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{ "normal_article_id": 32898976, "normal_article_title": "Castle of Almansa", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32898976", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-32898976-0-0", "normal-32898976-0-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Castle of Almansa (Spanish: \"Castillo de Almansa\") is a castle located in Almansa, Spain.", "It was declared \"Bien de Interés Cultural\" in 1921." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 464982, "simple_article_title": "Castle of Almansa", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=464982", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-464982-0-0", "simple-464982-0-1", "simple-464982-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Castle of Almansa is a castle in Almansa, Spain.", "It was declared \"Bien de Interés Cultural\" in 1921.", "The Castle of Almansa was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 20027311, "normal_article_title": "Toshiyasu Takahara", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20027311", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-20027311-0-0", "normal-20027311-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Toshiyasu Takahara (髙原 寿康 , Takahara Toshiyasu , born October 18, 1980) is a retired Japanese football player.", "\"Updated to 23 February 2017\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 164170, "simple_article_title": "Toshiyasu Takahara", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164170", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-164170-0-0", "simple-164170-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Toshiyasu Takahara (born 18 October 1980) is a Japanese football player.", "He plays for Consadole Sapporo." ] } }

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"normal-128344-35-3", "normal-128344-35-4", "normal-128344-36-0", "normal-128344-36-1", "normal-128344-37-0", "normal-128344-37-1", "normal-128344-38-0", "normal-128344-38-1", "normal-128344-38-2", "normal-128344-38-3", "normal-128344-38-4", "normal-128344-38-5", "normal-128344-38-6", "normal-128344-38-7", "normal-128344-39-0", "normal-128344-40-0", "normal-128344-40-1", "normal-128344-40-2", "normal-128344-40-3", "normal-128344-41-0", "normal-128344-41-1", "normal-128344-41-2", "normal-128344-42-0", "normal-128344-43-0", "normal-128344-44-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hertford College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England.", "It is located on Catte Street in the centre of Oxford, directly opposite the main gate to the Bodleian Library.", "The college is known for its iconic bridge, the Bridge of Sighs.", "There are around 600 students at the college at any one time, comprising undergraduates, graduates and visiting students from overseas.", "The first Hertford College began in the 1280s as Hart Hall and became a college in 1740 but was dissolved in 1816.", "In 1820, the site was taken over by Magdalen Hall, which had emerged around 1490 on a site adjacent to Magdalen College.", "In 1874, Magdalen Hall was incorporated as a college, reviving the name Hertford College.", "In 1974, Hertford was part of the first group of all-male Oxford colleges to admit women.", "Alumni of the college's predecessor institutions include William Tyndale, John Donne, Thomas Hobbes and Jonathan Swift.", "More recently, former students have included author Evelyn Waugh, the first female Home Secretary Jacqui Smith, the civil servants Jeremy Heywood and Olly Robbins, and the newsreaders and reporters Fiona Bruce, Carrie Gracie, Krishnan Guru-Murthy and Natasha Kaplinsky.", "The first Hertford College began life as Hart Hall (\"Aula Cervina\") in the 1280s, a small tenement built roughly where the college's Old Hall is today, a few paces along New College Lane on the southern side.", "In mediaeval Oxford, halls were primarily lodging houses for students and resident tutors.", "The original tenement, mentioned in the deed of 1283, which was bought by Elias de Hertford from Walter de Grendon, mercer, lay between a tenement of the university (Blackhall) on the west, and a tenement of the Prioress of Studley on the east.", "In the deed by which Elias de Hertford sells it to John de Dokelynton in 1301, this last tenement is called Micheldhall.", "The deed was made over to his son, also Elias, in 1301.", "The name of the hall was likely a humorous reduction of the name of its founder's home town, and allowed for the use of the symbol of a hart to be used for identification.", "At that time, New College Lane was known as Hammer Hall Lane (named after a hall to the east, as New College had not then been founded), and its northern side was the old town wall.", "The corner of Hammer Hall Lane and Catte Street (which had a postern in the wall called Smithgate) was taken by Black Hall, which was the place of John Wycliffe's imprisonment by the Vice-Chancellor around 1378.", "On the other side of Hart Hall along the lane was Shield Hall.", "On Catte Street itself was the entrance to Arthur Hall, which lay down a narrow passage behind Hart Hall, and Cat Hall (\"Aula Murilegorum\"), which stood further south, roughly where the Principal's Lodgings now stand.", "The younger Elias sold on Hart Hall (named in this deed as 'le Herthalle') after a month to a wealthy local fishmonger John of Ducklington, who, seven years later, bought Arthur Hall and annexed it to Hart Hall.", "In 1312, John sold the two halls to Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, who desired to found a college.", "After just over a year, Stapledon moved his scholars to a larger site that he had purchased on Turl Street, which became Stapledon Hall, later Exeter College.", "However, Exeter College retained certain rights over Hart Hall, with which it plagued the hall's development for centuries.", "In 1379, Hart Hall and Black Hall were rented by William of Wykeham as a temporary home for his scholars as his New College, to the east along what became New College Lane, was being built.", "The first two Wardens of New College also appear as Principals of Hart Hall.", "Until the 17th century, there is evidence of scholars (including Thomas Ken) matriculating at Hart Hall while waiting for a vacancy at New College.", "By this time, it appears that Shield Hall had been partly taken over by Hart Hall and partly demolished to make way for New College's cloister.", "Although Black Hall continued a separate existence, its principal was often the same as Hart Hall's.", "In 1490, Hart Hall is described as having a library, which was unusual for a hall.", "In 1530, Hart Hall annexed Black Hall also.", "For some time, Cat Hall was leased by All Souls College, and then by Exeter College, until it also was subsumed into the growing Hart Hall early in the 16th century, giving the hall most of the land around what is today its Old Quadrangle.", "In the latter half of the 16th century, Hart Hall became known as a refuge for Catholic recusants, particularly under Philip Randell as principal (1548–1599).", "Because of its connection with Exeter College and that college's increasing puritanism, a number of Exeter's tutors and scholars migrated to Hart Hall.", "The hall attracted an increasing number of Catholics from further afield, including the Jesuit tutor Richard Holtby in 1574, who was instrumental in the conversion of his student, and later Jesuit martyr and saint, Alexander Briant to Catholicism.", "Coming from a Catholic family, the English poet John Donne came up to Hart Hall in 1584.", "Hart Hall expanded and new buildings were put up.", "In the early 17th century, the current Senior Common Room was built as lodgings for the principal.", "From this period also, the main entrance of the hall moved from being a narrow passage off New College Lane to a gate on Catte Street.", "By the late 17th century, Cat Hall is described as being used as 'the ball-court of Hart Hall'.", "In the latter part of the 17th century, the principal, Dr William Thornton, provided a proper gate for the Catte Street entrance of the hall, and decorated with a device of a drinking hart with the motto Sicut cervus anhelat ad fontes aquarum ('As the hart panteth after the water brooks', taken from Psalm 42, verse 1, but in a peculiar translation).", "Although the current gatehouse is not Thornton's original, it retains the design and motto, and houses the original decorated gates.", "It has been suggested that this frieze with its Latin motto is the real counterpart of the one translated for the waiting crowd by the title character of Thomas Hardy's \"Jude the Obscure\".", "In 1692, the political satirist Jonathan Swift was incorporated from Trinity College, Dublin, on the books of Hart Hall to receive his MA.", "On 28 July 1710, the Revd Dr Richard Newton was admitted principal of Hart Hall.", "Newton was a well-connected, energetic, educational reformer.", "He was appointed principal from 'a very peaceful retirement' as Rector of Sudborough, where he was personal tutor to two brothers, who were both destined to be prime minister — Thomas Pelham-Holles and Henry Pelham — bringing the younger with him to Hart Hall.", "He dedicated himself to raising the hall from debt and securing a firmer financial endowment.", "Newton planned to redesign the hall around a proper quadrangle, with a tutor, or \"angler\", and students living in each angle, and common buildings along the sides.", "However, only two buildings in his design were ever built: one angle in the south-east corner of the Old Quadrangle (nowadays known as the Cottage), and his simple stone Chapel on the south side (consecrated 25 November 1716), which now serves as the college's Library.", "These buildings were financed entirely from Newton's pocket, to the sum of around £2000 (around £ adjusted for inflation).", "In 1720, Newton published his \"Scheme of Disciplines\" laying out his scheme of education with a view to obtaining a charter of incorporation, and, on 18 May 1723, he presented his petition for a charter.", "The proposal met immediate opposition, especially from Exeter College, exercising its old rights, and All Souls, desiring to expand northward onto the hall's land.", "In addition, the appointments of principals for the various halls had established itself in a game of promotion, and a few would-be principals opposed the plan.", "John Conybeare, then a Fellow of Exeter, and later Bishop of Bristol, was Newton's most ardent opponent, penning the book \"Calumny Refuted\" against Newton's reforms.", "After years of struggle, Richard Newton's statutes were accepted on 3 November 1739, and the charter incorporating 'the Principal and Fellows of Hertford College' (\"Principalis et Socii Collegii Hertfordiensis\") was received on 8 September 1740.", "Newton's Hertford was a relatively spartan college, having received no real endowment.", "Meals were simple and cheap, and the principal insisted on eating the same as everyone else.", "Students were expected to work hard, and, where Newton found the university's education lacking, he supplemented it with disputations within the college.", "Newton allowed gentlemen-commoners to matriculate at the college, but they paid double fees for the same accommodation and food as the others.", "They were originally allowed to wear their coloured gowns and tufted caps, but Newton eventually made them wear the ordinary black gown.", "Thus, many a well-to-do family sent their sons to Hertford College to instil in them some disciplined education, unlike the privileged wining and dining had by gentlemen-commoners in other colleges.", "After Richard Newton's death in 1753, the principalship of the college fell to a succession of men mostly lacking the desire or energy to continue their predecessor's plan.", "One exception to this succession was David Durell, who built up the reputation and academic success of the college.", "Under Durell, the future statesman Charles James Fox matriculated in 1764 (Hertford, unusually for Oxford, was a Whig college).", "However, the scheme of four tutors in their respective angles was reduced to two, and cheaper junior fellows took over some of the burden of tutoring.", "It was at Hertford that the tutor Benjamin Blayney prepared his 1769 \"Standard Edition\" of the Authorized King James Version of the Bible.", "Apart from Durell's principalship, the college went into decline due to the mismanagement of uninterested principals and the lack of decent endowments.", "In May 1805, Bernard Hodgson, last principal of Hertford College died, and no suitable successor could be found and agreed upon.", "By 1810, matriculation had ceased, and the last students were awarded their degrees.", "The last tutor and vice-principal, Richard Hewitt, continued to live in his rooms without students until May 1816, when a commission declared Hertford College dissolved.", "Magdalen Hall was founded around 1490 on a site to the west of Magdalen College and next to Magdalen's grammar school.", "The site is now Magdalen's St Swithun's quadrangle.", "It took the name of an earlier Magdalen Hall in the High Street, which was founded by William Waynflete in 1448 and then closed on the opening of Magdalen College in 1458.", "The first master of the grammar school was appointed in 1480, and its original school building was erected in 1486.", "However, as the hall took independent students as well as those belonging to the college, it quickly became an independent institution under its own principal.", "The hall was known for its adherence to the teachings of John Wycliffe, and William Tyndale, translator of the English Bible and martyr, studied there.", "Another famous student of the hall was the political philosopher Thomas Hobbes, who came up in either 1601 or 1602.", "At the English Civil War, Magdalen Hall was known as a Puritan hall under the principalship of Henry Wilkinson.", "The hall rarely used a badge of arms, but, when it did, it used the same arms as the college.", "At the time of the demise of the first Hertford College, Magdalen College had long been searching for a way of expelling Magdalen Hall in order to expand into its buildings.", "Before the demise of Hertford, Magdalen College conspired to make its site ready to receive a transplanted Magdalen Hall.", "The current Lodge of Hertford College thus still bears the arms of Magdalen Hall (and so also of Magdalen College) beside those of Hertford College (and Hart Hall) and the university.", "John Macbride became both principal of Magdalen Hall and Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic in 1813, and plans to move the hall to the site of Hertford College were already afoot.", "On 15 March 1815, Magdalen College submitted a proposal for the move to Convocation.", "Magdalen College proposed to repair the Hertford buildings and defray the expense of Magdalen Hall's move to the site, while the hall were to relinquish claim to their own buildings to Magdalen College.", "An Act of Parliament was passed supporting the plan, but no move was made until a fire accidentally started by an undergraduate on 9 January 1820 destroyed almost half of Magdalen Hall's buildings.", "Not long after this, one of Hertford College's buildings on Catte Street, so flimsy that it was known as the 'paper building', collapsed.", "With this motivation, the new foundation stone of Magdalen Hall was laid at the new site on 3 May 1820, and the hall's migration was complete by 1822.", "The Catte Street frontage was pulled down and rebuilt, and several buildings had an extra storey added to them.", "Magdalen Hall expanded to fill the space, and became the largest hall by far, numbering 214 members in 1846.", "Macbride and his vice-principals were active in building up the refounded Magdalen Hall.", "To distance the hall from its namesake college, Macbride attempted to change the name to 'Magdalene Hall', but this change was never accepted.", "Macbride served as principal for 54 years, until his death in 1868.", "The Macbride Sermon, one of the University Sermons, is preached each Hilary term in the Chapel of Hertford College in his memory.", "During John Macbride's principalship it became clear that the growing, energetic Magdalen Hall should be incorporated as a college to match its academic standing in the university.", "Since the name 'Magdalen College' was already taken, the favoured option was the revival of 'Hertford College'.", "Macbride was succeeded as principal by his vice-principal, Richard Michell, in 1868.", "He brought a bill before Parliament in 1873 for the incorporation of Magdalen Hall as Hertford College.", "The bill received significant financial support from Thomas Baring, then newly elected MP for South Essex.", "Baring had been a Fellow of Brasenose College, and had offered a substantial endowment of fellowships and scholarships to that college, but it had been refused, as Brasenose rejected his conditions of restricting the funds to members of the Church of England.", "However, to ease the passage of the bill, Baring removed his condition to the first instalment of the endowment (subsequent instalments were restricted), and Magdalen Hall was incorporated as 'the Principal, Fellows, and Scholars of Hertford College' (\"Principalis, Socii, et Scholastici Collegii Hertfordiensis\") on 7 August 1874.", "Thus, Michell became the last principal of Magdalen Hall and the first principal of the refounded Hertford College.", "Baring bought a house across New College Lane from the college to serve as fellows' lodgings (at some point this house was named Clarendon House), which was the first move of the college onto the northern side of New College Lane.", "This was soon followed by the purchase of other houses on that side of the road, which were collectively known as \"Ædes\", and the old Chapel of Our Lady at Smithgate (which is now the Octagon, housing the Middle Common Room).", "Also during this period, a gatehouse was built on the Catte Street frontage and the old doors were reinstalled there.", "A new dining hall was built above the gatehouse, and much of the northern side of the Old Quadrangle, apart from Old Hall, was rebuilt.", "In 1877, Henry Boyd succeeded Michell, becoming the second principal of the refounded Hertford College.", "His energy, good connections and longevity created the modern college as it is today.", "Boyd's name appears carved on the landmark Bridge of Sighs, and he is commemorated by a memorial in the Chapel (to the left of the chancel) and a portrait in the Hall (at the west end of High Table).", "Boyd's partnership with the architect Thomas Graham Jackson brought about the expansion of the college and its endowment with its iconic 'Anglo-Jackson' buildings.", "In 1887, Jackson began work on the Gatehouse, the Hall and its spiral staircase, and the north range of the Old Quad.", "In 1901, Jackson started building the college's site on the northern side of New College Lane.", "By 1908, he had completed a new Chapel, which he declared to be his favourite work.", "Eventually, after much opposition, he built the Bridge of Sighs, linking the Old and New Quads across New College Lane, in 1913.", "In the two world wars, a total of 171 members of Hertford College died (those of World War I are commemorated by a memorial on the south wall of the chancel in the Chapel, while those of World War II are remembered in a memorial in the portico, to the right of the Chapel door).", "Notable among them is Major Percy Nugent FitzPatrick, son of James Percy FitzPatrick, who was killed near Cambrai on 14 December 1917.", "It was with the death of his son that James Percy FitzPatrick made the suggestion after the war's end to keep a two-minute silence each year on Armistice Day.", "In 1922, the novelist Evelyn Waugh came up to Hertford, famously feuding with his history tutor C. R. M. F. Cruttwell (who was to become the fourth principal of the refounded college, 1930–1939), and later naming a number of odious characters after him.", "Waugh wrote of his time at Hertford, 'I do no work here and never go to Chapel'.", "He novelised his time at Oxford in \"Brideshead Revisited\", having his protagonist Charles Ryder at Hertford.", "Starting from 1965, Hertford made a special effort to encourage applicants from state schools through the \"Hertford Scheme\" established by Physics Fellow Neil Tanner, in which candidates were interviewed early, outside the standard application process, and could be offered a place at the college without having to sit the university entrance exam.", "This had the effect of dramatically raising academic standards within the college, and other colleges introduced similar initiatives.", "Today, around 70% of undergraduate students at the college come from UK state schools.", "This percentage of individuals from state schools (out of all UK applicants/students) is higher than at most Oxford colleges.", "This commitment to diversity is in keeping with Hertford's earlier history of openness: in 1907 Hertford admitted the first African-American Rhodes Scholar, Alain Leroy Locke, after he had been refused by several other colleges.", "Geoffrey Warnock served as the 9th Principal of the refounded college from 1971 until 1988, and presided over the latest period of growth, and established the college's leftist credentials.", "In 1974, Hertford became one of the first five co-educational colleges in the university (the others being Brasenose, Jesus College, St Catherine's, and Wadham).", "The college now has an almost equal gender balance, with slight variations from year to year.", "In memory of Warnock, the college has a student-accommodation building near Folly Bridge named after him.", "He also has a memorial in the Chapel, and a portrait behind High Table in the Hall.", "Hertford College's main site is situated on Catte Street, New College Lane and Holywell Street.", "The site consists of three quadrangles: Old Quadrangle, New Quadrangle, and Holywell Quadrangle.", "The college also has three large groups of buildings for student accommodation near Folly Bridge: Warnock House, the Graduate Centre and Abingdon House.", "In addition to these, the college owns a number of houses around Oxford.", "The Old Quadrangle (known as Old Quad or OB Quad, for Old Buildings) is, as the name suggests, the oldest and the original quadrangle.", "Its entrance is the through the Gatehouse on Catte Street, directly opposite the main gates of the Bodleian Library.", "The Gatehouse is a late 19th-century building by Thomas Graham Jackson, bearing the image of a drinking hart above the archway.", "However, the wooden doors with their colourful floral decoration are the original gates of Hart Hall from the 17th century.", "The Gatehouse houses the Lodge.", "Through the Gatehouse, the quadrangle is laid out around a pleasant lawn with a few decorative trees.", "The lawn is off-limits during Michaelmas and Hilary terms but is accessible during Trinity term for sitting on (at any time) and croquet (on Fridays and Sundays only).", "In the north-east corner of the quad is the Old Hall, the oldest remaining buildings of Hart Hall, dating from the 1570s.", "The Old Hall and its adjoining Buttery are now in regular use for dining, especially by the Fellows.", "Running southwards, along the eastern side of the quad, is a 17th-century building, with oriel windows tucked away on its southern end.", "Originally, the portion closest to the Old Hall was student accommodation, and the southern portion was the principal's lodgings.", "Today the building is mostly taken over by the Senior Common Room, with the northern ground-floor room being the Old Library.", "In the south-east corner is the 18th-century Cottage, the only one of the planned four 'angles' of Dr Newton that was ever built.", "Originally, this occupied the entire corner, around to what was the chapel (and is now the library).", "Its southern side was demolished to make way for Jackson's Chapel.", "The southern side of the quad consists of the Chapel, built in 1908 by Jackson, which has a particularly good acoustic.", "Its ante-chapel houses a stained-glass window depicting William Tyndale, made in 1911 for the British and Foreign Bible Society, and installed at Hertford in 1994.", "West of the Chapel is the Library, which was the previous chapel built in the 18th century by Newton.", "The Library possesses many fine, antique books, most of which belonged to the library of Magdalen Hall.", "Among these are many rare 17th-century manuscripts and an original edition of Thomas Hobbes's \"Leviathan\" given as a personal gift to the college: Hobbes prepared this work while at Magdalen Hall.", "The western side of the quad has the Gatehouse, with the Lodge, in its centre.", "On either side of this are slightly earlier buildings, the southern of which is the Principal's Lodgings, and the northern mostly houses the college's offices.", "In addition, the north-west building has access onto the Bridge of Sighs.", "Above the Gatehouse is the dining Hall, which is wood-panelled and hung with a number of college portraits.", "The hall is reached from the quad by a distinctive stone spiral staircase designed by Jackson, and inspired by the spiral staircase at the Château de Blois.", "The northern side of the quad consists of a building by Jackson, much of which now houses the Bursary.", "The building is infamous as the site of the incident novelised in Evelyn Waugh's \"Brideshead Revisited\" in which Sebastian Flyte, returning from a Bullingdon Club bender vomits through a window into a ground-floor room.", "The New Quadrangle (known as New Quad or NB Quad, for New Buildings) is connected to the Old Quadrangle, across New College Lane, by the Bridge of Sighs, which was designed by Thomas Graham Jackson.", "The north-western corner of New Quad is taken up by the Indian Institute building, which is not part of Hertford College.", "Most of the New Buildings are early 20th-century designs by Jackson, except the slightly later frontage onto Holywell Street, on the northern side of the quad.", "The quad is entered through a gate onto Catte Street, just opposite the Clarendon Building.", "New Quad is mostly used for undergraduate accommodation.", "The most significant building in the quad is the Octagon, just north of the gate on Catte Street, which houses the Middle Common Room.", "It is the 16th-century Chapel of St Mary the Virgin at Smithgate, which formed a bastion in the town walls.", "An original carving of the scene of the Annunciation can be seen from Catte Street, just beside the gate.", "Holywell Quadrangle backs directly onto New Quad, and the two are connected by an arched corridor that also contains the steps down to Hertford's subterranean bar.", "Holywell Quad was built in 1975, and is almost exclusively for first-year undergraduate housing.", "Its main features are a gate onto Holywell Street, the Junior Common Room in the south-east corner, and the Baring Room (named after Thomas Baring, the college's major benefactor) which is a multi-purpose hall at the top of the southern staircase.", "Undergraduate students are accommodated for the full three or four years of their study, either on the main site or on college-owned property primarily in North Oxford and the Folly Bridge area.", "A new Hertford Graduate Centre fronting the Isis was built near Folly Bridge and was opened in 2000.", "Hertford is home to a college cat named Simpkin, who lives in the College Lodge and is the fourth of his lineage, collectively Simpkins, the collective noun for Hertford College cats; the original was called Simpkin and was introduced by the former college principal Geoffrey Warnock, named after the cat in the Beatrix Potter novel The Tailor of Gloucester.", "He is provided with a bursary by alumni to cover his food and veterinary treatment.", "Hertford's exam results are slightly above average.", "In the Norrington Table of results over the period 2006–2012 it has come 17th, 9th, 18th, 6th, 12th, 5th and 23rd.", "Hertford College Boat Club is among the leading Oxford college boat clubs: both its women's and men's first boats are in the first division of Torpids and Eights Week, with both M1 and W1 winning \"blades\" in the 2015 edition of Torpids.", "The boats and club room are in the Longbridges boathouse on the Isis.", "With the transition of Magdalen Hall to Hertford College in 1874, the old blue-black of the hall stopped racing in 1873, and the new red-white of the college took to the river in 1875.", "Within only seven years of its refoundation, the college came Head of the River in the annual college boat races, in 1881.", "On achieving that victory, the crew carried their boat all the way back to the college and burnt it just inside the gates.", "The college archives possess a letter detailing the club's celebrations from the sub-librarian of the Bodleian Library, who spent the night on the scaffolding surrounding the work on the Old Schools Tower, directly opposite the Hertford gate, in case the fire spread to the library.", "In 2005, the boathouse was gutted by an arson attack carried out by the Animal Liberation Front, in protest against animal testing at the university.", "The new boathouse was rebuilt on the same site.", "The college was endowed with a new well-equipped gym in 2011 and has playing fields in New Marston, which include a pavilion with facilities for most major team sports.", "In August 2013 Hertford College Rugby Club became the first team from the UK to tour Mongolia in official partnership with the Mongolian Rugby Football Union.", "They played matches against The Mongolia Defense University and the Ulaan Baatar Warriors.", "Both matches were played in the national stadium and broadcast live on Mongolian national television.", "In 2017, the team returned to Mongolia, this time playing two matches against the Ulaanbaatar Warriors.", "Hertford College has the largest and most active music society of any Oxford college, drawing in musicians from around the university, with ensembles including the Hertford College Orchestra, the Hertford College Chapel Choir, the Hertford College Wind Band, the Hertford College Jazz Band and the Hertford College Bruckner Orchestra.", "There are two competitive organ scholarships.", "The Chapel's fine acoustic lends itself to concerts and recitals, and it is frequently used for recording.", "The current Principal of the college, from 2011, is the political economist and former newspaper editor Will Hutton.", "The college has over 30 Tutorial Fellows in the subjects it offers at undergraduate level.", "The college has 22 Emeritus Fellows." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 425013, "simple_article_title": "Hertford College, Oxford", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=425013", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-425013-0-0", "simple-425013-0-1", "simple-425013-0-2", "simple-425013-1-0", "simple-425013-1-1", "simple-425013-1-2", "simple-425013-1-3", "simple-425013-1-4", "simple-425013-2-0", "simple-425013-2-1", "simple-425013-2-2", "simple-425013-2-3", "simple-425013-3-0", "simple-425013-3-1", "simple-425013-3-2", "simple-425013-3-3", "simple-425013-3-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Hertford College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford.", "The full name of the college is the Principal, Fellows and Scholars of Hertford College in the University of Oxford.", "It is best-known for its bridge, called \"The Bridge of Sighs\".", "Hertford was originally known as \"Hart Hall\".", "The land for Hart Hall was bought by Elias de Hertford in 1282.", "Hart Hall was a residence for students at other colleges in Oxford.", "In 1312, Hart Hall was purchased by Walter de Stapledon, who was the Bishop of Exeter.", "De Stapledon founded Exeter College and Hart Hall was controlled by Exeter College for many years.", "In 1710, William Newton became the Principal of Hart Hall.", "In 1723, Newton formally proposed that Hart Hall be chartered as its own college.", "In 1739 a charter was granted for the new Hertford College.", "After Newton died, however, the college declined, and it was dissolved in 1816.", "The grounds of the college was taken over by Magdalene Hall.", "Magdalene Hall began as a grammar school associated with Magdalene College in 1448.", "Magdalene Hall moved to the site of the former Hertford College in 1822.", "It grew at the new site, and in 1874, Magdalene Hall was given a charter as Hertford College.", "The new name was chosen so that it would not be confused with Magdalene College, and because it was on the location of the former Hertford College." ] } }

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Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini (Swaziland) and South Africa to the southwest.", "The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east.", "The capital of Mozambique is Maputo (formerly known as \"Lourenço Marques\" from 1876 to 1976) while Matola is the largest city, being a suburb of Maputo.", "Between the first and fifth centuries AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to present-day Mozambique from farther north and west.", "Northern Mozambique lies within the monsoon trade winds of the Indian Ocean.", "Between the 7th and 11th centuries, a series of Swahili port towns developed here, which contributed to the development of a distinct Swahili culture and language.", "In the late medieval period, these towns were frequented by traders from Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and India.", "The voyage of Vasco da Gama in 1498 marked the arrival of the Portuguese, who began a gradual process of colonisation and settlement in 1505.", "After over four centuries of Portuguese rule, Mozambique gained independence in 1975, becoming the People's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter.", "After only two years of independence, the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992.", "In 1994, Mozambique held its first multiparty elections, and has since remained a relatively stable presidential republic, although it still faces a low-intensity insurgency.", "Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources.", "The country's economy is based largely on agriculture, but industry is growing, mainly food and beverages, chemical manufacturing and aluminium and petroleum production.", "The tourism sector is also expanding.", "South Africa is Mozambique's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment, while Belgium, Brazil, Portugal and Spain are also among the country's most important economic partners.", "Since 2001, Mozambique's annual average GDP growth has been among the world's highest.", "However, the country is still one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world, ranking low in GDP per capita, human development, measures of inequality and average life expectancy.", "The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese, which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half the population.", "Common native languages include Makhuwa, Sena, and Swahili.", "The country's population of around /1e6 round 0 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people.", "The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity, with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions.", "Mozambique is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Southern African Development Community, and is an observer at La Francophonie.", "The country was named Moçambique by the Portuguese after the Island of Mozambique, derived from \"Mussa Bin Bique\" or \"Musa Al Big\" or \"Mossa Al Bique\" or \"Mussa Ben Mbiki\" or \"Mussa Ibn Malik\", an Arab trader who first visited the island and later lived there.", "The island-town was the capital of the Portuguese colony until 1898, when it was moved south to Lourenço Marques (now Maputo).", "Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD, waves of Bantu-speaking people migrated from the west and north through the Zambezi River valley and then gradually into the plateau and coastal areas.", "They established agricultural communities or societies based on herding cattle.", "They brought with them the technology for smelting and smithing iron.", "From the late first millennium AD, vast Indian Ocean trade networks extended as far south into Mozambique as evidenced by the ancient port town of Chibuene.", "Beginning in the 9th century, a growing involvement in Indian Ocean trade led to the development of numerous port towns along the entire East African coast, including modern day Mozambique.", "Largely autonomous, these towns broadly participated in the incipient Swahili culture.", "Islam was often adopted by urban elites, facilitating trade.", "In Mozambique, Sofala, Angoche, and Mozambique Island were regional powers by the 15th century.", "The towns traded with merchants from both the African interior and the broader Indian Ocean world.", "Particularly important were the gold and ivory caravan routes.", "Inland states like the Kingdom of Zimbabwe and Kingdom of Mutapa provided the coveted gold and ivory, which were then exchanged up the coast to larger port cities like Kilwa and Mombasa.", "After the Portuguese invaded Mozambique in about 1500, Portuguese trading posts and forts displaced the Arabic commercial and military hegemony, becoming regular ports of call on the new European sea route to the east.", "The voyage of Vasco da Gama around the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 marked the Portuguese entry into trade, politics, and society of the region.", "The Portuguese gained control of the Island of Mozambique and the port city of Sofala in the early 16th century, and by the 1530s, small groups of Portuguese traders and prospectors seeking gold penetrated the interior regions, where they set up garrisons and trading posts at Sena and Tete on the River Zambezi and tried to gain exclusive control over the gold trade.", "In the central part of the Mozambique territory, the Portuguese attempted to legitimise and consolidate their trade and settlement positions through the creation of \"prazos\" (land grants) tied to their settlement and administration.", "While \"prazos\" were originally developed to be held by Portuguese, through intermarriage they became African Portuguese or African Indian centres defended by large African slave armies known as \"Chikunda\".", "Historically within Mozambique there was slavery.", "Human beings were bought and sold by African tribal chiefs, first to Arab Muslim traders and sent to Middle East Asia cities and plantations, and later to Portuguese and other European traders as well.", "Many Mozambican slaves were supplied by tribal chiefs who raided warring tribes and sold their captives to the \"prazeiros\".", "Although Portuguese influence gradually expanded, its power was limited and exercised through individual settlers and officials who were granted extensive autonomy.", "The Portuguese were able to wrest much of the coastal trade from Arab Muslims between 1500 and 1700, but, with the Arab Muslim seizure of Portugal's key foothold at Fort Jesus on Mombasa Island (now in Kenya) in 1698, the pendulum began to swing in the other direction.", "As a result, investment lagged while Lisbon devoted itself to the more lucrative trade with India and the Far East and to the colonisation of Brazil.", "During these wars, the Mazrui and Omani Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south.", "Many \"prazos\" had declined by the mid-19th century, but several of them survived.", "During the 19th century other European powers, particularly the British (British South Africa Company) and the French (Madagascar), became increasingly involved in the trade and politics of the region around the Portuguese East African territories.", "By the early 20th century the Portuguese had shifted the administration of much of Mozambique to large private companies, like the Mozambique Company, the Zambezia Company and the Niassa Company, controlled and financed mostly by \"British\" financiers such as Solomon Joel, which established railroad lines to their neighbouring colonies (South Africa and Rhodesia).", "Although slavery had been legally abolished in Mozambique, at the end of the 19th century the Chartered companies enacted a forced labour policy and supplied cheap—often forced—African labour to the mines and plantations of the nearby British colonies and South Africa.", "The Zambezia Company, the most profitable chartered company, took over a number of smaller \"prazeiro\" holdings, and established military outposts to protect its property.", "The chartered companies built roads and ports to bring their goods to market including a railroad linking present day Zimbabwe with the Mozambican port of Beira.", "Due to their unsatisfactory performance and the shift, under the corporatist Estado Novo regime of Oliveira Salazar, towards a stronger Portuguese control of Portuguese Empire's economy, the companies' concessions were not renewed when they ran out.", "This was what happened in 1942 with the Mozambique Company, which however continued to operate in the agricultural and commercial sectors as a corporation, and had already happened in 1929 with the termination of the Niassa Company's concession.", "In 1951, the Portuguese overseas colonies in Africa were rebranded as Overseas Provinces of Portugal.", "As communist and anti-colonial ideologies spread out across Africa, many clandestine political movements were established in support of Mozambican independence.", "These movements claimed that since policies and development plans were primarily designed by the ruling authorities for the benefit of Mozambique's Portuguese population, little attention was paid to Mozambique's tribal integration and the development of its native communities.", "According to the official guerrilla statements, this affected a majority of the indigenous population who suffered both state-sponsored discrimination and enormous social pressure.", "Many felt they had received too little opportunity or resources to upgrade their skills and improve their economic and social situation to a degree comparable to that of the Europeans.", "Statistically, Mozambique's Portuguese whites were indeed wealthier and more skilled than the black indigenous majority.", "As a response to the guerrilla movement, the Portuguese government from the 1960s and principally the early 1970s, initiated gradual changes with new socioeconomic developments and egalitarian policies for all.", "The Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) initiated a guerrilla campaign against Portuguese rule in September 1964.", "This conflict—along with the two others already initiated in the other Portuguese colonies of Angola and Portuguese Guinea—became part of the so-called Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974).", "From a military standpoint, the Portuguese regular army maintained control of the population centres while the guerrilla forces sought to undermine their influence in rural and tribal areas in the north and west.", "As part of their response to FRELIMO, the Portuguese government began to pay more attention to creating favourable conditions for social development and economic growth.", "FRELIMO took control of the territory after ten years of sporadic warfare, as well as Portugal's own return to democracy after the fall of the authoritarian Estado Novo regime the Carnation Revolution of April 1974, and the failed coup of 25 November 1975.", "Within a year, most of the 250,000 Portuguese in Mozambique had left—some expelled by the government of the nearly independent territory, some fleeing in fear—and Mozambique became independent from Portugal on 25 June 1975.", "A law had been passed on the initiative of the relatively unknown Armando Guebuza of the FRELIMO party, ordering the Portuguese to leave the country in 24 hours with only 20 kg of luggage.", "Unable to salvage any of their assets, most of them returned to Portugal penniless.", "The new government under president Samora Machel established a one-party state based on Marxist principles.", "It received diplomatic and some military support from Cuba and the Soviet Union and proceeded to crack down on opposition.", "Starting shortly after the independence, the country was plagued from 1977 to 1992 by a long and violent civil war between the opposition forces of anti-communist Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) rebel militias and the FRELIMO regime.", "This conflict characterised the first decades of Mozambican independence, combined with sabotage from the neighbouring states of Rhodesia and South Africa, ineffective policies, failed central planning, and the resulting economic collapse.", "This period was also marked by the exodus of Portuguese nationals and Mozambicans of Portuguese heritage, a collapsed infrastructure, lack of investment in productive assets, and government nationalisation of privately owned industries, as well as widespread famine.", "During most of the civil war, the FRELIMO-formed central government was unable to exercise effective control outside of urban areas, many of which were cut off from the capital.", "RENAMO-controlled areas included up to 50% of the rural areas in several provinces, and it is reported that health services of any kind were isolated from assistance for years in those areas.", "The problem worsened when the government cut back spending on health care.", "The war was marked by mass human rights violations from both sides of the conflict, with RENAMO contributing to the chaos through the use of terror and indiscriminate targeting of civilians.", "The central government executed tens of thousands of people while trying to extend its control throughout the country and sent many people to \"re-education camps\" where thousands died.", "During the war, RENAMO proposed a peace agreement based on the secession of RENAMO-controlled northern and western territories as the independent \"Republic of Rombesia\", but FRELIMO refused, insisting on the undivided sovereignty of the entire country.", "An estimated one million Mozambicans perished during the civil war, 1.7 million took refuge in neighbouring states, and several million more were internally displaced.", "The FRELIMO regime also gave shelter and support to South African (African National Congress) and Zimbabwean (Zimbabwe African National Union) rebel movements, while the governments of Rhodesia and later South Africa (at that time still apartheid) backed RENAMO in the civil war.", "On 19 October 1986, Samora Machel was on his way back from an international meeting in Zambia in the presidential Tupolev Tu-134 aircraft when the plane crashed in the Lebombo Mountains near Mbuzini.", "There were ten survivors, but President Machel and thirty-three others died, including ministers and officials of the Mozambique government.", "The United Nations' Soviet delegation issued a minority report contending that their expertise and experience had been undermined by the South Africans.", "Representatives of the Soviet Union advanced the theory that the plane had been intentionally diverted by a false navigational beacon signal, using a technology provided by military intelligence operatives of the South African government.", "Machel's successor Joaquim Chissano implemented sweeping changes in the country, starting reforms such as changing from Marxism to capitalism, and began peace talks with RENAMO.", "The new constitution enacted in 1990 provided for a multi-party political system, market-based economy, and free elections.", "The civil war ended in October 1992 with the Rome General Peace Accords, first brokered by the Christian Council of Mozambique (Council of Protestant Churches) and then taken over by Community of Sant'Egidio.", "Peace returned to Mozambique, under supervision of the ONUMOZ peacekeeping force of the United Nations.", "Mozambique held elections in 1994, which were accepted by most political parties as free and fair although still contested by many nationals and observers alike.", "FRELIMO won, under Joaquim Chissano, while RENAMO, led by Afonso Dhlakama, ran as the official opposition.", "In 1995, Mozambique joined the Commonwealth of Nations, becoming, at the time, the only member nation that had never been part of the British Empire.", "By mid-1995, over 1.7 million refugees who had sought asylum in neighbouring countries had returned to Mozambique, part of the largest repatriation witnessed in sub-Saharan Africa.", "An additional four million internally displaced persons had returned to their homes.", "In December 1999, Mozambique held elections for a second time since the civil war, which were again won by FRELIMO.", "RENAMO accused FRELIMO of fraud, and threatened to return to civil war, but backed down after taking the matter to the Supreme Court and losing.", "In early 2000, a cyclone caused widespread flooding in the country, killing hundreds and devastating the already precarious infrastructure.", "There were widespread suspicions that foreign aid resources had been diverted by powerful leaders of FRELIMO.", "Carlos Cardoso, a journalist investigating these allegations, was murdered, and his death was never satisfactorily explained.", "Indicating in 2001 that he would not run for a third term, Chissano criticised leaders who stayed on longer than he had, which was generally seen as a reference to Zambian president Frederick Chiluba, who at the time was considering a third term, and Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe, then in his fourth term.", "Presidential and National Assembly elections took place on 1–2 December 2004.", "FRELIMO candidate Armando Guebuza won with 64% of the popular vote, while his opponent, Afonso Dhlakama of RENAMO, received 32% of the popular vote.", "FRELIMO won 160 seats in Parliament, with a coalition of RENAMO and several small parties winning the 90 remaining seats.", "Guebuza was inaugurated as the President of Mozambique on 2 February 2005, and served two five-year terms.", "His successor, Filipe Nyusi, became the fourth President of Mozambique on 15 January 2015.", "Since 2013, a low-intensity insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring, mainly in the country's central and northern regions.", "On 5 September 2014, former president Guebuza and the leader of RENAMO Dhlakama signed the Accord on Cessation of Hostilities, which brought the military hostilities to a halt and allowed both parties to concentrate on the general elections to be held in October 2014.", "However, after the general elections, a new political crisis emerged and the country appears to be once again on the brink of violent conflict.", "RENAMO does not recognise the validity of the election results, and demands the control of six provinces – Nampula, Niassa, Tete, Zambezia, Sofala, and Manica – where they claim to have won a majority.", "About 12,000 refugees are now in neighbouring Malawi.", "The UNHCR, Doctors Without Borders, and Human Rights Watch have reported that government forces have torched villages and carried out summary executions and sexual abuses.", "At 309475 sqmi , Mozambique is the world's 36th-largest country.", "It is comparable in size to Turkey.", "Mozambique is located on the southeast coast of Africa.", "It is bound by Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Zimbabwe to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, Tanzania to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east.", "Mozambique lies between latitudes 10° and 27°S, and longitudes 30° and 41°E.", "The country is divided into two topographical regions by the Zambezi River.", "To the north of the Zambezi River, the narrow coastal strip gives way to inland hills and low plateaus.", "Rugged highlands are further west; they include the Niassa highlands, Namuli or Shire highlands, Angonia highlands, Tete highlands and the Makonde plateau, covered with miombo woodlands.", "To the south of the Zambezi River, the lowlands are broader with the Mashonaland plateau and Lebombo Mountains located in the deep south.", "The country is drained by five principal rivers and several smaller ones with the largest and most important the Zambezi.", "The country has four notable lakes: Lake Niassa (or Malawi), Lake Chiuta, Lake Cahora Bassa and Lake Shirwa, all in the north.", "The major cities are Maputo, Beira, Nampula, Tete, Quelimane, Chimoio, Pemba, Inhambane, Xai-Xai and Lichinga.", "Mozambique has a tropical climate with two seasons, a wet season from October to March and a dry season from April to September.", "Climatic conditions, however, vary depending on altitude.", "Rainfall is heavy along the coast and decreases in the north and south.", "Annual precipitation varies from 500 to depending on the region, with an average of 590 mm .", "Cyclones are common during the wet season.", "Average temperature ranges in Maputo are from 13 to in July and from 22 to in February.", "In 2019 Mozambique suffered floods and destruction from the devastating cyclones Idai and Kenneth.", "This is the first time two cyclones have struck the southern African nation in a single season.", "There are known to be 740 bird species in Mozambique, including 20 globally threatened species and two introduced species, and over 200 mammal species endemic to Mozambique, including the critically endangered Selous' zebra, Vincent's bush squirrel and 13 other endangered or vulnerable species.", "Protected areas of Mozambique include thirteen forest reserves, seven national parks, six nature reserves, three frontier conservation areas and three wildlife or game reserves.", "Mozambique is a multi-party democracy under the 1990 constitution.", "The executive branch comprises a President, Prime Minister, and Council of Ministers.", "There is a National Assembly and municipal assemblies.", "The judiciary comprises a Supreme Court and provincial, district, and municipal courts.", "Suffrage is universal at eighteen.", "In the 1994 elections, Joaquim Chissano was elected President with 53% of the vote, and a 250-member National Assembly was voted in with 129 Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO) deputies, 112 Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) deputies, and nine representatives of three smaller parties that formed the Democratic Union (UD).", "Since its formation in 1994, the National Assembly has made progress in becoming a body increasingly more independent of the executive.", "By 1999, more than one-half (53%) of the legislation passed originated in the Assembly.", "After some delays, in 1998 the country held its first local elections to provide for local representation and some budgetary authority at the municipal level.", "The principal opposition party, RENAMO, boycotted the local elections, citing flaws in the registration process.", "Independent slates contested the elections and won seats in municipal assemblies.", "Turnout was very low.", "In the aftermath of the 1998 local elections, the government resolved to make more accommodations to the opposition's procedural concerns for the second round of multiparty national elections in 1999.", "Working through the National Assembly, the electoral law was rewritten and passed by consensus in December 1998.", "Financed largely by international donors, a very successful voter registration was conducted from July to September 1999, providing voter registration cards to 85% of the potential electorate (more than seven million voters).", "The second general elections were held 3–5 December 1999, with high voter turnout.", "International and domestic observers agreed that the voting process was well organised and went smoothly.", "Both the opposition and observers subsequently cited flaws in the tabulation process that, had they not occurred, might have changed the outcome.", "In the end, however, international and domestic observers concluded that the close result of the vote reflected the will of the people.", "President Chissano won the presidency with a margin of 4% over the RENAMO-Electoral Union coalition candidate, Afonso Dhlakama, and began his five-year term in January 2000.", "FRELIMO increased its majority in the National Assembly with 133 out of 250 seats.", "RENAMO-UE coalition won 116 seats, one went independent, and no third parties are represented.", "The opposition coalition did not accept the National Election Commission's results of the presidential vote and filed a formal complaint to the Supreme Court.", "One month after the voting, the court dismissed the opposition's challenge and validated the election results.", "The opposition did not file a complaint about the results of the legislative vote.", "The second local elections, involving thirty-three municipalities with some 2.4 million registered voters, took place in November 2003.", "This was the first time that FRELIMO, RENAMO-UE, and independent parties competed without significant boycotts.", "The 24% turnout was well above the 15% turnout in the first municipal elections.", "FRELIMO won twenty-eight mayoral positions and the majority in twenty-nine municipal assemblies, while RENAMO won five mayoral positions and the majority in four municipal assemblies.", "The voting was conducted in an orderly fashion without violent incidents.", "However, the period immediately after the elections was marked by objections about voter and candidate registration and vote tabulation, as well as calls for greater transparency.", "The government would go on to approve a new general elections law in May 2009 that contained innovations based on the experience of the 2003 municipal elections.", "Presidential and National Assembly elections took place on 1–2 December 2004.", "FRELIMO candidate Armando Guebuza won with 64% of the popular vote.", "His opponent, Afonso Dhlakama of RENAMO, received 32% of the popular vote.", "FRELIMO won 160 seats in Parliament.", "A coalition of RENAMO and several small parties won the 90 remaining seats.", "Armando Guebuza was inaugurated as the President of Mozambique on 2 February 2005.", "RENAMO and some other opposition parties made claims of election fraud and denounced the result.", "These claims were supported by international observers (among others by the European Union Election Observation Mission to Mozambique and the Carter Centre) to the elections who criticised the fact that the National Electoral Commission (CNE) did not conduct fair and transparent elections.", "They listed a whole range of shortcomings by the electoral authorities that benefited the ruling party FRELIMO.", "According to EU observers, the elections shortcomings have probably not affected the final result in the presidential election.", "On the other hand, the observers have declared that the outcome of the parliamentary election and thus the distribution of seats in the National Assembly does not reflect the will of the Mozambican people and is clearly to the disadvantage of RENAMO.", "After clashes between RENAMO guards and the police in Muxungue and Gondola in April 2013, RENAMO said it would boycott and disrupt local elections in November 2013.", "Since the end of the civil war in 1992, about 300 RENAMO guards had remained armed and refused to join the national army or the police force.", "While allegiances dating back to the liberation struggle remain relevant, Mozambique's foreign policy has become increasingly pragmatic.", "The twin pillars of Mozambique's foreign policy are maintenance of good relations with its neighbours and maintenance and expansion of ties to development partners.", "During the 1970s and the early 1980s, Mozambique's foreign policy was inextricably linked to the struggles for majority rule in Rhodesia and South Africa as well as superpower competition and the Cold War.", "Mozambique's decision to enforce UN sanctions against Rhodesia and deny that country access to the sea led Ian Smith's government to undertake overt and covert actions to oppose the country.", "Although the change of government in Zimbabwe in 1980 removed this threat, the government of South Africa continued to destabilise Mozambique.", "Mozambique also belonged to the Front Line States.", "The 1984 Nkomati Accord, while failing in its goal of ending South African support to RENAMO, opened initial diplomatic contacts between the Mozambican and South African governments.", "This process gained momentum with South Africa's elimination of apartheid, which culminated in the establishment of full diplomatic relations in October 1993.", "While relations with neighbouring Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania show occasional strains, Mozambique's ties to these countries remain strong.", "In the years immediately following its independence, Mozambique benefited from considerable assistance from some Western countries, notably the Scandinavians.", "The Soviet Union and its allies became Mozambique's primary economic, military and political supporters, and its foreign policy reflected this linkage.", "This began to change in 1983; in 1984 Mozambique joined the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.", "Western aid by the Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland quickly replaced Soviet support.", "Finland and the Netherlands are becoming increasingly important sources of development assistance.", "Italy also maintains a profile in Mozambique as a result of its key role during the peace process.", "Relations with Portugal, the former colonial power, continue to be important because Portuguese investors play a visible role in Mozambique's economy.", "Mozambique is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and ranks among the moderate members of the African bloc in the United Nations and other international organisations.", "Mozambique also belongs to the African Union (formerly the Organisation of African Unity) and the Southern African Development Community.", "In 1994, the government became a full member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, in part to broaden its base of international support but also to please the country's sizeable Muslim population.", "Similarly, in 1995 Mozambique joined its Anglophone neighbours in the Commonwealth of Nations.", "At the time it was the only nation to have joined the Commonwealth that was never part of the British Empire.", "In the same year, Mozambique became a founding member and the first President of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), and maintains close ties with other Portuguese-speaking countries.", "Mozambique is divided into ten provinces (\"provincias\") and one capital city (\"cidade capital\") with provincial status.", "The provinces are subdivided into 129 districts (\"distritos\").", "The districts are further divided in 405 \"Postos Administrativos\" (Administrative Posts) and then into Localidades (Localities), the lowest geographical level of the central state administration.", "Since 1998, 53 \"Municípios\" (Municipalities) have been created in Mozambique.", "The districts of Mozambique are divided into 405 \"postos\".", "\"Postos administrativos\" (administrative posts) are the main subdivisions of districts.", "This name, in use during colonial times, was abolished after independence and was replaced by \"localidades\" (localities).", "However, it was re-established in 1986.", "Administrative posts are headed by a \"Secretários\" (secretaries), which before independence were called \"Chefes de Posto\" (post chiefs).", "Administrative posts can be further subdivided into localities, also headed by secretaries.", "Mozambique operates a small, functioning military that handles all aspects of domestic national defence, the Mozambique Defence Armed Forces.", "Same-sex sexual activity is legal since 2015.", "Discrimination against LGBT people in Mozambique is widespread.", "The official currency is the New Metical (as of March 2018, US$1 is roughly equivalent to 62 New Meticals), which replaced old Meticals at the rate of a thousand to one.", "The old currency was redeemable at the Bank of Mozambique until the end of 2012.", "The US$, South African rand, and recently the euro are also widely accepted and used in business transactions.", "The minimum legal salary is around US$60 per month.", "Mozambique is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC).", "The SADC free trade protocol is aimed at making the Southern African region more competitive by eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers.", "The World Bank in 2007 talked of Mozambique's 'blistering pace of economic growth'.", "A joint donor-government study in early 2007 said 'Mozambique is generally considered an aid success story.'", "The IMF in early 2007 said 'Mozambique is a success story in Sub-Saharan Africa.'", "Yet, despite this apparent success, both the World Bank and UNICEF used the word 'paradox' to describe rising chronic child malnutrition in the face of GDP growth.", "Between 1994 and 2006, average annual GDP growth was approximately 8%, however, the country remains one of the poorest and most underdeveloped in the world.", "In a 2006 survey, three-quarters of Mozambicans said that in the past five years their economic position had remained the same or become worse.", "The resettlement of civil war refugees and successful economic reform have led to a high growth rate: the country enjoyed a remarkable recovery, achieving an average annual rate of economic growth of 8% between 1996 and 2006 and between 6–7% from 2006 to 2011.", "The devastating floods of early 2000 slowed GDP growth to 2.1%, but a full recovery was achieved in 2001 with growth of 14.8%.", "Rapid expansion in the future hinged on several major foreign investment projects, continued economic reform, and the revival of the agriculture, transportation, and tourism sectors.", "In 2013 about 80% of the population was employed in agriculture, the majority of whom were engaged in small-scale subsistence farming which still suffered from inadequate infrastructure, commercial networks, and investment.", "However, in 2012, more than 90% of Mozambique's arable land was still uncultivated.", "In 2013, a BBC article reported that, starting in 2009, Portuguese had been returning to Mozambique because of the growing economy in Mozambique and the poor economic situation in Portugal.", "More than 1,200 mostly small state-owned enterprises have been privatised.", "Preparations for privatisation and/or sector liberalisation were made for the remaining parastatal enterprises, including telecommunications, energy, ports, and railways.", "The government frequently selected a strategic foreign investor when privatising a parastatal.", "Additionally, customs duties have been reduced, and customs management has been streamlined and reformed.", "The government introduced a value-added tax in 1999 as part of its efforts to increase domestic revenues.", "Plans for 2003–04 included Commercial Code reform; comprehensive judicial reform; financial sector strengthening; continued civil service reform; and improved government budget, audit, and inspection capability.", "Further political instability resulting from flooding left thousands homeless, displaced within their own country.", "Mozambique's economy has been shaken by a number of corruption scandals.", "In July 2011, the government proposed new anti-corruption laws to criminalise embezzlement, influence peddling and graft, following numerous instances of the theft of public money.", "This has been endorsed by the country's Council of Ministers.", "Mozambique has convicted two former ministers for graft in the past two years.", "Mozambique was ranked 116 of 178 countries in anti-graft watchdog Transparency International's latest index of global corruption.", "According to a USAID report written in 2005, \"the scale and scope of corruption in Mozambique are cause for alarm.