "Stockard Channing plays Paula Chase, Christina Ricci plays Amanda Chase and Erica Leerhsen plays Connie.", "This movie was directed and produced by Woody Allen, who also stars in the movie.", "Critics gave it mixed reviews.", "Leonard Maltin gave it a \"BOMB\" rating." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1179929, "normal_article_title": "Dje", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1179929", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1179929-0-0", "normal-1179929-1-0", "normal-1179929-2-0", "normal-1179929-2-1", "normal-1179929-3-0", "normal-1179929-3-1", "normal-1179929-3-2", "normal-1179929-3-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Dje (Ђ ђ; italics: \"Ђ\" \"ђ\") is a letter of the Cyrillic script.", "Dje is the sixth letter of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, used in Serbo-Croatian to represent the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate /dʑ/ .", "Dje corresponds to the Latin letter D with stroke (Đ đ) in Gaj's Latin alphabet of Serbo-Croatian and is so transliterated.", "When strokes are unavailable, it is transliterated as ⟨Dj dj⟩ .", "Dje was constructed by request of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić.", "There were several proposed shapes of the letter (one by Pavle Solarić, another by Gligorije Geršić).", "The variant now in use was designed by Lukijan Mušicki; it was designed by modification of the letter Ћ, itself a revival of the old Cyrillic letter Djerv (Ꙉ).", "The new letter was adopted in Karadžić's 1818 dictionary and thus entered widespread usage." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 184331, "simple_article_title": "Dje", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=184331", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-184331-0-0", "simple-184331-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Dje, or Djerv (Ђ, ђ) is the sixth letter of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Serbian language to represent the sound for need to tell /dʑ/, a palatalisation, similar to the English sound of letter \"j\" .", "It was created on model Cyrillic letter ћ by Vuk Karadžić." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4576700, "normal_article_title": "Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4576700", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4576700-0-0", "normal-4576700-1-0", "normal-4576700-1-1", "normal-4576700-1-2", "normal-4576700-2-0", "normal-4576700-2-1", "normal-4576700-2-2", "normal-4576700-3-0", "normal-4576700-3-1", "normal-4576700-4-0", "normal-4576700-4-1", "normal-4576700-5-0", "normal-4576700-5-1", "normal-4576700-6-0", "normal-4576700-6-1", "normal-4576700-6-2", "normal-4576700-6-3", "normal-4576700-6-4", "normal-4576700-7-0", "normal-4576700-7-1", "normal-4576700-7-2", "normal-4576700-8-0", "normal-4576700-8-1", "normal-4576700-8-2", "normal-4576700-9-0", "normal-4576700-10-0", "normal-4576700-10-1", "normal-4576700-10-2", "normal-4576700-10-3", "normal-4576700-10-4", "normal-4576700-11-0", "normal-4576700-11-1", "normal-4576700-11-2", "normal-4576700-11-3", "normal-4576700-11-4", "normal-4576700-11-5", "normal-4576700-11-6", "normal-4576700-11-7", "normal-4576700-11-8", "normal-4576700-12-0", "normal-4576700-12-1", "normal-4576700-12-2", "normal-4576700-13-0", "normal-4576700-13-1", "normal-4576700-14-0", "normal-4576700-14-1", "normal-4576700-14-2", "normal-4576700-14-3", "normal-4576700-15-0", "normal-4576700-15-1", "normal-4576700-15-2", "normal-4576700-15-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Enrique Lucio Eugenio Gaspar y Rimbau (2 March 1842 in Madrid – 7 September 1902 in Oloron) was a Spanish diplomat and writer, who wrote plays, \"zarzuelas\" (light operas), and novels including the first story involving time travel using a machine.", "Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau was born to parents who were actors.", "Upon the death of his father, he moved to Valencia with his mother and two siblings.", "He studied humanities and philosophy, though he never finished his studies, leaving to work in the commercial bank of the \"marqués\" of San Juan.", "He had already written his first \"zarzuela\" by the age of 13, and at 14 he was writer at the \"La Ilustración Valenciana\".", "When he was 15 his mother put on a performance of his first comedy.", "He moved to Madrid when he was 21 to dedicate himself to writing.", "His peak years as a writer were 1868 to 1875, when he wrote operas for the consumption of the bourgeoisie rather than the aristocracy.", "During this time, he also wrote historical dramas, and he became a pioneer of social theatre in Spain.", "When he was 23, Gaspar y Rimbau married Enriqueta Batllés y Bertán de Lis, a beautiful aristocrat, to the displeasure of her parents.", "After the birth of their second child, he entered the diplomatic corps, at the age of 27.", "He spent time in Greece and France, then Madrid, and eventually served as consul in China, first in Macau, and then in Hong Kong.", "During this time, he continued to write and mount operas, in addition to writing for \"El Diario de Manila\".", "Upon his return to Europe, he moved to Oloron, in the South of France, though his family lived in Barcelona, where he put on an opera in Catalan.", "Later, he lived in various locations in the south of France.", "His wife died in Marseille, where he was consul.", "In poor health himself, he retired to Oloron with his daughter, son-in-law, and grandchildren.", "He died there in 1902 at the age of 60.", "Published in 1887 in Barcelona, \"El anacronópete\" (a neologism for \"who flies against time\") is one of Gaspar y Rimbau's most important works.", "It is a Spanish science fiction novel.", "This predates the publication of The Chronic Argonauts by H. G. Wells in 1888, his first story involving time travel using a machine.", "The novel, in the format of a \"zarzuela\", is one of the first to feature a machine that travels through time: the 'anacronópete'.", "The anacronópete is an enormous cast iron box, propelled by electricity, which drives four large pneumatical devices ending in tubes for travel, as well as powering other machinery, including something that produces the \"García fluid\", which causes the passengers not to grow younger as they travel backwards in time.", "The machine's interior also contains all kinds of conveniences including, among other marvels, brooms that sweep by themselves.", "The machine provided the setting for a story in three acts, in which the following group of characters travel in time: don Sindulfo García, a scientist from Zaragoza and the inventor of the device; his friend and assistant Benjamín; Clarita, don Sindulfo's niece and ward; a maidservant; Captain Luis, Clarita's beloved; several Spanish hussars; and a number of old French women of 'loose morals' that the mayor of Paris wants to rejuvenate so that they \"regenerate\" themselves.", "In the first act, don Sindulfo explains his theory of time: it is the atmosphere that causes time as demonstrated by the conservation of food in hermetic cans.", "By flying fast against the rotation of Earth, the machine can \"undo\" the passing of days (a device often mistakenly thought to be used in the film \"Superman\").", "They leave Paris, from the World's Fair of 1878, and travel to the Battle of Tetuán in 1860.", "Luis's troop of hussars, that Clarita expected would protect her against Sindulfo, has become children and disappear since they were not protected by the \"fluid of inalterability\".", "The machine departs, returning to Paris the day before they left, whereupon several 'rejuvenated' French girls disembark.", "In the second act, they again travel into the past, seeking the secret of immortality, stopping at various moments in history, such as the Granada in 1492, where they recommend Queen Isabella to listen to a Genovese and Ravenna in 690 (to obtain provisions).", "They end up in Ho-nan, China in 220, where Sindulfo expected that he could force Clarita to marry him.", "The emperor Hien-ti shows the travellers that many inventions such as the printing press and iron ships were already known.", "Since his empress Sun-Che has just died, he offers to exchange Clarita for the secret of immortality.", "The empress had actually been buried alive by her husband and happens to be the original of a Chinese mummy Sindulfo had bought and brought into the machine.", "Thus, she becomes free and wants to marry Sindulfo.", "The characters have evolved, with Benjamín becoming obsessed with eternal life, don Sindulfo crazy with jealousy over Clarita, and Clarita in love with Captain Luis.", "Benjamín discovers that the disappearing hussars had reappeared again because their immortal spirits had not left the anacronópete and that Sindulfo's first wife was the same as the empress through metempsychosis.", "While they leave, Tsao Pi founds the Ouei dynasty.", "In the third act, after a stop in Pompeii at the time of Vesuvius' eruption in the year 79, they arrive in the 30th century BCE, the time of Noah.", "There they discover the secret of eternal life is God.", "Finally, don Sindulfo in his madness speeds up the anacronopede, which explodes upon arriving at the Day of Creation.", "Don Sindulfo wakes up.", "He has slept while watching a theatre play by Jules Verne, with the just-married Luis and Clarita.", "It was written during Gaspar's mission to China (1878-1885).", "The novel fits with the spirit of the age, in which the works of Jules Verne were very successful.", "It was undoubtedly influenced by his personal friend Camille Flammarion and Flammarion's story \"Lumen\".", "\"El Anacronópete\", written in 1881, predates Mouton's \"L'historioscope\", and therefore could not have been influenced by that work.", "The original edition by Daniel Cortezo was illustrated by Francesc Soler.", "It has been republished in 1999 in diskette by \"Asociación Española de Fantasía, Ciencia-Ficción y Terror\", in 2000 by \"Círculo de Lectores\".", "Minotauro republished the Círculo edition with the original illustrations in 2005 .", "An online English translation was released in 2014 with the original illustrations." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 85441, "normal_article_title": "English law", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=85441", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-85441-0-0", "normal-85441-1-0", "normal-85441-1-1", "normal-85441-2-0", "normal-85441-2-1", "normal-85441-2-2", "normal-85441-3-0", "normal-85441-3-1", "normal-85441-3-2", "normal-85441-4-0", "normal-85441-5-0", "normal-85441-5-1", "normal-85441-5-2", "normal-85441-5-3", "normal-85441-6-0", "normal-85441-6-1", "normal-85441-6-2", "normal-85441-7-0", "normal-85441-7-1", "normal-85441-8-0", "normal-85441-8-1", "normal-85441-8-2", "normal-85441-8-3", "normal-85441-9-0", "normal-85441-9-1", "normal-85441-10-0", "normal-85441-10-1", "normal-85441-11-0", "normal-85441-11-1", "normal-85441-11-2", "normal-85441-11-3", "normal-85441-11-4", "normal-85441-12-0", "normal-85441-13-0", "normal-85441-13-1", "normal-85441-13-2", "normal-85441-13-3", "normal-85441-13-4", "normal-85441-14-0", "normal-85441-14-1", "normal-85441-14-2", "normal-85441-14-3", "normal-85441-15-0", "normal-85441-15-1", "normal-85441-16-0", "normal-85441-16-1", "normal-85441-16-2", "normal-85441-16-3", "normal-85441-16-4", "normal-85441-16-5", "normal-85441-17-0", "normal-85441-18-0", "normal-85441-18-1", "normal-85441-18-2", "normal-85441-18-3", "normal-85441-19-0", "normal-85441-19-1", "normal-85441-19-2", "normal-85441-19-3", "normal-85441-20-0", "normal-85441-20-1", "normal-85441-20-2", "normal-85441-20-3", "normal-85441-20-4", "normal-85441-20-5", "normal-85441-20-6", "normal-85441-21-0", "normal-85441-22-0", "normal-85441-22-1", "normal-85441-23-0", "normal-85441-23-1", "normal-85441-24-0", "normal-85441-24-1", "normal-85441-25-0", "normal-85441-25-1", "normal-85441-25-2", "normal-85441-25-3", "normal-85441-25-4", "normal-85441-26-0", "normal-85441-27-0", "normal-85441-27-1", "normal-85441-27-2", "normal-85441-28-0", "normal-85441-28-1", "normal-85441-28-2", "normal-85441-28-3", "normal-85441-29-0", "normal-85441-29-1", "normal-85441-29-2", "normal-85441-30-0", "normal-85441-30-1", "normal-85441-30-2", "normal-85441-30-3", "normal-85441-30-4", "normal-85441-30-5", "normal-85441-30-6", "normal-85441-30-7" ], "normal_sentence": [ "English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures.", "England's most authoritative law is statutory legislation, which comprises Acts of Parliament, regulations and by-laws.", "In the absence of any statutory law, the common law with its principle of \"stare decisis\" forms the residual source of law, based on judicial decisions, custom, and usage.", "Common law is made by sitting judges who apply both statutory law and established principles which are derived from the reasoning from earlier decisions.", "Equity is the other historic source of judge-made law.", "Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament.", "Not being a civil law system, English law has no comprehensive codification.", "However, most of its criminal law has been codified from its common law origins, in the interests both of certainty and of ease of prosecution.", "For the time being, murder remains a common law crime rather than a statutory offence.", "Although Scotland and Northern Ireland form part of the United Kingdom and share Westminster as a primary legislature, they have separate legal systems outside of English Law.", "International treaties such as the European Union's Treaty of Rome or the Hague-Visby Rules have effect in English law only when adopted and ratified by Act of Parliament.", "Adopted treaties may be subsequently denounced by executive action, unless the denouncement or withdraw would affect rights enacted by Parliament.", "In this case executive action cannot be used due to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty.", "This principle was established in the case of \"R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\" in 2017.", "Criminal law is the law of crime and punishment whereby the Crown prosecutes the accused.", "Civil law is concerned with tort, contract, families, companies and so on.", "Civil law courts operate to provide a party who has an enforceable claim with a remedy such as damages or a declaration.", "In this context, civil law is the system of codified law that is prevalent in Europe.", "Civil law is founded on the ideas of Roman Law.", "By contrast, English law is the archetypal common law jurisdiction, built upon case law.", "In this context, common law means the judge-made law of the King's Bench; whereas equity is the judge-made law of the (now-defunct) Court of Chancery.", "Equity is concerned mainly with trusts and equitable remedies.", "Equity generally operates in accordance with the principles known as the \"maxims of equity\".", "The reforming Judicature Acts of the 1880s amalgamated the courts into one Supreme Court of Judicature which was directed to administer both law and equity.", "The neo-gothic Royal Courts of Justice in The Strand, London, were built shortly afterwards to celebrate these reforms.", "Public law is the law governing relationships between individuals and the state.", "Private law encompasses relationships between private individuals and other private entities (but may also cover \"private\" relationships between the government and private entities).", "A remedy is \"the means given by law for the recovery of a right, or of compensation for its infringement\".", "Most remedies are available only from the court, but some are \"self-help\" remedies; for instance, a party who lawfully wishes to cancel a contract may do so without leave; and a person may take his own steps to \"abate a private nuisance\".", "Formerly, most civil actions claiming damages in the High Court were commenced by obtaining a writ issued in the Queen's name.", "After 1979, writs have merely required the parties to appear, and writs are no longer issued in the name of the Crown.", "Now, after the Woolf Reforms of 1999, almost all civil actions other than those connected with insolvency, are commenced by the completion of a Claim Form as opposed to a writ, originating application, or summons.", "Orders in Council are a \"sui generis\" category of legislation.", "Statutes are cited in this fashion: \"Short Title Year\", e.g. Theft Act 1968.", "This became the usual way to refer to Acts from 1840 onwards; previously Acts were cited by their long title with the regnal year of the parliamentary session when they received Royal Assent, and the chapter number.", "For example, the Pleading in English Act 1362 (which required pleadings to be in English and not Law French) was referred to as \"36 Edw.", "III c. 15,\" meaning \"36th year of the reign of Edward III, chapter 15\".", "(By contrast, American convention inserts \"of\", as in \"Civil Rights Act \"of\" 1964\").", "Common law is a term with historical origins in the legal system of England.", "It denotes, in the first place, the judge-made law that developed from the early Middle Ages as described in a work published at the end of the 19th century, \"The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I\", in which Pollock and Maitland expanded the work of Coke (17th century) and Blackstone (18th century).", "Specifically, the law developed in England's Court of Common Pleas and other common law courts, which became also the law of the colonies settled initially under the crown of England or, later, of the United Kingdom, in North America and elsewhere; and this law as further developed after those courts in England were reorganised by the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts passed in the 1870s, and developed independently, in the legal systems of the United States and other jurisdictions, after their independence from the United Kingdom, before and after the 1870s.", "The term is used, in the second place, to denote the law developed by those courts, in the same periods (pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial), as distinct from within the jurisdiction, or former jurisdiction, of other courts in England: the Court of Chancery, the ecclesiastical courts, and the Admiralty court.", "In the Oxford English Dictionary (1933) \"common law\" is described as \"The unwritten law of England, administered by the King's courts, which purports to be derived from ancient usage, and is embodied in the older commentaries and the reports of abridged cases\", as opposed, in that sense, to statute law, and as distinguished from the equity administered by the Chancery and similar courts, and from other systems such as ecclesiastical law, and admiralty law.", "For usage in the United States the description is \"the body of legal doctrine which is the foundation of the law administered in all states settled from England, and those formed by later settlement or division from them\".", "Professor John Makdisi's article \"The Islamic Origins of the Common Law\" in the \"North Carolina Law Review\" theorized that English common law was influenced by medieval Islamic law.", "Makdisi drew comparisons between the \"royal English contract protected by the action of debt\" and the \"Islamic \"Aqd\"\", the \"English assize of novel disseisin\" (a petty assize adopted in the 1166 at the Assizes of Clarendon) and the \"Islamic \"Istihqaq\"\", and the \"English jury\" and the \"Islamic \"Lafif\"\" in the classical Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, and argued that these institutions were transmitted to England by the Normans, \"through the close connection between the Norman kingdoms of Roger II in Sicily — ruling over a conquered Islamic administration — and Henry II in England.\"", "Makdisi also argued that the \"law schools known as Inns of Court\" in England (which he asserts are parallel to Madrasahs) may have also originated from Islamic law.", "He states that the methodology of legal precedent and reasoning by analogy (\"Qiyas\") are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems.", "Other legal scholars such as Monica Gaudiosi, Gamal Moursi Badr and A. Hudson have argued that the English trust and agency institutions, which were introduced by Crusaders, may have been adapted from the Islamic \"Waqf\" and \"Hawala\" institutions they came across in the Middle East.", "Paul Brand also notes parallels between the \"Waqf\" and the trusts used to establish Merton College by Walter de Merton, who had connections with the Knights Templar.", "In 1276, the concept of \"time immemorial\" often applied in common law was defined as being any time before 6 July 1189 (i.e. before Richard I's accession to the English throne).", "Since 1189, English law has been a common law, not a civil law system; in other words, no comprehensive codification of the law has taken place and judicial precedents are binding as opposed to persuasive.", "This may be a legacy of the Norman conquest of England, when a number of legal concepts and institutions from Norman law were introduced to England.", "In the early centuries of English common law, the justices and judges were responsible for adapting the system of writs to meet everyday needs, applying a mixture of precedent and common sense to build up a body of internally consistent law.", "An example is the Law Merchant derived from the \"Pie-Powder\" Courts, named from a corruption of the French \"pieds-poudrés\" (\"dusty feet\") implying ad hoc marketplace courts.", "Following Montesquieu's theory of the \"separation of powers\", only Parliament has the power to legislate; but in the event of a statute being ambiguous, the courts have exclusive power to decide its true meaning, using the principles of statutory interpretation.", "Since the courts have no authority to legislate, the \"legal fiction\" is that they \"declare\" (rather than \"create\") the common law.", "The House of Lords took this \"declaratory power\" a stage further in \"DPP v Shaw\", where, in creating the new crime of \"conspiracy to corrupt public morals\", Viscount Simonds claimed the court had a \"residual power to protect the moral welfare of the state\".", "As Parliament became ever more established and influential, Parliamentary legislation gradually overtook judicial law-making such that today's judges are able to innovate only in certain very narrowly defined areas.", "One of the major challenges in the early centuries was to produce a system that was certain in its operation and predictable in its outcomes.", "Too many judges were either partial or incompetent, acquiring their positions only by virtue of their rank in society.", "Thus, a standardised procedure slowly emerged, based on a system termed stare decisis which roughly means \"let the decision stand\".", "The doctrine of precedent which requires similar cases to be adjudicated in a like manner, falls under the principle of \"stare decisis\".", "Thus, the ratio decidendi (reason for decision) of each case will bind future cases on the same generic set of facts both horizontally and vertically in the court structure.", "The highest appellate court in the UK is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and its decisions are binding on every other court in the hierarchy which are obliged to apply its rulings as the law of the land.", "The Court of Appeal binds the lower courts, and so on.", "In England, judges have devised a number of rules as to how to deal with precedent decisions.", "England exported its common law and statute law to most parts of the British Empire, and many aspects of that system have survived after Independence from British rule, and the influences are often reciprocal.", "\"English law\" prior to the American Revolutionary Wars (American War of Independence) is still an influence on United States law, and provides the basis for many American legal traditions and principles.", "After independence, English common law still exerted influence over American common law – for example, \"Byrne v Boadle\" (1863), which first applied the \"res ipsa loquitur\" doctrine.", "Jurisdictions that have kept to the common law may incorporate modern legal developments from England, and English decisions are usually persuasive in such jurisdictions.", "In the United States, each state has its own supreme court with final appellate jurisdiction, while the US Supreme Court has the final say over federal matters, resulting in the development of state common law.", "By contrast, in Australia, one common law exists.", "After Britain's colonial period, jurisdictions that had inherited and adopted England's common law developed their courts of final appeal in differing ways: jurisdictions still under the British crown are subject to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.", "For a long period, the British Dominions used London's Privy Council as their final appeal court, although one by one they eventually established their local supreme court.", "New Zealand was the last Dominion to abandon the Privy Council, setting up its own Supreme Court in 2004.", "Even after independence, many former British colonies in the Commonwealth continued to use the Privy Council, as it offered a readily available high-grade service.", "In particular, several Caribbean island nations found the Privy Council advantageous.", "Britain is a dualist in its relationship with international law, so international treaties must be formally ratified by Parliament and incorporated into statute before such supranational laws become binding in the UK.", "Britain has long been a major trading nation, exerting a strong influence on the law of shipping and maritime trade.", "The English law of salvage, collisions, ship arrest, and carriage of goods by sea are subject to international conventions which Britain played a leading role in drafting.", "Many of these conventions incorporate principles derived from English common law and documentary procedures.", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland comprises three legal jurisdictions: England & Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.", "Although Scotland and Northern Ireland form part of the United Kingdom and share the Parliament at Westminster as the primary legislature, they have separate legal systems.", "Scotland became part of the UK over 300 years ago, but Scots law has remained remarkably distinct from English law.", "The UK's highest civil appeal court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, whose decisions, and those of its predecessor the House of Lords, are binding on all three UK jurisdictions, as in \"Donoghue v Stevenson\", a Scots case that forms the basis of the UK's law of negligence.", "Unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland, Wales is not a separate jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.", "The customary laws of Wales within the Kingdom of England were abolished by King Henry VIII's Laws in Wales Acts which brought Wales into legal conformity with England.", "While Wales now has a devolved Assembly, any legislation which that Assembly passes is enacted in particular circumscribed policy areas defined by the Government of Wales Act 2006, other legislation of the British Parliament, or by Orders in Council given under the authority of the 2006 Act.", "Between 1746 and 1967, any reference to England in legislation was deemed to include Wales.", "This ceased with the enactment of the Welsh Language Act 1967 and the jurisdiction is now commonly referred to as \"England and Wales\".", "Although devolution has accorded some degree of political autonomy to Wales in the National Assembly for Wales, it did not have the ability to pass primary legislation until the Government of Wales Act 2006 came into force after the 2007 Welsh general election.", "That said, the Welsh legal system remains English common law, in that the legal system administered through both civil and criminal courts remains unified throughout England and Wales.", "This is different from the situation of Northern Ireland, for example, which did not cease to be a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended (see Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972).", "A major difference is also the use of the Welsh language, as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in the rest of the United Kingdom.", "The Welsh Language Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales with regard to the public sector.", "Welsh may also be spoken in Welsh courts." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 556170, "simple_article_title": "English law", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=556170", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-556170-0-0", "simple-556170-0-1", "simple-556170-0-2", "simple-556170-1-0", "simple-556170-1-1", "simple-556170-1-2", "simple-556170-1-3", "simple-556170-1-4", "simple-556170-1-5", "simple-556170-2-0", "simple-556170-2-1", "simple-556170-2-2", "simple-556170-2-3", "simple-556170-2-4", "simple-556170-2-5", "simple-556170-2-6", "simple-556170-3-0", "simple-556170-3-1", "simple-556170-3-2", "simple-556170-3-3", "simple-556170-3-4", "simple-556170-3-5", "simple-556170-3-6", "simple-556170-3-7", "simple-556170-3-8", "simple-556170-4-0", "simple-556170-4-1", "simple-556170-4-2", "simple-556170-4-3", "simple-556170-5-0", "simple-556170-5-1", "simple-556170-5-2", "simple-556170-5-3", "simple-556170-5-4", "simple-556170-6-0", "simple-556170-6-1", "simple-556170-6-2", "simple-556170-6-3", "simple-556170-6-4", "simple-556170-6-5", "simple-556170-6-6", "simple-556170-6-7", "simple-556170-6-8", "simple-556170-6-9", "simple-556170-6-10", "simple-556170-6-11", "simple-556170-6-12", "simple-556170-6-13" ], "simple_sentence": [ "English law, also called common law, is the legal system of England and Wales.", "It is generally divided into criminal law and civil law.", "It spread to many parts of the former British Empire including Australia, Canada, the United States and New Zealand, and many other countries.", "English law is unique in that it is based on applying legal precedent to present and future decisions made by judges.", "A judge must follow past legal decisions made by higher courts but not necessarily those made by lower courts.", "English law is not based on a constitution and there is no codification of laws.", "However, there are unofficial publications that provide organized lists of current laws.", "Parliament has the power to create laws which are automatically considered valid and may not be reviewed by the courts.", "Only Parliament has the power to change a law.", "Written in about 602, the Law of Æthelberht (Athelbert of Kent) is the oldest example of Anglo-Saxon law.", "Anglo-Saxon law was based on Ancient Germanic law which was a system of laws based on kinship.", "The kinship group was responsible for the acts of their members as well as for their protection.", "Wrongs against another were paid by Weregild, a value placed on every person and piece of property.", "By the 10th century these had changed into a system of hundreds.", "No longer based on kinship, they organized themselves to protect others in the hundred and to enforce the laws.", "A hundredsmann was in charge of a hundred and was responsible to see that all disputes were settled.", "In 1066, the Norman conquest of England brought with it many changes in the law.", "While much of Anglo-Saxon law was kept, new laws were added over time by the Normans.", "Before the Norman invasion, most laws in England were local laws and enforced by local courts.", "Royal courts were introduced They did not take over local laws right away, but did so over a period of time.", "The royal courts took the best of the local laws and used them throughout England.", "This established English common law, or a system of laws \"common\" to the entire country.", "By this time a second court system developed known as equity and administered by the Court of Chancery.", "Equity addressed situations not covered by common law.", "Examples of equity decisions include imposing a lien, correcting a property line or ordering someone to do something to prevent damage.", "The 18th century legal scholar, William Blackstone, wrote a four-volume \"Commentaries on the Laws of England\" which for the first time provided a complete overview of English law.", "Originally published 1765–1769, it has since been republished many times.", "Used well into the 19th century, his Commentaries were the main instruction tool in learning the law in both England and America.", "Abraham Lincoln read Blackstone's Commentaries as part of teaching himself the law.", "The jury system probably came to England just after the Norman conquest.", "At first, jurors acted as witnesses in court.", "But over time, certainly by the reign of Henry II of England, they became the trier of fact in a court case.", "Juries began to deliberate the evidence provided by the parties in a dispute.", "Over time, jurors were told less and less about a case before a trial and learned what they needed to make a decision in court.", "Unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland, Wales is not a separate jurisdiction in the United Kingdom.", "The old laws of Wales within the Kingdom of England were abolished by King Henry VIII's Laws in Wales Acts.", "This brought Wales into legal conformity with England.", "Between 1746 and 1967, any reference to England in legislation included Wales.", "This ceased with the enactment of the Welsh Language Act 1967.", "The jurisdiction is now commonly referred to as \"England and Wales\".", "Although Wales has a degree of political autonomy, it did not have the ability to pass primary legislation until the Government of Wales Act 2006 came into force after the 2007 Welsh general election.", "Even so, the Welsh legal system remains English common law.", "This is different from the situation of Northern Ireland.", "It did not stop being a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended.", "A major difference is also the use of the Welsh language, as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in the rest of the United Kingdom.", "The Welsh Language Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.", "It put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales with regard to the public sector.", "Welsh may also be spoken in Welsh courts." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 345426, "normal_article_title": "Flag of Singapore", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345426", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-345426-0-0", "normal-345426-0-1", "normal-345426-0-2", "normal-345426-0-3", "normal-345426-0-4", "normal-345426-1-0", "normal-345426-1-1", "normal-345426-1-2", "normal-345426-1-3", "normal-345426-2-0", "normal-345426-2-1", "normal-345426-3-0", "normal-345426-3-1", "normal-345426-4-0", "normal-345426-4-1", "normal-345426-4-2", "normal-345426-4-3", "normal-345426-5-0", "normal-345426-5-1", "normal-345426-6-0", "normal-345426-6-1", "normal-345426-6-2", "normal-345426-6-3", "normal-345426-7-0", "normal-345426-7-1", "normal-345426-8-0", "normal-345426-8-1", "normal-345426-8-2", "normal-345426-9-0", "normal-345426-9-1", "normal-345426-9-2", "normal-345426-9-3", "normal-345426-9-4", "normal-345426-10-0", "normal-345426-10-1", "normal-345426-10-2", "normal-345426-10-3", "normal-345426-10-4", 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"normal-345426-25-0", "normal-345426-25-1", "normal-345426-26-0", "normal-345426-26-1", "normal-345426-26-2", "normal-345426-26-3", "normal-345426-27-0", "normal-345426-27-1", "normal-345426-28-0", "normal-345426-28-1", "normal-345426-28-2", "normal-345426-28-3", "normal-345426-29-0", "normal-345426-29-1", "normal-345426-29-2", "normal-345426-29-3", "normal-345426-30-0", "normal-345426-30-1", "normal-345426-30-2", "normal-345426-30-3", "normal-345426-31-0", "normal-345426-31-1", "normal-345426-31-2", "normal-345426-31-3", "normal-345426-32-0", "normal-345426-32-1", "normal-345426-32-2", "normal-345426-32-3", "normal-345426-32-4", "normal-345426-33-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The national flag of Singapore was adopted in 1959, the year Singapore became self-governing within the British Empire.", "It was reconfirmed as the national flag when the republic gained independence on 9 August 1965.", "Prior to its independence, it was the only state flag in Malaysia not to have a 1:2 ratio.", "The design is a horizontal bicolour of red above white, overlaid in the canton (upper-left quadrant) by a white crescent moon facing a pentagon of five small white five-pointed stars.", "The elements of the flag denote a young nation on the ascendant, universal brotherhood and equality, and national ideals.", "Vessels at sea do not use the national flag as an ensign.", "Merchant vessels and pleasure craft fly a civil ensign of red charged in white with a variant of the crescent and stars emblem in the centre.", "Non-military government vessels such as coast guard ships fly a state ensign of blue with the national flag in the canton, charged with an eight-pointed red and white compass rose in the lower fly.", "Naval warships fly a naval ensign similar to the state ensign, but in white with a red compass rose emblem.", "Rules defined by the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act govern the use and display of the national flag.", "These have been relaxed to allow citizens to fly the flag from vehicles during national holidays and from homes at any time of the year.", "Singapore was under British rule in the 19th century, having been amalgamated into the Straits Settlements together with Malacca and Penang.", "The flag that was used to represent the Settlements was a British Blue Ensign containing three gold crowns—one for each settlement—separated by a red inverted pall, which resembles an inverted Y.", "The Settlement of Singapore had no separate flag, although the city was granted a coat of arms which featured a lion in 1911.", "During the occupation of Singapore by the Japanese during the Second World War, the Japanese national flag was used on land by the military and during public events.", "Soon after the Second World War, Singapore became an independent Crown colony and adopted its own flag.", "It was modified from the Straits Settlements flag to reduce the number of crowns from three to one.", "Singapore became self-governing within the British Empire on 3 June 1959.", "Six months later, upon the installation of the new \"Yang di-Pertuan Negara\" (head of state) on 3 December 1959, the national flag was officially adopted, along with the state coat of arms and the national anthem \"Majulah Singapura\" (\"Onward Singapore\").", "The design of the flag was completed in two months by a committee headed by Toh.", "He initially wanted the flag's entire background to be red, but the Cabinet decided against this, as red was regarded as a rallying point for communism.", "According to an account given by Lee Kuan Yew, the Chinese population wanted five stars, which were modelled off the flag of the People's Republic of China and the Muslim population wanted a crescent moon.", "Both of these symbols were combined to create the national flag of Singapore.", "On 30 November 1959, the Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959 was passed to regulate the use and display of the State Arms and State Flag and the performance of the National Anthem.", "When presenting the motion to the Legislative Assembly of Singapore on 11 November 1959, Sinnathamby Rajaratnam, the Minister for Culture, stated: \"National flags, crest and anthem express symbolically the hopes and ideals of a people... The possession of a national flag and crest is, for a people, symbolic of self-respect.\"", "In September 1962, the people of Singapore voted to join the Federation of Malaysia.", "The process was completed on 16 September 1963, when the Malaysian flag was hoisted on Singapore by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew.", "The Singapore flag was reconfirmed as the national flag when Singapore became fully independent from Malaysia on 9 August 1965.", "The Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules define the flag's composition and the symbolism of its elements: red symbolises \"universal brotherhood and equality of man\", and white, \"pervading and everlasting purity and virtue\".", "The waxing crescent moon \"represents a young nation on the ascendant\".", "The five stars \"stand for the nation's ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality\".", "During the second half of the 20th century, the star and crescent symbol came to be recognised as a symbol of Islam, and Singapore's flag came to be seen in this context by the nation's Muslim activists.", "Singapore and Nepal are the only non-Muslim nations to have a crescent moon in their national flags.", "The ratio of the flag is two units high by three units wide.", "For the manufacturing of flags, the Government of Singapore stated that the shade of red used on the flag is Pantone 032.", "According to guidelines published by the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA), the flag may be reproduced in any size and displayed at all times, but it must be in its specified proportions and colours.", "MICA recommends the sizes 915 by , 1,220 by and 1,830 by .", "The material that is recommended for the national flag is bunting wool.", "Until 2004, the flag was used exclusively on or in front of buildings owned by the government, ministries, statutory boards and educational institutions on a year-round basis.", "The flag could only be flown by individuals and non-governmental organisations during the month of August to mark the country's national day on 9 August.", "During the National Day celebrations period (1 July – 30 September), rules governing the flying of the national flag outside buildings are relaxed.", "The flag may be displayed on any vehicle (other than a hearse), vessel or aircraft, and may be incorporated as part of any costume or attire, so long as this is done in a respectful manner.", "These restrictions on individuals and non-governmental organisations were relaxed in 2004 to allow the flag to be flown year-round under certain conditions.", "A statement from the Ministry of Information and the Arts (now MICA, the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts) said that \"the national flag, national anthem and Singapore lion head... are our most visible symbols of our sovereignty, pride and honour\" and urged Singaporeans to use those \"rallying\" symbols to \"identify with the nation\".", "No rationale was provided for the changes, although BBC News correspondents noted that the government had recently been trying to rally patriotic sentiment dampened by economic issues.", "(In 2003, unemployment in Singapore reached a 17-year-high of 5.9%, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in East Asia seriously affected the island's tourist trade, causing Singapore Airlines to suffer a financial loss for the first time in its history.)", "Following requests by Singaporeans, guidelines for the use of the flag were further broadened in 2006 to give residents a variety of opportunities to express their loyalty to Singapore during National Day celebrations such as the National Day Parade.", "MICA permitted them to display the flag on vehicles and on themselves or belongings with minimal restrictions, from the middle of July to the end of August for a trial period.", "The period was extended in 2007 to three months from July to September.", "Singaporean citizens, government and non-governmental organisations may display or fly the national flag throughout the year to identify themselves with the nation, and especially encouraged to do so during occasions of national celebration or national significance.", "Non-Singaporean businesses and organisations are also allowed to display the flag throughout the year.", "The use and display of the flag is governed by Part III of the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules made under the \"Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act\".", "It is an offence to knowingly contravene specified provisions of the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules; the penalty is a fine not exceeding S$1,000.", "The Singaporean government dictates that no person may treat the national flag with disrespect, such as allowing the flag to touch the ground.", "The flag must not be displayed below any other flag, emblem or object; dipped in salute to any person or thing; or displayed or carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free.", "Within Singapore, the national flag takes precedence over all other flags, subject to international practice.", "As such, when it is displayed or flown with other flags, it must be in a position of honour; that is, it should be positioned, where practical, either above all other flags or, if displayed side by side with other flags on the same level, to the left of the other flags (as seen by a person facing the flags).", "When the flag is raised or carried in a procession with other flags, it must be done so in front of the other flags in a single file, or on the right as seen by the standard bearers if the flags are carried side by side (i.e., on the left as seen by the viewer).", "The standard bearer must carry the flag high on his or her right shoulder.", "When the flag is displayed on a platform or stage, it must be above all decorations and be behind and above any person speaking from the platform or stage.", "If it is displayed from a staff standing on the platform or stage, it must be on the right side of the person speaking from the platform or stage.", "Finally, when the flag is hung, it must be hung against a vertical wall or other vertical flat surface, with the crescent and stars on the top left position as seen by any spectator facing the flag and the wall or surface.", "When the flag is displayed outside a building, it shall be displayed on or in front of the building only from a flagpole.", "If the flag is flown at night, it should be properly illuminated.", "The flag must not be displayed on any motor vehicle except on one in which the President of Singapore or any Government minister is travelling on official business.", "The flag may not be displayed on any private vessel or aircraft.", "No person may use or apply the flag or any image of it for any commercial purposes or as part of any furnishing, decoration, covering or receptacle, except in such circumstances as may be approved (by MICA) in which there is no disrespect for the flag.", "Further, it is not permitted to use the flag as part of any trademark, or to produce or display any flag which bears any graphics or word superimposed on the design of the national flag.", "The flag or any image of it may also not be used or applied as or as part of any costume or attire.", "The Government may ask for the flag to be lowered to half-mast in the event of the death of an important person or for national mourning.", "No person is permitted to use the flag at any private funeral ceremony.", "However, the national flag can be draped on a coffin during a military or state funeral.", "No person may display any flag that is damaged or dirty.", "Any worn out or damaged flag should be packed into a sealed black trash bag before being disposed of and not left visible in dustbins.", "Singaporeans are encouraged to display the national flag outside their homes during National Day celebrations, and residents' committees, particularly those of public housing estates, often arrange co-ordinated displays.", "However, some Singaporeans decline to do so as they associate it with the People's Action Party, the ruling party in Parliament, rather than with the nation.", "During the period beginning 1 July and ending on 30 September of each year, any person may, without the need for the approval of the Minister under paragraph (4), incorporate the Flag or an image thereof as part of any costume or attire except that he shall do so in a manner that does not give rise to any disrespect to the Flag.", "On National Day in 2007 at the Padang, 8,667 volunteers holding up red and white umbrellas formed the largest-ever representation of Singapore's flag at an event organised by Young NTUC, a youth movement associated with the National Trades Union Congress.", "Outside the National Day celebrations period, the national flag of Singapore is flown from all buildings housing government and government-related departments, such as armed forces installations, court houses, offices, and educational institutions.", "A picture of the flag is commonly found in each classroom, and schools conduct ceremonies at the beginning of the school day at which the national flag is raised, the national anthem is sung and the national pledge is taken.", "The national flag is sometimes flown by Singapore-registered vessels, although this is considered incorrect, as such vessels are required to hoist proper national colours either when entering or leaving port.", "The ensign is red and charged with a circle enclosing a crescent surmounted by five stars in a circle, all in white.", "The national flag is not used by coast guard ships and military warships; both classes of ships have their own specific ensigns.", "The Singapore Government makes announcements regarding the lowering of the flag to half-mast in the event of a death of an important personage or mourning affecting the nation.", "The flag has been flown at half-mast during the funerals of former presidents and senior politicians, and on 9 January 2005 as a mark of respect for those who perished in the 2004 Asian tsunami disaster.", "Singaporean composer Lim Su Chong composed a song in 1969 entitled \"Five Stars Arising\" which took the elements of the national flag as its theme.", "The lyrics of the song speak of a new moon, five stars and a new flag \"arising out of the stormy sea\".", "The moon is \"youthful and bright and bearing hope, and tranquil as can be\", each of the stars is \"a lamp to guide our way; a lamp for all to see\" and the flag is \"crimson as the blood of all mankind, yet white and pure and free\".", "The song is often sung during National Day celebrations.", "In January 2003, Singaporean artist Justin Lee Chee Kong was prevented by the Media Development Authority (MDA) from exhibiting a painting entitled \"Double Happiness— A Fantasy in Red\", which consisted of an image of the Singapore flag with various red images of the Chinese characters for double happiness.", "The move was made on the grounds that \"the National Flag is a national symbol and no words or graphics should be superimposed on it\".", "Lee reported that the work was simply a display of one's love for their country and an expression of joy at Singapore's success, and in a press statement, he asked that the piece be \"treated as an artistic and complimentary interpretation of a national icon\".", "When interviewed by \"The New Paper\", he said \"I know as a citizen that we are not allowed to do it, but this is art and I am an artist.\"", "He also complained about double standards as a Chinese artist, Gu Wen Da, had recently exhibited a national flag made of hair at the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay.", "Lee felt the use of hair to create the nation's flag meant that the flag was in the wrong colours, and was distasteful.", "Also in 2003, The Rolling Stones performed in Singapore as part of their 2002/2003 Licks World Tour.", "At the first performance, there were two inflatable dolls on stage.", "Both of the dolls had flags placed in their crotch area; one had the Rolling Stones logo and the other had a Singapore flag.", "Because of the illegal use of the state flag, and for fear of dealing with the government, the dolls and the flags were removed from the second concert by the organiser.", "In August 2007, a Singaporean pub, Loof, sent an electronic direct mailer (e-flyer) to at least 1,500 members on its mailing list featuring a close-up shot of the crotch of a female model wearing a red swimsuit or pair of underpants bearing the crescent and five stars of the national flag.", "This was done as part of the pub's publicity campaign for its National Day events.", "According to Loof's marketing manager, \"The ad was definitely not meant as an insult to the country or anyone.", "I hope that the ad will be taken in the spirit of humour and fun.\"", "A majority of people polled by \"The New Paper\" felt the advertisement was disrespectful and in bad taste.", "MICA said that the advertisement did not breach the law as it only reproduced some components of the flag—it did not, for example, incorporate the flag's red and white background together.", "However, K.U. Menon, director of MICA's National Resilience Division, said: \"MICA does not encourage such ads which treat the national flag with disrespect.", "... Symbols should be treated with some measure of dignity and we hope Loof will withdraw the ad on its own initiative.\"", "In November 2010, during the Asian Games held in China, the Singaporean men's water polo team's swim trunks came under controversy for inappropriately displaying elements of the Singaporean Flag.", "Critics deemed the garment insulting and an embarrassment to the country, with the crescent moon positioned in the centre of the brief, directly over the crotch area.", "The garment had been designed by the team itself but had not received prior approval from the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts.", "However, even after the controversy came to light, the team was still able to continue wearing it as competition rules did not permit changing a team's uniform midway through the Games.", "The team was apologetic over the blunder and promised to tweak the design after that competition.", "In addition to the national flag and ensigns, there are other flags used for official purposes." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 31429, "simple_article_title": "Flag of Singapore", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31429", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-31429-0-0", "simple-31429-0-1", "simple-31429-0-2", "simple-31429-0-3", "simple-31429-1-0", "simple-31429-1-1", "simple-31429-1-2", "simple-31429-1-3", "simple-31429-1-4", "simple-31429-2-0", "simple-31429-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Flag of Singapore consists of two horizontal halves, red above white.", "Red symbolises universal brotherhood and equality of man; white stands for pervading and everlasting purity and virtue.", "In the upper left corner, a white crescent moon and five white stars form a circle.", "The five stars stand for the ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality.", "For 140 years (1819-1959), the Union Jack flew over Singapore.", "Then, on 3 December 1959, the National Flag was unveiled at the installation of the new Head of State, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, when Singapore was granted self-rule (but not complete independence) by the British Government.", "Also unveiled that day were the State Crest and the National Anthem.", "The flag was conceived and created by a committee headed by then Deputy Prime Minister, Dr Toh Chin Chye.", "Guidelines for the use of the flag have been relaxed in recent years to encourage greater usage.", "Singaporeans and non-governmental buildings may display or fly the national flag to identify with the nation.", "Singaporeans are encouraged to do this during occasions of national celebration or national significance." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 24894563, "normal_article_title": "World Wide Fund for Nature", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24894563", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-24894563-0-0", "normal-24894563-0-1", "normal-24894563-1-0", "normal-24894563-1-1", "normal-24894563-1-2", "normal-24894563-2-0", "normal-24894563-2-1", "normal-24894563-2-2", "normal-24894563-3-0", "normal-24894563-3-1", "normal-24894563-4-0", "normal-24894563-4-1", "normal-24894563-4-2", "normal-24894563-5-0", "normal-24894563-5-1", "normal-24894563-5-2", "normal-24894563-5-3", "normal-24894563-6-0", "normal-24894563-6-1", "normal-24894563-7-0", "normal-24894563-7-1", "normal-24894563-7-2", "normal-24894563-8-0", "normal-24894563-8-1", "normal-24894563-8-2", "normal-24894563-8-3", "normal-24894563-8-4", "normal-24894563-9-0", "normal-24894563-9-1", "normal-24894563-10-0", "normal-24894563-10-1", "normal-24894563-11-0", "normal-24894563-11-1", "normal-24894563-11-2", "normal-24894563-12-0", "normal-24894563-12-1", "normal-24894563-12-2", "normal-24894563-12-3", "normal-24894563-13-0", "normal-24894563-13-1", "normal-24894563-14-0", "normal-24894563-14-1", "normal-24894563-14-2", "normal-24894563-15-0", "normal-24894563-15-1", "normal-24894563-16-0", "normal-24894563-16-1", "normal-24894563-17-0", "normal-24894563-17-1", "normal-24894563-18-0", "normal-24894563-19-0", "normal-24894563-20-0", "normal-24894563-20-1", "normal-24894563-21-0", "normal-24894563-21-1", "normal-24894563-21-2", "normal-24894563-21-3", "normal-24894563-22-0", "normal-24894563-22-1", "normal-24894563-22-2", "normal-24894563-23-0", "normal-24894563-24-0", "normal-24894563-24-1", "normal-24894563-24-2", "normal-24894563-25-0", "normal-24894563-25-1", "normal-24894563-26-0", "normal-24894563-26-1", "normal-24894563-26-2", "normal-24894563-27-0", "normal-24894563-27-1", "normal-24894563-27-2", "normal-24894563-27-3", "normal-24894563-28-0", "normal-24894563-28-1", "normal-24894563-29-0", "normal-24894563-29-1", "normal-24894563-29-2", "normal-24894563-29-3", "normal-24894563-29-4", "normal-24894563-29-5", "normal-24894563-29-6", "normal-24894563-29-7", "normal-24894563-29-8", "normal-24894563-29-9", "normal-24894563-29-10", "normal-24894563-29-11", "normal-24894563-30-0", "normal-24894563-31-0", "normal-24894563-31-1", "normal-24894563-31-2", "normal-24894563-32-0", "normal-24894563-32-1", "normal-24894563-33-0", "normal-24894563-33-1", "normal-24894563-34-0", "normal-24894563-34-1", "normal-24894563-34-2", "normal-24894563-34-3", "normal-24894563-34-4", "normal-24894563-34-5", "normal-24894563-35-0", "normal-24894563-35-1", "normal-24894563-36-0", "normal-24894563-37-0", "normal-24894563-37-1", "normal-24894563-37-2", "normal-24894563-38-0", "normal-24894563-38-1", "normal-24894563-38-2", "normal-24894563-38-3", "normal-24894563-39-0", "normal-24894563-39-1", "normal-24894563-39-2", "normal-24894563-39-3", "normal-24894563-39-4", "normal-24894563-39-5", "normal-24894563-40-0", "normal-24894563-40-1", "normal-24894563-40-2", "normal-24894563-41-0", "normal-24894563-41-1", "normal-24894563-41-2", "normal-24894563-41-3", "normal-24894563-41-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961, working in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of human impact on the environment.", "It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.", "WWF is the world's largest conservation organization with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300 conservation and environmental projects.", "They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995.", "WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014.", "WWF aims to \"stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.\"", "The Living Planet Report is published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation.", "In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns including Earth Hour and Debt-for-Nature Swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.", "WWF has received criticism for its alleged corporate ties.", "It has also been accused of supporting paramilitary groups tasked with stopping poaching who are responsible for numerous human rights abuses.", "The Conservation Foundation, a precursor to WWF, was founded in 1948 by Fairfield Osborn as an affiliate of the New York Zoological Society (today known as the Wildlife Conservation Society) with an aim of protecting the world's natural resources.", "The advisory council included leading scientists such as Charles Sutherland Elton, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Aldo Leopold, Carl Sauer, and Paul Sears.", "It supported much of the scientific work cited by Rachel Carson's \"Silent Spring\", including that of John L. George, Roger Hale, Robert Rudd, and George Woodwell.", "The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper \"The Observer\".", "This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank.", "Nicholson thought up the name of the organization.", "WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of \"World Wildlife Fund\", and its first office was opened on 11 September that same year in Morges, Switzerland.", "The WWF was conceived to act as a funding institution for existing conservation groups such as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and The Conservation Foundation.", "Godfrey A. Rockefeller also played an important role in its creation, assembling the first staff.", "In 1970, along with Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates, Prince Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment \"\" to handle the WWF's administration and fund-raising.", "1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust.", "Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.", "The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world.", "It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species.", "As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change.", "The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.In 1986, the organization changed its name to \"World Wildlife Fund for Nature\", while retaining the WWF initials.", "However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.", "1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President HRH Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism.", "These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.", "WWF scientists and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind.", "In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.", "In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board.", "The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County.", "In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.", "WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF became established.", "Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers.", "The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing.", "The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.", "The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was revised significantly again in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes.", "In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials \"WWF\" in the logo.", "Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms.", "An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy.", "There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.", "National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used.", "Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.", "The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter.", "Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change; (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction; (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology; and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .", "The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use.", "It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.", "In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: \"...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency.\"", "WWF's strategy for achieving its mission specifically concentrates on restoring populations of 36 species (species or species groups that are important for their ecosystem or to people, including elephants, tunas, whales, dolphins and porpoises), and ecological footprint in 6 areas (carbon emissions, cropland, grazing land, fishing, forestry and water).", "The organization also works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices.", "Local offices also work on national or regional issues.", "WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities.", "It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner.", "It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment.", "The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.", "WWF publishes the \"Living Planet Index\" in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London.", "Along with ecological footprint calculations, the \"Index\" is used to produce a bi-yearly \"Living Planet Report\" giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world.", "In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying \"50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet\".", "The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.", "The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentially greenwashing.", "WWF has denied the allegations.", "By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.", "The filmmaker, Wilfried Huismann, was sued by the WWF over his book, which was based on this documentary.", "In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims, although his spokeswoman claims that \"The new edition will certainly provide no differentiated analysis of the work of the WWF.\"", "WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively.", "WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment.", "WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.", "In 2012, German investigative journalist Wilfried Huissmann published a book called \"The Silence of the Pandas\".", "It became a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of \"Pandaleaks\", after a series of injunctions and court orders.", "The book criticizes WWF for its supposed involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making.", "WWF has sought to deny the allegations made against it.", "In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who \"face harassment and beatings, torture and death\", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas.", "The report accused the WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.", "In 2019, an investigation by \"BuzzFeed News\" alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement.", "These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations.", "In one instance found by \"BuzzFeed News\" investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents; the WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers.", "In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness.", "While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free.", "In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park.", "Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by \"falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints\".", "In July 2019 Buzzfeed reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines.", "The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death.", "The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes.", "Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution.", "However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing high redacted versions instead.", "In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 AK assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted and apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons.", "\"The Kathmandu Post\", which cooperated with \"BuzzFeed News\" on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder.", "They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers.", "When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.", "An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by ‘eco-guards’ employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by the WWF.", "These include two cases of gang rape, two extra-judicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.", "In reply to the investigations, the WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised.", "The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.", "The President of Honor of WWF in Spain used to be King Juan Carlos I, who has been a known hunting enthusiast.", "In 1962, when he was 24, he was invited by the German Baron Werner von Alvensleben to a hunt in Mozambique.", "Since then, the Spanish King has taken part in hunting forays in Africa and Eastern Europe.", "In October 2004, he was a member of a hunt in Romania that killed a wolf and nine brown bears, including one that was pregnant, according to the Romanian newspaper Romania Libera.", "He was also accused by a Russian official of killing a bear called Mitrofan, supposedly after giving vodka to the animal, in an episode that sparked controversy in Spain, although the claim was never proven.", "In the same year, according to \"The Guardian\", the Polish government allowed him to kill a European bison in Białowieża Forest, even though it was an endangered species.", "Further controversy arose in April 2012 when the Spanish King's participation in an elephant hunt in Botswana was discovered only after he returned to Spain on an emergency flight after tripping over a step and fracturing his hip.", "Many Spanish environmental groups and leftist parties criticized the monarch's hobby, and the WWF stripped him of the honorary position in July 2012, in an extraordinary assembly by 94% of the votes of the members.", "Prince Charles, the UK head of the WWF, has stated that he enjoys fox hunting.", "In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices.", "Both parties had shared the initials \"WWF\" since 1979.", "The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.", "On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature.", "The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001.", "However, on 10 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from \"WWF.com\" to \"WWE.com\", and replaced every \"WWF\" reference on the existing site with \"WWE\", as a prelude to changing the company's name to \"World Wrestling Entertainment.\"", "Its stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE.", "The wrestling organization's abandonment of the \"WWF\" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict.", "Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful.", "A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007.", "In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo.", "However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the \"WWE\" initials.", "Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to \"WWF\" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.", "Starting with the 1,000th episode of \"Raw\" in July 2012, the WWF \"scratch\" logo is no longer censored in archival footage.", "In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage.", "In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use the WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.", "In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising.", "The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems.", "He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened the WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims.", "Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report.", "After this, in January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the \"Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin\" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a \"roadmap\" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 22737, "simple_article_title": "World Wide Fund for Nature", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22737", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-22737-0-0", "simple-22737-0-1", "simple-22737-1-0", "simple-22737-1-1", "simple-22737-1-2", "simple-22737-1-3", "simple-22737-1-4", "simple-22737-1-5", "simple-22737-1-6", "simple-22737-2-0", "simple-22737-2-1", "simple-22737-2-2", "simple-22737-2-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international environmental organization.", "It was founded as the World Wildlife Fund, which is still its official name in Canada and the United States.", "Most of its offices are in Switzerland.", "Their mascot, or logo, is the Giant Panda.", "It is the world's largest independent wildlife management organization.", "It has over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 90 countries.", "WWF supports 15,000 conservation and environmental projects around the world.", "It is a charity.", "About 90% of its fundraising money is from donations by private individuals and businesses.", "The group says its mission is \"to halt and reverse the destruction of our natural environment\".", "Much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the world's biodiversity: forests, freshwater ecosystems, and oceans and coasts.", "Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate change.", "The organization runs more than 1,200 field projects worldwide each year." ] } }

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"normal-39700576-34-1", "normal-39700576-35-0", "normal-39700576-36-0", "normal-39700576-36-1", "normal-39700576-37-0", "normal-39700576-38-0", "normal-39700576-39-0", "normal-39700576-39-1", "normal-39700576-40-0", "normal-39700576-41-0", "normal-39700576-41-1", "normal-39700576-41-2", "normal-39700576-42-0", "normal-39700576-42-1", "normal-39700576-43-0", "normal-39700576-44-0", "normal-39700576-44-1", "normal-39700576-45-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "\"Wake Me Up\" is a song by Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii, released as the lead single from his debut studio album \"True\", released on CD and cassette by PRMD Music and Universal Music Group’s Island Records on 17 June 2013.", "\"Wake Me Up\" was written by Avicii, Mike Einziger, and Aloe Blacc.", "American soul singer Aloe Blacc provides vocals for the track and Mike Einziger of Incubus provides acoustic guitar.", "Avicii introduced \"Wake Me Up!\"", "for the first time live on stage at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami.", "The experimental rendering (it was accompanied by a live band with instruments and vocalists, including Blacc, Einziger and Incubus members Ben Kenney on bass and José Pasillas on drums) reportedly confused and angered a section of the electronic dance festival community.", "Subsequently, Avicii achieved critical and commercial success with the release of the single worldwide.", "\"Wake Me Up\" peaked at number one in much of Europe and charted well in various countries.", "The song has been described as a \"summer anthem\" by Variance Magazine and, throughout the 2013 festival season, Avicii included it as part of the opening or closing sequence of his sets at EDC Las Vegas, EDC London, Tomorrowland, Creamfields, Electric Zoo and the iTunes Festival.", "Due to the success of the song, Blacc later released an acoustic version of \"Wake Me Up\" in his solo EP \"Wake Me Up\".", "It was also released as a promotional stand-alone single on Interscope Records, made available online for downloads via iTunes.", "A separate music video was also made.", "The Blacc single also charted in its own right in various charts.", "In an interview with the \"Daily Star\", Avicii, who had previously labelled \"Wake Me Up!\"", "as \"a fun experiment\" during an exclusive chat with MTV UK, said: \"I had a demo with Mac Davis singing, the guy who wrote some songs that were covered by Elvis Presley, but I needed another singer to do the parts.", "At the same time I was tipped off about doing another track with Aloe Blacc, and I started working on that track.", "When I was with Mike Einziger from Incubus, we came up with the chord progression and the melody for 'Wake Me Up!'", "but with no real lyrics.", "None of us could sing and we really needed to get that demo down and the only person I knew that lived in LA was Aloe, so I called him and he was free.", "Lyrics come really easy to him so he wrote them in a couple of hours and we finished the track.\"", "Aloe Blacc, who is not credited on the track, explained to \"The Huffington Post\": \"I started writing the lyrics at the top of 2013, travelling back from Switzerland.", "I started in hip hop music back in the 90s and I never expected to be singing and have an actual career as a musician, but I'm travelling all over the world and I thought 'Life is a dream, wake me up when it's all over'.", "I was invited to the studio with Avicii and Mike Einziger from Incubus, and when I got to the studio they had already come up with a chord progression of the song.", "I came in with the lyrics and I just developed the melody as I heard the chords, and we all thought it was something very strong.", "We finished the song that night as an acoustic version, then Avicii made the dance mix in a couple of days, and that's what we released to the world, and that was his release.\"", "Blacc later released an acoustic version of the song which was included on his solo EP \"Wake Me Up\".", "It was also released as a promotional stand-alone single by Interscope Records and made available online for download via iTunes.", "The single also charted in its right in various charts.", "\"Wake Me Up\" is a folktronica song, blending elements of EDM, soul and country music.", "Musically, it is written in the key of B minor and runs at 124 beats per minute (BPM).", "It follows a chord progression of Bm/G/D/A – Bm/G/D/F#.", "\"As chart-friendly EDM continues to reach the furthest corners of the globe, staying ahead of the pack can prove a tricky task – especially when more and more acts arrive on the scene turning out mixes with identikit build-ups, tired lyrics and uninspired breakdowns that newcomers to the arena lap up with excitement.", "Kudos to Avicii then, who has dared to try something a little different for his latest offering.", "\"So wake me up when it's all over/ When I'm wiser and I'm older,\" featured artist Aloe Blacc sings over dialled-up, country-flecked guitar strums that sound like Mumford & Sons on speed.", "The jig-along chorus may conjure up images of Brits-on-tour, but to be honest, what summer anthem doesn't?\"", "The single has peaked at number one in 22 countries to date, including Australia, New Zealand, Hungary, Ireland, the United Kingdom and several European countries, in addition to reaching the top 10 in six others.", "The song is also the most searched on the app Shazam with more than 23 million in February 2018.", "The song debuted at number 42 on 24 June.", "On the next week, the song skyrocketed to number 2, behind \"Blurred Lines\".", "The number position became Avicii's highest charting song, beating \"I Could Be the One\" record which peaked at number four earlier in the year.", "It also beat Blacc's 2011 hit, \"I Need a Dollar\", which peaked at number 11.", "A week later, the song hit the top position, ending \"Blurred Lines\" eight-week reign.", "On its sixth week at the top, 12 August, the song became the longest-running number one by a Swedish act since Roxette's 1989 hit \"The Look\".", "\"Wake Me Up\" spent seven consecutive weeks at number one.", "has performed well in the North American music markets, having peaked in Canada and the United States at number two and number four, respectively.", "In the United States, \"Wake Me Up!\"", "was kept off the top three by Katy Perry's \"Roar\", Miley Cyrus's \"Wrecking Ball\", and Lorde's \"Royals\".", "It spent 21 weeks in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100, and 53 weeks overall, making it the first Dance/Electronic song to stay over a year on that chart.", "It also reached number one position in the 7 September 2013 issue of Billboard's Dance/Mix Show Airplay Chart.", "In Canada it was the second best-selling song of 2013 with 519,000 copies sold (523,000 for all versions combined).", "It is the first dance/electronic song to sell over 4 million copies in the U.S., and as of August 2015 it has sold over 4,060,000 copies.", "In July 2013, \"Wake Me Up\" entered at the number one on the UK Singles Chart, selling 88,000 copies in its first day and 267,000 in its first week, becoming Britain's fastest-selling single of 2013.", "Following three weeks at number one, \"Wake Me Up\" spent a further four consecutive weeks at number two, and a total of 11 consecutive weeks in the top ten.", "The single spent 32 consecutive weeks in the top 40, before exiting.", "By October 2013, the single had sold over 1 million copies in the UK, becoming the 140th single to do so in UK chart history and the third single of 2013 to do so.", "\"Wake Me Up\" was also the fifth most streamed track of 2013 in the UK.", "The song also spent nine consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Dance Chart until being replaced by Avicii's next single \"You Make Me\".", "The song is used in the first trailer for the 2014 animated film The Lego Movie.", "Swiss singer Sebalter performed a version as his cover song choice during the Swiss national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2014.", "\"Glee\"' s character Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) sang a slower version in the series season 5 on the episode \"The Back-up Plan\".", "Croatian cello duo 2Cellos released a cover version on YouTube on 6 January 2015.", "As of May 2019, the video has been viewed over 40 million times.", "It is included on their album \"Celloverse\".", "K-pop group Lunafly recorded a version of \"Wake Me Up\" in 2013.", "\"Wake Me Up\" is a playable song in Dance Dance Revolution A.", "The song is used in the trailer for the 2019 film A Dog’s Way Home.", "The song is used in the first trailer for the 2019 animated film Abominable.", "A lyric video to accompany the release of \"Wake Me Up\" was first released on YouTube 28 June 2013, at a total length of four minutes and thirty two seconds, and teaser clips for the official video were also released.", "The official video for \"Wake Me Up\" was released a month after the lyric video on 29 July 2013.", "It was directed by celebrity photographer Mark Seliger & co-directed & edited by CB \"Barney\" Miller (former guitarist for 1980's pop band Miller Miller Miller & Sloan).", "It features two females: the older girl is Russian fashion model Kristina Romanova, and the younger girl is Laneya Grace.", "It depicts them and how they are different from the people in their dreary village.", "One morning, Kristina gets up early and rides off on a horse to a nearby city.", "She notices a woman with the Avicii logo birthmark like the one on her lower arm.", "They meet others and then jump into a truck and are then shown to be attending an Avicii concert.", "The next morning, Kristina rides back on the horse to Laneya.", "The video ends with them walking down the highway and shots from the concert and the staring villagers from the beginning.", "The video includes product placement from Denim & Supply by Ralph Lauren and Sony Xperia Z smartphone.", "The video was shot in the Santa Clara River orange groves and in the town of Piru, California, north west of Los Angeles, as well as Downtown LA.", "Avicii concert footage was from Miami.", "As of June 2019, this video has been viewed on Avicii's official YouTube channel over 1.8 billion times, making it one of the 50 most viewed videos on the site.", "Avicii collaborated with the YouTube channel Yo Mama to produce the official music video for the single on his AVICII by AVICII album.It was directed by Zachary James and Alex Negrete", "Adapted from CD single and BMI website.", "On 30 September 2013, Blacc released his own acoustic version of the song.", "The track appeared in the \"Wake Me Up EP\" as track number two in the 5-track EP.", "\"Wake Me Up (Acoustic)\" by Aloe Blacc was released as a promotional stand-alone single on Interscope Records and made available online for downloads via iTunes.", "In October 2013, Blacc released the music video for \"Wake Me Up\".", "Blacc collaborated with the immigrant rights group National Day Laborer Organizing Network and the ABC* Foundation's Healing Power of Music Initiative.", "The director is Alex Rivera.", "The cast were real life immigrant activists: Hareth Andrade Ayala (a Virginia leader in the immigrant youth movement working to stop her own father's deportation), Agustin Chiprez Alvarez (a Los Angeles day laborer), and Margarita Reyes (who was deported with her mother as a child despite being born in the US).", "The track also appears on Aloe Blacc's full studio album \"Lift Your Spirit\".", "\"Wake Me Up\" was covered in the style of country music 2013 by Canadian country singer Tebey featuring Canadian country band Emerson Drive.", "This version was released to digital retailers via TebeyMusic on 27 November 2013 as the third single from the former's second studio album, \"Two\" (2014) before impacting radio in January 2014.", "The song was released in the US on 28 January 2014 through The Talent Associates.", "It has been well received by Canadian country radio, peaking at 5 on the Canada Country airplay chart.", "The song is also included on Tebey's 2016 EP, \"Old School\".", "\"Wake Me Up\", as performed by Tebey and Emerson Drive, entered the Canadian Hot 100 at No. 63 for the week ending 1 February 2014.", "It peaked at No. 56 for the week ending 29 March 2014, which position it held for one chart week.", "\"Wake Me Up\" was covered by American recording artists Alicia Keys and Britton Buchanan during Season 14 of the singing competition \"The Voice\".", "Buchanan and Keys performed the song as a tribute to Avicii who had passed away a little over a month earlier.", "Studio version of the song was released as a single on May 21, 2018 through Republic Records.", "The song appears on Buchanan's album \"The Complete Season 14 Collection (The Voice Performance)\".", "Buchanan and Keys performed the song live on the Season 14 finale of \"The Voice\" on May 21, 2018.", "They performed a stripped down rendition of the song and dedicated their performance to Avicii, with Keys saying \"This one's for you Avicii!", "We're celebrating life, love and finding ourselves!