\"", "In March 2012, the government of the southern Mozambican province of Inhambane uncovered the misappropriation of public funds by the director of the Provincial Anti-Drugs Office, Calisto Alberto Tomo.", "He was found to have colluded with the accountant in the Anti-Drugs Office, Recalda Guambe, to steal over 260,000 meticais between 2008 and 2010.", "The government of Mozambique has taken steps to address the problem of corruption, and some positive developments can be observed, such as the passages of several new anti-corruption bills in 2012.", "In 2010-2011, Anadarko Petroleum and Eni discovered the Mamba South gas field, recoverable reserves of 4,200 billion cubic metres (150 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas in the Rovuma Basin, off the coast of northern Cabo Delgado Province.", "Once developed, this could make Mozambique one of the largest producers of liquefied natural gas in the world.", "In January 2017, 3 firms were selected by the Mozambique Government for the Natural Gas Development Projects in the Rovuma gas basin.", "GL Africa Energy (UK) was awarded one of the tenders.", "It plans to build and operate a 250 MW gas-powered plant.", "Production is scheduled to start in 2018.", "The country's natural environment, wildlife, and historic heritage provide opportunities for beach, cultural, and eco-tourism.", "Mozambique has a great potential for growth in its gross domestic product (GDP), although its current contribution is only 5.6%.", "The north beaches with clean water are suitable for tourism, especially those that are very far from urban centers, such as those in the province of Cabo Delgado, especially the Quirimbas Islands, and the province of Inhambane, especially the Archipelago of Bazaruto.", "The Inhambane Province attracts international divers because of the marine biodiversity and the presence of whale sharks and manta rays", "The country also has several national parks, including Gorongosa National Park, with its infrastructures rehabilitated and repopulated in certain species of animals that were already disappearing.", "Modes of transport in Mozambique include rail, road, water, and air.", "There are over of roads, but much of the network is unpaved.", "Like its Commonwealth neighbours, traffic circulates on the left.", "There is an international airport at Maputo, 21 other paved airports, and over 100 airstrips with unpaved runways.", "On the Indian Ocean coast are several large seaports, including Nacala, Beira and Maputo, with further ports being developed.", "There are 3,750 km of navigable inland waterways.", "There are rail links serving principal cities and connecting the country with Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa.", "The Mozambican railway system developed over more than a century from three different ports on the Indian Ocean that served as terminals for separate lines to the hinterland.", "The railroads were major targets during the Mozambican Civil War, were sabotaged by RENAMO, and are being rehabilitated.", "A parastatal authority, \"Portos e Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique\" (abbreviated CFM; in English- Mozambique Ports and Railways), oversees the railway system of Mozambique and its connected ports, but management has been largely outsourced.", "Each line has its own development corridor.", "s of 2005 there were 3,123 km of railway track, consisting of 2,983 km of gauge, compatible with neighbouring rail systems, and a 140 km line of gauge, the Gaza Railway.", "The central Beira Railroad Corporation route links the port of Beira to the landlocked countries of Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe.", "To the north of this the port of Nacala is also linked by rail to Malawi, and to the south Maputo is linked to Zimbabwe and South Africa.", "These networks interconnect only via neighbouring countries.", "A new route for coal haulage between Tete and Beira was planned to come into service by 2010, and in August 2010, Mozambique and Botswana signed a memorandum of understanding to develop a 1,100 km railway through Zimbabwe, to carry coal from Serule in Botswana to a deepwater port at Techobanine Point in Mozambique.", "Newer rolling stock has been supplied by the Indian Golden Rock workshop using Centre Buffer Couplers (AAR) and air brakes.", "Water supply and sanitation in Mozambique is characterised by low levels of access to an improved water source (estimated to be 51% in 2011), low levels of access to adequate sanitation (estimated to be 25% in 2011) and mostly poor service quality.", "In 2007 the government has defined a strategy for water supply and sanitation in rural areas, where 62% of the population lives.", "In urban areas, water is supplied by informal small-scale providers and by formal providers.", "Beginning in 1998, Mozambique has reformed the formal part of the urban water supply sector through the creation of an independent regulatory agency called CRA, an asset-holding company called FIPAG and a Public-private partnership (PPP) with a company called Aguas de Moçambique.", "The PPP covered those areas of the capital and of four other cities that had access to formal water supply systems.", "However, the PPP ended when the management contracts for four cities expired in 2008 and when the foreign partner of the company that serves the capital under a lease contract withdrew in 2010, claiming heavy losses.", "While urban water supply has received considerable policy attention, the government has no strategy for urban sanitation yet.", "External donors finance about 87.4% of all public investments in the sector.", "The main donors in the water sector are the World Bank, the African Development Bank, Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States.", "The north-central provinces of Zambezia and Nampula are the most populous, with about 45% of the population.", "The estimated four million Macua are the dominant group in the northern part of the country; the Sena and Shona (mostly Ndau) are prominent in the Zambezi valley, and the Tsonga and Shangaan people dominate in southern Mozambique.", "Other groups include Makonde, Yao, Swahili, Tonga, Chopi, and Nguni (including Zulu).", "Bantu people comprise 97.8% of the population, with the rest made up of Portuguese ancestry, Euro-Africans (\"mestiço\" people of mixed Bantu and Portuguese ancestry), and Indians.", "Roughly 45,000 people of Indian descent reside in Mozambique.", "During Portuguese colonial rule, a large minority of people of Portuguese descent lived permanently in almost all areas of the country, and Mozambicans with Portuguese heritage at the time of independence numbered about 360,000.", "Many of these left the country after independence from Portugal in 1975.", "There are various estimates for the size of Mozambique's Chinese community, ranging from 7,000 to 12,000 as of 2007 .", "According to a 2011 survey, the total fertility rate was 5.9 children per woman, with 6.6 in rural areas and 4.5 in urban areas.", "Portuguese is the official and most widely spoken language of the nation, spoken by 50.3% of the population.", "The Bantu-group languages of Mozambique that are indigenous to the country vary greatly in their groupings and in some cases are rather poorly appreciated and documented.", "Apart from its lingua franca uses in the north of the country, Swahili is spoken in a small area of the coast next to the Tanzanian border; south of this, towards Moçambique Island, Kimwani, regarded as a dialect of Swahili, is used.", "Immediately inland of the Swahili area, Makonde is used, separated farther inland by a small strip of Makhuwa-speaking territory from an area where Yao or ChiYao is used.", "Makonde and Yao belong to a different group, Yao being very close to the Mwera language of the Rondo Plateau area in Tanzania.", "Prepositions appear in these languages as locative prefixes prefixed to the noun and declined according to their own noun-class.", "Some Nyanja is used at the coast of Lake Malawi, as well as on the other side of the Lake.", "Somewhat different from all of these are the languages of the eMakhuwa group, with a loss of initial k-, which means that many nouns begin with a vowel: for example, \"epula\" = \"rain\".", "There is eMakhuwa proper, with the related eLomwe and eChuwabo, with a small eKoti-speaking area at the coast.", "In an area straddling the lower Zambezi, Sena, which belongs to the same group as Nyanja, is spoken, with areas speaking the related CiNyungwe and CiSenga further upriver.", "A large Shona-speaking area extends between the Zimbabwe border and the sea: this was formerly known the Ndau variety but now uses the orthography of the Standard Shona of Zimbabwe.", "Apparently similar to Shona, but lacking the tone patterns of the Shona language, and regarded by its speakers as quite separate, is CiBalke, also called Rue or Barwe, used in a small area near the Zimbabwe border.", "South of this area are languages of the Tsonga group, which are quite different again.", "XiTswa or Tswa occurs at the coast and inland, XiTsonga or Tsonga straddles the area around the Limpopo River, including such local dialects as XiHlanganu, XiN'walungu, XiBila, XiHlengwe, and XiDzonga.", "This language area extends into neighbouring South Africa.", "Still related to these, but distinct, are GiTonga, BiTonga, and CiCopi or Chopi, spoken north of the mouth of the Limpopo, and XiRonga or Ronga, spoken in the immediate region around Maputo.", "The languages in this group are, judging by the short vocabularies, very vaguely similar to Zulu, but obviously not in the same immediate group.", "There are small Swazi- and Zulu-speaking areas in Mozambique immediately next to the Swaziland and KwaZulu-Natal borders.", "Arabs, Chinese, and Indians primarily speak Portuguese and some Hindi.", "Indians from Portuguese India speak any of the Portuguese Creoles of their origin aside from Portuguese as their second language.", "The 2007 census found that Christians made up 56.1% of Mozambique's population and Muslims comprised 17.9% of the population.", "7.3% of the people held other beliefs, mainly animism, and 18.7% had no religious beliefs.", "A more recent government survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Surveys Program in 2015 indicated that Catholicism had increased to 30.5% of the population, Muslims constituted 19.3%, and various Protestant groups a total of 44%.", "The Roman Catholic Church has established twelve dioceses (Beira, Chimoio, Gurué, Inhambane, Lichinga, Maputo, Nacala, Nampula, Pemba, Quelimane, Tete, and Xai-Xai; archdioceses are Beira, Maputo and Nampula).", "Statistics for the dioceses range from a low 5.8% Catholics in the population in the Diocese of Chimoio, to 32.50% in Quelimane diocese (Anuario catolico de Mocambique 2007).", "The work of Methodism in Mozambique started in 1890.", "The Rev. Dr. Erwin Richards began a Methodist mission at Chicuque in Inhambane Province.", "A Igreja Metodista Unida em Moçambique (the UMC in Mozambique) observed the 100th anniversary of Methodist presence in Mozambique in 1990.", "Then-Mozambique President Chissano praised the work and role of the UMC to more than 10,000 people who attended the ceremony.", "The United Methodist Church has tripled in size in Mozambique since 1998.", "There are now more than 150,000 members in more than 180 congregations of the 24 districts.", "New pastors are ordained each year.", "New churches are chartered each year in each Annual Conference (North and South).", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has established a growing presence in Mozambique.", "It first began sending missionaries to Mozambique in 1999, and, as of April 2015, has more than 7,943 members.", "The Bahá'í Faith has been present in Mozambique since the early 1950s but did not openly identify itself in those years because of the strong influence of the Catholic Church which did not recognise it officially as a world religion.", "The independence in 1975 saw the entrance of new pioneers.", "In total, there are about 3,000 declared Baha'is in Mozambique as of 2010 .", "The Administrative Committee is located in Maputo.", "Muslims are particularly present in the north of the country.", "They are organised in several \"tariqa\" or brotherhoods.", "Two national organisations also exist—the \"Conselho Islâmico de Moçambique\" and the \"Congresso Islâmico de Moçambique\".", "There are also important Pakistani, Indian associations as well as some Shia communities.", "Among the main Protestant churches are Igreja União Baptista de Moçambique, the Assembleias de Deus, the Seventh-day Adventists, the Anglican Church of Southern Africa, the Igreja do Evangelho Completo de Deus, the Igreja Metodista Unida, the Igreja Presbiteriana de Moçambique, the Igrejas de Cristo and the Assembleia Evangélica de Deus.", "There is a very small but thriving Jewish community in Maputo.", "The fertility rate is at about 5.5 births per woman.", "Public expenditure on health was at 2.7% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure on health was at 1.3% in the same year.", "Health expenditure per capita was 42 US$ (PPP) in 2004.", "In the early 21st century there were 3 physicians per 100,000 people in the country.", "Infant mortality was at 100 per 1,000 births in 2005.", "The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Mozambique is 550.", "This is compared with 598.8 in 2008 and 385 in 1990.", "The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 147 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5s mortality is 29.", "In Mozambique the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 3 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 37.", "The official HIV prevalence in Mozambique in 2011 was 11.5% of the population aged between 15 and 49 years.", "In the southern parts of Mozambique—Maputo and Gaza provinces as well as the city of Maputo—the official figures are more than twice as high as the national average.", "In 2011 the health authorities estimated about 1.7 million Mozambicans were HIV-positive, of whom 600,000 were in need of anti-retroviral treatment.", "As of December 2011, 240,000 were receiving such treatment, increasing to 416,000 in March 2014 according to the health authorities.", "According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Mozambique seems to be levelling off.", "Portuguese is the primary language of instruction in all of the Mozambican schools.", "All Mozambicans are required by law to attend school through the primary level; however, a lot of children in Mozambique do not go to primary school because they have to work for their families' subsistence farms for a living.", "In 2007, one million children still did not go to school, most of them from poor rural families, and almost half of all teachers in Mozambique were still unqualified.", "Girls’ enrolment increased from 3 million in 2002 to 4.1 million in 2006 while the completion rate increased from 31,000 to 90,000, which testified a very poor completion rate.", "After grade 7, pupils must take standardised national exams to enter secondary school, which runs from eighth to 10th grade.", "Space in Mozambican universities is extremely limited; thus most pupils who complete pre-university school do not immediately proceed on to university studies.", "Many go to work as teachers or are unemployed.", "There are also institutes which give more vocational training, specialising in agricultural, technical or pedagogical studies, which students may attend after grade 10 in lieu of a pre-university school.", "After independence from Portugal in 1975, a number of Mozambican pupils continued to be admitted every year at Portuguese high schools, polytechnical institutes and universities, through bilateral agreements between the Portuguese government and the Mozambican government.", "According to 2010 estimates, the literacy rate of Mozambique was 56.1% (70.8% male and 42.8% female).", "By 2015, this had increased to 58.8% (73.3% male and 45.4% female).", "Mozambique was ruled by Portugal, and they share a main language (Portuguese) and main religion (Roman Catholicism).", "But since most of the people of Mozambique are Bantus, most of the culture is native; for Bantus living in urban areas, there is some Portuguese influence.", "Mozambican culture also influences the Portuguese culture.", "The Makonde are known for their wood carving and elaborate masks, that are commonly used in traditional dances.", "There are two different kinds of wood carvings: shetani, (evil spirits), which are mostly carved in heavy ebony, tall, and elegantly curved with symbols and nonrepresentational faces; and ujamaa, which are totem-type carvings which illustrate lifelike faces of people and various figures.", "These sculptures are usually referred to as \"family trees\", because they tell stories of many generations.", "During the last years of the colonial period, Mozambican art reflected the oppression by the colonial power, and became symbol of the resistance.", "After independence in 1975, the modern art came into a new phase.", "The two best known and most influential contemporary Mozambican artists are the painter Malangatana Ngwenya and the sculptor Alberto Chissano.", "A lot of the post-independence art during the 1980s and 1990s reflect the political struggle, civil war, suffering, starvation, and struggle.", "Dances are usually intricate, highly developed traditions throughout Mozambique.", "There are many different kinds of dances from tribe to tribe which are usually ritualistic in nature.", "The Chopi, for instance, act out battles dressed in animal skins.", "The men of Makua dress in colourful outfits and masks while dancing on stilts around the village for hours.", "Groups of women in the northern part of the country perform a traditional dance called \"tufo\", to celebrate Islamic holidays.", "With a nearly 500-year presence in the country, the Portuguese have greatly influenced Mozambique's cuisine.", "Staples and crops such as cassava (a starchy root of Brazilian origin) and cashew nuts (also of Brazilian origin, though Mozambique was once the largest producer of these nuts ), and \"pãozinho\" (pronounced ] , Portuguese-style French buns ), were brought in by the Portuguese.", "The use of spices and seasonings such as bay leaves, chili peppers, fresh coriander, garlic, onions, paprika, red sweet peppers, and wine were introduced by the Portuguese, as were maize, millet, potatoes, rice, sorghum, and sugarcane.", "\"espetada\" (kebab), the popular \"inteiro com piripiri\" (whole chicken in piri-piri sauce), \"prego\" (steak roll), \"pudim\" (pudding), and \"rissóis\" (battered shrimp) are all Portuguese dishes commonly eaten in present-day Mozambique.", "Mozambican media is heavily influenced by the government.", "Newspapers have relatively low circulation rates, due to high newspaper prices and low literacy rates.", "Among the most highly circulated newspapers are state-controlled dailies, such as \"Noticias\" and \"Diário de Moçambique\", and the weekly \"Domingo\".", "Their circulation is mostly confined to Maputo.", "Most funding and advertising revenue is given to pro-government newspapers.", "However, the number of private newspapers with critical views of the government have increased significantly in recent years.", "Radio programmes are the most influential form of media in the country due to their ease of access.", "State-owned radio stations are more popular than privately owned media.", "This is exemplified by the government radio station, Rádio Moçambique, the most popular station in the country.", "It was established shortly after Mozambique's independence.", "The TV stations watched by Mozambicans are STV, TIM, and TVM Televisão Moçambique.", "Through cable and satellite, viewers can access tens of other African, Asian, Brazilian, and European channels.", "The music of Mozambique serves many purposes, ranging from religious expression to traditional ceremonies.", "Musical instruments are usually handmade.", "Some of the instruments used in Mozambican musical expression include drums made of wood and animal skin; the \"lupembe\", a woodwind instrument made from animal horns or wood; and the marimba, which is a kind of xylophone native to Mozambique and other parts of Africa.", "The marimba is a popular instrument with the Chopi of the south central coast, who are famous for their musical skill and dance.", "Some would say that Mozambique's music is similar to reggae and West Indian calypso.", "Other music types are popular in Mozambique like marrabenta, kwaito, afrobeat and other Lusophone music forms like fado, bossa nova, kizomba and semba.", "Football is the most popular sport in Mozambique.", "The national team is the Mozambique national football team.", "Roller hockey is also popular and the best results for the national team was when they came fourth at the 2011 FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup.", "The State of the World's Midwifery – Mozambique Country Profile" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 12338, "simple_article_title": "Mozambique", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12338", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-12338-0-0", "simple-12338-0-1", "simple-12338-0-2", "simple-12338-0-3", "simple-12338-0-4", "simple-12338-0-5", "simple-12338-0-6", "simple-12338-1-0", "simple-12338-1-1", "simple-12338-1-2", "simple-12338-1-3", "simple-12338-1-4", "simple-12338-1-5", "simple-12338-2-0", "simple-12338-2-1", "simple-12338-2-2", "simple-12338-2-3", "simple-12338-2-4", "simple-12338-3-0", "simple-12338-4-0", "simple-12338-4-1", "simple-12338-5-0", "simple-12338-5-1", "simple-12338-5-2", "simple-12338-5-3", "simple-12338-6-0", "simple-12338-6-1", "simple-12338-6-2", "simple-12338-7-0", "simple-12338-7-1", "simple-12338-7-2", "simple-12338-7-3", "simple-12338-7-4", "simple-12338-7-5", "simple-12338-7-6", "simple-12338-8-0", "simple-12338-8-1", "simple-12338-9-0", "simple-12338-9-1", "simple-12338-9-2", "simple-12338-10-0", "simple-12338-10-1", "simple-12338-10-2", "simple-12338-10-3", "simple-12338-10-4", "simple-12338-10-5", "simple-12338-10-6", "simple-12338-10-7", "simple-12338-10-8", "simple-12338-10-9", "simple-12338-11-0", "simple-12338-11-1", "simple-12338-11-2", "simple-12338-11-3", "simple-12338-11-4", "simple-12338-12-0", "simple-12338-12-1", "simple-12338-12-2", "simple-12338-12-3", "simple-12338-13-0", "simple-12338-13-1", "simple-12338-13-2", "simple-12338-13-3", "simple-12338-13-4", "simple-12338-14-0", "simple-12338-14-1", "simple-12338-14-2", "simple-12338-14-3", "simple-12338-14-4", "simple-12338-15-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country in southeastern Africa.", "Its capital is Maputo.", "There are about 19 million people.", "In 1975, Mozambique became independent from Portugal.", "(National Day on 25th June, 1975) The country was named Moçambique by the Portuguese after the Island of Mozambique which was the capital of Portuguese Africa.", "After independence from Portugal it became the People's Republic of Mozambique.", "There was a big civil war from 1977 to 1992.", "Mozambique has many natural resources.", "Portugal, Spain, and Belgium are among the country's most important partners.", "It is one of the poorest countries in the world.", "They have the world's lowest life expectancy.", "In 2012, large natural gas reserves were found in Mozambique.", "The revenues from the reserves might dramatically change the economy.", "The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese.", "About half the people speak it as a second language and very few as a first language.", "Languages widely spoken natively include Swahili, Makhuwa, and Sena.", "The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity.", "There are also Muslim and African traditional religious minorities.", "Mozambique is a member of the African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the Latin Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Southern African Development Community.", "At 309475 sqmi, Mozambique is the world's 35th-largest country.", "It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest.", "The country is divided into two regions by the Zambezi River.", "To the north of the Zambezi River, the narrow coastline moves inland to hills and low plateaus.", "Further west are rugged highlands, which include the Niassa highlands, Namuli or Shire highlands, Angonia highlands, Tete highlands and the Makonde plateau, covered with miombo woodlands.", "To the south of the Zambezi River, the lowlands are broader with the Mashonaland plateau and Lebombo mountains in the deep south.", "The country has five main rivers and several smaller ones.", "The largest and most important is the Zambezi.", "The country has four notable lakes: Lake Niassa (or Malawi), Lake Chiuta, Lake Cahora Bassa and Lake Shirwa, all in the north.", "Mozambique has a tropical climate with two seasons.", "The wet season is from October to March and the dry season from April to September.", "Conditions vary depending on altitude.", "Rainfall is heavy along the coast and is less in the north and south.", "Yearly precipitation changes from 500 to depending on the region.", "Cyclones are common during the wet season.", "Average temperature ranges in Maputo are from 13 to in July to 22 to in February.", "This is a list of cities and towns with the most people.", "It is based on the most recent census done for each city or town.", "The entire country has about 22 million people.", "These 14 cities have 5 million total.", "This shows that most people still live in rural areas.", "Mozambique is divided into ten provinces (\"provincias\") and one capital city (\"cidade capital\") with provincial status.", "The provinces are divided into 129 districts (\"distritos\").", "The districts are further divided in 405 \"Postos Administrativos\" (Administrative Posts) and then into Localidades (Localities), the lowest geographical level of the central state administration.", "Since 1998, 43 \"Municípios\" (Municipalities) have been created in Mozambique.", "The music of Mozambique can be for many purposes.", "These can be religious or for traditional ceremonies.", "Musical instruments are usually handmade.", "Some of the instruments used include drums made of wood and animal skin; the \"lupembe\", a woodwind instrument made from animal horns or wood; and the marimba, which is a kind of xylophone native to Mozambique.", "The marimba is a popular instrument with the Chopi of the south central coast.", "They are famous for their musical skill and dance.", "The Makonde are renowned for their wood carving and elaborate masks that are commonly used in traditional dances.", "There are two different kinds of wood carvings.", "Shetani, (evil spirits), which are mostly carved in heavy ebony, tall, and elegantly curved with symbols and nonrepresentational faces.", "The Ujamaa are totem-type carvings which show lifelike faces of people and various figures.", "Theses sculptures are usually called “family trees” because they tell stories of many generations.", "During the last years of the colonial period, Mozambican art showed the oppression by the colonial power, and became a symbol of the resistance.", "After independence in 1975, the modern art came into a new phase.", "The two best known and most influential contemporary Mozambican artists are the painter Malangatana Ngwenya and the sculptor Alberto Chissano.", "Art during the 1980s and 1990s shows the political struggle, civil war, suffering, starvation and struggle.", "Dances are usually highly developed traditions throughout Mozambique.", "There are many different kinds of dances from tribe to tribe which are usually ritualistic in nature.", "The Chopi, for instance, act out battles dressed in animal skins.", "The men of Makua dress in colourful outfits and masks while dancing on stilts around the village for hours.", "Groups of women in the northern part of the country have a traditional dance called \"tufo\", to celebrate Islamic holidays.", "Because the Portuguese were there for nearly 500 years, they greatly impacted the cuisine of Mozambique.", "Crops such as cassava (a starchy root) and cashew nuts (Mozambique was once the largest producer of these nuts), and \"pãozinho\" were brought in by the Portuguese.", "The use of spices and seasonings such as onions, bay leaves, garlic, fresh coriander, paprika, chili peppers, red sweet peppers, and wine were introduced by the Portuguese.", "So was sugarcane, maize, millet, rice, sorghum (a type of grass), and potatoes.", "\"Prego\" (steak roll), \"rissois\" (battered shrimp), \"espetada\" (kebab), \"pudim\" (pudding), and the popular \"inteiro com piripiri\" (whole chicken in piri-piri sauce) are all Portuguese dishes commonly eaten in present-day Mozambique.", "Football is the most popular sport in Mozambique." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 208652, "normal_article_title": "George Balanchine", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208652", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-208652-0-0", "normal-208652-0-1", "normal-208652-1-0", "normal-208652-2-0", "normal-208652-2-1", "normal-208652-2-2", "normal-208652-3-0", "normal-208652-4-0", "normal-208652-4-1", "normal-208652-4-2", "normal-208652-4-3", "normal-208652-5-0", "normal-208652-5-1", "normal-208652-5-2", "normal-208652-6-0", "normal-208652-7-0", "normal-208652-7-1", "normal-208652-7-2", "normal-208652-7-3", "normal-208652-7-4", "normal-208652-7-5", "normal-208652-8-0", "normal-208652-8-1", "normal-208652-9-0", "normal-208652-9-1", "normal-208652-9-2", "normal-208652-9-3", "normal-208652-9-4", "normal-208652-9-5", "normal-208652-9-6", "normal-208652-9-7", "normal-208652-9-8", "normal-208652-9-9", "normal-208652-10-0", "normal-208652-11-0", "normal-208652-11-1", "normal-208652-11-2", "normal-208652-11-3", "normal-208652-12-0", "normal-208652-12-1", "normal-208652-12-2", "normal-208652-12-3", "normal-208652-12-4", "normal-208652-13-0", "normal-208652-13-1", "normal-208652-13-2", "normal-208652-13-3", "normal-208652-14-0", "normal-208652-14-1", "normal-208652-14-2", "normal-208652-14-3", "normal-208652-15-0", "normal-208652-15-1", "normal-208652-15-2", "normal-208652-15-3", "normal-208652-16-0", "normal-208652-16-1", "normal-208652-16-2", "normal-208652-16-3", "normal-208652-17-0", "normal-208652-17-1", "normal-208652-17-2", "normal-208652-17-3", "normal-208652-18-0", "normal-208652-18-1", "normal-208652-18-2", "normal-208652-18-3", "normal-208652-18-4", "normal-208652-18-5", "normal-208652-18-6", "normal-208652-18-7", "normal-208652-19-0", "normal-208652-20-0", "normal-208652-20-1", "normal-208652-20-2", "normal-208652-20-3", "normal-208652-20-4", "normal-208652-21-0", "normal-208652-21-1", "normal-208652-21-2", "normal-208652-21-3", "normal-208652-22-0", "normal-208652-23-0", "normal-208652-23-1", "normal-208652-23-2", "normal-208652-23-3", "normal-208652-24-0", "normal-208652-25-0", "normal-208652-26-0", "normal-208652-26-1", "normal-208652-27-0", "normal-208652-28-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "George Balanchine ( ; born Georgiy Melitonovich Balanchivadze; , Georgian: ; January 22, 1904 – April 30, 1983) was an American ballet choreographer who was one of the most influential 20th century choreographers.", "Styled as the father of American ballet, he co-founded the New York City Ballet and remained its Artistic Director for more than 35 years.", "Balanchine took the standards and technique from his time at the Imperial Ballet School and fused it with other schools of movement that he had adopted during his tenure on Broadway and in Hollywood, creating his signature \"neoclassical style\".", "He was a choreographer known for his musicality; he expressed music with dance and worked extensively with leading composers of his time like Igor Stravinsky.", "Balanchine was invited to America in 1933 by a young arts patron named Lincoln Kirstein, and together they founded the School of American Ballet.", "Along with Kirstein, Balanchine also co-founded the New York City Ballet (NYCB).", "Balanchine was born Giorgi Melitonovitch Balanchivadze (Georgian: ) in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, son of Georgian opera singer and composer Meliton Balanchivadze, one of the founders of the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre and later the culture minister of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which became independent in 1918 but was later subsumed into the Soviet Union.", "The rest of the Georgian side of Balanchine's family comprised largely artists and soldiers.", "Little is known of Balanchine's Russian, maternal side.", "His mother, Meliton's second wife, Maria Nikolayevna Vasilyeva, was fond of ballet and viewed it as a form of social advancement from the lower reaches of St. Petersburg society.", "She was eleven years younger than Meliton and rumored to have been his former housekeeper, although \"she had at least some culture in her background\" as she could play piano well.", "As a child, Balanchine was not particularly interested in ballet, but his mother insisted that he audition with his sister Tamara, who shared her mother's interest in the art.", "Balanchine's brother Andria Balanchivadze instead followed his father's love for music and became a composer in Soviet Georgia.", "Tamara's career, however, would be cut short by her death in unknown circumstances as she was trying to escape on a train from besieged Leningrad to Georgia.", "Based on his audition, during 1913 (at age nine), Balanchine relocated from rural Finland to Saint Petersburg and was accepted into the Imperial Ballet School, principal school of the Imperial Ballet, where he was a student of Pavel Gerdt and Samuil Andrianov (Gerdt's son-in-law).", "After graduating in 1921, Balanchine enrolled in the Petrograd Conservatory while working in the corps de ballet at the State Academic Theater for Opera and Ballet (formerly the State Theater of Opera and Ballet and known as the Mariinsky Ballet).", "His studies at the conservatory included advanced piano, music theory, counterpoint, harmony, and composition.", "Balanchine graduated from the conservatory during 1923, and danced as a member of the corps until 1924.", "While still in his teens, Balanchine choreographed his first work, a pas de deux named \"La Nuit\" (1920, music by Anton Rubinstein).", "This was followed by another duet, \"Enigma\", with the dancers in bare feet rather than ballet shoes.", "During 1923, with fellow dancers, Balanchine formed a small ensemble, the Young Ballet.", "On a 1924 visit to Germany with the Soviet State Dancers, Balanchine, his wife, Tamara Geva, and dancers Alexandra Danilova and Nicholas Efimov fled to Paris, where there was a large Russian community.", "At this time, the impresario Sergei Diaghilev invited Balanchine to join the Ballets Russes as a choreographer.", "Diaghilev soon promoted Balanchine to ballet master of the company and encouraged his choreography.", "Between 1924 and Diaghilev's death in 1929, Balanchine created nine ballets, as well as lesser works.", "During these years, he worked with composers such as Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, Erik Satie, and Maurice Ravel, and artists who designed sets and costumes, such as Pablo Picasso, Georges Rouault, and Henri Matisse, creating new works that combined all the arts.", "Among his new works, during 1928 in Paris, Balanchine premiered \"Apollon musagète\" (Apollo and the muses) in a collaboration with Stravinsky; it was one of his most innovative ballets, combining classical ballet and classical Greek myth and images with jazz movement.", "He described it as \"the turning point in my life\".", "\"Apollo\" is regarded as the original neoclassical ballet.", "\"Apollo\" brought the male dancer to the forefront, giving him two solos within the ballet.", "\"Apollo\" is known for its minimalism, utilizing simple costumes and sets.", "This allowed the audience not to be distracted from the movement.", "Balanchine considered music to be the primary influence on choreography, as opposed to the narrative.", "Suffering a serious knee injury, Balanchine had to limit his dancing, effectively ending his performance career.", "After Diaghilev's death, the Ballets Russes went bankrupt.", "To earn money, Balanchine began to stage dances for Charles B. Cochran's revues and Sir Oswald Stoll's variety shows in London.", "He was retained by the Royal Danish Ballet in Copenhagen as a guest ballet master.", "Among his new works for the company were \"Danses Concertantes\", a pure dance piece to music by Stravinsky, and \"Night Shadow\", revived under the title \"La Sonnambula\", the haunting tale of a poet who falls in love with a mysterious and alluring sleepwalker.", "In 1931, with the help from financier Serge Denham, René Blum and Colonel Wassily de Basil formed the Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo, a successor to Ballets Russes.", "The new company hired Leonide Massine and Balanchine as choreographers.", "Featured dancers included David Lichine and Tatiana Riabouchinska.", "In 1933, without consulting Blum, Col. de Basil dropped Balanchine after one year – ostensibly because he thought that audiences preferred the works choreographed by Massine.", "Librettist Boris Kochno was also let go, while dancer Tamara Toumanova (a strong admirer of Balanchine's) left the company when Balanchine was fired.", "Balanchine and Kochno immediately founded Les Ballets 1933, with Kochno, Diaghilev's former secretary and companion, serving as artistic advisor.", "The company was financed by Edward James, a British poet and ballet patron.", "The company lasted only a couple of months during 1933, performing only in Paris and London, when the Great Depression made arts more difficult to fund.", "Balanchine created several new works, including collaborations with composers Kurt Weill, Darius Milhaud, Henri Sauguet and designer Pavel Tchelitchew.", "Balanchine insisted that his first project in the United States would be to establish a ballet school because he wanted to develop dancers who had strong technique along with his particular style.", "Compared to his classical training, he thought they could not dance well.", "With the assistance of Lincoln Kirstein and Edward M.M. Warburg, the School of American Ballet opened to students on January 2, 1934, less than three months after Balanchine arrived in the U.S. Later that year, Balanchine had his students perform in a recital, where they premiered his new work \"Serenade\" to music by Tchaikovsky at the Warburg summer estate.", "The school of American Ballet became and is now a home for dancers of New York City Ballet as well as companies from all over the world.", "Between his ballet activities in the 1930s and 1940s, Balanchine choreographed for musical theater with such notables as Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart and Vernon Duke.", "Balanchine choreographed Broadway's \"On Your Toes\" in 1936.", "This musical featured the ballet \"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\", in which a tap dancer falls in love with a dance-hall girl.", "His choreography in musicals was unique at the time because it furthered the plot of the story.", "Balanchine relocated his company to Hollywood during 1938, where he rented a white two-story house with \"Kolya\", Nicholas Kopeikine, his \"rehearsal pianist and lifelong colleague\", on North Fairfax Avenue not far from Hollywood Boulevard.", "Balanchine created dances for five movies, all of which featured Vera Zorina, whom he met on the set of \"The Goldwyn Follies\" and who subsequently became his third wife.", "He reconvened the company as the American Ballet Caravan and toured with it throughout North and South America, but it folded after several years.", "From 1944 to 1946, during and after World War II, Balanchine served as resident choreographer for Blum & Massine's new iteration of Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo.", "Soon Balanchine formed a new dance company, Ballet Society, again with the generous help of Lincoln Kirstein.", "He continued to work with contemporary composers such as Paul Hindemith, from whom he commissioned a score in 1940 for \"The Four Temperaments\".", "First performed on November 20, 1946, this modernist work was one of his early abstract and spare ballets, angular and very different in movement.", "After several successful performances, the most notable featuring the ballet \"Orpheus\" created in collaboration with Stravinsky and sculptor and designer Isamu Noguchi, the City of New York offered the company residency at the New York City Center.", "In 1954, Balanchine created his version of \"The Nutcracker\", in which he played the mime role of Drosselmeyer.", "The company has since performed the ballet every year in New York City during the Christmas season.", "His other famous ballets created for New York companies include \"Firebird\", \"Allegro Brilliante\", \"Agon\", \"The Seven Deadly Sins\", and \"Episodes\".", "In 1967, Balanchine's ballet \"Jewels\" displayed specific characteristics of Balanchine's choreography.", "The corps de ballet dancers execute rapid footwork and precise movements.", "The choreography is difficult to execute and all dancers must do their jobs in order to hold the integrity of the piece.", "Balanchine's use of musicality can also be seen in this work.", "His other famous works with New York City Ballet are popular today and are performed in the Lincoln Center by New York City Ballet: \"Mozartiana\", \"Apollo\", \"Orpheus\", and \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\".", "In his last years, Balanchine suffered from angina pectoris and underwent heart bypass surgery.", "After years of illness, Balanchine died on 30 April 1983, aged 79, in Manhattan from Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, which was diagnosed only after his death.", "He first showed symptoms during 1978 when he began losing his balance while dancing.", "As the disease progressed, his equilibrium, eyesight, and hearing deteriorated.", "By 1982, he was incapacitated.", "The night of his death, the company went on with its scheduled performance, which included \"Divertimento No. 15\" and \"Symphony in C\" at Lincoln Center.", "Clement Crisp, one of the many writers who eulogized Balanchine, assessed his contribution: \"It is hard to think of the ballet world without the colossal presence of George Balanchine ...\" In his lifetime he created 465 works.", "Balanchine extended the traditions of classical ballet.", "His choreography remains the same to the present day and the School of American Ballet still uses his teaching technique.", "As one of the 20th century's best-known choreographers, his style and vision of ballet is interesting to many generations of choreographers.", "He had a Russian Orthodox funeral, and was interred at the Oakland Cemetery at Sag Harbor, Suffolk County, New York at the same cemetery where Alexandra Danilova was later interred.", "In 1923, Balanchine married Tamara Geva, a sixteen-year-old dancer.", "After his divorce from Geva, Balanchine was partnered with Alexandra Danilova from 1926 through 1933.", "He married and divorced three more times, all to women who were his dancers: Vera Zorina (1938–1946), Maria Tallchief (1946–1952), and Tanaquil LeClercq (1952–1969).", "He had no children by any of his marriages and no known offspring from any extramarital unions or other liaisons.", "Biographer and intellectual historian Clive James has argued that Balanchine, despite his creative genius and brilliance as a ballet choreographer, had his darker side.", "With his School of American Ballet, New York City Ballet, and 400 choreographed works, Balanchine transformed American dance and created neoclassical ballet, developing a unique style with his dancers highlighted by brilliant speed and attack.", "A monument at the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre was dedicated in Balanchine's memory.", "A crater on Mercury was named in his honor.", "George Balanchine Way is a segment of West 63rd Street (located between Columbus Avenue and Broadway) in New York City that was renamed in his honor in June of 1990.", "1975 French Légion d'honneur" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1077214, "normal_article_title": "Saint-Laurent-du-Var", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1077214", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1077214-0-0", "normal-1077214-1-0", "normal-1077214-1-1", "normal-1077214-2-0", "normal-1077214-2-1", "normal-1077214-3-0", "normal-1077214-4-0", "normal-1077214-5-0", "normal-1077214-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Saint-Laurent-du-Var is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region on the French Riviera.", "The town was founded in the 11th century when a hospice was founded under Saint Lawrence's protection.", "The main activity was to help passengers to cross the Var, which became a border between Kingdom of France and County of Nice in 1481.", "St. Laurent is the second-largest suburb of the city of Nice, after Cagnes-sur-Mer, in the urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur.", "It lies adjacent to it on the west side on the other side of the river Var.", "Nowadays, the town has developed much and its population has been multiplied by ten in the last century and it is now part of Nice metropolitan area.", "The suburb's positioning, close to Nice and with an abundance of flatlands - which is a rare resource in this region - led to the building of CAP 3000, the Côte d'Azur's biggest mall, and an industrial zone with many dynamic activities.", "St. Laurent is located close to \"Nice Côte d'Azur\" Airport, in the eastern side of Var river, Nice.", "The town also has a harbour, an interchange on the motorway A8 and a railway station on the Marseille-Toulon-Nice-Ventimiglia line." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 32818881, "normal_article_title": "Yekaterina Mikhailova-Demina", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32818881", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-32818881-0-0", "normal-32818881-1-0", "normal-32818881-1-1", "normal-32818881-1-2", "normal-32818881-2-0", "normal-32818881-3-0", "normal-32818881-3-1", "normal-32818881-4-0", "normal-32818881-4-1", "normal-32818881-5-0", "normal-32818881-5-1", "normal-32818881-6-0", "normal-32818881-6-1", "normal-32818881-6-2", "normal-32818881-6-3", "normal-32818881-7-0", "normal-32818881-7-1", "normal-32818881-7-2", "normal-32818881-7-3", "normal-32818881-8-0", "normal-32818881-8-1", "normal-32818881-8-2", "normal-32818881-8-3", "normal-32818881-8-4", "normal-32818881-9-0", "normal-32818881-9-1", "normal-32818881-9-2", "normal-32818881-9-3", "normal-32818881-9-4", "normal-32818881-9-5", "normal-32818881-9-6", "normal-32818881-9-7", "normal-32818881-9-8", "normal-32818881-9-9", "normal-32818881-10-0", "normal-32818881-10-1", "normal-32818881-10-2", "normal-32818881-11-0", "normal-32818881-11-1", "normal-32818881-11-2", "normal-32818881-12-0", "normal-32818881-12-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ekaterina Illarionovna Mikhailova-Demina ( ; 22 December 1925 – 24 June 2019) was a Russian military doctor who was the only woman to have served in front-line reconnaissance in the Soviet marines during World War II.", "She carried hundreds of men off the battlefield and was seriously wounded three times during her career as a medic with the marines.", "Despite repeatedly being nominated she was denied high honors at the war's end, reflecting the Soviet Union's unequal approach to honoring its fighting men and women.", "However, she was belatedly honored by President Mikhail Gorbachev in May 1990 with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.", "Born in Leningrad, Mikhailova-Demina lost her parents at an early age and grew up in a Leningrad orphanage.", "She was aged just fifteen at the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War in June 1941 but promptly volunteered for military service in Smolensk after a train she was travelling on was bombed \"en route\" to Brest.", "Adding two years to her age, she was rejected by the recruitment office but was accepted by a military hospital.", "The patients of the hospital soon had to be evacuated after the building was bombed but Mikhailova-Demina stayed behind, as Germans advanced towards Moscow through the summer of 1941, to work as a field medic for the Red Army (which was desperately short of medical personnel).", "When she suffered a serious injury to her leg in fighting near Gzhatsk she was sent to the Urals to recuperate.", "On returning to duty she was posted to the \"Red Moscow\", a hospital ship of the Soviet Navy that was employed in transporting wounded soldiers from Stalingrad to Krasnoyarsk.", "She was promoted to chief petty officer and commended for exemplary service.", "However, she became bored by the work and volunteered for front-line service with the Azov Flotilla of the Soviet marine infantry.", "Although her request was initially denied, she appealed to the government in Moscow and was accepted for service in the 369th Independent Naval Infantry Battalion in February 1943.", "She first saw action with the marines on the Taman Peninsula on the Azov Sea before moving on to battles elsewhere along the Black Sea littoral and on the Dniester.", "After her unit was transferred to the Danube Flotilla she fought her way through Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Austria, and ended the war in Vienna.", "She was not welcomed at first by the men in her unit.", "However, she was soon accepted after she proved that she could handle herself well in the front line.", "As well as scouting enemy territory alongside her male colleagues, her work involved treating the wounded and evacuating them to safety.", "She won her first medal for valour for participating in the recapture of Temryuk on the Taman Peninsula and was awarded the first of two Orders of the Patriotic War for taking part in the Battle of Kerch.", "In August 1944 Mikhailova-Demina participated in a commando-style operation to recapture the city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine.", "Her unit crossed the Dniester estuary in rubber boats and climbed an enemy-held ridge.", "Mikhailova-Demina was in the first group to climb the ridge and joined in the charge to expel the enemy from the ridge.", "She single-handedly assaulted a fortified German position, taking 14 prisoners, and treated 17 wounded men and helped them get to safety.", "She earned an Order of the Red Banner for her role in the assault.", "Four months later, in December 1944, her unit had advanced to Yugoslavia.", "During an attack on the fortress of Ilok in Croatia, she was one of 50 marines who carried out a diversionary attack from a small island in the Danube below the fortress.", "The unit had to use trees as firing positions as the island was flooded.", "In the firefight that followed, Mikhailova-Demina was shot through the hand.", "Only 13 of her unit survived the intense gun battle and all were wounded.", "Some of the casualties fell out of their trees and into the freezing water but were saved by Mikhailova-Demina, who jumped in and used belts and rifle slings to tie the wounded men to the trees.", "Seven men were saved by her.", "The battle left her with double pneumonia in addition to the wound to her hand and required her to be hospitalized.", "Despite this, she left the hospital early without authorization and returned to her unit.", "She was awarded a second Order of the Red Banner for her heroism.", "Mikhailova-Demina was demobilised in November 1945 but continued to work in the medical profession after the war, including stints with the Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent Society.", "She was awarded the Florence Nightingale Medal by the International Committee of the Red Cross for her work during the war.", "In 1950 she graduated from the Second Leningrad Medical Institute and worked as a doctor for 36 years, retiring in 1985.", "She was nominated three times for the Hero of the Soviet Union, the country's highest distinction, but was turned down on each occasion.", "She finally received the medal along with the Order of Lenin and Gold Star by a decree issued by President Gorbachev on 5 May 1990 to mark the 45th anniversary of the end of the war.", "Mikhailova-Demina was one of the last honored before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.", "After the death of Yevdokiya Pasko in January 2017, Demina remained the last living female Hero of the Soviet Union that was a veteran of the Second World War, with the other two being cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova and Svetlana Savitskaya.", "She died in June 2019 at the age of 93." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 701621, "simple_article_title": "Yekaterina Mikhailova-Demina", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701621", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-701621-0-0", "simple-701621-0-1", "simple-701621-0-2", "simple-701621-0-3", "simple-701621-0-4", "simple-701621-1-0", "simple-701621-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Yekaterina Illarionovna Mikhailova-Demina (; 22 December 1925 – 24 June 2019) was a Russian military doctor.", "She was the only woman to have served in front-line reconnaissance in the Soviet marines during World War II.", "She reportedly carried hundreds of men off the battlefield and was seriously wounded three times during her career as a medic with the marines.", "For many years, Mikhailova-Demina was not awarded for her efforts during the war.", "In 1990, she was honoured by President Mikhail Gorbachev with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.", "Mikhailova-Demina was born in Leningrad.", "She died on 24 June 2019 in Moscow, at the age of 93." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 13123028, "normal_article_title": "Ligny-sur-Canche", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13123028", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-13123028-0-0", "normal-13123028-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ligny-Sur-Canche is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.", "Ligny-sur-Canche is situated 25 mi west of Arras, at the junction of the D11 and the D941 roads, in the valley of the river Canche." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 112960, "normal_article_title": "Van Meter, Iowa", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=112960", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-112960-0-0", "normal-112960-0-1", "normal-112960-0-2", "normal-112960-1-0", "normal-112960-1-1", "normal-112960-1-2", "normal-112960-2-0", "normal-112960-3-0", "normal-112960-4-0", "normal-112960-5-0", "normal-112960-5-1", "normal-112960-5-2", "normal-112960-5-3", "normal-112960-5-4", "normal-112960-6-0", "normal-112960-6-1", "normal-112960-6-2", "normal-112960-7-0", "normal-112960-7-1", "normal-112960-7-2", "normal-112960-8-0", "normal-112960-8-1", "normal-112960-8-2", "normal-112960-8-3", "normal-112960-8-4", "normal-112960-9-0", "normal-112960-9-1", "normal-112960-9-2", "normal-112960-10-0", "normal-112960-10-1", "normal-112960-10-2", "normal-112960-10-3", "normal-112960-11-0", "normal-112960-11-1", "normal-112960-11-2", "normal-112960-11-3", "normal-112960-12-0", "normal-112960-13-0", "normal-112960-13-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Van Meter is a city in Dallas County, Iowa, United States, along the Raccoon River.", "The population was 1,016 at the 2010 census, with an estimated population in 2014 of 1,133.", "Van Meter is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Van Meter was laid out as a town in 1869.", "The city was named for Jacob Rhodes Van Meter and his family, Dutch settlers from Meteren, the Netherlands.", "Van Meter was incorporated on December 29, 1877.", "Van Meter's longitude and latitude coordinates in decimal form are 41.531505, -93.955338).", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.30 sqmi , of which, 1.28 sqmi is land and 0.02 sqmi is water.", "Van Meter is situated west of Des Moines, just south of Interstate 80.", "As of the census of 2010, there were 1,016 people, 382 households, and 280 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 793.8 PD/sqmi .", "There were 415 housing units at an average density of 324.2 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the city was 97.9% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% Asian, and 1.1% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population.", "There were 382 households of which 45.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.7% were non-families.", "22.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.09.", "The median age in the city was 35.5 years.", "31.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.4% were from 25 to 44; 26.4% were from 45 to 64; and 8.7% were 65 years of age or older.", "The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 866 people, 326 households, and 237 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1,450.3 people per square mile (557.3/km2).", "There were 342 housing units at an average density of 572.8 per square mile (220.1/km2).", "The racial makeup of the city was 98.15% White, 0.23% African American, 0.69% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.39% of the population.", "There were 326 households out of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families.", "20.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.13.", "In the city, the population was spread out with 30.5% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 35 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $50,625, and the median income for a family was $59,000.", "Males had a median income of $37,895 versus $26,023 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $20,272.", "About 0.8% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.", "The Bob Feller Museum opened on June 10, 1995, in honor of Bob Feller, a National Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher and a native of Van Meter.", "On November 11, 2006, Veterans Day, ground was broken for an Iowa Veterans Cemetery at a site located near Van Meter.", "Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack was among those who helped dedicate the cemetery." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 298428, "normal_article_title": "Identity (mathematics)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=298428", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-298428-0-0", "normal-298428-0-1", "normal-298428-0-2", "normal-298428-0-3", "normal-298428-0-4", "normal-298428-1-0", "normal-298428-1-1", "normal-298428-1-2", "normal-298428-2-0", "normal-298428-2-1", "normal-298428-3-0", "normal-298428-3-1", "normal-298428-4-0", "normal-298428-4-1", "normal-298428-4-2", "normal-298428-5-0", "normal-298428-5-1", "normal-298428-5-2", "normal-298428-6-0", "normal-298428-7-0", "normal-298428-7-1", "normal-298428-7-2", "normal-298428-7-3", "normal-298428-8-0", "normal-298428-9-0", "normal-298428-9-1", "normal-298428-10-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In mathematics an identity is an equality relation \"A\" = \"B\", such that \"A\" and \"B\" contain some variables and \"A\" and \"B\" produce the same value as each other regardless of what values (usually numbers) are substituted for the variables.", "In other words, \"A\" = \"B\" is an identity if \"A\" and \"B\" define the same functions.", "This means that an \"identity\" is an \"equality\" between functions that are differently defined.", "For example, (\"a\" + \"b\") = \"a\" + 2\"ab\" + \"b\" and cos(\"x\") + sin(\"x\") = 1 are identities.", "Identities are sometimes indicated by the triple bar symbol ≡ instead of = , the equals sign.", "Geometrically, these are identities involving certain functions of one or more angles.", "They are distinct from triangle identities, which are identities involving both angles and side lengths of a triangle.", "Only the former are covered in this article.", "These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified.", "An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.", "One example is formula_1 which is true for all complex values of formula_2 (since the complex numbers formula_3 are the domain of sin and cos), as opposed to which is true only for some values of formula_2, not all.", "For example, the latter equation is true when formula_6 false when formula_7.", "Exponentiation is not commutative.", "This contrasts with addition and multiplication, which are.", "For example, 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 = 5 and 2 · 3 = 3 · 2 = 6 , but 2 = 8 , whereas 3 = 9 .", "Exponentiation is not associative either.", "Addition and multiplication are.", "For example, (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4) = 9 and (2 · 3) · 4 = 2 · (3 · 4) = 24 , but 2 to the 4 is 8 or 4,096, whereas 2 to the 3 is 2 or 2,417,851,639,229,258,349,412,352.", "Several important formulas, sometimes called \"logarithmic identities\" or \"log laws\", relate logarithms to one another.", "The logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the numbers being multiplied; the logarithm of the ratio of two numbers is the difference of the logarithms.", "The logarithm of the \"p\"-th power of a number is \"p\" times the logarithm of the number itself; the logarithm of a \"p\"-th root is the logarithm of the number divided by \"p\".", "The following table lists these identities with examples.", "Each of the identities can be derived after substitution of the logarithm definitions x = b , and/or y = b , in the left hand sides.", "The logarithm log(\"x\") can be computed from the logarithms of \"x\" and \"b\" with respect to an arbitrary base \"k\" using the following formula: Typical scientific calculators calculate the logarithms to bases 10 and \"e\".", "The hyperbolic functions satisfy many identities, all of them similar in form to the trigonometric identities.", "In fact, Osborn's rule states that one can convert any trigonometric identity into a hyperbolic identity by expanding it completely in terms of integral powers of sines and cosines, changing sine to sinh and cosine to cosh, and switching the sign of every term which contains a product of 2, 6, 10, 14, ... sinhs.", "The Gudermannian function gives a direct relationship between the circular functions and the hyperbolic ones that does not involve complex numbers." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 55257, "simple_article_title": "Identity (mathematics)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55257", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-55257-0-0", "simple-55257-0-1", "simple-55257-0-2", "simple-55257-1-0", "simple-55257-2-0", "simple-55257-2-1", "simple-55257-2-2", "simple-55257-3-0", "simple-55257-3-1", "simple-55257-4-0", "simple-55257-5-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "An equality in mathematical sense is only true under more particular conditions.", "For this, the symbol ≡ is sometimes used.", "(However, this can lead to misunderstandings since the same symbol can also be used for a congruence relation.)", "A common example of the first meaning is the trigonometric identity which is true for all real values of formula_5 (since the real numbers formula_6 are the domain of sin and cos), as opposed to which is true only for values of formula_5 in a subset of the domain.", "The concepts of \"additive identity\" and \"multiplicative identity\" are central to the Peano axioms.", "The number 0 is the \"additive identity\" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers.", "For the real numbers, for all formula_9", "Similarly, The number 1 is the \"multiplicative identity\" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers.", "For the real numbers, for all formula_9", "A common example of an identity function is the identity permutation, which sends each element of the set formula_17 to itself.", "These meanings are not mutually exclusive; for instance, the identity permutation is the identity element in the set of permutations of formula_17 under composition." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 807979, "normal_article_title": "Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=807979", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-807979-0-0", "normal-807979-0-1", "normal-807979-0-2", "normal-807979-1-0", "normal-807979-1-1", "normal-807979-2-0", "normal-807979-2-1", "normal-807979-2-2", "normal-807979-2-3", "normal-807979-2-4", "normal-807979-2-5", "normal-807979-2-6", "normal-807979-2-7", "normal-807979-2-8", "normal-807979-3-0", "normal-807979-3-1", "normal-807979-3-2", "normal-807979-3-3", "normal-807979-3-4", "normal-807979-3-5", "normal-807979-3-6", "normal-807979-3-7", "normal-807979-4-0", "normal-807979-4-1", "normal-807979-4-2", "normal-807979-4-3", "normal-807979-4-4", "normal-807979-4-5", "normal-807979-4-6", "normal-807979-4-7", "normal-807979-5-0", "normal-807979-5-1", "normal-807979-5-2", "normal-807979-5-3", "normal-807979-5-4", "normal-807979-5-5", "normal-807979-5-6", 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"normal-807979-36-0", "normal-807979-36-1", "normal-807979-37-0", "normal-807979-37-1", "normal-807979-37-2", "normal-807979-37-3", "normal-807979-38-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Swiss Family Robinson is a 1960 American adventure film starring John Mills, Dorothy McGuire, James MacArthur, Janet Munro, Tommy Kirk and Kevin Corcoran in a tale of a shipwrecked family building an island home, loosely based on the 1812 novel \"Der Schweizerische Robinson\" (literally, \"The Swiss Robinson\") by Johann David Wyss.", "The film was directed by Ken Annakin and shot in Tobago and Pinewood Studios outside London.", "It was the second feature film version of the story (the first film version was released by RKO in 1940) and was a commercial success.", "\"Swiss Family Robinson\" was the first widescreen Disney film shot with Panavision lenses.", "When shooting in widescreen, Disney had almost always used a matted wide screen or filmed the movie in CinemaScope.", "A family on their way to New Guinea is chased by pirates into a hurricane.", "The captain and crew abandon the ship leaving the family shipwrecked off an uninhabited island.", "William (John Mills) and his two eldest sons Fritz and Ernst (James MacArthur and Tommy Kirk) salvage as much as they can from the wreck including livestock, tools, and even an organ.", "As they gather what can be removed from the ship, the pirates return and begin shooting at the ship.", "Fritz and Ernst begin readying the ship's cannon, but they only have one shot.", "Suddenly, the pirates turn around; William has indicating the ship is under quarantine and that there is Black Death aboard.", "The three men construct a tree house home on the island while the youngest boy Francis (Kevin Corcoran) investigates the wildlife and starts an impressive collection of animals including a young elephant, a capuchin monkey and two Great Danes rescued from the ship which they name Duke and Turk.", "Elizabeth (Dorothy McGuire) prays to be rescued.", "The boys, particularly Ernst, also build inventions to provide modern amenities to the family such as drawing water and preserving food.", "Fritz and Ernst head off to explore the island to see if anyone else lives on it or if it is connected to any other lands.", "While at a distant corner of the island, they again spot the pirates who originally drove them into the storm.", "The pirates have captured another ship and have the ship's captain, Moreland (Cecil Parker) and cabin boy \"Bertie\" captives for ransom.", "Fritz and Ernst rescue Bertie but Moreland, Bertie's grandfather, stays behind.", "The three dodge the pirates and head back to the family's tree house.", "En route, they discover that Bertie is really Roberta (Janet Munro) and not a boy at all.", "The three fend off snakes and hyenas as they head home and even rescue a zebra foal, then lead it home.", "They arrive back at the treehouse at Christmas.", "William realizes the pirates will try to reclaim Roberta and decides to make a stand against them.", "Defenses are prepared by building booby-traps and fortifying a rocky outcropping.", "They blow up the ship's wreckage in an attempt to make it difficult for the pirates to remember where the family went aground.", "While prepping for the pirate attack, Fritz and Ernst vie for the affections of Roberta.", "Ernst is more studious and attempts to impress her with his knowledge and intelligence while Fritz, older and more experienced, uses his charm and physical attributes to attract her.", "Fritz and Ernst eventually come to blows over her and are stopped only by the intervention of William.", "He declares the next day the first holiday for \"New Switzerland\" in an attempt to divert everyone.", "While prepping for the race (everyone has an animal to ride; Francis has the elephant, Ernst the ostrich, Roberta the zebra, the monkey on Duke, etc.) Elizabeth fires the gun to signal the start of the race; the pirates, who are at that time sailing the coast looking for the place they last saw the ship that brought the family to the island, hear the gun and know the family is near.", "Led by their captain (Sessue Hayakawa) the pirates storm the island, the family manages a brave defense but are sorely pressed.", "Their defenses include pits with a tiger in one pit, rock piles, a log pile and coconut bombs (hollowed out coconuts filled with gunpowder with a fuse) all of which cause problems for the attacking pirates.", "When the pirate leader waves a white flag the family imagines they have routed the pirates, but the pirates instead are sneaking around the back of the fort.", "Francis' much-maligned \"pirate alarm\" is the only thing that warns them of the surprise attack.", "They begin defending the fortress but are soon down to only a few shots with their muskets.", "At this critical moment, a ship appears on the horizon captained by Roberta's grandfather captain Moreland and fires its cannons while the retreating pirates are trying to make a desperate escape.", "The cannon fire hits the pirate ship while the family rejoices.", "William, Elizabeth and Francis choose to remain on the island with Duke, Turk and Francis' collection of animals while Moreland notes that William will likely be recommended as governor of the new colony.", "As for the rest of the family, Ernst chooses to return to Europe with the rescuers in order to enroll in a university to continue his studies while Fritz and Roberta plan to marry (presumably by virtue of her grandfather's sea captaincy) and make New Switzerland their home.", "The film is based upon \"Der Schweizerische Robinson\" (translated as \"The Swiss Family Robinson\"), a book written by Johann David Wyss.", "RKO Pictures had previously made an adaptation in 1940, directed by Edward Ludwig.", "After watching that movie, Walt Disney and Bill Anderson decided to produce their own version of the story.", "Anderson talked with director Ken Annakin during filming of another live-action Disney picture, \"Third Man on the Mountain\", near Zermatt (Switzerland).", "Ken Annakin had also worked with Disney in the 1953 adventure film \"The Sword and the Rose\".", "During his stay in Switzerland, Annakin read the book and he wondered why Disney wanted to make a story so outdated.", "There were several meetings to decide filming locations.", "There was talk of making the film in a studio in Burbank, California or filming on location in a natural environment.", "Annakin wanted to film in Ceylon, and the associate producer Basil Keys, in East Africa.", "Bill Anderson stressed that they should examine the Caribbean.", "They visited Jamaica and Trinidad, but it was not what they wanted.", "Somebody in Trinidad told them of a nearby island, Tobago.", "When they saw the island for the first time, they \"fell instantly in love\", and they sent a telegram to Anderson, who traveled to Tobago and found it fitted to their needs.", "However, one of the drawbacks of this choice was that the island had no local wildlife.", "Once Walt Disney accepted, cast and crew got their shots and passports for a stay of six months in Tobago.", "Richmond Bay was featured prominently as the Robinsons' beach, while Mount Irvine Bay was used for the scene where the boys rescue Bertie from the pirates.", "The vine-swinging/waterfall scenes were filmed at the Craig Hall Waterfalls.", "The treehouse was constructed in a 200-foot tall saman in the Goldsborough Bay area.", "Referring to the treehouse, Annakin said that \"it was really solid-capable of holding twenty crew and cast and constructed in sections so that it could be taken apart and rebuilt on film by the family\".", "The tree was not an easy place to shoot, with only 3 hours of sunlight per day due to surrounding foliage.", "Disney started filming of the Swiss Family Robinson movie in Tobago, in August of 1959, during the rainy season.", "While the Disney crew was filming on the island, a tropical wave passed over Tobago on August 17th, bringing with it some heavy rains, strong winds and flash flooding.", "On August 18th, as the weather system moved away from Tobago it turned into a Tropical Depression.", "Later that day it turned into Tropical Storm Edith as the weather system got favorable warm waters nearing the Windward islands.", "Edith hit the island of Dominica, 350 miles away from Tobago.", "The inclement weather on August 17th 1959 did not affect the timeline for the production of the movie.", "Storm Carib - The Caribbean Hurricane Network, shows no storms passed by Tobago for the decade 1950-1959.", "In the decade 1960-1969, Tobago was hit by Hurricane Anna in 1961 and Hurricane Flora in 1963.", "Hurricane Flora destroyed The Swiss Family Robinson treehouse in 1963.", "The Saman tree on which the treehouse was built, also sustained some wind damage losing one of the large lower branches.", "In 2018, the tree suffered some burn damage to part of its base and extensive damage to the lower right branch which had to be severed.", "The tree is in Cow Farm Road, just off the Windward Road, in Goldsborough, Tobago.", "In the Vault Disney Collection release of the Swiss Family Robinson, the movie director, Ken Annakin said that the movie took about two and a half weeks longer to make than originally planned.", "In the DVD Special Features Audio Commentary, Annakin said that the extra time was needed to get the movie scenes exactly right - especially having to work with live wild animals like the python and the tiger.", "The script required animals, who arrived from all around the world.", "14 trainers looked after the animals.", "Gene Holter was one of the providers of animals from California and his trainers Ray Chandler and Fez Reynolds.", "The trainers met with the director every day around 4 PM and went over attitudes or gestures that the animals should play the next day.", "They spent the night learning them.", "The animals that were brought included eight dogs, two giant tortoises, forty monkeys, two elephants, six ostriches, four zebras, one hundred flamingos, six hyenas, two anacondas, and a tiger.", "After filming, the local Tobagonians convinced Disney, who had intended to remove all evidence of filmmaking, to let the treehouse remain, sans interior furnishing.", "In 1960, the treehouse was listed for sale for $9,000, a fraction of its original cost, and later became a popular attraction among locals and tourists, before the structure was finally destroyed by Hurricane Flora in September 1963.", "However, the tree still remains, and is located on the property of the Roberts Auto Service and Tyre Shop, located in Goodwood, just off of Windward Road.", "Tobago resident Lennox Straker says, \"The tree has fallen into obscurity; only a few of the older people knew of its significance.", "As a matter of fact, not many people know of the film \"Swiss Family Robinson\" much less that it was filmed here in Tobago.\"", "The Saman tree used for the Swiss Family treehouse is located in Cow Farm Road just off the Windward Road, in Goldsborough.", "It is located in the compound of Robert’s Garage.", "Robert died in 2017 and the garage is now under new management.", "The tree was first damaged by hurricane Flora in 1963.", "It also suffered some burn damage to part of its base in 2018.", "Both of the lower branches of the tree have broken off.", "In 1959, The Walt Disney Company set up their studio in Goodwood, Tobago for the filming of the Swiss Family Robinson movie.", "The studio housed replica indoor sets of the treehouse as well as the shipwreck.", "All the animals used in the movie were kept in an enclosure next to the studio.", "The site of the studio is now the Goodwood Secondary School.", "The treehouse constructed on the Saman tree in Goldsborough was a short distance away from The Walt Disney Company studio in Goodwood, Tobago.", "The Swiss Family Robinson filming locations in Tobago included Richmond Bay, Belle Garden, Goodwood, Studley Park, Goldsborough, Craig Hall Waterfall, Pigeon Point, Mt. Irvine Bay, Grange Bay, Celery Bay and King Peter’s Bay in Runnemeade.", "Richmond Bay, Tobago was the main beach used in the filming of the Swiss Family Robinson movie.", "The shipwreck scenes and some of the raft scenes were filmed at Belle Garden Bay, Tobago.", "Other raft scenes were filmed at Pigeon Point and Grange Bay (The Wall) in Tobago.", "The tiger scenes were shot at the Goldsborough river near the sea.", "The snake fighting scene with Fritz (James MacArthur) was filmed at Pigeon Point Lagoon.", "The capture of Roberta and her grandfather by pirates were filmed at Mount Irvine Bay, Tobago.", "The scene with Fritz, Ernst and Bertie (Roberta) after escaping the pirates, was filmed at Runnemeade overlooking Celery Bay and King Peter’s Bay in Tobago.", "The scene was filmed from just off the Northside Road in Runnemeade, Tobago.", "The filming location used back then, is now the swimming pool area of the property built by renowned British photographer, Norman Parkinson in 1962.", "Runnemeade museum owner, Hugh Broome, identified this film location.", "He lives a short distance from the Parkinson house.", "Bacolet Bay, Tobago was NOT used in the filming of the Swiss Family Robinson movie.", "However Bacolet Bay was used for the filming of the movies ‘Fire Down Below’ and ‘Heaven Knows Mr. Allison’, in 1957.", "Tobagonian, Mr Clifford Cook was able to confirm this.", "Mr. Cook was employed as the driver for the main crew of electricians (Sparks) for the Swiss Family Robinson movie.", "Back in 1959, he owned a new 5-seater 1959 Ford Zephyr car and was one of six taxi drivers for the Blue Haven Hotel in Bacolet, Tobago before being employed full time by the Transport section of The Walt Disney Company in August, 1959.", "This is a 2019 revisit of the Swiss Family Robinson filming locations in Tobago, 60 years later.", "The film premiered in New York City on December 10, 1960 and was released for the general U.S. audience on December 21, 1960.", "It received generally positive reviews by critics and gained large revenue at the box office and is one of the most iconic live-action Disney films.", "All together, the film grossed roughly $40 million, making it the highest-grossing film of 1960 and beating other hits of that year such as \"Psycho\", \"Spartacus\", and \"Exodus\" at the box office.", "Adjusted for ticket-price inflation, the box office revenue is $ million, making it one of the biggest hits of all time.", "The movie was re-released in 1969 and earned $6.4 million in rentals in North America.", "It was the 15th most popular movie at the U.S. box office that year.", "The film currently holds an 84% approval rating at the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes.", "Upon the film's initial release, \"New York Times\" film critic Howard Thompson lauded the film by writing, \"it's hard to imagine how the picture could be better as a rousing, humorous and gentle-hearted tale of family love amid primitive isolation and dangers.\"", "In his \"Family Guide to Movies on Video\", Henry Herx wrote: \"Nicely directed by Ken Annakin, much of the fun for children will come from the delightful and inventive conveniences the family builds and their relationships with the island's wildlife\".", "On December 12, 2004, \"Variety\" announced that a live-action remake of \"Swiss Family Robinson\" was in development at Walt Disney Pictures with Mandeville Films co-producing the film.", "In June 2005, \"Variety\" confirmed that director Jonathan Mostow would helm the director's chair for the film.", "It was to be produced by David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman.", "In July of that year, it was reported that studio veteran Lindsay Lohan was considered for the film.", "\"Lindsay's just talk at the moment...but that's someone they want.", "It might depend on whether she's happy to be part of an ensemble, and not the headliner.\"", "Production on the film never began and the film was believed to be shelved until in early 2009 when it was announced by /Film that the remake was still in the works.", "By this time, the film was renamed \"The Robinsons\" and \"designed to star Will Smith, Jada Pinkett Smith and all three of the Smith kids - Trey, Jaden and Willow.\"", "In 2011, Bill Paxton expressed serious interest in producing and starring in a remake of the original film.", "\"I talked to a very prominent producer/filmmaker about the idea of teaming up to do this.", "I just think it would be great to make a little bit more of a butch, PG-13 version of that story -- and I know it's something that would appeal to an international audience.\"", "In 2014, it was announced that Steve Carell would possibly headline \"Brooklyn Family Robinson\", a modern update of the film.", "As of 2016, there have been no official announcements, casting or setting of production dates." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 251140, "simple_article_title": "Swiss Family Robinson", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251140", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-251140-0-0", "simple-251140-0-1", "simple-251140-0-2", "simple-251140-1-0", "simple-251140-1-1", "simple-251140-1-2", "simple-251140-1-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Swiss Family Robinson is a 1960 Walt Disney movie.", "It is based on an 1812 book of the same name by Johann David Wyss.", "The movie stars John Mills, Dorothy McGuire, James MacArthur, Tommy Kirk, Kevin Corcoran, Janet Munro, and Sessue Hayakawa as a pirate chief.", "The movie is about a shipwrecked family building an island home.", "It was filmed on Tobago (with great difficulties) and in England.", "It was released just before Christmas 1960.", "It was a huge box office hit, and is one of the top movie moneymakers of all time." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1860137, "normal_article_title": "Ugo Ehiogu", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1860137", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1860137-0-0", "normal-1860137-0-1", "normal-1860137-1-0", "normal-1860137-1-1", "normal-1860137-1-2", "normal-1860137-1-3", "normal-1860137-1-4", "normal-1860137-1-5", "normal-1860137-2-0", "normal-1860137-3-0", "normal-1860137-3-1", "normal-1860137-4-0", "normal-1860137-4-1", "normal-1860137-5-0", "normal-1860137-5-1", "normal-1860137-5-2", "normal-1860137-5-3", "normal-1860137-5-4", "normal-1860137-6-0", "normal-1860137-6-1", "normal-1860137-7-0", "normal-1860137-7-1", "normal-1860137-8-0", "normal-1860137-8-1", "normal-1860137-9-0", "normal-1860137-9-1", "normal-1860137-9-2", "normal-1860137-9-3", "normal-1860137-9-4", "normal-1860137-9-5", "normal-1860137-10-0", "normal-1860137-10-1", "normal-1860137-11-0", "normal-1860137-11-1", "normal-1860137-11-2", "normal-1860137-12-0", "normal-1860137-12-1", "normal-1860137-12-2", "normal-1860137-13-0", "normal-1860137-13-1", "normal-1860137-14-0", "normal-1860137-14-1", "normal-1860137-14-2", "normal-1860137-14-3", "normal-1860137-15-0", "normal-1860137-15-1", "normal-1860137-15-2", "normal-1860137-16-0", "normal-1860137-17-0", "normal-1860137-17-1", "normal-1860137-17-2", "normal-1860137-18-0", "normal-1860137-18-1", "normal-1860137-18-2", "normal-1860137-19-0", "normal-1860137-20-0", "normal-1860137-20-1", "normal-1860137-21-0", "normal-1860137-21-1", "normal-1860137-21-2", "normal-1860137-21-3", "normal-1860137-22-0", "normal-1860137-22-1", "normal-1860137-22-2", "normal-1860137-22-3", "normal-1860137-22-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ugochuku Ehiogu ( ; 3 November 1972 – 21 April 2017) was an English professional footballer who played as a centre back from 1989 to 2009.", "He was the coach of the Tottenham Hotspur U23 team until his death in April 2017.", "He played in the Premier League with lengthy spells at Aston Villa and Middlesbrough.", "He also played in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion, Leeds United and Sheffield United, as well as a spell in the Scottish Premier League with Rangers.", "He won two Football League Cups, with Aston Villa in 1996 and then with Middlesbrough in 2004.", "Ehiogu was an England international, with a record of 4 caps and 1 goal.", "In 1993, playing for the England under-21 team, he became the first black player to captain an England team in a competitive match.", "In 2012, he came out of brief retirement by signing for non-league side Wembley to participate in the club's FA Cup games alongside other retired veteran players.", "Ehiogu died on 21 April 2017 after suffering a cardiac arrest at Tottenham Hotspur's training ground.", "Ehiogu was born in Hackney, London, into a family of Nigerian background.", "He began his career at West Bromwich Albion as a trainee, turning professional in 1989.", "After just a few games for Albion in the Second Division, Ron Atkinson brought him to First Division club Aston Villa for a £40,000 fee in August 1991.", "By 1994, he had replaced Shaun Teale as the main central defensive partner to Paul McGrath.", "In the 1993-94 season Villa played Tranmere Rovers over two legs in the semi final of the League Cup in which Ehiogu took part in the second leg.", "Ehiogu was selected as a substitute and came on to replace Ray Houghton during the game helping the team to a 3-1 win leaving the two legs at 4-4 on aggregate.", "In the following penalty shootout he went on the take the 5th penalty which he struck against the bar and missed.", "Ron Atkinson had told \"The Independent\" newspaper that it was \"the most dramatic football match\" of his managerial career.", "Villa went on to win the shoot out for a League Cup showdown with Manchester United which Ehiogu missed out on.", "In the 1994-95 season Villa competed in the UEFA Cup where in the second round second leg in a match against Turkish club Trabzonspor Ehiogu scored in the 90th minute in a 2-1 home win.", "However this wasn't enough as Trabzonspor won 2-2 on aggregate knocking Villa out of the competition.", "He was part of the Villa team that won the 1995–96 Football League Cup, as Villa beat Leeds United 3–0 in the final.", "Ehiogu also won a runners-up medal when Villa lost 1–0 to Chelsea in the 2000 FA Cup Final.", "He remained at the club for nine years, making over 300 appearances in all competitions until November 2000 when he joined Middlesbrough from Villa for, at the time, a club record fee of £8 million.", "The deal went ahead after negotiations between Villa and West Bromwich Albion, whose 50% sell-on clause on the player had been seen as a stumbling block to the move.", "His career at Boro got off on the wrong foot when he was forced to limp off with a calf injury five minutes into his debut at Charlton Athletic.", "Whilst at Middlesbrough, Ehiogu quickly became a mainstay in the central defence since joining the club and rejoining his former teammate Gareth Southgate in central defence.", "He missed the start of the 2003–04 season with a knee injury sustained in the final match of the previous season.", "He returned in time to play in Boro's League Cup final win against Bolton Wanderers, the first major trophy in the club's history.", "Only into the third game at the start of 2004–05 season Ehiogu had an accidental clash with his own keeper Mark Schwarzer which resulted in knee ligament damage.", "Again he was forced to miss many important games, although Boro still managed to secure a place in the UEFA Cup for a second successive season.", "He agreed a loan move to West Bromwich Albion during the January transfer window of 2006, but this move was cancelled when a number of Middlesbrough players became injured.", "West Brom then tried to secure a permanent transfer, but were unable to agree personal terms with Ehiogu.", "On 23 November 2006 he moved to Leeds United on loan.", "He made six appearances and scored one goal against Barnsley and also an own goal against Stoke, during his spell at Leeds, which ended in January 2007 when his loan deal expired.", "After returning to Boro, he made one final appearance for the club.", "Ehiogu was released from his contract at Middlesbrough and signed an 18-month contract with Scottish Premier League club Rangers in January 2007.", "His first goal for Rangers came in March 2007 with a spectacular overhead kick in his first Old Firm game, giving Rangers a 1–0 win against Celtic.", "The Rangers fans voted for Ehiogu's goal against Celtic as their \"Goal of the Season\".", "Ehiogu found his first team opportunities limited at the start of the 2007–08 season, with Carlos Cuéllar and David Weir being preferred by manager Walter Smith.", "He was released by Rangers that January.", "On 16 January 2008 it was reported that Sheffield United were interested in signing Ehiogu.", "The next day he was released by Rangers and travelled down to Sheffield for talks with club manager Bryan Robson.", "He completed the move on 18 January 2008.", "Ehiogu made his first team debut for the Blades in a 1–1 home draw with Watford at the end of January, and was used a defensive cover for the remainder of the season.", "With injuries and suspensions to his fellow defenders in the early stages of the following season he forced his way into the first team and was rewarded with what turned out to be his only goal in Blades colours, scoring the winner against Preston North End in October 2008.", "Having embarked on his most successful spell for United he suffered an injury in the Boxing Day game against Wolves which sidelined him for the rest of the season.", "After the Blades failed to gain promotion, Ehiogu was released at the end of the season when his contract expired as the club tried to cut costs.", "On 3 August 2009, Ehiogu retired from football after a trial with Milton Keynes Dons.", "On 24 August 2012 Ehiogu came out of retirement to sign for Wembley, agreeing to play in the club's FA Cup games alongside fellow former professionals Ray Parlour, Martin Keown, Claudio Caniggia, Brian McBride and Graeme Le Saux.", "Ehiogu played alongside Caniggia in the club's 2–2 draw with Uxbridge in the preliminary round.", "Wembley subsequently lost the replay 5–0.", "In April 1993, Ehiogu became the first black player to captain an England team in a competitive match, in a game for the England U21 team against the Netherlands.", "Ehiogu made his senior England debut on 23 May 1996, replacing Tony Adams after 76 minutes of a 3–0 friendly win against China at the Workers' Stadium in Beijing.", "He went on to win another three caps in friendly matches and scored once for his country, a header in a 3–0 victory over Spain on 28 February 2001 at Villa Park.", "Ehiogu worked with the England under-20 football team in 2013 and was part of Peter Taylor's coaching team at the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup.", "Following a period working part-time with the Tottenham Hotspur Academy, Ehiogu was appointed under-21 team (subsequently reclassified as U23) coach as part of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Academy in July 2014.", "Writing after he had suffered a heart attack, Henry Winter noted that Ehiogu \"is one of the most thoughtful English coaches, frequently talking eloquently about the need for English football to have a more distinct culture and commit more to age-group tournaments so that senior internationals of the future can experience differing styles\".", "Ehiogu married Gemma Coleman in 2005.", "The couple had a son, Obi Jackson, together.", "Ehiogu also had a daughter Jodie from a previous relationship.", "After retiring, Ehiogu jointly founded a successful record label, Dirty Hit.", "On 20 April 2017, Ehiogu collapsed due to a cardiac arrest at the Tottenham Hotspur training ground and was taken to hospital, where he died early the next morning at the age of 44.", "In the aftermath, it was announced that Ehiogu's widow Gemma would set up a charity in his honour.", "She used social media site JustGiving with the aim of raising £1,000 to start the charity.", "By 24 April, the appeal had raised £11,000.", "In the days following Ehiogu's death, many clubs held tributes to him in the form of a minute's applause before matches, in which players wore black armbands." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 581626, "simple_article_title": "Ugo Ehiogu", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=581626", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-581626-0-0", "simple-581626-0-1", "simple-581626-1-0", "simple-581626-1-1", "simple-581626-2-0", "simple-581626-2-1", "simple-581626-3-0", "simple-581626-3-1", "simple-581626-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ugochuku Ehiogu (; 3 November 1972 – 21 April 2017) was an English professional footballer who played as a centre back from 1989 to 2009.", "He was the coach of the Tottenham Hotspur U23 team until his death in April 2017.", "He played in the Premier League with Aston Villa and Middlesbrough.", "He also played in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion, Leeds United and Sheffield United, as well as a spell in the Scottish Premier League with Rangers.", "Ehiogu won two Football League Cups, with Aston Villa in 1996 and then with Middlesbrough in 2004.", "Ehiogu was an England international, with a record of 4 caps and 1 goal.", "In 1993, playing for the England under-21 team, he became the first black player to captain an England team in a competitive match.", "In 2012, he came out of brief retirement by signing for non-league side Wembley to participate in the club's FA Cup games alongside other retired veteran players.", "Ehiogu died on 21 April 2017 after suffering a cardiac arrest at Tottenham Hotspur's training ground in London, aged 44." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 94760, "normal_article_title": "Pontotoc County, Mississippi", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=94760", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-94760-0-0", "normal-94760-0-1", "normal-94760-0-2", "normal-94760-0-3", "normal-94760-0-4", "normal-94760-0-5", "normal-94760-1-0", "normal-94760-2-0", "normal-94760-3-0", "normal-94760-3-1", "normal-94760-3-2", "normal-94760-3-3", "normal-94760-3-4", "normal-94760-4-0", "normal-94760-5-0", "normal-94760-5-1", "normal-94760-5-2", "normal-94760-6-0", "normal-94760-6-1", "normal-94760-6-2", "normal-94760-6-3", "normal-94760-7-0", "normal-94760-7-1", "normal-94760-7-2", "normal-94760-7-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Pontotoc County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi.", "As of the 2010 census, the population was 29,957.", "Its county seat is Pontotoc.", "It was created on February 9, 1836 from lands ceded to the United States under the Chickasaw Cession.", "Pontotoc is a Chickasaw word meaning \"land of hanging grapes\".", "The original Natchez Trace and the current-day Natchez Trace Parkway both pass through the southeast corner of Pontotoc County.", "Pontotoc County is part of the Tupelo, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 501 sqmi , of which 498 sqmi is land and 3.3 sqmi (0.7%) is water.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 26,726 people, 10,097 households, and 7,562 families residing in the county.", "The population density was 54 people per square mile (21/km2).", "There were 10,816 housing units at an average density of 22 per square mile (8/km2).", "The racial makeup of the county was 84.40% White, 13.98% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.71% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races.", "1.80% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "According to the census of 2000, the largest ancestry groups in Potontoc County were English 61.92%, Scots-Irish 15.1%, African 13.98% and Scottish 3%", "There were 10,097 households out of which 37.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.20% were married couples living together, 11.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.10% were non-families.", "22.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.08.", "In the county, the population was spread out with 27.60% under the age of 18, 8.70% from 18 to 24, 29.50% from 25 to 44, 21.40% from 45 to 64, and 12.80% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 35 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 94.50 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.80 males.", "The median income for a household in the county was $32,055, and the median income for a family was $39,845.", "Males had a median income of $29,074 versus $21,350 for females.", "The per capita income for the county was $15,658.", "About 10.20% of families and 13.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.00% of those under age 18 and 23.30% of those age 65 or over." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 31446664, "normal_article_title": "Quassel IRC", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31446664", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-31446664-0-0", "normal-31446664-0-1", "normal-31446664-0-2", "normal-31446664-0-3", "normal-31446664-0-4", "normal-31446664-1-0", "normal-31446664-1-1", "normal-31446664-1-2", "normal-31446664-1-3", "normal-31446664-1-4", "normal-31446664-1-5", "normal-31446664-2-0", "normal-31446664-3-0", "normal-31446664-3-1", "normal-31446664-3-2", "normal-31446664-3-3", "normal-31446664-4-0", "normal-31446664-4-1", "normal-31446664-4-2", "normal-31446664-5-0", "normal-31446664-5-1", "normal-31446664-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Quassel IRC, or Quassel, is a graphical, distributed, cross-platform IRC client, introduced in 2008.", "It is released under the GNU General Public License for: GNU and Unix-like operating systems, OS X and Microsoft Windows.", "It has also been ported to OS/2 Warp due to its cross-platform nature.", "Since the release of Kubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) Quassel is Kubuntu's default IRC client.", "Quassel uses the Qt application framework.", "Quassel is based on a client–server model.", "The core application uses a LAN or the Internet to connect to one or more clients, and also various IRC servers.", "The client does not communicate with the IRC server directly; it does so through the core.", "This way, the connection to the IRC network is maintained by the core, even though no clients are using it.", "A \"monolith\" version of the application is also supported; which acts like a normal IRC client, with no separation between core and client.", "Android (Quasseldroid) and iOS (iQuassel) clients are also available.", "This system is similar to what Irssi, WeeChat with GNU Screen, and Smuxi use.", "Quassel allows simultaneous connections to multiple IRC servers.", "Different identities can be created, and used on one or more of the servers the core connects to.", "These identities each contain default nicknames, fallback nicknames, away messages and so on.", "Each identity can be assigned to one or more servers.", "Quassel stores discussion history in either a PostgreSQL or a SQLite database.", "When scrolling up through the chat window, older sections of chat are loaded automatically from stored logs.", "In this way, one can seamlessly view logs of past discussions.", "Aliases, command \"shortcuts\", are also available; with these, a user can create an alias for a long command with many parameters.", "The connection between the client and the core can be encrypted using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), and proxies are supported.", "In a 2009 roundup of large IRC clients for Tom's Hardware, Adam Overa described Quassel as being \"fully featured\" with \"tons of options,\" and, \"even new users should have no problem connecting to servers and finding channels using the GUI tools for server presets and channel lists.\"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 564285, "simple_article_title": "Quassel", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=564285", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-564285-0-0", "simple-564285-0-1", "simple-564285-0-2", "simple-564285-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Quassel IRC, or Quassel, is an IRC client, introduced in 2008.", "It is released under the GNU General Public License for GNU and Unix-like operating systems, OS X, and Microsoft Windows.", "Since the release of Kubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) Quassel is Kubuntu's default IRC client.", "Quassel uses the Qt application framework." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 46961299, "normal_article_title": "Eagles of Death Metal", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46961299", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-46961299-0-0", "normal-46961299-0-1", "normal-46961299-0-2", "normal-46961299-0-3", "normal-46961299-1-0", "normal-46961299-1-1", "normal-46961299-1-2", "normal-46961299-1-3", "normal-46961299-1-4", "normal-46961299-1-5", "normal-46961299-2-0", "normal-46961299-2-1", "normal-46961299-2-2", "normal-46961299-2-3", "normal-46961299-2-4", "normal-46961299-2-5", "normal-46961299-2-6", "normal-46961299-3-0", "normal-46961299-3-1", "normal-46961299-3-2", "normal-46961299-3-3", "normal-46961299-3-4", "normal-46961299-3-5", "normal-46961299-4-0", "normal-46961299-4-1", "normal-46961299-4-2", "normal-46961299-4-3", "normal-46961299-4-4", "normal-46961299-4-5", "normal-46961299-5-0", "normal-46961299-5-1", "normal-46961299-5-2", "normal-46961299-5-3", "normal-46961299-6-0", "normal-46961299-6-1", "normal-46961299-6-2", "normal-46961299-6-3", "normal-46961299-6-4", "normal-46961299-7-0", "normal-46961299-7-1", "normal-46961299-7-2", "normal-46961299-7-3", "normal-46961299-7-4", "normal-46961299-7-5", "normal-46961299-8-0", "normal-46961299-8-1", "normal-46961299-9-0", "normal-46961299-9-1", "normal-46961299-9-2", "normal-46961299-10-0", "normal-46961299-11-0", "normal-46961299-11-1", "normal-46961299-11-2", "normal-46961299-11-3", "normal-46961299-11-4", "normal-46961299-12-0", "normal-46961299-12-1", "normal-46961299-12-2", "normal-46961299-12-3", "normal-46961299-12-4", "normal-46961299-13-0", "normal-46961299-13-1", "normal-46961299-13-2", "normal-46961299-13-3", "normal-46961299-13-4", "normal-46961299-13-5", "normal-46961299-13-6", "normal-46961299-14-0", "normal-46961299-14-1", "normal-46961299-14-2", "normal-46961299-15-0", "normal-46961299-15-1", "normal-46961299-15-2", "normal-46961299-15-3", "normal-46961299-16-0", "normal-46961299-16-1", "normal-46961299-16-2", "normal-46961299-17-0", "normal-46961299-17-1", "normal-46961299-17-2", "normal-46961299-17-3", "normal-46961299-17-4", "normal-46961299-17-5", "normal-46961299-17-6", "normal-46961299-18-0", "normal-46961299-19-0", "normal-46961299-19-1", "normal-46961299-20-0", "normal-46961299-21-0", "normal-46961299-21-1", "normal-46961299-22-0", "normal-46961299-22-1", "normal-46961299-22-2", "normal-46961299-23-0", "normal-46961299-23-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Eagles of Death Metal is an American rock band from Palm Desert, California, formed in 1998.", "Founded by Jesse Hughes (vocals, guitar) and Josh Homme (drums), the band also includes a wide range of other musicians that perform both on the band's studio albums and at live shows.", "Hughes and Homme are the only permanent members of the band, with Homme rarely performing at live shows due to commitment to his other band, Queens of the Stone Age.", "The band's current touring line-up includes Hughes alongside Dave Catching (guitar), Eden Galindo (guitar), Jennie Vee (bass) and Jorma Vik (drums).", "Despite their name, Eagles of Death Metal are not a death metal band, and the name is intended to be humorous.", "In a 2003 interview, Homme described the sound of the band as a combination of \"bluegrass slide guitar mixed with stripper drum beats and Canned Heat vocals.\"", "Hughes is known for his enthusiastic interaction with audiences at live performances.", "While the band was on stage at the Bataclan in Paris, France, on November 13, 2015, the audience was attacked by terrorists wielding automatic rifles, grenades, and suicide vests.", "The death toll inside the venue was 89, including the group's merchandise manager.", "Three of the band members escaped safely out of the venue via a door backstage, but two members remained behind inside the venue and were rescued after several hours by the police with the other survivors.", "In a video interview taken at a converse music.co.uk sponsored event at the Soho Revue Bar in London, Hughes states that he and Homme were in a bar watching a man dance to the song \"Wind of Change\" by the Scorpions.", "When asked what he was doing, the man yelled, \"This is death metal, dude!\",", ", to which Homme replied, \"No it's not.", "This is like the Eagles of death metal.\"", "An alternative story concerning the origin of the band name claims that the name originated during an exchange in which a friend of Homme was attempting to convert Hughes to the death metal genre.", "When the friend played a song by the Polish band Vader and made a claim that the song was within the death metal genre, Homme then referred to Vader as \"the Eagles of death metal\".", "After hearing this phrase, Hughes wondered what a cross between the Eagles and a death metal band would sound like.", "Eagles of Death Metal formed in Palm Desert, California, in 1998 and first appeared on Josh Homme's The Desert Sessions \"Volumes 3 & 4\", released that year.", "Over the next few years, Homme became distracted from the band due to the success of Queens of the Stone Age.", "However, in an October 2008 interview, he reaffirmed his commitment to the band saying, \"This isn't a side project for me.", "I'm in two bands.", "I have musical schizophrenia, and this is one of those personalities.", "In brief they are amazing.\"", "The band released their debut album, \"Peace, Love, Death Metal\", in March 2004.", "Several songs from the album were used in American television commercials including those for Ask.com, Comcast, Payless ShoeSource, Nissan Motors, Budweiser, Pontiac Motors, Wendy's, as well as in the trailer for the film \"Thank You for Smoking\" and for a promotional disc for the film \"Grindhouse,\" which was available at Hot Topic stores prior to the film's release.", "The first song on the album, \"I Only Want You\", was also used on the soundtrack for the PS2 game \"Gran Turismo 4\", as well as by Microsoft in advertising for the launch of Windows 8.", "Globe Shoes, a manufacturer of skateboard shoes, has featured the song in the montage section of episode 1 in their new series of skate films entitled, \"United By Fate\".", "\"Miss Alissa\" was featured on Nike's FIFA World Cup 2014 campaign video.", "The video is entitled \"Winner Stays\" and featured footballers Cristiano Ronaldo, Andrea Pirlo, Neymar, Tim Howard and many others.", "Eagles of Death Metal returned on April 11, 2006, with their second effort, \"Death by Sexy\".", "During the first half of 2006, they toured in support of The Strokes and headlined their own U.S. tour with openers The Giraffes, followed by dates opening for Peaches as well as performing with Joan Jett.", "In the fall of 2006, the band had an opening support slot with Guns N' Roses, but this lasted for only one show.", "Axl Rose referred to the band as \"Pigeons of Shit Metal\" from the stage that night, which resulted in Eagles of Death Metal using the phrase on a T-shirt.", "The track \"Chase the Devil\" from the album was included in the soundtrack for \"Tony Hawk's Project 8\".", "Not only that, the track \"Don't Speak (I Came to Make a Bang!)\"", "was part of the soundtrack for Electronic Arts' \"\".", "\"Cherry Cola\" was used in a Microsoft Zune commercial, and \"Don't Speak\" was featured in \"Epic Movie\", where the band is seen playing it live; in addition, the song was used in a Guy Ritchie-directed Nike ad ahead of UEFA Euro 2008.", "The song \"I Want You So Hard\" was also featured on the HBO series \"True Blood\" during the credit sequence of episode 8 in season 1.", "On October 21, 2008, ahead of their third album release, the Eagles of Death Metal performed a live concert at the Hollywood & Highland Virgin Megastore in Los Angeles for the launch of the video game \"\".", "The first single from the third album, \"Wannabe in L.A.\", is also in the game.", "The song is also featured in the music rhythm game \"Guitar Hero 5\" and the racing game DiRT 2.", "\"I'm Your Torpedo\" and \"High Voltage\" were also featured in the 2009 Austin set film, \"Whip It\".", "Furthermore, \"Now I'm A Fool\" was used in the 2012 film \"Silver Linings Playbook\".", "The track \"High Voltage\" from \"Heart On\" was featured in an online campaign for Head & Shoulders in 2010.", "Their third album, titled \"Heart On\", was released on October 28, 2008 (November 4, 2008 in Canada), and was accompanied by a North American tour.", "On February 4, 2009, Eagles of Death Metal performed on a live webcast for Fuel.tv as part of their Heart On tour and performed as a warm up act on tour with Arctic Monkeys.", "In 2010, touring bassist Brian O'Connor was diagnosed with cancer and had to undergo chemotherapy.", "Josh Homme, along with Dave Grohl and John Paul Jones, announced a concert at the Brixton Academy in London to raise money for O'Connor's treatment.", "Abby Travis filled in on the bass while O'Connor recovered.", "In September 2011, Hughes released his debut solo album, \"Honkey Kong\", under the sobriquet Boots Electric.", "On October 19, 2013, Hughes posted a video of studio footage on his Instagram account, specifying that a new Eagles of Death Metal album due next year was in the works.", "Homme announced that the band would play two headliner shows in the UK, one at the KOKO in London and one at the infamous Garage in Glasgow.", "Homme later confirmed that the band is playing the second stage at Download.", "In June 2015, the band announced that their next album, \"Zipper Down\", would be released on October 2.", "The first single from the album, titled \"Complexity\", was made available for streaming on Pitchfork Media's website.", "On November 13, 2015, Eagles of Death Metal was playing a sold-out concert to about 1,500 guests at the Bataclan theatre in Paris.", "The band had started performing the song \"Kiss the Devil\" when an attack killed about 90 fans.", "According to reports, the attackers shot randomly into the crowd, including those seeking cover by lying on the floor, and then detonated explosive vests when the theatre was stormed by special police units.", "Hughes escaped via the backstage, and the rest of the band – Dave Catching, Julian Dorio, Eden Galindo and Matt McJunkins – survived the attack.", "However, 36 year old Nick Alexander, who worked at the band's merchandise table during the group's European tour, was among the people killed.", "Following the attack, a Facebook campaign was created by Jon Morter with the intention of getting the band's cover of the Duran Duran song \"Save a Prayer\" to number one on the UK Singles Chart.", "The campaign was promoted by Duran Duran and headed up by Duran Duran frontman Simon Le Bon, who promised to donate their proceeds from the sale to charity.", "The song ultimately peaked at number 53 for the chart dated the week after the attack.", "Eagles of Death Metal issued a statement about the attacks on November 18, thanking \"the French police, the F.B.I., the U.S. and French State Departments, and especially all those at ground zero with us who helped each other as best they could during this unimaginable ordeal, proving once again that love overshadows evil.\"", "On November 25, \"Vice\" posted an interview with the band members, including Homme, about the attacks and their aftermath.", "During the interview, a shaken Hughes told \"Vice\" founder Shane Smith that the band plans to finish their European tour in memory of those who died at their concert.", "Homme encouraged musicians of any genre to cover the band's song \"I Love You All the Time\", and all of the subsequent proceeds due to the band would be donated to his charity Sweet Stuff Foundation, which would then be donated to the victims of the attack.", "The song was subsequently covered by several artists, including My Morning Jacket, Dean Ween Group, Savages, Matt Cameron, Alain Johannes, Petra Haden, Florence and the Machine, Kings of Leon, Ed Harcourt, Mini Mansions, Jimmy Eat World, and Imagine Dragons.", "In December 2015, Pearl Jam issued a single featuring Matt Cameron's cover of \"I Love You All the Time\" and their own live rendition of the EODM song \"I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)\" that they performed live at their November 22 concert in Rio de Janeiro.", "As with the covers, the proceeds from the single were donated to the Sweet Stuff Foundation.", "On December 7, the band – without Homme – appeared on stage at a U2 concert at the AccorHotels Arena in Paris in their first concert appearance since the attack.", "The bands performed a cover of Patti Smith's \"People Have the Power\" together before Eagles of Death Metal performed \"I Love You All the Time\".", "In a statement following the performance, Hughes thanked U2 and said that the band would return to Paris in February 2016.", "The following day, the band revisited the Bataclan to pay their respects to the victims of the attack.", "In December 2015, the band announced the resumption of their European tour, which they had renamed the \"Nos Amis Tour\" (\"Our Friends Tour\").", "The tour included a date at the Olympia in Paris on February 16.", "Ticket holders from the November show at the Bataclan were able to attend the Olympia concert for free.", "In an interview with Fox Business Channel in March 2016, Hughes claimed that some members of the Bataclan security staff were complicit in the attack.", "Hughes subsequently apologized for his comments following condemnation from French officials and the owners of the Bataclan.", "In May 2016, Hughes repeated the claim in an interview with Gavin McInnes for \"Taki's Magazine\", suggesting that some Muslim security staff knew the attack was planned and helped the attackers enter the Bataclan or did not show up for work.", "Hughes also claimed that he saw Muslims celebrating in the street on the night of the attack and argued that fear of offending Muslims was making Europe more vulnerable to Islamist terrorism.", "The band were dropped from the lineup of the Rock en Seine festival for these comments.", "At the reopening of the Bataclan in November 2016, Hughes and another band member were reportedly denied entry by staff due to Hughes' comments.", "However, according to the band's manager, Hughes never attempted to enter the club, though he was in Paris at the time of the concert.", "A documentary directed by Colin Hanks about the band and the aftermath of the Bataclan attack, titled \"\", premiered in February 2017 on HBO.", "The band was announced as a supporting act alongside Russian Circles on Mastodon's Spring 2017 tour in the U.S.", "During the first show of the tour on April 14 in Missoula, Montana, Hughes introduced Jennie Vee as the new bassist for EODM.", "On March 28, Jay Chandrasekhar announced on Vimeo that Eagles of Death Metal was scoring the movie Super Troopers 2.", "On April 26, 2017, the Spanish police announced that one of the nine men arrested the previous day in connection with the March 2016 terrorist attacks in Brussels was spotted and questioned outside the band's concert venue in Barcelona on September 10, 2016.", "According to the police source, he was subsequently put under surveillance, as were his entourage, which eventually led to the arrest of the nine men on April 25, 2017, in and around Barcelona.", "On December 31, 2018 The Band played a New Years Eve Show at The Catalyst in Santa Cruz, California.", "During the set the band played \"Kiss the Devil\" for the first time in three years.", "Singer Jessie Hughes announced to the crowd before playing the song that the band \"was taking back a song taken from them\" and after the song expressed his appreciation to the crowd for being a part of reclaiming his song.", "Eagles of Death Metal's music has been described as garage rock, blues rock, hard rock, rockabilly, alternative rock, boogie rock, desert rock, punkabilly, garage punk, glam rock, rock and roll, swamp rock, and \"rockabilly-metal\".", "The sound has been noted for containing elements of bluegrass and funk, and has also been described as a \"a mash-up of punk, rockabilly and Rolling Stones-style boogie\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 521935, "simple_article_title": "Eagles of Death Metal", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=521935", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-521935-0-0", "simple-521935-1-0", "simple-521935-1-1", "simple-521935-2-0", "simple-521935-2-1", "simple-521935-2-2", "simple-521935-3-0", "simple-521935-3-1", "simple-521935-4-0", "simple-521935-4-1", "simple-521935-5-0", "simple-521935-5-1", "simple-521935-5-2", "simple-521935-5-3", "simple-521935-5-4", "simple-521935-5-5", "simple-521935-5-6", "simple-521935-5-7" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Eagles of Death Metal is an American rock band from Palm Desert, California.", "The band released their debut studio album, \"Peace, Love, Death Metal\" on March 23, 2004 through AntAcidAudio.", "The song \"I Only Want You\" was featured in the 2004 racing game \"Gran Turismo 4\", the television series \"Queer as Folk\", an advertisement for Windows 8, and was a downloadable song for the \"Rock Band\" series.", "Their second studio album \"Death by Sexy\" was released on April 11, 2006 in the United States and on July 3, 2006 in Europe through Downtown Records and Columbia Records.", "In the fall of 2006, they shared an opening support slot with Guns N' Roses, but it only lasted one show.", "Axl Rose of Guns N' Roses called the band \"Pigeons of Shit Metal\" from the stage that night and Eagles of Death Metal used the phrase on a T-shirt.", "The band performed a live concert for the launch of the 2008 video game at the Hollywood & Highland Virgin Megastore in Los Angeles.", "The band's third studio album \"Heart On\" was released on October 28, 2008.", "Their fourth studio album \"Zipper Down\" was released on October 2, 2015.", "The album's first single \"Complexity\" was made available to stream on Pitchfork Media's website.", "On November 13, 2015, the band performed a concert for a sell-out crowd of 1,500 people at Le Bataclan theatre in Paris.", "During the concert, four gunmen with AK-47 assault rifles entered the theatre.", "They opened fire and threw explosives into the crowd.", "The attack lasted about 20 minutes.", "They killed 87 people in the theatre.", "Four of the attackers died, three of them by blowing up their suicide vests.", "The fourth killed by police gunfire, and his vest blew up when he fell.", "Lead singer Jesse Hughes was able to escape the attack through the backstage and the rest of the band survived." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 740874, "normal_article_title": "Barium sulfate", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740874", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-740874-0-0", "normal-740874-0-1", "normal-740874-0-2", "normal-740874-0-3", "normal-740874-1-0", "normal-740874-1-1", "normal-740874-2-0", "normal-740874-2-1", "normal-740874-2-2", "normal-740874-2-3", "normal-740874-2-4", "normal-740874-2-5", "normal-740874-3-0", "normal-740874-3-1", "normal-740874-3-2", "normal-740874-3-3", "normal-740874-3-4", "normal-740874-4-0", "normal-740874-4-1", "normal-740874-4-2", "normal-740874-4-3", "normal-740874-4-4", "normal-740874-5-0", "normal-740874-5-1", "normal-740874-5-2", "normal-740874-6-0", "normal-740874-6-1", "normal-740874-6-2", "normal-740874-7-0", "normal-740874-8-0", "normal-740874-9-0", "normal-740874-10-0", "normal-740874-10-1", "normal-740874-10-2", "normal-740874-11-0", "normal-740874-11-1", "normal-740874-12-0", "normal-740874-12-1", "normal-740874-12-2", "normal-740874-13-0", "normal-740874-14-0", "normal-740874-14-1", "normal-740874-14-2", "normal-740874-14-3", "normal-740874-15-0", "normal-740874-15-1", "normal-740874-15-2", "normal-740874-15-3", "normal-740874-16-0", "normal-740874-16-1", "normal-740874-16-2", "normal-740874-17-0", "normal-740874-17-1", "normal-740874-17-2", "normal-740874-18-0", "normal-740874-18-1", "normal-740874-18-2", "normal-740874-18-3", "normal-740874-18-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Barium sulfate (or sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO.", "It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water.", "It occurs as the mineral barite, which is the main commercial source of barium and materials prepared from it.", "The white opaque appearance and its high density are exploited in its main applications.", "About 80% of the world's barium sulfate production, mostly purified mineral, is consumed as a component of oil well drilling fluid.", "It increases the density of the fluid, increasing the hydrostatic pressure in the well and reducing the chance of a blowout.", "Barium sulfate in suspension is frequently used medically as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging and other diagnostic procedures.", "It is most often used in imaging of the GI tract during what is colloquially known as a \"barium meal\".", "It is administered orally, or by enema, as a suspension of fine particles in a thick milk like solution (often with sweetening and flavoring agents added).", "Although barium is a heavy metal, and its water-soluble compounds are often highly toxic, the low solubility of barium sulfate protects the patient from absorbing harmful amounts of the metal.", "Barium sulfate is also readily removed from the body, unlike Thorotrast, which it replaced.", "Due to the relatively high atomic number (\"Z\" = 56) of barium, its compounds absorb X-rays more strongly than compounds derived from lighter nuclei.", "The majority of synthetic barium sulfate is used as a component of white pigment for paints.", "In oil paint, barium sulfate is almost transparent, and is used as a filler or to modify consistency.", "One major manufacturer of artists' oil paint sells \"permanent white\" that contains a mixture of titanium white pigment (TiO) and barium sulfate.", "The combination of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide (ZnS) is the inorganic pigment called lithopone.", "In photography it is used as a coating for certain photographic papers.", "A thin layer of barium sulfate called baryta is first coated on the base surface of most photographic paper to increase the reflectiveness of the image, with the first such paper introduced in 1884 in Germany.", "The light-sensitive silver halide emulsion is then coated over the baryta layer.", "The baryta coating limits the penetration of the emulsion into the fibers of the paper and makes the emulsion more even, resulting in more uniform blacks.", "(Further coatings may then be present for fixing and protection of the image.)", "More recently, baryta has been used to brighten papers intended for ink-jet printing.", "Barium sulfate is commonly used as a filler for plastics to increase the density of the polymer in vibrational mass damping applications.", "In polypropylene and polystyrene plastics, it is used as a filler in proportions up to 70%.", "It has an effect of increasing acid and alkali resistance and opacity.", "Barium sulfate is used in soil testing.", "Tests for soil pH and other qualities of soil use colored indicators, and small particles (usually clay) from the soil can cloud the test mixture and make it hard to see the color of the indicator.", "Barium sulfate added to the mixture binds with these particles, making them heavier so they fall to the bottom, leaving a clearer solution.", "In colorimetry, barium sulfate is used as a near-perfect diffuser when measuring light sources.", "In metal casting, the moulds used are often coated with barium sulfate in order to prevent the molten metal from bonding with the mould.", "It is also used in brake linings, anacoustic foams, powder coatings, and root canal filling.", "Barium sulfate is used as a catalyst support when selectively hydrogenating functional groups that are sensitive to overreduction.", "With a low surface area, the contact time of the substrate with the catalyst is shorter and thus selectivity is achieved.", "Palladium on barium sulfate is also used as a catalyst in the Rosenmund reduction.", "As barium compounds emit a green light when burned, barium salts are often used in green pyrotechnic formulas, although nitrate and chlorate salts are more common.", "Barium sulfate is commonly used as a component of \"strobe\" pyrotechnic compositions.", "As barium sulfate has high burning point and is insoluble in water, it is used as a coating material in casting of copper anode plates.", "The anode plates are cast in copper molds, so to avoid the contact of the liquid copper and the solid copper mold, a solution of barium sulfate in water is used as a coating material on the mold surface.", "Thus when the liquid copper solidifies in form of an anode plate it can be easily released from its mold.", "Barium sulfate is sometimes used (or else PTFE) to coat the interior of integrating spheres due to the high reflectance of the material and near Lambertian characteristics.", "Almost all of the barium consumed commercially is obtained from barite, which is often highly impure.", "Barite is processed by carbothermal reduction (heating with coke) to give barium sulfide: In contrast to barium sulfate, barium sulfide is soluble in water and readily converted to the oxide, carbonate, and halides.", "To produce highly pure barium sulfate, the sulfide or chloride is treated with sulfuric acid or sulfate salts: Barium sulfate produced in this way is often called \"blanc fixe\", which is French for \"permanent white.\"", "Blanc fixe is the form of barium encountered in consumer products, such as paints.", "In the laboratory barium sulfate is generated by combining solutions of barium ions and sulfate salts.", "Because barium sulfate is the least toxic salt of barium due to its insolubility, wastes containing barium salts are sometimes treated with sodium sulfate to immobilize (detoxify) the barium.", "Barium sulfate is one of the most insoluble salts of sulfate.", "Its low solubility is exploited in qualitative inorganic analysis as a test for Ba ions as well as for sulfate.", "Barium sulfate is reduced to barium sulfide by carbon.", "The accidental discovery of this conversion many centuries ago led to the discovery of the first synthetic phosphor.", "The sulfide, unlike the sulfate, is water-soluble.", "During the early part of the 20th century, during the Japanese colonization period, \"hokutolite\" was found to exist naturally in the Beitou hot-springs area near Taipei City, Taiwan.", "Hokutolite is a radioactive mineral composed mostly of PbSO and BaSO, but also containing traces of U, Th and Ra.", "The Japanese harvested these elements for industrial uses, and also developed dozens of “therapeutic hot-spring baths” in the area.", "Although soluble salts of barium are moderately toxic to humans, barium sulfate is nontoxic due to its insolubility.", "The most common means of inadvertent barium poisoning arises from the consumption of soluble barium salts mislabeled as BaSO.", "In the Celobar incident (Brazil, 2003), nine patients died from improperly prepared radiocontrast agent.", "In regards to occupational exposures, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration set a permissible exposure limit at 15 mg/m while the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has a recommended exposure limit at 10 mg/m.", "For respiratory exposures, both agencies have set an occupational exposure limit at 5 mg/m." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 258759, "simple_article_title": "Barium sulfate", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=258759", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-258759-0-0", "simple-258759-0-1", "simple-258759-0-2", "simple-258759-0-3", "simple-258759-0-4", "simple-258759-0-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Barium sulfate is a chemical compound composed of barium and sulfate ions.", "It contains barium in the +2 oxidation state, as in all barium compounds.", "It does not dissolve in water.", "If it did, it would be very toxic.", "It is used in X-rays of the stomach and intestines to see whether there is a problem with them.", "Its chemical formula is BaSO." ] } }