\".", "Amanda Bell of \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote that \"his whimpering tones are a good match for this piece, and her ability to break away is always pretty strong\" but concluded that the performance was \"still a bit boring\".", "In the United Kingdom, the original release date was intended to be 8 September 2013.", "In the absence of the original, a group called \"Spark Productions\" took advantage and released a cover version of it; this version reached number 26 on the UK Singles Chart before Avicii conceded to public demand and decided to release it early, with the Official Charts Company announcing on 15 July 2013 that it would be released that week.", "A cover of the song in Irish was uploaded onto YouTube on 9 August 2013, by an Irish Language College called 'Coláiste Lurgan'.", "The video received heavy publicity and popularity within Ireland from many news websites and the public.", "The video was a viral hit within the country and with Irish abroad, hitting a million views in one week.", "British band You Me at Six made a country version for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.", "James Shotwel commented that their cover \"will be pulling at your heart strings all day long.", "The once fun-loving track has taken a turn for the melancholy, but it plays so well you'll hardly think twice about the change.\"", "In November 2013, British singer-songwriter Pixie Lott covered \"Wake Me Up\" live at the Pool Studios in London.", "Also in November 2013, Russian folk-metal band Russkaja covered \"Wake Me Up\" on their 2013 EP \"Barada\".", "In December 2013, \"The X Factor\" finalist Daniel Evans released a mellow Rhodes-based version on his YouTube channel.", "It was also released as part of his 2013 album, \"Wicked Game\".", "In January 2014, Scottish ensemble Red Hot Chilli Pipers performed an acoustic rendition with bagpipes on BBC Radio 1.", "Irish singer Derek Ryan did a Country and Irish version of the song in his 2014 album \"The Entertainer – Live\" accompanied with a music video of footage from his performances.", "Swedish band, Dirty Loops, covered the song on their album Loopified.", "Christian rock band Skillet began performing a shortened cover of the song at some of their live shows starting in 2015.", "The Norwegian acoustic-pop supergroup Stavangerkameratene covered the song as a translated single called \"Vekk meg opp\" (Wake Me Up), released 11 March 2016.", "Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her 2016 album, \"\".", "It reached number 34 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart.", "Performed by Gareth Malone's All Star Choir, the song was released as the official BBC Children in Need single for 2014.", "Choirmaster and broadcaster Gareth Malone has previously had chart success after putting together non-singers and turning them into a cohesive choir.", "In 2011, he guided the Military Wives – a group of women with partners serving overseas in the army – to Christmas number one with the song \"Wherever You Are\".", "In 2012, in collaboration with Gary Barlow, Malone produced the song \"Sing\", as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations, with the Commonwealth Band being joined by the Military Wives.", "Malone was chosen to create the official Children in Need single for 2014, and his efforts were captured in a two-part series, \"Gareth Malone's All Star Choir\", which aired on 3 November and 10 November.", "The BBC press release said that Malone would \"bring together an array of untrained voices from the world of television sport and theatre\" for the single.", "The celebrities that make up the All Star Choir are Margaret Alphonsi, Jo Brand, Radzi Chinyanganya, John Craven, Mel Giedroyc, Nitin Ganatra, Larry Lamb, Alice Levine, Fabrice Muamba, Craig Revel Horwood, Linda Robson and Alison Steadman.", "Gareth Malone went on numerous television and radio shows to promote the song, including some presented by celebrities who feature on the record.", "This included spots on \"Loose Women\", \"Blue Peter\", \"The One Show\" and Alice Levine's afternoon show on Radio 1.", "After its release on 9 November, the song was placed at number 1 on the midweek Official Chart Update on Radio 1, ahead of \"Thinking Out Loud\" by Ed Sheeran and Cheryl's \"I Don't Care\", which was number one the previous weekend." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 13127205, "normal_article_title": "Nédonchel", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13127205", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-13127205-0-0", "normal-13127205-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Nédonchel is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.", "Nédonchel is situated 28 mi northwest of Arras, at the junction of the D69 and D90 roads, in the valley of the river Nave." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 21382434, "normal_article_title": "Dance with Me (Zoli Ádok song)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21382434", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-21382434-0-0", "normal-21382434-0-1", "normal-21382434-1-0", "normal-21382434-1-1", "normal-21382434-1-2", "normal-21382434-1-3", "normal-21382434-2-0", "normal-21382434-2-1", "normal-21382434-2-2", "normal-21382434-2-3", "normal-21382434-3-0", "normal-21382434-3-1", "normal-21382434-3-2", "normal-21382434-3-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "\"Dance with Me\" is the debut single by Hungarian singer Zoli Ádok.", "It was the Hungarian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow, Russia.", "The original version of the song which is called \"Tánclépés\" was released in Hungarian language in 2008 as Zoli Ádok's debut single from his debut studio album \"Tánclépés\" (2008).", "\"Dance with Me\" is a eurodance song, which is about a man who wants to invite a girl to dance with him.", "The lyrics of the song was written by Kasai, and composed by Zé Szabó.", "After it when it was announced as the Hungarian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest, the song lyrics were changed in English.", "On 23 February 2009, Hungarian national broadcaster MTV held a press conference about its Eurovision entrant.", "During the conference they mentioned that the jury chose three songs before the final decision was made to be sure one of them will not withdraw and completely meet the requirements.", "Then they announced that Zoli Ádok will represent Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with his song \"Dance With Me\".", "\"Dance with Me\" was the internal selection juries' third choice, but after the original winning song was disqualified and the first runner-up withdrawn Zoli's song was chosen for Moscow.", "In the Eurovision the song competed in the second semi-final on 14 May 2009, where it was performed eleventh, following Slovenia and preceding Azerbaijan.", "On stage, Zoli was joined by two male backing vocalists: Gábor Heincz and Jnoffin Kasai, and three female dancers.", "The stage atmosphere during the performance shows the LED monitors have floating shapes in the verses, and expanding white lines and the words 'Dance With Me' written across them during the chorus.", "The song failed to qualify from the second semi-final and placing in 15th place with 16 points." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 154549, "normal_article_title": "Nickelodeon", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154549", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-154549-0-0", "normal-154549-0-1", "normal-154549-0-2", "normal-154549-0-3", "normal-154549-1-0", "normal-154549-1-1", "normal-154549-1-2", "normal-154549-1-3", "normal-154549-1-4", "normal-154549-2-0", "normal-154549-3-0", "normal-154549-3-1", "normal-154549-3-2", "normal-154549-3-3", "normal-154549-3-4", "normal-154549-4-0", "normal-154549-4-1", "normal-154549-4-2", "normal-154549-5-0", "normal-154549-5-1", "normal-154549-5-2", "normal-154549-5-3", "normal-154549-5-4", "normal-154549-6-0", "normal-154549-7-0", "normal-154549-7-1", "normal-154549-7-2", "normal-154549-8-0", "normal-154549-8-1", "normal-154549-9-0", "normal-154549-10-0", "normal-154549-10-1", "normal-154549-10-2", "normal-154549-10-3", "normal-154549-11-0", "normal-154549-11-1", "normal-154549-12-0", "normal-154549-13-0", 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"normal-154549-29-2", "normal-154549-29-3", "normal-154549-30-0", "normal-154549-30-1", "normal-154549-31-0", "normal-154549-31-1", "normal-154549-31-2", "normal-154549-32-0", "normal-154549-33-0", "normal-154549-33-1", "normal-154549-34-0", "normal-154549-34-1", "normal-154549-35-0", "normal-154549-35-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television network which was launched on April 1, 1979 as the first cable channel for children.", "It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New York City.", "It broadcasts usually from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. on weekdays (the sign off time varies with holidays and special programming), Saturdays from 7:00 a.m. to 9:30 p.m., and Sundays from 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. (Eastern and Pacific Time).", "It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 2–17.", "The channel was originally first tested as \"Pinwheel\", a program that premiered on December 1, 1977.", "\"Pinwheel\" was at the time only available on QUBE, which was the first two-way major market interactive cable television system, owned by Warner Cable.", "\"Nick\" officially launched on April 1, 1979, and expanded to other cable providers nationwide.", "It was initially commercial-free and remained without advertising until 1984.", "Warner sold Nickelodeon, along with its sister networks MTV and VH1, to Viacom in 1986.", "s of 2018 , the channel is available to about 87.167 million households in the United States.", "The channel's name comes from the first five cent movie theaters called nickelodeons.", "Its history dates back to December 1, 1977, when Warner Cable Communications launched the first two-way interactive cable system, QUBE, in Columbus, Ohio.", "The C-3 cable channel carried \"Pinwheel\" daily from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time.", "Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979, initially distributed to Warner Cable systems via satellite on the RCA Satcom-1 transponder (the owner of the satellite, RCA Americom, later became GE Americom as a result of General Electric's acquisition of RCA Americom's parent company, RCA Corporation, before merging with Luxembourg based Société Européenne des Satellites to form SES Global, now SES S.A, which one of the descendants of the Satcom series, the SES and AMC satellite constellations, stil operate, Nickelodeon presently broadcasts on AMC-11).", "Originally commercial-free, advertising was introduced in January 1984.", "Nickelodeon's schedule currently consists largely of original series aimed at children, pre-teens and young teenagers, including animated series (such as \"SpongeBob SquarePants\", \"The Loud House\", and \"Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\"), to live-action comedy and action series (such as \"Power Rangers\", \"Henry Danger\", \"Knight Squad\", along with the month-long running show \"Hunter Street\"), as well as series aimed at preschoolers (such as \"Top Wing\", \"PAW Patrol\", \"Shimmer and Shine\", \"Blaze and the Monster Machines\", and \"Rusty Rivets\").", "It also airs reruns of select original series that have ended their runs (such as \"iCarly\" and \"The Fairly OddParents\"), as well as occasional original made-for-TV movies.", "It also aired bi-monthly special editions of \"Nick News with Linda Ellerbee\", a news magazine series aimed at children that debuted in 1992 as a weekly series which ended in 2015.", "Nicktoons is the branding for Nickelodeon's original animated television series (although it has seldom been used by the network itself since the 2002 launch of the high-tier subscription channel of the same name).", "Until 1991, the animated series that aired on Nickelodeon were largely imported from foreign countries, and some original animated specials were also featured on the channel up to that point.", "Original animated series continue to make up a substantial portion of Nickelodeon's lineup, with roughly 6 to 7 hours of these programs airing on the weekday schedule and around nine hours on weekends, including a five-hour weekend morning animation block.", "Since the late 2000s, after the channel struck a deal with DreamWorks Animation in 2006 to develop the studio's animated films into weekly series, the network has also begun to incorporate Nicktoons that use three-dimensional computer animation (such as \"The Penguins of Madagascar\", \"Fanboy & Chum Chum\", and \"Winx Club\") in addition to those that are produced through traditional or digital ink and paint.", "A new Garfield series is in the works for Nickelodeon.", "Nickelodeon does not air theatrically released or direct-to-video movies on a regular basis; however, it does produce its own original made-for-TV movies, which usually premiere in weekend evening timeslots or on school holidays.", "The channel occasionally airs feature films produced by the network's Nickelodeon Movies film production division (whose films are distributed by sister company Paramount Pictures).", "Although the film division bears the Nickelodeon brand name, the channel does not have access to most of the movies produced by its film unit.", "Nickelodeon does have broadcast rights to most feature films based on or that served as the basis for original series produced by it (such as \"Barnyard: The Original Party Animals\"); the majority of the live-action feature films produced under the Nickelodeon Movies banner are licensed for broadcast by various free-to-air and pay television outlets within the United States other than Nickelodeon (although the network has aired a few live-action Nickelodeon Movies releases such as \"Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging\" and \"Good Burger\").", "Nickelodeon also advertises hour-long episodes of its original series as movies; though the \"TV movie\" versions of Nickelodeon's original series differ from traditional television films in that they have shorter running times (approximately 45 minutes, as opposed to 75–100 minute run times that most television movies have), and use a traditional multi-camera setup for regular episodes (unless the program is natively shot in the single-camera setup common of films) with some on-location filming.", "Nickelodeon also periodically acquires theatrically released feature films for broadcast on the channel including Universal's \"\", several Monster High films, and \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles Forever\" (which was later released by Nickelodeon Movies through Paramount for DVD release), with the Barbie and Monster High films usually aired under a brokered format in which Mattel purchases the time in order to promote the release of their films on DVD within a few days of the Nickelodeon premiere, an arrangement possible as Nickelodeon does not have to meet the Federal Communications Commission rules which disallow that arrangement for broadcast channels due to regulations disallowing paid programming to children.", "Nick at Nite (stylized as \"nick@nite\") is Nickelodeon's nighttime programming service, which debuted on July 1, 1985, and broadcasts Weekdays from 9:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m., Saturdays from 9:30 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. and Sundays from 8:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time.", "Originally featuring classic sitcoms from the 1950s and 1960s such as \"The Donna Reed Show\", \"Mr. Ed,\" and \"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet\", programming eventually shifted towards repeats of popular sitcoms from the 1980s to the 2000s such as \"Home Improvement\", \"The Cosby Show,\" and \"Roseanne\".", "Nick at Nite has also occasionally incorporated original scripted and competition series, with some in recent years being produced through its parent network's Nickelodeon Productions unit.", "Programs airing on Nick at Nite as of 2016 include \"Full House\", \"Friends\", \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\", and \"George Lopez\", as well as original series such as \"See Dad Run\" and \"Instant Mom\".", "Since 2004, Nielsen has broken out the television ratings of Nick at Nite and Nickelodeon as two separate networks.", "Nicktoons is a pay television network that launched on May 1, 2002, as Nicktoons TV; it was renamed as Nicktoons in May 2003, before rebranding Nicktoons Network from 2005 until reverting to its previous name in September 2009.", "The network airs a mix of newer live action & animated shows from Nick (like \"The Haunted Hathaways\", \"Fanboy & Chum Chum\", \"Robot and Monster\", \"SpongeBob SquarePants\", and \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" along with original series produced exclusively for Nicktoons).", "Nick Jr. is a pay television network aimed primarily at children between 2 and 7 years of age, featuring a mix of current and some former preschool-oriented programs from Nickelodeon, and original series exclusive to the channel; it originally launched on February 2, 1999, as Noggin, a joint venture between MTV Networks and the Children's Television Workshop (now Sesame Workshop), the latter of which sold its stake to Viacom in 2002.", "On September 28, 2009, the network was relaunched as Nick Jr., named after the former preschool program block of the same name that aired on Nickelodeon from January 1988 to February 2009.", "The network debuted Nickmom, a four-hour nightly program block aimed at mothers in September 2012, which was controversial at its start due to its more lenient content standards (including some profanity, crude humor and suggestive references) than what is otherwise permitted on Nick Jr., particularly as the network operates a singular Eastern Time Zone feed, which results in the Nickmom block airing at the same time in all six U.S. time zones (being broadcast as early as 5:00 p.m. in the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone).", "While traditional advertising appears on the channel during the Nickmom block, the network otherwise only runs programming promotions and underwriter-style sponsorships in lieu of regular commercials.", "TeenNick is a pay television network that is aimed at adolescents and young adults, which originated as a nighttime block called \"The N\" on Noggin (in a similar scheduling structure as Nickelodeon and Nick at Nite) on April 1, 2002, and was spun off into a standalone channel on December 31, 2007, when it took over the satellite transponder of Nickelodeon Games and Sports.", "On September 28, 2009, the network was rebranded as TeenNick, named after the former TEENick block that aired on Nickelodeon from July 2000 to February 2009.", "Although TeenNick has more relaxed program standards than the other Nickelodeon channels (save for Nick at Nite and the Nickmom block on Nick Jr.) – allowing for moderate profanity, suggestive dialogue and some violent content – the network has shifted its lineup almost exclusively towards current and former Nickelodeon series (including some that are burned off due to low ratings on the flagship channel) that have stricter content standards.", "It also airs some acquired sitcoms and drama series (such as \"\", which has aired on the network since 2003 as The N) and until the rebrand, also incorporated some original programming.", "On July 25, 2011, TeenNick began airing \"The '90s Are All That\", renamed \"The Splat\" in October 2015, a block of Nickelodeon's most popular 1990s programming, targeting the network's target demographic from that era.", "Through several name changes the block is now called \"NickRewind\" and focuses on programming from the 1980s to 2000's and airs nightly from 11PM to 6AM.", "NickMusic is a pay television network in the United States mainly featuring music video and music-related programming from younger pop artists that appeal to Nickelodeon's target audience.", "It launched on the channel space formerly held by MTV Hits on September 9, 2016.", "TV Land is a pay television channel that debuted on April 29, 1996.", "Based on the Nick at Nite block, it originally aired classic television series from the early 1950s to the 1970s, but beginning in 2004, has broadened its programming inventory to include series from the 1980s and 1990s (and more recently, the 2000s).", "In 2008, TV Land began producing its own original series: originally these were reality series; however, the network ventured into scripted originals with the 2010 debut of \"Hot in Cleveland\".", "On December 17, 2006, Viacom's MTV Networks Kids & Family Group division took over operational responsibilities for TV Land from Nick at Nite (concurrent with Nickelodeon taking operational duties for Nick at Nite), though TV Land continues to be operated as part of the company's Viacom Media Networks unit.", "Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids (commonly branded as Nickelodeon GAS or Nick GAS), was a pay television network that launched on March 1, 1999, as part of the suite of high-tier channels launched by MTV Networks.", "It ran a mix of game shows and other competition programs from Nickelodeon (essentially formatted as a children's version of—and Viacom's answer to—the Game Show Network).", "The channel formally ceased operations on December 31, 2007, with The N taking over its channel space as a separate 24-hour network; however, an automated loop of Nick GAS continued to be carried on Dish Network due to unknown factors until April 23, 2009.", "NickMom (stylized as nickmom) was a programming block launched on October 1, 2012, airing in the late night hours on Nick Jr.", "The block attempted original programming targeted towards young mothers until 2014, then began to carry acquired films and sitcoms, along with the 2010 version of the TV series \"Parenthood\".", "Due to Viacom's 2015 cutbacks involving acquired programming and low ratings, the NickMom block and associated website were discontinued in the early morning hours of September 28, 2015.", "Nick 2 was the off-air brand for a secondary timeshift channel of Nickelodeon formerly available on the high-tier packages exclusively on cable providers as a compliment to the main Nickelodeon feed, repackaging Nickelodeon's Eastern and Pacific Time Zone feeds for the appropriate timezone – the Pacific feed was distributed to the Eastern and Central Time Zones, and the Eastern feed was distributed to the Pacific and Mountain Time Zones – resulting in the difference in local airtimes for a particular program between two geographic locations being three hours at most, allowing viewers a second chance to watch a program after its initial airing on the Eastern Time Zone feed or to watch the show ahead of its airing on the Pacific Time Zone feed of the main channel (for example, the Nick at Nite block would respectively start at 11:00 p.m. Eastern on Nick 2 Pacific or 5:00 p.m. Pacific weeknights on Nick 2 Eastern).", "Nick 2 would never broadcast in high definition.", "The service existed from around 2000 until November 2018, launching as Nick TOO.", "The timeshift channel was originally offered as part of the MTV Networks Digital Suite, a slate of channels exclusive to high-tier cable packages (many of the networks also earned satellite carriage over time), and was the only American example of two feeds of a non-premium service being provided to cable and IPTV providers.", "A Nick TOO logo was used on the channel until 2004, when MTV Networks decided to stop using customized branding on the feed (a logo for Nick 2 was only used for identification purposes on electronic program guides as a placeholder image); most television listings thus showed the additional channel under the brandings \"Nickelodeon Pacific/NICKP\" or \"Nickelodeon Eastern/NICKE\".", "On another note, DirecTV and Dish Network also offer both Nickelodeon feeds, though they carry both time zone feeds of most of the children's networks that the providers offer by default.", "Viacom Media Networks discontinued the Nick 2 digital cable service on November 22, 2018, likely due to video on demand options making timeshift channels for the most part superfluous.", "Both timezone feeds continue to be offered on satellite providers, unbranded.", "Nick.com is Nickelodeon's main website, which launched in October 1995 as a component of America Online's Kids Only channel before eventually moving to the full World Wide Web.", "It provides content, as well as video clips and full episodes of Nickelodeon series available for streaming.", "The website's popularity grew to the point where in March 1999, Nick.com became the highest rated website among children aged 6–14 years old.", "Nickelodeon used the website in conjunction with television programs which increased traffic.", "In 2001, Nickelodeon partnered with Networks Inc. to provide broadband video games for rent from Nick.com; the move was a further step in the multimedia direction that the developers wanted to take the website.", "Skagerlind indicated that over 50% of Nick.com's audience were using a high speed connection, which allowed them to expand the gaming and video streaming options on the website.", "Nickelodeon released a free mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers operating on the Apple and Android platforms in February 2013.", "Like Nick.com, a TV Everywhere login code provided by participating subscription providers is required to view individual episodes of the network's series.", "Nickelodeon Movies is a motion picture production unit that was founded in 1995, as a family entertainment arm of Paramount Pictures (owned by Nickelodeon corporate parent Viacom) , which releases the studio's films.", "The first film released from the studio was the 1996 mystery/comedy \"Harriet the Spy\".", "Nickelodeon Movies has produced films based on Nickelodeon animated programs including \"The Rugrats Movie\" and \"The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie\", as well as other adaptations and original live-action and animated projects.", "Nickelodeon Magazine was a print magazine that was launched in 1993; the channel had previously published a short-lived magazine effort in 1990.", "\"Nickelodeon Magazine\" incorporated informative non-fiction pieces, humor (including pranks and parodical pieces), interviews, recipes (such as green slime cake), and a comic book section in the center of each issue featuring original comics by leading underground cartoonists as well as strips about popular Nicktoons.", "It ceased publication after 16 years in December 2009, citing a sluggish magazine industry.", "A new version of the magazine was launched by Papercutz in June 2015.", "Nick Radio was a radio network that launched on September 30, 2013, in a partnership between both the network and iHeartMedia (then called Clear Channel Communications), which distributed the network mainly via its iHeartRadio web platform and mobile app.", "Its programming was also streamed via the Nick.com website and on New York City radio station WHTZ as a secondary HD channel.", "Nick Radio focused on Top 40 and pop music (geared towards the network's target audience of children and adolescents, with radio edits of some songs incorporated due to inappropriate content), along with celebrity interview features.", "In addition to regular on-air DJs, Nick Radio also occasionally featured guest DJ stints by popular artists as well as stars from Nickelodeon's original series.", "Nick Radio shut down without warning on July 31, 2019 and was replaced by Hit Nation Junior, likely due to the network's general failure to establish any sustained \"triple threat\" artists/actors throughout the 2010s, along with the general failure of the children's-only radio format in the streaming age.", "It was also a non-prime asset in Viacom's current 'six prime networks' strategy, leaving it vulnerable to being terminated.", "Nickelodeon Universe at the Mall of America is the largest indoor theme park in the United States.", "On August 18, 2009, Nickelodeon and Southern Star Amusements announced that it would build a second Nickelodeon Universe in New Orleans, Louisiana on the site of the former Six Flags New Orleans by the end of 2010, which was set to be the first outdoor Nickelodeon Universe theme park.", "On November 9, 2009, Nickelodeon announced that it had ended the licensing agreement with Southern Star Amusements.", "Nickelodeon Universe has a second location currently under construction at the American Dream Meadowlands complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, with an opening date of October 25, 2019.", "Nickelodeon Animation Studio (formerly Games Animation) is a production firm located in Burbank, California, which serves as the animation facilities for many of the network's Nicktoons series.", "It also houses the headquarters of the Nicktoons channel.", "Nickelodeon on Sunset is a studio complex in Hollywood, California, which serves the primary production facilities for Nickelodeon's series; the studio is designated by the National Register for Historic Places as a historical landmark as a result of its prior existence as the Earl Carroll Theater, a prominent dinner theater.", "It has served as the production facilities for several Nickelodeon series including \"iCarly\" (until it moved to Sunset Bronson Studios for its fifth season), \"All That\" (from 2002 to 2005, after it moved production from Nickelodeon Studios in Orlando, Florida), \"Victorious\" and \"Sam & Cat\".", "Between 1993 and 1995, Nickelodeon opened international channels in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Germany; by the later year, the network had provided its programming to broadcasters in 70 countries.", "Since the mid-1990s and early 2000s, Nickelodeon as a brand has expanded into include language- or culture-specific channels for various other territories in different parts of the world including Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Canada, and has licensed some of its cartoons and other content, in English and local languages, to free-to-air networks and subscription channels such as KI.KA and Super RTL in Germany, RTÉ Two (English language) and TG4 (Irish language) in Ireland, YTV (in English) and Vrak.TV (in French) in Canada, Canal J in France, Alpha Kids in Greece, and CNBC-e in Turkey." ] } }

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"normal-20316671-31-3", "normal-20316671-31-4", "normal-20316671-31-5", "normal-20316671-32-0", "normal-20316671-32-1", "normal-20316671-32-2", "normal-20316671-32-3", "normal-20316671-33-0", "normal-20316671-33-1", "normal-20316671-33-2", "normal-20316671-34-0", "normal-20316671-34-1", "normal-20316671-35-0", "normal-20316671-35-1", "normal-20316671-36-0", "normal-20316671-36-1", "normal-20316671-36-2", "normal-20316671-36-3", "normal-20316671-37-0", "normal-20316671-37-1", "normal-20316671-37-2", "normal-20316671-38-0", "normal-20316671-38-1", "normal-20316671-39-0", "normal-20316671-39-1", "normal-20316671-39-2", "normal-20316671-40-0", "normal-20316671-40-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Jujutsu ( ; ), also known as jujitsu, is a Japanese martial art and a method of close combat for defeating an opponent in which one uses either a short weapon or none.", "\"Jū\" can be translated to mean \"gentle, soft, supple, flexible, pliable, or yielding\".", "\"Jutsu\" can be translated to mean \"art\" or \"technique\" and represents manipulating the opponent's force against themselves rather than confronting it with one's own force.", "Jujutsu developed to combat the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no weapon, or only a short weapon.", "Because striking against an armored opponent proved ineffective, practitioners learned that the most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins, joint locks, and throws.", "These techniques were developed around the principle of using an attacker's energy against him, rather than directly opposing it.", "There are many variations of the art, which leads to a diversity of approaches.", "Jujutsu schools (\"ryū\") may utilize all forms of grappling techniques to some degree (i.e. throwing, trapping, joint locks, holds, gouging, biting, disengagements, striking, and kicking).", "In addition to jujutsu, many schools teach the use of weapons.", "Today, Jujutsu is practiced in both traditional and modern sports forms.", "Derived sport forms include the Olympic sport and martial art of judo, which was developed by Kanō Jigorō in the late 19th century from several traditional styles of jujutsu, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu, which was derived from earlier (pre–World War II) versions of Kodokan judo.", "\"Jujutsu\", the standard spelling, is derived using the Hepburn romanization system.", "Before the first half of the 20th century, however, \"jiu-Jitsu\" and \"ju-jitsu\" were preferred, even though the romanization of the second kanji as \"Jitsu\" is unfaithful to the standard Japanese pronunciation.", "Since Japanese martial arts first became widely known of in the West in that time period, these earlier spellings are still common in many places.", "\"Ju-jitsu\" is still a common spelling in France, Canada, and the United Kingdom while \"jiu-jitsu\" is most widely used in Germany and Brazil.", "Some define jujutsu and similar arts rather narrowly as \"unarmed\" close combat systems used to defeat or control an enemy who is similarly unarmed.", "Basic methods of attack include hitting or striking, thrusting or punching, kicking, throwing, pinning or immobilizing, strangling, and joint locking.", "Great pains were also taken by the bushi (classic warriors) to develop effective methods of defense, including parrying or blocking strikes, thrusts and kicks, receiving throws or joint locking techniques (i.e., falling safely and knowing how to \"blend\" to neutralize a technique's effect), releasing oneself from an enemy's grasp, and changing or shifting one's position to evade or neutralize an attack.", "As \"jujutsu\" is a collective term, some schools or ryu adopted the principle of ju more than others.", "From a broader point of view, based on the curricula of many of the classical Japanese arts themselves, however, these arts may perhaps be more accurately defined as unarmed methods of dealing with an enemy who was armed, together with methods of using minor weapons such as the \"jutte\" (truncheon; also called jitter), \"tantō\" (knife), or \"Kaku shi buki\" (hidden weapons), such as the \"ryofundo kusari\" (weighted chain) or the \"bankokuchoki\" (a type of knuckle-duster), to defeat both armed or unarmed opponents.", "Furthermore, the term jujutsu was also sometimes used to refer to tactics for infighting used with the warrior's major weapons: katana or \"tachi\" (sword), \"yari\" (spear), \"naginata\" (glaive), \"jō\" (short staff), and \"bō\" (quarterstaff).", "These close combat methods were an important part of the different martial systems that were developed for use on the battlefield.", "They can be generally characterized as either Sengoku period (1467–1603) katchu bu Jutsu or yoroi kumiuchi (fighting with weapons or grappling while clad in armor), or Edo period (1603–1867) suhada bu Jutsu (fighting while dressed in the normal street clothing of the period, kimono and hakama).", "The first Chinese character of \"jujutsu\" (Chinese and Japanese: 柔: \"róu\"rōmaji: \"jū\"Korean: romaja: \"yu\" ) is the same as the first one in \"judo\" (Chinese and Japanese: 柔道: \"róudào\"rōmaji: \"jūdō\"Korean: romaja: \"yudo\" ).", "The second Chinese character of \"jujutsu\" (traditional Chinese and Japanese: 術simplified Chinese: : \"shù\"rōmaji: \"jutsu\"Korean: romaja: \"sul\" ) is the same as the second one in traditional Chinese and Japanese: 武術simplified Chinese: : \"wǔshù\"rōmaji: \"bujutsu\"Korean: romaja: \"musul\" .", "Jujutsu first began during the Sengoku period (c. 1467 – c. 1600) of the Muromachi period combining various Japanese martial arts which were used on the battlefield for close combat.", "The oldest form of jujutsu is Takenouchi-ryū which was founded in 1532.", "Many jujutsu forms also extensively taught parrying and counterattacking long weapons such as swords or spears via a dagger or other small weapons.", "In contrast to the neighbouring nations of China and Okinawa whose martial arts were centered on striking techniques, Japanese hand-to-hand combat forms focused heavily upon throwing, immobilizing, joint locks and choking.", "In the early 17th century during the Edo period, jujutsu would continue to evolve due to the strict laws which were imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate to reduce war as influenced by the Chinese social philosophy of Neo-Confucianism which was obtained during Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea and spread throughout Japan via scholars such as Fujiwara Seika.", "During this new ideology, weapons and armor became unused decorative items, so hand-to-hand combat flourished as a form of self-defense and new techniques were created to adapt to the changing situation of unarmored opponents.", "This included the development of various striking techniques in jujutsu which expanded upon the limited striking previously found in jujutsu which targeted vital areas above the shoulders such as the eyes, throat, and back of the neck.", "However towards the 18th century the number of striking techniques was severely reduced as they were considered less effective and exert too much energy; instead striking in jujutsu primarily became used as a way to distract the opponent or to unbalance him in the lead up to a joint lock, strangle or throw.", "During the same period the numerous jujutsu schools would challenge each other to duels which became a popular pastime for warriors under a peaceful unified government, from these challenges randori was created to practice without risk of breaking the law and the various styles of each school evolved from combating each other without intention to kill.", "The term \"jūjutsu\" was not coined until the 17th century, after which time it became a blanket term for a wide variety of grappling-related disciplines and techniques.", "Prior to that time, these skills had names such as \"short sword grappling\" (小具足腰之廻 , kogusoku koshi no mawari ) , \"grappling\" (組討 or 組打 , kumiuchi ) , \"body art\" (体術 , taijutsu ) , \"softness\" (柔 or 和 , yawara ) , \"art of harmony\" (和術 , wajutsu, yawarajutsu ) , \"catching hand\" (捕手 , torite ) , and even the \"way of softness\" (柔道 , jūdō ) (as early as 1724, almost two centuries before Kanō Jigorō founded the modern art of Kodokan Judo).", "Today, the systems of unarmed combat that were developed and practiced during the Muromachi period (1333–1573) are referred to collectively as Japanese old-style jujutsu (日本古流柔術 , Nihon koryū jūjutsu ) .", "At this period in history, the systems practiced were not systems of unarmed combat, but rather means for an unarmed or lightly armed warrior to fight a heavily armed and armored enemy on the battlefield.", "In battle, it was often impossible for a samurai to use his long sword or polearm, and would, therefore, be forced to rely on his short sword, dagger, or bare hands.", "When fully armored, the effective use of such \"minor\" weapons necessitated the employment of grappling skills.", "Methods of combat (as mentioned above) included striking (kicking and punching), throwing (body throws, joint lock throws, unbalance throws), restraining (pinning, strangling, grappling, wrestling) and weaponry.", "Defensive tactics included blocking, evading, off-balancing, blending and escaping.", "Minor weapons such as the \"tantō\" (knife), \"ryofundo kusari\" (weighted chain), \"kabuto wari\" (helmet breaker), and \"Kaku shi buki\" (secret or disguised weapons) were almost always included in Sengoku jujutsu.", "In later times, other ko-ryū developed into systems more familiar to the practitioners of \"Nihon jujutsu\" commonly seen today.", "These are correctly classified as \"Edo jūjutsu\" (founded during the Edo period): they are generally designed to deal with opponents neither wearing armor nor in a battlefield environment.", "Most systems of Edo jujutsu include extensive use of \"atemi waza\" (vital-striking technique), which would be of little use against an armored opponent on a battlefield.", "They would, however, be quite valuable in confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire (referred to as \"suhada bujutsu\").", "Occasionally, inconspicuous weapons such as tantō (daggers) or tessen (iron fans) were included in the curriculum of Edo jūjutsu.", "Another seldom-seen historical side is a series of techniques originally included in both Sengoku and Edo jujutsu systems.", "Referred to as \"Hojo waza\" ( hojojutsu, \"Tori Nawa Jutsu\", \"nawa Jutsu\", \"hayanawa\" and others), it involves the use of a hojo cord, (sometimes the \"sageo\" or \"tasuke\") to restrain or strangle an attacker.", "These techniques have for the most part faded from use in modern times, but Tokyo police units still train in their use and continue to carry a hojo cord in addition to handcuffs.", "The very old Takenouchi-ryu is one of the better-recognized systems that continue extensive training in hojo waza.", "Since the establishment of the Meiji period with the abolishment of the Samurai and the wearing of swords, the ancient tradition of \"Yagyu Shingan Ryu\" (Sendai and Edo lines) has focused much towards the jujutsu (Yawara) contained in its syllabus.", "Many other legitimate Nihon jujutsu Ryu exist but are not considered koryu (ancient traditions).", "These are called either Gendai Jujutsu or modern jujutsu.", "Modern jujutsu traditions were founded after or towards the end of the Tokugawa period (1868) when more than 2000 schools (\"ryū\") of jūjutsu existed.", "Various traditional ryu and ryuha that are commonly thought of as koryu jujutsu are actually gendai jūjutsu.", "Although modern in formation, very few gendai jujutsu systems have direct historical links to ancient traditions and are incorrectly referred to as traditional martial systems or ryu.", "Their curriculum reflects an obvious bias towards Edo jūjutsu systems as opposed to the Sengoku jūjutsu systems.", "The improbability of confronting an armor-clad attacker is the reason for this bias.", "Over time, Gendai jujutsu has been embraced by law enforcement officials worldwide and continues to be the foundation for many specialized systems used by police.", "Perhaps the most famous of these specialized police systems is the Keisatsujutsu (police art) \"Taiho jutsu\" (arresting art) system formulated and employed by the Tokyo Police Department.", "Jujutsu techniques have been the basis for many military unarmed combat techniques (including British/US/Russian special forces and SO1 police units) for many years.", "Since the early 1900s, every military service in the world has an unarmed combat course that has been founded on the principal teachings of Jujutsu.", "There are many forms of sports jujutsu, the original and most popular being judo, now an Olympic sport.", "One of the most common is mixed-style competitions, where competitors apply a variety of strikes, throws, and holds to score points.", "There are also kata competitions, where competitors of the same style perform techniques and are judged on their performance.", "There are also freestyle competitions, where competitors take turns attacking each other, and the defender is judged on performance.", "Another more recent form of competition growing much more popular in Europe is the Random Attack form of competition, which is similar to Randori but more formalized.", "The word Jujutsu can be broken down into two parts.", "\"Ju\" is a concept.", "The idea behind this meaning of Ju is \"to be gentle\", \"to give way\", \"to yield\", \"to blend\", \"to move out of harm's way\".", "\"Jutsu\" is the principle or \"the action\" part of Ju-Jutsu.", "In Japanese this word means science or art.", "Japanese jujutsu systems typically put more emphasis on throwing, pinning, and joint-locking techniques as compared with martial arts such as karate, which rely more on striking techniques.", "Striking techniques were seen as less important in most older Japanese systems because of the protection of samurai body armor and were used as set-ups for their grappling techniques.", "However, many modern-day jujutsu schools include striking, both as a set-up for further techniques or as a stand-alone action.", "In jujutsu, practitioners train in the use of many potentially fatal moves.", "However, because students mostly train in a non-competitive environment, the risk is minimized.", "Students are taught break falling skills to allow them to safely practice otherwise dangerous throws.", "As jujutsu has so many facets, it has become the foundation for a variety of styles and derivations today.", "As each instructor incorporated new techniques and tactics into what was taught to him originally, he codified and developed his own ryu (school) or Federation to help other instructors, schools, and clubs.", "Some of these schools modified the source material enough that they no longer considered themselves a style of jujutsu.", "Around the year 1600 there were over 2000 jujutsu ryū, most with common characteristics.", "Specific technical characteristics varied from school to school.", "Many of the generalizations noted above do not hold true for some schools of jujutsu.", "Aikido is a modern martial art developed in the 1910s and 1930s by Morihei Ueshiba from the system of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu techniques to focus on the spiritual principle of harmony which distinguishes Budō from Bujutsu.", "Ueshiba was an accomplished student of Takeda Sokaku.", "Aikido is a systemic refinement of defensive techniques from Aiki-Jujutsu in ways that are intended to prevent harm to either the attacker or the defender.", "Aikido evolved much during Ueshiba's lifetime, so earlier styles (such as Yoshinkan) are more like the original Aiki-Jujutsu than ones (such as Ki-Aikido) that more resemble the techniques and philosophy that Ueshiba stressed towards the end of his life.", "Jujutsu was first introduced to Europe in 1898 by Edward William Barton-Wright, who had studied Tenjin Shinyō-ryū and Shinden Fudo Ryu in Yokohama and Kobe.", "He also trained briefly at the Kodokan in Tokyo.", "Upon returning to England he folded the basics of all of these styles, as well as boxing, savate, and forms of stick fighting, into an eclectic self-defence system called Bartitsu.", "Modern judo is the classic example of a sport that derived from jujutsu.", "Many who study judo believe as Kanō did, that judo is not a sport but a self-defense system creating a pathway towards peace and universal harmony.", "Another layer removed, some popular arts had instructors who studied one of these jujutsu derivatives and later made their own derivative succeed in competition.", "This created an extensive family of martial arts and sports that can trace their lineage to jujutsu in some part.", "The way an opponent is dealt with also depends on the teacher's philosophy with regard to combat.", "This translates also in different styles or schools of jujutsu.", "Not all jujutsu was used in sporting contests, but the practical use in the samurai world ended circa 1890.", "Techniques like hair-pulling and eye-poking were and are not considered acceptable in sport, thus, they are excluded from judo competitions or randori.", "However, Judo did preserve the more lethal, dangerous techniques in its kata.", "The kata were intended to be practised by students of all grades but now are mostly practised formally as complete set-routines for performance, kata competition and grading, rather than as individual self-defense techniques in class.", "However, judo retained the full set of choking and strangling techniques for its sporting form and all manner of joint locks.", "Even judo's pinning techniques have pain-generating, spine-and-rib-squeezing and smothering aspects.", "A submission induced by a legal pin is considered a legitimate win.", "Kanō viewed the safe \"contest\" aspect of judo as an important part of learning how to control an opponent's body in a real fight.", "Kanō always considered judo a form of, and development of, jujutsu.", "A judo technique starts with gripping the opponent, followed by off-balancing them and using their momentum against them, and then applying the technique.", "Kuzushi (the art of breaking balance) is also used in jujutsu, whereby an opponent's attack is deflected using their momentum against them in order to arrest their movements then throw them or pin them with a technique — thus controlling the opponent.", "It is known in both systems that Kuzushi is essential in order to use as little energy as possible.", "Jujutsu differs from judo in a number of ways.", "In some circumstances, judoka generate kuzushi by striking one's opponent along his weak line.", "Other methods of generating kuzushi include grabbing, twisting, or poking areas of the body known as atemi points or pressure points (areas of the body where nerves are close to the skin – see kyusho-jitsu).", "Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) was developed after Mitsuyo Maeda brought judo to Brazil in 1914.", "Maeda agreed to teach the art to Luiz França, Jacintho Ferro and Carlos Gracie, son of his friend, businessman and politician Gastão Gracie.", "Luiz França went on to teach it to Oswaldo Fadda.", "After Carlos learned the art from Ferro and Maeda, he passed his knowledge to his brothers Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., and George.", "Meanwhile, Hélio Gracie would peek in and practise the techniques, although he was told he was too young to practise.", "At the time, judo was still commonly called Kanō jiu-jitsu (from its founder Kanō Jigorō), which is why this derivative of judo is called \"Brazilian jiu-jitsu\" rather than \"Brazilian judo\".", "Its emphasis shifted to ground grappling because the Gracie family thought it was more efficient and much more practical.", "Carlos and Helio helped the development by promoting fights (mostly against practitioners of other martial arts), competitions and experimenting throughout decades of intense training.", "BJJ dominated the first large modern mixed martial arts competitions in the United States, causing the emerging field to adopt many of its practices.", "Less-practised stand-up techniques in Gracie Jiu Jitsu survive from its judo and jujutsu heritage (knife defense, gun defense, throws, blocking, striking etc.).", "Sambo is a Russian martial art and sport derived from Japanese Judo and traditional Central Asian styles of folk wrestling.", "One of Sambo's founders, Vasili Oschepkov, was one of the first foreigners to learn Judo in Japan and earned a second-degree black belt awarded by Kanō Jigorō himself.", "Modern sports Sambo is similar to sport Judo or sport Brazilian jiu-jitsu with differences including use of a jacket and shorts rather than a full keikogi, as well as, a higher occurrence of leglocks.", "After the transplantation of traditional Japanese jujutsu to the West, many of these more traditional styles underwent a process of adaptation at the hands of Western practitioners, molding the art of jujutsu to suit western culture in its myriad varieties.", "There are today many distinctly westernized styles of jujutsu, that stick to their Japanese roots to varying degrees.", "There are many types of sport jujutsu.", "One version of sport jujutsu is known as \"JJIF Rules Sport Ju-Jitsu\", organized by Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF) and has been recognized as an official sport of the World Games.", "Sport jujutsu comes in three main variants.", "In \"Duo\" (self-defense demonstration), both the tori (attacker) and the uke (defender) come from the same team and demonstrate self-defense techniques.", "In this variant, there is a special system named \"Random Attacks\", focusing on instilling quick reaction times against any given attack by defending and countering.", "The tori and the uke are also from the same team but here they don't know what the attack will be, which is given to the tori by the judges, without the uke's knowledge.", "The second variant is the \"Fighting System\" (Freefighting) where competitors combine striking, grappling and submissions under rules which emphasise safety.", "Many of the potentially dangerous techniques such as scissor takedowns, necklocks and digital choking and locking are prohibited in Sport Jujutsu.", "There are a number of other styles of sport jujutsu with varying rules.", "The third variant is the \"Japanese/Ne Waza\" (grappling) system in which competitors start standing up and work for a submission.", "Striking is not allowed.", "Japanese culture and religion have become intertwined into the martial arts.", "Buddhism, Shinto, Taoism and Confucian philosophy co-exist in Japan, and people generally mix and match to suit.", "This reflects the variety of outlook one finds in the different schools.", "Jujutsu expresses the philosophy of yielding to an opponent's force rather than trying to oppose force with force.", "Manipulating an opponent's attack using his force and direction allows jujutsuka to control the balance of their opponent and hence prevent the opponent from resisting the counterattack." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 165333, "simple_article_title": "Jujutsu", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=165333", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-165333-0-0", "simple-165333-1-0", "simple-165333-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Jujutsu (柔術, jūjutsu) is an ancient Japanese martial art.", "The systems of unarmed combat which were developed and practiced during the Muromachi period known as Japanese old-style \"jujutsu\" (日本古流柔術, Nihon koryū jūjutsu).", "For example, a samurai would defend himself with \"jujutsu\" if he was without his swords." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 21894903, "normal_article_title": "Chapelle royale de Dreux", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21894903", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-21894903-0-0", "normal-21894903-0-1", "normal-21894903-0-2", "normal-21894903-1-0", "normal-21894903-1-1", "normal-21894903-1-2", "normal-21894903-1-3", "normal-21894903-2-0", "normal-21894903-2-1", "normal-21894903-2-2", "normal-21894903-2-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Royal Chapel of Dreux (\"Chapelle royale de Dreux\") situated in Dreux, France, is the traditional burial place of members of the House of Orléans.", "It is an important early building in the French adoption of Gothic Revival architecture, despite being topped by a dome.", "Starting in 1828, Alexandre Brogniart, the director of the Sèvres porcelain manufactory, produced fired enamel paintings on large panes of plate glass, for King Louis-Philippe, an important early French commission in Gothic taste, preceded mainly by some Gothic features in a few \"jardins paysagers\".", "In the 1770s, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre was one of the greatest land owners in France prior to the French Revolution.", "In 1775, the lands of the county of Dreux had been given to the Penthièvre by his cousin King Louis XVI.", "In 1783, the Duke sold his domain of Rambouillet to Louis XVI.", "On November 25 of that year, in a long religious procession, Penthièvre transferred the nine caskets containing the remains of his parents, Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse and Marie Victoire de Noailles, his wife, Princess Maria Teresa Felicitas of Modena, and six of their seven children, from the small medieval village church next to the castle in Rambouillet, to the chapel of the Collégiale Saint-Étienne de Dreux.", "Penthièvre died in March 1793 and his body was laid to rest in the crypt beside his parents.", "On November 21 of that same year, in the midst of the French Revolution, a mob desecrated the crypt and threw the ten bodies in a mass grave in the \"Chanoines\" cemetery of the \"Collégiale Saint Étienne\".", "In 1816, the Duke of Penthièvre's daughter, the Duchess of Orléans, had a new chapel built on the site of the mass grave of the \"Chanoines\" cemetery, as the final resting place for her family.", "In 1830, Louis Philippe I, King of the French, son of the Duchess of Orléans, embellished and enlarged the chapel which was renamed the Royal Chapel of Dreux, now the necropolis of the Orléans royal family." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 460609, "simple_article_title": "Chapelle royale de Dreux", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=460609", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-460609-0-0", "simple-460609-0-1", "simple-460609-1-0", "simple-460609-1-1", "simple-460609-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Royal Chapel of Dreux is a the traditional resting place for members of the royal House of Orléans.", "It is located in the town of Dreux in France.", "The land on which the chapel was built on was owned by the famously wealthy Duke of Penthièvre whose daughter Marie Adélaïde married the Duke of Orléans in 1769.", "Following the death of the Duke of Penthièvre his daughter inherited a majority of his vast estates including the land of Dreux.", "The Orléans family later used the chapel there as their own personal burial place following the reign of Louis Philippe I." ] } }

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"normal-23129676-19-9", "normal-23129676-19-10", "normal-23129676-19-11", "normal-23129676-20-0", "normal-23129676-20-1", "normal-23129676-20-2", "normal-23129676-20-3", "normal-23129676-20-4", "normal-23129676-20-5", "normal-23129676-20-6", "normal-23129676-20-7", "normal-23129676-21-0", "normal-23129676-21-1", "normal-23129676-21-2", "normal-23129676-21-3", "normal-23129676-21-4", "normal-23129676-21-5", "normal-23129676-21-6", "normal-23129676-21-7", "normal-23129676-22-0", "normal-23129676-22-1", "normal-23129676-22-2", "normal-23129676-23-0", "normal-23129676-23-1", "normal-23129676-24-0", "normal-23129676-24-1", "normal-23129676-24-2", "normal-23129676-25-0", "normal-23129676-25-1", "normal-23129676-25-2", "normal-23129676-26-0", "normal-23129676-26-1", "normal-23129676-27-0", "normal-23129676-27-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Kristine Miller (June 13, 1925 – 2015) was an American film actress, best-remembered for her appearances in film noir and Westerns.", "A discovery of Paramount producer Hal Wallis, she appeared in \"I Walk Alone\" (1948) with Lizabeth Scott and Burt Lancaster, \"Jungle Patrol\" (1948), \"Too Late for Tears\" (1949), \"Shadow on the Wall\" (1950), and the TV series \"Stories of the Century\" (1954–55).", "She was born Jacqueline Olivia Eskesen, the younger of two daughters of Johannes Bach Eskesen, a Danish oil executive, and US-born Myrtle Bennett Eskesen (née Witham; 1890–1976), an Orpheum Circuit singer from Fresno, California.", "Johannes Bach Eskesen was vice-president of Standard Oil of Argentina, headquartered in Buenos Aires, where Miller and her older sister, Dorothea, were born.", "After a decade in Argentina, the family sailed to New Orleans, landing in July 1931.", "They temporarily moved to Myrtle's hometown of Fresno for a year, then moved to Copenhagen, Denmark in 1932 when Miller was 7 years old.", "In 1938, before the beginning of the Second World War in Europe, mother and daughters relocated again, this time to Long Island, New York.", "Later they moved back to Fresno, then on to San Francisco, California, where Jacqueline became a naturalized United States citizen on December 7, 1942.", "Having traveled internationally as a child, she learned English, Spanish and Danish fluently, and had a working knowledge of Portuguese and German.", "During her formative years, she showed no interest in acting.", "Miller said of her childhood, \"My mother was a professional singer and I think she was eager for me to go into the entertainment field.\"", "However, after she played a main role in her high school's production of George S. Kaufman's \"The American Way\" (1939), her taste for show business began to form.", "In one version of how she was discovered by Hollywood, in 1944 the 18-year-old Miller saw an opportunity when a Warner Brothers talent scout was to attend one of her school's performances.", "The scout never showed up, so she sent a letter and photograph to the studio, and garnered a screen test at Warner, where she changed her name to Kristine Miller.", "When Miller set out for Hollywood, she recalled, \"People said to my mother, 'Are you letting that girl go to that awful place?'\"", "But her mother replied, \"I know that girl, and she'll be all right.\"", "Although she failed the screen test, she was noticed by producer Hal Wallis, who was then feuding with the studio head, Jack L. Warner.", "Under acrimonious circumstances, Wallis left Warner Brothers for Paramount Pictures.", "Wallis brought with him Miller and another actress that also failed a screen test at Warner, the 21-year-old Lizabeth Scott.", "At Paramount, Miller made her debut, an uncredited bit part, opposite fellow newcomer Lizabeth Scott in \"You Came Along\" (1945).", "Miller played a showgirl and was billed as \"Jacqueleen Eskeson.\"", "The pair would appear together in five films, four of them produced by Hal Wallis.", "Production ran February 6–April 6, 1945.", "In 1946 Miller was loaned out to Monogram Pictures.", "She played a model in the 1946 film noir, \"Suspense\", where she appears as a party guest.", "Production ran mid-October–early December 1945.", "Around this time, Miller moved into the old Wallace Reid mansion in Coldwater Canyon, now converted into a boarding house for aspiring actresses known as \"The House of the Seven Garbos\".", "Among the boarders were Ruth Roman, Suzan Ball and Linda Christian.", "According to Doris Lilly, a former boarder and later society columnist, \"The dignity of the house in general was presided over and encouraged by Kristine Miller, who was blonde haired, high of cheekbone, grey eyed.", "Kristine had balance, she would check some of our madder impulses, kept us calm when that was necessary.", "Her manner was quiet and refined, and she had a way of touching a grubby coffeepot as if it were the tiara of the Empress Josephine.", "In spite of her reserve, we all knew that Kristine had a fine future for her somewhere, and we felt that she was an excellent actress.\"", "In July 1946, it was announced that Hal Wallis planned to star Miller in the film version of the Broadway play, \"Beggars Are Coming to Town\" (1945), a noirish story of betrayal and vengeance.", "Wallis intended this to be Miller's breakout role.", "Yet Wallis would skip the usual publicity buildup for a budding actress.", "Miller was to play a torch singer, Kay Lawrence, who befriends a convict, Frankie Madison, who returns to New York after 14 years in prison.", "Kay's boyfriend, Noll \"Dink\" Turner, is the owner of the Regent Club, which Frankie claims to own half of.", "Tired of Kay, Noll sends her to sweet-talk Frankie in an effort to stall for time.", "Meanwhile, Noll intends to dump Kay and marry a socialite.", "Both men battle for control of the business that Turner built while Frankie was in prison.", "In the winter of 1946, Miller appeared briefly in Western noir, \"Desert Fury\" (1947).", "She played the priggish Claire Lindquist, daughter of a corrupt judge.", "Shooting took place mid-August–early November 1946.", "Unusual for such a small role, Wallis ensured Miller received 6th billing, after Wendall Corey, despite her role being little more than walk-on.", "The film was released August 15, 1947.", "Immediately after \"Desert Fury\", Wallis began work on \"Deadlock\", the original project name for \"Beggars Are Coming to Town\".", "Again Miller would be cast with \"Desert Fury\"' s Burt Lancaster and Wendell Corey.", "After weeks of rehearsals on the Modjeska Canyon location, under the direction of Byron Haskin, Miller suddenly became the second leading lady.", "Lizabeth Scott, ever competitive with all actresses, grabbed the Kay role for herself.", "Miller later recalled, \"(Wallis) planned to star me in 'I Walk Alone.'", "He tested me with Burt; it was a wonderful test.", "But then Lizabeth Scott decided she wanted the role, and Lizabeth got whatever she wanted—from Hal Wallis!", "laughs So, I got the second part instead.\"", "The 21-year-old Miller was recast as the slumming socialite divorcée, Alexis Richardson.", "Miller was afraid that playing a \"meanie\" role might typecast her.", "She was also forced to cut her 22-inch hair into a shorter chignon.", "In designing Miller's wardrobe, Edith Head was impressed by Miller's physique, describing it as \"the most exciting figure since Betty Grable.\"", "The resulting film was renamed \"I Walk Alone\" (1948).", "Shooting took place early December 1946–mid-February 1947.", "The film was released January 16, 1948.", "She was 5th-billed after Kirk Douglas.", "Despite Miller's fears of being typecast as a femme fatale, film historians tend to typecast her \"as always playing the 'good girl.'\"", "Typecasting reflected real life as Miller's name seldom appeared in gossip columns and when it did, never involved scandal.", "Though Miller participated in the Hollywood dating circuit, the one name that invariably appeared in the press was William Haskel Schuyler, a television pioneer and consultant based in San Francisco.", "In late November 1947, it was announced that Miller and Schuyler would wed.", "But the marriage was postponed.", "In early May 1948, Miller was loaned out again, this time to 20th Century Fox for \"West of Tomorrow\"—her first leading lady role.", "The screenplay was based on William Bowers' play of the same name.", "During WW2 in New Guinea, a US Army Air Force squadron has been assigned to protect Australia and despite having inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese, they supernaturally had none themselves.", "Miller played Jean Gillis, a Broadway actress and former anti-war activist, who joined the USO after her husband's death at Dunkirk.", "By happenstance, she ends up having to entertain the airmen by herself when she finds out the rest of her troupe is stranded.", "During an improvised \"dinner dance,\" she learns about the pilots' wives and girlfriends and their hopes for the future, but equally learns about herself.", "Arthur Franz makes his film debut as Miller's love interest.", "The next morning, all but the squadron leader and Jean are killed after an attack on the airstrip.", "Similar to \"Death Takes a Holiday\" (1934), the airmen reach the epiphany of their lives in the few hours they spend with Jean.", "The resulting film was released as \"Jungle Patrol\" (1948), the sole film that Miller had 1st-place billing.", "Despite Miller's preference for Bowers' original title, the film is her personal favorite.", "After establishing herself as a \"discovery\" of Hal Wallis, Miller soon found herself left behind.", "In an interview with Mike Fitzgerald, she was quoted as saying, \"Hal called me the 'Viking Girl.'", "He didn't know what to do with me.\"", "The situation was aggravated by the return of veteran actors from overseas, either in uniform or the USO.", "Compounded by the economic slump after the war, rise of television and the breakup of the studio system, Miller's initial difficulties during the war years would be multiplied many fold.", "Miller's prospects began to look a little better when she met journalist and film producer Mark Hellinger, who felt sure that she could become a star.", "But Hellinger died suddenly in 1947, and Miller soon found herself making a living with the usual small roles that she had always been given.", "Of the nine films she would make under contract to Paramount, three were loan-outs to other studios, two of which were more significant than her Paramount films, with the exception of \"I Walk Alone\".", "Typical of the Paramount years, in \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" (1948), she was cast as the wife of the investigating detective but was recast as the mistress of the physician, dropping from 3rd to 13th place in billing.", "Later that year, she moved on to a more substantial part, again opposite Lizabeth Scott, in \"Too Late for Tears\" (1949).", "In her third and last loan-out—this time to United Artists—Miller played Kathy Palmer, the sister-in-law of Jane Palmer (Scott), whom she suspects has murdered her brother.", "As she is romanced by Don DeFore, the pair quietly investigate the shady dealings of Jane.", "Though shooting took place mid-September to mid-October 1948 at Republic Pictures, the film was released July 8, 1949.", "Miller was 5th-billed after Arthur Kennedy.", "At the end of 1948, Miller made a brief appearance in the \"weepie\" \"Paid in Full\" (1950).", "In the last film she would do for Paramount, Miller was to play Nancy Langley, the younger modeling sister of Jane (Lizabeth Scott), a department store illustrator, who allows her younger sister to marry Bill Prentice (Robert Cummings), despite Jane's love for him.", "A few years later, Jane has an argument with Nancy, who catches Jane and Bill having an affair.", "Distraught, Jane backs up her car and accidentally kills her young niece.", "But as with \"I Walk Alone\", Miller's role was given to another actress—Diana Lynn.", "Miller ended up playing a bridesmaid at Nancy's wedding, dropping from 3rd to 10th place in billing.", "Production ran mid-October–late November 1948.", "The film would not be released until March 1950.", "In February 1949, it was announced that Miller's contact with Paramount was dropped due to the post-war slump in the film industry.", "That December, Miller's marriage with William Schuyler was again announced, then again postponed.", "Undaunted by career setbacks, Miller tried her hand with smaller studios such as Monogram and Republic Pictures, though she would still work for the occasional big studio.", "Miller also made further incursions in the then-new medium of television, which she began before her contract with Paramount was dropped.", "Despite the demands of raising a family, the 1950s would be Miller's most prolific years, seeing her as a television regular.", "Throughout the '50s, she was able to display a broader acting range than when under Paramount and Hal Wallis.", "Although she missed out on playing Lizabeth Scott's character's younger sister in \"Paid in Full\", she played a younger sister in the noirish \"Shadow on the Wall\" (1950), which also involved two sisters competing over the same man.", "The elder sister, played by Ann Sothern, discovers that her younger, married sister is having an affair with Sothern's fiancé, which leads to murderous results and short screen-time for Miller.", "Production ran April 11–mid-May 1949.", "Though never leaving the noir genre, Miller would begin her reputation for Westerns with \"Young Daniel Boone\" (1950), but as the female lead.", "Production ran mid-October–late October 1949.", "Later that year she would return to the Western genre with \"High Lonesome\" (1950).", "John Drew Barrymore plays a misunderstood teenager, Cooncat, who creates a rift between Miller's rancher father and her fiancé, who believes Cooncat murdered his parents.", "Shooting took place early January–mid-January 1950 on location in Texas.", "Miller recalled the weather on the range being cold, not hot as the film depicted.", "In November 1950, after years of avoiding femme fatale roles, she finally played against type as Lady DeWinter in \"The Three Musketeers\", the pilot episode of \"Magnavox Theatre\".", "It was released in the theaters as \"Sword of D'Artagnan\".", "In the fall of 1951, Miller was cast as an Eastern European in the Cold War thriller, \"The Steel Fist\" (1952), opposite Roddy McDowall.", "Miller played Marlina, a young woman who hides a student protester (McDowall) from the communists.", "Production ran late August–September 4, 1951.", "Similar to the Swedish-American actress, Virginia Christine, Miller's familiarity with non-English languages enabled her to mimic foreign accents, which she used to various effect on television episodes where she played Europeans (\"Dangerous Assignment\") or immigrants to America (\"The Millionaire\").", "She was careful to avoid caricature.", "Production ran late August–September 4, 1951.", "In 1952, Miller appeared in her second femme fatale role.", "In \"The Iron Banner Story\", an episode of \"Dangerous Assignment\", an espionage series starring Brian Donlevy, she played Lilli Terrescu, a woman with a dark secret in post-war Greece.", "As with \"The Steel Fist\", Miller used her accent skills in two \"Dangerous Assignment\" episodes and later in \"The Millionaire\" episode, \"The Anton Bohrman Story.\"", "Later in the year, Miller was the second female lead in her first musical, \"Tropical Heat Wave\" (1952).", "Production ran May 31–mid-June 1952.", "In the spring of 1953, Miller traveled to Hawaii and rejoined her \"I Walk Alone\" costar, Burt Lancaster.", "She spent 10 days in the islands.", "She was cast as Georgette, Donna Reed's roommate in \"From Here to Eternity\".", "But most of her footage ended up on the cutting room floor: \"'I don't even say I made that one; I'm hardly in it.", "I think you see my arm; that's about it' (laughs).\"", "Miller was more impressed by the performances of Frank Sinatra and Montgomery Clift, whom she watched working before the camera.", "Production ran March 7–May 5, 1953.", "On July 27, 1953, Miller finally married William Schuyler in Santa Barbara.", "That October, it was announced that the Schuylers were expecting their first baby.", "Their daughter, Linda Elizabeth, was born on February 22, 1954.", "In 1954, Miller appeared as the second leading lady in three films.", "\"Flight Nurse\" (1954), starring Joan Leslie, was a drama about US Air Force flight nurses in the Korean War.", "Miller is a fellow officer of Leslie, involved in a romantic triangle with two pilots.", "Production ran May 14–mid-June 1953.", "\"Geraldine\" (1954) is a comedy starring Mala Powers.", "Production ran late June to mid-July 1953.", "In the noir Western \"Hell's Outpost\", Miller again costarred with Leslie.", "Production ran July 8–late July 1954.", "\"Hell's Outpost\" introduced Miller to Jim Davis, who would be the male lead for the only television series that Miller had a continuing role in.", "During the 1950s, both Joan Leslie and Miller, by now friends, were involved with fundraising for St. Anne's maternity hospital in Los Angeles.", "During that year, Miller made two appearances on the television series \"The Lone Wolf\", starring Louis Hayward.", "In one episode, Miller played an adulterous wife reminiscent of \"The Shadow on the Wall\", but is shot by her cuckolded husband instead.", "She made a guest appearance as Mrs. Manning on Republic's first television series, \"Stories of the Century\", starring Mary Castle and Miller's old \"Hell's Outpost\" costar, Jim Davis.", "In 1955, Miller returned to \"Stories of the Century\" to star in her most famous role—Margaret \"Jonesy\" Jones.", "The series concerned a pair of railroad detectives dealing with cases from the 1850s to the first decade of the 20th century, \"wrapping them around previously shot films and serials to save money.\"", "This gave the series the illusion of a much bigger budget.", "Typically, the Jones character would do reconnaissance before Matt Clark (Jim Davis) arrived, misleading everyone into thinking the two were not working together.", "Originally Miller was to star in the series, but was unable due to her first pregnancy.", "As a result, Mary Castle, a Rita Hayworth lookalike, took her place for the first 26 episodes.", "Castle had portrayed Clark's fellow detective Frankie Adams.", "After Castle quit or was fired, Miller replaced her, much to the disappointment of the then director, William Witney, who left after directing a few episodes with Miller.", "Despite the change of leading lady and the replacement of Witney, \"Stories of the Century\" with Miller went on to be the first Western to win an Emmy Award in 1955.", "Despite the award and excellent ratings, the series was cancelled.", "Miller's favorite episode is \"Jim Courtright,\" in which her character poses as a seductive barmaid while infiltrating a protection racket.", "In Miller's last episode of the series, she and Davis investigate a horse theft by the outlaw L. H. Musgrove.", "After the cancellation of \"Century\", Miller changed genres with the first of four appearances on \"Science Fiction Theater\".", "In \"The Strange Dr. Lorenz\" (1955), she played the wife of a physician, whose debilitating condition is cured by a miraculous royal jelly.", "But the jelly has an unexpected side-effect.", "In \"Operation Flypaper\" (1956) she and Vincent Price are scientists trying to catch a thief who can suspend time.", "During this period, Miller would make three Western films in succession: \"Thunder over Arizona\" (1956), \"Domino Kid\" (1957) and \"The Persuader\" (1957), a religious Western starring William Talman.", "Miller rejoined Jim Davis for the last time in an episode of \"M Squad\" — \"The Case of the Double Face\" (May 23, 1958), starring Lee Marvin.", "Miller is married to a mild-mannered, bespectacled Davis, who is accused by the Chicago police of being a jewel thief.", "Miller's last film role was in \"The Heart Is a Rebel\" (1958), a religious drama starring Ethel Waters.", "Miller appeared in two episodes of CBS's \"The Texan\", starring Rory Calhoun as Bill Longley—\"The Gunfighter\" (1959) and \"The Accuser\" (1960).", "In \"The Gunfighter,\" Miller is a single mother with a rebellious teenage son, who challenges Longley to a gunfight.", "She rejoined Donna Reed in \"Lucky Girl\" (1959) and \"Character Building\" (1961) on the ABC sitcom, \"The Donna Reed Show\".", "Her last television appearance was as Ruth Hudson in the 1961 episode \"Prince Jim\" of NBC's \"Tales of Wells Fargo\", starring Dale Robertson.", "Of the genres and cross-genres spanning her film career, Miller participated in making five traditional noirs, one noir-thriller, four Westerns, two noir Westerns, one religious Western, three military dramas, two comedies, one comedy-drama, one soap opera, one religious drama and one musical.", "Seven of Miller's roles were walk-ons or deleted from the final film.", "Her television work involved similar genres.", "In contradistinction to being only a supporting actress as described by most film historians, she was leading lady in six of 22 films.", "Due to demands of family and her husband's business, Miller retired from acting.", "The Schuylers left Los Angeles for the San Francisco Bay Area in the early 1960s.", "Previous to the move, her husband was setting up television stations throughout Northern California, such as Sacramento's KSCH and KTVU in Oakland.", "Together with William they founded two television stations in Monterey—KMST and the Spanish-language KSMS, the latter being of special interest to Miller.", "The Schuylers eventually settled on the Monterey peninsula in 1969, where William became president of the Schuyler Broadcasting Corporation.", "The Schuylers later lived in Idaho during the 1990s, where they started two television stations.", "They returned to Monterey in June 2001.", "Miller lectured on her experience in film and television in Monterey as well as participating in local charitable activities.", "On February 4, 2016 a family spokesperson announced that Miller had died at the age of 90 in late 2015 at a hospital in Monterey, California.", "A memorial service for Miller was held at St. Dunstan's Episcopal Church in Carmel Valley, CA, on February 13, 2016.", "Her remains were cremated and her ashes scattered over the Pacific Ocean.", "Titles in the public domain.*", "* See cites for copyright renewal dates.", "Titles in the public domain.*", "* See cites for copyright renewal dates." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 530989, "simple_article_title": "Kristine Miller", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=530989", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-530989-0-0", "simple-530989-0-1", "simple-530989-0-2", "simple-530989-1-0", "simple-530989-1-1", "simple-530989-1-2", "simple-530989-1-3", "simple-530989-1-4", "simple-530989-2-0", "simple-530989-2-1", "simple-530989-2-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Kristine Miller (June 13, 1925 – late 2015) was an American movie actress.", "She was known for her appearances in film noir and Western movies.", "She appeared in \"I Walk Alone\" (1948) with Lizabeth Scott and Burt Lancaster, \"Jungle Patrol\" (1948), \"Too Late for Tears\" (1949), \"Shadow on the Wall\" (1950), and the television series \"Stories of the Century\" (1954–55).", "Miller was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to a Danish father and a American mother.", "She was raised in the United States (in New Orleans, Fresno, Long Island, New York and San Francisco) and in Copenhagen in Denmark.", "Miller studied at San Francisco State College.", "She was married to William Schuyler from 1953 until his death in 2013.", "They had two daughters.", "Miller died in late 2015 in a hospital from congestive heart failure in Monterey, California.", "She was aged 90.", "Her death was announced on February 4, 2016." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 90575, "normal_article_title": "Ille-et-Vilaine", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=90575", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-90575-0-0", "normal-90575-1-0", "normal-90575-1-1", "normal-90575-2-0", "normal-90575-2-1", "normal-90575-3-0", "normal-90575-4-0", "normal-90575-4-1", "normal-90575-4-2", "normal-90575-5-0", "normal-90575-5-1", "normal-90575-6-0", "normal-90575-7-0", "normal-90575-7-1", "normal-90575-8-0", "normal-90575-9-0", "normal-90575-9-1", "normal-90575-9-2", "normal-90575-9-3", "normal-90575-9-4", "normal-90575-10-0", "normal-90575-11-0", "normal-90575-11-1", "normal-90575-11-2", "normal-90575-12-0", "normal-90575-12-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ille-et-Vilaine (] ; ) is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country.", "Ille-et-Vilaine is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790.", "It was created from part of the province of Brittany.", "Ille-et-Vilaine is a part of the current region of Brittany and is bordered by the departments of Manche to the north-east, Mayenne to the east, Maine-et-Loire to the south-east, Loire-Atlantique to the south, Morbihan to the south-west, and Côtes-d'Armor to the west and north-west.", "Also the English Channel (\"la Manche\" in French) borders the department to the north.", "The department is named after its two main rivers, the Ille and the Vilaine, whose confluence is in Rennes, the capital of the department and of the region.", "The department is moderately elevated above the level of the sea, with many hills; however the central part has a dense network of many tributaries to the Ille or the Vilaine from all around the large basin of Rennes.", "The elevated hills bordering this basin are covered by several old forests now exploited by men for the production of wood.", "The basin itself is a rich agriculture area, as well as the north-west of the department near the Rance.", "In the extreme south of the department the Vilaine goes through a slower decrease in elevation in a small corridor in the area of the city of Redon; in this area, the Vilaine is known for its frequent floods during its recent history, often because of too-intensive draining of agricultural areas around Rennes (some floods also affected some parts of Rennes up to the 1980s due to incorrect management of old equipment of the canal of Ille-et-Rance).", "To avoid these hazards within inhabited cities, some natural fields bordering the Vilaine in the south of the department are now left floodable, and works for regulating the level have been done including, small artificial lakes with derivation channels, replanting trees in the basin, better management of forests, and regulating the artificial drains made for agriculture.", "The population has grown rapidly over the last few decades and was estimated at 1,051,779 in January 2016.", "Gallo is a historic minority language spoken in eastern Brittany.", "Gallo and Breton are both studied at the University of Rennes.", "Historically, the Breton language was little spoken in the eastern part of Brittany, and this was one of the first regions where the language disappeared such that Breton was not spoken for many centuries.", "Today, Breton is again spoken due to schools teaching Breton, and due to a small immigration from Western Brittany to Eastern Brittany, where there are more cities with growing industries and external investment and therefore more work.", "A recent study shows that Breton speakers in this region represent 3.3% of the total number of Breton speakers.", "The Breton speakers aged 18–30 in this region represent 12.7% of the total number of Breton speakers of that age group.", "This is because there are relatively few elder speakers but many people are learning the language.", "The study says that about 1,800 people are learning it (this includes one Diwan school in Rennes, some bilingual public and catholic schools, and evening courses).", "The President of the General Council is the Socialist Jean-Louis Tourenne since the 2004 French cantonal elections.", "The city of Rennes and its suburbs are the original base of the rapid Socialist growth in the department.", "The city has been governed by Socialist Mayors since 1977, notably by Edmond Hervé between 1977 and 2008.", "Since then, the growth of middle-class suburbs have helped the Socialists, who have been rapidly gaining strength in those formerly right-leaning areas.", "The right remains strong in a strongly Catholic (clerical) area from outside Redon to Vitré or Fougères.", "In addition, the right is strong in the wealthy coastal area of Saint-Malo and Dinard." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 139730, "simple_article_title": "Ille-et-Vilaine", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=139730", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-139730-0-0", "simple-139730-0-1", "simple-139730-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ille-et-Vilaine is a department found in the west of France in the Brittany region.", "Its prefecture is Rennes and its population is about 908,000 (2006 estimation).", "It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution." ] } }