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"normal-15487-73-1", "normal-15487-74-0", "normal-15487-74-1", "normal-15487-75-0", "normal-15487-75-1", "normal-15487-76-0", "normal-15487-76-1", "normal-15487-77-0", "normal-15487-77-1", "normal-15487-77-2", "normal-15487-77-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 17 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering.", "The movement consists of several distinct organizations that are legally independent from each other, but are united within the movement through common basic principles, objectives, symbols, statutes and governing organisations.", "Until the middle of the 19th century, there were no organized and/or well-established army nursing systems for casualties and no safe and protected institutions to accommodate and treat those who were wounded on the battlefield.", "A devout Reformed Christian, the Swiss businessman Jean-Henri Dunant, in June 1859, traveled to Italy to meet French emperor Napoléon III with the intention of discussing difficulties in conducting business in Algeria, at that time occupied by France.", "He arrived in the small town of Solferino on the evening of 24 June after the Battle of Solferino, an engagement in the Austro-Sardinian War.", "In a single day, about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field.", "Jean-Henri Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle, the suffering of the wounded soldiers, and the near-total lack of medical attendance and basic care.", "He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for several days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment and care for the wounded.", "He took point in organizing an overwhelming level of relief assistance with the local villagers to aid without discrimination.", "Back in his home in Geneva, he decided to write a book entitled \"A Memory of Solferino\" which he published using his own money in 1862.", "He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe, and people he thought could help him make a change.", "In addition to penning a vivid description of his experiences in Solferino in 1859, he explicitly advocated the formation of national voluntary relief organizations to help nurse wounded soldiers in the case of war, an idea that was inspired by Christian teaching regarding social responsibility, as well as his experience after the battlefield of Solferino.", "In addition, he called for the development of an international treaty to guarantee the protection of medics and field hospitals for soldiers wounded on the battlefield.", "In 1863, Gustave Moynier, a Geneva lawyer and president of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, received a copy of Dunant's book and introduced it for discussion at a meeting of that society.", "As a result of this initial discussion the society established an investigatory commission to examine the feasibility of Dunant's suggestions and eventually to organize an international conference about their possible implementation.", "The members of this committee, which has subsequently been referred to as the \"Committee of the Five,\" aside from Dunant and Moynier were physician Louis Appia, who had significant experience working as a field surgeon; Appia's friend and colleague Théodore Maunoir, from the Geneva Hygiene and Health Commission; and Guillaume-Henri Dufour, a Swiss Army general of great renown.", "Eight days later, the five men decided to rename the committee to the \"International Committee for Relief to the Wounded\".", "In October (26–29) 1863, the international conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield.", "The conference was attended by 36 individuals: eighteen official delegates from national governments, six delegates from other non-governmental organizations, seven non-official foreign delegates, and the five members of the International Committee.", "The states and kingdoms represented by official delegates were: Austrian Empire, Grand Duchy of Baden, Kingdom of Bavaria, French Empire, Kingdom of Hanover, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Kingdom of Prussia, Russian Empire, Kingdom of Saxony, Kingdom of Spain, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.", "Only one year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the United States of America, the Empire of Brazil, and the Mexican Empire, to attend an official diplomatic conference.", "Sixteen countries sent a total of twenty-six delegates to Geneva.", "On 22 August 1864, the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention \"for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field\".", "The convention contained ten articles, establishing for the first time legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict.", "Directly following the establishment of the Geneva Convention, the first national societies were founded in Belgium, Denmark, France, Oldenburg, Prussia, Spain, and Württemberg.", "Also in 1864, Louis Appia and Charles van de Velde, a captain of the Dutch Army, became the first independent and neutral delegates to work under the symbol of the Red Cross in an armed conflict.", "Three years later in 1867, the first International Conference of National Aid Societies for the Nursing of the War Wounded was convened.", "Also in 1867, Jean-Henri Dunant was forced to declare bankruptcy due to business failures in Algeria, partly because he had neglected his business interests during his tireless activities for the International Committee.", "Controversy surrounding Dunant's business dealings and the resulting negative public opinion, combined with an ongoing conflict with Gustave Moynier, led to Dunant's expulsion from his position as a member and secretary.", "He was charged with fraudulent bankruptcy and a warrant for his arrest was issued.", "Thus, he was forced to leave Geneva and never returned to his home city.", "In the following years, national societies were founded in nearly every country in Europe.", "The project resonated well with patriotic sentiments that were on the rise in the late-nineteenth-century, and national societies were often encouraged as signifiers of national moral superiority.", "In 1876, the committee adopted the name \"International Committee of the Red Cross\" (ICRC), which is still its official designation today.", "Five years later, the American Red Cross was founded through the efforts of Clara Barton.", "More and more countries signed the Geneva Convention and began to respect it in practice during armed conflicts.", "In a rather short period of time, the Red Cross gained huge momentum as an internationally respected movement, and the national societies became increasingly popular as a venue for volunteer work.", "When the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901, the Norwegian Nobel Committee opted to give it jointly to Jean-Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy, a leading international pacifist.", "More significant than the honor of the prize itself, this prize marked the overdue rehabilitation of Jean-Henri Dunant and represented a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross.", "Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of Heiden.", "Only two months earlier his long-standing adversary Gustave Moynier had also died, leaving a mark in the history of the Committee as its longest-serving president ever.", "In 1906, the 1864 Geneva Convention was revised for the first time.", "One year later, the Hague Convention X, adopted at the Second International Peace Conference in The Hague, extended the scope of the Geneva Convention to naval warfare.", "Shortly before the beginning of the First World War in 1914, 50 years after the foundation of the ICRC and the adoption of the first Geneva Convention, there were already 45 national relief societies throughout the world.", "The movement had extended itself beyond Europe and North America to Central and South America (Argentine Republic, the United States of Brazil, the Republic of Chile, the Republic of Cuba, the United Mexican States, the Republic of Peru, the Republic of El Salvador, the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, the United States of Venezuela), Asia (the Republic of China, the Empire of Japan and the Kingdom of Siam), and Africa (Union of South Africa).", "With the outbreak of World War I, the ICRC found itself confronted with enormous challenges that it could handle only by working closely with the national Red Cross societies.", "Red Cross nurses from around the world, including the United States and Japan, came to support the medical services of the armed forces of the European countries involved in the war.", "On 15 August 1914, immediately after the start of the war, the ICRC set up its International Prisoners-of-War (POW) Agency, which had about 1,200 mostly volunteer staff members by the end of 1914.", "By the end of the war, the Agency had transferred about 20 million letters and messages, 1.9 million parcels, and about 18 million Swiss francs in monetary donations to POWs of all affected countries.", "Furthermore, due to the intervention of the Agency, about 200,000 prisoners were exchanged between the warring parties, released from captivity and returned to their home country.", "The organizational card index of the Agency accumulated about 7 million records from 1914 to 1923.", "The card index led to the identification of about 2 million POWs and the ability to contact their families.", "The complete index is on loan today from the ICRC to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva.", "The right to access the index is still strictly restricted to the ICRC.", "During the entire war, the ICRC monitored warring parties' compliance with the Geneva Conventions of the 1907 revision and forwarded complaints about violations to the respective country.", "When chemical weapons were used in this war for the first time in history, the ICRC vigorously protested against this new type of warfare.", "Even without having a mandate from the Geneva Conventions, the ICRC tried to ameliorate the suffering of civil populations.", "In territories that were officially designated as \"occupied territories\", the ICRC could assist the civilian population on the basis of the Hague Convention's \"Laws and Customs of War on Land\" of 1907.", "This convention was also the legal basis for the ICRC's work for prisoners of war.", "In addition to the work of the International Prisoner-of-War Agency as described above this included inspection visits to POW camps.", "A total of 524 camps throughout Europe were visited by 41 delegates from the ICRC until the end of the war.", "Between 1916 and 1918, the ICRC published a number of postcards with scenes from the POW camps.", "The pictures showed the prisoners in day-to-day activities such as the distribution of letters from home.", "The intention of the ICRC was to provide the families of the prisoners with some hope and solace and to alleviate their uncertainties about the fate of their loved ones.", "After the end of the war, between 1920 and 1922, the ICRC organized the return of about 500,000 prisoners to their home countries.", "In 1920, the task of repatriation was handed over to the newly founded League of Nations, which appointed the Norwegian diplomat and scientist Fridtjof Nansen as its \"High Commissioner for Repatriation of the War Prisoners\".", "His legal mandate was later extended to support and care for war refugees and displaced persons when his office became that of the League of Nations \"High Commissioner for Refugees\".", "Nansen, who invented the Nansen passport for stateless refugees and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922, appointed two delegates from the ICRC as his deputies.", "A year before the end of the war, the ICRC received the 1917 Nobel Peace Prize for its outstanding wartime work.", "It was the only Nobel Peace Prize awarded in the period from 1914 to 1918.", "In 1923, the International Committee of the Red Cross adopted a change in its policy regarding the selection of new members.", "Until then, only citizens from the city of Geneva could serve in the Committee.", "This limitation was expanded to include Swiss citizens.", "As a direct consequence of World War I, a treaty was adopted in 1925 which outlawed the use of suffocating or poisonous gases and biological agents as weapons.", "Four years later, the original Convention was revised and the second Geneva Convention \"relative to the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea\" was established.", "The events of World War I and the respective activities of the ICRC significantly increased the reputation and authority of the Committee among the international community and led to an extension of its competencies.", "As early as in 1934, a draft proposal for an additional convention for the protection of the civil population in occupied territories during an armed conflict was adopted by the International Red Cross Conference.", "Unfortunately, most governments had little interest in implementing this convention, and it was thus prevented from entering into force before the beginning of World War II.", "The Red Cross' response to the Holocaust has been the subject of significant controversy and criticism.", "As early as May 1944, the ICRC was criticized for its indifference to Jewish suffering and death—criticism that intensified after the end of the war, when the full extent of the Holocaust became undeniable.", "One defense to these allegations is that the Red Cross was trying to preserve its reputation as a neutral and impartial organization by not interfering with what was viewed as a German internal matter.", "The Red Cross also considered its primary focus to be prisoners of war whose countries had signed the Geneva Convention.", "The legal basis of the work of the ICRC during World War II were the Geneva Conventions in their 1929 revision.", "The activities of the Committee were similar to those during World War I: visiting and monitoring POW camps, organizing relief assistance for civilian populations, and administering the exchange of messages regarding prisoners and missing persons.", "By the end of the war, 179 delegates had conducted 12,750 visits to POW camps in 41 countries.", "The Central Information Agency on Prisoners-of-War (\"Agence centrale des prisonniers de guerre\") had a staff of 3,000, the card index tracking prisoners contained 45 million cards, and 120 million messages were exchanged by the Agency.", "One major obstacle was that the Nazi-controlled German Red Cross refused to cooperate with the Geneva statutes including blatant violations such as the deportation of Jews from Germany and the mass murders conducted in the Nazi concentration camps.", "Moreover, two other main parties to the conflict, the Soviet Union and Japan, were not party to the 1929 Geneva Conventions and were not legally required to follow the rules of the conventions.", "During the war, the ICRC was unable to obtain an agreement with Nazi Germany about the treatment of detainees in concentration camps, and it eventually abandoned applying pressure in order to avoid disrupting its work with POWs.", "The ICRC was also unable to obtain a response to reliable information about the extermination camps and the mass killing of European Jews, Roma, et al.", "After November 1943, the ICRC achieved permission to send parcels to concentration camp detainees with known names and locations.", "Because the notices of receipt for these parcels were often signed by other inmates, the ICRC managed to register the identities of about 105,000 detainees in the concentration camps and delivered about 1.1 million parcels, primarily to the camps Dachau, Buchenwald, Ravensbrück, and Sachsenhausen.", "Maurice Rossel was sent to Berlin as a delegate of the International Red Cross; he visited Theresienstadt in 1944.", "The choice of the inexperienced Rossel for this mission has been interpreted as indicative of his organization's indifference to the \"Jewish problem\", while his report has been described as \"emblematic of the failure of the ICRC\" to advocate for Jews during the Holocaust.", "Rossel's report was noted for its uncritical acceptance of Nazi propaganda.", "He erroneously stated that Jews were not deported from Theresienstadt.", "Claude Lanzmann recorded his experiences in 1979, producing a documentary entitled \"A Visitor from the Living\".", "On 12 March 1945, ICRC president Jacob Burckhardt received a message from SS General Ernst Kaltenbrunner allowing ICRC delegates to visit the concentration camps.", "This agreement was bound by the condition that these delegates would have to stay in the camps until the end of the war.", "Ten delegates, among them Louis Haefliger (Mauthausen-Gusen), Paul Dunant (Theresienstadt) and Victor Maurer (Dachau), accepted the assignment and visited the camps.", "Louis Haefliger prevented the forceful eviction or blasting of Mauthausen-Gusen by alerting American troops.", "Friedrich Born (1903–1963), an ICRC delegate in Budapest who saved the lives of about 11,000 to 15,000 Jewish people in Hungary.", "Marcel Junod (1904–1961), a physician from Geneva was one of the first foreigners to visit Hiroshima after the atomic bomb was dropped.", "In 1944, the ICRC received its second Nobel Peace Prize.", "As in World War I, it received the only Peace Prize awarded during the main period of war, 1939 to 1945.", "At the end of the war, the ICRC worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected.", "In 1948, the Committee published a report reviewing its war-era activities from 1 September 1939 to 30 June 1947.", "The ICRC opened its archives from World War II in 1996.", "On 12 August 1949, further revisions to the existing two Geneva Conventions were adopted.", "An additional convention \"for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea\", now called the second Geneva Convention, was brought under the Geneva Convention umbrella as a successor to the 1907 Hague Convention X.", "The 1929 Geneva convention \"relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War\" may have been the second Geneva Convention from a historical point of view (because it was actually formulated in Geneva), but after 1949 it came to be called the third Convention because it came later chronologically than the Hague Convention.", "Reacting to the experience of World War II, the Fourth Geneva Convention, a new Convention \"relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War\", was established.", "Also, the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 were intended to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars.", "Today, the four conventions and their added protocols contain more than 600 articles, a remarkable expansion when compared to the mere 10 articles in the first 1864 convention.", "In celebration of its centennial in 1963, the ICRC, together with the League of Red Cross Societies, received its third Nobel Peace Prize.", "Since 1993, non-Swiss individuals have been allowed to serve as Committee delegates abroad, a task which was previously restricted to Swiss citizens.", "Indeed, since then, the share of staff without Swiss citizenship has increased to about 35%.", "On 16 October 1990, the UN General Assembly decided to grant the ICRC observer status for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings, the first observer status given to a private organization.", "The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the Italian ambassador, Vieri Traxler, in memory of the organization's origins in the Battle of Solferino.", "An agreement with the Swiss government signed on 19 March 1993, affirmed the already long-standing policy of full independence of the Committee from any possible interference by Switzerland.", "The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty-free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland.", "At the end of the Cold War, the ICRC's work actually became more dangerous.", "In the 1990s, more delegates lost their lives than at any point in its history, especially when working in local and internal armed conflicts.", "These incidents often demonstrated a lack of respect for the rules of the Geneva Conventions and their protection symbols.", "ICRC is active in the Afghanistan conflict areas and has set up six physical rehabilitation centers to help land mine victims.", "Their support extends to the national and international armed forces, civilians and the armed opposition.", "They regularly visit detainees under the custody of the Afghan government and the international armed forces, but have also occasionally had access since 2009 to people detained by the Taliban.", "They have provided basic first aid training and aid kits to both the Afghan security forces and Taliban members because, according to an ICRC spokesperson, \"ICRC's constitution stipulates that all parties harmed by warfare will be treated as fairly as possible\".", "In 1919, representatives from the national Red Cross societies of Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the US came together in Paris to found the \"League of Red Cross Societies\".", "The original idea was Henry Davison's, then president of the American Red Cross.", "This move, led by the American Red Cross, expanded the international activities of the Red Cross movement beyond the strict mission of the ICRC to include relief assistance in response to emergency situations which were not caused by war (such as man-made or natural disasters).", "The ARC already had great disaster relief mission experience extending back to its foundation.", "The formation of the League, as an additional international Red Cross organization alongside the ICRC, was not without controversy for a number of reasons.", "The ICRC had, to some extent, valid concerns about a possible rivalry between both organizations.", "The foundation of the League was seen as an attempt to undermine the leadership position of the ICRC within the movement and to gradually transfer most of its tasks and competencies to a multilateral institution.", "In addition to that, all founding members of the League were national societies from countries of the Entente or from associated partners of the Entente.", "The original statutes of the League from May 1919 contained further regulations which gave the five founding societies a privileged status and, due to the efforts of Henry P. Davison, the right to permanently exclude the national Red Cross societies from the countries of the Central Powers, namely Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, and in addition to that the national Red Cross society of Russia.", "These rules were contrary to the Red Cross principles of universality and equality among all national societies, a situation which furthered the concerns of the ICRC.", "The first relief assistance mission organized by the League was an aid mission for the victims of a famine and subsequent typhus epidemic in Poland.", "Only five years after its foundation, the League had already issued 47 donation appeals for missions in 34 countries, an impressive indication of the need for this type of Red Cross work.", "The total sum raised by these appeals reached 685 million Swiss francs, which were used to bring emergency supplies to the victims of famines in Russia, Germany, and Albania; earthquakes in Chile, Persia, Japan, Colombia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Turkey; and refugee flows in Greece and Turkey.", "The first large-scale disaster mission of the League came after the 1923 earthquake in Japan which killed about 200,000 people and left countless more wounded and without shelter.", "Due to the League's coordination, the Red Cross society of Japan received goods from its sister societies reaching a total worth of about $100 million.", "Another important new field initiated by the League was the creation of youth Red Cross organizations within the national societies.", "A joint mission of the ICRC and the League in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 marked the first time the movement was involved in an internal conflict, although still without an explicit mandate from the Geneva Conventions.", "The League, with support from more than 25 national societies, organized assistance missions and the distribution of food and other aid goods for civil populations affected by hunger and disease.", "The ICRC worked with the Russian Red Cross society and later the society of the Soviet Union, constantly emphasizing the ICRC's neutrality.", "In 1928, the \"International Council\" was founded to coordinate cooperation between the ICRC and the League, a task which was later taken over by the \"Standing Commission\".", "In the same year, a common statute for the movement was adopted for the first time, defining the respective roles of the ICRC and the League within the movement.", "During the Abyssinian war between Ethiopia and Italy from 1935 to 1936, the League contributed aid supplies worth about 1.7 million Swiss francs.", "Because the Italian fascist regime under Benito Mussolini refused any cooperation with the Red Cross, these goods were delivered solely to Ethiopia.", "During the war, an estimated 29 people lost their lives while being under explicit protection of the Red Cross symbol, most of them due to attacks by the Italian Army.", "During the Civil War in Spain from 1936 to 1939 the League once again joined forces with the ICRC with the support of 41 national societies.", "In 1939 on the brink of the Second World War, the League relocated its headquarters from Paris to Geneva to take advantage of Swiss neutrality.", "In 1952, the 1928 common statute of the movement was revised for the first time.", "Also, the period of decolonization from 1960 to 1970 was marked by a huge jump in the number of recognized national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies.", "By the end of the 1960s, there were more than 100 societies around the world.", "On December 10, 1963, the Federation and the ICRC received the Nobel Peace Prize.", "In 1983, the League was renamed to the \"League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies\" to reflect the growing number of national societies operating under the Red Crescent symbol.", "Three years later, the seven basic principles of the movement as adopted in 1965 were incorporated into its statutes.", "The name of the League was changed again in 1991 to its current official designation the \"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies\".", "In 1997, the ICRC and the IFRC signed the Seville Agreement which further defined the responsibilities of both organizations within the movement.", "In 2004, the IFRC began its largest mission to date after the tsunami disaster in South Asia.", "More than 40 national societies have worked with more than 22,000 volunteers to bring relief to the countless victims left without food and shelter and endangered by the risk of epidemics.", "Altogether, there are about 97 million people worldwide who serve with the ICRC, the International Federation, and the National Societies, the majority with the latter.", "The 1965 International Conference in Vienna adopted seven basic principles which should be shared by all parts of the Movement, and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in 1986.", "At the 20th International Conference in Neue Hofburg, Vienna, from 2–9 October 1965, delegates \"proclaimed\" seven fundamental principles which are shared by all components of the Movement, and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in 1986.", "The durability and universal acceptance is a result of the process through which they came into being in the form they have.", "Rather than an effort to arrive at agreement, it was an attempt to answer the question of what did they have in common, over the past 100 years, those operations and organisational units that were successful?", "As a result, the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent were not revealed, but \"found\" – through a deliberate and participative process of discovery.", "That makes it even more important to note that the text that appears under each \"heading\" is an integral part of the Principle in question and not an interpretation that can vary with time and place.", "The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavours, in its international and national capacity, to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found.", "Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure respect for the human being.", "It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace amongst all peoples.", "It makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions.", "It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress.", "In order to continue to enjoy the confidence of all, the Movement may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.", "The Movement is independent.", "The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the Movement.", "It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for gain.", "There can be only one Red Cross or one Red Crescent Society in any one country.", "It must be open to all.", "It must carry on its humanitarian work throughout its territory.", "The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in which all Societies have equal status and share equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other, is worldwide.", "The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, which occurs once every four years, is the highest institutional body of the Movement.", "It gathers delegations from all of the national societies as well as from the ICRC, the IFRC and the signatory states to the Geneva Conventions.", "In between the conferences, the Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent acts as the supreme body and supervises implementation of and compliance with the resolutions of the conference.", "In addition, the Standing Commission coordinates the cooperation between the ICRC and the IFRC.", "It consists of two representatives from the ICRC (including its president), two from the IFRC (including its president), and five individuals who are elected by the International Conference.", "The Standing Commission convenes every six months on average.", "Moreover, a convention of the Council of Delegates of the Movement takes place every two years in the course of the conferences of the General Assembly of the International Federation.", "The Council of Delegates plans and coordinates joint activities for the Movement.", "The official mission of the ICRC as an impartial, neutral, and independent organization is to stand for the protection of the life and dignity of victims of international and internal armed conflicts.", "According to the 1997 Seville Agreement, it is the \"Lead Agency\" of the Movement in conflicts.", "The ICRC is headquartered in the Swiss city of Geneva and has external offices in about 80 countries.", "It has about 12,000 staff members worldwide, about 800 of them working in its Geneva headquarters, 1,200 expatriates with about half of them serving as delegates managing its international missions and the other half being specialists like doctors, agronomists, engineers or interpreters, and about 10,000 members of individual national societies working on site.", "According to Swiss law, the ICRC is defined as a private association.", "Contrary to popular belief, the ICRC is not a non-governmental organization in the most common sense of the term, nor is it an international organization.", "As it limits its members (a process called cooptation) to Swiss nationals only, it does not have a policy of open and unrestricted membership for individuals like other legally defined NGOs.", "The word \"international\" in its name does not refer to its membership but to the worldwide scope of its activities as defined by the Geneva Conventions.", "The ICRC has special privileges and legal immunities in many countries, based on national law in these countries or through agreements between the Committee and respective national governments.", "According to its statutes it consists of 15 to 25 Swiss-citizen members, which it coopts for a period of four years.", "There is no limit to the number of terms an individual member can have although a three-quarters majority of all members is required for re-election after the third term.", "The leading organs of the ICRC are the Directorate and the Assembly.", "The Directorate is the executive body of the Committee.", "It consists of a general director and five directors in the areas of \"Operations\", \"Human Resources\", \"Resources and Operational Support\", \"Communication\", and \"International Law and Cooperation within the Movement\".", "The members of the Directorate are appointed by the Assembly to serve for four years.", "The Assembly, consisting of all of the members of the Committee, convenes on a regular basis and is responsible for defining aims, guidelines, and strategies and for supervising the financial matters of the Committee.", "The president of the Assembly is also the president of the Committee as a whole.", "Furthermore, the Assembly elects a five-member Assembly Council which has the authority to decide on behalf of the full Assembly in some matters.", "The Council is also responsible for organizing the Assembly meetings and for facilitating communication between the Assembly and the Directorate.", "Due to Geneva's location in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, the ICRC usually acts under its French name \"Comité international de la Croix-Rouge\" (CICR).", "The official symbol of the ICRC is the Red Cross on white background with the words \"COMITE INTERNATIONAL GENEVE\" circling the cross.", "The 2009 budget of the ICRC amounts to more than 1 billion Swiss francs.", "Most of that money comes from the States, including Switzerland in its capacity as the depositary state of the Geneva Conventions, from national Red Cross societies, the signatory states of the Geneva Conventions, and from international organizations like the European Union.", "All payments to the ICRC are voluntary and are received as donations based on two types of appeals issued by the Committee: an annual \"Headquarters Appeal\" to cover its internal costs and \"Emergency Appeals\" for its individual missions.", "The ICRC is asking donors for more than 1.1 billion Swiss francs to fund its work in 2010.", "Afghanistan is projected to become the ICRC's biggest humanitarian operation (at 86 million Swiss francs, an 18% increase over the initial 2009 budget), followed by Iraq (85 million francs) and Sudan (76 million francs).", "The initial 2010 field budget for medical activities of 132 million francs represents an increase of 12 million francs over 2009.", "The IFRC coordinates cooperation between national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies throughout the world and supports the foundation of new national societies in countries where no official society exists.", "On the international stage, the IFRC organizes and leads relief assistance missions after emergencies such as natural disasters, manmade disasters, epidemics, mass refugee flights, and other emergencies.", "As per the 1997 Seville Agreement, the IFRC is the Lead Agency of the Movement in any emergency situation which does not take place as part of an armed conflict.", "The IFRC cooperates with the national societies of those countries affected – each called the \"Operating National Society\" (ONS) – as well as the national societies of other countries willing to offer assistance – called \"Participating National Societies\" (PNS).", "Among the 187 national societies admitted to the General Assembly of the International Federation as full members or observers, about 25–30 regularly work as PNS in other countries.", "The most active of those are the American Red Cross, the British Red Cross, the German Red Cross, and the Red Cross societies of Sweden and Norway.", "Another major mission of the IFRC which has gained attention in recent years is its commitment to work towards a codified, worldwide ban on the use of land mines and to bring medical, psychological, and social support for people injured by land mines.", "The IFRC has its headquarters in Geneva.", "It also runs five zone offices (Africa, Americas, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East-North Africa), 14 permanent regional offices and has about 350 delegates in more than 60 delegations around the world.", "The legal basis for the work of the IFRC is its constitution.", "The executive body of the IFRC is a secretariat, led by a secretary general.", "The secretariat is supported by five divisions including \"Programme Services\", \"Humanitarian values and humanitarian diplomacy\", \"National Society and Knowledge Development\" and \"Governance and Management Services\".", "The highest decision making body of the IFRC is its General Assembly, which convenes every two years with delegates from all of the national societies.", "Among other tasks, the General Assembly elects the secretary general.", "Between the convening of General Assemblies, the Governing Board is the leading body of the IFRC.", "It has the authority to make decisions for the IFRC in a number of areas.", "The Governing Board consists of the president and the vice presidents of the IFRC, the chairpersons of the Finance and Youth Commissions, and twenty elected representatives from national societies.", "The symbol of the IFRC is the combination of the Red Cross (left) and Red Crescent (right) on a white background surrounded by a red rectangular frame.", "The main parts of the budget of the IFRC are funded by contributions from the national societies which are members of the IFRC and through revenues from its investments.", "The exact amount of contributions from each member society is established by the Finance Commission and approved by the General Assembly.", "Any additional funding, especially for unforeseen expenses for relief assistance missions, is raised by \"\"appeals\"\" published by the IFRC and comes for voluntary donations by national societies, governments, other organizations, corporations, and individuals.", "National Red Cross and Red Crescent societies exist in nearly every country in the world.", "Within their home country, they take on the duties and responsibilities of a national relief society as defined by International Humanitarian Law.", "Within the Movement, the ICRC is responsible for legally recognizing a relief society as an official national Red Cross or Red Crescent society.", "The exact rules for recognition are defined in the statutes of the Movement.", "Article 4 of these statutes contains the \"\"Conditions for recognition of National Societies.\"\"", "Once a National Society has been recognized by the ICRC as a component of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (the Movement), it is in principle admitted to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in accordance with the terms defined in the Constitution and Rules of Procedure of the International Federation.", "There are today 190 National Societies recognized within the Movement and which are members of the International Federation.", "The most recent National Societies to have been recognized within the Movement are the Maldives Red Crescent Society (9 November 2011), the Cyprus Red Cross Society, the South Sudan Red Cross Society (12 November 2013) and, the last, the Tuvalu Red Cross Society (on 1 March 2016).", "Despite formal independence regarding its organizational structure and work, each national society is still bound by the laws of its home country.", "In many countries, national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies enjoy exceptional privileges due to agreements with their governments or specific \"Red Cross Laws\" granting full independence as required by the International Movement.", "The duties and responsibilities of a national society as defined by International Humanitarian Law and the statutes of the Movement include humanitarian aid in armed conflicts and emergency crises such as natural disasters through activities such as Restoring Family Links.", "Depending on their respective human, technical, financial, and organizational resources, many national societies take on additional humanitarian tasks within their home countries such as blood donation services or acting as civilian Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers.", "The ICRC and the International Federation cooperate with the national societies in their international missions, especially with human, material, and financial resources and organizing on-site logistics.", "The Red Cross emblem was officially approved in Geneva in 1863.", "The Red Cross flag is not to be confused with the Saint George's Cross which is on the flag of England, Barcelona, Georgia, Freiburg im Breisgau, and several other places.", "In order to avoid this confusion the protected symbol is sometimes referred to as the \"Greek Red Cross\" (now Hellenic Red Cross); that term is also used in United States law to describe the Red Cross.", "The red cross of the Saint George cross extends to the edge of the flag, whereas the red cross on the Red Cross flag does not.", "The Red Cross flag is the colour-switched version of the Flag of Switzerland.", "In 1906, to put an end to the argument of the Ottoman Empire that the flag took its roots from Christianity, it was decided to promote officially the idea that the Red Cross flag had been formed by reversing the federal colours of Switzerland, although no clear evidence of this origin had ever been found.", "The Red Crescent emblem was first used by ICRC volunteers during the armed conflict of 1876–8 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire.", "The symbol was officially adopted in 1929, and so far 33 states in the Muslim world have recognized it.", "In common with the official promotion of the red cross symbol as a colour-reversal of the Swiss flag (rather than a religious symbol), the red crescent is similarly presented as being derived from a colour-reversal of the flag of the Ottoman Empire.", "On 8 December 2005, in response to growing pressure to accommodate Magen David Adom (MDA), Israel's national emergency medical, disaster, ambulance and blood bank service, as a full member of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement, a new emblem (officially the Third Protocol Emblem, but more commonly known as the Red Crystal) was adopted by an amendment of the Geneva Conventions known as Protocol III.", "The Red Lion and Sun Society of Iran was established in 1922 and admitted to the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement in 1923.", "However, some report the symbol was introduced at Geneva in 1864 as a counter example to the crescent and cross used by two of Iran's rivals, the Ottoman and the Russian empires.", "Although that claim is inconsistent with the Red Crescent's history, that history also suggests that the Red Lion and Sun, like the Red Crescent, may have been conceived during the 1877–1878 war between Russia and Turkey.", "Due to the emblem's association with the Iranian monarchy, the Islamic Republic of Iran replaced the Red Lion and Sun with the Red Crescent in 1980, consistent with two existing Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols.", "Although the Red Lion and Sun has now fallen into disuse, Iran has in the past reserved the right to take it up again at any time; the Geneva Conventions continue to recognize it as an official emblem, and that status was confirmed by Protocol III in 2005 even as it added the Red Crystal.", "For over 50 years, Israel requested the addition of a red Star of David, arguing that since Christian and Muslim emblems were recognized, the corresponding Jewish emblem should be as well.", "This emblem has been used by Magen David Adom (MDA), or Red Star of David, the national first-aid society of Israel of 1930, but it is not recognized by the Geneva Conventions as a protected symbol.", "The first use of the ′′Magen David Adom′′ was during the Anglo Boer War in South Africa (1899–1902) when it was used by the Ambulance Corps founded by Ben Zion Aaron in Johannesburg as a first aid corps to assist the Boer forces.", "Permission was given by President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic for the Star of David to be used as its insignia, rather than the conventional red cross.", "The Red Cross and Red Crescent movement repeatedly rejected Israel's request over the years, stating that the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems were not meant to represent Christianity and Islam but were colour reversals of the Swiss and the Ottoman flags, and also that if Jews (or another group) were to be given another emblem, there would be no end to the number of religious or other groups claiming an emblem for themselves.", "They reasoned that a proliferation of red symbols would detract from the original intention of the Red Cross emblem, which was to be a single emblem to mark vehicles and buildings protected on humanitarian grounds.", "Certain Arab nations, such as Syria, also protested against the entry of MDA into the Red Cross movement, making consensus impossible for a time.", "However, from 2000 to 2006 the American Red Cross withheld its dues (a total of $42 million) to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) because of IFRC's refusal to admit MDA; this ultimately led to the creation of the Red Crystal emblem and the admission of MDA on June 22, 2006.", "The Red Star of David is not recognized as a protected symbol outside Israel; instead the MDA uses the Red Crystal emblem during international operations in order to ensure protection.", "Depending on the circumstances, it may place the Red Star of David inside the Red Crystal, or use the Red Crystal alone.", "The Australian TV network ABC and the indigenous rights group Rettet die Naturvölker released a documentary called \"Blood on the Cross\" in 1999.", "It alleged the involvement of the Red Cross with the British and Indonesian military in a massacre in the Southern Highlands of Western New Guinea during the World Wildlife Fund's Mapenduma hostage crisis of May 1996, when Western and Indonesian activists were held hostage by separatists.", "Following the broadcast of the documentary, the Red Cross announced publicly that it would appoint an individual outside the organization to investigate the allegations made in the film and any responsibility on its part.", "Piotr Obuchowicz was appointed to investigate the matter.", "The report categorically states that the Red Cross personnel accused of involvement were proven not to have been present; that a white helicopter was probably used in a military operation, but the helicopter was not a Red Cross helicopter, and must have been painted by one of several military organizations operating in the region at the time.", "Perhaps the Red Cross logo itself was also used, although no hard evidence was found for this; that this was part of the military operation to free the hostages, but was clearly intended to achieve surprise by deceiving the local people into thinking that a Red Cross helicopter was landing; and that the Red Cross should have responded more quickly and thoroughly to investigate the allegations than it did." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 31675, "simple_article_title": "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31675", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-31675-0-0", "simple-31675-0-1", "simple-31675-1-0", "simple-31675-1-1", "simple-31675-2-0", "simple-31675-2-1", "simple-31675-3-0", "simple-31675-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a movement to save human life and health.", "Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.", "Although it is a big international organisation, it is privately run.", "No government controls the Red Cross.", "The Red Cross has a special job, given by international law.", "It is the only private group to have its jobs set out by international law.", "The Red Cross, the Red Crescent and the Red Crystal,the three international symbols of the Red Cross", "According to the Geneva conventions, there are five goals for International red cross and red crescent movements;" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 14543, "normal_article_title": "Industry", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14543", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-14543-0-0", "normal-14543-0-1", "normal-14543-0-2", "normal-14543-0-3", "normal-14543-0-4", "normal-14543-1-0", "normal-14543-1-1", "normal-14543-2-0", "normal-14543-2-1", "normal-14543-2-2", "normal-14543-3-0", "normal-14543-3-1", "normal-14543-3-2", "normal-14543-3-3", "normal-14543-3-4", "normal-14543-3-5", "normal-14543-3-6", "normal-14543-4-0", "normal-14543-4-1", "normal-14543-5-0", "normal-14543-5-1", "normal-14543-5-2", "normal-14543-5-3", "normal-14543-5-4", "normal-14543-5-5", "normal-14543-6-0", "normal-14543-6-1", "normal-14543-7-0", "normal-14543-7-1", "normal-14543-7-2", "normal-14543-8-0", "normal-14543-8-1", "normal-14543-8-2", "normal-14543-9-0", "normal-14543-9-1", "normal-14543-10-0", "normal-14543-10-1", "normal-14543-10-2", "normal-14543-11-0", "normal-14543-11-1", "normal-14543-11-2", "normal-14543-11-3", "normal-14543-11-4", "normal-14543-12-0", "normal-14543-12-1", "normal-14543-12-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "An industry is a sector that produces goods or related services within an economy.", "The major source of revenue of a group or company is an indicator of what industry it should be classified in.", "When a large corporate group has multiple sources of revenue generation, it is considered to be working in different industries.", "The manufacturing industry became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, upsetting previous mercantile and feudal economies.", "This came through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the development of steam power and the production of steel and coal.", "Following the Industrial Revolution, possibly a third of the economic output came from manufacturing industries.", "Many developed countries and many developing/semi-developed countries (China, India etc.) depend significantly on manufacturing industry.", "Slavery, the practice of utilizing forced labor to produce goods and services, has occurred since antiquity throughout the world as a means of low-cost production.", "It typically produces goods for which profit depends on economies of scale, especially those for which labor was simple and easy to supervise.", "International law has declared slavery illegal.", "Guilds, associations of artisans and merchants, oversee the production and distribution of a particular good.", "Guilds have their roots in the Roman Empire as \"collegia\" (singular: \"collegium\") Membership in these early guilds was voluntary.", "The Roman \"collegia\" did not survive the fall of Rome.", "In the early middle ages, guilds once again began to emerge in Europe, reaching a degree of maturity by the beginning of the 14th century.", "While few guilds remain today , some modern labor structures resemble those of traditional guilds.", "Other guilds, such as the SAG-AFTRA act as trade unions rather than as classical guilds.", "Professor Sheilagh Ogilvie claims that guilds negatively affected quality, skills, and innovation in areas that they were present.", "The industrial revolution (from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century) saw the development and popularization of mechanized means of production as a replacement for hand production.", "The industrial revolution played a role in the abolition of slavery in Europe and in North America.", "The Industrial Revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production with consequent changes in society.", "Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed.", "The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process.", "This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process.", "Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators.", "This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot.", "Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage.", "An example of the former is the decline in carriage manufacturing when the automobile was mass-produced.", "A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations towards a post-industrial society.", "This is manifested by an increase in the service sector at the expense of manufacturing, and the development of an information-based economy, the so-called informational revolution.", "In a post-industrial society, manufacturers relocate to more profitable locations through a process of off-shoring.", "Measurements of manufacturing industries outputs and economic effect are not historically stable.", "Traditionally, success has been measured in the number of jobs created.", "The reduced number of employees in the manufacturing sector has been assumed to result from a decline in the competitiveness of the sector, or the introduction of the lean manufacturing process.", "Related to this change is the upgrading of the quality of the product being manufactured.", "While it is possible to produce a low-technology product with low-skill labour, the ability to manufacture high-technology products well is dependent on a highly skilled staff.", "An industrial society is a society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour.", "Today, industry is an important part of most societies and nations.", "A government must have some kind of industrial policy, regulating industrial placement, industrial pollution, financing and industrial labour.", "In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population.", "This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector.", "A labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and other working conditions.", "The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labour contracts with employers.", "This movement first rose among industrial workers.", "The Industrial Revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation, mobilization, the total war concept and weapons of mass destruction.", "Early instances of industrial warfare were the Crimean War and the American Civil War, but its full potential showed during the world wars.", "See also military-industrial complex, arms industries, military industry and modern warfare." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 166202, "simple_article_title": "Industry", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166202", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-166202-0-0", "simple-166202-0-1", "simple-166202-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "In economics, different kinds of manufacturing and services are broken down into groups called industries.", "The word comes from a Latin word meaning \"working diligently at a task\".", "There are many different industries, like mining, farming and logging." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 23473595, "normal_article_title": "Light-year", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23473595", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-23473595-0-0", "normal-23473595-0-1", "normal-23473595-0-2", "normal-23473595-1-0", "normal-23473595-1-1", "normal-23473595-2-0", "normal-23473595-2-1", "normal-23473595-2-2", "normal-23473595-2-3", "normal-23473595-3-0", "normal-23473595-3-1", "normal-23473595-4-0", "normal-23473595-4-1", "normal-23473595-4-2", "normal-23473595-5-0", "normal-23473595-6-0", "normal-23473595-6-1", "normal-23473595-6-2", "normal-23473595-6-3", "normal-23473595-6-4", "normal-23473595-6-5", "normal-23473595-6-6", "normal-23473595-7-0", "normal-23473595-7-1", "normal-23473595-8-0", "normal-23473595-8-1", "normal-23473595-9-0", "normal-23473595-9-1", "normal-23473595-9-2", "normal-23473595-10-0", "normal-23473595-11-0", "normal-23473595-11-1", "normal-23473595-11-2", "normal-23473595-12-0", "normal-23473595-12-1", "normal-23473595-12-2", "normal-23473595-12-3", "normal-23473595-12-4", "normal-23473595-12-5", "normal-23473595-13-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The light-year is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and measures about 9.46 trillion kilometres (9.46 x 10 km) or 5.88 trillion miles (5.88 x 10 mi).", "As defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days).", "Because it includes the word \"year\", the term light-year is sometimes misinterpreted as a unit of time.", "The light-year is most often used when expressing distances to stars and other distances on a galactic scale, especially in nonspecialist and popular science publications.", "The unit most commonly used in professional astrometry is the parsec (symbol: pc, about 3.26 light-years; the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one second of arc).", "As defined by the IAU, the light-year is the product of the Julian year (365.25 days as opposed to the 365.2425-day Gregorian year) and the speed of light .", "Both of these values are included in the IAU (1976) System of Astronomical Constants, used since 1984.", "From this, the following conversions can be derived.", "The IAU recognized abbreviation for light-year is ly, although other standards like ISO 80000 use \"l.y.\" and localized abbreviations are frequent, such as \"al\" in French (from année-lumière\") and Spanish (from año luz\"), \"Lj\" in German (from \"Lichtjahr\"), etc.", "Before 1984, the tropical year (not the Julian year) and a measured (not defined) speed of light were included in the IAU (1964) System of Astronomical Constants, used from 1968 to 1983.", "The product of Simon Newcomb's J1900.0 mean tropical year of ephemeris seconds and a speed of light of produced a light-year of (rounded to the seven significant digits in the speed of light) found in several modern sources was probably derived from an old source such as C. W. Allen's 1973 \"Astrophysical Quantities\" reference work, which was updated in 2000, including the IAU (1976) value cited above (truncated to 10 significant digits).", "Other high-precision values are not derived from a coherent IAU system.", "A value of found in some modern sources is the product of a mean Gregorian year (365.2425 days or ) and the defined speed of light .", "Another value, , is the product of the J1900.0 mean tropical year and the defined speed of light.", "Abbreviations used for light years and multiples of light years are", "The light-year unit appeared a few years after the first successful measurement of the distance to a star other than the Sun, by Friedrich Bessel in 1838.", "The star was 61 Cygni, and he used a 6.2 in heliometer designed by Joseph von Fraunhofer.", "The largest unit for expressing distances across space at that time was the astronomical unit, equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit ( or ).", "In those terms, trigonometric calculations based on 61 Cygni's parallax of 0.314 arcseconds, showed the distance to the star to be astronomical units ( or ).", "Bessel added that light employs 10.3 years to traverse this distance.", "He recognized that his readers would enjoy the mental picture of the approximate transit time for light, but he refrained from using the light-year as a unit.", "He may have resented expressing distances in light-years because it would deteriorate the accuracy of his parallax data due to multiplying with the uncertain parameter of the speed of light.", "The speed of light was not yet precisely known in 1838; its value changed in 1849 (Fizeau) and 1862 (Foucault).", "It was not yet considered to be a fundamental constant of nature, and the propagation of light through the aether or space was still enigmatic.", "The light-year unit appeared in 1851 in a German popular astronomical article by Otto Ule.", "The paradox of a distance unit name ending on \"year\" was explained by Ule by comparing it to a hiking road hour (\"Wegstunde\").", "A contemporary German popular astronomical book also noticed that light-year is an odd name.", "In 1868 an English journal labelled the light-year as a unit used by the Germans.", "Eddington called the light-year an inconvenient and irrelevant unit, which had sometimes crept from popular use into technical investigations.", "Although modern astronomers often prefer to use the parsec, light years are also popularly used to gauge the expanses of interstellar and intergalactic space.", "Distances expressed in light-years include those between stars in the same general area, such as those belonging to the same spiral arm or globular cluster.", "Galaxies themselves span from a few thousand to a few hundred thousand light-years in diameter, and are separated from neighbouring galaxies and galaxy clusters by millions of light-years.", "Distances to objects such as quasars and the Sloan Great Wall run up into the billions of light-years.", "Distances between objects within a star system tend to be small fractions of a light year, and are usually expressed in astronomical units.", "However, smaller units of length can similarly be formed usefully by multiplying units of time by the speed of light.", "For example, the light-second, useful in astronomy, telecommunications and relativistic physics, is exactly metres or ⁄ of a light-year.", "Units such as the light-minute, light-hour and light-day are sometimes used in popular science publications.", "The light-month, roughly one-twelfth of a light-year, is also used occasionally for approximate measures.", "The Hayden Planetarium specifies the light month more precisely as 30 days of light travel time.", "Light travels approximately one foot in a nanosecond; the term \"light-foot\" is sometimes used as an informal measure of time." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 2143, "simple_article_title": "Light year", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2143", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-2143-0-0", "simple-2143-0-1", "simple-2143-0-2", "simple-2143-1-0", "simple-2143-1-1", "simple-2143-2-0", "simple-2143-2-1", "simple-2143-2-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A light year (symbol: ly) is the distance that light travels in empty space in one year.", "Since the speed of light is about 300,000 km per second (about 186,000 miles per second), then a light year is about 10 trillion kilometers (about 6 trillion miles).", "A light year is not a length of time.", "The light year is used in astronomy because the universe is huge.", "Space objects such as stars and galaxies may be hundreds, thousands or millions of light years away.", "Think of a star at a distance of 100 light years from us on Earth.", "Light leaves the star and takes 100 years to get to us.", "When we see the star's light, we are seeing that star as it was 100 years ago." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2750041, "normal_article_title": "Memento (film)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2750041", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2750041-0-0", "normal-2750041-0-1", "normal-2750041-0-2", "normal-2750041-1-0", "normal-2750041-1-1", "normal-2750041-1-2", "normal-2750041-1-3", "normal-2750041-2-0", "normal-2750041-2-1", "normal-2750041-2-2", "normal-2750041-2-3", "normal-2750041-2-4", "normal-2750041-2-5", "normal-2750041-3-0", "normal-2750041-3-1", "normal-2750041-3-2", "normal-2750041-4-0", "normal-2750041-4-1", "normal-2750041-4-2", "normal-2750041-4-3", "normal-2750041-4-4", "normal-2750041-4-5", "normal-2750041-4-6", "normal-2750041-5-0", "normal-2750041-5-1", "normal-2750041-5-2", "normal-2750041-5-3", "normal-2750041-5-4", "normal-2750041-5-5", "normal-2750041-5-6", "normal-2750041-5-7", "normal-2750041-6-0", "normal-2750041-6-1", "normal-2750041-6-2", "normal-2750041-6-3", "normal-2750041-6-4", "normal-2750041-6-5", "normal-2750041-6-6", "normal-2750041-6-7", "normal-2750041-7-0", "normal-2750041-7-1", "normal-2750041-8-0", "normal-2750041-9-0", "normal-2750041-9-1", "normal-2750041-9-2", "normal-2750041-9-3", "normal-2750041-9-4", "normal-2750041-10-0", "normal-2750041-11-0", "normal-2750041-12-0", "normal-2750041-12-1", "normal-2750041-13-0", "normal-2750041-13-1", "normal-2750041-13-2", "normal-2750041-14-0", "normal-2750041-14-1", "normal-2750041-14-2", "normal-2750041-14-3", "normal-2750041-14-4", "normal-2750041-14-5", "normal-2750041-14-6", "normal-2750041-14-7", "normal-2750041-14-8", "normal-2750041-14-9", "normal-2750041-14-10", "normal-2750041-15-0", "normal-2750041-15-1", "normal-2750041-15-2", "normal-2750041-15-3", "normal-2750041-15-4", "normal-2750041-15-5", "normal-2750041-16-0", "normal-2750041-16-1", "normal-2750041-16-2", "normal-2750041-17-0", "normal-2750041-17-1", "normal-2750041-17-2", "normal-2750041-17-3", "normal-2750041-18-0", "normal-2750041-18-1", "normal-2750041-18-2", "normal-2750041-18-3", "normal-2750041-18-4", "normal-2750041-19-0", "normal-2750041-19-1", "normal-2750041-19-2", "normal-2750041-20-0", "normal-2750041-20-1", "normal-2750041-20-2", "normal-2750041-21-0", "normal-2750041-21-1", "normal-2750041-21-2", "normal-2750041-21-3", "normal-2750041-21-4", "normal-2750041-21-5", "normal-2750041-21-6", "normal-2750041-21-7", "normal-2750041-22-0", "normal-2750041-22-1", "normal-2750041-22-2", "normal-2750041-23-0", "normal-2750041-23-1", "normal-2750041-23-2", "normal-2750041-23-3", "normal-2750041-23-4", "normal-2750041-23-5", "normal-2750041-24-0", "normal-2750041-24-1", "normal-2750041-24-2", "normal-2750041-24-3", "normal-2750041-24-4", "normal-2750041-24-5", "normal-2750041-24-6", "normal-2750041-25-0", "normal-2750041-25-1", "normal-2750041-25-2", "normal-2750041-25-3", "normal-2750041-26-0", "normal-2750041-26-1", "normal-2750041-26-2", "normal-2750041-26-3", "normal-2750041-26-4", 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"normal-2750041-36-6", "normal-2750041-37-0", "normal-2750041-37-1", "normal-2750041-37-2", "normal-2750041-37-3", "normal-2750041-37-4", "normal-2750041-37-5", "normal-2750041-37-6", "normal-2750041-37-7", "normal-2750041-37-8", "normal-2750041-38-0", "normal-2750041-38-1", "normal-2750041-39-0", "normal-2750041-39-1", "normal-2750041-40-0", "normal-2750041-40-1", "normal-2750041-40-2", "normal-2750041-40-3", "normal-2750041-40-4", "normal-2750041-40-5", "normal-2750041-41-0", "normal-2750041-42-0", "normal-2750041-42-1", "normal-2750041-42-2", "normal-2750041-42-3", "normal-2750041-42-4", "normal-2750041-42-5", "normal-2750041-42-6", "normal-2750041-43-0", "normal-2750041-43-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Memento is a 2000 American neo-noir psychological thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, and produced by Suzanne and Jennifer Todd.", "The film's script was based on a pitch by Jonathan Nolan, who later wrote the story \"Memento Mori\" from the concept.", "It stars Guy Pearce, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Joe Pantoliano.", "Pearce stars as a man who, as a result of a past trauma, has anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories) and has short-term memory loss approximately every five minutes.", "He is searching for the persons who attacked him and killed his wife, using an intricate system of Polaroid photographs and tattoos to track information he cannot remember.", "\"Memento\" is presented as two different sequences of scenes interspersed during the film: a series in black-and-white that is shown chronologically, and a series of color sequences shown in reverse order (simulating for the audience the mental state of the protagonist).", "The two sequences meet at the end of the film, producing one complete and cohesive narrative.", "\"Memento\" premiered on September 5, 2000, at the Venice International Film Festival and was released in European theaters starting in October.", "It was acclaimed by critics who praised its nonlinear narrative structure and motifs of memory, perception, grief, and self-deception, and earned $39.7 million over a $9 million budget.", "It received numerous accolades, including Oscar nominations for Best Original Screenplay and Best Film Editing.", "The film was subsequently ranked one of the best films of the 2000s by several critics and media outlets.", "In 2016, it was voted 25th among 100 films considered the best of the 21st century by 117 film critics from around the world.", "\"Memento\" was considered \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\" by the US Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2017, the first narrative feature film from the 2000s to be honored.", "The film starts with the Polaroid photograph of a dead man.", "As the sequence plays backwards, the photo reverts to its undeveloped state, entering the camera before the man is shot in the head.", "The film then continues, alternating between black and white and color sequences.", "The black and white sequences begin with Leonard Shelby, an insurance investigator, in a motel room speaking to an unseen and unknown caller.", "Leonard has anterograde amnesia and is unable to store recent memories, the result of an attack by two men.", "Leonard explains that he killed the attacker who raped and strangled his wife, but a second clubbed him and escaped.", "The police did not accept that there was a second attacker, but Leonard believes the attacker's name is John or James, with a last name starting with G. So, Leonard conducts his own investigation using a convoluted system of notes, Polaroid photos, and tattoos.", "From his occupation in the insurance industry, Leonard recalls a fellow anterograde amnesiac, Sammy Jankis.", "Sammy's diabetic wife, who wasn't sure if his condition was genuine, repeatedly requested Sammy's assistance with her insulin shots; she hoped he would remember having already given her an injection and would stop himself from giving her another before she died of an overdose.", "However, Sammy continues to administer the injections, and his wife falls into a fatal coma.", "The color sequences are shown reverse-chronologically.", "In the story's chronology, Leonard self-directively gets a tattoo of John G's license plate.", "Finding a note in his clothes, he meets Natalie, a bartender who resents Leonard because he wears the clothes and drives the car of her boyfriend, Jimmy Grantz.", "After understanding Leonard's condition, she uses it to get Leonard to drive a man named Dodd out of town and offers to run the license plate as a favor.", "Meanwhile, Leonard meets with a contact, Teddy, who helps with Dodd, but warns about Natalie.", "However, a photograph causes Leonard not to trust Teddy.", "Natalie provides Leonard with the driver's license for a John Edward Gammell, Teddy's full name.", "Confirming Leonard's information on \"John G\" and his warnings, Leonard drives Teddy to an abandoned building, leading to the opening, where he shoots him.", "In the final black-and-white sequence, prompted by the caller, Leonard meets with Teddy, an undercover officer, who has found Leonard's \"John G,\" Jimmy, and directs Leonard to the abandoned building.", "When Jimmy arrives, Leonard strangles him fatally and takes a Polaroid photo of the body.", "As the photo develops, the black-and-white transitions to the final color sequence.", "Leonard swaps clothes with Jimmy, hearing him whisper \"Sammy.