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"normal-556739-92-4", "normal-556739-93-0", "normal-556739-94-0", "normal-556739-94-1", "normal-556739-94-2", "normal-556739-95-0", "normal-556739-95-1", "normal-556739-95-2", "normal-556739-96-0", "normal-556739-96-1", "normal-556739-97-0", "normal-556739-97-1", "normal-556739-98-0", "normal-556739-98-1", "normal-556739-98-2", "normal-556739-98-3", "normal-556739-99-0", "normal-556739-99-1", "normal-556739-99-2", "normal-556739-99-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Anthony John Abbott (born 4 November 1957) is an Australian politician who served as the 28th Prime Minister of Australia from 2013 to 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party from 2009 to 2015.", "He served as Leader of the Opposition from 2009 to 2013.", "Abbott served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Warringah from 1994 to 2019.", "Abbott was born in London to an Australian mother and a British father, and moved to Sydney at the age of two.", "He studied economics and law at the University of Sydney, and then attended The Queen's College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, studying Philosophy, Politics and Economics.", "After graduating from Oxford, Abbott briefly trained as a Roman Catholic seminarian, and later worked as a journalist, manager, and political adviser.", "In 1992, he was appointed director of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy, a position he held until his election to parliament at the 1994 Warringah by-election.", "After the 1998 election, Abbott was appointed Minister for Employment Services in the Second Howard Ministry.", "He was promoted to cabinet in 2001 as Minister for Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business.", "In 2003, Abbott became Minister for Health and Ageing, retaining this position until the defeat of the Howard Government at the 2007 election.", "Initially serving in the shadow cabinets of Brendan Nelson and then Malcolm Turnbull, Abbott resigned from the front bench in November 2009, in protest against Turnbull's support for the Rudd Government's proposed Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS).", "Forcing a leadership ballot on the subject, Abbott defeated Turnbull by 42 votes to 41, to become the party's leader and Leader of the Opposition.", "Abbott led the Coalition at the 2010 election, which resulted in a hung parliament.", "Following negotiations, Labor formed a Government, with the support of one Greens MP and three Independent MPs.", "Abbott was re-elected as Liberal Leader unopposed.", "Abbott went on to lead the Coalition to victory in the 2013 election and was sworn in as the 28th Prime Minister of Australia on 18 September 2013.", "On 14 September 2015, Abbott was defeated in a vote for the Liberal leadership (54 votes to 44) by Malcolm Turnbull, who replaced Abbott as Prime Minister the following day.", "After his defeat in the party leadership, he returned to the backbench and held his seat of Warringah at the 2016 federal election.", "He lost his seat to independent candidate Zali Steggall in the 2019 federal election.", "Abbott was born on 4 November 1957 at the General Lying-In Hospital in Lambeth, London, England.", "He is the oldest of four children born to Fay (née Peters; b. 1933) and Richard Henry \"Dick\" Abbott (1924–2017).", "He has three younger sisters, including Christine Forster, who has also been involved in politics.", "His mother was born in Sydney, while his father was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.", "In 1940, during World War II, 16-year-old Dick Abbott came to Australia with his British parents.", "Dick was called up to the Royal Australian Air Force in 1942.", "Dick and his mother returned to the United Kingdom in 1954 where he met and married Fay Peters, a dietitian.", "Willemina Bredschneijder, Abbott's maternal great-grandmother, was the first of his ancestors to arrive in Australia.", "She immigrated to Australia from the Netherlands in 1912 with her five-year-old son, Anthony Bredschneijder (later to take his stepfather's surname Peters).", "His maternal grandmother Phyllis Lacey was born in Wales, and married Anthony Peters in New South Wales in 1932.", "On 7 September 1960, Abbott, his parents, and younger sister Jane, left the UK for Australia on the Assisted Passage Migration Scheme ship SS \"Oronsay\".", "Settling in Sydney, the family first lived in the suburb of Bronte and later moved to Chatswood.", "Dick Abbott established what was to become one of the largest orthodontics practices in Australia, retiring in 2002.", "Abbott attended primary school at St Aloysius' College at Milson's Point, before completing his secondary school education at St Ignatius' College, Riverview, both Jesuit schools.", "He graduated with a Bachelor of Economics (BEc) in 1979 and a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) in 1981 from the University of Sydney.", "He resided at St John's College and was president of the Student Representative Council.", "Influenced by his chaplain at St Ignatius', Father Emmet Costello, he then attended The Queen's College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, where in June 1983 he graduated as a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) and on 21 October 1989 proceeded by seniority to Master of Arts.", "During his university days, Abbott gained media attention for political opposition to the then dominant left-wing student leadership.", "Once he was violently beaten at a university conference.", "A student newspaper editor with political views opposed to those of Abbott took him to court for indecent assault after he touched her during a student debate; the charges were dismissed by the court.", "According to the \"Sun-Herald\" newspaper, it was \"an ugly and often violent time\", and Abbott's tactics in student politics were like \"an aggressive terrier\".", "Abbott organised rallies in support of Governor-General John Kerr after he dismissed the Whitlam Government in November 1975, as well as a pro-Falklands War demonstration during his time at Oxford.", "At St. Ignatius College, Abbott had been taught and influenced by the Jesuits.", "At university, he encountered B. A. Santamaria, a Catholic layman who led a movement against Communism within the Australian labour movement in the 1950s, culminating in the 1955 Labor Party split and the formation of the Democratic Labor Party.", "Santamaria has been described as Abbott's \"political hero\".", "He wrote the foreword to a novelisation of Santamaria's life written by Alan Reid, and in 2015 launched a biography of Santamaria written by Gerard Henderson.", "Abbott was a student boxer, earning two Blues for boxing while at Oxford.", "He was a heavyweight with modest height and reach.", "Following his time in Britain, Abbott returned to Australia and told his family of his intention to join the priesthood.", "In 1984, aged 26, he entered St Patrick's Seminary, Manly.", "Abbott did not complete his studies at the seminary, leaving the institution in 1987.", "Interviewed prior to the 2013 election, Abbott said of his time as a trainee priest: \"The Jesuits had helped to instil in me this thought that our calling in life was to be, to use the phrase: 'a man for others'.", "And I thought then that the best way in which I could be a 'man for others' was to become a priest.", "I discovered pretty soon that I was a bit of a square peg in a round hole ... eventually working out that, I'm afraid, I just didn't have what it took to be an effective priest.\"", "Abbott worked in journalism, briefly ran a concrete plant, and began to get involved in national poliics.", "Throughout his time as a student and seminarian, he was writing articles for newspapers and magazines—first for \"Honi Soit\" (the University of Sydney student newspaper) and later \"The Catholic Weekly\" and national publications such as \"The Bulletin\".", "He eventually became a journalist and wrote for \"The Australian\".", "At birth, Abbott was a British citizen by birth in the UK and by descent from his British-born father.", "He did not hold Australian citizenship from birth, as at the time Australian citizenship by descent could only be acquired from the father.", "Abbott became a naturalised Australian citizen on 26 June 1981, apparently so as to become eligible for a Rhodes scholarship.", "On 12 October 1993, he renounced his British citizenship in order to be eligible to run for parliament under section 44 of the constitution.", "Abbott led the Coalition at the 2010 election, which resulted in a hung parliament.", "Following negotiations, Labor formed a Government with the support of one Greens MP and three independent MPs.", "Abbott was re-elected as Liberal Leader unopposed.", "He went on to lead the Coalition to victory at the 2013 election and was sworn in as the 28th Prime Minister of Australia on 18 September 2013.", "Abbott lost a Liberal Party leadership spill on 14 September 2015, and was replaced by Malcolm Turnbull as leader of the party and Prime Minister of Australia.", "Abbott began his public life when he was employed as a journalist for \"The Bulletin\", an influential news magazine, and later for \"The Australian\" newspaper.", "While deciding his future career path, Abbott developed friendships with senior figures in the New South Wales Labor Party, and was encouraged by Bob Carr, as well as Johno Johnson, to join the Labor Party and run for office.", "Abbott felt uncomfortable with the role of unions within the party, however, and wrote in his biography that he felt Labor \"just wasn't the party (for me)\".", "For a time he worked as a plant manager for Pioneer Concrete before becoming press secretary to Liberal Leader John Hewson from 1990 to 1993, helping to develop the Fightback!", "Prime Minister John Howard wrote in his autobiography that Abbott considered working on his staff prior to accepting the position with \"The Bulletin\", and it was on Howard's recommendation that Hewson engaged Abbott.", "According to Howard, he and Abbott established a good rapport, but Hewson and Abbott fell out shortly before the 1993 election, and Abbott ended up in search of work following the re-election of the Keating Government.", "He was approached to head Australians for Constitutional Monarchy (ACM), the main group organising support for the maintenance of the Monarchy in Australia amidst the Keating Government's campaign for a change to a republic.", "Abbott renounced his British citizenship in 1993.", "Between 1993 and 1994, Abbott served as Executive Director of ACM.", "According to biographer Michael Duffy, Abbott's involvement with ACM \"strengthened his relationship with John Howard, who in 1994 suggested he seek pre-selection for a by-election in the seat of Warringah\".", "Howard provided a glowing reference and Abbott won pre-selection for the safe Liberal seat.", "Despite his conservative leanings, Abbott acknowledged he voted for Labor in the 1988 NSW state election as he thought \"Barrie Unsworth was the best deal Premier that New South Wales had ever had\".", "Nevertheless, Abbott then clarified that he has never voted for Labor in a federal election.", "Abbott won Liberal preselection for the federal Division of Warringah by-election in March 1994 following the resignation of Michael MacKellar.", "He easily held the safe Liberal seat in the Liberals' traditional Northern Beaches heartland, suffering a swing of only 1 percentage point in the primary vote.", "He easily won the seat in his own right at the 1996 general election.", "Before 2019, he only dropped below 59 percent of the two-party vote once, in 2001; that year independent Peter Macdonald, the former member for the state seat of Manly, held Abbott to only 55 percent.", "Abbott served as the parliamentary secretary to the Minister for Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs (1996–98), Minister for Employment Services (1998–2001), Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations and Small Business (2001), Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations (2001–03) and Minister for Health and Ageing from 2003 to November 2007.", "From late 2001 to November 2007, he was also Manager of Government Business in the House of Representatives.", "In 1998, Abbott established a trust fund called \"Australians for Honest Politics Trust\" to help bankroll civil court cases against the One Nation Party and its leader Pauline Hanson.", "Prime Minister John Howard denied any knowledge of existence of such a fund.", "Abbott was also accused of offering funds to One Nation dissident Terry Sharples to support his court battle against the party.", "However, Howard defended the honesty of Abbott in this matter.", "Abbott conceded that the political threat One Nation posed to the Howard Government was \"a very big factor\" in his decision to pursue the legal attack, but he also claimed to be acting \"in Australia's national interest\".", "Howard also defended Abbott's actions saying \"It's the job of the Liberal Party to politically attack other parties – there's nothing wrong with that.\"", "As a Parliamentary Secretary, Abbott oversaw the establishment of the \"Green Corps\" program which involved young people in environmental restoration work.", "As Minister for Employment Services, he oversaw the implementation of the Job Network and was responsible for the government's Work for the Dole scheme.", "He also commissioned the Cole Royal Commission into \"thuggery and rorts\" in the construction industry and created the Office of the Australian Building and Construction Commissioner in response and to lift productivity.", "The Liberal Party allowed members a free choice in the 1999 republic referendum.", "Abbott was one of the leading voices within the party campaigning for the successful \"No\" vote, pitting him against future parliamentary colleague and leading republican Malcolm Turnbull.", "When Abbott was promoted to the Cabinet in 1998, Prime Minister Howard described him as an effective performer with an endearing style, whereas the Opposition described him as a \"bomb thrower.\"", "Howard appointed Abbott to replace Kay Patterson as Minister for Health in 2003, during a period of contentious Medicare reform and a crisis in Medical Indemnity Insurance, in which the price of insurance was forcing doctors out of practice.", "The Australian Medical Association was threatening to pull out all Australian doctors.", "Abbott worked with the states to address the crisis and keep the system running.", "Health care initiatives instigated by Abbott include the Nurse Family Partnership, a long term scheme aimed at improving conditions for indigenous youth by improving mother-child relationships.", "The scheme was successful in reducing child abuse and improving school retention rates.", "In 2005, Abbott was holidaying with his family in Bali when the Bali bombings occurred.", "Abbott visited the victims of the bombings in hospital, and in his capacity as Health Minister organised for Australians who required lifesaving emergency surgery and hospitalisation to be flown to Singapore.", "In 2006, Abbott controversially opposed access to the abortion drug RU486, and the Parliament voted to strip Health Ministers of the power to regulate this area of policy.", "During this time, Abbott likened the act of having an abortion to committing a murder, saying \"... we have a bizarre double standard, a bizarre double standard in this country where someone who kills a pregnant woman's baby is guilty of murder but a woman who aborts an unborn baby is simply exercising choice\".", "Abbott introduced the Medicare Safety Net to cap the annual out-of-pocket costs of Medicare cardholders to a maximum amount.", "In 2007, he attracted criticism over long delays in funding for cancer diagnostic equipment (PET scanners).", "According to \"Sydney Morning Herald's\" political editor, Peter Hartcher, prior to the defeat of the Howard Government at the 2007 election, Abbott had opposed the government's centrepiece WorkChoices industrial relations deregulation reform in Cabinet, on the basis that the legislation exceeded the government's mandate, was harsh on workers, and was politically dangerous to the government.", "John Howard wrote in his 2010 autobiography that Abbott was \"never a zealot about pursuing industrial relations changes\" and expressed \"concern about making too many changes\" during Cabinet's discussion of WorkChoices.", "Abbott campaigned as Minister for Health at the 2007 election.", "On 31 October, he apologised for saying \"just because a person is sick doesn't mean that he is necessarily pure of heart in all things\", after Bernie Banton, an asbestos campaigner and terminal mesothelioma sufferer, complained that Abbott was unavailable to collect a petition.", "The Coalition lost government in 2007 and Abbott was re-elected to the seat of Warringah with a 1.8% swing toward the Labor Party.", "Following Peter Costello's rejection of the leadership of the Parliamentary Liberal Party, Abbott nominated for the position of party leader, along with Malcolm Turnbull and Brendan Nelson.", "After canvassing the support of his colleagues, Abbott decided to withdraw his nomination.", "He seemingly did not have the numbers, noting that he was \"obviously very closely identified with the outgoing prime minister.\"", "He said he would not rule out contesting the leadership at some time in the future.", "Of the three candidates, Abbott was the only one who had previous experience in Opposition.", "Nelson was elected Liberal leader in December 2007 and Abbott was assigned the Shadow Portfolio of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.", "As indigenous affairs spokesman, Abbott said that it had been a mistake for the Howard Government not to offer a national apology to the Stolen Generations; spent time teaching at remote Aboriginal communities; and argued for the Rudd Government to continue the Northern Territory National Emergency Response which restricted alcohol and introduced conditional welfare in certain Aboriginal communities.", "During this period in Opposition, Abbott wrote \"Battlelines\", a biography and reflection on the Howard Government, and potential future policy direction for the Liberal Party.", "In the book, Abbott said that in certain aspects the Australian Federation was \"dysfunctional\" and in need of repair.", "He recommended the establishment of local hospital and school boards to manage health and education, and discussed family law reform, multiculturalism, climate change, and international relations.", "The book received a favourable review from former Labor Party speech writer Bob Ellis and \"The Australian\" described it as \"read almost universally as Abbott's intellectual application for the party's leadership after the Turnbull experiment\".", "The number of unauthorised immigrant arrivals in boats to Australia increased during 2008.", "Abbott claimed that this was an effect of the Rudd Government's easing of border protection laws and accused Kevin Rudd of ineptitude and hypocrisy on the issue of unauthorised immigrants upon boats arriving, particularly during the Oceanic Viking affair of October 2009, saying, \"John Howard found a problem and created a solution.", "Kevin Rudd found a solution and has now created a problem\".", "During November 2009, Abbott resigned from shadow ministerial responsibilities due to the Liberal Party's position on the Rudd Government's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), leading to the resignation of other shadow ministers.", "On 1 December 2009, Abbott was elected to the position of Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia over Turnbull and Shadow Treasurer Joe Hockey.", "Abbott proposed blocking the government's ETS in the Senate whereas Turnbull sought to amend the bill which the majority of the Liberal Party did not support.", "Abbott named his Shadow Cabinet on 8 December 2009.", "Abbott described Prime Minister Rudd's Emission Trading plan as a 'Great big tax on everything' and opposed it.", "The Coalition and minor parties voted against the government's ETS legislation in the Senate and the legislation was rejected.", "Abbott announced a new Coalition policy on carbon emission reduction in February, which committed the Coalition to a 5 per cent reduction in emissions by 2020.", "Abbott proposed the creation of an 'emissions reduction fund' to provide 'direct' incentives to industry and farmers to reduce carbon emissions.", "In April, Rudd announced that plans for the introduction his ETS would be delayed until 2013.", "When appointed to the Liberal leadership, Abbott's Catholicism and moral beliefs became subjects of repeated media questioning.", "Various commentators suggested that his traditionalist views would polarise female voters.", "He told press gallery journalist Laurie Oakes that he did not do doorstop interviews in front of church but regularly faced pointed questions about his faith which were not being put to Prime Minister Rudd, who conducted weekly church door press conferences following his attendances at Anglican services.", "Abbott reportedly missed the 2009 vote on the Rudd Government $42 billion stimulus package because he fell asleep in his parliamentary office after a night of drinking.", "When asked by a journalist whether he had been drunk, Abbott said \"that is an impertinent question\" and that he \"wasn't keeping count\" but thought it was \"maybe two\" bottles of wine.", "In a \"60 Minutes\" interview aired on 7 March 2010, Abbott was asked: \"Homosexuality?", "How do you feel about that?\".", "He replied: \"I'd probably feel a bit threatened ... it's a fact of life and I try to treat people as people and not put them in pigeonholes.\"", "In later interviews Abbott apologised for the remark.", "In 2013, Abbott stated on 3AW that if his sister Christine Forster were to have a marriage ceremony with her partner Virginia he would attend.", "In March 2010, Abbott, announced a new policy initiative to provide for six months paid parental leave, funded by an increase in corporate tax by 1.7 percentage points on all taxable company income above $5 million.", "Business groups and the government opposed the plan, however it won support from the Australian Greens.", "While Opposition Spokesman for Indigenous Affairs, Abbott spent time in remote Cape York Aboriginal communities as a teacher, organised through prominent indigenous activist Noel Pearson.", "Abbott repeatedly spoke of his admiration for Pearson, and in March 2010, introduced the \"Wild Rivers (Environmental Management) Bill\" to Parliament in support of Pearson's campaign to overturn the Queensland government's \"Wild Rivers\" legislation.", "Abbott and Pearson believed that the Queensland law would 'block the economic development' of indigenous land, and interfere with Aboriginal land rights.", "Abbott completed an Ironman Triathlon event in March 2010 at Port Macquarie, New South Wales.", "In April he set out on a 9-day charity bike ride between Melbourne and Sydney, the annual Pollie Pedal, generating political debate about whether he should have committed so much time to physical fitness.", "Abbott described the events as an opportunity to \"stop at lots of little towns along the way where people probably never see or don't very often see a federal member of Parliament.\"", "In his first Budget reply speech as Opposition Leader, Abbott sought to portray the Rudd Government's third budget as a \"tax and spend\" budget and promised to fight the election on the new mining \"super-profits\" tax proposed by Rudd.", "On 24 June 2010, Julia Gillard replaced Kevin Rudd as Australian Labor Party leader and Prime Minister.", "The replacement of a first-term Prime Minister was unusual in Australian political history and the Rudd-Gillard rivalry remained a vexed issue for the Gillard Government into the 2010 election and its subsequent term.", "On 17 July, Gillard called the 2010 federal election for 21 August.", "Polls in the first week gave a view that Labor would be re-elected with an increased majority, with Newspoll and an Essential poll showing a lead of 10 points (55–45) two party preferred.", "The two leaders met for one official debate during the campaign.", "Studio audience surveys by Channel 9 and Seven Network suggested a win to Gillard.", "Unable to agree on further debates, the leaders went on to appear separately on stage for questioning at community fora in Sydney and Brisbane.", "In Sydney on 11 August, Abbott's opening statement focused on his main election messages around government debt, taxation and asylum seekers.", "An exit poll of the Rooty Hill RSL audience accorded Abbott victory.", "Gillard won the audience poll at Broncos Leagues Club meeting in Brisbane on 18 August.", "Abbott appeared for public questioning on the ABC's \"Q&A\" program on 16 August.", "Labor and the Coalition each won 72 seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives, four short of the requirement for majority government, resulting in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.", "Abbott and Gillard commenced a 17-day period of negotiation with crossbenchers over who would form government.", "On the crossbench, four independent members, one member of the National Party of Western Australia and one member of the Australian Greens held the balance of power.", "Following the negotiations, Gillard formed a minority government with the support of an Australian Greens MP and three independent MPs on the basis of confidence and supply.", "Another independent and the WA National gave their confidence and supply support to the Coalition, resulting in Labor holding a 76–74 tally of votes on the floor of the Parliament.", "The Coalition finished with 49.88 percent of the two party preferred vote, obtaining a national swing of around 2.6%.", "During negotiations, the Independents requested that both major parties' policies be costed by the apolitical Australian Treasury.", "The Coalition initially resisted the idea, citing concerns over Treasury leaks, however they eventually allowed the analysis.", "Treasury endorsed Labor's budget costings but projected that Coalition policies would add between $860 million and $4.5 billion to the bottom line over the next four years, rather than the $11.5 billion projected by the Coalition.", "The close result was lauded by former Prime Minister John Howard, who wrote in 2010 that Abbott had shifted the dynamic of Australian politics after coming to the leadership in 2009 and \"deserves hero status among Liberals\".", "Following the 2010 election, Abbott and his deputy, Julie Bishop, were re-elected unopposed as leaders of the Liberal Party.", "Abbott announced his shadow ministry on 14 September, with few changes to senior positions, but with the return of former leadership rival Malcolm Turnbull, whom he selected as Communications spokesman.", "Abbott announced that he wanted Turnbull to prosecute the Opposition's case against the Gillard Government's proposed expenditure on a National Broadband Network.", "Following the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, Abbott opposed plans by the Gillard government to impose a \"flood levy\" on taxpayers to fund reconstruction efforts.", "Abbott said that funding should be found within the existing budget.", "Abbott announced a proposal for a taskforce to examine further construction of dams in Australia to deal with flood impact and food security.", "In February 2011, Abbott criticised the Gillard government's handling of health reform and proposal for a 50–50 public hospitals funding arrangement with the states and territories, describing the revised Labor Party proposal as \"the biggest surrender since Singapore\".", "Abbott considered a carbon tax the best way to set a price on carbon but a year later opposed Prime Minister Gillard's February 2010 announcement of a proposal for the introduction of a \"carbon tax\", and called on her to take the issue to an election.", "Abbott said that Gillard had lied to the electorate over the issue because Gillard and her Treasurer Wayne Swan had ruled out the introduction of a carbon tax in the lead up to the 2010 election.", "In April 2011, Abbott proposed consultation with Indigenous people over a bipartisan Federal Government intervention in Northern Territory towns including Alice Springs, Katherine and Tennant Creek, which would cover such areas as police numbers and school attendance in an effort to address what he described as a \"failed state\" situation.", "April saw Abbott announce a $430 million policy plan to improve the employment prospects of people with serious mental health problems.", "Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.", "Rhetorically echoing Liberal party founder, Robert Menzies, Abbott addressed remarks to the \"forgotten families\".", "In June 2011, Abbott for the first time led Gillard in a Newspoll as preferred Prime Minister.", "In September 2011, he announced a plan to develop an agricultural food bowl in the north of Australia by developing dams for irrigation and hydroelectricity.", "Coalition task force leader Andrew Robb claimed that Australia currently produced enough food for 60 million people, but that the Coalition plan could double this to 120 million people by 2040.", "The head of the Northern Australia Land and Water Taskforce expressed concerns about the economic and environmental viability of this plan as well as its effects on the indigenous Australian communities in northern Australia.", "Reflecting on indigenous issues on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy on Australia Day 2012, Abbott said that there had been many positive developments in indigenous affairs in recent decades including Rudd's apology and moves to include indigenous Australians in the Australian Constitution.", "Later that day, Abbott became the target of protesters from the \"Embassy\" after one of Gillard's advisers contacted a union official who advised Tent Embassy protesters of Abbott's whereabouts and misrepresented Abbott's views on Aboriginal affairs to them, saying he intended to \"pull down\" the embassy.", "A major security scare resulted, which was broadcast around the world, resulting in Gillard and Abbott being rushed to a government car amid a throng of security due to fears for their safety.", "In an address to the National Press Club on 31 January 2012, Abbott outlined some of his plans for government if elected.", "These included an intent to live one week of every year in an indigenous Australian community, and to prune government expenditure and cut taxes.", "Abbott also announced \"aspirational\" targets for a disability insurance scheme and a subsidised dentistry program once the budget had been restored to \"strong surplus\".", "Abbott responded to the February 2012 Labor leadership crisis by criticising the cross bench independents for keeping Labor in power and renewed his calls for a general election to select the next Prime Minister of Australia.", "In criticising the Gillard Government on foreign policy, Abbott said that \"foreign policy should have a Jakarta rather than a Geneva focus\".", "Following his attendance at the 10th anniversary commemoration of the Bali bombing in Bali, Abbott travelled to Jakarta with his Shadow Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Immigration for a meeting with Indonesian President Yudhoyono and Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa.", "Abbott promised a \"no-surprises principle\" for dealings with Indonesia.", "The presidential reception was an unusual occurrence for an opposition leader.", "In November 2012, Abbott launched his fourth book, \"A Strong Australia\", a compilation of nine of his \"landmark speeches\" from 2012, including his budget reply and National Press Club addresses.", "At the federal election on 7 September 2013, Abbott led the Liberal/National coalition to victory over the incumbent Labor government, led by Kevin Rudd.", "Abbott and his ministry were sworn in on 18 September 2013.", "The Prime Minister was the subject of criticism for his decision to only include one woman, Deputy Liberal leader Julie Bishop, in his cabinet.", "On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.", "Abbott announced a Royal Commission into trade union governance and corruption on 11 February 2014.", "This was followed by amendments to the Fair Work Act, and a \"Repeal Day\", where more than 10,000 \"red tape\" regulations were repealed.", "As Prime Minister, Abbott oversaw free trade agreements signed with Japan, South Korea and China.", "The Carbon Tax Repeal Bill passed both houses of Parliament on 17 July 2014 and the Mining Tax Repeal Bill passed both houses of Parliament on 2 September 2014 after negotiations with the Palmer United Party.", "The 2014 Australian federal budget, the Abbott Government's first budget, delivered by Treasurer Joe Hockey, was criticised by the Opposition as \"cruel\" and \"unfair\" and a large number of budget saving measures were blocked by the crossbench in the Senate.", "Hockey and Abbott were both criticised for their inability to \"sell\" the necessity of the budget cuts to the cross bench or the public.", "Hockey was further criticised for several \"out of touch\" and \"insensitive\" comments in subsequent months, however, the prime minister continuously publicly backed the treasurer, refusing to replace him with a better performing minister.", "On 25 March 2014, Abbott announced that he had advised the Queen to reinstate the knight and dame system of honours to the Order of Australia.", "Outgoing Governor-General Quentin Bryce and her successor, Peter Cosgrove, became the first recipients of the reinstated honours.", "Controversy ensued when Abbott announced on Australia Day 2015 that Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen's husband and a resident of the United Kingdom, would be appointed a Knight of the Order of Australia.", "This decision was widely criticised, including by members of the government, and fuelled speculation that the prime minister's leadership could be challenged.", "On 2 November 2015, new prime minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that knights and dames had been removed from the Order of Australia, as \"not appropriate in our modern honours system\", although existing titles would not be affected.", "On 6 February 2015, Liberal backbencher Luke Simpkins announced that he would move a motion, at a meeting of the party room, for a spill of the federal Liberal Party's leadership positions.", "Simpkins stated that such a motion would give Liberal members of parliament and senators the opportunity to either endorse the Prime Minister or \"seek a new direction.\"", "The meeting was held on 9 February 2015 and the spill motion was defeated by 61 votes to 39.", "Both Malcolm Turnbull and deputy leader Julie Bishop were speculated to be considering a leadership run if the spill motion had succeeded.", "Prime Minister Abbott described the leadership motion as a \"near death experience\" and declared that \"good government starts today\", promising to consult his colleagues more, to shy away from his so-called \"captain's calls\" and to reduce the role of his chief of staff Peta Credlin.", "Another of Abbott's \"captain's calls\", the appointment of former Howard Government minister Bronwyn Bishop as Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, caused controversy because of Bishop's partisan management of the House and for her decision to attend Liberal party room meetings despite the convention that the Speaker be impartial regardless of political alignment.", "Bishop came under intense media scrutiny in July 2015 after details of her use of taxpayer-funded political entitlements were made public, including chartering a helicopter flight between Melbourne and Geelong to attend a Liberal party fundraiser.", "Abbott was criticised over his handling of the entitlements scandal as he allowed the controversy to drag on for weeks because of his refusal to sack the Speaker, a close friend and political mentor.", "Despite Abbott's support, Bishop resigned as Speaker on 2 August 2015.", "During Abbott's prime ministership, Australian law continued to define marriage as a union of male and female persons, while recognising same-sex couples as de facto couples in areas such as taxation law, social security law, immigration and superannuation, and Abbott did not support changing the law.", "During Abbott's time as Opposition Leader and Prime Minister, the position of the Labor Party and opinion polls shifted towards favouring same-sex marriage.", "Abbott determined that a national plebiscite, rather than a Parliamentary vote should settle the issue.", "The Turnbull Government has retained this policy.", "As an Opposition front bencher in 2008 Abbott wrote: \"The love and commitment between two people of the same sex can be as strong as that between husband and wife... There is more moral quality in a relationship between two people devoted to each other for decades than in many a short-lived marriage.", "Still, however deeply affectionate or long lasting it may be, the relationship between two people of the same sex cannot be a marriage because a marriage, by definition, is between a man and a woman... Let's celebrate all strong relationships, whether they are between a man and a woman or between people of the same sex but let's be careful about describing every lasting sexual bond as a 'marriage'.\"", "The First Rudd Government and Gillard Government held similar views (although the short-lived second Rudd government reversed Labor's position on the issue).", "In Government, Abbott reaffirmed that he did not support changing the law to recognise same-sex marriages, and did not alter Coalition policy on the issue – however he permitted Coalition members to advocate for change if they felt strongly on the issue, and indicated that if a bill were to come before the new parliament, the Coalition party room would discuss its stance on the issue.", "Opinion polls suggested growing support for change.", "On 11 August 2015, after renewed debate about same-sex marriage in Australia, Abbott called a Coalition Party room vote and Coalition MPs voted against allowing a free vote on the issue 66 to 33.", "Some MPs said they were willing to cross the floor on the issue and Abbott was criticised by some pro-gay marriage Liberal MPs, including Christopher Pyne, for holding the vote in the Coalition party room, rather than the Liberal party room (as the inclusion of National Party votes decreased chances of a pro-change outcome).", "To settle the issue, Abbott proposed a plebiscite following the next election.", "Although he remains personally opposed to change, he says Parliament should respect the outcome of the national vote on the issue.", "On 14 September 2015, Malcolm Turnbull, the Minister for Communications, resigned and stated his intention to challenge the Liberal Party leadership in a leadership spill.", "A party-room meeting held that evening saw Abbott defeated by Turnbull on a 54–44 vote.", "According to \"The Economist\", his demise was a result of poor opinion polling, policy U-turns and gaffes and mean-spirited politics.", "Abbott's final speech as Prime Minister on 15 September 2015 did not address his political future.", "However, he announced the next day that he would remain in Parliament.", "Despite his promise of \"no sniping\" in his final speech as Prime Minister, media outlets reported ongoing sniping from the Abbott camp in the following months, particularly around Islamic issues.", "In early December 2015, Abbott said he would not make a decision on his political future until April 2016.", "Subsequent national polling indicated widespread support for the removal of Abbott as Prime Minister and Liberal leader.", "A ReachTel poll of 743 residents in Abbott's safe Liberal seat of Warringah, conducted by phone on the evening of 17 December 2015, indicated his electorate wanted him to retire from parliament at the 2016 federal election.", "The Australia Institute executive director, Ben Oquist, who commissioned the independent polling, claimed: \"The polling indicates that the electorate is quickly moving on from the Tony Abbott era\".", "On 24 January 2016, Abbott confirmed that he would stand for Liberal preselection for the Division of Warringah in the 2016 federal election.", "He was re-elected with a small swing against him, matching the statewide swing against the Government.", "Since Abbott's re-election at the 2016 federal election he has been critical of policy positions of his party on a number of occasions.", "In September 2017, Abbott was headbutted at a private event in Hobart, after the man asked to shake Abbott's hand.", "Astro Labe, 38, was later charged with common assault; he pleaded guilty in the Hobart Magistrates Court on 18 January 2018 and was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment on 9 April 2018.", "On 18 May 2019, during the federal election, Abbott lost his seat of Warringah to independent candidate and former Olympic skiier Zali Steggall.", "This came despite the seat being traditionally conservative (it had been held by the Liberals and their predecessors without interruption since 1922).", "Abbott went into the election holding Warringah on a seemingly insurmountable margin of 61 percent.", "However, he lost over 12 percent of his primary vote from 2016, and finished over 4,100 votes behind Steggall on the first preference count.", "This deficit proved too much for Abbott to overcome, and Steggall defeated him on Labor preferences.", "Abbott has an active interest in indigenous affairs.", "As Opposition Leader, Abbott promised to prioritise indigenous affairs.", "As Prime Minister, Abbott reformed the administration of the portfolio, moving it into the Department of Prime Minister.", "As Health Minister, Abbott established the Nurse Family Partnership to improve conditions for indigenous youth.", "As Opposition Leader, he worked with Cape York Aboriginal activist Noel Pearson, volunteered as a teacher in remote Aboriginal Communities and gave a commitment to continue to live one week a year in such communities if elected Prime Minister.", "In contrast to his mentor John Howard, Abbott praised Rudd's National Apology to the Stolen Generation.", "While the Coalition and Labor were engaged in negotiations with crossbenchers to obtain minority government in 2010, Noel Pearson lobbied Rob Oakeshott to back Abbott.", "In November 2012, Abbott flew to Alice Springs to back Aboriginal Country Liberal Party MLA Alison Anderson to run in the federal seat of Lingiari and become the first indigenous woman to enter Parliament.", "In August 2015, he disappointed Aboriginal leaders Patrick Dodson and Noel Pearson by rejecting as potentially divisive their request for the federal government to fund a series of Indigenous-only conventions on the wording for the referendum.", "Abbott supports the Australian monarchy.", "Prior to entering parliament, he worked as the Executive Director of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy from 1993 to 1994.", "In March 2014, Abbott advised the Queen to reintroduce the grade of Knight/Dame to the Order of Australia, without discussing it in the Cabinet and despite stating in December 2013 that he did not plan to do so.", "The Fraser Government initially introduced the grade of Knight/Dame of the Order of Australia in 1976; the Hawke Government discontinued it in 1986.", "Prior to becoming Opposition Leader, Abbott initially supported proposals by Liberal leaders Howard and Turnbull to introduce floating prices to reduce carbon emissions, but also expressed some doubts as to the science and economics underlying such initiatives.", "In 2009, Abbott announced his opposition to Turnbull's support for the Rudd Government's Emissions Trading Scheme proposal, and successfully challenged Turnbull for the Liberal leadership, chiefly over this issue.", "As Opposition Leader, Abbott declared that he accepted that climate change was real and that humans were having an impact on it, but rejected carbon pricing as a means to address the issue, proposing instead to match the Labor government's 5% emissions reduction target through implementation of a plan involving financial incentives for emissions reductions by industry, and support for carbon storage in soils and expanded forests.", "Prior to becoming Opposition Leader in November 2009, Abbott questioned the science of climate change and an ETS.", "In November 2009, Abbott outlined his objections to the Rudd Government's carbon pricing plan on the ABC's Lateline program.", "Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy – overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme.", "Under Abbott, the Coalition joined the Greens and voted against the CPRS in the Senate, and the bill was defeated twice, providing a double dissolution trigger.", "The Rudd government eventually deferred its CPRS legislation until 2013.", "With Abbott as Opposition Leader, the Liberal party opposed a carbon emissions tax and an Emissions Trading Scheme.", "Abbott predicted in March 2012 that the Gillard government's carbon tax would be the world's \"biggest\".", "A January 2013 OECD report on taxation of energy use measured Australia's effective tax rate on carbon at 1 July 2012 as among the lower rates in the OECD.", "In July 2011, Abbott criticised the proposed powers of the government's carbon tax regulator.", "In October 2017, Abbott spoke in London at the Global Warming Policy Foundation, a climate-skeptic lobby group, where he described climate change as \"probably doing good; or at least, more good than harm.\"", "He argued that higher concentrations of carbon dioxide act as \"plant food\" and \"are actually greening the planet and helping to lift agricultural yields.\"", "Abbott is opposed to same sex marriage in Australia.", "Abbott is an opponent of embryonic stem cell research and euthanasia.", "He supports the right for women to have an abortion.", "As Health Minister, he tried, but failed, to block the introduction of the abortion pill RU-486.", "As Health Minister, Abbott advocated for reducing the number of abortions performed each year as a national priority.", "Abbott opposed allowing the introduction of embryonic stem cell research or \"therapeutic cloning\" in a conscience vote.", "In his 2009 book \"Battlelines\", Abbott proposed that consideration should be given to a return to an optional at-fault divorce agreement between couples who would like it, similar to the \"Matrimonial Causes Act\", which would require spouses to prove offences like adultery, habitual drunkenness, cruelty, desertion, or a five-year separation before a divorce would be granted.", "Abbott said that this would be a way of \"providing additional recognition to what might be thought of as traditional marriage\".", "In the first few months of his Prime Ministership, the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly passed the Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013, a bill to allow same-sex couples to legally marry.", "Abbott announced that the federal government would challenge this decision in the High Court.", "The case was heard on 3 December.", "Nine days later, on 12 December, the High Court gave judgement that the Same Sex Act would be dismantled as it clashed with the Federal Marriage Act 1961.", "Abbott supported Peter Dutton's call to give \"special treatment\" to white South African farmers seeking asylum.", "Following his departure from the seminary, Abbott met and married Margaret \"Margie\" Aitken, a New Zealander working in Sydney.", "The couple have three daughters: Louise, Bridget and Frances.", "When Abbott was 22, his girlfriend at the time became pregnant and claimed he was the biological father.", "The couple did not marry and put the child up for adoption.", "For 27 years, Abbott believed that he was the father of the child.", "In 2004, the man sought out Abbott, and it was publicly revealed he was an ABC sound recordist who worked in Parliament House, Canberra, and was involved in making television programs in which Abbott appeared.", "The story was reported around the world, but DNA testing later revealed that Abbott was not the man's father.", "Abbott is a Roman Catholic.", "As a former Catholic seminarian, Abbott's religiosity has come to national attention and journalists have often sought his views on the role of religion in politics.", "According to John Warhurst of the Australian National University, academics have at times placed an \"exaggerated concentration on the religious affiliation and personal religious background of just one of the Howard government's senior ministers, Tony Abbott.\"", "Journalist Michelle Grattan wrote in 2010 that while Abbott has always \"worn his Catholicism on his sleeve\", he is \"clearly frustrated by the obsession with it and what might hang off that\".", "Various political positions supported by Abbott have been criticised by church representatives, including aspects of Coalition industrial relations, asylum seeker, and Aboriginal affairs policies.", "After criticisms of Liberal Party policy by clergy, Abbott has said, \"The priesthood gives someone the power to consecrate bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ.", "It doesn't give someone the power to convert poor logic into good logic.\"", "Abbott is an active volunteer member for the Davidson, NSW Rural Fire Service.", "He is also an active volunteer member of the Queenscliff Surf Life Saving Club.", "Abbott participates in the Pollie Pedal, an annual 1,000 km charity bike ride.", "In April 2007, he launched the tenth annual Pollie Pedal, to raise money for breast cancer research.", "In 2008, Abbott spent three weeks teaching in a remote Aboriginal settlement in Coen on Cape York, organised through indigenous leader Noel Pearson.", "He taught remedial reading to Aboriginal children and worked with an income management group helping families manage their welfare payments.", "In 2009, he spent 10 days in Aurukun on Cape York working with the truancy team, visiting children who had not been attending school.", "Abbott's stated goal for these visits was to familiarise himself with indigenous issues.", "Abbott has published four books.", "In 2009, he launched \"Battlelines\"; a personal biography, reflections on the Howard Government and discussion of potential policy directions for the Liberal Party of Australia.", "Previously he had published two books in defence of the existing constitutional monarchy system, \"The Minimal Monarchy\" and \"How to Win the Constitutional War\".", "In 2012, he released a compilation of key speeches from that year, entitled \"A Strong Australia\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 215847, "simple_article_title": "Tony Abbott", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=215847", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-215847-0-0", "simple-215847-0-1", "simple-215847-0-2", "simple-215847-1-0", "simple-215847-1-1", "simple-215847-1-2", "simple-215847-1-3", "simple-215847-1-4", "simple-215847-1-5", "simple-215847-1-6", "simple-215847-1-7", "simple-215847-2-0", "simple-215847-2-1", "simple-215847-2-2", "simple-215847-2-3", "simple-215847-2-4", "simple-215847-3-0", "simple-215847-3-1", "simple-215847-4-0", "simple-215847-4-1", "simple-215847-4-2", "simple-215847-5-0", "simple-215847-5-1", "simple-215847-5-2", "simple-215847-5-3", "simple-215847-5-4", "simple-215847-5-5", "simple-215847-5-6", "simple-215847-6-0", "simple-215847-6-1", "simple-215847-6-2", "simple-215847-6-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Anthony John \"Tony\" Abbott (born 4 November 1957) is an Australian politician, who was Prime Minister of Australia from September 2013 until September 2015, serving for just under 2 years.", "He became the leader of the Liberal Party, taking over from Malcolm Turnbull on 1 December 2009, and was in turn succeeded by Turnbull as Liberal leader and Prime Minister on September 15, 2015.", "He lost his parliament seat in the 2019 election.", "Abbott was born in London, England to an Australian mother; her father was Dutch; her mother was Welsh.", "Abbott's father was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, moved to Australia during the Second World War and is an unconfirmed naturalized Australian citizen.", "Abbott was raised in Sydney, Australia and is a Roman Catholic.", "He studied economics and law at Sydney University, and then did a Master of Arts in politics and philosophy at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar.", "When he came back to Australia he entered St. Patricks Seminary in Manly where he began training as a priest.", "He did not complete his priest training and in 1990 he started work as a journalist writing for the Bulletin magazine and the Australian newspaper From 1990-1993 Abbott worked as press secretary and an advisor to Dr. John Hewson, who was the Leader of the Opposition.", "He then worked as the executive director of Australians for a Constitutional Monarchy.", "He was elected to the Federal Parliament for the Division of Warringah in a by-election in 1994 after Michael McKellar resigned.", "in 1998, Prime Minister John Howard made Abbott the Minister for Employment Services and in 2001 was promoted to Minister for Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business.", "In 2003 Abbott was the Minister for Health and Ageing, and Leader of the House of Representatives in the Federal Parliament.", "After the defeat of the Howard Government in 2007 he was Shadow Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.", "He resigned on the 26 November 2009 in protest against Liberal Party policy on climate change.", "He then defeated the leader Malcolm Turnbull by only one vote in a Liberal Party leadership election on 1 December, 2009.", "Abbott led the party to the 2010 Federal Election.", "Following the narrow victory of the Australian Labor Party, Abbott was re-elected leader of the Liberal Party and remained Leader of the Opposition.", "At the 2013 federal election on 7 September, Abbott led the Coalition to victory and became Prime Minister on 18 September 2013.", "Abbott is no longer prime minister of Australia and has been succeeded by Malcolm Turnbull.", "In September 2017 Abbott declared that government should end all the subsidies for renewable energy, coal.", "Abbott has always held strong conservative and religious views and has not been afraid to speak out on controversial issues.", "Combined with his earlier training as a priest this has led to his being given the nickname of the \"Mad Monk\".", "Abbott for example does not support the right of women to have an abortion.", "As Minister for Health he created a huge protest in 2006 when he tried to ban a drug used for abortions.", "In 2012 he was criticised by Australian lawyer Julian Burnside for saying that refugees trying to reach Australia were acting in an un-Christian way.", "Abbott's policies for the 2013 Australian election includes a plan to stop refugee boats coming to Australia.", "He does not support marriage equality which would let same sex couples get married.", "Abbott is a very keen sportsman, and regularly takes part in competitions.", "He is currently in training for the 2014 Port Macquarie Ironman contest.", "This is a race with a 3.9 km swim, 180 km bicycle ride, and finishing with a 42.2 km run.", "Abbott is married with three daughters." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 103017, "normal_article_title": "Brian Doyle-Murray", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=103017", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-103017-0-0", "normal-103017-0-1", "normal-103017-0-2", "normal-103017-0-3", "normal-103017-1-0", "normal-103017-1-1", "normal-103017-1-2", "normal-103017-1-3", "normal-103017-2-0", "normal-103017-2-1", "normal-103017-2-2", "normal-103017-2-3", "normal-103017-2-4", "normal-103017-2-5", "normal-103017-3-0", "normal-103017-3-1", "normal-103017-3-2", "normal-103017-3-3", "normal-103017-3-4", "normal-103017-3-5", "normal-103017-3-6", "normal-103017-3-7", "normal-103017-3-8", "normal-103017-3-9", "normal-103017-3-10", "normal-103017-4-0", "normal-103017-4-1", "normal-103017-4-2", "normal-103017-4-3", "normal-103017-4-4", "normal-103017-4-5", "normal-103017-4-6", "normal-103017-5-0", "normal-103017-5-1", "normal-103017-5-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Brian Doyle-Murray (né Murray; born October 31, 1945) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, and screenwriter.", "The older brother of actor/comedian Bill Murray, he has appeared in several films, including \"Caddyshack\", \"Scrooged\", \"Ghostbusters II\", \"Groundhog Day\" and \"The Razor's Edge\".", "He co-starred on the TBS sitcom on \"Sullivan & Son\", where he played the foul-mouthed Hank Murphy.", "He also appeared in the Nickelodeon animated series \"SpongeBob SquarePants\" as The Flying Dutchman, in the Cartoon Network original animated series \"My Gym Partner's a Monkey\" as Coach Tiffany Gills, \"The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack\" as the surly Captain K'Nuckles, and, in a recurring role, as Don Ehlert on the ABC sitcom \"The Middle\".", "Doyle-Murray has been nominated for three Emmy Awards in 1978, 1979 and 1980 for his work on \"Saturday Night Live\" in the category Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program.", "Two other younger brothers, Joel and John, are actors, as well.", "His oldest brother Ed is a businessman and brother Andy is a chef and runs the Murray Brothers \"CaddyShack\" restaurant located in the World Golf Village resort near St. Augustine, Florida.", "Doyle is his grandmother's maiden name and he chose to hyphenate it to avoid confusion with another actor.", "Murray, one of nine children, was born at St. Francis Hospital in Evanston, Illinois.", "He is the son of Lucille (née Collins), a mail room clerk, and Edward J. Murray II, a lumber salesman.", "His parents were Irish American and Catholic.", "He is the older brother of actors Bill, John and Joel.", "A sister, Nancy, an Adrian Dominican Sister in Michigan, travels the country portraying St. Catherine of Siena.", "Brian attended Saint Mary's College of California in Moraga, California, in the late 1960s.", "Murray worked at The Second City comedic stage troupe in the early 1970s.", "He has appeared in numerous films and television shows since then, including as a featured player on NBC's \"Saturday Night Live\" from 1979 to 1980 and from 1981 to 1982.", "He wrote for Jean Doumanian from 1980 to 1981, one of the few cast members to work for all three producers of SNL (Lorne Michaels, Jean Doumanian, and Dick Ebersol).", "He was a regular on \"The National Lampoon Radio Hour\", a comedy program syndicated nationally to 600 stations from 1973 to 1975.", "Co-workers on the \"Radio Hour\" included Richard Belzer, John Belushi, Gilda Radner, Harold Ramis, and younger brother Bill.", "He appears in many films with his brother, Bill Murray.", "However, he has also landed roles in other films.", "Early on, he appeared in \"Modern Problems\" alongside Chevy Chase.", "Again, years later, he memorably appeared as Chevy Chase's uptight boss, Frank Shirley, in \"National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation\" (1989), and co-starred as arcade tycoon Noah Vanderhoff in the film version of \"Wayne's World\" (1992).", "He landed a small role as assassin Jack Ruby in \"JFK\" (1991).", "He was also seen in the movies Sixteen Candles (1984), \"Club Paradise\" (1986), Legal Eagles (1986), \"How I Got Into College\" (1989), Jury Duty (1995), \"Multiplicity (1996),\" \"\" (1997), As Good as It Gets (1997), Dr. Dolittle (1998), Stuart Little (1999), \"Kill the Man\" (1999), \"Bedazzled (2000),\" \"Snow Dogs\" (2002), \"Nearing Grace (2005), Daddy Day Camp (2007) and\" \"17 Again\" (2009).", "He was Mel Sanger, the bubble boy's dad, on \"Seinfeld\", and played Joe Hackett's high school baseball coach on a 1992 episode of \"Wings\".", "He co-starred of the Fox TV series \"Get a Life\" and \"Bakersfield P.D.\" from 1991 to 1992 and 1993 to 1994, respectively, with a recurring role as sports editor Stuart Franklin on the Fox/UPN TV series \"Between Brothers\" from 1997 to 1999.", "He played studio head and Greg Warner's (Anthony Clark) boss George Savitsky on \"Yes Dear\".", "He played Shawn Spencer's grandfather on the episode \"The Old and the Restless\" on the USA Network TV series \"Psych\", with an uncredited cameo in the sixth season.", "He had a recurring role as Mr. Ehlert, owner of the car dealership where Frankie Heck works on the ABC-TV series \"The Middle\".", "He co-starred on the TBS sitcom on \"Sullivan & Son,\" where he played the foul-mouthed Hank Murphy.", "He currently appears in \"Lodge 49\" on the AMC Network.", "Known for his gruff voice, Murray voiced the Flying Dutchman on Nickelodeon's \"SpongeBob SquarePants\", appeared in one episode of \"The Angry Beavers\" (\"Dag Con Carny\") as Smelly Jim, a small role as the Grandfather on \"Lloyd in Space\", Coach Gills on Cartoon Network's \"My Gym Partner's a Monkey\", Captain K'nuckles on \"The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack\", and Maggie's dad on Disney Channel's \"The Buzz on Maggie\".", "He has also appeared as Salty in the \"Family Guy\" episode \"A Fish out of Water\", the voice of Jack the barber on \"King of the Hill\", the voice of the mayor in the , the voice of Qui the Promoter in the 2005 video game \"Jade Empire\", a minor appearance on the Disney show \"Recess\" during a yo-yo competition, Prince Huge on \"Adventure Time\" in the episode \"The Hard Easy\", Charlie in Mike Judge's \"The Goode Family\", and Jacob on \"Motorcity\".", "Murray voiced the villainous corporate executive Mr. Twitchell on the Christmas special \"Frosty Returns\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 47489436, "normal_article_title": "Endre Czeizel", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47489436", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-47489436-0-0", "normal-47489436-0-1", "normal-47489436-0-2", "normal-47489436-0-3", "normal-47489436-0-4", "normal-47489436-0-5", "normal-47489436-0-6", "normal-47489436-1-0", "normal-47489436-1-1", "normal-47489436-1-2", "normal-47489436-1-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Endre Czeizel (3 April 1935 – 10 August 2015) was a Hungarian physician, geneticist, public health administrator, and professor.", "He was a physician who graduated from Semmelweis University.", "He was known for discovering that vitamin B9 or folic acid prevents or reduces the formation of more serious developmental disorders, such as neural tube defects like spina bifida.", "He issued some of his English-language publications under the name \"Andrew E. Czeizel\".", "He was the Hungarian Director of United Nations World Health Organization (1984-?).", "From 1996 thru 1998 he was the Director-General of the Hungarian National Institutes of Health.", "He died from leukemia following a successful bone marrow transplant after approximately one year.", "In 1958, he married Judit Gerőfi, by whom he fathered two sons, Gábor and Balázs, and a daughter, Barbara.", "After 12 years of marriage Judit died; he later remarried to Erzsébet Mécs, whose daughter Andrea he raised.", "By his mistress Dóra, he fathered two illegitimate children, András and Fanni.", "Czeizel's son-in law is Gábor Fodor, the leader of the Hungarian Liberal Party." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 511216, "simple_article_title": "Endre Czeizel", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=511216", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-511216-0-0", "simple-511216-0-1", "simple-511216-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Endre Czeizel (3 April 1935 – 10 August 2015) was a Hungarian physician, geneticist and professor.", "He worked at the World Health Organization.", "Czeizel died in Budapest from leukemia at the age of 80." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 27484208, "normal_article_title": "Matariki Network of Universities", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27484208", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-27484208-0-0", "normal-27484208-0-1", "normal-27484208-0-2", "normal-27484208-1-0", "normal-27484208-1-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) is an international group of universities that focuses on strong links between research and undergraduate teaching.", "Each member is leading international best practice in research and education based on long academic traditions.", "The MNU was established in 2010 to enable universities to enhance diversity, to share ideas and expertise, and to learn international best practice from each other, recognising the shared commitment to an ethos of excellence in research, scholarship and rounded education.", "\"Matariki\" in the Māori language designates the Pleiades star cluster, also known as the Seven Sisters.", "It reflects seven founding member universities in the MNU." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 395362, "simple_article_title": "Matariki Network of Universities", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=395362", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-395362-0-0", "simple-395362-0-1", "simple-395362-1-0", "simple-395362-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) is an international group of universities created in 2010.", "Each member is leading international best practice in research and education based on long academic traditions.", "\"Matariki\" in the Māori language designates the Pleiades star cluster, also known as the \"Seven Sisters\".", "It reflects seven founding member universities in the MNU." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1769631, "normal_article_title": "Ricardo Vidal", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1769631", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1769631-0-0", "normal-1769631-0-1", "normal-1769631-1-0", "normal-1769631-1-1", "normal-1769631-1-2", "normal-1769631-2-0", "normal-1769631-2-1", "normal-1769631-3-0", "normal-1769631-3-1", "normal-1769631-3-2", "normal-1769631-3-3", "normal-1769631-3-4", "normal-1769631-4-0", "normal-1769631-4-1", "normal-1769631-5-0", "normal-1769631-5-1", "normal-1769631-5-2", "normal-1769631-5-3", "normal-1769631-5-4", "normal-1769631-6-0", "normal-1769631-6-1", "normal-1769631-6-2", "normal-1769631-7-0", "normal-1769631-7-1", "normal-1769631-8-0", "normal-1769631-8-1", "normal-1769631-9-0", "normal-1769631-9-1", "normal-1769631-9-2", "normal-1769631-9-3", "normal-1769631-10-0", "normal-1769631-10-1", "normal-1769631-11-0", "normal-1769631-11-1", "normal-1769631-11-2", "normal-1769631-11-3", "normal-1769631-11-4", "normal-1769631-11-5", "normal-1769631-11-6", "normal-1769631-12-0", "normal-1769631-12-1", "normal-1769631-13-0", "normal-1769631-13-1", "normal-1769631-13-2", "normal-1769631-13-3", "normal-1769631-14-0", "normal-1769631-14-1", "normal-1769631-14-2", "normal-1769631-14-3", "normal-1769631-14-4", "normal-1769631-14-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ricardo Tito Jamin Vidal ( ; ; 6 February 1931 – 18 October 2017) was a Filipino prelate of the Catholic Church.", "A cardinal since 1985, he was Archbishop of Cebu from 1982 to 2010.", "Vidal was born on 6 February 1931 in Mogpog, Marinduque to Faustino S. Vidal of Pila, Laguna, and Natividad Jamin of Mogpog, the fifth of six siblings.", "In 1937, Vidal received his first communion at the International Eucharistic Celebration.", "He attended Mogmog Elementary School for his primary education.", "Vidal studied at the Minor Seminary of the Most Holy Rosary (now Our Lady of Mount Carmel Seminary) in Sariaya, Quezon, and at the Saint Francis de Sales Seminary in Lipa, Batangas, where he studied philosophy.", "He also studied theology at the San Carlos Seminary in Makati, Metro Manila.", "Vidal was ordained a deacon on 24 September 1955 and as a priest on 17 March 1956 on Lucena,Quezon Province, by Bishop Alfredo Obviar.", "Vidal became the spiritual director of the Our Lady of Mount Carmel Seminary in Sariaya, Quezon.", "He was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Malolos on 30 November 1971 and was consecrated bishop by Archbishop Carmine Rocco, Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines.", "Less than two years later, he was appointed Archbishop of Lipa by Pope Paul VI.", "Pope John Paul II appointed Vidal Coadjutor Archbishop of Cebu in 1981 and he became Archbishop there on 24 August 1982, succeeding Cardinal Julio Rosales.", "Cardinal Vidal was a frequent collaborator with Bishop Teofilo Camomot and bore witness to the native Cebuano prelate's claimed miraculous deed.", "Vidal also helped found the Catechist Missionaries of St. Theresa, a Catholic religious congregation.", "Vidal was President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) from 1986 to 1987 and became Chairman of the CBCP-Episcopal Commission on the Clergy in 1989.", "He was appointed as the Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences's Convenor of the Standing Committee (1985 to 1994).", "He was a delegate to the Synod on Reconciliation (1983), the Extraordinary Synod (1985), the Synod on Priests (1991), and the Synod on Religious Life (1994), and also served as President Delegate at the 1989 Synod on the Laity.", "He was also a member of the Permanent Council of the Synod from 1989 to 1994.", "Vidal's posts in the Roman Curia included memberships in the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, the Congregation for Catholic Education, and the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers.", "On 25 May 1985, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss.", "Pietro e Paolo a Via Ostiense.", "He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI, the only Filipino Cardinal to do so, because Cardinal Jaime Sin's poor health prevented him from attending.", "Vidal and the Cardinal Archbishop of Manila Jaime Sin supported the 1986 Philippine People Power Revolution.", "As Archbishop of Cebu and president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, Vidal led the rest of the Philippine prelates and made a joint declaration against the government and the results of the snap election.", "In 1989 President Corazon Aquino asked Vidal to convince General Jose Comendador, who was sympathetic to the rebel forces fighting her government, to surrender peacefully.", "His intervention averted what could have been a bloody coup.", "In 2001, during the 2001 People Power Revolution Cardinal Vidal convinced President Joseph Estrada to step down.", "Estrada was later detained.", "Vidal along with Senator Manny Villar and House Speaker Jose de Venecia Jr. wrote a letter appealing to President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to grant pardon to Estrada in the \"spirit of national unity and reconciliation\".", "Estrada was pardoned and released from detention on October 26, 2007.", "Pope Benedict XVI accepted Vidal's resignation as Archbishop of Cebu on 15 October 2010.", "He was succeeded by Archbishop Jose S. Palma of Palo.", "In retirement Vidal lived in Sto.", "Niño Village in Cebu City.", "He continued presiding at Masses and attending events organized by the Archdiocese of Cebu.", "He underwent a coronary angiogram procedure and had a pacemaker installed in 2004.", "He experienced a mild stroke on 23 September 2013.", "He was confined to the hospital multiple times beginning in 2014 for pneumonia.", "He was confined in a hospital in May 2017 for the same illness, given the Catholic sacrament of anointing of the sick on 11 October, and died on 18 October.", "Vidal received recognition from the government.", "On 7 December 2010 the Senate of the Philippines recognized his service to Cebu by Senate Resolution NO. 306: \"It is resolved by the Senate, to honor Ricardo Cardinal Vidal, Archbishop of Cebu, for his service to the people of Cebu, providing spiritual leadership and inspiration, helping the community avert or survive several crises and conflicts, often acting as a peacekeeper and giving the voice of moderation amid clashing views and interests in local and national issues.\"", "He also received recognition from the House of Representatives through House Resolution 593.", "The Province of Cebu gave the highest award that a province could give, the Order of Lapu-lapu.", "The cities of Cebu and Talisay made him an \"adopted son\" of the two localities.", "In March 2009 the University of the Visayas granted him the title of Doctor of Humanities honoris causa.", "There have been calls for the late Cardinal Vidal to be proclaimed a saint.", "It has been well known that Vidal was influential in pushing canonization causes of several Filipinos for sainthood, especially Pedro Calungsod.", "Filipino Catholics have been urging that Vidal receive the same honor.", "The Cebu City North District Representative, Raul del Mar, during the necrological service at Vidal's wake, called on the Catholic Church officials to work for the canonization of the prelate whom he describes to have lived a life of holiness and noteworthy humility that is worthy of sainthood.", "Among those who claim that the beloved archbishop lived a holy life was Senator Vicente Sotto III, who said to the news reporters as he showed a rosary given to him by Vidal, “Now, I have a new friend in heaven.", "He is praying for me.”" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 601467, "simple_article_title": "Ricardo Vidal", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=601467", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-601467-0-0", "simple-601467-0-1", "simple-601467-0-2", "simple-601467-1-0", "simple-601467-1-1", "simple-601467-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ricardo Tito Jamin Vidal (; 6 February 1931 – 18 October 2017) was a Filipino cardinal-priest and the Archbishop-Emeritus of Cebu in the Roman Catholic Church.", "On 15 October 2010 his resignation as Archbishop of Cebu was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI; he was replaced by Jose S. Palma, formerly Archbishop of Palo, on 13 January 2011.", "He was born in Mogpog, Marinduque.", "Vidal was President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) from 1986 to 1987, and became Chairman of the CBCP-Episcopal Commission on the Clergy in 1989.", "He was appointed as the Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences's Convenor of the Standing Committee (1985 to 1994).", "Vidal died on 18 October 2017 in Cebu City, Philippines from sepsis at the age of 86." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 129082, "normal_article_title": "Cleveland Heights, Ohio", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=129082", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-129082-0-0", "normal-129082-0-1", "normal-129082-0-2", "normal-129082-0-3", "normal-129082-1-0", "normal-129082-1-1", "normal-129082-1-2", "normal-129082-1-3", "normal-129082-1-4", "normal-129082-1-5", "normal-129082-2-0", "normal-129082-2-1", "normal-129082-2-2", "normal-129082-3-0", "normal-129082-3-1", "normal-129082-3-2", "normal-129082-3-3", "normal-129082-4-0", "normal-129082-4-1", "normal-129082-4-2", "normal-129082-5-0", "normal-129082-5-1", "normal-129082-5-2", "normal-129082-5-3", "normal-129082-5-4", "normal-129082-6-0", "normal-129082-7-0", "normal-129082-7-1", "normal-129082-8-0", "normal-129082-9-0", "normal-129082-9-1", "normal-129082-9-2", "normal-129082-9-3", "normal-129082-9-4", "normal-129082-10-0", "normal-129082-10-1", "normal-129082-10-2", "normal-129082-11-0", "normal-129082-11-1", "normal-129082-11-2", "normal-129082-12-0", "normal-129082-12-1", "normal-129082-12-2", "normal-129082-13-0", "normal-129082-13-1", "normal-129082-13-2", "normal-129082-13-3", "normal-129082-13-4", "normal-129082-14-0", "normal-129082-14-1", "normal-129082-14-2", "normal-129082-14-3", "normal-129082-14-4", "normal-129082-14-5", "normal-129082-15-0", "normal-129082-16-0", "normal-129082-16-1", "normal-129082-17-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Cleveland Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States, and an inner-ring suburb of Cleveland.", "The city's population was 46,238 at the 2010 census.", "As of the 2010 census, Cleveland Heights was ranked the 8th largest city by population in the Greater Cleveland metropolitan area and ranked 20th in Ohio.", "It was founded as a village in 1903 and a city in 1921.", "The area that is now Cleveland Heights was settled later than most of Cuyahoga County.", "The first road through what is today the city, Mayfield Road, was not built until 1828.", "Some of the land was divided into farms, but It also had quarries in the 19th century.", "One of the early quarries was established by Duncan McFarland who mined bluestone.", "This led to the settlement that grew up around the quarry for the workers to live in to be referred to as Bluestone.", "There is still a road of this name in that area.", "In 1873 John D. Rockefeller acquired about 700 acres in what is now the cities of East Cleveland and Cleveland, with the mansion itself in East Cleveland.", "Eventually some of the land, straddling both suburbs, was turned into residential developments and, in 1938, the family donated land which is now Forest Hill Park.", "There had been quarries within what is today Forest Hill Park previous to Rockefeller donating it to the city.", "Rockefeller was not the only affluent Clevelander to come to what is now Cleveland Heights.", "The Euclid Heights development was created by Patrick Calhoun starting in 1892.", "It was centered around the Euclid Golf Course and began at the Cleveland city line, covering the area between Mayfield and Cedar roads as far east as Coventry Road.", "There was a streetcar line from this location running to the center of Cleveland's business district.", "In 1898 Marcus M. Brown began the development of Mayfield Heights along the south side of Mayfield Road and east of the current Coventry Road - taking advantage of the Mayfield Road streetcar.", "Brown had purchased this land from Emil Preyer and his sister Mary Preyer Hellwig.", "Emil was operator of a cedar mill.", "By the end of 1899 the streetcar reached out along Mayfield Road to the old village of Fairmount.", "In 1903 the village of Cleveland Heights was incorporated.", "In 1910 Cleveland Heights had a population about 5,000 people.", "It had a population of 15,396 in 1920 and was incorporated as a city on August 9, 1921.", "By 1960 it had a population of 61,813.", "Cleveland Heights is located at (41.509652, -81.563301).", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.13 sqmi , of which 8.11 sqmi is land and 0.02 sqmi is water.", "Cleveland Heights is mostly within the Dugway Brook Watershed.", "In 1987, the city of Cleveland Heights was declared a nuclear-free zone.", "As of the census of 2010, there were 46,238 people, 19,957 households, and 10,834 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 5686.9 PD/sqmi .", "There were 22,465 housing units at an average density of 2770.0 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the city was 49.8% White, 42.