\"", "As Leonard has only told Sammy's story to those he has met, he suddenly doubts Jimmy's role.", "Teddy arrives and asserts that Jimmy was John G, but when Leonard is undeterred, Teddy reveals that he helped him kill the real attacker a year ago, and he has been using Leonard ever since.", "Teddy points out that since the name \"John G\" is common, Leonard will cyclically forget and begin again and that even Teddy himself has a \"John G\" name.", "Further, Teddy claims that Sammy's story is Leonard's own story, a memory Leonard has repressed to escape guilt (referencing an earlier black-and-white scene where Jankis is replaced by Shelby for a split-second as he sits in the asylum).", "After hearing Teddy's exposition, Leonard consciously burns Jimmy's photograph, writes a message to himself on Teddy's photograph that he should not trust Teddy, and drives off in Jimmy's car.", "He then plans to have Teddy's license plate number tattooed on himself, deceiving himself to eventually believe Teddy was the second attacker, leading to Teddy's eventual death.", "As he stops at the tattoo parlor, he asks himself, \"Now ... where was I?\"", "The \"syuzhet\" (sujet), or the presentation of the film, is structured with two timelines: one in color and one in black-and-white.", "The color sequences are alternated with black-and-white sequences.", "The latter are put together in chronological order.", "The color ones, though shown forward (except for the very first one, which is shown in reverse), are ordered in reverse.", "Chronologically, the black-and-white sequences come first, the color sequences come next.", "Using the numbering scheme suggested by Andy Klein—who took numbers from 1 to 22 for the black-and-white sequences and letters A–V for the color ones in his article for \"Salon\" magazine—the plotting of the film as presented is: Opening Credits (shown \"backward\"), 1, V, 2, U, 3, T, 4, S, ..., 22/A, Credits.", "There is a smooth transition from the black-and-white sequence 22 to color sequence A and it occurs during the development of a Polaroid photograph.", "The \"fabula\" of the film (the chronological order of the story) can be viewed as a \"Hidden feature\" on the 2-Disc Limited Edition Region 1 DVD and the 3-Disc special Edition Region 2 DVD.", "In this special feature the chapters of the film are put together into the chronological order and is shown: Ending Credits (run in reverse), 1, 2, 3, ..., 22/A, B, ..., V, then the opening title runs \"backward\" to what was shown (the opening title sequence is run in reverse during the actual film, so it is shown forward in this version).", "Stefano Ghislotti wrote an article in \"Film Anthology\" which discusses how Nolan provides the viewer with the clues necessary to decode the \"sujet\" as we watch and help us understand the \"fabula\" from it.", "The color sequences include a brief overlap to help clue the audience into the fact that they are being presented in reverse order.", "The purpose of the fragmented reverse sequencing is to force the audience into a sympathetic experience of Leonard's defective ability to create new long-term memories, where prior events are not recalled, since the audience has yet to see them.", "In July 1996, brothers Christopher and Jonathan Nolan took a cross-country road trip from Chicago to Los Angeles, as Christopher was relocating his home to the West Coast.", "During the drive, Jonathan pitched the story for the film to his brother, who responded enthusiastically to the idea.", "After they arrived in Los Angeles, Jonathan left for Washington, D.C., to finish college at Georgetown University.", "The mysterious killer character known only as \"John G.\" was actually an homage to Jonathan's Georgetown University screenwriting professor at the time, John Glavin.", "Christopher repeatedly asked Jonathan to send him a first draft, and after a few months, Jonathan complied.", "Two months later, Christopher came up with the idea to tell the film backwards, and began to work on the screenplay.", "Jonathan wrote the short story simultaneously, and the brothers continued to correspond, sending each other subsequent revisions of their respective works.", "Christopher initially wrote the script as a linear story, and then would \"go back and reorder it the way it is on screen to check the logic of it.\"", "Nolan was also influenced by the short story \"Funes the Memorius\" by Jorge Luis Borges.", "\"I think \"Memento\" is a strange cousin to 'Funes the Memorious'—about a man who remembers everything, who can’t forget anything.", "It’s a bit of an inversion of that.\"", "Jonathan's short story, titled \"Memento Mori,\" is radically different from Christopher's film, although it maintains the same essential elements.", "In Jonathan's version, Leonard is instead named Earl and is a patient at a mental institution.", "As in the film, his wife was killed by an anonymous man, and during the attack on his wife, Earl lost his ability to create new long-term memories.", "Like Leonard, Earl leaves notes to himself and has tattoos with information about the killer.", "However, in the short story, Earl convinces himself through his own written notes to escape the mental institution and murder his wife's killer.", "Unlike the film, there is no ambiguity that Earl finds and kills the anonymous man.", "In July 1997, Christopher Nolan's girlfriend (later wife) Emma Thomas showed his screenplay to Aaron Ryder, an executive for Newmarket Films.", "Ryder said the script was, \"perhaps the most innovative script I had ever seen\", and soon after, it was optioned by Newmarket and given a budget of $4.5 million.", "Pre-production lasted seven weeks, during which the main shooting location changed from Montreal, Quebec to Los Angeles, California, to create a more realistic and \"noirish\" atmosphere for the film.", "Brad Pitt was initially slated to play Leonard.", "Pitt was interested in the part, but passed due to scheduling conflicts.", "Other considered actors included Aaron Eckhart (who would later work with Nolan on \"The Dark Knight\") and Thomas Jane, but the role went to Guy Pearce, who impressed Nolan the most.", "Pearce was chosen partly for his \"lack of celebrity\" (after Pitt passed, they \"decided to eschew the pursuit of A-list stars and make the film for less money by using an affordable quality actor\"), and his enthusiasm for the role, evidenced by a personal phone call Pearce made to Nolan to discuss the part.", "After being impressed by Carrie-Anne Moss' performance as Trinity in the 1999 science fiction film \"The Matrix\", Jennifer Todd suggested her for the part of Natalie.", "While Mary McCormack lobbied for the role, Nolan decided to cast Moss as Natalie, saying, \"She added an enormous amount to the role of Natalie that wasn't on the page\".", "For the corrupt police officer Teddy, \"comedian Denis Leary was mentioned, though proved unavailable\".", "Moss suggested her co-star from \"The Matrix\", Joe Pantoliano.", "Although there was a concern that Pantoliano might be too villainous for the part, he was still cast, and Nolan said he was surprised by the actor's subtlety in his performance.", "The rest of the film's characters were quickly cast after the three main leads were established.", "Stephen Tobolowsky and Harriet Sansom Harris play Sammy Jankis and his wife, respectively.", "Mark Boone Junior landed the role of Burt, the motel clerk, because Jennifer Todd liked his \"look and attitude\" for the part (as a result he has re-appeared in minor roles in other productions by Nolan).", "Filming took place from September 7 to October 8, 1999, a 25-day shooting schedule.", "Pearce was on set every day during filming, although all three principal actors (including Pantoliano and Moss) only performed together the first day, shooting exterior sequences outside Natalie's house.", "All of Moss' scenes were completed in the first week, including follow-up scenes at Natalie's home, Ferdy's bar, and the restaurant where she meets Leonard for the final time.", "Pantoliano returned to the set late in the second week to continue filming his scenes.", "On September 25, the crew shot the opening scene in which Leonard kills Teddy.", "Although the scene is in reverse motion, Nolan used forward-played sounds.", "For a shot of a shell casing flying upwards, the shell had to be dropped in front of the camera in forward motion, but it constantly rolled out of frame.", "Nolan was forced to blow the casing out of frame instead, but in the confusion, the crew shot it backwards.", "They then had to make an optical (a copy of the shot) and reverse the shot to make it go forward again.", "\"That was the height of complexity in terms of the film\", Nolan said.", "\"An optical to make a backwards running shot forwards, and the forwards shot is a simulation of a backwards shot.\"", "The next day, on September 26, Larry Holden returned to shoot the sequence where Leonard attacks Jimmy.", "After filming was completed five days later, Pearce's voice-overs were recorded.", "For the black-and-white scenes, Pearce was given free rein to improvise his narrative, allowing for a documentary feel.", "The Travel Inn in Tujunga, California, was repainted and used as the interior of Leonard's and Dodd's motel rooms and the exterior of the film's Discount Inn.", "Scenes in Sammy Jankis' house were shot in a suburban home close to Pasadena, while Natalie's house was located in Burbank.", "The crew planned to shoot the derelict building set (where Leonard kills Teddy and Jimmy) in a Spanish-styled brick building owned by a train company.", "However, one week before shooting began, the company placed several dozen train carriages outside the building, making the exterior unfilmable.", "Since the interior of the building had already been built as a set, a new location had to be found.", "An oil refinery near Long Beach was used instead, and the scene where Leonard burns his wife's possessions was filmed on the other side of the refinery.", "David Julyan composed the film's synthesized score.", "Julyan acknowledges several synthesized soundtracks that inspired him, such as Vangelis's \"Blade Runner\" and Hans Zimmer's \"The Thin Red Line\".", "While composing the score, Julyan created different, distinct sounds to differentiate between the color and black-and-white scenes: \"brooding and classical\" themes in the former, and \"oppressive and rumbly noise\" in the latter.", "Since he describes the entire score as \"Leonard's theme\", Julyan says, \"The emotion I was aiming at with my music was yearning and loss.", "But a sense of loss you feel but at the same time you don't know what it is you have lost, a sense of being adrift.\"", "Initially, Nolan wanted to use Radiohead's \"Paranoid Android\" during the end credits, but he was unable to secure the rights.", "Instead, David Bowie's \"Something in the Air\" is used, although another of Radiohead's songs, an extended version of \"Treefingers\", is included on the film's soundtrack.", "The film gained substantial word-of-mouth press from the film festival circuit.", "It premiered at the 2000 Venice Film Festival, where it received a standing ovation, and afterwards played at Deauville American Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival.", "With the publicity from these events, \"Memento\" did not have trouble finding foreign distributors, opening in more than 20 countries worldwide.", "Its promotion tour ended at the Sundance Film Festival, where it played in January 2001.", "Finding American distributors proved more troublesome.", "\"Memento\" was screened for various studio heads (including Miramax chief Harvey Weinstein) in March 2000.", "Although most of the executives loved the film and praised Nolan's talent, all passed on distributing the picture, believing it was too confusing and would not attract a large audience.", "After famed independent film director Steven Soderbergh saw the film and learned it was not being distributed, he championed the film in interviews and public events, giving it even more publicity, although he did not secure a distributor.", "Newmarket, in a financially risky move, decided to distribute the film itself.", "After the first few weeks of distribution, \"Memento\" had reached more than 500 theaters and earned a domestic total of $25 million in its box-office run.", "The film's success was surprising to those who passed on the film, so much so that Weinstein realized his mistake and tried to buy the film from Newmarket.", "Jonathan Nolan designed the film's official website.", "As with the marketing strategy of \"The Blair Witch Project\", the website was intended to provide further clues and hints to introduce the story, while not providing any concrete information.", "After a short intro on the website, the viewer is shown a newspaper clipping detailing Leonard's murder of Teddy.", "Clicking on highlighted words in the article leads to more material describing the film, including Leonard's notes and photographs as well as police reports.", "The filmmakers employed another tactic by sending out Polaroid pictures to random people, depicting a bloody and shirtless Leonard pointing at an unmarked spot on his chest.", "Since Newmarket distributed the film themselves, Christopher Nolan edited the film's trailers himself.", "Sold to inexpensive cable-TV channels like Bravo and A&E, and websites such as Yahoo and MSN, the trailers were key to the film gaining widespread public notice.", "\"Memento\" was released on DVD and VHS in the United States and Canada on September 4, 2001, and in the United Kingdom on January 14, 2002.", "The UK edition contains a hidden feature that allows the viewer to watch the film in chronological order.", "The Canadian version does not have this feature but the film chapters are set up to do this manually or through DVD programming.", "The original US release does not have the chronological feature nor are the chapters set up correctly to do it.", "The film was later re-released in a limited edition DVD that features an audio commentary by Christopher Nolan, the original short story by Jonathan Nolan on which the film was based, and a Sundance Channel documentary on the making of the film.", "The limited edition DVD also contains a hidden feature that allows the viewer to watch the film in chronological order.", "The Limited Edition DVD is packaged to look like Leonard's case file from a mental institution, with notes scribbled by \"doctors\" and Leonard on the inside.", "The DVD menus are designed as a series of psychological tests; the viewer has to choose certain words, objects, and multiple choice answers to play the movie or access special features.", "Leonard's \"notes\" on the DVD case offer clues to navigating the DVD.", "Some of the \"materials\" seem designed to induce paranoia and uncertainty (a picture of one person whispering to another is captioned, \"They know what you did\"), alluding to Shelby's mental state.", "\"Memento\" was re-released in the UK on a 3-disc Special Edition DVD on December 27, 2004.", "This release contains all the special features that are on the two US releases in one package plus a couple of new interviews.", "The menus appear as tattoos on Leonard's body and are more straightforward than the US 2-disc limited edition DVD.", "\"Memento\" was released on Blu-ray on August 15, 2006.", "This release lacks the special features contained on the Limited Edition DVD, but does include the audio commentary by director Christopher Nolan.", "The single-layer disc features an MPEG-2 1080p transfer and PCM 5.1 surround audio.", "The film was also released on iTunes as a digital download.", "The film was re-released on the Blu-ray and DVD in the USA on February 22, 2011 by Lionsgate following the 10th anniversary of the film.", "Both the Blu-ray and DVD have a new transfer that was also shown in theaters recently .", "Aside from the transfer, the Blu-ray contains a new special featurette by Nolan on the film's legacy.", "\"Memento\" was a box office success.", "In the United States, during its opening weekend, it was released in only 11 theaters, but by week 11 it was distributed to more than 500 theaters.", "It grossed over $25 million in North America and $14 million in other countries, making the film's total worldwide gross some $40 million as of August 2007.", "During its theatrical run, it did not place higher than eighth in the list of highest-grossing movies for a single weekend.", "\"Memento\" was met with critical acclaim.", "On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 92% based on 169 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10.", "The site's critical consensus reads, \"Christopher Nolan skillfully guides the audience through \"Memento\"'s fractured narrative, seeping his film in existential dread.\"", "On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Film critic James Berardinelli gave the film four out of four stars, ranking it number one on his year-end Top Ten list and number sixty-three on his All-Time Top 100 films.", "In his review, he called it an \"endlessly fascinating, wonderfully open-ended motion picture that will be remembered by many who see it as one of the best films of the year\".", "Berardinelli praised the film's backwards narrative, saying that \"what really distinguishes this film is its brilliant, innovative structure\", and noted that Guy Pearce gives an \"astounding ... tight, and thoroughly convincing performance\".", "In 2009, Berardinelli chose \"Memento\" as his #3 best movie of the decade.", "William Arnold of the \"Seattle Post-Intelligencer\" writes that \"Memento\" is a \"delicious one-time treat\", and emphasizes that director Christopher Nolan \"not only makes \"Memento\" work as a non-linear puzzle film, but as a tense, atmospheric thriller\".", "Rob Blackwelder noted that \"Nolan has a crackerjack command over the intricacies of this story.", "He makes every single element of the film a clue to the larger picture ... as the story edges back toward the origins of Leonard's quest\".", "Not all critics were impressed with the film's structure.", "Marjorie Baumgarten wrote, \"In forward progression, the narrative would garner little interest, thus making the reverse storytelling a filmmaker's conceit.\"", "Sean Burns of the \"Philadelphia Weekly\" commented that \"For all its formal wizardry, \"Memento\" is ultimately an ice-cold feat of intellectual gamesmanship.", "Once the visceral thrill of the puzzle structure begins to wear off, there's nothing left to hang onto.", "The film itself fades like one of Leonard's temporary memories.\"", "While Roger Ebert gave the film a favorable three out of four stars, he did not think it warranted multiple viewings.", "After watching \"Memento\" twice, he concluded that \"Greater understanding helped on the plot level, but didn't enrich the viewing experience.", "Confusion is the state we are intended to be in.\"", "Jonathan Rosenbaum disliked the film, and commented in his review of \"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\" that \"Memento\" is a \"gimmicky and unpoetic counterfeit\" of Alain Resnais's 1968 film \"Je t'aime, je t'aime\".", "In 2005, the Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay #100 on its list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written.", "In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the fourteenth best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership.", "Many medical experts have cited \"Memento\" as featuring one of the most realistic and accurate depictions of anterograde amnesia in the history of motion pictures.", "Caltech neuroscientist Christof Koch called \"Memento\" \"the most accurate portrayal of the different memory systems in the popular media\", while physician Esther M. Sternberg, Director of the Integrative Neural Immune Program at the National Institute of Mental Health, identified the film as \"close to a perfect exploration of the neurobiology of memory.\"", "Since its release, \"Memento\" has been a widely noted topic of film discussion, both for its unique narrative structure and themes.", "Those searching for explanations of the film's plot have either resorted to online forums, message boards or scholarly material, or have ignored the film's official website and forums in order to maintain their own personal hypotheses.", "In an article for \"The Dissolve\" analyzing Nolan's work, Mike D'Angelo cites \"Memento\" as \"a masterful study in deliberate self-delusion,\" alluding to Leonard's own actions towards the end of the film and his role as an unreliable narrator.", "On the same topic of self-deception, James Mooney of filmandphilosophy.com notes that the film suggests how \"our memories deceive us, or rather, sometimes we deceive ourselves by 'choosing' to forget or by manipulating our memories of past events.\"", "This is much in line with a psychological analysis of the film, specifically the act of confabulation.", "Leonard's use of confabulation poses the dilemma, as explained by SUNY Downstate Medical Center Professor John Kubie for BrainFacts.org: \"In \"Memento\" we are faced with the question of how much of Leonard's memory of the past is real and how much constructed from beliefs and wishes.\"", "Author Chuck Klosterman has written in-depth about \"Memento\" in his essay collection \"\", specifically on the diner scene with Leonard and Natalie.", "The film was nominated for Academy Awards in Original Screenplay and Film Editing, but did not win in either category.", "Because Jonathan Nolan's short story was not published before the film was released, it was nominated for Original Screenplay instead of Adapted Screenplay and both Christopher and Jonathan received a nomination.", "It was also nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival, but lost to \"The Believer\".", "However, it won 13 awards for Best Screenplay and five awards for Best Picture from various film critic associations and festivals, including the Chicago Film Critics Association and the Sundance Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award.", "Christopher Nolan was nominated for three Best Director awards including the Directors Guild of America Award and was awarded one from the Independent Spirit Awards.", "Pearce was accorded Best Actor from the San Diego Film Critics Society and the Las Vegas Film Critics Society.", "The film was also nominated for the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics.", "AMBI Pictures announced in November 2015 that it plans to remake \"Memento\", one of several film rights that AMBI acquired from its acquisition of Exclusive Media.", "Monika Bacardi, an executive for AMBI Pictures, stated that they plan to \"stay true to Christopher Nolan's vision and deliver a memorable movie that is every bit as edgy, iconic and award-worthy as the original\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 447007, "simple_article_title": "Memento (movie)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=447007", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-447007-0-0", "simple-447007-0-1", "simple-447007-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Memento is a 2000 American mystery-thriller movie directed by Christopher Nolan.", "It stars Guy Pearce, Carrie-Anne Moss, Joe Pantoliano, Mark Boone Junior, and Larry Holden.", "It was released on October 20, 2000." ] } }

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footballer who played as a second striker and an attacking midfielder for the Egyptian club Al Ahly and Egypt national team; he also played for Tersana, as well as Baniyas.", "With nicknames such as \"El Magico\", \"Amir El Qolob\" (prince of hearts) and \"Arab's Zidane\", he is often considered the best midfielder in the Egyptian history and is widely regarded as one of the greatest African footballers of all time.", "Aboutrika has the record of most Africa Best Player of the Year (4 times, in 2006, 2008, 2012, and 2013).", "The award is given by CAF for the players based in Africa.", "He also came second in the African Footballer of the Year award in 2008 after Emmanuel Adebayor, and was one of five nominees for the 2006 award, and one of the ten nominated for the 2013 award.", "Aboutrika won the African Cup of Nations in 2006 with the Egyptian national team.", "He also scored the winning goal to help Egypt win the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations.", "He helped his club Al-Ahly to win the bronze medal in the FIFA Club World Cup in 2006.", "In the first half of Egyptian league 2003–2004, Aboutrika scored 3 goals for Tersana.", "In January 2004, he was offered a position in Egypt's and Africa's top football team, Al Ahly.", "He scored 11 goals in his first and only 13 appearances with Al Ahly in 2003–2004 league, coming in the second place between top scorers in the Egyptian League with 14 goals.", "Aboutrika's efforts with Ahly led to attention from the Egyptian national team, and he started the game against Trinidad and Tobago in a friendly match before the World Cup 2006 qualifiers on 31 March 2004 in Arab Contractors Stadium.", "The first starting game for Aboutrika ended 2–1 for the Egyptians.", "He started as an attacker, but was found to play better when he played his normal position behind the attackers in the midfield position.", "Aboutrika scored his first national goal in this game.", "He scored 5 goals in his first 6 appearances with Egypt in 2004 and 2005.", "In 2005, Al-Ahly regained the Egyptian League Championship after four years out of top position, Aboutrika came in the third place between topscorers in the Egyptian League with 9 goals, and helped his teammate Emad Moteab to be the top scorer of competition.", "Also in 2005, Aboutrika played a great role in Al-Ahly victory of the 2005 CAF Champions League, he scored an amazing goal in the final with an outrageous effort from 30 yards out against Étoile Sportive du Sahel of Tunisia in a game ended 3–0 for Al-Ahly.", "Al-Ahly qualified for 2005 FIFA Club World Championship but finished last, Aboutrika told FIFA.com the reason saying: \"Our problem was that we lost our form, for some reason we could not play like we had before arriving in Japan\".", "Before Japan, with Aboutrika on board, Al-Ahly was about to make a new world record for the longest winning-streak for a football club.", "Some have commented that the combination with Emad Moteab and Mohamed Barakat formed the most formidable triangle in African Soccer, and they were given the moniker of \"The Bermuda Triangle\".", "The Angolan striker Flávio Amado replaces Barakat sometimes, playing a great role in forming this dangerous triangle.", "He proved to be his international team's trump card en route to victory in the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in February, when he scored two important goals against Libya and Ivory Coast.", "He was the winning goal assistant, in the Semi-final match against Senegal when Amr Zaki scored in the 80th minute.", "He was very dominant in that game, but his accurate shot hit the bar.", "In the final match, Aboutrika scored the decisive penalty in the shootout which gave Egypt the title.", "Aboutrika led Al-Ahly to the 2006 CAF Champions League title for the second successive time in November 2006.", "He was the top scorer of the competition with 8 goals, and scored the final match winning goal against CS Sfaxien in the 92nd minute.", "He participated also with Al-Ahly in winning the CAF Super Cup against FAR Rabat of Morocco, days after the Africa Cup of Nations in February.", "Locally, he got the Egyptian Premier League in June when he was the top scorer by 18 goals, and won Egypt Cup, then the Egyptian Super Cup in July when he scored the winning goal against ENPPI in the 92nd minute despite having suffered an injury in the first half.", "Japanese newspapers nominated Aboutrika to be one of the best players in 2006 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan, the last tournament in Aboutrika's great year.", "Al-Ahly was one of the African representatives, and the first team ever to be qualified two successive times to this championship, and the first African team to win a medal in that competition.", "In the opening match of the tournament against Auckland City FC of New Zealand on 10 Dec 2006, Aboutrika helped Al-Ahly to secure and book a semi-final date with Internacional of Brazil.", "Al-Ahly won 2–0 easily, and Aboutrika capped a fine display by stroking a superbly flighted free-kick over the wall scoring the second goal for his team.", "As well as netting with his delightful right-foot effort, Aboutrika was at the heart of most his side's best moves, dictating the rhythm with his skill and vision.", "In the semi-finals, Al-Ahly faced Brazilian Internacional on 13 December 2006, and Aboutrika played a good game, but his accurate shot hit the Brazilian right-hand post to deprive his team from a deserved draw.", "Al-Ahly lost the match 2–1, but proved a good efficiency, yet the ball refused to be netted in many available chances to score in Brazilian goalkeeper.", "Al-Ahly faced Club América of Mexico, for the third place, and Aboutrika gave Al-Ahly the lead with an amazing free-kick over the wall, ending the first half 1–0 for Al-Ahly.", "In the second half, America made the draw, but just as usual, Aboutrika appeared in the 79th minute with a skilled ball, he showed yet again why he is on the shortlist for the African player of the year.", "After surging out of midfield and finding Flavio Amado with a pinpoint pass, the mercurial playmaker latched on to the Angolan's return ball and calmly slotted the ball past Mexican goalkeeper for his third goal of the tournament.", "Al-Ahly won the third place, after Aboutrika lifted his team to an unprecedented result for the Egyptian club or any African outfit.", "Personally, he became the top scorer of tournament by 3 goals in 3 matches.", "Aboutrika won all the competitions he participated in this year, and got the bronze medal for Al-Ahly in 2006 FIFA Club World Cup.", "He was the top scorer in three competitions, which are 2006 FIFA Club World Cup with 3 goals, Egyptian Premier League with 18 goals and 2006 CAF Champions League with 8 goals.", "Aboutrika scored in other competitions, and made brilliant assistants to strikers.", "To the FIFA.com expression, was nominated to win the 2006 CAF African Footballer of the Year award along with Chelsea striker Didier Drogba and FC Barcelona forward Samuel Eto'o.", "The other nominees for the honour were Ghana international midfielder Michael Essien, who played for Italian Giants AC Milan, and Nigeria's Nwankwo Kanu, who has twice grabbed the award.", "Aboutrika said in November 2006: \"I would love to be nominated for the CAF Best Player award.", "That would make 2006 a very special year!\".", "Aboutrika was the only African based player between nominees, but he is also the only one who made an achievement for his national team that year by winning African Cup of Nations 2006.", "Aboutrika's brace in 2006 FIFA Club World Cup and his dazzling performances throughout the season made him a serious contender for the CAF African Footballer of the Year award (as well as the BBC one) and secured his standing as Egypt's most popular personality.", "He did not win the prize but got second place and later was given \"best inter-club player\" and \"best player in the CAF Champions League.\"", "\"Aboutrika has won the highest prize any person can achieve, that is the love of the people,\" sports columnist Hassan Mistikawi wrote in the top-selling state-owned \"Al-Ahram\" daily.", "Al-Ahly Portuguese coach Manuel José de Jesus describes Aboutrika as \"the best football player in Africa\".", "He said that Aboutrika has more and more skills that did not appear in Japan.", "He said: \"Aboutrika didn't introduce all what he has in FIFA Club World Cup 2006, but he got the top scorer title and helped leading his team to the third place\".", "José sees Aboutrika as one of the best players he ever trained.", "He assured this meaning saying: \"Aboutrika is priceless for us.", "I can't imagine my team without him\".", "In 2007, Al-Ahly won the Egyptian Premier League (2006–2007) for the third successive season.", "Aboutrika scored 7 goals for his team, although he was injured.", "Al-Ahly won the Egypt Cup 2007 for the second successive time.", "Aboutrika was the top goalscorer of the competition with 4 goals.", "He scored a double kick memorable goal against Tala'ea El-Gaish SC in the 8-round game which ended 3–1 for Al-Ahly.", "In the final, Al-Ahly faced his rival Zamalek SC.", "Aboutrika made a one neck-saving equalizer in the last 2 minutes on 2 July 2007 in the Egypt Cup resulting in extra-time after tying 2–2.", "After El-Zamalek grabbed their third in the first half of extra-time, Aboutrika dazzeled the stands with two great balls, one an assisted cross over the whites' defense to Osama Hosny to score the equalizer in second half of extra-time in the first seconds of the game and within a minute, he surged between the Zamalek's midfield and passed two Zamalek players before providing an accurate through pass to Ahmad Sedik on the wing who went through on goal and assisted again for Osama Hosny for the late winner and holding high the Egyptian Cup.", "After that, Al-Ahly won the Egyptian Super Cup 2007 for the third successive time, through shootouts, after tying 1–1 with Ismaily.", "In 2007 CAF Champions League, Aboutrika scored 4 goals for Al-Ahly until now, to raise his African goals to the number 15.", "Al-Ahly faced Étoile Sportive du Sahel of Tunisia in the final match.", "Al-Ahly was having the chance to be the first team in the World to reach FIFA Club World Cup three successive times, and the first team in Africa to win CAF Champions League three successive times.", "However, the two legs ended seeing Étoile Sportive du Sahel of Tunisia lifting the cup.", "He won the title Best Player in Egypt for 2007 the fourth successive time after 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 setting a new Egyptian record.", "African Cup of Nations 2008", "In 2008, Aboutrika scored 4 goals for Egypt in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations.", "He scored the winning goal against Cameroon in the final match, helping Egypt to win the African Cup of Nations for the second consecutive tournament.", "Aboutrika also scored a goal in the semi-final against Ivory Coast, and scored twice against Sudan in Egypt's group stage match.", "Aboutrika scored a goal in the final match.", "In the previous tournament in 2006, he scored the latest decisive penalty shootout in the final match against Ivory Coast to give Egypt the cup.", "With his team Al-Ahly of Egypt, Aboutrika was the hero of final matches again, through scoring a goal in the final match second leg both 2006 and 2005 CAF Champions League helping his team lift the continental cup.", "Aboutrika was nominated the best player in the Ghana 2008 final match.", "Aboutrika has rehealed from injury in August, after missing the group stage start of 2008 CAF Champions League with his team Al-Ahly.", "He marked his first participation in the group stage scoring the winning goal for Al-Ahly on 93rd minute against Dynamos F.C. of Zimbabwe in an 8-round game ended 2–1 for the Egyptian side.", "On 30 August, he helped Al-Ahly to grab the 3 points from Zimbabwe, after making the winning goal, scored by his favourite teammate Mohamed Barakat.", "Al-Ahly achieved 1–0 win.", "On 14 September, Aboutrika scored the second goal for Al-Ahly against the rivals Zamalek SC of Egypt, in a group game ended 2–2.", "Aboutrika scored again in the final group match against ASEC Mimosas, a game ended 2–2 as Aboutrika netted the first goal for Al-Ahly.", "A draw sealed first place in Group A for Al-Ahly with 12 points from six matches while Dynamos of Zimbabwe joined them in the semi-finals of the 3.5-million-dollar competition.", "Aboutrika was crowned the 2008 BBC African Footballer of the Year.", "He won after taking more than half of the total ballot.", "Mohamed Aboutrika (Al-Ahly, Egypt), Emmanuel Adebayor (Arsenal, Togo), Amr Zaki (Wigan Athletic, Egypt), Didier Drogba (Chelsea F.C., Ivory Coast) and Michael Essien (Chelsea F.C., Ghana) make up the shortlist for the Glo-CAF African Footballer of the Year across the world.", "The Confederation of African Football (CAF) on Wednesday in Lagos, Nigeria, announced the final shortlist of categories for the Glo-CAF Awards 2008.", "The final three for the title was decided following votes from the head coaches of the 53 national associations affiliated to CAF.", "For the topmost honour, Glo-CAF Player of the Year across the world, the contenders are Emmanuel Adebayor (Arsenal and Togo), Michael Essien (Chelsea and Ghana) and Mohamed Aboutrika (Al-Ahly and Egypt).", "The shortlist for the Glo-CAF Best Player on the Continent are Mohamed Aboutrika (Al-Ahly, Egypt), Ahmed Hassan (Al-Ahly, Egypt), Flavio Amado (Al-Ahly, Angola).", "The winner of the two categories will be announced at the awards gala on 10 February, in Lagos, Nigeria.", "Aboutrika was a member in Egypt football national team line-up in 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup.", "Egypt were drawn in Group B along with Brazil, Italy and USA.", "Egypt started with Brazil on 15 June, a game ended 4–3 for the Brazilian side.", "Aboutrika assisted Egypt's two goals, to his teammate Mohamed Zidan who scored twice.", "The Italian sports journalist Gabriele Marcotti has also been highly impressed with Aboutrika's performance against Brazil, and praised Aboutrika's career with football in general.", "Egypt faced Italy on 18 June, a game ended with a victory 1–0 for Egypt.", "Aboutrika assisted Egypt's goal, to his teammate Mohamed Soliman \"Homos\" who scored with a header.", "FIFA World Cup 2010 Qualifiers", "On 7 June, Aboutrika scored in Egypt's world cup qualifier against Algeria in Algeria but Egypt lost 3–1.", "On 4 July, Aboutrika played in Egypt's world cup qualifier against Rwanda in Egypt, helping the Egyptians win 3–0, and scored the first and the third goal, making the Egyptian team second after Algeria, in their group.", "Aboutrika reached his fifth goal in FIFA World Cup 2010 Qualifiers.", "Port Said Stadium disaster", "After the Port Said Stadium disaster, on 1 February 2012, Aboutrika decided to retire from professional football, along with Emad Motaeb and Mohamed Barakat, then he decided to get back to football.", "Around a week later, the Egyptian Premier League had been cancelled.", "Aboutrika had finished the uncompleted campaign with 4 goals in 14 games.", "Aboutrika helped Al-Ahly won his seventh continental title of CAF Champions League scoring 6 goals.", "His most impressive match was on 14 May 2012.", "Ahly were down 1–0 at home to Stade Malien in a second leg CAF Champions League match and were down 2–0 on aggregate.", "Aboutrika was subbed on in the 42nd minute for Mohamed Shawky and in the second half, he scored his first ever CAF Champions League hat-trick, 2 of which were scored in the last 8 minutes of the match.", "He scored the first from a wonderfully curled free-kick from 28 yards out.", "He then scored the second from a penalty in the 82nd minute.", "Finally, he blasted the third from into the top right corner from 12 yards out to get the hat-trick, complete the comeback, and secure Al-Ahly a place in the 2012 CAF Champions League group stage.", "On 22 July 2012, he scored against Al-Zamalek to win 1–0 in the group stage match.", "Aboutrika was one of the three overage players participated with Egypt in London 2012, and was the team's captain.", "Aboutrika scored Egypt's first goal in the tournament against Brazil in a loss 3–2.", "In the second game, Aboutrika's assist for Mohamed Salah picked a 1–1 draw against New Zealand.", "In the third game against Belarus, Aboutrika assisted a goal for Mohamed Salah and scored another to help Egypt win 3–1 and claim a quarter-final berth.", "Egypt qualifying for the Olympic quarter-finals on 1 August, six months to the day after being devastated by Port Said Stadium disaster.", "For no-one was the triumph more poignant than the team's captain, Mohamed Aboutrika.", "It is hardly surprising to hear that the 33-year-old will never forget what he saw that dreadful night, which ended with him comforting the injured and dying in a chaotic Al Ahly dressing room.", "What is unexpected is to hear him say that he doesn’t wish to forget.", "However, as Aboutrika explained, it is his desire to honour the 74 who lost their lives in Port Said which compels him to keep them uppermost in his thoughts as he leads the national team onwards at London 2012.", "\"Those people are always in my mind because we held them as they were dying,\" he recalled.", "\"They are always with us and they give us strong motivation to honour them and give everything we have.", "We try to help their families in whatever way we can, and hopefully winning here will provide the all people back home with some happiness.\"", "Aboutrika scored the winner goal for Al Ahly in a 2–1 victory over Japanese side Sanfrecce Hiroshima.", "A goal secured his team a place in the Quarter-finals.", "Al-Ahly came fourth in the tournament.", "Aboutrika became the joint all-time top scorer in the FIFA Club World Cup with 4 goals along with Lionel Messi and Denilson.", "Africa Based Player of the Year", "Aboutrika was crowned African player of the Year Based in Africa.", "The 34-year-old secured his third title after winning the same award in 2008 and 2006.", "On the first half of the year, Aboutrika agreed to join Baniyas SC for loan.", "He helped the Emirati team to win Gulf Champions League, scoring in the semi final and final matches.", "He scored also in his debut match with the team.", "Aboutrika returned to Al-Ahly to help Al Ahly retain his continental title.", "In his first match after return, he scored against Zamalek SC in the 2013 CAF Champions League group stage.", "The game ended 1–1, and this was Aboutrika's 12th goal in Cairo Derby, as a personal record.", "On 15 September, Aboutrika scored his 13th goal in Cairo Derby, became the top goalscorer in all Cairo Derby matches alongside Al Ahly Legend Mahmoud Mokhtar El-Tetsh.", "Al Ahly won 4–2 and set to advance to the Semi-finals of 2013 CAF Champions League.", "In the semi-final first leg held on 6 October at Cameroon, Aboutrika grabbed the equaliser against Coton Sport FC de Garoua in the first leg which ended 1–1.", "In the final match first leg in Orlando Stadium Aboutrika scored Al-Ahly's goal in a 1–1 draw against Orlando Pirates of South Africa on 2 November.", "In the second leg held in Cairo on 10 November, Aboutrika opened the 2–0 score for Al-Ahly to retains his title.", "That was Aboutrika's goal number 32 for Al-Ahly in African Competitions.", "He is the second all-time top scorer after Al-Ahly legend Mahmoud El Khatib who scored 37 goals.", "Aboutrika have made 21 assists in continental matches too.", "Individually, Aboutrika was named in July by Goal.com in the Goal 50 list for (2012/2013) season.", "He took the 29th spot.", "He is the first Africa-based player to appear in the Goal 50 for a second time after being named in 45th spot in 2009.", "On the international level, On 26 March, Aboutrika grabbed a last minute goal for Egypt national football team against Zimbabwe national football team in a World Cup Qualifier helping hosts to win 2–1.", "On 9 June, he started the score sheet in Harare and Egypt won 4–2, and made two assists for his teammate Mohamed Salah.", "On 10 September, Aboutrika played his 100th historic cap with Egypt national football team against Guinea national football team in a World Cup Qualifier.", "He scored a goal and assisted two goals for Mohamed Salah and Amr Zaki.", "Egypt won 4–2 and set to advance to a two-leg play-off during October and November against Ghana, with the winners qualifying for Brazil 2014.", "Aboutrika is the second joint top scorer of the CAF second round qualifiers with 5 goals in 6 qualifiers, and 9 assists.", "After scoring in the play-off against Ghana, he became the all-time top scorer of Egypt in the World Cup Qualifiers with 14 goals.", "On 5 December 2013, the Confederation of African Football's (CAF) announced its reduced shortlist of ten nominees for the 2013 Player of the Year award.", "Aboutrika was one of the final ten nominees.", "The head coaches of the national football associations affiliated to CAF voted to decide the eventual winner of the award.", "The winner, Yaya Touré, was announced at the Glo-CAF Awards Gala on 9 January in Lagos, Nigeria.", "He announced his retirement via Twitter on 20 December 2013, after Egypt failed to qualify to FIFA WORLD CUP 2014 in Brazil .", "As of 19 November 2013, Aboutrika scored 38 goals in 100 matches for Egypt.", "He debuted against Estonia on 19 March 2001, but had to wait for 3 years to receive another call-up.", "His second call-up witnessed his first international goal against Trinidad and Tobago on 31 March 2004.", "He became an essential player since then, and scored 5 goals in his first 6 appearances with Egypt in 2004 and 2005.", "Aboutrika helped Egypt win two consecutive African Cup of Nations in 2006 and 2008 scoring the decisive penalty kick in 2006 final match, and the only winning goal in 2008 final.", "Also, he is the all-time top scorer of Egypt in the World Cup Qualifiers with 14 goals.", "Aboutrika was an essential member of the Egyptian team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifier.", "He scored 3 goals in the first 3 matches of the qualifiers.", "The first goal was against Sudan on 6 June 2004 in a 3–0 victory in Khartoum Stadium.", "The second goal came on 20 June 2004, in Alexandria Stadium in a loss 2–1 against Ivory Coast.", "The third goal was in Benin on 4 July 2004 helped Egypt to get a tie 3–3 from hosts in Stade de l'Amitié.", "Aboutrika proved to be his international team's trump card en route to victory in the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in February, when he scored two important goals against Libya and Ivory Coast.", "He was the winning goal assistant, in the Semi-final match against Senegal when Amr Zaki scored in the 80th minute.", "He was very dominant in that game, but his accurate shot hit the bar.", "In the final match, Aboutrika scored the decisive penalty in the shootout which gave Egypt the title.", "Aboutrika was part of the Egyptian team which defended their title in 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana.", "Aboutrika scored 4 goals for Egypt.", "The most important goal was the winning goal against Cameroon in the final match, helping Egypt to win the African Cup of Nations for the second consecutive tournament.", "Aboutrika also scored a goal in the semi-final against Ivory Coast, and scored twice against Sudan in Egypt's group stage match.", "Aboutrika was a member in Egypt football national team line-up in 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup.", "Egypt were drawn in Group B along with Brazil, Italy and USA.", "Egypt started with Brazil on 15 June, a game ended 4–3 for the Brazilian side.", "Aboutrika assisted Egypt's two goals, to his teammate Mohamed Zidan who scored twice.", "The Italian sports journalist Gabriele Marcotti has also been highly impressed with Aboutrika's performance against Brazil, and praised Aboutrika's career with football in general.", "Egypt faced Italy on 18 June, a game ended with a victory 1–0 for Egypt.", "Aboutrika assisted Egypt's goal, to his teammate Mohamed Soliman \"Homos\" who scored with a header.", "After the friendly match against Argentina, Aboutrika had an injury which deprived him from being a member along the national team in the first 4 matches played in June, in FIFA World Cup 2010 Qualifiers.", "He marked his national return against Congo DR in Kinshasa on 7 September 2008 scoring the winning goal for Egypt, to secure the Pharaohs' place in the second round of Qualifications.", "He scored another goal in his second match in the qualifiers against Djibouti.", "On 7 June 2009, Aboutrika scored in Egypt's world cup qualifier against Algeria in Algeria but Egypt lost 3–1.", "On 4 July 2009, Aboutrika played in Egypt's world cup qualifier against Rwanda in Egypt, helping the Egyptians win 3–0, and scored the first and the third goal, making the Egyptian team second after Algeria, in their group.", "Aboutrika reached his fifth goal in FIFA World Cup 2010 Qualifiers.", "Aboutrika was one of the three overage players participated with Egypt in London 2012, and was the team's captain.", "Aboutrika scored Egypt's first goal in the tournament against Brazil in a loss 3–2.", "In the second game, Aboutrika's assist for Mohamed Salah picked a 1–1 draw against New Zealand.", "In the third game against Belarus, Aboutrika assisted a goal for Mohamed Salah and scored another to help Egypt win 3–1 and claim a quarter-final berth.", "Egypt qualifying for the Olympic quarter-finals on 1 August, six months to the day after being devastated by Port Said Stadium disaster.", "For no-one was the triumph more poignant than the team's captain, Mohamed Aboutrika.", "It is hardly surprising to hear that the 33-year-old will never forget what he saw that dreadful night, which ended with him comforting the injured and dying in a chaotic Al Ahly dressing room.", "What is unexpected is to hear him say that he doesn’t wish to forget.", "However, as Aboutrika explained, it is his desire to honour the 79 who lost their lives in Port Said which compels him to keep them uppermost in his thoughts as he leads the national team onwards at London 2012.", "\"Those people are always in my mind because we held them as they were dying,\" he recalled.", "\"They are always with us and they give us strong motivation to honour them and give everything we have.", "We try to help their families in whatever way we can, and hopefully winning here will provide the all people back home with some happiness.\"", "In the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, Aboutrika was the second joint top scorer of the Second Round Qualifiers with 5 goals and 9 assists in 6 qualifiers.", "The first two goals came on Stade du 28 Septembre, helping Egypt to get a win 3–2 over Guinea.", "On 26 March 2013, Aboutrika grabbed his third goal, a last minute penalty kick for Egypt against Zimbabwe helping hosts to win 2–1.", "On 9 June, he started the score sheet in Harare and Egypt won 4–2, and made two assists for his teammate Mohamed Salah.", "On 10 September 2013, Aboutrika played his 100th historic cap with Egypt national football team against Guinea in a World Cup Qualifier.", "He scored a goal and assisted two goals for Mohamed Salah and Amr Zaki.", "Egypt set to advance to a two-leg play-off during October and November against Ghana, with the winners qualifying for Brazil 2014.", "Aboutrika scored Egypt's only goal in Kumasi but Egypt got a shocking loss 6–1.", "Yet, Aboutrika became the joint top scorer of the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF) with 6 goals.", "In addition to 3 goals in 2006 qualifiers, and 5 goals in 2010 qualifiers, Aboutrika became the all-time top scorer of Egypt in the World Cup Qualifiers with 14 goals.", "Aboutrika is a graduate of Cairo University with a bachelor of arts degree in Philosophy.", "He is married and has twins, Ahmed and Seif, and Roqaya.", "After winning the title of African Champions League 2006 for Al-Ahly, he gave a declaration which had been chosen by many newspapers and programs as 'The Declaration of the year'.", "When newspapers reporters praised him and his goal which they considered the main reason for winning the tournament, he replied, \"We need to stop this habit of praising a definite player.", "It isn't Aboutrika who got the Cup, but the whole team.", "Without the others' efforts, I can't ever make anything.", "Football is a game played by many players, it isn't Tennis or Squash.\"", "Hassan El-Shazli, the well-known famous Egyptian player, discovered Aboutrika's talent and wanted to see it developed.", "Hassan El-Shazli related that Aboutrika and a defender were being sought out by the chairman of Tersana but the salary offered them was disparate in favor of Aboutrika.", "Hassan El-Shazli could not convince Aboutrika he was more valuable to the team than his potential teammate so he would not sign unless the salary was the same, the lower amount if need be.", "The salaries were set at the lower level and he signed.", "Bob Bradley, the American coach of Egypt national football team said in March 2013 about Aboutrika: \"Everywhere we went people would say, 'You must pick Aboutrika'.", "He's incredibly popular and the people love him.", "He's respected not just as a player but as a man.", "He did all of the right things to keep himself at a high level.", "He is without a doubt a leader for us, and he brings experience and intelligence in a way that can make a very big difference\".", "Known for his ingenuity at interpreting tactics as a player and an analyst, Aboutreika is the fourth Egyptian to join the leading Qatari channel beIN Sports.", "He is currently working as a football analyst for several domestic and international leagues in Europe, alongside with the exclusively broadcast AFCON and CAF Champions League.", "As his soccer star status grew in Africa, he turned his sights to humanitarian issues.", "Aboutrika said: \"Every athlete has a humanitarian role in society.", "He doesn't live solely for himself, but for others, too.", "I like to participate in charity work and try my best to help the poor and penniless.", "I'm also seeking to use soccer in humanitarian work.\"", "With that ideal, Aboutrika joined UNDP Goodwill Ambassadors the Brazilian player Ronaldo, and French player, Zinedine Zidane, in addition to 40 international soccer stars in 2005 for a ‘Match Against Poverty’ in Germany, with the aim of raising funds and increasing awareness about the issue worldwide.", "He scored in that match.", "\"In that humanitarian match, sports people said ‘no to poverty’ in one strong voice, standing up to beat it once and for all,\" Aboutrika explains.", "The match was held in Düsseldorf, Germany with the support of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association FIFA.", "One of Aboutrika's soccer role models, is the Egyptian player, Mahmoud El Khatib.", "Meanwhile, off the pitch he follows the example of the Prophet Mohammed.", "He volunteered to appear in a WFP 30-second Public Service Announcement (PSA) in which he draws attention to the tragic fact that 25,000 people die from hunger every day, 18,000 of them children.", "\"Hunger takes away a child every five seconds.", "We have to move immediately and lend each other a hand because every second counts.", "This is a game we have to win,\" Aboutrika said in the PSA.", "The PSA is being aired on Middle Eastern TV stations which are broadcasting it for free.", "Aboutrika is a WFP Ambassador Against Hunger.", "He believes that poverty is a double-edged sword, as it can either give rise to feelings of despair, or help the poor person to persevere and be determined.", "Aboutrika wishes that all those who suffer from despair could develop determination and face their difficulties with strength.", "\"Islam deals with the problem of poverty through zakat (spending a fixed portion of one's wealth for the poor or needy), where the rich feel the plight of the poor,\" says Aboutrika.", "\"We have to help the poor as much as we can so that they don’t feel alienated in their own society\" he says.", "Aboutrika volunteered for another PSA in Egypt, for helping children with cancer.", "He made it for free, and donated funds to help build a hospital for them.", "In January 2007, Aboutrika led the Blood Donation Campaign held by Egyptian Ministry of Health.", "He appeared in PSAs for free and donated with his blood.", "In October 2013, Aboutrika commissioned his own-sponsored mosque in Ghana when the Egyptian team arrived for the crucial 2014 World Cup playoff.", "The Al-Ahly ace is reported to have used his funds to build a much-needed mosque to serve the people of Tafo in the Ashanti Region.", "After scoring a goal in Egypt's 3–0 over Sudan in the 2008 African Cup of Nations Aboutrika removed his jersey to show a T-shirt reading \"Sympathize with Gaza\".", "He was protesting against Israel's 10-day blockade of Gaza.", "He was given a yellow card for breaking FIFA's rule against displaying political slogans during play, and was said to face possible further sanctions, but finally CAF made no punishments.", "Aboutrika initially did not want to discuss the issue, but he broke his silence and spoke exclusively Al Jazeera's Carrie Brown.", "He said that his action was a personal statement from himself, as he feels much sympathy for the children of Gaza Strip who are under siege.", "He feels sorry for their starving and suffering, and has many worries about their safety.", "Aboutrika affirmed for the Egyptian Football Federation that he is responsible for any problems appearing on surface.", "In the months and years since the Carrie Brown/Aboutrika interview, much has been made as to the true meanings of Aboutrika's statement.", "Some Arab commentators describes this yellow card as a 'honourable punishment' for any athlete.", "In Gaza, Palestinian people went out, raising Aboutrika's photos thanking him and appreciating his act.", "The same scene was replied after the final match, when Aboutrika scored the winning goal for Egypt, many Palestinians went out to celebrate the victory and singing for Aboutrika.", "Al-Hilal club in the Gaza Strip made an honouring ceremony for Aboutrika where youth team players lift flags reading \"Palestine loves Aboutrika \", \"Aboutrika is my idol\", \"Aboutrika, the humanitarian player..", "Gaza won't forget you\" and \"Aboutrika, an example of freedom and dignity\".", "Youth team players were wearing Aboutrika 's No22.", "Breaking with the tradition of soccer players standing on the sidelines of popular revolts in the Middle East and North Africa, if not supporting autocratic leaders, Aboutrika announced late that he would not be joining his fellow Al Ahly players on 9 September 2012 in Egypt Super Cup final against ENPPI, Egypt's first domestic match since this month's lifting of a seven-month ban on professional soccer.", "In doing so Aboutrika one of Egypt's most popular players, sided with Ultras Ahlawy, the club's militant, highly politicized, well organized, street-battle hardened support group.", "The group opposes the resumption of soccer as long as justice has not been done for the 74 Ahly supporters who were killed in February Egypt's worst sporting incident in a politically loaded brawl in the Suez Canal city of Port Said and fans are not allowed to attend matches.", "The brawl, which widely is believed to have been provoked by security forces in a bid to punish the ultras for their key role in the ousting of president Hosni Mubarak and violent opposition to the military that ruled Egypt until the election in July of president Mohammed Morsi in the country's first democratic poll, sparked the banning of soccer for most of this year.", "Aboutrika's assets were frozen in the spring of 2015 because of his shares in the Asshab Tours Company, whose manager was allegedly a Muslim Brother.", "Aboutrika denied any involvement in the Muslim Brotherhood saying the company's co-owner who was so accused had left the previous year.", "Aboutrika's two appeals were rejected, but then the administrative court overturned the verdict in June 2016.", "(Discourses of Public Behavior in Egypt / Sherifa Zuhur / Paper prepared for the Association of Middle Eastern and African Studies, September 2016.", "On 17 January 2017, Egypt has added him to a terror list for alleged ties to the outlawed Muslim Brotherhood, his lawyer told Reuters." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 636004, "simple_article_title": "Mohamed Aboutrika", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=636004", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-636004-0-0", "simple-636004-0-1", "simple-636004-0-2", "simple-636004-1-0", "simple-636004-1-1", "simple-636004-2-0", "simple-636004-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Mohamed Aboutrika (; born 7 November 1978) is a retired Egyptian footballer.", "He was a second striker and attacking midfielder for two teams in Egypt, Tersana and El Ahly.", "He played for Baniyas in the United Arab Emirates.", "Aboutrika came second in the \"African Footballer of the Year\" award in 2008.", "He was one of five nominees for the 2006 award, and one of ten nominees in 2013 for the award.", "Aboutrika graduated from Cairo University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy.", "He is married and has children named Ahmed, Seif, and Roqaya." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 245791, "normal_article_title": "Ankh", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245791", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-245791-0-0", "normal-245791-0-1", "normal-245791-1-0", "normal-245791-1-1", "normal-245791-1-2", "normal-245791-1-3", "normal-245791-1-4", "normal-245791-1-5", "normal-245791-1-6", "normal-245791-1-7", "normal-245791-2-0", "normal-245791-2-1", "normal-245791-2-2", "normal-245791-2-3", "normal-245791-2-4", "normal-245791-3-0", "normal-245791-3-1", "normal-245791-3-2", "normal-245791-4-0", "normal-245791-4-1", "normal-245791-5-0", "normal-245791-5-1", "normal-245791-5-2", "normal-245791-6-0", "normal-245791-6-1", "normal-245791-6-2", "normal-245791-6-3", "normal-245791-6-4", "normal-245791-6-5", "normal-245791-7-0", "normal-245791-7-1", "normal-245791-7-2", "normal-245791-7-3", "normal-245791-7-4", "normal-245791-7-5", "normal-245791-7-6", "normal-245791-7-7", "normal-245791-7-8", "normal-245791-8-0", "normal-245791-8-1", "normal-245791-8-2", "normal-245791-8-3", "normal-245791-8-4", "normal-245791-8-5", "normal-245791-8-6", "normal-245791-8-7", "normal-245791-8-8", "normal-245791-9-0", "normal-245791-9-1", "normal-245791-9-2", "normal-245791-9-3", "normal-245791-10-0", "normal-245791-10-1", "normal-245791-10-2", "normal-245791-10-3", "normal-245791-10-4", "normal-245791-10-5", "normal-245791-10-6", "normal-245791-11-0", "normal-245791-11-1", "normal-245791-11-2", "normal-245791-11-3", "normal-245791-12-0", "normal-245791-12-1", "normal-245791-12-2", "normal-245791-13-0", "normal-245791-13-1", "normal-245791-13-2", "normal-245791-13-3", "normal-245791-13-4", "normal-245791-14-0", "normal-245791-14-1", "normal-245791-15-0", "normal-245791-15-1", "normal-245791-15-2", "normal-245791-15-3", "normal-245791-16-0", "normal-245791-16-1", "normal-245791-17-0", "normal-245791-18-0", "normal-245791-18-1", "normal-245791-18-2", "normal-245791-18-3", "normal-245791-18-4", "normal-245791-19-0", "normal-245791-19-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The ankh is an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol that was most commonly used in writing and in art to represent the word for \"life\" and, by extension, as a symbol of life itself.", "Its use continued through the Coptic Egyptians who adapted it as the crux ansata, a variant of the Christian cross with a circular loop similar to the ankh's oval one.", "The sign has a cross shape but with an oval loop in place of an upper bar.", "The origins of the symbol are not known, although many hypotheses have been proposed.", "It was used in writing as a triliteral sign, representing a sequence of three consonants, \"Ꜥ-n-ḫ\".", "This sequence was found in several Egyptian words, including the words meaning \"mirror\", \"floral bouquet\", and \"life\".", "In art the symbol often appeared as a physical object representing either life or substances such as air or water that are related to it.", "It was especially commonly held in the hands of deities, or being given by them to the pharaoh, to represent their power to sustain life and to revive human souls in the afterlife.", "It was one of the most common decorative motifs in ancient Egypt and was adopted by neighbouring cultures as an artistic motif.", "Since the late 20th century, in the Western world, the symbol has come to be used decoratively, as a symbol of African cultural identity, Neopagan belief systems, and the Goth subculture.", "In ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, the ankh was a triliteral sign: one that represented a sequence of three consonant sounds.", "The ankh stood for the sequence \"Ꜥ-n-ḫ\", where \"n\" is pronounced like the English letter \"n\", \"Ꜥ\" is a voiced pharyngeal fricative, and \"ḫ\" is a voiceless or voiced velar fricative (sounds not found in English).", "In the Egyptian language, these consonants were found in the verb meaning \"live\", the noun meaning \"life\", and words derived from them, such as \"sꜤnḫ\", which means \"cause to live\" or \"nourish\".", "One of the common uses of the term was to express a wish that a particular person live.", "For example, a phrase meaning something like \"may you be healthy and alive\" was used in polite contexts, similar to the English phrase \"if you please\", and the phrase \"Ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb\", meaning \"alive, sound, and healthy\", was used as an honorific for the pharaoh when he was mentioned in writing.", "The same consonants were found in the word for \"mirror\" and the word for a floral bouquet, so the sign was also used in writing these words.", "The three consonants also compose the word for a looped rope-like object found in illustrations on many coffins from the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC).", "The Egyptologists Battiscombe Gunn and Alan Gardiner believed these objects to be sandal straps, given that they appear in pairs at the foot of the coffin and the accompanying texts say the objects are \"on the ground under his feet\".", "Early examples of the ankh sign date to the First Dynasty (c. 3000 BC).", "There is little agreement on what physical object the sign originally represented.", "Many scholars believe the sign is a knot formed of cloth or reeds, as early versions of the sign show the lower bar of the ankh as two separate lengths of flexible material that seem to correspond to the two ends of the knot.", "These early versions bear a resemblance to the \"tyet\" symbol, a sign that represented the concept of \"protection\".", "For these reasons, the Egyptologists Heinrich Schäfer and Henry Fischer thought the two signs had a common origin, and they regarded the ankh as a knot that was used as an amulet rather than for any practical purpose.", "Hieroglyphic writing used pictorial signs to represent sounds, so that, for example, the hieroglyph for a house could represent the sounds \"p-r\", which were found in the Egyptian word for \"house\".", "This practice, known as the rebus principle, allowed the Egyptians to represent things, such as abstract concepts, that could not be pictured.", "Gardiner believed the ankh originated in this way.", "He pointed out that the sandal-strap illustrations on Middle Kingdom coffins resemble the hieroglyph and argued that the sign originally represented knots like these and came to be used in writing all other words that contained the consonants \"Ꜥ-n-ḫ\".", "Gardiner's list of hieroglyphic signs labels the ankh as S34, placing it within the category for items of clothing and just after S33, the hieroglyph for a sandal.", "Gardiner's hypothesis is still current; James P. Allen, in an introductory book on the Egyptian language published in 2000, assumes that the sign originally meant \"sandal strap\" and uses it as one of the major examples of the rebus principle in hieroglyphic writing.", "Various authors have argued that the sign originally represented something other than cloth.", "Some have suggested that it had a sexual meaning.", "For instance, Thomas Inman, an amateur mythologist in the nineteenth century, thought the sign represented the male and female reproductive organs, joined into a single sign.", "Victor Loret, a nineteenth-century Egyptologist, argued that \"mirror\" was the sign's original meaning.", "A problem with this argument, which Loret acknowledged, is that deities are frequently shown holding the ankh by its loop, and their hands pass through it where the solid reflecting surface of an ankh-shaped mirror would be.", "In 2004, Andrew Gordon, an Egyptologist, and Calvin Schwabe, a veterinarian, argue that the origin of the ankh is related to two other signs of uncertain origin that often appear alongside it: the \"was\" staff, representing \"power\" or \"dominion\", and the \"djed\" pillar, representing \"stability\".", "According to this hypothesis, the form of each sign is drawn from a part of the anatomy of a bull, like some other hieroglyphic signs that are known to be based on body parts of animals.", "In Egyptian belief semen was connected with life and, to some extent, with \"power\" or \"dominion\", and some texts indicate the Egyptians believed semen originated in the bones.", "Therefore, Calvin and Schwabe suggest the signs are based on parts of the bull's anatomy through which semen was thought to pass: the ankh is a thoracic vertebra, the \"djed\" is the sacrum and lumbar vertebrae, and the \"was\" is the dried penis of the bull.", "In Egyptian belief, life was a force that circulated throughout the world.", "Individual living things, including humans, were manifestations of this force and fundamentally tied to it.", "Life came into existence at the creation of the world, and cyclical events like the rising and setting of the sun were thought of as reenactments of the original events of creation that maintained and renewed life in the cosmos.", "Sustaining life was thus the central function of the deities who governed these natural cycles.", "Therefore, the ankh was frequently depicted being held in gods' hands, representing their life-giving power.", "The Egyptians also believed that when they died their individual lives could be renewed in the same manner as life in general.", "For this reason, the gods were often depicted in tombs giving ankh signs to humans, usually the pharaoh.", "As the sign represented the power to bestow life, humans other than the pharaoh were rarely shown receiving or holding the ankh before the end of the Middle Kingdom, although this convention weakened thereafter.", "The pharaoh to some extent represented Egypt as a whole, so by giving the sign to him, the gods granted life to the entire nation.", "By extension of the concept of \"life\", the ankh could signify air or water.", "In artwork, gods hold the ankh up to the nose of the king: offering him the breath of life.", "Hand fans were another symbol of air in Egyptian iconography, and the human servants who normally carried fans behind the king were sometimes replaced in artwork by personified ankh signs with arms.", "In scenes of ritual purification, in which water was poured over the king or a deceased commoner, the zigzag lines that normally represented water could be replaced by chains of ankh signs.", "The ankh may have been used decoratively more than any other hieroglyphic sign.", "Mirrors, mirror cases, and floral bouquets were made in its shape, given that the sign was used in writing the name of each of these objects.", "Some other objects, such as libation vessels and sistra, were also shaped like the sign.", "The sign appeared very commonly in the decoration of architectural forms such as the walls and shrines within temples.", "In contexts such as these, the sign often appeared together with the \"was\" and \"djed\" signs, which together signified \"life, dominion, and stability\".", "In some decorative friezes in temples, all three signs, or the ankh and \"was\" alone, were positioned above the hieroglyph for a basket that represented the word \"all\": \"all life and power\" or \"all life, power, and stability\".", "Some deities, such as Ptah and Osiris, could be depicted holding a \"was\" scepter that incorporated elements of the ankh and \"djed\".", "Amulets made in the shape of hieroglyphic signs were meant to impart to the wearer the qualities represented by the sign.", "The Egyptians wore amulets in daily life as well as placing them in tombs to ensure the well-being of the deceased in the afterlife.", "Ankh-shaped amulets first appeared in the late Old Kingdom and continued to be used into the late first millennium BC, yet they were rare, despite the importance of the symbol.", "Amulets shaped like a composite of the ankh, \"djed\", and \"was\" were more widespread.", "Ankh signs in two-dimensional art were typically painted blue or black.", "The earliest ankh amulets were often made of gold or electrum, a gold and silver alloy.", "Egyptian faience, a ceramic that was usually blue or green, was the most common material for ankh amulets in later times, perhaps because its color represented life and regeneration.", "The people of Syria and Canaan adopted many Egyptian artistic motifs during the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000–1500 BC), including hieroglyphs, of which the ankh was by far the most common.", "It was often placed next to various figures in artwork or shown being held by Egyptian deities who had come to be worshipped in the Near East.", "It was sometimes used to represent water or fertility.", "Elsewhere in the Near East, the sign was incorporated into Anatolian hieroglyphs to represent the word for \"life\", and the sign was used in the artwork of the Minoan civilization centered on Crete.", "Minoan artwork sometimes combined the ankh, or the related \"tyet\" sign, with the Minoan double axe emblem.", "Artwork in the Meroitic Kingdom, which lay south of Egypt and was heavily influenced by its religion, features the ankh prominently.", "It appears in temples and funerary art in many of the same contexts as in Egypt, and it is also one of the most common motifs in the decoration of Meroitic pottery.", "The ankh was one of the few ancient Egyptian artistic motifs that continued to be used after the Christianization of Egypt during the 4th and 5th centuries AD.", "The sign resembles the staurogram, a sign that resembles a Christian cross with a loop to the right of the upper bar and was used by early Christians as a monogram for Jesus, as well as the \"crux ansata\", or \"handled cross\", which is shaped like an ankh with a circular rather than oval or teardrop-shaped loop.", "The staurogram has been suggested to be influenced by the ankh, but the earliest Christian uses of the sign date to around AD 200, well before the earliest Christian adoption of the ankh.", "The earliest known example of a \"crux ansata\" comes from a copy of the Gospel of Judas from the 3rd or early 4th century AD; the adoption of this sign may have been influenced by the staurogram, the ankh, or both.", "According to Socrates of Constantinople, when Christians were dismantling Alexandria's greatest temple, the Serapeum, in 391 AD, they noticed cross-like signs inscribed on the stone blocks.", "Pagans who were present said the sign meant \"life to come\", an indication that the sign Socrates referred to was the ankh; Christians claimed the sign was their own, indicating that they could easily regard the ankh as a \"crux ansata\".", "There is little evidence for the use of the \"crux ansata\" in the western half of the Roman Empire, but Egyptian Coptic Christians used it in many media, particularly in the decoration of textiles.", "Much more recently, the ankh has become a popular symbol in modern Western culture, particularly as a design for jewelry and tattoos.", "Its resurgence began when the counterculture of the 1960s stirred a greater interest in ancient religions.", "In the 21st century it is the most widely recognized symbol of African origin in the Western world, and it is sometimes used by people of African descent in the United States and Europe as a symbol of African cultural identity.", "The ankh also symbolizes Kemetism, a group of religious movements based on the religion of ancient Egypt.", "The sign is also popular in the Goth subculture, being particularly associated with vampires, because an ankh pendant appears prominently in the 1983 vampire film \"The Hunger\".", "The sign is incorporated twice in the Unicode standard for encoding text and symbols in computing.", "It appears as U+2625 (☥) in the Miscellaneous Symbols block and as U+132F9 (𓋹) in the Egyptian Hieroglyphs block." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 56465, "simple_article_title": "Ankh", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56465", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-56465-0-0", "simple-56465-0-1", "simple-56465-0-2", "simple-56465-0-3", "simple-56465-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The ankh was the Egyptian hieroglyphic character that stood for the word ʿnḫ, meaning life.", "Egyptian gods are often portrayed carrying it by its loop, or bearing one in each hand, arms crossed over their chest.", "It is also known as the Egyptian Cross, or as crux ansata, Latin for \"cross with a handle\".", "\"Ankhs\" are viewed as a protective symbol.", "Many Ancient Egyptian Gods are seen holding this item." ] } }

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{ "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-245791-0-0" ], "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-56465-0-0" ] }

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"normal-223529-94-0", "normal-223529-94-1", "normal-223529-95-0", "normal-223529-95-1", "normal-223529-96-0", "normal-223529-97-0", "normal-223529-97-1", "normal-223529-97-2", "normal-223529-98-0", "normal-223529-99-0", "normal-223529-100-0", "normal-223529-101-0", "normal-223529-102-0", "normal-223529-102-1", "normal-223529-103-0", "normal-223529-103-1", "normal-223529-103-2", "normal-223529-104-0", "normal-223529-104-1", "normal-223529-104-2", "normal-223529-104-3", "normal-223529-105-0", "normal-223529-106-0", "normal-223529-106-1", "normal-223529-106-2", "normal-223529-107-0", "normal-223529-107-1", "normal-223529-108-0", "normal-223529-108-1", "normal-223529-108-2", "normal-223529-108-3", "normal-223529-109-0", "normal-223529-110-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The River Trent is the third-longest river in the United Kingdom.", "Its source is in Staffordshire on the southern edge of Biddulph Moor.", "It flows through and drains most of the metropolitan central and northern Midlands south and east of its source north of Stoke-on-Trent.", "The river is known for dramatic flooding after storms and spring snowmelt, which in past times often caused the river to change course.", "The river passes through Stoke-on-Trent, Burton upon Trent and Nottingham before joining the River Ouse at Trent Falls to form the Humber Estuary, which empties into the North Sea between Hull in Yorkshire and Immingham in Lincolnshire.", "The course of the river has often been described as the boundary between the Midlands and the north of England.", "The name \"Trent\" is from a Celtic word possibly meaning \"strongly flooding\".", "More specifically, the name may be a contraction of two Celtic words, \"tros\" (\"over\") and \"hynt\" (\"way\").", "This may indeed indicate a river that is prone to flooding.", "However, a more likely explanation may be that it was considered to be a river that could be crossed principally by means of fords, i.e. the river flowed over major road routes.", "This may explain the presence of the Celtic element \"rid\" (c.f. Welsh \"rhyd\", \"ford\") in various place names along the Trent, such as Hill Ridware, as well as the Old English‐derived \"ford\".", "Another translation is given as \"the trespasser\", referring to the waters flooding over the land.", "According to Koch at the University of Wales, the name \"Trent\" derives from the Romano-British \"Trisantona\", a Romano-British reflex of the combined Proto-Celtic elements *\"tri-sent(o)-on-ā-\" (through-path-augmentative-feminine-) ‘great thoroughfare’.", "A traditional but almost certainly wrong opinion is that of Izaak Walton, who states in The Compleat Angler (1653) that the Trent is \"... so called from thirty kind of fishes that are found in it, or for that it receiveth thirty lesser rivers.\"", "The Trent rises on the Staffordshire moorlands near the village of Biddulph Moor, from a number of sources including the Trent Head Well.", "It is then joined by other small streams to form the Head of Trent, which flows south, to the only reservoir along its course at Knypersley.", "Downstream of the reservoir it passes through Stoke-on-Trent and merges with the Lyme, Fowlea and other brooks that drain the 'six towns' of the Staffordshire Potteries to become the River Trent.", "On the southern fringes of Stoke, it passes through the landscaped parkland of Trentham Gardens.", "The river then continues south through the market town of Stone, and after passing the village of Salt, it reaches Great Haywood, where it is spanned by the 16th-century Essex Bridge near Shugborough Hall.", "At this point the River Sow joins it from Stafford.", "The Trent now flows south-east past the town of Rugeley until it reaches Kings Bromley where it meets the Blithe.", "After the confluence with the Swarbourn, it passes Alrewas and reaches Wychnor, where it is crossed by the A38 dual carriageway, which follows the route of the Roman Ryknild Street.", "The river turns north-east where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Tame (which is at this point actually the larger, though its earlier length shorter) and immediately afterwards by the Mease, creating a larger river that now flows through a broad floodplain.", "The river continues north-east, passing the village of Walton-on-Trent until it reaches the large town of Burton upon Trent.", "The river in Burton is crossed by a number of bridges including the ornate 19th-century Ferry Bridge that links Stapenhill to the town.", "To the north-east of Burton the river is joined by the River Dove at Newton Solney and enters Derbyshire, before passing between the villages of Willington and Repton where it turns directly east to reach Swarkestone Bridge.", "Shortly afterwards, the river becomes the Derbyshire-Leicestershire border, passing the traditional crossing point of King's Mill, Castle Donington, Weston-on-Trent and Aston-on-Trent.", "At Shardlow, where the Trent and Mersey Canal begins, the river also meets the Derwent at Derwent Mouth.", "After this confluence, the river turns north-east and is joined by the Soar before reaching the outskirts of Nottingham, where it is joined by the Erewash near the Attenborough nature reserve and enters Nottinghamshire.", "As it enters the city, it passes the suburbs of Beeston, Clifton and Wilford; where it is joined by the Leen.", "On reaching West Bridgford it flows beneath Trent Bridge near the cricket ground of the same name, and beside The City Ground, home of Nottingham Forest, until it reaches Holme Sluices.", "Downstream of Nottingham it passes Radcliffe on Trent, Stoke Bardolph and Burton Joyce before reaching Gunthorpe with its bridge, lock and weir.", "The river now flows north-east below the Toot and Trent Hills before reaching Hazelford Ferry, Fiskerton and Farndon.", "To the north of Farndon, beside the Staythorpe Power Station the river splits, with one arm passing Averham and Kelham, and the other arm, which is navigable, being joined by the Devon before passing through the market town of Newark-on-Trent and beneath the town's castle walls.", "The two arms recombine at Crankley Point beyond the town, where the river turns due north to pass North Muskham and Holme to reach Cromwell Weir, below which the Trent becomes tidal.", "The now tidal river meanders across a wide floodplain, at the edge of which are located riverside villages such as Carlton and Sutton on Trent, Besthorpe and Girton.", "After passing the site of High Marnham power station, it becomes the approximate boundary between Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire and reaches the only toll bridge along its course at Dunham on Trent.", "Downstream of Dunham the river passes Church Laneham and reaches Torksey, where it meets the Foss Dyke navigation which connects the Trent to Lincoln and the River Witham.", "Further north at Littleborough is the site of the Roman town of Segelocum, where a Roman road once crossed the river.", "It then reaches the town of Gainsborough with its own Trent Bridge.", "The river frontage in the town is lined with warehouses, that were once used when the town was an inland port, many of which have been renovated for modern use.", "Downstream of the town the villages are often named in pairs, representing the fact that they were once linked by a river ferry between the two settlements.", "These villages include West Stockwith and East Stockwith, Owston Ferry and East Ferry, and West Butterwick and East Butterwick.", "At West Stockwith the Trent is joined by the Chesterfield Canal and the River Idle and soon after enters Lincolnshire fully, passing to the west of Scunthorpe.", "The last bridge over the river is at Keadby where it is joined by both the Stainforth and Keadby Canal and the River Torne.", "Downstream of Keadby the river progressively widens, passing Amcotts and Flixborough to reach Burton upon Stather and finally Trent Falls.", "At this point, between Alkborough and Faxfleet the river reaches the boundary with Yorkshire and joins the River Ouse to form the Humber which flows into the North Sea.", "Unusually for an English river, the channel altered significantly during historic times, and has been described as being similar to the Mississippi in this respect, especially in its middle reaches, where there are numerous old meanders and cut-off loops.", "An abandoned channel at Repton is described on an old map as 'Old Trent Water', records show that this was once the main navigable route, with the river having switched to a more northerly course in the 18th century.", "Further downstream at Hemington, archaeologists have found the remains of a medieval bridge across another abandoned channel.", "Researchers using aerial photographs and historical maps have identified many of these palaeochannel features, a well-documented example being the meander cutoff at Sawley.", "Henry Hotspur's speech complaining about the river has been linked to the meanders near West Burton, however, given the wider context of the scene, in which conspirators propose to divide England into three after a revolt, it is thought that Hotspur’s intentions were of a grander design, diverting the river east towards the Wash such that he would benefit from a much larger share of the divided Kingdom.", "Downstream of Burton upon Trent, the river increasingly trends northwards, cutting off a portion of Nottinghamshire and nearly all of Lincolnshire from his share, north of the Trent.", "The idea for this scene, may have been based on the disagreement regarding a mill weir near Shelford Manor, between local landowners Gilbert Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, and Sir Thomas Stanhope which culminated with a long diversion channel being dug to bypass the mill.", "This took place in 1593 so would have been a contemporary topic in the Shakespearian period.", "During the Pleistocene epoch (1.7 million years ago), the River Trent rose in the Welsh hills and flowed almost east from Nottingham through the present Vale of Belvoir to cut a gap through the limestone ridge at Ancaster and thence to the North Sea.", "At the end of the Wolstonian Stage (c. 130,000 years ago) a mass of stagnant ice left in the Vale of Belvoir caused the river to divert north along the old Lincoln river, through the Lincoln gap, along what is now the course of the Witham.", "During a following glaciation (Devensian, 70,000 BC) the ice held back vast areas of water – called Glacial Lake Humber – in the current lower Trent basin.", "When this retreated, the Trent adopted its current course into the Humber.", "The Trent basin covers a large part of the Midlands, and includes the majority of the counties of Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and the West Midlands; but also includes parts of Lincolnshire, South Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Rutland.", "The catchment is located between the drainage basins of the Severn and its tributary the Avon to the south and west, the Weaver to the north-west, the tributaries of the Yorkshire Ouse to the North and the basins of the Welland, Witham and Ancholme to the east.", "A distinctive feature of the catchment is the marked variation in the topography and character of the landscape, which varies from the upland moorland headwaters of the Dark Peak, where the highest point of the catchment is the Kinder Scout plateau at 634 m ; through to the intensively farmed and drained flat fenland areas that exist alongside the lower tidal reaches, where ground levels can equal sea level.", "These lower reaches are protected from tidal flooding by a series of floodbanks and defences.", "Elsewhere there is a distinct contrast between the open limestone areas of the White Peak in the Dove catchment, and the large woodland areas, including Sherwood Forest in the Dukeries area of the Idle catchment, the upland Charnwood Forest, and the National Forest in the Soar and Mease drainage basins respectively.", "Land use is predominantly rural, with some three-quarters of the Trent catchment given over to agriculture.", "This ranges from moorland grazing of sheep in the upland areas, through to improved pasture and mixed farms in the middle reaches, where dairy farming is important.", "Intensive arable farming of cereals and root vegetables, chiefly potatoes and sugar beet occurs in the lowland areas, such as the Vale of Belvoir and the lower reaches of the Trent, Torne and Idle.", "Water level management is important in these lowland areas, and the local watercourses are usually maintained by internal drainage boards and their successors, with improved drainage being assisted by the use of pumping stations to lift water into embanked carrier rivers, which subsequently discharge into the Trent.", "The less populous rural areas are offset by a number of large urbanised areas including the conurbations of Stoke-on-Trent, Birmingham and the surrounding Black Country in the West Midlands; and in the East Midlands the major university cities and historical county seats of Leicester, Derby and Nottingham.", "Together these contain the majority of the 6 million people who live in the catchment.", "What is notable is that the majority of these urban areas are in the upper reaches of either the Trent itself, as is the case with Stoke, or the tributaries.", "For example, Birmingham lies at the upper end of the Tame, and Leicester is located towards the head of the Soar.", "Whilst this is not unique for an English river, it does mean that there is an ongoing legacy of issues relating to urban runoff, pollution incidents, and effluent dilution from sewage treatment, industry and coal mining.", "Historically, these issues resulted in a considerable deterioration in the water quality of both the Trent, and its tributaries, especially the Tame.", "To bring clean water to the West Midlands, Birmingham Corporation created a large reservoir chain and aqueduct system to bring water from the Elan Valley.", "Underlying the upper reaches of the Trent, are formations of Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Coal Measures which include layers of sandstones, marls and coal seams.", "The river crosses a band of Triassic Sherwood sandstone at Sandon, and it meets the same sandstone again as it flows beside Cannock Chase, between Great Haywood and Armitage, there is also another outcrop between Weston-on-Trent and King's Mill.", "Downstream of Armitage the solid geology is primarily Mercia Mudstones, the course of the river following the arc of these mudstones as they pass through the Midlands all the way to the Humber.", "The mudstones are not exposed by the bed of the river, as there is a layer of gravels and then alluvium above the bedrock.", "In places, however the mudstones do form river cliffs, most notably at Gunthorpe and Stoke Lock near Radcliffe on Trent, the village being named after the distinctive red coloured strata.", "The low range of hills, which have been formed into a steep set of cliffs overlooking the Trent between Scunthorpe and Alkborough are also made up of mudstones, but are of the younger Rhaetic Penarth Group.", "In the wider catchment the geology is more varied, ranging from the Precambrian rocks of the Charnwood Forest, through to the Jurassic limestone that forms the Lincolnshire Edge and the eastern watershed of the Trent.", "The most important in terms of the river are the extensive sandstone and limestone aquifers that underlie many of the tributary catchments.", "These include the Sherwood sandstones that occur beneath much of eastern Nottinghamshire, the Permian Lower Magnesian limestone and the carboniferous limestone in Derbyshire.", "Not only do these provide baseflows to the major tributaries, the groundwater is an important source for public water supply.", "Sand, gravels and alluvium deposits that overlie the mudstone bedrock occur almost along the entire length of the river, and are an important feature of the middle and lower reaches, with the alluvial river silt producing fertile soils that are used for intensive agriculture in the Trent valley.", "Beneath the alluvium are widespread deposits of sand and gravel, which also occur as gravel terraces considerably above the height of the current river level.", "There is thought to be a complex succession of at least six separate gravel terrace systems along the river, deposited when a much larger Trent flowed through the existing valley, and along its ancestral routes through the water gaps at Lincoln and Ancaster.", "This ‘staircase’ of flat topped terraces was created as a result of successive periods of deposition and subsequent down cutting by the river, a product of the meltwater and glacially eroded material produced from ice sheets at the end of glacial periods through the Pleistocene epoch between 450,000 and 12,000 years BP.", "Contained within these terraces is evidence of the mega fauna that once lived along the river, the bones and teeth of animals such as the woolly mammoth, bison and wolves that existed during colder periods have all been identified.", "Another notable find in a related terrace system near Derby from a warmer interglacial period, was the Allenton hippopotamus.", "The lower sequences of these terraces have been widely quarried for sand and gravel, and the extraction of these minerals continues to be an important industry in the Trent Valley, with some three million tonnes of aggregates being produced each year.", "Once worked out, the remaining gravel pits which are usually flooded by the relatively high water table have been reused for a wide variety of purposes.", "These include recreational water activities, and once rehabilitated, as nature reserves and wetlands.", "During the end of the last Devensian glacial period the formation of Lake Humber in the lowest reaches of the river, meant that substantial lake bed clays and silts were laid down to create the flat landscape of the Humberhead Levels.", "These levels extend across the Trent valley, and include the lower reaches of the Eau, Torne and Idle.", "In some areas, successive layers of peat were built up above the lacustrine deposits during the Holocene period, which created lowland mires such as the Thorne and Hatfield Moors.", "The topography, geology and land use of the Trent catchment all have a direct influence on the hydrology of the river.", "The variation in these factors is also reflected in the contrasting runoff characteristics and subsequent inflows of the principal tributaries.", "The largest of these is the River Tame, which contributes nearly a quarter of the total flow for the Trent, with the other significant tributaries being the Derwent at 18%, Soar 17%, the Dove 13%, and the Sow 8%.", "Four of these main tributaries, including the Dove and Derwent which drain the upland Peak District, all join within the middle reaches, giving rise to a comparatively energetic river system for the UK.", "Rainfall in the catchment generally follows topography with the highest annual rainfall of 1450 mm and above occurring over the high moorland uplands of the Derwent headwaters to the north and west, with the lowest of 580 mm , in the lowland areas to the north and east.", "Rainfall totals in the Tame are not as high as would be expected from the moderate relief, due to the rain shadow effect of the Welsh mountains to the west, reducing amounts to an average of 691 mm for the tributary basin.", "The average for the whole Trent catchment is 720 mm which is significantly lower than the average for United Kingdom at 1101 mm and lower than that for England at 828 mm .", "Like other large lowland British rivers, the Trent is vulnerable to long periods of rainfall caused by sluggish low pressure weather systems repeatedly crossing the basin from the Atlantic, especially during the autumn and winter when evaporation is at its lowest.", "This combination can produce a water-logged catchment that can respond rapidly in terms of runoff, to any additional rainfall.", "Such conditions occurred in February 1977, with widespread flooding in the lower reaches of the Trent when heavy rain produced a peak flow of nearly 1000 m3/s at Nottingham.", "In 2000 similar conditions occurred again, with above average rainfall in the autumn being followed by further rainfall, producing flood conditions in November of that year.", "Another meteorological risk, although one that occurs less often, is that related to the rapid melting of snow lying in the catchment.", "This can be a result of a sudden rise in temperature after a prolonged cold period, or when combined with extensive rainfall.", "Many of the largest historical floods were caused by snowmelt, but the last such episode occurred when the bitter winter of 1946-7 was followed by a rapid thaw due to rain in March 1947 and caused severe flooding all along the Trent valley.", "At the other extreme, extended periods of low rainfall can also cause problems.", "The lowest flows for the river were recorded during the drought of 1976, following the dry winter of 1975/6.", "Flows measured at Nottingham were exceptionally low by the end of August, and were given a drought return period of greater than one hundred years.", "The river's flow is measured at several points along its course, at a number of gauging stations.", "At Stoke-on-Trent in the upper reaches, the average flow is only 0.6 m3/s , which increases considerably to 4.4 m3/s , at Great Haywood, as it includes the flow of the upper tributaries draining the Potteries conurbation.", "At Yoxall, the flow increases to 12.8 m3/s due to the input of larger tributaries including the Sow and Blithe.", "At Drakelow upstream of Burton the flow increases nearly three-fold to 36.1 m3/s , due to the additional inflow from the largest tributary the Tame.", "At Colwick near Nottingham, the average flow rises to 83.8 m3/s , due to the combined inputs of the other major tributaries namely the Dove, Derwent and Soar.", "The last point of measurement is North Muskham here the average flow is 88.4 m3/s , a relatively small increase due to the input of the Devon, and other smaller Nottinghamshire tributaries.", "The Trent has marked variations in discharge, with long term average monthly flows at Colwick fluctuating from 45 m3/s in July during the summer, and increasing to 151 m3/s in January.", "During lower flows the Trent and its tributaries are heavily influenced by effluent returns from sewage works, especially the Tame where summer flows can be made up of 90% effluent.", "For the Trent this proportion is lower, but with nearly half of low flows being made up of these effluent inflows, it is still significant.", "There are also baseflow contributions from the major aquifers in the catchment.", "In the lower tidal reaches the Trent has a high sediment load, this fine silt which is also known as ‘warp', was used to improve the soil by a process known as warping, whereby river water was allowed to flood into adjacent fields through a series of warping drains, enabling the silt to settle out across the land.", "Up to 0.3 m of deposition could occur in a single season, and depths of 1.5 m have been accumulated over time at some locations.", "A number of the smaller Trent tributaries are still named as warping drains, such as Morton warping drain, near Gainsborough.", "Warp was also used as a commercial product, after being collected from the river banks at low tide, it was transported along the Chesterfield Canal to Walkeringham where it was dried out and refined to be eventually sold as a silver polish for cutlery manufacturers.", "The Trent is widely known for its tendency to cause significant flooding along its course, and there is a well documented flood history extending back for some 900 years.", "In Nottingham the heights of significant historic floods from 1852 have been carved into a bridge abutment next to Trent Bridge, with flood marks being transferred from the medieval Hethbeth bridge that pre-dated the existing 19th-century crossing.", "Historic flood levels have also been recorded at Girton and on the churchyard wall at Collingham.", "One of the earliest recorded floods along the Trent was in 1141, and like many other large historical events was caused by the melting of snow following heavy rainfall, it also caused a breach in the outer floodbank at Spalford.", "Some of the earliest floods can be assessed by using Spalford bank as a substitute measure for the size of a particular flood, as it has been estimated that the bank only failed when flows were greater than 1000 m3/s , the bank was also breached in 1403 and 1795.", "Early bridges were vulnerable to floods, and in 1309 many bridges were washed away or damaged by severe winter floods, including Hethbeth Bridge.", "In 1683 the same bridge was partially destroyed by a flood that also meant the loss of the bridge at Newark.", "Historical archives often record details of the bridge repairs that followed floods, as the cost of these repairs or pontage had to be raised by borrowing money and charging a local toll.", "The largest known flood was the Candlemas flood of February 1795, which followed an eight-week period of harsh winter weather, rivers froze which that meant mills were unable to grind corn, and then followed a rapid thaw.", "Due to the size of the flood and the ice entrained in the flow, nearly every bridge along the Trent was badly damaged or washed away.", "The bridges at Wolseley, Wychnor and the main span at Swarkestone were all destroyed.", "In Nottingham, residents of Narrow Marsh were trapped by the floodwaters in their first floor rooms, boats were used to take supplies to those stranded.", "Livestock was badly affected, 72 sheep drowned in Wilford and ten cows were lost in Bridgford.", "The vulnerable flood bank at Spalford was breached again, floodwaters spreading out across the low-lying land, even reaching the River Witham and flooding Lincoln.", "Some 20000 acre were flooded for a period of over three weeks.", "The bank is formed upon a plain of sandy nature, and when it was broken in 1795, the water forced an immense breach, the size of which may be judged from the fact that eighty loads of faggots and upwards of four hundred tons of earth were required to fill up the hole, an operation which took several weeks to complete.", "The flood bank was subsequently strengthened and repaired, following further floods during 1824 and 1852.", "The principal flood of the 19th century and the second largest recorded, was in October 1875.", "In Nottingham a cart overturned in the floodwaters near the Wilford Road and six people drowned, dwellings nearby were flooded to a depth of 6 ft .", "Although not quite as large as 1795 this flood devastated many places along the river, at Burton upon Trent much of the town was inundated, with flooded streets and houses, and dead animals floating past in the flood.", "Food was scarce, \"in one day 10,000 loaves had to be sent into the town and distributed gratuitously to save people from famine\".", "In Newark the water was deep enough to allow four grammar school boys to row across the countryside to Kelham.", "The flood marks at Girton show that this flood was only 4 in lower than that of 1795, when the village was flooded to a depth of 3 ft .", "On 17–18 March 1947 the Trent which had been rising ever higher, overtopped its banks in Nottingham.", "Large parts of the city and surrounding areas were flooded with 9,000 properties and nearly a hundred industrial premises affected some to first floor height.", "The suburbs of Long Eaton, West Bridgford and Beeston all suffered particularly badly.", "Two days later, in the lower tidal reaches of the river, the peak of the flood combined with a high spring tide to flood villages and 2,000 properties in Gainsborough.", "River levels dropped when the floodbank at Morton breached, resulting in the flooding of some 78 mi2 of farmland in the Trent valley.", "Flooding on the Trent can also be caused by the effects of storm surges independently of fluvial flows, a series of which occurred during October and November 1954, resulting in the worse tidal flooding experienced along the lower reaches.", "These floods revealed the need for a tidal protection scheme, which would cope with the flows experienced in 1947 and the tidal levels from 1954, and subsequently the floodbanks and defences along the lower river were improved to this standard with the works being completed in 1965.", "In December 2013, the largest storm surge since the 1950s occurred on the Trent, when a high spring tide combined with strong winds and a low pressure weather system, produced elevated tidal river levels in the lower reaches.", "The resulting surge overtopped the flood defences in the area near Keadby and Burringham, flooding 50 properties.", "The fifth largest flood recorded at Nottingham occurred in November 2000, with widespread flooding of low-lying land along the Trent valley, including many roads and railways.", "The flood defences around Nottingham and Burton constructed during the 1950s, following the 1947 event, stopped any major urban flooding, but problems did occur in undefended areas such as Willington and Gunthorpe, and again at Girton where 19 houses were flooded.", "The flood defences in Nottingham that protect 16,000 homes and those in Burton where they prevent 7,000 properties from flooding were reassessed after this flood, and were subsequently improved between 2006 and 2012.", "Nottingham seems to have been the ancient head of navigation until the Restoration, due partly to the difficult navigation of the Trent Bridge.", "Navigation was then extended to Wilden Ferry, near to the more recent Cavendish Bridge, as a result of the efforts of the Fosbrooke family of Shardlow.", "Later, in 1699, the baron William Paget (Lord Paget), who owned coal mines and land in the area, obtained an Act of Parliament to extend navigation up to Fleetstones Bridge, Burton, despite opposition from the people of Nottingham.", "Lord Paget seems to have funded the work privately, building locks at King's Mill and Burton Mills and several cuts and basins.", "The Act gave him absolute control over the building of any wharves and warehouses above Nottingham Bridge.", "Lord Paget leased the navigation and the wharf at Burton to George Hayne, while the wharf and warehouses at Wilden were leased by Leonard Fosbrooke, who held the ferry rights and was a business partner of Hayne.", "The two men refused to allow any cargo to be landed which was not carried in their own boats, and so created a monopoly.", "In 1748, merchants from Nottingham attempted to end this monopoly by landing goods on the banks and into carts, but Fosbrooke used his ferry rope to block the river, and then created a bridge by mooring boats across the channel, and employing men to defend them.", "Hayne subsequently scuppered a barge in King's Lock, and for the next eight years goods had to be transhipped around it.", "Despite a Chancery injunction against them, the two men continued with their action.", "Hayne's lease expired in 1762, and Lord Paget's son, the Earl of Uxbridge, gave the new lease to the Burton Boat Company.", "The Trent and Mersey Canal was authorised by Act of Parliament in 1766, and construction from Shardlow to Preston Brook, where it joined the Bridgewater Canal, was completed by 1777.", "The canal ran parallel to the upper river to Burton upon Trent, where new wharfs and warehouses at Horninglow served the town, and the Burton Boat Company were unable to repair the damaged reputation of the river created by their predecessors.", "Eventually in 1805, they reached an agreement with Henshall & Co., the leading canal carriers, for the closure of the river above Wilden Ferry.", "Though the river is no doubt legally still navigable above Shardlow, it is probable that the agreement marks the end of the use of that stretch of the river as a commercial navigation.", "The first improvement of the lower river was at Newark, where the channel splits into two.", "The residents of the town wanted to increase the use of the branch nearest to them, and so an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1772 to authorise the work.", "Newark Navigation Commissioners were created, with powers to borrow money to fund the construction of two locks, and to charge tolls for boats using them.", "The work was completed by October 1773, and the separate tolls remained in force until 1783, when they were replaced by a one-shilling (5p) toll whichever channel the boats used.", "Users of the Trent and Mersey Canal, the Loughborough Canal and the Erewash Canal next demanded major improvements to the river down to Gainsborough, including new cuts, locks, dredging and a towing path suitable for horses.", "The Dadfords, who were engineers on the Trent and Mersey Canal, estimated the cost at £20,000, but the proposal was opposed by landowners and merchants on the river, while the \"Navigator\", published in 1788, estimated that around 500 men who were employed to bow-haul boats would have lost their jobs.", "Agreement could not be reached, and so William Jessop was asked to re-assess the situation.", "He suggested that dredging, deepening, and restricting the width of the channel could make significant improvements to the navigable depth, although cuts would be required at Wilford, Nottingham bridge and Holme.", "This proposal formed the basis for an Act of Parliament obtained in 1783, which also allowed a horse towing path to be built.", "The work was completed by September 1787, and dividends of 5 per cent were paid on the capital during 1786 and 1787, increasing to 7 per cent, the maximum allowed by the Act, after that.", "Jessop carried out a survey for a side cut and lock at Sawley in 1789, and it was built by 1793.", "At the beginning of the 1790s, the Navigation faced calls for a bypass of the river at Nottingham, where the passage past Trent Bridge was dangerous, and the threat of a canal running parallel to the river, which was proposed by the Erewash and the Trent and Mersey Canal companies.", "In order to retain control of the whole river, they supported the inclusion of the Beeston Cut in the bill for the Nottingham Canal, which prevented the Erewash Canal company from getting permission to build it, and then had the proposal removed from the Nottingham Canal company's bill in return for their support of the main bill.", "The parallel canal was thwarted in May 1793, when they negotiated the withdrawal of the canal bill by proposing a thorough survey of the river which would result in their own legislation being put before parliament.", "William Jessop performed the survey, assisted by Robert Whitworth, and they published their report on 8 July 1793.", "The major proposals included a cut and lock at Cranfleet, where the River Soar joins the Trent, a cut, locks and weirs at Beeston, which would connect with the Nottingham Canal at Lenton, and a cut and lock at Holme Pierrepont.", "An Act of Parliament was obtained in 1794, and the existing proprietors subscribed the whole of the authorised capital of £13,000 (equivalent to £ in ), themselves.", "The aim of the improvements was to increase the minimum depth from 2 ft to 3 ft .", "By early 1796, the Beeston cut was operational, with the Cranfleet cut following in 1797, and the Holme cut in 1800, with the whole works being finished by 1 September 1801.", "The cost exceeded the authorised capital by a large margin, with the extra being borrowed, but the company continued to pay a 7 per cent dividend on the original shares and on those created to finance the new work.", "In 1823 and again in 1831, the Newark Navigation Commissioners proposed improvements to the river, so that larger vessels could be accommodated, but the Trent Navigation Company were making a good profit, and did not see the need for such work.", "The arrival of the railways resulted in significant change for the Company.", "Tolls were reduced to retain the traffic, wages were increased to retain the workforce, and they sought amalgamation with a railway company.", "The Nottingham and Gainsborough Railway offered £100 per share during 1845, but this was rejected.", "Tolls decreased from £11,344 (equivalent to £ in ), during 1839 to £3,111 (equivalent to £ in ), in 1855.", "Many of the connecting waterways were bought by railway companies, and gradually fell into disrepair.", "In an attempt to improve the situation, the Company toyed with the idea of cable-hauled steam tugs, but instead purchased a conventional steam dredger and some steam tugs.", "The cost of improvements was too great for the old company, and so an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1884 to restructure the company and raise additional capital.", "Failure to raise much of the capital resulted in another Act being obtained in 1887, with similar aims and similar results.", "A third Act of 1892 reverted the name to the Trent Navigation Company, and this time, some improvements were performed.", "With traffic still between 350,000 and 400,000 tonnes per year, Frank Rayner became the engineer in 1896, and the company were persuaded that major work was necessary if the navigation was to survive.", "The engineer for the Manchester Ship Canal, Sir Edward Leader Williams, was commissioned to survey the river, while negotiations with the North Staffordshire Railway, who owned the Trent and Mersey Canal and had maintained its viability, ensured that some of the clauses from previous Acts of Parliament did not prevent progress.", "A plan to build six locks between Cromwell and Holme, and to dredge this section to ensure it was 60 ft wide and 5 ft deep was authorised by an Act of Parliament obtained in 1906.", "Raising finance was difficult, but some was subscribed by the chairman and vice-chairman, and construction of Cromwell Lock began in 1908.", "The Newark Navigation Commissioners financed improvements to Newark Town lock at the same time, and dredging of the channel was largely funded by selling the 400,000 tonnes of gravel removed from the river bed.", "At 188 by , Cromwell lock could hold a tug and three barges, and was opened on 22 May 1911.", "The transport of petroleum provided a welcome increase to trade on the river, but little more work was performed before the beginning of the First World War.", "Increased running costs after the First World War could not be met by increasing the tolls, as the company had no statutory powers to do so, and so suggested that the Ministry of Transport should take over the navigation, which they did from 24 September 1920.", "Tolls were increased, and a committee recommended improvements to the river.", "Nottingham Corporation invested some £450,000 on building the locks authorised by the 1906 Act, starting with Holme lock on 28 September 1921, and finishing with Hazelford lock, which was formally opened by Neville Chamberlain on 25 June 1926.", "A loan from Nottingham Corporation and a grant from the Unemployment Grants Committee enabled the Company to rebuild Newark Nether lock, which was opened on 12 April 1926.", "During the early 1930s, the Company considered enlarging the navigation above Nottingham, in conjunction with improvements to the River Soar Navigation, between Trent Lock and Leicester.", "There were also negotiations with the London and North Eastern Railway, who were responsible for the Nottingham Canal between Trent Lock and Lenton.", "Plans for new larger locks at Beeston and Wilford were abandoned when the Trent Catchment Board opposed them.", "The Grand Union refused to improve the Soar Navigation, because the Trent Navigation Company could not guarantee 135,000 tons of additional traffic.", "The Company also considered a plan to reopen the river to Burton, which would have involved the rebuilding of Kings Mills lock, and the construction of four new locks.", "An extra set of gates were added to Cromwell lock in 1935, effectively creating a second lock, while the Lenton to Trent Lock section was leased from the LNER in 1936, and ultimately purchased in 1946.", "Frank Rayner, who had been with the Company since 1887, and had served as its engineer and later general manager since 1896, died in December 1945.", "Sir Ernest Jardine, who as vice-chairman had partly funded the first lock at Cromwell in 1908, died in 1947, and the company ceased to exist in 1948, when the waterways were nationalised.", "The last act of the directors was to pay a 7.5 per cent dividend on the shares in 1950.", "Having taken over responsibility for the waterway, the Transport Commission enlarged Newark Town lock in 1952, and the flood lock at Holme was removed to reduce the risk of flooding in Nottingham.", "More improvements followed between 1957 and 1960.", "The two locks at Cromwell became one, capable of holding eight Trent barges, dredging equipment was updated, and several of the locks were mechanised.", "Traffic increased from 620,000 tonnes during 1951 to 1,017,356 tonnes during 1964, but all of this was below Nottingham.", "Commercial carrying above Nottingham ceased during the 1950s, to be replaced by pleasure cruising.", "Although commercial use of the river has declined, the lower river between Cromwell and Nottingham can still take large motor barges up to around 150 ft in length with a capacity of approx 300 tonnes.", "Barges still transport gravel from pits at Girton and Besthorpe to Goole and Hull.", "The river is legally navigable for some 117 mi below Burton upon Trent.", "However, for practical purposes, navigation above the southern terminus of the Trent and Mersey Canal (at Shardlow) is conducted on the canal, rather than on the river itself.", "The canal connects the Trent to the Potteries and on to Runcorn and the Bridgewater Canal.", "Down river of Shardlow, the non-tidal river is navigable as far as the Cromwell Lock near Newark, except in Nottingham (Beeston Cut & Nottingham Canal) and just west of Nottingham, where there are two lengths of canal, Sawley and Cranfleet cuts.", "Below Cromwell lock, the Trent is tidal, and therefore only navigable by experienced, well-equipped boaters.", "Navigation lights and a proper anchor and cable are compulsory.", "Associated British Ports, the navigation authority for the river from Gainsborough to Trent Falls, insist that anyone in charge of a boat must be experienced at navigating in tidal waters.", "Between Trent Falls and Keadby, coastal vessels that have navigated through the Humber still deliver cargoes to the wharves of Grove Port, Neap House, Keadby, Gunness and Flixborough.", "Restrictions on size mean that the largest vessels that can be accommodated are 100 m long and 4,500 tonnes.", "The use of a maritime pilot on the Trent is not compulsory for commercial craft, but is suggested for those without any experience of the river.", "Navigation can be difficult, and there have been a number of incidents with ships running aground and in one case, striking Keadby Bridge.", "The most recent occurrence involved the \"Celtic Endeavour\" being aground near Gunness for ten days, finally being lifted off by a high tide.", "At certain times of the year, the lower tidal reaches of the Trent experience a moderately large tidal bore (up to 5 ft high), commonly known as the Trent Aegir (named after the Norse sea god).", "The Aegir occurs when a high spring tide meets the downstream flow of the river.", "The funnel shape of the river mouth exaggerates this effect, causing a large wave to travel upstream as far as Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, and sometimes beyond.", "The Aegir cannot travel much beyond Gainsborough as the shape of the river reduces the Aegir to little more than a ripple, and weirs north of Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, stop its path completely.", "The Trent historically marked the boundary between Northern England and Southern England.", "For example, the administration of Royal Forests was subject to a different Justice in Eyre north and south of the river, and the jurisdiction of the medieval Council of the North started at the Trent.", "In addition to this, the University of Oxford was formerly divided into a northern nation and a southern nation, the former consisting of English people north of the River Trent and the Scots and the latter consisting of English people south of the Trent, the Irish, and the Welsh.", "Some traces of the former division remain: the Trent marks the boundary between the provinces of two English Kings of Arms, Norroy and Clarenceux.", "This divide was also described in Michael Drayton's epic topographical poem, Poly-Olbion, The Sixe and Twentieth Song, 1622: It is not clear when pollution first became an issue for the River Trent, but in the late 1880s, it had a thriving salmon fishery, with the river producing an annual catch of some 3,000 fish, a decade later, this had fallen to 100.", "The collapse of the fishery was due to the rapid population increase of the towns that developed following the Industrial Revolution.", "The tipping point being the introduction of piped water and a basic sewer network, which meant that effluent, which was previously stored in cesspits, was carried away through drains into the nearest brook.", "This was a particular problem in Stoke-on-Trent and the growing towns of the Potteries.", "Due to the relatively small size of the Trent and its tributaries such as the Fowlea Brook, which drained these towns, the river and brooks were unable to dilute the inflow of domestic sewage and soon became overwhelmed and badly polluted.", "At the downstream end of the Potteries was Trentham Hall, here pollution became so bad that the owner, the Duke of Sutherland, made a claim against the local Fenton council in 1902.", "He also took out an injunction against the council to prevent the ongoing contamination causing a \"most foul and offensive stench\", the river not even being suitable to water grazing cattle on the estate.", "Until the outbreak of the Second World War, the main source of pollution continued to be the Potteries, although there was contamination from the Tame and other lower tributaries it was not as prominent.", "During the 1950s, however, the same problem of effluent dilution that occurred in Stoke began to become significant in Birmingham and the Black Country.", "Domestic effluent and polluting discharges from the metal working industries in the upper reaches, combined to affect the whole length of the tributary River Tame.", "The Tame pollution also reached the Trent as well, with one of the worse affected reaches being that downstream of the confluence with the Tame through Burton, this being exacerbated by its late introduction of sewage treatment, and the substantial wastewater arising from the breweries in the town.", "Angling clubs in Burton used the Dove or local lakes for fishing, as the Trent through the town was absent of any fish.", "Downstream, the inflow of cleaner water from the Dove and then the Derwent meant that conditions improved enough to allow recreational coarse fishing in the lower reaches.", "The pollution of the \"Trent catchment was probably at its worst in the late 1950s\", this being the result of the ongoing industrialisation of the urban areas, combined with the interruption and under investment caused by two world wars, which lead to only piecemeal improvements of the sewerage treatment infrastructure taking place.", "One effect of this pollution was that the upper and middle reaches were completely devoid of any fish life.", "John Jennings, the local MP for Burton highlighted these problems in a speech to the House when he stated in 1956, that as in previous years the river had been declared unsafe for swimming on advice from the medical officer, and how its unhealthy condition affected a local rowing club.", "From the 1960s onwards, there were gradual but steady improvements to the inadequate sewage works and sewers built during the Victorian era in the urban areas, but this was expensive, and took time to complete.", "The changes were helped by the introduction of more stringent pollution control legislation, which required industrial waste to be discharged to sewers, and the formation of the Trent River Authority, which had new duties relating to managing water quality issues.", "Other changes, such as the replacement of town gas with natural gas, saw the end of the polluting and toxic coal tar emissions to rivers in 1963.", "In 1970, Mr Jennings again raised the issue of pollution through Burton, the River Tame continuing to be a source of the problem, and further improvements were promised.", "The responsibility for sewage treatment works still belonged primarily to local authorities, which often meant an uncoordinated approach and a proliferation of small works.", "In 1974, these works were transferred to the regional water authorities, with the Severn Trent Water Authority taking over the role for the Trent catchment.", "This led to increased investment, the closure of older and smaller works, with sewage treatment being combined at larger modern works such as Strongford and Minworth.", "The economic recession in the 1970s meant that there was a considerable contraction of heavy industrial sectors, reducing pollution loadings from factories and foundries.", "Later improvements such as the series of purification lakes that were constructed on the Tame in the 1980s, which allowed contaminated sediment to settle out from the river, also reduced pollution levels, and lessened the impact of first flush runoff events in the lower Tame and the middle Trent.", "The improvements in water quality along the Trent were recorded through the chemical monitoring of the river from the 1950s.", "Polluting substances such as ammonia showed a reduction, as did the biochemical oxygen demand, an indicator of the contamination present in the river.", "There were corresponding increases in dissolved oxygen, an indicator of a healthy river environment.", "The programme of monitoring also extended to taking biological samples, and one of the first biotic indices used for assessing the ecological rather than the chemical quality of rivers was developed by the local river board in the 1960s.", "Using invertebrates as an indicator of pollution levels, it was appropriately named the Trent Biotic index.", "By 2004, it was reported that the Trent was cleaner than it had been in the last 70–80 years, and that episodic incidents of pollution had also reduced considerably since the 1970s.", "The river remains vulnerable to these pollution events, such as the one that occurred in October 2009 when an accidental release of cyanide from a factory into the sewer system in Stoke-on-Trent, affected the treatment works at Strongford.", "This resulted in the release of raw sewage and the chemical into the river, killing thousands of fish, and posing a health risk to river users as far south as Burton.", "Although now considered cleaner, there are still problems with diffuse pollution from agricultural runoff and urban areas, as well as point source contamination from sewage works.", "The improvements