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 4.1% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the population.", "There were 19,957 households of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.6% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.7% were non-families.", "36.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 3.05.", "The median age in the city was 35.8 years.", "22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 13.5% were 65 years of age or older.", "The gender makeup of the city was 46.6% male and 53.4% female.", "The median income for a household in the city was $53,024.", "The per capita income for the city was $31,663.", "About 19.3% of individuals were below the poverty line.", "Cleveland Heights is governed by a city charter adopted in 1921 and amended in 1972, 1982, and 1986.", "The charter specifies a council-manager form of government, with seven members of council elected to four-year terms.", "Three councilmen are elected one year before a presidential election, and three one year after a presidential election.", "All are elected using plurality at-large non-partisan voting.", "The mayor is elected by council from among its members and has additional duties including parliamentary and ceremonial responsibilities.", "Cleveland Heights is reliably Democratic.", "Five of the six current members of Council are Democrats (with one vacancy).", "In the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama defeated John McCain 84.2%-15.0% while winning the state, while in the 2004 presidential election, John Kerry defeated George W. Bush 80.8%-18.8% in the city but was unable to win the state.", "In 2012, every precinct in the city was carried by Barack Obama.", "All of Cleveland Heights is in the 11th congressional district, a seat currently held by Marcia Fudge, elected in a special election following the death of Rep. Stephanie Tubbs Jones.", "In 2003, voters supported a referendum to establish a domestic partnership registry; Cleveland Heights was the first Ohio city to establish one.", "The current city council is composed of Kahlil Seren, Jason S. Stein, Mary Dunbar, Cheryl L. Stephens, Mayor Carol Roe, Michael Ungar and Vice-Mayor Melissa Yasinow.", "Public education in the city of Cleveland Heights is provided by two school districts.", "Most of the city is served by the Cleveland Heights-University Heights City School District, while a small portion located on the northwest side of the city lies within the East Cleveland City School District.", "Several private schools are located within the city, including Beaumont School, Lutheran High School East, Horizon Montessori, Ruffing Montessori, Hebrew Academy of Cleveland, Saint Ann School, Mosdos Ohr Hatorah, and Yeshiva of Cleveland." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 430991, "simple_article_title": "Cleveland Heights, Ohio", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=430991", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-430991-0-0", "simple-430991-0-1", "simple-430991-0-2", "simple-430991-1-0", "simple-430991-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Cleveland Heights is a mid-sized city in northeastern Ohio.", "The city is a suburb of Cleveland.", "The population in the 2010 United States Census was just over 46,000.", "It was founded in 1903 as a village.", "The city government was formed on August 1921." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1511716, "normal_article_title": "Aditya I", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1511716", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1511716-0-0", "normal-1511716-1-0", "normal-1511716-2-0", "normal-1511716-2-1", "normal-1511716-2-2", "normal-1511716-2-3", "normal-1511716-2-4", "normal-1511716-2-5", "normal-1511716-2-6", "normal-1511716-2-7", "normal-1511716-3-0", "normal-1511716-3-1", "normal-1511716-3-2", "normal-1511716-3-3", "normal-1511716-4-0", "normal-1511716-4-1", "normal-1511716-4-2", "normal-1511716-4-3", "normal-1511716-5-0", "normal-1511716-6-0", "normal-1511716-7-0", "normal-1511716-7-1", "normal-1511716-7-2", "normal-1511716-8-0", "normal-1511716-8-1", "normal-1511716-8-2", "normal-1511716-8-3", "normal-1511716-8-4", "normal-1511716-8-5", "normal-1511716-8-6", "normal-1511716-9-0", "normal-1511716-9-1", "normal-1511716-9-2", "normal-1511716-9-3", "normal-1511716-9-4", "normal-1511716-9-5", "normal-1511716-10-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Aditya I (c. 870 – c. 907 CE), the son of Vijayalaya, was the Chola king who extended the Chola dominions by the conquest of the Pallavas and occupied the Western Ganga Kingdom.", "During the invasion of the Chola country, the Pandya king Varagunavarman II became an ally of Nripatunga, the eldest son of the Pallava King Nandivarman III.", "When Nandivarman died in 869 CE differences arose between Nripatunga and his stepbrother Aparajita, probably owing to the latter’s ambition to rule the kingdom on his own right.", "Both sides looked for allies.", "Nripatunga continued to have Varaguna Pandya by his side while Aparajita allied with the Ganga king Prithvipathi I and with Aditya Chola I.", "According to some descriptions Aparajitha was found to be noted as son of Nirpatunga Varma, and his mother was noted as Prithivi Manikam daughter of Ganga king.", "So the Contention that Prithivapathi 1 gone against Nirpatunga was totally un accepatable The rival armies met at Thirupurambiyam near Kumbakonam c. 885 CE.", "The armies of Pandyas and Nripatunga Pallava were routed by Aparajita Pallava and Aditya I Chola.", "But Some Inscriptions purely clarified Nirpatunga Was not alive during the war.", "So it is the war between Pallvas and Pandiyas to establish Legal Supremacy", "Although the victor of the Thirupurambiyam battle was Aparajita, the real gains went to Aditya I Chola.", "This battle ensured the end of Pandya power in the south.", "Pandya Varagunavarman renounced his throne and followed an ascetic life.", "The grateful Aparajita not only allowed Aditya I Chola to keep the territories won by Vijayalaya Chola, but also to add new territories from the defeated Pandyas.", "During 903 CE, the 32nd year of his reign, Aditya I Chola, not satisfied with his subordinate position, planned and carried out an attack on his erstwhile overlord, the Pallava king Aparajita.", "In the battle that ensued, Aditya pounced upon Aparajita when he was mounted on an elephant and killed him.", "That spelt the end of the Pallava rule in Tondaimandalam (north Tamil Nadu) and the whole of the Pallava kingdom became Chola territory.", "This marked the effective end of the once great Pallava empire in the history of South India.", "The conquest of the Tondaimandalam earned for Aditya I the epithet \"\"Tondainadu pavina Rajakesarivarman\"\" (தொண்டைநாடு பாவின இராசகேசரிவர்மன்) - \"Rajakesarivarman who overran Tondainadu\".", "Aditya I next conquered the Kongu country in the south west of Tamil Nadu, perhaps from the Pandya king Viranarayana.", "Friendly relations appear to have existed between the Cheras and the Cholas during the reign of Aditya I.", "The Chera contemporary Sthanu Ravi is stated in inscriptions to have received royal honours from Aditya.", "AdityaI ’s son, Parantaka I, married a daughter of Sthanu Ravi.", "Aditya I is known to have built a number of temples 108 for Shiva along the banks of the Kaveri.", "The Kanyakumari inscription gives us the information that Aditya I was also known by the surname Kodandarama.", "There is a temple near the town of Tondaimanarrur called \"Kodandarameshvaraa\", also mentioned in its inscriptions by the name \"Adityesvara\".", "This seems to have been built by Aditya I.", "He also revised Annamalaiyar sanctum in Thiruvaannamalai during 872900.", "Aditya also was the patron of Sureswara aand prabhakara who were pupils of kumarila bhatta a favourite student of Adisankaracharya.", "The author of that work do confirm that they settled in the banks of Kaveri (Sibishu kaveriteere meaning in the country of cholas (Sibi is an ancestor of Cholas)) and were employed by Manukula Adityan (Aditya Chola).", "In an inscription AdityaI is distinguished by the epithet in Tamil(தொண்டைமானரூர் துஞ்சின உடையார் \"Thondaimaanaruur thunjina udaiyaar\").", "\"The king who died at Tondaimanarrur\".", "AdityaI died in 907 CE at Tondaimanarrur.", "His son Parantaka I built a Shiva temple over his ashes.", "AdityaI was survived by his queens \"Ilangon Pichchi\" and \"Vayiri Akkan\" alias \"Tribhuvana Madeviyar\".", "Besides these two queens, AdityaI also had a mistress named \"Nangai Sattaperumanar\" as evidenced from an inscription.", "AdityaI had a long and victorious reign during which he laid the foundation of the future greatness of the Chola empire." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 581002, "simple_article_title": "Aditya I", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=581002", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-581002-0-0", "simple-581002-0-1", "simple-581002-1-0", "simple-581002-1-1", "simple-581002-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Aditya I or Aditya Chola, the son of Vijayalaya Chola, is the second ruler of the medieval Cholas.", "He extended the Chola empire by the conquest of the Pallavas and occupied the Western Ganga Kingdom.", "In the year 903 CE, Aditya Chola killed the Pallava king Aparajita and annexed the Pallava territories with that of the Cholas.", "He conquered Kongu land from the Pandyas.", "He died in 907 CE in Tondaimannarur." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 497311, "normal_article_title": "Cayenne", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=497311", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-497311-0-0", "normal-497311-0-1", "normal-497311-0-2", "normal-497311-1-0", "normal-497311-2-0", "normal-497311-2-1", "normal-497311-2-2", "normal-497311-3-0", "normal-497311-3-1", "normal-497311-3-2", "normal-497311-3-3", "normal-497311-3-4", "normal-497311-3-5", "normal-497311-3-6", "normal-497311-4-0", "normal-497311-4-1", "normal-497311-4-2", "normal-497311-4-3", "normal-497311-5-0", "normal-497311-5-1", "normal-497311-5-2", "normal-497311-6-0", "normal-497311-7-0", "normal-497311-7-1", "normal-497311-7-2", "normal-497311-7-3", "normal-497311-7-4", "normal-497311-7-5", "normal-497311-7-6", "normal-497311-8-0", "normal-497311-9-0", "normal-497311-9-1", "normal-497311-9-2", "normal-497311-9-3", "normal-497311-10-0", "normal-497311-10-1", "normal-497311-10-2", "normal-497311-10-3", 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"normal-497311-22-0", "normal-497311-22-1", "normal-497311-23-0", "normal-497311-23-1", "normal-497311-23-2", "normal-497311-24-0", "normal-497311-24-1", "normal-497311-25-0", "normal-497311-25-1", "normal-497311-25-2", "normal-497311-26-0", "normal-497311-27-0", "normal-497311-27-1", "normal-497311-27-2", "normal-497311-27-3", "normal-497311-27-4", "normal-497311-28-0", "normal-497311-28-1", "normal-497311-29-0", "normal-497311-29-1", "normal-497311-30-0", "normal-497311-30-1", "normal-497311-30-2", "normal-497311-30-3", "normal-497311-31-0", "normal-497311-31-1", "normal-497311-31-2", "normal-497311-32-0", "normal-497311-33-0", "normal-497311-34-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Cayenne ( ; ] ) is the capital city of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America.", "The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast.", "The city's motto is \"fert aurum industria\", which means \"work brings wealth\".", "At the 2016 census, there were 137,964 inhabitants in the metropolitan area of Cayenne (as defined by INSEE), 60,580 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Cayenne proper.", "Cayenne is located on the banks of the estuary of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic Ocean.", "The city occupies part of the Cayenne Island.", "It is located 268 km from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and 64 km from Kourou.", "Under the Köppen climate classification, Cayenne has a tropical monsoon climate (\"Am\").", "Average high and low temperatures are nearly identical throughout the course of the year averaging about 30 C and 23 C respectively.", "Cayenne sees copious precipitation during the year.", "The city features a very lengthy wet season and a very short dry season.", "The dry season only covers two months of the year (September and October) while the wet season covers the remainder of the year.", "Precipitation is seen even during the dry season, a trait commonly seen in places featuring tropical monsoon climates.", "Cayenne averages roughly 3750 mm of rain each year.", "Cayenne is a commune of the French Republic and as such it is ruled by a mayor and a municipal council.", "The current mayor is Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth, a former member of the Guianese Socialist Party who is supported by various left-wing parties.", "Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth has been mayor of Cayenne since 2010.", "She is the daughter of a former president of the General Council of French Guiana, Stéphan Phinéra-Horth, from the Guianese Socialist Party, who ruled the department of French Guiana from 1994 to 1998.", "As in the rest of France, the small size of the commune of Cayenne (only 23.6 km2), which doesn't cover the entire urban area of Cayenne, has led to the creation of an intercommunal authority which groups Cayenne and 5 suburban communes: the communauté d'agglomération du Centre Littoral (5,087 km2).", "Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth has been president of the communauté d'agglomération du Centre Littoral since 2014.", "This intercommunal structure, which levies its own taxes, is the sole authority in charge of refuse collection, water supply and sewage treatment, urban planning, and public transports over the 5,087 km2 of Cayenne and its suburbs.", "Until 2015, the commune of Cayenne was divided in six cantons, but these were abolished in 2015 when the department and the region of French Guiana were abolished and replaced by the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity.", "Ignored by Spanish explorers, who found the region too hot and poor to be claimed, the region was not colonized until 1604, when a French settlement was founded.", "However, it was soon destroyed by the Portuguese, who were determined to enforce the provisions of the Treaty of Tordesillas.", "French colonists returned in 1643 and founded Cayenne, but they were forced to leave once more following Amerindian attacks.", "In 1664, France finally succeeded at establishing a permanent settlement at Cayenne.", "Over the next decade the colony changed hands between the French, Dutch, and English, before being restored to France.", "It was captured by an Anglo-Portuguese force at the invasion of Cayenne in 1809 and administered from Brazil until 1814, when it was returned to French control.", "It was used as a French penal colony from 1854 to 1938.", "The city's population has recently grown dramatically, owing to high levels of immigration (chiefly from the West Indies and Brazil) as well as a high birthrate.", "Health conditions in Cayenne and French Guiana are generally good.", "The principal illnesses that cause mortality are circulatory, infectious and parasitic diseases, as well as cancer.", "A branch of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, located in Cayenne, conducts research on tropical and endemic local diseases and is renowned throughout Latin America.", "Life expectancy averages about 76 years for men and 83 years for women.", "Cayenne is an important seaport in South America.", "The major port of Dégrad des Cannes is on the estuary of the river Mahury, replacing Larivot and the Îles du Salut.", "Timber, rosewood essence, rum, and gold are exported in small quantities.", "In the mid-1960s sugarcane and pineapple were planted around the city, and a pineapple cannery and a shrimp-processing plant were later built.", "A seafront avenue links Cayenne with the suburbs of Chaton and Montabo, where the French Institute of Tropical America and the Pasteur Institute are located.", "Historic landmarks include the Church of the Holy Saviour and a prefecture on the Place d’Armes.", "The Félix Eboué International Airport is the only international airport serving Cayenne.", "Initially it was a place arranged to ventilate the city after the demolition of the walls in 1810.", "The place being occupied by herbs, it was therefore called Place de la Savane.", "Later they planted royal palms of Guisanbourg, and it became the place of the Palmistes.", "In 1880, a bronze column was erected bearing the bust of the Republic commemorating the taking of the Bastille.", "Under Governor Gerville-Reache transformed the place into an English garden, with artificial hills, flower beds and ornamental plants.", "Because of the rains, the place was regularly flooded, which is why Governor Chanel in 1925 bordered it with a network of cemented canals that can still be found today.", "There is a statue of Félix Éboué, an illustrious Guianan character, in place of the Merlet fountain.", "Today it is a place of life, meeting Cayenese.", "In the evening, trailers sell French fries, sandwiches, bamis and nassi (Javanese specialties), local juices and other takeaways.", "In 1786, Louis XVI had a garden that served as a deposit and nursery for various plants and trees from various destinations.", "Louis Claude Richard, director of the garden was responsible for bringing from India muscadiers, rattans, trees in, feet of cardamom and pepper.", "During this period, it was called King's Garden.", "In 1821 a house was built for the botanist.", "In 1879, he changed his name and became Botanical Garden is a floral park in the city center.", "It covers an area of three hectares.", "There is a Gaston Monnerville statue in the center of the garden.", "These two adjoining buildings are located near the old port of Cayenne.", "As early as 1703, a Place du Port appears on a map of the city of Cayenne, it then becomes Place du Marché in 1842.", "In 1888, a covered market and a public garden were built there.", "In 1907 the municipal council led by the mayor Eugène Gobert decides the removal of the garden for the construction of a new covered market, the one that we know today.", "In 1920 on the site of the old market was inaugurated the war memorial of the First World War surmounted by a rooster, which gave it the current name of the place.", "In 1823, the Reverend Father Nicolas Guiller and Baron Pierre Bernard Milius, administrator of French Guiana decided to replace the old church of Cayenne, the Church of St. Nicholas to the current place Leopold Heder.", "Work begun in 1825 was completed in 1833.", "The church was inaugurated in 1861.", "It is classified as a Historic Monument.", "The high altar, the pulpit and the confessional of the chapel of the penitentiary of Ilet la Mère were transferred to the cathedral in 1876.", "In 1933, the Apostolic Prefecture of French Guiana was transformed into a vicariate, the Apostolic Prefect became bishop.", "The church also changes status and becomes cathedral.", "It is consecrated as a cathedral on November 9, 1934 by Bishop Gourtay, then the first bishop of Guiana.", "In 1952, it was enlarged, during the work the workers found an inset lead cassette containing 21 coins, the oldest of which dates from Napoleon I and 20 seals from the time of Charles X.", "Between 1952 and 1954 to the east on 13 m, the ceiling, the stained glass windows, the floors of the tribune, are replaced.", "The Saint-Sauveur Cathedral of Cayenne has been recently renovated.", "The carnival is one of the major events of the Capital.", "It takes place between Epiphany in early January and Ash Wednesday in February or March.", "This festival belongs to the Guianan Creole culture.", "It is originally carnival as practiced in Europe.", "At the beginning of the colonization, the colonists practiced the carnival, but it was forbidden to the slaves.", "Braving ban, the slaves practiced the carnival, in the clandestine festivals.", "They were regaining some freedom, commemorating Africans, fertility and harvest, and making fun of settlers.", "Groups disguised according to the theme of the year, and around decorated characters, to the rhythm of drums and brass.", "The preparation of the groups last from the month before the carnival.", "The groups parade in front of the thousands of spectators who are massed on the sidewalks and the stands arranged for the occasion.", "Brazilian bands similar to those at the Rio Carnival are also appreciated for their alluring rhythms and costumes.", "The Asian community of Cayenne also participates in the changes made by a characteristic touch, with the dragons.", "The night business, called \"Universities\", organizes masked balls during which men come to dance with the Touloulous.", "Evenings are held on Friday and Saturday nights.", "This tradition is peculiar to French Guiana, it does not exist anywhere else.", "Since the 1990s, Tololo parties have been held, where men disguise themselves and play the role of the Touloulous.", "These evenings are more and more popular and take place several times during the carnival.", "The carnival dances are mazurka, biguine and piké djouk.", "It is the Touloulou who invites men to dance, they can not refuse.", "Only the Touloulous have the right to dance, if a woman is not disguised, the orchestra stops.", "The Cayenne Ballroom is called Nana, where the Blues Star band plays.", "Cayenne centres on its main commercial street, the Avenue Général de Gaulle.", "At the east end of the avenue near the coast is the Place des Palmistes and the Place de Grenoble (also known as the Place Léopold Héder).", "Most of the official buildings are located in this area: the Hôtel de Ville (the town hall) built by Jesuits in the 1890s, the Post Office, the Préfecture, residence of French Guiana's Préfect, and the Musée Départmental Franconie.", "To the west of this area lies Fort Cépérou, built in the 17th century, though now mostly in ruins.", "To the south lie the Place du Coq and Place Victor Schoelcher (named in honour of the anti-slavery activist) and a market.", "To the south of this compact region is the Village Chinois (known as Chicago), separated from the rest of Cayenne by the Canal Laussat.", "It has a reputation for being a dangerous area.", "Other buildings in the city include Cayenne Cathedral, municipal library, the municipal museum and a museum of French Guianese Culture (Musée des Cultures Guyanaise) and a scientific research institute (IRD or Institut de recherche pour le développement, formerly Orstom).", "The Jardin botanique de Cayenne is the city's botanical garden.", "Cayenne is served by the Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport, which is located in the neighbouring commune of Matoury.", "There are two flights a day to Paris (Orly Airport), served by Air France and Air Caraïbes.", "The flight time from Cayenne to Paris is 8 hours and 10 minutes, and from Paris to Cayenne it is 8 hours and 30 minutes.", "There are also flights to Fort-de-France, Pointe-à-Pitre, Belém, and Fortaleza.", "French Guiana's main seaport is the port of Dégrad des Cannes, located on the estuary of the Mahury River, in the commune of Remire-Montjoly, a south-eastern suburb of Cayenne.", "Almost all of French Guiana's imports and exports pass through the port of Dégrad des Cannes.", "Built in 1969, it replaced the old harbour of Cayenne which was congested and could not cope with modern traffic.", "The French folk song \"Cayenne\", tells the story of a pimp who shoots a well-to-do client who grossly disrespected a prostitute, and is then convicted and transferred to the infamous penitentiary.", "In The Hardy Boys #12: \"Footprints Under the Window\", the Hardys' investigations take them to Cayenne.", "The 1955 film \"We're No Angels\" involves three prisoners who escape from Devil's Island and settle incognito into a family store in Cayenne." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 273910, "simple_article_title": "Cayenne", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=273910", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-273910-0-0", "simple-273910-0-1", "simple-273910-1-0", "simple-273910-2-0", "simple-273910-2-1", "simple-273910-2-2", "simple-273910-2-3", "simple-273910-2-4", "simple-273910-3-0", "simple-273910-3-1", "simple-273910-4-0", "simple-273910-5-0", "simple-273910-6-0", "simple-273910-6-1", "simple-273910-6-2", "simple-273910-7-0", "simple-273910-7-1", "simple-273910-7-2", "simple-273910-7-3", "simple-273910-8-0", "simple-273910-9-0", "simple-273910-9-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Cayenne is a commune, the capital (prefecture) of the French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France that is in northern South America.", "The city is on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne river on the Atlantic coast.", "The first European settlement in the region was founded on the Cayenne island in 1604 by French people sent by Henry IV but the settlement was destroyed by Portuguese to enforce the Treaty of Tordesillas", "French colonists came back in 1643 and founded Cayenne, but they were forced to leave once more following Amerindian attacks.", "In 1664, France finally succeeded at establishing a permanent settlement at Cayenne.", "Over the next decade the colony changed hands between the French, Dutch, and English, before being restored to France.", "It was captured by an Anglo-Portuguese force at the invasion of Cayenne in 1809 and administered from Brazil until 1814, when it was returned to French control.", "It was used as a French penal colony from 1854 to 1938.", "Cayenne is a city along the Atlantic coast on the sides of a common estuary of the Cayenne and Montsinéry rivers.", "It has an area of 23.60 km2; at the city hall, the altitude is 53 m.", "The \"commune\" is at 268 km from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and 64 km from Kourou.", "Cayenne has a tropical monsoonal climate (Köppen climate classification: Am) with a dry season and a heavy monsoon the rest of year and no cold season.", "The average temperature for the year in Cayenne is 26.2 °C.", "The warmest month, on average, is September with an average temperature of 27.2 °C.", "The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 26.1 °C.", "The average amount of precipitation for the year in Cayenne is 3205.5 mm.", "The month with the most precipitation on average is May with 513.1 mm of precipitation.", "The month with the least precipitation on average is September with an average of 43.2 mm.", "There is an average of 201.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in May with 27.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in September with 5.0 days.", "The inhabitants of Cayenne are known, in French, as \"Cayennais\" (women: \"Cayennaises\").", "The city of Cayenne has a population, in 2014, of 55,817; its population density is of 2365.1271186440677 /km2 inhabitants/km.", "Evolution of the population in Cayenne" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 12915746, "normal_article_title": "If I Never See Your Face Again", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12915746", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-12915746-0-0", "normal-12915746-0-1", "normal-12915746-1-0", "normal-12915746-1-1", "normal-12915746-1-2", "normal-12915746-2-0", "normal-12915746-2-1", "normal-12915746-2-2", "normal-12915746-2-3", "normal-12915746-2-4", "normal-12915746-3-0", "normal-12915746-4-0", "normal-12915746-4-1", "normal-12915746-4-2", "normal-12915746-4-3", "normal-12915746-5-0", "normal-12915746-5-1", "normal-12915746-5-2", "normal-12915746-5-3", "normal-12915746-5-4", "normal-12915746-6-0", "normal-12915746-6-1", "normal-12915746-6-2", "normal-12915746-6-3", "normal-12915746-6-4", "normal-12915746-6-5", "normal-12915746-7-0", "normal-12915746-7-1", "normal-12915746-7-2", "normal-12915746-7-3", "normal-12915746-8-0", "normal-12915746-8-1", "normal-12915746-8-2", "normal-12915746-8-3", "normal-12915746-8-4", "normal-12915746-9-0", "normal-12915746-9-1", "normal-12915746-9-2", "normal-12915746-9-3", "normal-12915746-9-4", "normal-12915746-9-5", "normal-12915746-9-6", "normal-12915746-9-7", "normal-12915746-10-0", "normal-12915746-10-1", "normal-12915746-10-2", "normal-12915746-10-3", "normal-12915746-10-4", "normal-12915746-10-5", "normal-12915746-10-6", "normal-12915746-11-0", "normal-12915746-11-1", "normal-12915746-11-2", "normal-12915746-11-3", "normal-12915746-11-4", "normal-12915746-11-5", "normal-12915746-11-6", "normal-12915746-12-0", "normal-12915746-13-0", "normal-12915746-13-1", "normal-12915746-13-2", "normal-12915746-13-3", "normal-12915746-13-4", "normal-12915746-13-5", "normal-12915746-13-6", "normal-12915746-13-7", "normal-12915746-14-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" is a song by American pop rock band Maroon 5 from the June 2008 re-release of the group's second studio album, \"It Won't Be Soon Before Long\" (2007), which serves as the band's fourth single from the album.", "It was also included on the June 2008 re-release of Rihanna's third studio album entitled \"\" (2008), which also serving as the second single from the reloaded edition of her album.", "The song was originally included on the standard version of the band's album without the inclusion of Rihanna.", "It was written by band members Adam Levine and James Valentine, with production of the song helmed by Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart, Mike Elizondo, Mark Endert, Mark \"Spike\" Stent and Maroon 5.", "It was released as an extended play (EP) in Australia on May 22, 2007, and as an official single on May 2, 2008, in the United States.", "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" was originally intended to be a duet with Janet Jackson and appear on her \"Discipline\" album, although label problems interfered.", "The collaboration with Rihanna later came to fruition when Levine asked her to add her vocal to the remix version, which she accepted.", "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" is a pop and R&B song featuring instrumentation provided by synthesizers and a guitar.", "The song received a mixed response from music critics, who praised the song's composition but criticized Levine and Rihanna's vocal performance.", "The song's accompanying music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and shot on an indoor soundstage in Castaic, California.", "It was featured on \"The Hills\" and \"He's Just Not That Into You\", as the song's original version.", "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" was written by Adam Levine and James Valentine, two of the five band members from Maroon 5.", "Production of the song was helmed by Mike Elizondo, Mike Endert, Mike \"Spike\" Stent, Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart and Maroon 5.", "It was recorded by \"Spike\" Stent at Conway Studios, Hollywood, CA; Glenwood Place Studios, Burbank, CA and Phantom Studios, Westlake Village, CA.", "The song was originally intended to be a duet with Janet Jackson and appear on her \"Discipline\" album, but due to label problems Rihanna later appeared on the song.", "The song was included on the standard version of \"It Won't Be Soon Before Long\" without the inclusion of Rihanna, however, Levine stated in an interview with James Montgomery for \"MTV News\" whilst on set of the accompanying music video that he wanted to try something different for the album's re-release.", "The singer continued, saying that he asked Rihanna to do some \"bits and pieces\" in the recording studio and that it came together very quickly.", "Levine stated that if there is \"magic\" between two artists, then \"you don't even have to think about it.\"", "During the interview, Rihanna confirmed that the song would be the only one to feature a collaboration on her re-release of \"Good Girl Gone Bad\", revealing that she had always wanted to work with the group and was honored when they contacted her.", "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" was released as a single in the United States on May 2, 2008.", "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" is a pop and R&B song, which lasts for 3:18 (3 minutes, 18 seconds).", "The song was composed using common time in the key of A minor, with a moderate groove of 106 beats per minute.", "Instrumentation is provided by synths, and a guitar.", "A reviewer for IGN noted that \"If I Never See Your Face Again\" is complete with \"slinky synth insinuations,\" whilst Jerome Blakeney for BBC wrote that it is a \"guitar drenched\" and \"synth-crunching\" song.", "Alex Fletcher for Digital Spy commented that the song incorporated a \"jagged\" use of synthesizers.", "For the most part of the song, Levine sings in his falsetto register, whilst Rihanna adopts \"silky tone\".", "Upon the release of \"It Won't Be Soon Before Long\", music critics commented on the original version of the song, which does not include guest vocals by Rihanna.", "Jerome Blakeney for BBC wrote that \"If I Never See Your Face Again\", along with another \"It Won't Be Soon Before Long\" track \"Makes Me Wonder\", were \"monster weapons of mass-marketing aimed at the feet and riding on swathes of string-drenched, synth-crunching disco.\"", "A reviewer for IGN was complimentary of 'If I Never See Your Face Again', writing that it is hard to resist listening to the song.", "The reviewer also noted that Levine appeared to adopt a vocal style reminiscent of techniques employed by Justin Timberlake, writing \"Like Justin Timberlake it's all about the high pitched tenor falsetto and some sinewy grooves.\"", "Bill Lamb for About.com noted that \"If I Never See Your Face Again\" and \"Makes Me Wonder\" appeared to be inspired by British jazz funk and acid jazz band Jamiroquai, writing \"Any Jamiroquai fan may call foul if they listen to 'If I Never See Your Face Again' or 'Makes Me Wonder'.\"", "Sal Cinquemani was critical of the song, labeling it as \"nasty.\"", "Alex Fletcher for Digital Spy disapproved of the collaboration between the band and Rihanna, with specific thoughts on Levine and Rihanna's pairing.", "Fletcher was critical of their vocal performance, writing that their voices clashed with one another and that \"the sexual chemistry radar for the pairing registers at zero.\"", "Fletcher commented about the song further, writing that it should never have left the recording studio.", "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" achieved moderate chart success on singles charts around the world.", "It debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at number 28 June 1, 2008, and peaked at number 11 in its sixth week.", "The song debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 37 on June 9, 2008, and peaked at number 21 the following week.", "In Europe, the song debuted and peaked at number 15 on the Italian Singles Chart on July 17, 2008.", "The song remained on the chart for one week.", "It debuted on the Dutch Singles Chart at number 35 on June 14, 2008, and peaked at number 20 the following week.", "The song fluctuated between positions in the twenties and seventies for 13 weeks.", "It debuted on the Danish Singles Chart at number 36 on July 27, 2008, and peaked at number 31 in its sixth week.", "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" debuted on the Swiss Singles Chart at number 61 on June 29, 2008, and peaked at number 52 the following week, where it remained in its third week.", "It debuted on the Austrian Singles Chart at number 67 on September 5, 2008, and peaked at number 54 the following week.", "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" debuted and peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 28 on June 14, 2008.", "Over the following two weeks, the song descend down the top-forty, before falling out in its third week.", "The song made a re-entry on the chart at number 36 on July 7, 2008.", "In the United States, the song peaked at number 51 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart on July 26, 2008.", "It peaked at number 10 on the Adult Pop Songs chart; number 30 on the Pop Songs chart and 21 on the Hot Digital Songs chart.", "The song's accompanying music video was directed by Anthony Mandler, and shot on an indoor soundstage in Castaic, California on April 23, 2008.", "The concept for the video was \"high-end erotica\".", "In an interview with James Montgomery for MTV News whilst on set of the music video, Levine provided a summary of what the video would entail, saying: \"It's this kind of ultra-glamorous, photography-based, late-'70s/ early-'80s situation.", "It's really stylish and really beautiful ... It's the most choreographed thing I've ever done, because usually I just get up there and screw around.", "But with Rihanna, it's completely different and so cool.\"", "In response, Rihanna continued to say that \"I don't do a lot of videos where I have so much chemistry with the other artist, and this is only my second duet in a video ... It's really intense, because you have to work with each other so much.", "It's new for me, but I'm enjoying it.\"", "The video was made available to download digitally via iTunes on May 12, 2008.", "The video begins with the sound of a ticking clock and Levine and Rihanna sitting opposite each other at a table, tapping their hands and staring at one another.", "Maroon 5 start to play their instruments as Rihanna sits and watches them.", "The table and band scenes are intercut with each other for the first verse and chorus.", "In the second verse, Levine and Rihanna appear to argue and try to ignore the other's advances.", "Rihanna lies suggestively on a bed while Levine sits on a chair with his head turned in the opposite direction for the bridge.", "For the final chorus, the pair appear to reconcile, ending with Levine finally giving in to temptation.", "He walks to the end of the table where Rihanna sits and caresses her neck, causing her to lean towards him seductively.", "The two nearly kiss as the video ends.", "Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded\", Def Jam Recordings." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 126128, "simple_article_title": "If I Never See Your Face Again", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=126128", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-126128-0-0", "simple-126128-0-1", "simple-126128-0-2", "simple-126128-0-3", "simple-126128-1-0", "simple-126128-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" is the fourth single by Maroon 5.", "The song is the first track on the album \"It Won't Be Soon Before Long\".", "The song was remixed to feature Rihanna.", "The music video takes place in what looks like a 19th century room while Rihanna and Levine seem to be arguing over a romantic relationship.", "\"If I Never See Your Face Again\" was performed at Quebec to be the opening song of the live album by Maroon 5 called \"Live from Le Cabaret\".", "The song was not performed in its single version (with Rihanna)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1718954, "normal_article_title": "John Mercer Langston", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1718954", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1718954-0-0", "normal-1718954-0-1", "normal-1718954-0-2", "normal-1718954-1-0", "normal-1718954-1-1", "normal-1718954-2-0", "normal-1718954-2-1", "normal-1718954-3-0", "normal-1718954-3-1", "normal-1718954-3-2", "normal-1718954-4-0", "normal-1718954-4-1", "normal-1718954-4-2", "normal-1718954-4-3", "normal-1718954-4-4", "normal-1718954-4-5", "normal-1718954-5-0", "normal-1718954-5-1", "normal-1718954-5-2", "normal-1718954-5-3", "normal-1718954-5-4", "normal-1718954-5-5", "normal-1718954-5-6", "normal-1718954-5-7", "normal-1718954-5-8", "normal-1718954-5-9", "normal-1718954-6-0", "normal-1718954-6-1", "normal-1718954-6-2", "normal-1718954-6-3", "normal-1718954-7-0", "normal-1718954-7-1", "normal-1718954-7-2", "normal-1718954-7-3", "normal-1718954-8-0", "normal-1718954-8-1", "normal-1718954-8-2", "normal-1718954-8-3", "normal-1718954-8-4", "normal-1718954-8-5", "normal-1718954-9-0", "normal-1718954-9-1", "normal-1718954-9-2", "normal-1718954-10-0", "normal-1718954-10-1", "normal-1718954-10-2", "normal-1718954-10-3", "normal-1718954-11-0", "normal-1718954-11-1", "normal-1718954-12-0", "normal-1718954-12-1", "normal-1718954-12-2", "normal-1718954-12-3", "normal-1718954-12-4", "normal-1718954-12-5", "normal-1718954-13-0", "normal-1718954-13-1", "normal-1718954-13-2", "normal-1718954-13-3", "normal-1718954-13-4", "normal-1718954-13-5", "normal-1718954-14-0", "normal-1718954-15-0", "normal-1718954-16-0", "normal-1718954-16-1", "normal-1718954-16-2", "normal-1718954-16-3", "normal-1718954-17-0", "normal-1718954-17-1", "normal-1718954-18-0", "normal-1718954-18-1", "normal-1718954-18-2", "normal-1718954-18-3", "normal-1718954-19-0", "normal-1718954-19-1", "normal-1718954-19-2", "normal-1718954-19-3", "normal-1718954-20-0", "normal-1718954-20-1", "normal-1718954-21-0", "normal-1718954-21-1", "normal-1718954-21-2", "normal-1718954-21-3", "normal-1718954-22-0", "normal-1718954-23-0", "normal-1718954-24-0", "normal-1718954-24-1", "normal-1718954-25-0", "normal-1718954-25-1", "normal-1718954-25-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "John Mercer Langston (December 14, 1829 – November 15, 1897) was an abolitionist, attorney, educator, activist, diplomat, and politician in the United States.", "An African American, he became the first dean of the law school at Howard University and helped create the department.", "He was the first president of what is now Virginia State University, a historically black college.", "Born free in Virginia to a freedwoman of mixed race and a white planter father, in 1888 Langston was elected to the U.S. Congress as the first representative of color from Virginia.", "Joseph Hayne Rainey, the black Republican congressman from South Carolina, had been elected in 1870 during the Reconstruction era.", "In the Jim Crow era of the later nineteenth century, Langston was one of five African Americans elected to Congress from the South before the former Confederate states passed constitutions and electoral rules from 1890 to 1908 that essentially disenfranchised blacks, excluding them from politics.", "After that, no African Americans would be elected from the South until 1973, after the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed to enforce their constitutional franchise rights.", "Langston's early career was based in Ohio where, with his older brother Charles Henry Langston, he began his lifelong work for African-American freedom, education, equal rights and suffrage.", "In 1855 he was one of the first African Americans in the United States elected to public office when elected as a town clerk in Ohio.", "The brothers were great-uncles of the renowned poet Langston Hughes.", "John Mercer Langston was born free in 1829 in Louisa County, Virginia, the youngest of a daughter and three sons of Lucy Jane Langston, a freedwoman of mixed African-American and Native American descent.", "She may have had ancestry from the regional Pamunkey tribe.", "Their father was Ralph Quarles, a white planter from England and her former master.", "Quarles had freed Lucy and their daughter Maria in 1806, in the course of what was a relationship of more than 25 years.", "After that, their three sons were born free, as their mother was free.", "John's older brothers were Gideon and Charles Henry.", "Lucy had three children with another partner before she moved into the Great House and deepened her relationship with Quarles.", "Their three sons were born after this.", "Of the older half-siblings, William Langston was most involved with Quarles's sons.", "After their father's death, he relocated with them and a guardian to Chillicothe, Ohio (see below).", "Before his death, Ralph Quarles arranged for his Quaker friend William Gooch to be made guardian of his children.", "As requested by Quarles, after the parents both died in 1833 when John Langston was four, Gooch moved with the boys and their half-brother William Langston to Chillicothe, Ohio, in a free state.", "Quarles had reserved funds for the boys' education.", "In 1835 the older brothers Gideon and Charles started at the Oberlin preparatory school, where they were the first African-American students to be admitted.", "Gideon looked much like his father; at the age of 21 Gideon took Quarles as his surname and thereafter was known as Gideon Quarles.", "During this time, young John Mercer Langston lived in Cincinnati, part of that time with John Woodson and his wife.", "The youngest Langston followed his brothers, enrolling in the Oberlin preparatory program.", "John Langston earned a bachelor's degree in 1849 and a master's degree in theology in 1852 from Oberlin College.", "Denied admission to law schools in New York and Ohio because of his race, Langston studied law (or \"read the law\", as was the common practice then) as an apprentice under attorney and Republican US congressman Philemon Bliss; he was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1854.", "In Ohio, Langston was closely associated with abolitionist lawyer Sherlock James Andrews.", "In 1854 Langston married Caroline Matilda Wall, who also attended Oberlin College.", "From North Carolina, she was the daughter of an enslaved mother and Colonel Stephen Wall, a wealthy white planter.", "Wall freed his mixed-race daughters Sara and Caroline, and sent them to Ohio to be raised in an affluent Quaker household and educated.", "An intellectual partner of Langston, Caroline had five children with him, one of whom died in childhood.", "When Langston was serving as dean of Howard University's Law School, which he developed (see below), he and his family met James Carroll Napier, a student there.", "Napier married their daughter Nettie, who had graduated from Oberlin College.", "She later became an important activist.", "After law school, Napier had returned to Nashville, Tennessee to set up his law practice before marriage.", "There he also became a successful businessman and politician.", "He was appointed in 1911 as Register of the Treasury in President William Howard Taft's administration and was one of four members of his \"Black Cabinet\".", "Together with his older brothers Gideon and Charles, John Langston became active in the abolitionist movement.", "He helped runaway slaves to escape to the North along the Ohio part of the Underground Railroad.", "In 1858 he and Charles partnered in leading the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, with John acting as president and traveling to organize local units, and Charles managing as executive secretary in Cleveland.", "In 1863 when the government approved founding of the United States Colored Troops, John Langston was appointed to recruit African Americans to fight for the Union Army.", "He enlisted hundreds of men for duty in the Massachusetts Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth regiments, in addition to 800 for Ohio's first black regiment.", "Even before the end of the war, Langston worked for issues of black suffrage and opportunity.", "He believed that black men's service in the war had earned their right to vote, and that the franchise was fundamental to their creating an equal place in society.", "After the war, Langston was appointed inspector general for the Freedmen's Bureau, a Federal organization that assisted freed slaves and tried to oversee labor contracts in the former Confederate states during the Reconstruction era.", "The Bureau also ran a bank and helped establish schools for freedmen and their children.", "In 1864 Langston chaired the committee whose agenda was ratified by the black National Convention: they called for abolition of slavery, support of racial unity and self-help, and equality before the law.", "To accomplish this program, the convention founded the National Equal Rights League and elected Langston president.", "He served until 1868.", "Like the later National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the League was based in state and local organizations.", "Langston traveled widely to build support.", "\"By war's end, nine state auxiliaries had been established; some twenty months later, Langston could boast of state leagues nearly everywhere.\"", "In 1868 Langston moved to Washington, D.C. to establish and serve as the founding dean of Howard University's law school; this was the first black law school in the country.", "Appointed acting president of the school in 1872, and vice president of the school, Langston worked to establish strong academic standards.", "He also engendered the kind of open environment he had known at Oberlin College.", "Langston was passed over for the permanent position of president of Howard University School of Law; the selection committee refused to disclose the reason.", "During 1870, Langston assisted Republican Senator Charles Sumner from Massachusetts with drafting the civil rights bill that was enacted as the Civil Rights Act of 1875.", "The 43rd Congress of the United States passed the bill in February 1875 and it was signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875.", "President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Langston as a member of the Board of Health of the District of Columbia.", "In 1877 President Rutherford Hayes appointed Langston as U.S. Minister to Haiti; he also served as \"chargé d'affaires\" to the Dominican Republic.", "After his diplomatic service, in 1885 Langston returned to the US and Virginia.", "He was appointed by the state legislature as the first president of Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, established as a historically black college (HBCU) and land grant college at Petersburg.", "(It is now Virginia State University.)", "There he also began to build a political base.", "In 1888, Langston was urged to run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives by fellow Republicans, both black and white.", "Leaders of the biracial Readjuster Party, which had held political power in Virginia from 1879 to 1883, did not support his candidacy.", "Langston ran as a Republican and lost to his Democratic opponent.", "He contested the results of the election because of voter intimidation and fraud.", "After 18 months, the Congressional elections committee declared Langston the winner, and he took his seat in the U.S. Congress.", "He served for the remaining six months of the term, but lost his bid for reelection as Democrats had regained political control of Virginia.", "Langston was the first black person elected to Congress from Virginia, and he was the last for another century.", "In a period of increasing disenfranchisement of blacks in the South, he was one of five African Americans elected to Congress during the Jim Crow era of the last decade of the nineteenth century.", "Two were elected from South Carolina and two from North Carolina.", "After them, no African Americans would be elected to Congress from the South until 1972, after passage of the Voting Rights Act to enforce the exercise of constitutional franchise rights for all citizens.", "In 1890 Langston was named as a member of the board of trustees of St. Paul Normal and Industrial School, a historically black college, when it was incorporated by the Virginia General Assembly.", "In this period, he also wrote his autobiography, which he published in 1894.", "From 1891 until his death in 1897, he practiced law in Washington, D.C.", "He died at his home, Hillside Cottage at 2225 Fourth Street NW in Washington, DC, on the morning of November 15.", "He was first buried at Harmony Cemetery in Maryland.", "Although there was discussion of reinterring him in Nashville, he was reinterred at Woodlawn Cemetery in Washington, DC.", "Langston was the great-uncle of the poet James Mercer Langston Hughes (called Langston Hughes).", "The John Mercer Langston House in Oberlin, Ohio, has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.", "The town of Langston, Oklahoma, founded in 1890 as an all-black town, was named for him.", "The historically black college in the town, founded in 1897 as the Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University, was renamed Langston University in honor of John Mercer Langston in 1941.", "John Mercer Langston Elementary School at 33 P Street NW in Washington, D.C. was named in his honor.", "It opened in 1902 as a school for black students and remained open until 1993.", "In 1997 the building served as a homeless shelter, but it has mostly sat empty since closing." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 135483, "normal_article_title": "Salado, Texas", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=135483", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-135483-0-0", "normal-135483-0-1", "normal-135483-0-2", "normal-135483-0-3", "normal-135483-0-4", "normal-135483-1-0", "normal-135483-2-0", "normal-135483-3-0", "normal-135483-3-1", "normal-135483-3-2", "normal-135483-3-3", "normal-135483-3-4", "normal-135483-4-0", "normal-135483-4-1", "normal-135483-4-2", "normal-135483-4-3", "normal-135483-5-0", "normal-135483-5-1", "normal-135483-5-2", "normal-135483-6-0", "normal-135483-7-0", "normal-135483-7-1", "normal-135483-7-2", "normal-135483-8-0", "normal-135483-9-0", "normal-135483-9-1", "normal-135483-10-0", "normal-135483-10-1", "normal-135483-10-2", "normal-135483-10-3", "normal-135483-10-4", "normal-135483-11-0", "normal-135483-11-1", "normal-135483-11-2", "normal-135483-12-0", "normal-135483-12-1", "normal-135483-12-2", "normal-135483-12-3", "normal-135483-13-0", "normal-135483-13-1", "normal-135483-13-2", "normal-135483-13-3", "normal-135483-14-0", "normal-135483-14-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Salado is a village in Bell County, Texas, United States.", "Salado was first incorporated in 1867 for the sole purpose of building a bridge across Salado Creek.", "In 2000, the citizens of Salado voted in favor of reincorporation, before which it was a census-designated place.", "The population of the village was 2,126 at the 2010 census.", "It is part of the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "The town is home to the Stagecoach Inn, the oldest continuously running hotel in Texas.", "Archaeological evidence of a paleolithic Native American settlement dating back about 15,500 years, the Buttermilk Creek Complex, has been unearthed in Salado.", "The first record of white settlers in the area occurred in 1834, but by 1836, the pioneer settlers abandoned the area due to frequent Indian attacks and the invasion by General Santa Anna and the Mexican Army.", "The first permanent Anglo-American settler at Salado was Archibald Willingham in 1850.", "In 1852, the Salado Post Office was established.", "In 1859, the Salado College Joint Stock Company was created by Col. Elijah Sterling Clack Robertson, who donated 320 acres north and south of the springs to be broken into lots and form the village of Salado, with the proceeds of the sale going to form Salado College.", "The college operated from 1860-1885 and 1895-1913; the former college building was occupied by the Thomas Arnold High School.", "From 1866 to 1885, the famous Chisholm Trail cattle drives passed through this area, with the Stagecoach Inn being one of the stops.", "In 1867, Salado incorporated to build a bridge across Salado Creek.", "By 1884, Salado had a population of 900, seven churches, 14 stores, two hotels, two blacksmiths, and three cotton gins.", "However, after the railroads bypassed Salado to the north and south, trade moved away from the town and the population began to dwindle, hitting 400 by 1914 and down to 200 by 1950.", "Nineteen Salado locations are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, including the George Washington Baines House.", "Salado is located in south-central Bell County at .", "Interstate 35 runs through the village, leading north 9 mi to Belton, the county seat, and south 23 mi to Georgetown.", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 5.7 km2 , of which 0.1 sqkm , or 2.10%, is covered by water.", "Salado is located along the Balcones Fault, which causes the emergence of surface waters.", "The fault line is also a demarcation line for some species' natural ranges.", "For example, the California fan palm, \"Washingtonia filifera\", occurs strictly west of Salado or the Balcones Fault.", "Salado Creek was selected as the first Texas Natural Landmark.", "The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.", "According to the Köppen climate classification system, Salado has a humid subtropical climate, \"Cfa\" on climate maps.", "As of the census of 2000, 3,475 people, 1,382 households, and 1,112 families resided in the village.", "The population density was 204.2 people per square mile (78.8/km).", "The 1,465 housing units averaged 86.1 per square mile (33.2/km).", "The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.37% White, 0.26% African American, 0.63% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 5.15% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races.", "Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 8.66% of the population.", "There were 1,382 households out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.1% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.5% were non-families.", "16.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.81.", "In the village, the population was distributed as 22.4% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 31.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 44 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.", "The median income for a household was $63,646, and for a family was $70,667.", "Males had a median income of $48,098 versus $26,528 for females.", "The per capita income was $29,685.", "About 3.0% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.", "Salado is served by the Salado Independent School District.", "The Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools is headquartered in the Salado Civic Center in downtown Salado." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 128728, "normal_article_title": "Lysekil Municipality", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=128728", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-128728-0-0", "normal-128728-0-1", "normal-128728-1-0", "normal-128728-2-0", "normal-128728-2-1", "normal-128728-3-0", "normal-128728-3-1", "normal-128728-3-2", "normal-128728-3-3", "normal-128728-3-4", "normal-128728-4-0", "normal-128728-4-1", "normal-128728-5-0", "normal-128728-5-1", "normal-128728-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lysekil Municipality (\"Lysekils kommun\") is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in western Sweden.", "Its seat is located in the city of Lysekil.", "The present municipality was formed in 1971, when the \"City of Lysekil\" (instituted as such in 1903) was amalgamated with Stångenäs and the island of Skaftö.", "Lysekil Municipality borders to the municipalities of Sotenäs (in the north-west), Munkedal (north) and Uddevalla (east).", "The city of Lysekil is located on the southern tip of the municipality, by the Kattegatt strait.", "The bay to the east, marking the border to Uddevalla, is called Gullmarsfjorden, or Gullmarn.", "It is Sweden's only true fjord.", "It is 25 km long, between 1–3 km wide, with a maximum depth of 118.5 meters.", "The depth at the mouth is only 20–40 meters on average, leading to a distinctive marine life in the fjord.", "Gullmaren is currently Sweden's only marine nature preservation area, and is home to several marine research institutes due to it being an easily studied microclimate.", "Some of the municipal islets are considered part of the Gothenburg archipelago.", "Many islets are like small communities by themselves, with interesting histories of trading, fishing and stone quarrying in addition to their scenic nature.", "Due to its geographical location, the industry has always been dominated by fishing, which also shows on its coat of arms.", "Lysekil was mainly known as a bathing location in Sweden in the 19th century, due to its popular bathing house dating from 1847.", "Today tourism plays an important part in the economy of the municipality." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 411729, "simple_article_title": "Lysekil Municipality", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411729", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-411729-0-0", "simple-411729-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Lysekil Municipality is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden.", "The seat is in Lysekil." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 10951774, "normal_article_title": "P. J. Byrne", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10951774", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-10951774-0-0", "normal-10951774-0-1", "normal-10951774-1-0", "normal-10951774-1-1", "normal-10951774-2-0", "normal-10951774-3-0", "normal-10951774-3-1", "normal-10951774-3-2", "normal-10951774-4-0", "normal-10951774-4-1", "normal-10951774-5-0", "normal-10951774-6-0", "normal-10951774-6-1", "normal-10951774-7-0", "normal-10951774-8-0", "normal-10951774-8-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Paul Jeffrey Byrne (born December 15, 1974) is an American film and television actor.", "Byrne is best known for his roles as Nicky \"Rugrat\" Koskoff in the Martin Scorsese film \"The Wolf of Wall Street\" (2013) and Bolin on Nickelodeon's animated series \"The Legend of Korra\" (2012–2014).", "A Garden State native, Byrne was born in Maplewood, New Jersey, to Emma N. (Ferraro) and Paul I. Byrne Jr., and was raised in Old Tappan, New Jersey, where he graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan in 1992.", "He is of Irish and Italian descent.", "A graduate of Boston College with a double major in finance and theatre and an M.F.A. from the Theatre School at DePaul University, Byrne was on his way to becoming an investment banker out of college when a drama teacher at BC convinced him to follow his passion for acting.", "Byrne started his career in small roles in such films as \"Bruce Almighty\", \"Fun with Dick and Jane\", \"Bewitched\" and \"Because I Said So\".", "He also had guest roles on television series such as \"ER\", \"The West Wing\", \"Reno 911!\"", "and \"NCIS\" before getting a recurring role on \"The Game\".", "Byrne went on to have more prominent roles in films such as \"Dinner for Schmucks\", \"Extraordinary Measures\", \"The Campaign\" and \"Horrible Bosses\".", "He was cast in one of the main roles in \"Final Destination 5\", which received generally positive reviews and was a commercial success.", "In addition to his on-screen roles, Byrne provided the voice of Bolin, one of the lead roles in the Nickelodeon series \"The Legend of Korra\", from the show's beginning in 2012 to the show's end in 2014.", "In 2013, he appeared in the Martin Scorsese directed film \"The Wolf of Wall Street\", which received critical acclaim and was nominated for numerous awards.", "The next year he starred in the television series \"Intelligence\".", "He joined Dwayne Johnson in the 2018 action film \"Rampage\".", "He resides in Los Angeles with his wife, Jaime, who is the district director in Los Angeles and Beverly Hills for health care services and fund-raising for the Muscular Dystrophy Association.", "Byrne and his wife have one daughter." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 474872, "simple_article_title": "P. J. Byrne", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=474872", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-474872-0-0", "simple-474872-0-1", "simple-474872-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Paul Jeffrey \"P. J.\" Byrne (born December 15, 1974) is an American actor.", "He is known for his roles in movies, such as \"Horrible Bosses\", \"Final Destination 5\", \"The Campaign\", \"The Wolf of Wall Street\" and \"Rampage\".", "He is known for his television roles, such as his role in \"The Game\" and his starring role in \"Intelligence\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1840243, "normal_article_title": "Sony Pictures Animation", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1840243", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1840243-0-0", "normal-1840243-0-1", "normal-1840243-1-0", "normal-1840243-1-1", "normal-1840243-2-0", "normal-1840243-2-1", "normal-1840243-2-2", "normal-1840243-2-3", "normal-1840243-2-4", "normal-1840243-2-5", "normal-1840243-3-0", "normal-1840243-4-0", "normal-1840243-4-1", "normal-1840243-4-2", "normal-1840243-4-3", "normal-1840243-4-4", "normal-1840243-4-5", "normal-1840243-4-6", "normal-1840243-4-7", "normal-1840243-4-8", "normal-1840243-4-9", "normal-1840243-4-10", "normal-1840243-4-11", "normal-1840243-5-0", "normal-1840243-5-1", "normal-1840243-6-0", "normal-1840243-6-1", "normal-1840243-6-2", "normal-1840243-7-0", "normal-1840243-8-0", "normal-1840243-9-0", "normal-1840243-9-1", "normal-1840243-9-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Sony Pictures Animation Inc. is an American animation studio owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment through their Motion Picture Group division and founded on May 9, 2002.", "The studio's films are distributed worldwide by Sony Pictures Releasing under their Columbia Pictures label, while all direct-to-video releases are released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.", "The first Sony Pictures Animation film, \"Open Season\", was released on September 29, 2006.", "Its latest release was \"The Angry Birds Movie 2\" on August 13, 2019, with their next release currently set to be \"Peter Rabbit 2\" on February 7, 2020.", "In 2001, Sony Pictures considered selling off its visual effects facility Sony Pictures Imageworks.", "After failing to find a suitable buyer, having been impressed with the CGI sequences of \"Stuart Little 2\" and seeing the box office successes of DreamWorks Animation's \"Shrek\" and Disney/Pixar's \"Monsters, Inc.\", SPI was reconfigured to become an animation studio.", "\"Astro Boy\", which had been in development at Sony since 1997 as a live-action film, was set to be SPI's first all-CGI film, but never made it to fruition.", "On May 9, 2002, Sony Pictures Animation was established to develop characters, stories and movies with SPI taking over the digital production while maintaining its visual effects production.", "Meanwhile, SPI produced two short films, the Academy Award-winning \"The ChubbChubbs!\"", "and \"Early Bloomer\", as a result of testing its strengths and weaknesses in producing all-CG animation.", "On its first anniversary on May 9, 2003, Sony Pictures Animation announced a full slate of animated projects in development: \"Open Season\", an adaptation of a Celtic folk ballad \"Tam Lin\", \"Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs\", \"Surf's Up\", and a feature-length film version of \"The ChubbChubbs!\".", "Its first feature film was \"Open Season\", released in September 2006, which became Sony's second-highest-grossing home entertainment film in 2007 and spawned three direct-to-video sequels.", "Its second feature film, \"Surf's Up\" was released in June 2007, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, and won two Annie Awards.", "A motion-captured animated film titled \"Neanderthals\" and written and produced by Jon Favreau, was cancelled sometime in 2008 after four years in development.", "SPA's first 3D movie since the IMAX 3D release of \"Open Season\", \"Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs\", was released in September 2009 and was nominated for four Annie Awards, including Best Animated Feature.", "\"The Smurfs\" (2011) was the studio's first CGI/live-action hybrid.", "SPA's parent company Sony Pictures had partnered in 2007 with Aardman Animations to finance, co-produce and distribute feature films.", "Together, they produced two films: \"Arthur Christmas\" (2011), and \"The Pirates!", "Band of Misfits\" (2012), which was SPA's first stop-motion film.", "In September 2012, SPA released \"Hotel Transylvania\", which grossed over $350 million worldwide and launched a successful franchise with two sequels and a .", "Two sequels are released in 2013: \"The Smurfs 2\" and \"Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2\".", "SPA's latest releases are \"\", an animated superhero film based on the Spider-Man comics, and \"The Angry Birds Movie 2\", a sequel to the 2016 film \"The Angry Birds Movie\" produced by Rovio Animation.", "SPA has since signed Genndy Tartakovsky to a long-term deal with the studio to develop and direct original films.", "The studio is currently working on \"The Mitchells vs. the Machines\", a robot apocalypse/road trip film written and directed by Michael Rianda and Jeff Rowe while produced by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller (2020), \"Vivo\" (2020), and \"Hotel Transylvania 4\" (2021).", "It has many other projects in development, including an animated \"Ghostbusters\" spin-off film, an untitled film from Jon Saunders, an R-rated comedy titled \"Fixed\" and \"Black Knight\".", "On November 3, 2014, the studio collaborated with Frederator Studio's Cartoon Hangover on \"GO!", "Cartoons\", an incubator series consisting of 12 short films, with at least one short film being developed into a series.", "The short films were funded by SPA, with the additional goal of attracting new talent for the studio.", "According to Kristine Belson, president of SPA, the studio produces films on a 1:1 development-to-production ratio, meaning that the studio puts films into development as much as it places films in production, unlike other animation studios.", "The studio has plans to produce adult animated content for digital platforms.", "In a similar fashion to the Warner Animation Group and Paramount Animation, the studio outsources their films to other animation companies and visual effects studios, with the majority of their films being animated by Sony Pictures Imageworks (its sister company).", "Some films, such as \"Arthur Christmas, The Pirates!", "Band of Misfits,\" and \"Wish Dragon\", were acquired by Sony Pictures Animation to be released under their banner while others, such as \"Goosebumps\" and \"Peter Rabbit\", was made with no involvement with the studio." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 326637, "simple_article_title": "Sony Pictures Animation", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=326637", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-326637-0-0", "simple-326637-0-1", "simple-326637-0-2", "simple-326637-0-3", "simple-326637-0-4", "simple-326637-1-0", "simple-326637-1-1", "simple-326637-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Sony Pictures Animation is an American computer-animated movie production company.", "It is owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment.", "The company was founded in May 2002.", "It is working closely with Sony Pictures Imageworks, which takes care of the digital production.", "Theatrical releases are distributed by Columbia Pictures, and direct-to-video releases are distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.", "Their first movie \"Open Season\" was released on September 29, 2006, along with two direct-to-video sequels: \"Open Season 2\" (released on September 24, 2008) and \"Open Season 3\" (released on October 21, 2010) and Open Season 4 scheduled to release in 2016.", "The studio's most successful movie to date is \"The Smurfs\".", "However, its most critically acclaimed movie is \"Arthur Christmas\", which was co-produced with Aardman Animations." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 599359, "normal_article_title": "Archduke", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=599359", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-599359-0-0", "normal-599359-0-1", "normal-599359-1-0", "normal-599359-1-1", "normal-599359-2-0", "normal-599359-3-0", "normal-599359-4-0", "normal-599359-4-1", "normal-599359-4-2", "normal-599359-4-3", "normal-599359-5-0", "normal-599359-5-1", "normal-599359-5-2", "normal-599359-6-0", "normal-599359-6-1", "normal-599359-6-2", "normal-599359-6-3", "normal-599359-7-0", "normal-599359-7-1", "normal-599359-7-2", "normal-599359-7-3", "normal-599359-7-4", "normal-599359-8-0", "normal-599359-8-1", "normal-599359-8-2", "normal-599359-9-0", "normal-599359-9-1", "normal-599359-9-2", "normal-599359-10-0", "normal-599359-10-1", "normal-599359-10-2", "normal-599359-11-0", "normal-599359-11-1", "normal-599359-11-2", "normal-599359-11-3", "normal-599359-12-0", "normal-599359-12-1", "normal-599359-13-0", "normal-599359-13-1", "normal-599359-13-2", "normal-599359-14-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Archduke (feminine: Archduchess; German: \"Erzherzog\", feminine form: \"Erzherzogin\") was the title borne from 1358 by the Habsburg rulers of the Archduchy of Austria, and later by all senior members of that dynasty.", "It denotes a rank within the former Holy Roman Empire (962–1806), which was below that of Emperor and King and above that of (debatably) a Grand Duke, Duke and Prince.", "The territory ruled by an Archduke or Archduchess was called an Archduchy.", "All remaining Archduchies ceased to exist in 1918.", "The English word is first recorded in 1530, derived from Middle, via Old, French \" \", from Merovingian Latin \" \", from Greek \" -\", meaning \"authority\" or \"primary\" (see \"arch-\") and \" \" \"duke\" (literally \"leader\")", "\"Archduke\" ( ; ) is a title distinct from \"Grand Duke\" ( ; ; ), a later monarchic title borne by the rulers of other European countries (for instance, Luxembourg).", "The first known claim to the title of Archduke was by the rulers of Austrasia ( 750), one of the Merovingian (Frankish) realms resulting from the complex successions in the house of Clovis, roughly comprising Germany, Switzerland and the Low Countries.", "In the Carolingian Empire, the title Archduke was awarded not as rank of nobility, but as a unique honorary title to the Duke of Lotharingia (who held a substantially larger territory than the post-medieval Duchy of Lorraine).", "The Lotharingian (Arch)Duchy could be seen as the successor to the former Carolingian Kingdom of Lotharingia, a realm which had been of approximately equal stature with West Francia (modern France) in the dynastic divisions under the early heirs of Charlemagne.", "Lotharingia was eventually absorbed by East Francia (Greater Germany), becoming part of the Holy Roman Empire rather than a fully independent Kingdom.", "After the split of the (Arch)Duchy of Lotharingia in 959 into the Duchies of Upper Lotharingia in the south ( , which included modern Lorraine) and Lower Lotharingia in the north ( , capital city: Cologne on the Rhine river), the title Archduke disappeared officially for almost 400 years.", "The later extended fragmentation of both territories created two \"succeeding\" Duchies in the Low Countries, Brabant (mainly in modern-day Belgium) and Geldre (now in the Netherlands, giving its name to the province of Gelderland).", "Both claimed archducal status but were never officially recognised as such by the Holy Roman Emperor.", "\"Archduke of Austria\", the only archducal title to re-emerge, was invented in the \"Privilegium Maius\" in the 14th century by Duke Rudolf IV of Austria.", "Originally, it was meant to emphasize the claimed precedence (thus \"Arch-\") of the Duchy of Austria, in an effort to put the Habsburgs on an even level with the Prince-Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, as Austria had been passed over when the Golden Bull of 1356 assigned that dignity to the four highest-ranking secular Imperial princes and three Archbishops.", "Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV refused to recognise the title, as did all the other ruling dynasties of the member countries of the Empire.", "But Duke Ernest the Iron and his descendants unilaterally assumed the title of \"Archduke\".", "The archducal title was only officially recognized in 1453 by Emperor Frederick III, when the Habsburgs had solidified their grip on the throne of the \"de jure\" elected Holy Roman Emperor, making it \"de facto\" hereditary.", "Despite that imperial authorization of the title, which showed a Holy Roman Emperor from the Habsburg dynasty deciding over a title claim of the Habsburg dynasty, many ruling dynasties of the countries which formed the Empire refused to recognize the title \"Archduke\".", "Ladislaus the Posthumous, Duke of Austria, who died in 1457, never got in his lifetime the imperial authorization to use it, and accordingly, neither he nor anyone in his branch of the dynasty ever used the title.", "Emperor Frederick III himself simply used the title \"Duke of Austria\", never \"Archduke\", until his death in 1493.", "The title was first granted to Frederick's younger brother, Albert VI of Austria (d. 1463), who used it at least from 1458.", "In 1477, Frederick III also granted the title of \"Archduke\" to his first cousin, Sigismund of Austria, ruler of Further Austria .", "Frederick's son and heir, the future Emperor Maximilian I, started to use the title, but apparently only after the death of his wife Mary of Burgundy (d. 1482), as \"Archduke\" never appears in documents issued jointly by Maximilian and Mary as rulers in the Low Countries (where Maximilian is still titled \"Duke of Austria\").", "The title appears first in documents issued under the joint rule of Maximilian and his son Philip in the Low Countries.", "\"Archduke\" was initially borne by those dynasts who ruled a Habsburg territory—i.e., only by males and their consorts, appanages being commonly distributed to cadets.", "But these \"junior\" \"archdukes\" did not thereby become sovereign hereditary rulers, since all territories remained vested in the Austrian crown.", "Occasionally a territory might be combined with a separate gubernatorial mandate ruled by an archducal cadet.", "From the 16th century onward, \"Archduke\" and its female form, \"Archduchess\", came to be used by \"all\" the members of the House of Habsburg (e.g. Queen Marie Antoinette of France was born Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria).", "Upon extinction of the male line of the Habsburgs and the marriage of their heiress, the Holy Roman Empress-consort Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary and Archduchess of Austria, to Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine who was elected Holy Roman Emperor, their descendants formed the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.", "After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire this usage was retained in the Austrian Empire (1804–1867) and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918).", "The official use of titles of nobility and of all other hereditary titles, including \"Archduke\", has been illegal in the Republic of Austria for Austrian citizens since the Law on the Abolition of Nobility (\"Gesetz vom 3.", "April 1919 über die Aufhebung des Adels, der weltlichen Ritter- und Damenorden und gewisser Titel und Würden\").", "Thus those members of the Habsburg family who are residents of the Republic of Austria are simply known by their first name(s) and their surname \"Habsburg-Lothringen\".", "However, members of the family who reside in other countries may or may not use the title, in accordance with laws and customs in those nations.", "For example, Otto Habsburg-Lothringen (1912–2011), the eldest son of the last Habsburg Emperor, was an Austrian, Hungarian and German citizen.", "As he lived in Germany, where it is permitted to use hereditary titles as part of the civil surname (including indications of origin, such as \"von\" or \"zu\"), his official civil name was Otto von Habsburg (literally: Otto \"of\" Habsburg), whereas in Austria he was registered as Otto Habsburg.", "The King of Spain also bears the nominal title of Archduke of Austria as part of his full list of titles, as the Bourbon dynasty adopted all the titles previously held by the Spanish Habsburgs when they took over the Spanish throne.", "However, \"Archduke\" was never considered by the Spanish Bourbons as a substantial dignity of their own dynasty, but rather as a traditional supplementary title of the Spanish Kings since the days of the Habsburg dynasty on the royal throne (1516–1700).", "Hence, no member of the royal family other than the King bears the (additional) title of \"Archduke\".", "The insignia of the Archduke of Lower and Upper Austria was the archducal hat, a coronet which is kept in Klosterneuburg Monastery." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 98974, "simple_article_title": "Archduke", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=98974", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-98974-0-0", "simple-98974-0-1", "simple-98974-0-2", "simple-98974-1-0", "simple-98974-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The title of Archduke (feminine: Archduchess) (German: \"Erzherzog\", feminine form: \"Erzherzogin\") is a rank above Duke and under King.", "It is very rare.", "It was used only by males of the House of Habsburg.", "The English word is recorded only since 1530, derived from Middle Latin \"archidux\", from \"arch(i)-\" (see arch- (adj.)) + \"dux\" 'duke' .", "Archduke (\"Erzherzog\") is a title distinct from Grand Duke (\"Großherzog\" or \"Großfürst\") that is used in some other German royal houses and still in sovereign Luxemburg." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3490000, "normal_article_title": "Kangkar LRT station", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3490000", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3490000-0-0", "normal-3490000-0-1", "normal-3490000-1-0", "normal-3490000-1-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Kangkar LRT station (SE4) is an LRT station on the east loop of Sengkang LRT Line in Rivervale, Singapore.", "This station is located near Rivervale Plaza and 3 condominiums, namely Park Green, Riversound and Austville.", "The station is located at a former fishery and was a familiar landmark to older generation of the residents.", "\"Kangkar\" means \"river bank or \"river mouth\" in Teochew and Hokkien (Min Nan) respectively." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 608499, "simple_article_title": "Kangkar LRT Station", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=608499", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-608499-0-0", "simple-608499-0-1", "simple-608499-0-2", "simple-608499-0-3", "simple-608499-1-0", "simple-608499-1-1", "simple-608499-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Kangkar LRT Station SE4 is an LRT station in Sengkang, Singapore.", "It is part of the Sengkang LRT Line.", "It is on the east loop.", "It opened on 18 January 2003.", "The station is on the place where there was a fishery.", "Older residents remember the place.", "18 November 2003 - The station opens." ] } }

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