that have taken place mean that the Trent can be used for public water consumption.", "Riverside lakes near Shardlow act as a reserve water source for Nottingham and Derby, and water is also abstracted at Torksey and Newton-on-Trent for supplies in Lincolnshire.", "Artificial changes along the Trent, due to navigation, farming, mineral extraction and drainage works, mean that much of the riparian landscape has been altered, reducing the amount of natural habitat.", "The river channel links the remaining, but fragmented wetland areas and nature reserves, providing a refuge for native and migrant species.", "These include wildfowl and wading birds that use the Trent Valley as a migration corridor, with the river also being used as a wildlife route by mammals such as otters and non-native American mink.", "Additional nature conservation areas were created beside the river in the 20th century, when a number of disused gravel pits, were rehabilitated as nature reserves.", "One of the most important of these is Attenborough Nature Reserve, a 226 ha Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) which is visited by wildfowl such as wigeon, teal and the red-breasted merganser.", "Wading birds such as oystercatcher and bittern have also been observed at the reserve; as have kingfishers, reed warblers and water rails.", "Other managed wetland sites along the river include Beckingham Marshes, Croxall Lakes, Drakelow, and Willington Gravel Pits.", "At Besthorpe near Newark, breeding pairs of little egrets and grey herons have been observed.", "The Trent valley also links together other SSSI and local nature reserves, which have varying habitats not only for birds, but also mammals, insects and fish, a good example is the tributary River Mease where the entire watercourse has been designated both as a SSSI and a European special area of conservation.", "One of the more unusual ecological sites is Pasturefields nature reserve near Hixon, an inland saltmarsh, which is a rare habitat for the UK.", "A vestige of the saline marshes created by the brine springs that seep from the groundwater of the Mercia mudstones, the reserve contains salt tolerant species normally found on the coast, such as sea plantain, arrowgrass and milkwort.", "Improvements in water quality and subsequent fish stocks, in combination with the ban on the use of certain persistent pesticides have meant that otters have now returned to the Trent system, having been absent as recently as the 1980s.", "A survey in 2003 showed a doubling in the number of sites where evidence, such as spraints and footprints of these elusive animals were found.", "They have also now been sighted at locations such as Wolseley, Willington, and Attenborough.", "Seals have been reported up to near the head of the tidal section at Newark.", "Evidence of fishing along the Trent can be traced back to the Neolithic period, with the possible remnants of a fish weir discovered in the abandoned river channels at Hemington.", "More definitive finds from the medieval period were also found at this site and near Colwick.", "These consisted of V shaped alignments of stakes; wattle panels and a large wicker trap and demonstrate that passive fishing techniques were in use on the river.", "The Domesday catalogue showed that there were many successful mills and fisheries along the Trent.", "Mills were important locations for fish and eel traps, the eels being caught during ‘quill time’ between mid-August and early September.", "Written records show that in the 12th century landlords were paid in salmon, in lieu of rent at Burton upon Trent.", "In the 17th century Izaak Walton described the River Trent as 'One of the finest rivers in the world and the most abounding with excellent salmon and all sorts of delicate fish.'", "A list composed in 1641 for the Trent, contained thirty types of fish and other species including those that migrated from the sea such as shad, smelt, salmon and flounder, and riverine species such as trout, grayling, perch and pike.", "The largest of those listed was the sturgeon, which at one time were caught in the Trent as far upstream as King’s Mill, but only in low numbers.", "Particular examples included one of 8 ft taken near Donington castle in 1255, and another at King's Mill of 7 ft in 1791.", "The last known catch was in 1902 near Holme, the fish was 8+1/2 ft and weighed 250 lb .", "The effluent and industrial pollution of the early 20th century, led to a rapid decline in fish stocks, large stretches of the river became fishless and species such as salmon almost disappeared.", "As water quality improved from the 1960s onwards, fish numbers recovered, and recreational coarse fishing became more popular.", "By the 1970s the Trent was regarded as 'one of the most productive rivers in the British Isles'.", "by anglers, who would travel from South Yorkshire and other surrounding areas, to fish the Trent as their local rivers still remained badly polluted and were absent of fish.", "Analysis of catch returns from 1969 to 1985, showed that the fish caught most often by anglers were barbel, bream, bleak, carp, chub, dace, eel, gudgeon, perch, and roach.", "Over the study period the returns revealed that there was a variation in the species caught, with a shift from roach and dace based catches, to one of chub and bream, a change that was perceived by anglers to represent a ‘serious detriment’ to the fishery.", "This led to comments that the river had become ‘too clean for its fish’, and its popularity, especially for match fishing, declined from the mid 1980s.", "Competition from other fisheries such as well stocked ponds and lakes with better amenities and more consistent catches of fish also meant a reduction in the appeal of fishing the Trent.", "Recreational fishing is still popular, although anglers no longer line the banks as they once did.", "There are many fishing clubs that use the river, with catches including barbel, bream, carp, chub, dace, pike, and roach.", "Salmon, a species that became virtually extinct due to historic pollution, have been progressively reintroduced on the tributaries since 1998, with thousands of salmon parr being released into the Dove and its tributary the Churnet each year.", "Returning adult salmon have been seen leaping over weirs on the river and in 2011 a large salmon weighing over 10 lb was caught at an undisclosed location, and was 'thought to be the biggest caught on the Trent in the last thirty years'.", "Prior to the mid-18th century there were few permanent crossings of the river with only four bridges downstream of the Tame confluence: the old medieval bridges at Burton, Swarkestone, Nottingham (known as Hethbeth Bridge) and Newark, all first built by 1204.", "There were, however, over thirty ferries that operated along its course, and numerous fords, where passage was possible, their locations indicated by the suffix ‘ford’ in many riverside place-names such as Hanford, Bridgford, and Wilford.", "Glover noted in 1829 that all three types of crossing were still in use on the Derbyshire section of the Trent, but that the fords were derelict and dangerous.", "These fording points only allowed passage across the river when water levels were low; when the river was in flood a long detour could be required.", "He reported that they could be treacherous to the unwary, since there were few gauges to show if the river had become too deep to cross, and that they were rarely used except by locals who knew them well.", "One of the earliest known fords was the crossing at Littleborough, constructed by the Romans it was paved with flagstones, and supported by substantial timber pilings.", "The importance of these fords was demonstrated by their inclusion in the 1783 navigation Act, which limited any dredging at these sites so that they remained less than 2 ft deep.", "Ferries often replaced these earlier fording points, and were essential where the water was too deep, such as the tidal section of the lower river.", "As they were a source of income, they were recorded in the Domesday Book at a number of locations including Weston on Trent and Fiskerton, both of which were still in operation in the middle of the 20th century.", "The ferry boats used along the Trent ranged in size from small rowing boats, to flat decked craft that could carry livestock, horses, and in some case their associated carts or wagons.", "Bridges over the river were created in Saxon times at Nottingham at least (and for a time just north of Newark at Cromwell, although it is not known how long that bridge site lasted), and formed major centres of trade and military importance.", "King Edward fortified the Nottingham bridge in 920, while a notable battle took place at Burton's bridge in 1322, and another in 1643.", "The medieval bridges of Burton and Nottingham survived relatively intact until the 1860s, when both were replaced and demolished.", "The central arches of the medieval Swarkestone bridge were knocked out by the great flood of 1795 and rebuilt, but the bridge’s more rural location allowed large portions of the medieval bridge to survive and remain in use today.", "Crossing a wide flood plain, the bridge is almost 1 mi long, a laborious project to allow flood waters to pass under it.", "At Newark, the last bridge on the Trent until modern times, the bridge was rebuilt in 1775.", "At least one other medieval attempt was made to bridge the Trent near Wilden at Hemington, but this was gone long before the end of the Middle Ages.", "The complex of three bridges provides evidence of attempts to keep a crossing open over slightly more than two hundred years from 1097, with three bridges constructed on the same site but felled by scouring, floods and course migration of the river to the south eroding the bridgehead.", "The bridge was probably gone by around 1311 when nearby Wilden ferry, near Shardlow was first recorded, and the site thereafter went without a bridge until Cavendish Bridge opened around 1760.", "As no archive sources record that the Hemington bridge existed, there may have been other medieval bridge projects now forgotten.", "(Until the late 18th century, a long period of stagnation for economic and technical reasons limited the number of bridges over the Trent; it has been noted that relatively few bridges were constructed in England on new sites anywhere between around 1250–1300 and 1750.)", "Cavendish Bridge was itself damaged beyond repair by a flood in March 1947, requiring a temporary Bailey bridge to be used until a new concrete span was constructed in 1957.", "When bridge construction resumed, toll bridges were often constructed on the site of ferry routes.", "Such was the case at Willington, Gunthorpe and Gainsborough.", "At Stapenhill near Burton, there were similar calls for a new bridge, a tally of usage showed that the foot ferry was being used 700 times per day.", "The new Ferry Bridge was opened in 1889, although it needed the financial support of the brewer and philanthropist Michael Bass to pay for the construction, and later in 1898 to purchase the existing ferry rights so that it became free of tolls.", "The toll bridges were mostly bought out by the county councils in the 19th century following government reforms, one of the earliest being Willington in 1898, the first toll free crossing was marked by a procession across the bridge and a day of celebration.", "The only toll bridge that remains across the Trent is at Dunham, although it is free to cross on Christmas and Boxing Day.", "The tall chimneys and concave shaped cooling towers of the many power stations are a dominant and familiar presence within the open landscape of the Trent valley, which has been widely used for power generation since the 1940s.", "The primary reason for locating so many generating stations beside the Trent was the availability of sufficient amounts of cooling water from the river.", "This combined with the nearby supplies of fuel in the form of coal from the Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire coalfields, and the existing railway infrastructure meant that a string of twelve large power stations were originally constructed along its banks.", "At one time these sites provided a quarter of the electricity needs of the UK, giving rise to the epithet 'Megawatt Valley'.", "Once these early stations reached the end of their functional life, they were usually demolished, although in some cases the sites have been retained and redeveloped as gas fired power stations.", "In downstream order, the power stations that continue to use, or have used the river as their source of cooling water are: Meaford, Rugeley, Drakelow, Willington, Castle Donington, Ratcliffe-on-Soar, Wilford, Staythorpe, High Marnham, Cottam, West Burton and Keadby.", "The three largest remaining coal-fired stations at Ratcliffe, Cottam and West Burton still use domestic coal supplies, although this is now being replaced by imported coal brought by ship from abroad.", "There is one hydroelectric power station on the river, Beeston Hydro at Beeston Weir.", "Along with other major rivers in the Midlands, the Trent is widely used for recreational activities, both on the water and along its riverbanks.", "The National Watersports Centre at Holme Pierrepont, near Nottingham combines facilities for many of these sports, including rowing, sailing and whitewater canoeing.", "The Trent Valley Way created in 1998 as a long distance footpath, enables walkers to enjoy the combined attractions of ‘the river’s rich natural heritage and its history as an inland navigation’.", "Extended in 2012, the route now runs from Trent Lock in the south through to Alkborough where the river meets the Humber.", "It combines riverside and towpath sections, with other paths to villages and places of interest in the wider valley.", "Historically swimming in the river was popular, in 1770 at Nottingham there were two bathing areas on opposite banks at Trent Bridge which were improved in 1857 with changing sheds and an assistant.", "Similar facilities were present in 1870 on the water meadows at Burton-on-Trent, which also had its own swimming club.", "Open water swimming still takes place at locations including Colwick Park Lake adjacent to the river, with its own voluntary lifeguards.", "The first person to swim the entire swimmable length of the Trent was Tom Milner, who swam 139 mi over nine days in July 2015.", "Rowing clubs have existed at Burton, Newark and Nottingham since the mid-1800s, with various regattas taking place between them, both on the river and on the rowing course at the national watersports centre.", "Both whitewater and flat water canoeing is possible on the Trent, with published guides and touring routes being listed for the river.", "There is a canoe slalom course at Stone, a purpose built 700 m artificial course at Holme Pierrepont, and various weirs including those at Newark and Sawley are all used for whitewater paddling.", "Various canoe and kayak clubs paddle on the river including those at Stone, Burton, and Nottingham.", "Established in 1886 the Trent valley sailing club is one of two clubs that use the river for dingy sailing, regattas, and events.", "There are also a number of clubs that sail on the open water that has been created as a result of flooded gravel workings which include Hoveringham, Girton, and Attenborough.", "Organised trips on cruise boats have long been a feature of the Trent, at one time steam launches took passengers from Trent Bridge to Colwick Park, similar trips run today but in reverse, starting from Colwick and passing through Nottingham they use boats known as the Trent Princess and Trent Lady.", "Others trips run from Newark castle, and two converted barges; the Newark Crusader and Nottingham Crusader, provide river cruises for disabled people via the St John Ambulance Waterwing scheme.", "Although Spenser endowed 'The beauteous Trent' with 'thirty different streams' the river is joined by more than twice that number of different tributaries, of which the largest in terms of flow is the Tame which drains most of the West Midlands, including Birmingham and the Black Country.", "The second and third largest are the Derwent and the Dove respectively; together these two rivers drain the majority of Derbyshire and Staffordshire, including the upland areas of the Peak District.", "The River Soar which drains the majority of the county of Leicestershire, could also be considered as the second largest tributary, as it has a larger catchment area than the Dove or Derwent, but its discharge is significantly less than the Derwent, and lower than the Dove.", "In terms of rainfall the Derwent receives the highest annual average rainfall, whereas the Devon, which has the lowest average rainfall is the driest catchment of those tabulated." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 183623, "simple_article_title": "River Trent", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=183623", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-183623-0-0", "simple-183623-0-1", "simple-183623-0-2", "simple-183623-0-3", "simple-183623-1-0", "simple-183623-1-1", "simple-183623-1-2", "simple-183623-1-3", "simple-183623-2-0", "simple-183623-2-1", "simple-183623-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The River Trent is one of the major rivers of England.", "It is the third longest river in the United Kingdom.", "It starts in Staffordshire.", "It flows through the centre of England until it joins the River Ouse to form the River Humber (estuary) which empties into the North Sea.", "The name \"Trent\" comes from a Celtic word possibly meaning \"strongly flooding\".", "More specifically, the name may be a contraction of two Celtic words, \"tros\" (\"over\") and \"hynt\" (\"way\").", "It is unusual amongst English rivers in that it flows north (for the second half of its route), and is also unusual in exhibiting a tidal bore, the \"Aegir\".", "The area drained by the river includes most of the northern Midlands.", "The river is legally navigable for some 117 mi below Burton upon Trent.", "However for practical purposes, navigation above the southern terminus of the Trent and Mersey Canal (at Shardlow) is conducted on the canal, rather than on the river itself.", "At certain times of the year, the lower tidal reaches of the Trent experience a tidal bore which can be up to five feet (1.5m) high." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 30221926, "normal_article_title": "Roger W. H. Sargent", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30221926", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-30221926-0-0", "normal-30221926-1-0", "normal-30221926-1-1", "normal-30221926-1-2", "normal-30221926-1-3", "normal-30221926-2-0", "normal-30221926-3-0", "normal-30221926-3-1", "normal-30221926-4-0", "normal-30221926-4-1", "normal-30221926-4-2", "normal-30221926-5-0", "normal-30221926-5-1", "normal-30221926-5-2", "normal-30221926-6-0", "normal-30221926-7-0", "normal-30221926-7-1", "normal-30221926-7-2", "normal-30221926-7-3", "normal-30221926-7-4", "normal-30221926-7-5", "normal-30221926-8-0", "normal-30221926-9-0", "normal-30221926-10-0", "normal-30221926-11-0", "normal-30221926-12-0", "normal-30221926-12-1", "normal-30221926-12-2", "normal-30221926-12-3", "normal-30221926-13-0", "normal-30221926-14-0", "normal-30221926-15-0", "normal-30221926-16-0", "normal-30221926-17-0", "normal-30221926-18-0", "normal-30221926-19-0", "normal-30221926-20-0", "normal-30221926-21-0", "normal-30221926-22-0", "normal-30221926-23-0", "normal-30221926-24-0", "normal-30221926-25-0", "normal-30221926-26-0", "normal-30221926-27-0", "normal-30221926-28-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Roger William Herbert Sargent FREng FSA (14 October 1926 – 11 September 2018) was an English chemical engineer who was Courtaulds professor of Chemical Engineering at Imperial College London and \"the father\" of the discipline of Process Systems Engineering.", "Born on 14 October 1926, Sargent was educated at Bedford School and at Imperial College London where he was received a BSc and PhD in chemical engineering.", "He worked for Air Liquide in Paris as a practising engineer until 1959 when he returned to the UK and subsequently joined Imperial College as a lecturer.", "He describes those war years and post-war France in his address to the University of Edinburgh.", "His career advanced and he was Courtaulds Professor of Chemical Engineering at Imperial College London between 1966 and 1992, Dean of the City and Guilds College from 1973 to 1976, head of the Department of Chemical Engineering from 1975 to 1988 and director of the Centre for Process Systems Engineering (which he founded) from its launch in August 1989 until he retired in 1992, when he became a senior research fellow and emeritus professor in the centre and a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Engineering.", "Sargent died on 11 September 2018.", "Roger Sargent became a professor at Imperial College at an important point in the development of his profession.", "He was very aware of this, and that his experience of eight years as a practicing engineer at Air Liquide in Paris gave him a particular insight into how the subject should be taught: \"the concept of the engineer that I have been trying to build up, and it is precisely the combination of a high degree of competence, and the quantitative approach, with a wider social consciousness and the ability to view problems in their context, that is so valuable\" (Inaugural Lecture, 1963).", "In particular he was vigorous in promoting that the operation and control of a chemical plant were important and worthy subjects to be taught (previously these had been thought to be the responsibility of semi-skilled operators,not professional engineers), and that the new computers and numerical methods should be fundamental to \"undergraduate\" chemical engineering education (this was in 1963).", "He always pushed for the highest degree of competence in all his students; the computer was never to be used as a way of avoiding important issues: \"they must learn the common standard techniques and know something of such questions as rounding errors, stability, and rate of convergence.", "To achieve even such slight understanding of numerical matters requires a strong foundation of the more classical branches of mathematics, particularly in the various kinds of linear algebra which have always formed the backbone of engineering mathematics courses — but of course, these must be oriented towards the purpose of the engineer, which is ultimately to produce an answer in terms of number.\"", "He is known principally as one of the earliest creators of the discipline of Process Systems Engineering, and his influence has been extremely widely spread among that community, by his research and also by his extraordinarily large family tree (Academic genealogy) of research students.", "In his career at Imperial College he supervised 61 research students, and several of these first-generation students have gone on to establish large research schools of their own.", "By 2008, this family tree extended to seven generations and 639 students and former students.", "Since 1994 his influence is commemorated in the annual \"Roger Sargent\" lectures at Imperial College.", "Sargent is regarded as the \"father\" of Process Systems Engineering (PSE).", "Through his academic and research activities Sargent built up a school of PSE that is now widely spread all over the world.", "His contributions to the area are known worldwide and considered important pillars to the PSE area adding up to a collection of outstanding achievements over the last 50 years.", "It is only when we learn of those whose academic origins can be traced back to Sargent, do we realize the full contribution he has already made, not only through his own work, but by instilling his enthusiasm for excellence into those who later have taken up the challenge.", "The interests of this group are reflections of Sargent's focus on process modelling, simulation, optimisation and control, a field, which is now called PSE.", "Sargent's vision, leadership and guidance has led the establishment of PSE as the development of systematic techniques for process modelling, design, and control.", "His software \"SPEEDUP\" (Simulation Programme for the Economic Evaluation and Design of Unsteady-State Processes) was first described in publication in 1964, and this package was widely used in research and industry more than 25 years later.", "In October 2014 the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) created the Roger Sargent medal for \"research in computer-aided product and process engineering\".", "Sargent distinguished himself as an active member of several national and international corporations, namely the Institution of Chemical Engineers, which he joined in 1960 and where he became a president in 1973, and also the Science Research Council, the Council of Engineering Institutions, the European Federation of Chemical Engineering, the Ministry of Technology, the Department of Trade and Industry, the University Grants Committee, the University Funding Council, the British Council and the British-French Mixed Cultural Commission, amongst others, where he acted as a member of several boards and committees.", "Sargent was married to Shirley by whom he had two sons, Philip and Tony.", "His research and academic contributions have been recognized through a series of prestigious honours, including founder-fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (1976), honorary fellowship of the City and Guilds of London Institute (1977), Silver Medal of the “Ville de Paris” (1986), \"Doctor honoris causa\" of the Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (1987) and of the University of Liège (1995), Fellow of Imperial College (1990), Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, Richard W. Wilhelm Lectureship of Princeton University (1994), distinguished research lectureship in chemical engineering of Carnegie Mellon University (1996) and the Nordic Process Control Award (2003).", "The American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChemE) awarded him the 1990 'Computing in Chemical Engineering' award The Institution of Chemical Engineers awarded him the inaugural MM Sharma medal in 2015.", "In September 2016 the Royal Academy of Engineering awarded him the Sir Frank Whittle Medal.", "The Sir Frank Whittle Medal is awarded to an engineer resident in the UK whose outstanding and sustained achievements have had a profound impact on their engineering discipline.", "In addition to the awards he has gained, an award has been named in his honour: in October 2014 the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) created the Roger Sargent medal for \"research in computer-aided product and process engineering\".", "Autobiographical summary of his engineering experiences during World War II (with Dudley Maurice Newitt, the real-life prototype for \"M\" in the Bond movies) and post-war in France: http://www.klebos.net/subdomains/home/roger.sargent/papers/2011-my-contribution-to-broadening-the-base-of-chemical-engineering.pdf", "Tribute to Roger Sargent in the special issue of the AIChemE Journal (Aug.2016): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aic.15425/abstract", "Imperial College tribute to Roger Sargent being awarded the MM Sharma medal https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/171710/professor-roger-sargent-becomes-first-winner/", "Imperial College tribute to Roger Sargent being featured in AIChemE Journal special issue: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/174808/aiche-tribute-founders-professor-roger-sargent/", "Roger Sargent - Research Gate profile, partial publications list: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roger_Sargent/publications", "Roger Sargent collated publications - full text copies: http://purl.oclc.org/NET/rogersargent", "Roger Sargent Academic Family Tree - as of Nov.2001 http://control.ee.ethz.ch/~morari/Sargent_Tree.pdf Roger Sargent Academic Family Tree - online version published Aug.2016 http://titan.engr.tamu.edu/Sargent_tree/index.php", "Imperial College biography: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/roger.sargent", "Long Term Achievement Award biography (ESCAPE-14): http://www.deb.uminho.pt/escape14/Sargent.htm", "Long Term Achievement paper, European Symposium on Computer-Aided Process Engineering-14, https://books.google.com/books?id=_XiLyT9YsHEC", "Special Issue on Process Systems Engineering, commemorating Roger Sargent's 60th birthday and comprising papers presented at special sessions of the November 1986 AIChE National Meeting at Miami Beach: Computers & Chemical Engineering Vol.12, No.7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00981354", "Special Issue of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal in August 2016 dedicated to Prof. Sargent: http://www.aiche.org/resources/publications/journals/aiche-journal/issues/62-9, edited by Ignacio Grossmann, Costas Pantelides and Michael Doherty.", "Annual Roger Sargent Lecture: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/events/theprofessorrogerwhsargentlecture", "Centre for Process Systems Engineering: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/centreforprocesssystemsengineering", "Award of the Sir Frank Whittle medal: http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/news-releases/2016/september/the-father-of-process-systems-engineering%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%93-found" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 658245, "simple_article_title": "Roger W. H. Sargent", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=658245", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-658245-0-0", "simple-658245-0-1", "simple-658245-0-2", "simple-658245-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Roger William Herbert Sargent PhD, DSc(Eng), D.hc(INPL, Nancy), ACGI, Hon FCGI, FIChemE FIMA FREng FSA (14 October 1926 – 11 September 2018) was a British chemical engineer.", "He was the Courtaulds Professor of Chemical Engineering at Imperial College London and \"the father\" of the discipline of Process Systems Engineering.", "He was born in Bedford, Bedfordshire.", "Sargent died on 11 September 2018 in London at the age of 91." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 21586, "normal_article_title": "Nereid", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21586", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-21586-0-0", "normal-21586-0-1", "normal-21586-0-2", "normal-21586-1-0", "normal-21586-1-1", "normal-21586-1-2", "normal-21586-1-3", "normal-21586-1-4", "normal-21586-1-5", "normal-21586-2-0", "normal-21586-2-1", "normal-21586-2-2", "normal-21586-2-3", "normal-21586-2-4", "normal-21586-3-0", "normal-21586-4-0", "normal-21586-5-0", "normal-21586-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In Greek mythology, the Nereids ( ; Greek: \"Nereides\", sg.", "\"Nereis\") are sea nymphs (female spirits of sea waters), the 50 daughters of Nereus and Doris, sisters to Nerites.", "They often accompany Poseidon, the god of the sea, and can be friendly and helpful to sailors, like the Argonauts in their search for the Golden Fleece.", "Nereids are particularly associated with the Aegean Sea, where they dwelt with their father Nereus in the depths within a golden palace.", "The most notable of them are Thetis, wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles; Amphitrite, wife of Poseidon and mother of Triton; and Galatea, the vain love interest of the Cyclops Polyphemus.", "They symbolized everything that is beautiful and kind about the sea.", "Their melodious voices sang as they danced around their father.", "They are represented as very beautiful girls, crowned with branches of red coral and dressed in white silk robes trimmed with gold, but who went barefoot.", "They were part of Poseidon's entourage and carried his trident.", "In Homer's \"Iliad\" XVIII, when Thetis cries out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles for the slain Patroclus, her sisters appear.", "The Nereid Opis is mentioned in Virgil's \"Aeneid\".", "She is called by the goddess Diana to avenge the death of the Amazon-like female warrior Camilla.", "Diana gives Opis magical weapons for revenge on Camilla's killer, the Etruscan Arruns.", "Opis sees and laments Camilla's death and shoots Arruns in revenge as directed by Diana.", "In modern Greek folklore, the term \"nereid\" ( , \"neráida\") has come to be used for all nymphs, fairies, or mermaids, not merely nymphs of the sea.", "Nereid, a moon of the planet Neptune, is named after the Nereids.", "\"This list is correlated from four sources: Homer's \"Iliad\", Hesiod's \"Theogony\", the \"Bibliotheca\" and Hyginus\".", "\"Because of this, the total number of names goes beyond fifty.\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4226617, "normal_article_title": "Blairlogie", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4226617", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4226617-0-0", "normal-4226617-1-0", "normal-4226617-1-1", "normal-4226617-2-0", "normal-4226617-2-1", "normal-4226617-3-0", "normal-4226617-4-0", "normal-4226617-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Blairlogie is a village in the Stirling council area of Scotland, situated at the base of the great southern rock-face of Dumyat between Stirling and Menstrie.", "Blairlogie forms part of the parish of the ancient Logie Kirk which lies to its west.", "It comprises mainly 17th-19th century cottages and was one of central Scotland's earliest Conservation villages.", "At the foot of Castle Law (and giving its name to the hill) stood Blairlogie Castle, built in 1543 by Alexander Spittal and surviving until the early 20th century.", "The castle and surrounding estate was purchased by Lt Col Hare of Calder Hall in 1891 who extensively rebuilt it.", "An abandoned copper mine lies to the east of the village.", "Between 1598 and 1609, the minister of Logie Kirk was the poet Alexander Hume.", "The Scottish International rugby player Kenny Logan used to live in the village and several of his relatives live in the area." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 15333823, "normal_article_title": "Bonson, Alpes-Maritimes", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15333823", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-15333823-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Bonson is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1156934, "normal_article_title": "Ammonium carbonate", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1156934", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1156934-0-0", "normal-1156934-0-1", "normal-1156934-0-2", "normal-1156934-0-3", "normal-1156934-1-0", "normal-1156934-1-1", "normal-1156934-2-0", "normal-1156934-2-1", "normal-1156934-3-0", "normal-1156934-3-1", "normal-1156934-4-0", "normal-1156934-4-1", "normal-1156934-4-2", "normal-1156934-4-3", "normal-1156934-4-4", "normal-1156934-4-5", "normal-1156934-5-0", "normal-1156934-5-1", "normal-1156934-5-2", "normal-1156934-5-3", "normal-1156934-5-4", "normal-1156934-6-0", "normal-1156934-6-1", "normal-1156934-6-2", "normal-1156934-6-3", "normal-1156934-7-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ammonium carbonate is a salt with the chemical formula (NH)CO.", "Since it readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating, it is used as a leavening agent and also as smelling salt.", "It is also known as baker's ammonia and was a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents baking soda and baking powder.", "It is a component of what was formerly known as sal volatile and salt of hartshorn.", "Ammonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia.", "About 80000 tons/year were produced as of 1997.", "Ammonium carbonate slowly decomposes at standard temperature and pressure through two pathways.", "Thus any initially pure sample of ammonium carbonate will soon become a mixture including various byproducts.", "Ammonium carbonate may be used as a leavening agent in traditional recipes, particularly those from northern Europe and Scandinavia (e.g. Speculoos, Tunnbröd or Lebkuchen).", "It was the precursor to today's more commonly used baking powder.", "Originally made from ground deer horn and called hartshorn.", "Today it is called Baker's Ammonia.", "The ingredient ammonium carbonate is a mix of ammonium bicarbonate (NHHCO) and ammonium carbamate (NHCOONH).", "It is prepared by the sublimation of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate and occurs as a white powder or a hard, white or translucent mass.", "It acts as a heat activated leavening agent and breaks down into carbon dioxide (leavening), ammonia (which needs to dissipate) and water.", "It is sometimes combined with sodium bicarbonate to mimic as a double acting baking powder and to help mask any ammonia smell not baked out.", "It also serves as an acidity regulator and has the E number E503.", "It can be replaced with baking powder, but this may affect both the taste and texture of the finished product.", "Baker's ammonia should be used to create thin dry baked goods like crackers and cookies.", "This allows the strong ammonia smell to bake out.", "It should not be used to make moist baked items like cake since ammonia is hydrophilic and will leave a strong bitter taste.", "Ammonium carbonate is the main component of smelling salts, although the commercial scale of their production is small.", "Buckley's cough syrup from Canada today uses ammonium carbonate as an active ingredient intended to help relieve symptoms of bronchitis.", "It is also used as an emetic.", "It is also found in smokeless tobacco products, such as Skoal, and it is used in aqueous solution as a photographic lens cleaning agent, such as Eastman Kodak's \"Kodak Lens Cleaner.\"", "A teaspoon of baker's ammonia can be substituted with a teaspoon baking powder plus a teaspoon baking soda." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 266012, "simple_article_title": "Ammonium carbonate", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=266012", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-266012-0-0", "simple-266012-0-1", "simple-266012-0-2", "simple-266012-1-0", "simple-266012-1-1", "simple-266012-1-2", "simple-266012-1-3", "simple-266012-1-4", "simple-266012-2-0", "simple-266012-2-1", "simple-266012-2-2", "simple-266012-3-0", "simple-266012-3-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ammonium carbonate, also known as baker's ammonia or sal volatile, is a chemical compound.", "Its chemical formula is (NH)CO.", "It contains ammonium and carbonate ions.", "Ammonium carbonate is a white solid.", "It dissolves in water.", "It reacts with acids to make an ammonium salt and carbon dioxide.", "It has a slight smell of ammonia.", "It reacts with bases to make ammonia gas.", "Ammonium carbonate is made by reacting ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate in a furnace.", "The ammonium carbonate is exposed to air to decompose any bicarbonate and then is sold.", "It can also be made by reacting carbon dioxide with ammonia.", "It is used to make bread rise.", "It can also be used in cough syrup." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 6221469, "normal_article_title": "George T. Anderson", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6221469", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-6221469-0-0", "normal-6221469-0-1", "normal-6221469-1-0", "normal-6221469-1-1", "normal-6221469-1-2", "normal-6221469-2-0", "normal-6221469-2-1", "normal-6221469-2-2", "normal-6221469-2-3", "normal-6221469-2-4", "normal-6221469-3-0", "normal-6221469-3-1", "normal-6221469-3-2", "normal-6221469-3-3", "normal-6221469-3-4", "normal-6221469-3-5", "normal-6221469-4-0", "normal-6221469-4-1", "normal-6221469-4-2", "normal-6221469-4-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "George Thomas Anderson (February 3, 1824 – April 4, 1901) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "Nicknamed \"Tige,\" Anderson was noted as one of Robert E. Lee's hardest-fighting subordinates.", "Anderson was born in Covington, Georgia, and attended Emory University before departing to serve as a second lieutenant of Georgia cavalry during the Mexican–American War.", "From 1848 until 1850, he was a major general of the 11th Division of the Georgia Militia.", "He received a commission as a captain in the 1st U.S. Cavalry in 1855, only to resign in 1858.", "When the Civil War broke out, Anderson joined the Confederate Army in defense of his home state.", "He became colonel of the 11th Georgia Infantry regiment but arrived too late to participate in the First Battle of Bull Run.", "He saw battle during the Peninsula Campaign at Yorktown and commanded a brigade during the Seven Days Battles, Second Bull Run, Fox's Gap, Antietam, and Fredericksburg.", "He was promoted to brigadier general on November 1, 1862.", "Anderson missed Chancellorsville being with the majority of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's First Corps operating in southeastern Virginia.", "Longstreet's men rejoined the Army of Northern Virginia in time for the Gettysburg Campaign.", "Anderson fought around Devil's Den and the Wheatfield at Gettysburg, where he was wounded.", "He recuperated in the Charleston area while Longstreet's Corps went to Georgia.", "Anderson did not rejoin his men until the Siege of Knoxville.", "He saw heavy action in 1864 at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and the operations around Richmond and Petersburg.", "He surrendered with Lee at Appomattox Court House in April 1865.", "After the war, Anderson became a railroad freight agent and police chief in Atlanta, Georgia.", "He later moved to Anniston, Alabama, becoming police chief there and county tax collector.", "He died in Anniston on April 4, 1901.", "He is buried there in Edgemont Cemetery." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 19200004, "normal_article_title": "Ken Hodgkisson", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19200004", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-19200004-0-0", "normal-19200004-0-1", "normal-19200004-0-2", "normal-19200004-0-3", "normal-19200004-1-0", "normal-19200004-1-1", "normal-19200004-1-2", "normal-19200004-1-3", "normal-19200004-2-0", "normal-19200004-2-1", "normal-19200004-2-2", "normal-19200004-2-3", "normal-19200004-2-4", "normal-19200004-3-0", "normal-19200004-3-1", "normal-19200004-3-2", "normal-19200004-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "William Kenneth Hodgkisson (12 March 1933 – 10 May 2018) was an English professional footballer who played as an inside forward.", "He began his career with West Bromwich Albion, making his professional debut in 1953 before being sold to Walsall in 1956.", "He went on to make over 350 appearances for the club during an eleven year spell, winning promotion on two occasions.", "He later played non-league football with Worcester City and Dudley Town, where he also spent three years as manager.", "Born in West Bromwich, Hodgkisson attended George Salter Academy.", "He began his career with his hometown club West Bromwich Albion as an amateur, signing his first professional contract in April 1950.", "He made his senior debut three years later, in April 1953 during a match against Aston Villa and scored three times in five appearances at the end of the season.", "However, he struggled to establish himself in the first team, making twenty league appearances during six years at the club.", "In December 1955, he joined Walsall for a fee of £1,600.", "He quickly formed a forward partnership with Tony Richards and the pair were instrumental in helping the club win the Fourth Division title during the 1959–60 season and achieve a second promotion to the Second Division the following year.", "In August 1965, Hodgkisson became the first Walsall player to be used as a substitute when he came on during a match against Workington.", "Having made over 350 appearances in all competitions during eleven years, he left the club in 1966 to join Worcester City.", "He joined Dudley Town the following year, taking over as manager of the side in 1968 before leaving in 1971.", "In 1975, Hodgkisson returned to West Bromwich Albion as a coach.", "He was appointed youth team manager in 1981, remaining in the role until 1985.", "He later worked as a scout for Derby County.", "He died on 10 May 2018 at the age of 85 and was survived by a wife and three daughters." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 852604, "normal_article_title": "John Farey Sr.", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=852604", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-852604-0-0", "normal-852604-0-1", "normal-852604-1-0", "normal-852604-2-0", "normal-852604-2-1", "normal-852604-2-2", "normal-852604-3-0", "normal-852604-3-1", "normal-852604-4-0", "normal-852604-4-1", "normal-852604-4-2", "normal-852604-5-0", "normal-852604-5-1", "normal-852604-5-2", "normal-852604-6-0", "normal-852604-6-1", "normal-852604-7-0", "normal-852604-7-1", "normal-852604-7-2", "normal-852604-7-3", "normal-852604-7-4", "normal-852604-8-0", "normal-852604-8-1", "normal-852604-8-2", "normal-852604-8-3", "normal-852604-9-0", "normal-852604-9-1", "normal-852604-10-0", "normal-852604-10-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "John Farey Sr. (1766 – January 6, 1826) was an English geologist and writer.", "However, he is better known for a mathematical construct, the Farey sequence named after him.", "Farey was born at Woburn in Bedfordshire and was educated at Halifax in Yorkshire, and showed such aptitude in mathematics, drawing and surveying, that he was brought under the notice of John Smeaton (1724–1792).", "After his education he moved to London, where he had relatives, and worked there for a number of years, during which time he met and married his wife, Sophia Hubert, (1770–1830).", "Whilst in London they had their first child John Farey Jr..", "They later had eight more children, two of whom died in infancy.", "In 1792 Farey was appointed surveyor and land agent to Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford for his Woburn estates.", "After the decease of the duke, Farey in 1802 removed to London, and, after first contemplating emigrating or taking a farm in the country, he settled there as a consulting surveyor and geologist.", "That he was enabled to take this step was due largely to his acquaintance with the geologist William Smith, who in 1801 had been employed by the duke of Bedford in works of draining and irrigation.", "The duke, appreciating Smith's knowledge of the strata, commissioned him in 1802 to explore the margin of the chalk-hills south of Woburn in order to determine the true succession of the strata; and he instructed Farey to accompany him.", "Farey has remarked that Smith was his Master and Instructor in Mineral Surveying, and his subsequent publications show how well he had profited by the teachings he received.", "In 1805, he succeeded the agriculturist Arthur Young as Secretary of the Smithfield Club.", "His surveying work took him all over the country and he was in much demand from landowners wishing to improve their estates, or exploit the minerals they held.", "His work on economic geology then was of importance in the burgeoning Industrial Revolution by locating new resources of coal and metal ores.", "Farey was a prolific writer, and Professor Hugh Torrens (see references below) has traced around 270 papers by him, quadrupling the number given by the Royal Society's \"Catalogue of Scientific Papers\".", "He wrote on all manner of subjects, ranging from horticulture, geology, meteorology, metrology, currency decimalisation, music and mathematics to pacifism.", "He was an important contributor to \"Rees's Cyclopædia\" with articles on canals, mineralogy, surveying and a number of the scientific and mathematical basis of sound.", "Various nineteenth-century biographical sources, including the \"Dictionary of National Biography\", claimed wrongly he wrote the Rees article on Steam.", "It was actually written by his son John Farey Jr.", "In 1809 Farey met William Martin who had published work on Derbyshire fossils, to investigate whether they could create a joint geological map of Derbyshire.", "Martin however was too ill to meet a second time and he died the following year.", "Farey's best known work is \"General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire\" (3 volumes 1811–17) for the Board of Agriculture.", "In the first of these volumes (1811) he gave an account of the upper part of the British series of strata, and an exposition of the Carboniferous and other strata of Derbyshire.", "In this work, and in a paper published in the \"Philosophical Magazine\", vol.", "51, 1818, p. 173, on 'Mr Smith's Geological Claims stated', he called attention to the importance of the discoveries of William Smith.", "As well as being remembered by historians of geology, his name is more widely known by the Farey sequence which he noted as a result of his interest in the mathematics of sound (\"Philosophical Magazine\", vol.", "47, 1816, pp. 385–386).", "Farey died in London.", "Subsequently, his widow offered his geological collection to the British Museum, which rejected it, and it was dispersed." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 300902, "simple_article_title": "John Farey, Sr.", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=300902", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-300902-0-0", "simple-300902-0-1", "simple-300902-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "John Farey, Sr. (1766 – January 6, 1826) was an English geologist.", "However, he is better known for a mathematician, the Farey sequence is named after him.", "He is also a writer." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1476272, "normal_article_title": "Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1476272", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1476272-0-0", "normal-1476272-0-1", "normal-1476272-1-0", "normal-1476272-1-1", "normal-1476272-1-2", "normal-1476272-2-0", "normal-1476272-2-1", "normal-1476272-2-2", "normal-1476272-2-3", "normal-1476272-2-4", "normal-1476272-2-5", "normal-1476272-2-6", "normal-1476272-2-7", "normal-1476272-3-0", "normal-1476272-3-1", "normal-1476272-3-2", "normal-1476272-4-0", "normal-1476272-4-1", "normal-1476272-4-2", "normal-1476272-4-3", "normal-1476272-4-4", "normal-1476272-4-5", "normal-1476272-5-0", "normal-1476272-5-1", "normal-1476272-5-2", "normal-1476272-5-3", "normal-1476272-6-0", "normal-1476272-6-1", "normal-1476272-7-0", "normal-1476272-7-1", "normal-1476272-7-2", "normal-1476272-8-0", "normal-1476272-8-1", "normal-1476272-8-2", "normal-1476272-8-3", "normal-1476272-8-4", "normal-1476272-8-5", "normal-1476272-8-6", "normal-1476272-8-7", "normal-1476272-8-8", "normal-1476272-8-9", "normal-1476272-9-0", "normal-1476272-9-1", "normal-1476272-9-2", "normal-1476272-9-3", "normal-1476272-9-4", "normal-1476272-9-5", "normal-1476272-9-6", "normal-1476272-10-0", "normal-1476272-10-1", "normal-1476272-10-2", "normal-1476272-10-3", "normal-1476272-10-4", "normal-1476272-10-5", "normal-1476272-10-6", "normal-1476272-11-0", "normal-1476272-11-1", "normal-1476272-11-2", "normal-1476272-11-3", "normal-1476272-11-4", "normal-1476272-11-5", "normal-1476272-11-6", "normal-1476272-11-7", "normal-1476272-11-8", "normal-1476272-12-0", "normal-1476272-12-1", "normal-1476272-13-0", "normal-1476272-13-1", "normal-1476272-13-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) is the foundational document of the Duchy of Normandy, establishing Rollo, a Norse warlord and Viking leader, as the first Duke of Normandy in exchange for his loyalty to the king of West Francia.", "The territory of Normandy centered on Rouen, a city in the Marches of Neustria which had been repeatedly raided by Vikings since the 840s, and which had finally been taken by Rollo in 876.", "Rollo in June 911 unsuccessfully laid siege to Chartres.", "He was defeated in battle on 20 July 911.", "In the aftermath of this conflict, Charles the Simple decided to negotiate a treaty with Rollo.", "The talks, led by Hervé, the Archbishop of Reims, resulted in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte in 911.", "The treaty granted Rollo and his soldiers all the land between the river Epte and the sea \"in freehold and good money\".", "In addition, it granted him Brittany \"for his livelihood.\"", "At the time, Brittany was an independent country which present day France had unsuccessfully tried to conquer.", "In exchange, Rollo guaranteed the king his loyalty, which involved military assistance for the protection of the kingdom against other Vikings.", "One of the conditions for the Vikings after their loss was to convert.", "As a token of his goodwill, Rollo also agreed to be baptized and to marry Gisela, a presumed legitimate daughter of Charles.", "The \"traité en forme\" at Saint Clair-Sur-Epte marked the beginning of Normandy as a state.", "With Norse bands of settlers, composed of non-aristocratic lineages, there came multiple communities formed and a new political ethos that was not Frankish.", "The Norsemen (\"Northmen\") came to be known as Normans in French.", "This identity formation was partly possible because the Norse were adapting indigenous culture, speaking French, renouncing paganism and converting to Christianity, and intermarrying with the local population.", "The territory covered by the treaty corresponds to the northern part of today's Upper Normandy down to the Seine, but the territory of the Vikings would eventually extend west beyond the Seine to form the Duchy of Normandy, so named because of the Norsemen who ruled it.", "The treaty allowed these new settlements.", "But not all Vikings were welcome.", "And with the death of Alan I, King of Brittany, another group of Vikings occupied Brittany faced their own dispute.", "Around 937, Alan I's son Alan II returned from England to expel those Vikings from Brittany in a war that was concluded in 939.", "During this period the Cotentin Peninsula was lost by Brittany and gained by Normandy.", "There would be a convergence between Franks and Normans with a few generations.", "But for now, the treaty involved a marriage between Gisla and Hrólfr (also known Rollo to the Franks).", "Marriages such as this played an important role in cultivating alliances and cohesion; wives were often called \"peace weavers.\"", "And later, Charles the Simple created an alliance and a grant of rights to those Vikings seeking to settle in 918.", "While the Normans did adapt, adopt, and assimilate to Christianity, they did not necessarily adopt indigenous administration: \"The creation of Norman power between first settlement and the mid-eleventh century is not primarily of assimilation to Carolingian forms, as those appear in the capitualaries.", "Rather, the Normans \"adhered longer than the Franks around them--to older forms of social organization,\" that the Franks were abandoning.", "The Normans came close to being absorbed into a lower social strata in Frankish society had not renewed wave of Viking raids occurred in the 960s.", "Over time, the frontiers of the duchy, based in kinship, expanded to the west.", "\"By the mid-eleventh century the descendants of the settlers formed the most disciplined, cooperative warrior society in Europe, capable of a communal effort--the conquest and subjugation of England--that was not, and could not have been, mounted by any other European political entity.\"", "There was not a successful duchy until around the time of Richard I control of Normandy.", "During his reign, he bore daughters who would become peace weavers to forge valuable marriage alliances with powerful neighboring counts and the king of England.", "His daughter, Emma, underwent two marriages.", "In 1002, King Æthelred II married Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy.", "After Æthelred the Unready's death in 1016, Emma marriage her second husband who was an invader, Cnut the Great.", "Emma and Æthelred the Unready's children included Alfred Aetheling and Edward the Confessor.", "Emma also bore children with Cnut: Haracnut and a daughter, Gunnhild.", "That is not to mention Cnut's previous child in his previous marriage: Harold Harafoot.", "While the complicated woven connections that marriage brought could bring peace, after the alliance of Cnut and Emma had ended was a battle over the throne.", "Emma's children with Æthelred the Unready give a major connection between Normandy and England that would later add validity to William the Conqueror's claim to the throne of England.", "On 12 November 1035, King Cnut died at Shaftsbury in Dorset.", "He was around 40 years old and was buried at the Winchester Abbey.", "With his death, a succession crisis was created, and his huge Northern European empire, which contained England, Denmark and Norway fell apart because of strife over which heir would control certain regions.", "For instance, Harold Harefoot tried to seize the throne of England and was able to rule the \"North of the river of Thames\" until 1035 when he \"failed to prevail over the archbishop.\"", "Meanwhile, south of the River Thames, Haracnut reigned \"but w deserted by his supporters in 1037.\"", "In 1037, Harold Harefoot ascended the throne \"as king everywhere,\" but with his death came the accession of Haracnut.", "Essentially, all of Cnut's children, whether illegitimate or not, had an interest in the throne of England, the male heirs.", "Edward the Confessor was an illegitimate child of Cnut because he came from Emma's first marriage.", "Not being a direct son of Cnut meant that Edward and his brother spent most of their lives in Normandy as an exile to England.", "That synamic led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics.", "Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church.", "Edward was childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and his sons, and he may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne.\"", "Therefore, he laid claim to the English throne while Haracnut was ling.", "Eventually, William would not only stake a claim to the English crown but also take advantage of the fragmented state of England because of the Great Succession Crisis and its aftermath.", "Before William left for England, he had to gain support and unify Normandy as a consolidated state.", "However, to maintain that unity in Normandy meant William needed to make sure that his neighbors, such as France, were not a threat.", "William was able to leave for his invasion with the aid of churches and ducal administration as well as the timely death of France's king.", "Thoae circumstances and dynamics secured William's power, and he was able to accomplish the defeat of England by invading and landing his ships in Dives.", "There, William was met with Harold II on the battlefield, and the Battle of Hastings ensued in the fall of 1066.", "Bradbury asserts the Battle of Hastings events unfolded at Caldbec Hill, Battle Hill, or the Abbey in three phases.", "The first phase consisted of confrontation, with the Normans striking the Anglo-Saxons first.", "The second phase is a counterattack by the English.", "The third phrase consisted of a Norman breakthrough.", "Without the treaty, there never would have been a Normandy formed.", "In fact, the assimilation of Vikings and their adoption of the French language and customs would have likely occurred in another time or another manner if at all.", "The treaty eventually led to future power struggles between Normandy and England, such as the Norman Conquest.", "William II, Duke of Normandy, became William the I, King of England when he invaded England at the time of Harold II's reign in 1066.", "The Norman Conquest would cause native Anglo-Saxons, Danes, and the like to adopt the language that would eventually develop into Middle English." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 412328, "simple_article_title": "Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=412328", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-412328-0-0", "simple-412328-0-1", "simple-412328-0-2", "simple-412328-0-3", "simple-412328-0-4", "simple-412328-0-5", "simple-412328-0-6", "simple-412328-0-7", "simple-412328-0-8", "simple-412328-0-9", "simple-412328-0-10", "simple-412328-0-11", "simple-412328-1-0", "simple-412328-1-1", "simple-412328-1-2", "simple-412328-1-3", "simple-412328-1-4", "simple-412328-1-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte was signed in the autumn of 911.", "It was a treaty between Charles the Simple and Rollo, one of the leaders of the Vikings living in Neustria.", "It was to protect Charles' kingdom from any new invasion by the \"Northmen.", "In 911, a group of Vikings lead by Rollo Paris and Chartres.", "After a victory near Chartres on 26 August, Charles decided to try to reach an agreement with Rollo.", "The talks were led by Hervé, the Archbishop of Reims.", "The result was the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte.", "The treaty granted Rollo all land between the river Epte and the sea in exchange for his fealty.", "In addition, the treaty granted Rollo Brittany \"for his \".", "At the time, Brittany was an independent region which France had not been able to control.", "In exchange, Rollo promised the king his loyalty, which involved military assistance for the protection of the kingdom.", "As a token of his good will, Rollo also agreed to be baptised and marry Gisela a daughter of king Charles.", "The territory covered by the treaty is nearly the same as today’s Upper Normandy down to the Seine river.", "It would later extend west beyond the Seine to form the Duchy of Normandy, named for the northmen who ruled it.", "The treaty was entered into after the death of Alan I, King of Brittany and at the time another group of Vikings occupied Brittany.", "Around 937 Alan I's son, Alan II returned from England to expel those Vikings from Brittany.", "This happened in 939.", "During this period the Cotentin Peninsula was lost by Brittany and gained by Normandy." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 10417, "normal_article_title": "Emperor Yōmei", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10417", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-10417-0-0", "normal-10417-1-0", "normal-10417-2-0", "normal-10417-2-1", "normal-10417-2-2", "normal-10417-3-0", "normal-10417-3-1", "normal-10417-4-0", "normal-10417-4-1", "normal-10417-4-2", "normal-10417-5-0", "normal-10417-6-0", "normal-10417-6-1", "normal-10417-6-2", "normal-10417-6-3", "normal-10417-7-0", "normal-10417-7-1", "normal-10417-8-0", "normal-10417-8-1", "normal-10417-9-0", "normal-10417-10-0", "normal-10417-10-1", "normal-10417-11-0", "normal-10417-12-0", "normal-10417-13-0", "normal-10417-14-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Emperor Yōmei (用明天皇 , Yōmei-tennō , 518 – 21 May 587) was the 31st Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.", "Yōmei's reign spanned the years from 585 until his death in 587.", "He was called Tachibana no Toyohi no Mikoto (橘豊日尊 ) in the \"Kojiki\".", "He was also referred to as Prince Ōe (大兄皇子 , Ōe no Miko ) and Prince Ikebe (池辺皇子 , Ikebe no Miko ) after the palace in which he lived.", "He acceded to the throne after the death of his half brother, Emperor Bidatsu.", "The influential courtiers from Emperor Bidatsu's reign, Mononobe no Moriya, also known as Mononobe Yuge no Moriya no Muraji or as Ō-muraji Yuge no Moriya, and Soga no Umako no Sukune, both remained in their positions during the reign of Emperor Yōmei.", "Umako was the son of Soga Iname no Sukune, and therefore, he would have been one of Emperor Yōmei's cousins.", "Yōmei's contemporary title would not have been \"tennō\", as most historians believe this title was not introduced until the reigns of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō.", "Rather,it was presumably \"Sumeramikoto\" or \"Amenoshita Shiroshimesu Ōkimi\" (治天下大王 ) , meaning \"the great king who rules all under heaven\".", "Alternatively, Yōmei might have been referred to as ヤマト大王/大君 or the \"Great King of Yamato\".", "Emperor Yōmei's reign lasted only two years; and he died at the age of 69.", "Because of the brevity of his reign, Emperor Yōmei was not responsible for any radical changes in policy, but his support of Buddhism created tension with supporters of Shintoism who opposed its introduction.", "According to Nihon Shoki, Emperor Yomei believed both in Buddhism and Shintoism.", "Moriya, the most influential supporter of Shintoism, conspired with Emperor Yōmei's brother, Prince Anahobe, and after Emperor Yomei's death they made an abortive attempt to seize the throne.", "Although Emperor Yōmei is reported to have died from illness, this incident and the brevity of his reign have led some to speculate that he was actually assassinated by Moriya and Prince Anahobe.", "The actual site of Yōmei's grave is known.", "The Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (\"misasagi\") at Osaka.", "The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Yōmei's mausoleum.", "It is formally named \"Kōchi no Shinaga no hara no misasagi\".", "Emperor Yōmei was the fourth son of Emperor Kinmei and his mother was Soga no Kitashihime, a daughter of Soga no Iname.", "In 586, Emperor Yōmei took his half-sister Princess Anahobe no Hashihito (穴穂部間人皇女 , Anahobe no Hashihito no Himemiko ) , whose mother was another of Iname's daughters, Soga no Oane Hime, as his consort.", "Princess Hashihito no Anahobe bore him four sons.", "Empress: Princess Anahobe no Hashihito (穴穂部間人皇女 , d.622) , Emperor Kinmei's daughter", "Concubine: Soga no Ishikina (蘇我石寸名 ) , Soga no Iname's daughter", "Consort: Katsuragi Hiroko (葛城広子 ) , Katsuragi no Atahe's daughter", "Yomei had three Empresses and seven Imperial sons and daughters." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 237489, "simple_article_title": "Emperor Yōmei", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=237489", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-237489-0-0", "simple-237489-1-0", "simple-237489-1-1", "simple-237489-1-2", "simple-237489-1-3", "simple-237489-2-0", "simple-237489-2-1", "simple-237489-3-0", "simple-237489-4-0", "simple-237489-5-0", "simple-237489-6-0", "simple-237489-6-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Emperor Yōmei (用明天皇, Yōmei-tennō, died 587) was the 31st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.", "The years of the reign of Yōmei start in 585 and end in 587.", "The names and sequence of the early emperors were not confirmed as \"traditional\" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.", "Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Yōmei to be possibly legendary, but probable.", "The name Yōmei\"-tennō\" was created for him posthumously by later generations.", "Emperor Yōmei was the fourth son of Emperor Kimmei.", "His mother, Soga no Kitashihime, was a daughter of Soga no Iname.", "His palace in Yamato Province was called Namitsuki no Miya at Ikebe.", "Yōmei had three Empresses and seven Imperial sons and daughters.", "Yōmei's son, Prince Umayado, is also known as Prince Shōtoku.", "According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (\"kofun\").", "Yōmei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (\"misasagi\") which is associated with the burial mound." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 261613, "normal_article_title": "Stomach cancer", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=261613", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-261613-0-0", "normal-261613-0-1", "normal-261613-0-2", "normal-261613-0-3", "normal-261613-0-4", "normal-261613-0-5", "normal-261613-0-6", "normal-261613-0-7", "normal-261613-0-8", "normal-261613-0-9", "normal-261613-0-10", "normal-261613-0-11", "normal-261613-0-12", "normal-261613-0-13", "normal-261613-0-14", "normal-261613-0-15", "normal-261613-0-16", "normal-261613-0-17", "normal-261613-0-18", "normal-261613-0-19", "normal-261613-0-20", "normal-261613-0-21", "normal-261613-0-22", "normal-261613-0-23", "normal-261613-0-24", "normal-261613-0-25", "normal-261613-0-26", "normal-261613-0-27", "normal-261613-0-28", "normal-261613-0-29", "normal-261613-1-0", "normal-261613-1-1", "normal-261613-2-0", "normal-261613-2-1", "normal-261613-2-2", "normal-261613-3-0", "normal-261613-3-1", 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"normal-261613-21-0", "normal-261613-21-1", "normal-261613-21-2", "normal-261613-21-3", "normal-261613-22-0", "normal-261613-22-1", "normal-261613-23-0", "normal-261613-24-0", "normal-261613-24-1", "normal-261613-24-2", "normal-261613-25-0", "normal-261613-25-1", "normal-261613-25-2", "normal-261613-25-3", "normal-261613-26-0", "normal-261613-26-1", "normal-261613-27-0", "normal-261613-27-1", "normal-261613-28-0", "normal-261613-28-1", "normal-261613-28-2", "normal-261613-28-3", "normal-261613-28-4", "normal-261613-28-5", "normal-261613-28-6", "normal-261613-28-7", "normal-261613-28-8", "normal-261613-29-0", "normal-261613-30-0", "normal-261613-30-1", "normal-261613-30-2", "normal-261613-30-3", "normal-261613-30-4", "normal-261613-31-0", "normal-261613-31-1", "normal-261613-31-2", "normal-261613-31-3", "normal-261613-32-0", "normal-261613-33-0", "normal-261613-33-1", "normal-261613-34-0", "normal-261613-34-1", "normal-261613-35-0", "normal-261613-35-1", "normal-261613-35-2", "normal-261613-35-3", "normal-261613-36-0", "normal-261613-37-0", "normal-261613-37-1", "normal-261613-37-2", "normal-261613-38-0", "normal-261613-39-0", "normal-261613-39-1", "normal-261613-39-2", "normal-261613-39-3", "normal-261613-39-4", "normal-261613-39-5", "normal-261613-39-6", "normal-261613-39-7", "normal-261613-39-8", "normal-261613-39-9", "normal-261613-40-0", "normal-261613-40-1", "normal-261613-40-2", "normal-261613-40-3", "normal-261613-40-4", "normal-261613-40-5", "normal-261613-40-6", "normal-261613-40-7", "normal-261613-40-8" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach.", "Early symptoms may include heartburn, upper abdominal pain, nausea and loss of appetite.", "Later signs and symptoms may include weight loss, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, vomiting, difficulty swallowing and blood in the stool among others.", "The cancer may spread from the stomach to other parts of the body, particularly the liver, lungs, bones, lining of the abdomen and lymph nodes.", "The most common cause is infection by the bacterium \"Helicobacter pylori\", which accounts for more than 60% of cases.", "Certain types of \"H. pylori\" have greater risks than others.", "Smoking, dietary factors such as pickled vegetables and obesity are other risk factors.", "About 10% of cases run in families, and between 1% and 3% of cases are due to genetic syndromes inherited from a person's parents such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer.", "Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas.", "This type can be divided into a number of subtypes.", "Lymphomas and mesenchymal tumors may also develop in the stomach.", "Most of the time, stomach cancer develops in stages over years.", "Diagnosis is usually by biopsy done during endoscopy.", "This is followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread to other parts of the body.", "Japan and South Korea, two countries that have high rates of the disease, screen for stomach cancer.", "A Mediterranean diet lowers the risk of cancer as does the stopping of smoking.", "There is tentative evidence that treating \"H. pylori\" decreases the future risk.", "If cancer is treated early, many cases can be cured.", "Treatments may include some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy.", "If treated late, palliative care may be advised.", "Outcomes are often poor with a less than 10% five-year survival rate globally.", "This is largely because most people with the condition present with advanced disease.", "In the United States, five-year survival is 28%, while in South Korea it is over 65%, partly due to screening efforts.", "Globally, stomach cancer is the fifth leading type of cancer and the third leading cause of death from cancer, making up 7% of cases and 9% of deaths.", "In 2012, it newly occurred in 950,000 people and caused 723,000 deaths.", "Before the 1930s, in much of the world, including most Western developed countries, it was the most common cause of death from cancer.", "Rates of death have been decreasing in many areas of the world since then.", "This is believed to be due to the eating of less salted and pickled foods as a result of the development of refrigeration as a method of keeping food fresh.", "Stomach cancer occurs most commonly in East Asia and Eastern Europe.", "It occurs twice as often in males as in females.", "Stomach cancer is often either asymptomatic (producing no noticeable symptoms) or it may cause only nonspecific symptoms (symptoms that may also be present in other related or unrelated disorders) in its early stages.", "By the time symptoms occur, the cancer has often reached an advanced stage (see below) and may have metastasized (spread to other, perhaps distant, parts of the body), which is one of the main reasons for its relatively poor prognosis.", "Early cancers may be associated with indigestion or a burning sensation (heartburn).", "However, fewer than 1 in every 50 people referred for endoscopy due to indigestion has cancer.", "Abdominal discomfort and loss of appetite, especially for meat, can occur.", "Gastric cancers that have enlarged and invaded normal tissue can cause weakness, fatigue, bloating of the stomach after meals, abdominal pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and occasional vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.", "Further enlargement may cause weight loss or bleeding with vomiting blood or having blood in the stool, the latter apparent as black discolouration (melena) and sometimes leading to anemia.", "Dysphagia suggests a tumour in the cardia or extension of the gastric tumour into the esophagus.", "These can be symptoms of other problems such as a stomach virus, gastric ulcer, or tropical sprue.", "Gastric cancer occurs as a result of many factors.", "It occurs twice as commonly in males as females.", "Estrogen may protect women against the development of this form of cancer.", "\"Helicobacter pylori\" infection is an essential risk factor in 65–80% of gastric cancers, but only 2% of people with Helicobacter infections develop stomach cancer.", "The mechanism by which \"H. pylori\" induces stomach cancer potentially involves chronic inflammation, or the action of \"H. pylori\" virulence factors such as CagA.", "It was estimated that Epstein–Barr virus is responsible for 84,000 cases per year.", "AIDS is also associated with elevated risk.", "Smoking increases the risk of developing gastric cancer significantly, from 40% increased risk for current smokers to 82% increase for heavy smokers.", "Gastric cancers due to smoking mostly occur in the upper part of the stomach near the esophagus.", "Some studies show increased risk with alcohol consumption as well.", "Dietary factors are not proven causes and the association between stomach cancer and various foods and beverages is weak.", "Some foods including smoked foods, salt and salt-rich foods, red meat, processed meat, pickled vegetables, and bracken are associated with a higher risk of stomach cancer.", "Nitrates and nitrites in cured meats can be converted by certain bacteria, including \"H. pylori\", into compounds that have been found to cause stomach cancer in animals.", "Fresh fruit and vegetable intake, citrus fruit intake, and antioxidant intake are associated with a lower risk of stomach cancer.", "A Mediterranean diet is associated with lower rates of stomach cancer, as is regular aspirin use.", "Obesity is a physical risk factor that has been found to increase the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma by contributing to the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).", "The exact mechanism by which obesity causes GERD is not completely known.", "Studies hypothesize that increased dietary fat leading to increased pressure on the stomach and the lower esophageal sphincter, due to excess adipose tissue, could play a role, yet no statistically significant data has been collected.", "However, the risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, with GERD present, has been found to increase more than 2 times for an obese person.", "There is a correlation between iodine deficiency and gastric cancer.", "About 10% of cases run in families and between 1% and 3% of cases are due to genetic syndromes inherited from a person's parents such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer.", "A genetic risk factor for gastric cancer is a genetic defect of the CDH1 gene known as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC).", "The CDH1 gene, which codes for E-cadherin, lies on the 16th chromosome.", "When the gene experiences a particular mutation, gastric cancer develops through a mechanism that is not fully understood.", "This mutation is considered autosomal dominant meaning that half of a carrier’s children will likely experience the same mutation.", "Diagnosis of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer usually takes place when at least two cases involving a family member, such as a parent or grandparent, are diagnosed, with at least one diagnosed before the age of 50.", "The diagnosis can also be made if there are at least three cases in the family, in which case age is not considered.", "The International Cancer Genome Consortium is leading efforts to identify genomic changes involved in stomach cancer.", "A very small percentage of diffuse-type gastric cancers (see Histopathology below) arise from an inherited abnormal \"CDH1\" gene.", "Genetic testing and treatment options are available for families at risk.", "Other risks include diabetes, pernicious anemia, chronic atrophic gastritis, Menetrier's disease (hyperplastic, hypersecretory gastropathy), and intestinal metaplasia.", "To find the cause of symptoms, the doctor asks about the patient's medical history, does a physical exam, and may order laboratory studies.", "In 2013, Chinese and Israeli scientists reported a successful pilot study of a breathalyzer-style breath test intended to diagnose stomach cancer by analyzing exhaled chemicals without the need for an intrusive endoscopy.", "A larger-scale clinical trial of this technology was completed in 2014.", "Abnormal tissue seen in a gastroscope examination will be biopsied by the surgeon or gastroenterologist.", "This tissue is then sent to a pathologist for histological examination under a microscope to check for the presence of cancerous cells.", "A biopsy, with subsequent histological analysis, is the only sure way to confirm the presence of cancer cells.", "Various gastroscopic modalities have been developed to increase yield of detected mucosa with a dye that accentuates the cell structure and can identify areas of dysplasia.", "\"Endocytoscopy\" involves ultra-high magnification to visualise cellular structure to better determine areas of dysplasia.", "Other gastroscopic modalities such as optical coherence tomography are being tested investigationally for similar applications.", "A number of cutaneous conditions are associated with gastric cancer.", "A condition of darkened hyperplasia of the skin, frequently of the axilla and groin, known as acanthosis nigricans, is associated with intra-abdominal cancers such as gastric cancer.", "Other cutaneous manifestations of gastric cancer include \"tripe palms\" (a similar darkening hyperplasia of the skin of the palms) and the Leser-Trelat sign, which is the rapid development of skin lesions known as seborrheic keratoses.", "Various blood tests may be done including a complete blood count (CBC) to check for anaemia, and a fecal occult blood test to check for blood in the stool.", "If cancer cells are found in the tissue sample, the next step is to stage, or find out the extent of the disease.", "Various tests determine whether the cancer has spread and, if so, what parts of the body are affected.", "Because stomach cancer can spread to the liver, the pancreas, and other organs near the stomach as well as to the lungs, the doctor may order a CT scan, a PET scan, an endoscopic ultrasound exam, or other tests to check these areas.", "Blood tests for tumor markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) may be ordered, as their levels correlate to extent of metastasis, especially to the liver, and the cure rate.", "Staging may not be complete until after surgery.", "The surgeon removes nearby lymph nodes and possibly samples of tissue from other areas in the abdomen for examination by a pathologist.", "The TNM staging system is also used.", "In a study of open-access endoscopy in Scotland, patients were diagnosed 7% in Stage I 17% in Stage II, and 28% in Stage III.", "A Minnesota population was diagnosed 10% in Stage I, 13% in Stage II, and 18% in Stage III.", "However, in a high-risk population in the Valdivia Province of southern Chile, only 5% of patients were diagnosed in the first two stages and 10% in stage III.", "Getting rid of \"H. pylori\" in those who are infected decreases the risk of stomach cancer, at least in those who are Asian.", "A 2014 meta-analysis of observational studies found that a diet high in fruits, mushrooms, garlic, soybeans, and green onions was associated with a lower risk of stomach cancer in the Korean population.", "Low doses of vitamins, especially from a healthy diet, decrease the risk of stomach cancer.", "A previous review of antioxidant supplementation did not find supporting evidence and possibly worse outcomes.", "Cancer of the stomach is difficult to cure unless it is found at an early stage (before it has begun to spread).", "Unfortunately, because early stomach cancer causes few symptoms, the disease is usually advanced when the diagnosis is made.", "Treatment for stomach cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.", "New treatment approaches such as immunotherapy or gene therapy and improved ways of using current methods are being studied in clinical trials.", "Surgery remains the only curative therapy for stomach cancer.", "Of the different surgical techniques, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a treatment for early gastric cancer (tumor only involves the mucosa) that was pioneered in Japan and is available in the United States at some centers.", "In this procedure, the tumor, together with the inner lining of stomach (mucosa), is removed from the wall of the stomach using an electrical wire loop through the endoscope.", "The advantage is that it is a much smaller operation than removing the stomach.", "Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a similar technique pioneered in Japan, used to resect a large area of mucosa in one piece.", "If the pathologic examination of the resected specimen shows incomplete resection or deep invasion by tumor, the patient would need a formal stomach resection.", "A 2016 Cochrane review found low quality evidence of no difference in short-term mortality between laparoscopic and open gastrectomy (removal of stomach), and that benefits or harms of laparoscopic gastrectomy cannot be ruled out.", "Post-operatively, up to 70% of people undergoing total gastrectomy develop complications such as dumping syndrome and reflux esophagitis.", "Construction of a \"pouch\", which serves as a \"stomach substitute\", reduced the incidence of dumping syndrome and reflux esophagitis by 73% and 63% respectively, and led to improvements in quality-of-life, nutritional outcomes, and body mass index.", "Those with metastatic disease at the time of presentation may receive palliative surgery and while it remains controversial, due to the possibility of complications from the surgery itself and the fact that it may delay chemotherapy the data so far is mostly positive, with improved survival rates being seen in those treated with this approach.", "The use of chemotherapy to treat stomach cancer has no firmly established standard of care.", "Unfortunately, stomach cancer has not been particularly sensitive to these drugs, and chemotherapy, if used, has usually served to palliatively reduce the size of the tumor, relieve symptoms of the disease and increase survival time.", "Some drugs used in stomach cancer treatment have included: 5-FU (fluorouracil) or its analog capecitabine, BCNU (carmustine), methyl-CCNU (semustine) and doxorubicin (Adriamycin), as well as mitomycin C, and more recently cisplatin and taxotere, often using drugs in various combinations.", "The relative benefits of these different drugs, alone and in combination, are unclear.", "Clinical researchers are exploring the benefits of giving chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumor, or as adjuvant therapy after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells.", "Recently, treatment with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (\"HER2\") inhibitor, trastuzumab, has been demonstrated to increase overall survival in inoperable locally advanced or metastatic gastric carcinoma over-expressing the HER2/neu gene.", "In particular, \"HER2\" is overexpressed in 13–22% of patients with gastric cancer.", "Of note, \"HER2\" overexpression in gastric neoplasia is heterogeneous and comprises a minority of tumor cells (less than 10% of gastric cancers overexpress \"HER2\" in more than 5% of tumor cells).", "Hence, this heterogeneous expression should be taken into account for \"HER2\" testing, particularly in small samples such as biopsies, requiring the evaluation of more than one bioptic sample.", "Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) may be used to treat stomach cancer, often as an adjuvant to chemotherapy and/or surgery.", "The prognosis of stomach cancer is generally poor, due to the fact the tumour has often metastasised by the time of discovery and the fact that most people with the condition are elderly (median age is between 70 and 75 years) at presentation.", "The average life expectancy after being diagnosed is around 24 months, and the five-year survival rate for stomach cancer is less than 10 percent.", "Almost 300 genes are related to outcomes in stomach cancer with both unfavorable genes where high expression related to poor survival and favorable genes where high expression associated with longer survival times.", "Examples of poor prognosis genes include ITGAV and DUSP1.", "Worldwide, stomach cancer is the fifth most-common cancer with 952,000 cases diagnosed in 2012.", "It is more common both in men and in developing countries.", "In 2012, it represented 8.5% of cancer cases in men, making it the fourth most-common cancer in men.", "Also in 2012, the number of deaths was 700,000 having decreased slightly from 774,000 in 1990, making it the third-leading cause of cancer-related death (after lung cancer and liver cancer).", "Less than 5% of stomach cancers occur in people under 40 years of age with 81.1% of that 5% in the age-group of 30 to 39 and 18.9% in the age-group of 20 to 29.", "In 2014, stomach cancer resulted in 0.61% of deaths (13,303 cases) in the U.S.", "In China, stomach cancer accounted for 3.56% of all deaths (324,439 cases).", "The highest rate of stomach cancer was in Mongolia, at 28 cases per 100,000 people.", "In the United Kingdom, stomach cancer is the fifteenth most-common cancer (around 7,100 people were diagnosed with stomach cancer in 2011), and it is the tenth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths (around 4,800 people died in 2012).", "Incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer vary greatly in Africa.", "The GLOBOCAN system is currently the most widely-used method to compare these rates between countries, but African incidence and mortality rates are seen to differ among countries, possibly due to the lack of universal access to a registry system for all countries.", "Variation as drastic as estimated rates from 0.3/100000 in Botswana to 20.3/100000 in Mali have been observed.", "In Uganda, the incidence of gastric cancer has increased from the 1960s measurement of 0.8/100000 to 5.6/100000.", "Gastric cancer, though present, is relatively low when compared to countries with high incidence like Japan and China.", "One suspected cause of the variation within Africa and between other countries is due to different strains of the Helicobacter pylori bacteria.", "The trend commonly-seen is that H. pylori infection increases the risk for gastric cancer.", "However, this is not the case in Africa, giving this phenomenon the name the “African enigma.”", "Although this bacteria is found in Africa, evidence has supported that different strains with mutations in the bacterial genotype may contribute to the difference in cancer development between African countries and others outside the continent.", "However, increasing access to health care and treatment measures have been commonly-associated with the rising incidence, particularly in Uganda.", "The stomach is a muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract that holds food and begins the digestive process by secreting gastric juice.", "The most common cancers of the stomach are adenocarcinomas but other histological types have been reported.", "Signs vary but may include vomiting (especially if blood is present), weight loss, anemia, and lack of appetite.", "Bowel movements may be dark and tarry in nature.", "In order to determine whether cancer is present in the stomach, special X-rays and/or abdominal ultrasound may be performed.", "Gastroscopy, a test using an instrument called endoscope to examine the stomach, is a useful diagnostic tool that can also take samples of the suspected mass for histopathological analysis to confirm or rule out cancer.", "The most definitive method of cancer diagnosis is through open surgical biopsy.", "Most stomach tumors are malignant with evidence of spread to lymph nodes or liver, making treatment difficult.", "Except for lymphoma, surgery is the most frequent treatment option for stomach cancers but it is associated with significant risks." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 228341, "simple_article_title": "Stomach cancer", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228341", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-228341-0-0", "simple-228341-0-1", "simple-228341-0-2", "simple-228341-0-3", "simple-228341-0-4", "simple-228341-1-0", "simple-228341-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Stomach cancer, or gastric cancer, is a kind of cancer from any part of the stomach.", "Stomach cancer causes about 800,000 deaths worldwide per year.", "Odds of survival is 5 to 15%.", "The life span of someone with stomach cancer is five to fifteen years.", "This is because this type of cancer can spread faster than other cancers.", "Most stomach cancer is caused by \"Helicobacter pylori\" infection.", "Diet foods are not proven causes, but some foods, such as smoked foods, salted fish and meat, and pickled vegetables are associated with a higher risk." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 309317, "normal_article_title": "Caper", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309317", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-309317-0-0", "normal-309317-1-0", "normal-309317-1-1", "normal-309317-1-2", "normal-309317-2-0", "normal-309317-2-1", "normal-309317-2-2", "normal-309317-3-0", "normal-309317-3-1", "normal-309317-3-2", "normal-309317-4-0", "normal-309317-4-1", "normal-309317-5-0", "normal-309317-5-1", "normal-309317-6-0", "normal-309317-6-1", "normal-309317-7-0", "normal-309317-7-1", "normal-309317-7-2", "normal-309317-8-0", "normal-309317-8-1", "normal-309317-8-2", "normal-309317-8-3", "normal-309317-9-0", "normal-309317-9-1", "normal-309317-9-2", "normal-309317-9-3", "normal-309317-9-4", "normal-309317-9-5", "normal-309317-10-0", "normal-309317-11-0", "normal-309317-11-1", "normal-309317-11-2", "normal-309317-11-3", "normal-309317-11-4", "normal-309317-11-5", "normal-309317-11-6", "normal-309317-12-0", 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"normal-309317-20-1", "normal-309317-20-2", "normal-309317-21-0", "normal-309317-21-1", "normal-309317-21-2", "normal-309317-22-0", "normal-309317-22-1", "normal-309317-22-2", "normal-309317-23-0", "normal-309317-23-1", "normal-309317-24-0", "normal-309317-25-0", "normal-309317-26-0", "normal-309317-26-1", "normal-309317-26-2", "normal-309317-27-0", "normal-309317-28-0", "normal-309317-29-0", "normal-309317-29-1", "normal-309317-29-2", "normal-309317-30-0", "normal-309317-30-1", "normal-309317-31-0", "normal-309317-31-1", "normal-309317-32-0", "normal-309317-33-0", "normal-309317-33-1", "normal-309317-33-2", "normal-309317-34-0", "normal-309317-35-0", "normal-309317-35-1", "normal-309317-36-0", "normal-309317-37-0", "normal-309317-38-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Capparis spinosa, the caper bush, also called Flinders rose, is a perennial plant that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and large white to pinkish-white flowers.", "The plant is best known for the edible flower buds (capers), often used as a seasoning, and the fruit (caper berries), both of which are usually consumed pickled.", "Other species of \"Capparis\" are also picked along with \"C. spinosa\" for their buds or fruits.", "Other parts of \"Capparis\" plants are used in the manufacture of medicines and cosmetics.", "\"Capparis spinosa\" is native to the Mediterranean.", "It is native to almost all the circum-Mediterranean countries, and is included in the flora of most of them, but whether it is indigenous to this region is uncertain.", "The family Capparaceae could have originated in the tropics, and later spread to the Mediterranean basin.", "The taxonomic status of the species is controversial and unsettled.", "Species within the genus \"Capparis\" are highly variable, and interspecific hybrids have been common throughout the evolutionary history of the genus.", "As a result, some authors have considered \"C. spinosa\" to be composed of multiple distinct species, others that the taxon is a single species with multiple varieties or subspecies, or that the taxon \"C. spinosa\" is a hybrid between \"C. orientalis\" and \"C. sicula\".", "The shrubby plant is many-branched, with alternate leaves, thick and shiny, round to ovate.", "The flowers are complete, sweetly fragrant, and showy, with four sepals and four white to pinkish-white petals, and many long violet-colored stamens, and a single stigma usually rising well above the stamens.", "The caper bush requires a semiarid or arid climate.", "The caper bush has developed a series of mechanisms that reduce the impact of high radiation levels, high daily temperature, and insufficient soil water during its growing period.", "The caper bush has a curious reaction to sudden increases in humidity; it forms wart-like pock marks across the leaf surface.", "This is apparently harmless, as the plant quickly adjusts to the new conditions and produces unaffected leaves.", "It also shows characteristics of a plant adapted to poor soils.", "This shrub has a high root/shoot ratio and the presence of mycorrhizae serves to maximize the uptake of minerals in poor soils.", "Different nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains have been isolated from the caper bush rhizosphere, playing a role in maintaining high reserves of that growth-limiting element.", "The caper bush has been introduced as a specialized culture in some European countries in the last four decades.", "The economic importance of the caper plant led to a significant increase in both the area under cultivation and production levels during the late 1980s.", "The main production areas are in harsh environments found in Morocco, the southeastern Iberian Peninsula, Turkey, and the Italian islands of Pantelleria and Aeolian Islands, especially Salina.", "This species has developed special mechanisms to survive in the Mediterranean conditions, and introduction in semiarid lands may help to prevent the disruption of the equilibrium of those fragile ecosystems.", "A harvest duration of at least three months is necessary for profitability.", "Intense daylight and a long growing period are necessary to secure high yields.", "The caper bush can withstand temperatures over 40 °C in summer, but it is sensitive to frost during its vegetative period.", "A caper bush is able to survive low temperatures in the form of stump, as happens in the foothills of the Alps.", "Caper plants are found even 3,500 m above sea level in Ladakh, though they are usually grown at lower altitudes.", "Some Italian and Argentine plantings can withstand strong winds without problems, due to caper bush decumbent architecture and the coriaceous consistency of the leaves in some populations.", "The known distributions of each species can be used to identify the origin of commercially prepared capers.", "The caper bush is a rupicolous species.", "It is widespread on rocky areas and is grown on different soil associations, including alfisols, regosols, and lithosols.", "In different Himalayan locations, \"C. spinosa\" tolerates both silty clay and sandy, rocky, or gravelly surface soils, with less than 1% organic matter.", "It grows on bare rocks, crevices, cracks, and sand dunes in Pakistan, in dry calcareous escarpments of the Adriatic region, in dry coastal ecosystems of Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia, in transitional zones between the littoral salt marsh and the coastal deserts of the Asian Red Sea coast, in the rocky arid bottoms of the Jordan valley, in calcareous sandstone cliffs at Ramat Aviv, Israel, and in central west and northwest coastal dunes of Australia.", "It grows spontaneously in wall joints of antique Roman fortresses, on the Western Wall of Jerusalem's Temple Mount, and on the ramparts of the castle of Santa Bárbara (Alicante, Spain).", "Clinging caper plants are dominant on the medieval limestone-made ramparts of Alcudia and the bastions of Palma (Majorca, Spain).", "This aggressive pioneering has brought about serious problems for the protection of monuments.", "Capers can be grown easily from fresh seeds gathered from ripe fruit and planted into well-drained seed-raising mix.", "Seedlings appear in two to four weeks.", "Old, stored seeds enter a state of dormancy and require cold stratification to germinate.", "The viable embryos germinate within three to four days after partial removal of the lignified seed coats.", "The seed coats and the mucilage surrounding the seeds may be ecological adaptations to avoid water loss and conserve seed viability during the dry season.", "Use of stem cuttings avoids high variability in terms of production and quality.", "Nevertheless, plants grown from cuttings are more susceptible to drought during the first years after planting.", "The caper bush is a difficult-to-root woody species, and successful propagation requires careful consideration of biotypes and seasonal and environmental parameters.", "Rootings up to 55% are possible when using one-year-old wood, depending on cutting harvest time and substrate used.", "Propagation from stem cuttings is the standard method for growing ‘Mallorquina’ and ‘Italiana’ in Spain, and ‘Nocella’ in the Aolian Islands, esp.", "Hardwood cuttings vary in length from 15 to 50 cm and diameter of the cuttings may range from 1.0 to 2.5 cm.", "Another possibility is to collect stems during February through the beginning of March, treat them with captan or captafol and stratify them outdoors or in a chamber at 3–4 °C, covered with sand or plastic.", "Moisture content and drainage should be carefully monitored and maintained until planting.", "Using semihardwood cuttings, collected and planted during August and September, low survival rates (under 30%) have been achieved.", "Softwood cuttings are prepared in April from 25- to 30-day shoots.", "Each cutting should contain at least two nodes and be six to 10 cm long.", "Basal or subterminal cuttings are more successful than terminal ones.", "Then, cuttings are planted in a greenhouse under a mist system with bottom heat; 150 to 200 cuttings/m may be planted.", "Mean annual temperatures in areas under cultivation are over 14 °C and rainfall varies from 200 mm/year in Spain to 460 mm/year in Pantelleria and 680 mm/year in Salina.", "In Pantelleria, it rains only 35 mm from May through August, and 84 mm in Salina, the Aeolian Islands.", "A rainy spring and a hot dry summer are considered advantageous.", "This drought-tolerant perennial plant is used for landscaping and reducing erosion along highways, steep rocky slopes, sand dunes or fragile semiarid ecosystems.", "Caper plantings over 25 to 30 years old are still productive.", "Thus, physical properties of the soil (texture and depth) are particularly important.", "Caper bushes can develop extensive root systems and grow best on deep, nonstratified, medium-textured, loamy soils.", "Mouldboard plowing and harrowing are usual practices prior to caper plant establishment.", "Soil-profile modification practices, such as deep plowing operating 0.6 to 1 m, can ameliorate some restrictions.", "In Pantelleria, digging backhoe pits for each shrub was found to be the most effective means of cultivating caper in rocky soils.", "Two planting designs are used, the square/rectangle and the hedgerow system.", "Spacing is determined by the vigour of the biotype, fertility of the soil, equipment used and the irrigation method, if any.", "Bush spacing of 2.5 × 2.5 m or 2.5 × 2 m is common in Pantelleria.", "In Salina, the Aeolian Islands, 3 × 3 m is satisfactory for ‘Nocella’.", "In Spain, 4 × 4 m or 5 × 5 m is satisfactory for ‘Mallorquina’.", "Spacing of 2.0 to 2.5 m is appropriate if \"C. spinosa\" is used to control soil erosion on slopes.", "Caper buds are usually picked in the morning.", "Because the youngest, smallest buds fetch the highest prices, daily picking is typical.", "Capers may be harvested from wild plants, in which case it is necessary to know that the plant is not one of the few poisonous \"Capparis\" species that look similar.", "The plant normally has curved thorns that may scratch the people who harvest the buds, although a few spineless varieties have been developed.", "The salted and pickled caper bud (called simply a caper) is often used as a seasoning or garnish.", "Capers are a common ingredient in Mediterranean cuisine, especially Cypriot, Italian, Aeolian and Maltese.", "The mature fruit of the caper shrub are prepared similarly and marketed as caper berries.", "The buds, when ready to pick, are a dark olive green and about the size of a fresh kernel of corn (\"Zea mays\").", "They are picked, then pickled in salt, or a salt and vinegar solution, and drained.", "Intense flavor, sometimes described as being similar to black pepper or mustard, is developed as mustard oil (glucocapparin) is released from each caper bud.", "This enzymatic reaction leads to the formation of rutin, often seen as crystallized white spots on the surfaces of individual caper buds.", "Capers are a distinctive ingredient in Italian cuisine, especially in Sicilian, Aeolian and southern Italian cooking.", "They are commonly used in salads, pasta salads, meat dishes, and pasta sauces.", "Examples of uses in Italian cuisine are chicken piccata and \"spaghetti alla puttanesca\".", "Capers are one of the ingredients of tartar sauce.", "They are often served with cold smoked salmon or cured salmon dishes (especially lox and cream cheese).", "Capers and caper berries are sometimes substituted for olives to garnish a martini.", "Capers are categorized and sold by their size, defined as follows, with the smallest sizes being the most desirable: non-pareil (up to 7 mm), surfines (7–8 mm), capucines (8–9 mm), capotes (9–11 mm), fines (11–13 mm), and grusas (14+ mm).", "If the caper bud is not picked, it flowers and produces a caper berry.", "The fruit can be pickled and then served as a Greek \"mezze\".", "Caper leaves, which are hard to find outside of Greece or Cyprus, are used particularly in salads and fish dishes.", "They are pickled or boiled and preserved in jars with brine—like caper buds.", "Dried caper leaves are also used as a substitute for rennet in the manufacturing of high-quality cheese.", "Canned, pickled capers are 84% water, 5% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat (table).", "Preserved capers are often particularly high in sodium content.", "In a typical serving of 28 grams (one ounce), capers supply 6 calories and 35% of the Daily Value (DV) for sodium, with no other nutrients in significant content.", "In a 100 gram amount, the sodium content is 2960 mg or 197% DV, with vitamin K (23% DV), iron (13% DV), and riboflavin (12% DV) also having appreciable levels (table).", "Capers are sometimes used in cosmetics.", "Canned capers contain polyphenols, including the flavonoids quercetin (173 mg per 100 g) and kaempferol (131 mg per 100 g), as well as anthocyanins.", "The caper was used in ancient Greece as a carminative.", "It is represented in archaeological levels in the form of carbonised seeds and rarely as flower buds and fruits from archaic and Classical antiquity contexts.", "Athenaeus in \"Deipnosophistae\" pays a lot of attention to the caper, as do Pliny (\"NH\" XIX, XLVIII.163) and Theophrastus.", "Etymologically, the caper and its relatives in several European tongues can be traced back to Classical Latin \"capparis\", “caper”, in turn borrowed from the Greek κάππαρις, \"kápparis\", whose origin (as that of the plant) is unknown but is probably Asian.", "Another theory links \"kápparis\" to the name of the island of Cyprus (Κύπρος, \"Kýpros\"), where capers grow abundantly.", "In Biblical times, the caper berry was apparently supposed to have aphrodisiac properties; the Hebrew word \"aviyyonah\" (אֲבִיּוֹנָה) for caperberry is closely linked to the Hebrew root אבה (avah), meaning \"desire\".", "The word occurs once in the Bible, in the book of Ecclesiastes, at verse .", "The King James Version translates on the basis of the Hebrew root (and perhaps the metaphorical meaning):\"...the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail. \"", "The medieval Jewish commentator Rashi also gives a similar gloss ( JPR).", "However, ancient translations, including the Septuagint, Vulgate, Peshitta and Aquila, render the word more concretely as κάππαρις, \"caper berry\".", "Thus in the words of one modern idiomatic translation (2004),\"...the grasshopper loses its spring, and the caper berry has no effect; \" ( HCSB)", "Of other modern versions, the NIV goes for \"desire\" ( NIV), while the NASB has \"caper-berry\" ( NASB), as did the 1917 Jewish Publication Society version ( JPS).", "The berries (\"abiyyonot\") were eaten, as appears from their liability to tithes and to the restrictions of the 'Orlah.", "They are carefully distinguished in the Mishnah and the Talmud from the caper leaves, \"alin\", shoots, \"temarot\", and the caper buds, \"capperisin\" (note the similarity \"caper\"isin to \"caper\"); all of which were eaten as seen from the blessing requirement, and declared to be the fruit of the \"ẓelaf\" or caper plant.", "Talmud Bavli, Gemara Berachot, page 36 A&B, discusses the eating of caper sepals versus caper berries, both inside the land of Israel, outside the land of Israel, and in Syria.", "Capers are mentioned as a spice in the Roman cookbook, \"Apicius\".", "Nasturtium, marigold, and \"Cassia\" buds have sometimes been used as a substitute." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 280498, "simple_article_title": "Caper", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=280498", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-280498-0-0", "simple-280498-0-1", "simple-280498-0-2", "simple-280498-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The caper (\"Capparis spinosa\"), is a perennial winter-deciduous species that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and big white to pinkish-white flowers.", "A caper is also the pickled bud of this plant.", "Caper bush is present in almost all the countries and is included in the floristic composition of most of them but whether it is indigenous to this region is uncertain.", "Although the flora of the Mediterranean region has considerable endemism, the caper bush could have originated in the tropics, and later been naturalized to the Mediterranean basin." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3076508, "normal_article_title": "Aeolosaurus", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3076508", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3076508-0-0", "normal-3076508-0-1", "normal-3076508-0-2", "normal-3076508-0-3", "normal-3076508-0-4", "normal-3076508-0-5", "normal-3076508-1-0", "normal-3076508-1-1", "normal-3076508-1-2", "normal-3076508-1-3", "normal-3076508-2-0", "normal-3076508-2-1", "normal-3076508-2-2", "normal-3076508-3-0", "normal-3076508-3-1", "normal-3076508-3-2", "normal-3076508-3-3", "normal-3076508-3-4", "normal-3076508-3-5", "normal-3076508-4-0", "normal-3076508-4-1", "normal-3076508-4-2", "normal-3076508-5-0", "normal-3076508-5-1", "normal-3076508-5-2", "normal-3076508-5-3", "normal-3076508-5-4", "normal-3076508-5-5", "normal-3076508-5-6", "normal-3076508-5-7", "normal-3076508-6-0", "normal-3076508-6-1", "normal-3076508-6-2", "normal-3076508-7-0", "normal-3076508-7-1", "normal-3076508-7-2", "normal-3076508-7-3", "normal-3076508-8-0", "normal-3076508-8-1", "normal-3076508-9-0", "normal-3076508-9-1", "normal-3076508-9-2", "normal-3076508-10-0", "normal-3076508-10-1", "normal-3076508-10-2", "normal-3076508-10-3", "normal-3076508-10-4", "normal-3076508-10-5", "normal-3076508-11-0", "normal-3076508-11-1", "normal-3076508-11-2", "normal-3076508-12-0", "normal-3076508-12-1", "normal-3076508-13-0", "normal-3076508-13-1", "normal-3076508-14-0", "normal-3076508-15-0", "normal-3076508-15-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Aeolosaurus ( ; \"Aeolus' lizard\") is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now South America.", "Like most sauropods, it would have been a quadrupedal herbivore with a long neck and tail.", "\"Aeolosaurus\" is well known for a titanosaur, as it is represented by the remains of several individuals belonging to at least three species.", "However, like most titanosaurs, no remains of the skull are known.", "The holotype of \"Aeolosaurus rionegrinus\" consists of a series of seven tail vertebrae, as well as parts of both forelimbs and the right hindlimb.", "It was discovered in the Angostura Colorada Formation in Argentina, which dates from the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, about 83 to 74 million years ago.", "This dinosaur is named after the Greek mythological figure Aeolus, Keeper of the Winds in Homer's Odyssey, because of the frequent winds that blow across Patagonia, where the remains were found.", "The generic name also includes the Greek \"sauros\" ('lizard'), the traditional suffix used in dinosaur names.", "The specific name (\"A. rionegrinus\"), refers to its location, in the Rio Negro Province of Argentina.", "Both genus and species were named and described by Argentine paleontologist Jaime Powell in 1987.", "\"Aeolosaurus\" is a widespread genus of titanosaur known from the Late Cretaceous of South America.", "Fossils have been collected from the Allen, Angostura Colorada, Bajo Barreal, and Los Alamitos Formations of Argentina and the Adamantina Formation and Marília Formation of Brazil.", "All \"Aeolosaurus\" fossils are from the Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous period.", "The type species of \"Aeolosaurus\", \"Aeolosaurus rionegrinus\", was originally named along with the genus in the doctoral thesis of Jaime E. Powell.", "However, according to the ICZN, names from dissertations are not valid, so it was not formally named until it was published the following year.", "Powell's thesis was ultimately published in 2003, which is sometimes incorrectly cited as having named the genus.", "In 2004, \"Aeolosaurus\" and \"Gondwanatitan\" were recognized as forming a new group of titanosaurs, which was named Aeolosauridae.", "In 2007, a second species, \"A. colhuehuapensis\" was named, also from Patagonia.", "A third species, \"A. maximus\", was named in 2011.", "Like all sauropods, \"Aeolosaurus\" was a large, long-necked, quadrupedal herbivore.", "\"A. rionegrinus\" was roughly 14 meters long.", "\"A. rionegrinus\" was heavily-built for a titanosaur, with limb bones similar in robustness to those of \"Saltasaurus\", whereas \"A. maximus\" appears to have been more slender.", "Aeolosaurs, \"Aeolosaurus\" in particular, have very distinctive caudal vertebrae.", "The genus \"Aeolosaurus\" is diagnosed by the shared presence of down-curved prezygapophyses on its anterior caudal vertebrae and chevrons from the anterior and middle portions of the tail with concave posterodorsal surfaces that contain double articular facets.", "The caudal vertebrae of \"Aeolosaurus\" and the related genus \"Gondwanatitan\" share anteriorly-inclined neural spines in the anterior caudal vertebrae.", "The vertebrae from the middle part of its tail had elongated centra.", "\"Aeolosaurus\" had vertebral lateral fossae that resembled shallow depressions.", "Fossae that similarly resemble shallow depressions are known from \"Saltasaurus\", \"Alamosaurus\", \"Malawisaurus\", and \"Gondwanatitan\".", "Its middle tail vertebrae's neural spines angled anteriorly when the vertebrae are aligned.", "These vertebrae resemble those of \"Cedarosaurus\", \"Venenosaurus\", and \"Gondwanatitan\".", "\"Aeolosaurus\", like many lithostrotian titanosaurs, bore osteoderms.", "However, its osteoderms were unusual and most closely resemble those of \"Mendozasaurus\".", "As in all osteoderm-bearing titanosaurs, the osteoderms were probably arranged in one or two rows along the flanks.", "\"Aeolosaurus\" is most closely related to the genera \"Gondwanatitan\" and \"Panamericansaurus\".", "Together with \"Gondwanatitan\", it defines the clade Aeolosaurini.", "The two \"Aeolosaurus\" species from Argentina, \"A. rionegrinus\" and \"A. colhuehuapensis\", appear to be more closely related to each other than to the Brazilian species \"A. maximus\".", "The classification of \"Aeolosaurus\" and its relatives is heavily based on features of the tail vertebrae, which are the only bones preserved in most aeolosaurs.", "\"Aeolosaurus\" has been included in several cladistic analyses.", "The phylogeny of Aeolosaurini here is based on Gallina and Otero 2015, with the application of clade names according to their phylogenetic definitions.", "There are currently three named valid species of \"Aeolosaurus\", as well as several specimens that have been referred to the genus but not given a species.", "In addition, \"Gondwanatitan faustoi,\" the closest known relative of the genus, has been proposed to represent an additional species of \"Aeolosaurus\", as \"Aeolosaurus faustoi\".", "However, \"Gondwanatitan\" is typically considered a distinct genus.", "Another specimen, described in 1993, consists of five tail vertebrae, and some bones from the forelimb and pelvis.", "Since there are two right ulna (forearm) bones, the specimen must consist of at least two individuals.", "These bones were also associated with two osteoderms, or bony armor plates, providing evidence that this dinosaur was armored.", "This specimen is from the Allen Formation of Rio Negro, dating back about 70 to 68 million years ago to the middle Maastrichtian stage.", "While this specimen bears features that characterize the genus \"Aeolosaurus\", it is from a younger time period and shows enough differences that the authors recognized it as a possible second species.", "Additional material from the same quarry, described in 2013, shows that the quarry contained the remains at least three individuals of \"Aeolosaurus\".", "Another partial skeleton, including four more tail vertebrae and material from both limbs on the left side of the body, was described in 1997.", "This was recovered from the Los Alamitos Formation of Rio Negro, which falls between the other two dates.", "This specimen was also referred to the genus \"Aeolosaurus\", but not to the species \"A. rionegrinus\", and may represent a third species.", "However, since the genus \"Aeolosaurus\" is not well known, the authors chose not to formally name either of these possible new species.", "For now, they are both simply known as \"\"Aeolosaurus\" sp.\" Future discoveries may give scientists more information on variation within the genus, and show that all of the above specimens belong to \"A. rionegrinus\", or that they merit being formally named.", "A middle caudal vertebra from the Marília Formation, CPP 248, cannot be evaluated for any diagnostic features of the genus \"Aeolosaurus\".", "However, because it clearly does not belong to \"Gondwanatitan\", it is most likely that this vertebra represents \"Aeolosaurus\", a genus otherwise unknown from the Marília Formation.", "Another series of 15 tail vertebrae was assigned to \"Aeolosaurus\" in the original description, but it was later determined that the series does not belong to this genus, as it lacks several features found in the other specimens of \"Aeolosaurus\".", "\"Aeolosaurus\" lived during the Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Late Cretaceous and shared its environment with hadrosaurs.", "The unnamed Allen Formation species of \"Aeolosaurus\" inhabited an environment that it shared with five other species of titanosaur, including \"Rocasaurus muniozi\", as well as hadrosaurs and ankylosaurs." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 639519, "simple_article_title": "Aeolosaurus", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=639519", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-639519-0-0", "simple-639519-0-1", "simple-639519-0-2", "simple-639519-0-3", "simple-639519-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Aeolosaurus (; \"Aeolus' lizard\") is a well-known titanosaur sauropod.", "\"Aeolosaurus\" is well known for a titanosaur, as it is represented by the remains of several individuals belonging to at least three species.", "However, like most sauropods, no remains of the skull are known.", "The holotype of \"Aeolosaurus rionegrinus\" consists of a series of seven tail vertebrae, as well as parts of both forelimbs and the right hindlimb.", "It was discovered in Argentina and is about about 83 to 74 million years old." ] } }

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"normal-19596649-50-0", "normal-19596649-50-1", "normal-19596649-51-0", "normal-19596649-51-1", "normal-19596649-51-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Otto Adolf Eichmann ( , ] ; 19 March 1906 – 1 June 1962) was a German-Austrian Nazi SS-\"Obersturmbannführer\" (Senior Assault Unit Leader) and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust.", "He was tasked by SS-\"Obergruppenführer\" (Senior Group Leader) Reinhard Heydrich with facilitating and managing the logistics involved in the mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe during World War II.", "He was captured by the Mossad in Argentina on 11 May 1960 and subsequently found guilty of war crimes in a widely publicised trial in Jerusalem, Israel.", "Eichmann was executed by hanging in 1962.", "After an unremarkable school career, Eichmann briefly worked for his father's mining company in Austria, where the family had moved in 1914.", "He worked as a travelling oil salesman beginning in 1927, and joined both the Nazi Party and the SS in 1932.", "He returned to Germany in 1933, where he joined the \"Sicherheitsdienst\" (SD; Security Service); there he was appointed head of the department responsible for Jewish affairs—especially emigration, which the Nazis encouraged through violence and economic pressure.", "After the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Eichmann and his staff arranged for Jews to be concentrated in ghettos in major cities with the expectation that they would be transported either farther east or overseas.", "He also drew up plans for a Jewish reservation, first at Nisko in southeast Poland and later in Madagascar, but neither of these plans were ever carried out.", "The Nazis began the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and their Jewish policy changed from emigration to extermination.", "To co-ordinate planning for the genocide, Heydrich, who was Eichmann's superior, hosted the regime's administrative leaders at the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942.", "Eichmann collected information for him, attended the conference, and prepared the minutes.", "Eichmann and his staff became responsible for Jewish deportations to extermination camps, where the victims were gassed.", "Germany invaded Hungary in March 1944, and Eichmann oversaw the deportation of much of the Jewish population.", "Most of the victims were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp, where about 75 per cent were murdered upon arrival.", "By the time that the transports were stopped in July 1944, 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had been killed.", "Dieter Wisliceny testified at Nuremberg that Eichmann told him he would \"leap laughing into the grave because the feeling that he had five million people on his conscience would be for him a source of extraordinary satisfaction\".", "After Germany's defeat in 1945, Eichmann was captured by US forces, but escaped from a detention camp and moved around Germany to avoid re-capture.", "He ended up in a small village in Lower Saxony, where he lived until 1950, when he moved to Argentina using false papers.", "Information collected by the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, confirmed his location in 1960.", "A team of Mossad and Shin Bet agents captured Eichmann and brought him to Israel to stand trial on 15 criminal charges, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people.", "During the trial, he did not deny the Holocaust or his role in organising it, but claimed that he was simply following orders in a totalitarian \"Führerprinzip\" system.", "He was found guilty on all of the charges, and was executed by hanging on 1 June 1962.", "The trial was widely followed in the media and was later the subject of several books, including Hannah Arendt's \"Eichmann in Jerusalem\", in which Arendt coined the phrase \"the banality of evil\" to describe Eichmann.", "Otto Adolf Eichmann, the eldest of five children, was born in 1906 to a Calvinist Protestant family in Solingen, Germany.", "His parents were Adolf Karl Eichmann, a bookkeeper, and Maria (\"née\" Schefferling), a housewife.", "The elder Adolf moved to Linz, Austria, in 1913 to take a position as commercial manager for the Linz Tramway and Electrical Company, and the rest of the family followed a year later.", "After the death of Maria in 1916, Eichmann's father married Maria Zawrzel, a devout Protestant with two sons.", "Eichmann attended the Kaiser Franz Joseph \"Staatsoberrealschule\" (state secondary school) in Linz, the same high school Adolf Hitler had attended some 17 years before.", "He played the violin and participated in sports and clubs, including a \"Wandervogel\" woodcraft and scouting group that included some older boys who were members of various right-wing militias.", "His poor school performance resulted in his father's withdrawing him from the \"Realschule\" and enrolling him in the \"Höhere Bundeslehranstalt für Elektrotechnik, Maschinenbau und Hochbau\" vocational college.", "He left without attaining a degree and joined his father's new enterprise, the Untersberg Mining Company, where he worked for several months.", "From 1925 to 1927 he worked as a sales clerk for the \"Oberösterreichische Elektrobau AG\" radio company.", "Next, between 1927 and early 1933, Eichmann worked in Upper Austria and Salzburg as district agent for the Vacuum Oil Company AG.", "During this time, he joined the \"Jungfrontkämpfervereinigung\", the youth section of Hermann Hiltl's right-wing veterans movement, and began reading newspapers published by the Nazi Party (NSDAP).", "The party platform included the dissolution of the Weimar Republic in Germany, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism.", "They promised a strong central government, increased \"Lebensraum\" (living space) for Germanic peoples, formation of a national community based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of Jews, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights.", "On the advice of family friend and local \"Schutzstaffel\" (SS; protection squadron) leader Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Eichmann joined the Austrian branch of the NSDAP on 1 April 1932, member number 889,895.", "His membership in the SS was confirmed seven months later (SS member number 45,326).", "His regiment was SS-\"Standarte\" 37, responsible for guarding the party headquarters in Linz and protecting party speakers at rallies, which would often become violent.", "Eichmann pursued party activities in Linz on weekends while continuing in his position at Vacuum Oil in Salzburg.", "A few months after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany in January 1933, Eichmann lost his job due to staffing cutbacks at Vacuum Oil.", "The Nazi Party was banned in Austria around the same time.", "These events were factors in Eichmann's decision to return to Germany.", "Like many other National Socialists fleeing Austria in the spring of 1933, Eichmann left for Passau, where he joined Andreas Bolek at his headquarters.", "After he attended a training programme at the SS depot in Klosterlechfeld in August, Eichmann returned to the Passau border in September, where he was assigned to lead an eight-man SS liaison team to guide Austrian National Socialists into Germany and smuggle propaganda material from there into Austria.", "In late December, when this unit was dissolved, Eichmann was promoted to SS-\"Scharführer\" (squad leader, equivalent to corporal).", "Eichmann's battalion of the Deutschland Regiment was quartered at barracks next door to Dachau concentration camp.", "By 1934, Eichmann requested transfer to the \"Sicherheitsdienst\" (SD; Security Service) of the SS, to escape the \"monotony\" of military training and service at Dachau.", "Eichmann was accepted into the SD and assigned to the sub-office on Freemasons, organising seized ritual objects for a proposed museum and creating a card index of German Freemasons and Masonic organisations.", "He prepared an anti-Masonic exhibition, which proved to be extremely popular.", "Visitors included Hermann Goering, Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, and Baron Leopold von Mildenstein.", "Mildenstein invited Eichmann to join his Jewish Department, Section II/112 of the SD, at its Berlin headquarters.", "Eichmann's transfer was granted in November 1934.", "He later came to consider this as his big break.", "He was assigned to study and prepare reports on the Zionist movement and various Jewish organisations.", "He even learned a smattering of Hebrew and Yiddish, gaining a reputation as a specialist in Zionist and Jewish matters.", "On 21 March 1935 Eichmann married Veronika (Vera) Liebl (1909–93).", "The couple had four sons: Klaus (b. 1936 in Berlin), Horst Adolf (b. 1940 in Vienna), Dieter Helmut (b. 1942 in Prague) and Ricardo Francisco (b. 1955 in Buenos Aires).", "Eichmann was promoted to SS-\"Hauptscharführer\" (head squad leader) in 1936 and was commissioned as an SS-\"Untersturmführer\" (second lieutenant) the following year.", "Nazi Germany used violence and economic pressure to encourage Jews to leave Germany of their own volition; around 250,000 of the country's 437,000 Jews emigrated between 1933 and 1939.", "Eichmann travelled to British Mandatory Palestine with his superior Herbert Hagen in 1937 to assess the possibility of Germany's Jews voluntarily emigrating to that country, disembarking with forged press credentials at Haifa, whence they travelled to Cairo in Egypt.", "There they met Feival Polkes, an agent of the Haganah, with whom they were unable to strike a deal.", "Polkes suggested that more Jews should be allowed to leave under the terms of the Haavara Agreement, but Hagen refused, surmising that a strong Jewish presence in Palestine might lead to their founding an independent state, which would run contrary to Reich policy.", "Eichmann and Hagen attempted to return to Palestine a few days later, but were denied entry after the British authorities refused them the required visas.", "They prepared a report on their visit, which was published in 1982.", "In 1938, Eichmann was posted to Vienna to help organise Jewish emigration from Austria, which had just been integrated into the Reich through the \"Anschluss\".", "Jewish community organisations were placed under supervision of the SD and tasked with encouraging and facilitating Jewish emigration.", "Funding came from money seized from other Jewish people and organisations, as well as donations from overseas, which were placed under SD control.", "Eichmann was promoted to SS-\"Obersturmführer\" (first lieutenant) in July 1938, and appointed to the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, created in August.", "By the time he left Vienna in May 1939, nearly 100,000 Jews had left Austria legally, and many more had been smuggled out to Palestine and elsewhere.", "Within weeks of the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, Nazi policy toward the Jews changed from voluntary emigration to forced deportation.", "After discussions with Hitler in the preceding weeks, on 21 September SS-\"Obergruppenführer\" Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SD, advised his staff that Jews were to be collected into cities in Poland with good rail links to facilitate their expulsion from territories controlled by Germany, starting with areas that had been incorporated into the Reich.", "He announced plans to create a reservation in the General Government (the portion of Poland not incorporated into the Reich), where Jews and others deemed undesirable would await further deportation.", "On 27 September 1939 the SD and \"Sicherheitspolizei\" (comprising the Gestapo and Kripo police agencies) were combined into the new SS-\"Reichssicherheitshauptamt\" (RSHA; Reich Main Security Office), which was placed under Heydrich's control.", "After a posting in Prague to assist in setting up an emigration office there, Eichmann was transferred to Berlin in October 1939 to command the Central Office for Jewish Emigration for the entire Reich under Heinrich Müller, head of the Gestapo.", "He was immediately assigned to organise the deportation of 70,000 to 80,000 Jews from Ostrava district in Moravia and Katowice district in the recently annexed portion of Poland.", "On his own initiative, Eichmann also laid plans to deport Jews from Vienna.", "Under the Nisko Plan, Eichmann chose Nisko as the location for a new transit camp where Jews would be temporarily housed before being deported elsewhere.", "In the last week of October 1939, 4,700 Jews were sent to the area by train and were essentially left to fend for themselves in an open meadow with no water and little food.", "Barracks were planned but never completed.", "Many of the deportees were driven by the SS into Soviet-occupied territory and others were eventually placed in a nearby labour camp.", "The operation soon was called off, partly because Hitler decided the required trains were better used for military purposes for the time being.", "Meanwhile, as part of Hitler's long-range resettlement plans, hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were being transported into the annexed territories, and ethnic Poles and Jews were being moved further east, particularly into the General Government.", "On 19 December 1939, Eichmann was assigned to head RSHA \"Referat\" IV B4 (RSHA Sub-Department IV-B4), tasked with overseeing Jewish affairs and evacuation.", "Heydrich announced Eichmann to be his \"special expert\", in charge of arranging for all deportations into occupied Poland.", "The job entailed co-ordinating with police agencies for the physical removal of the Jews, dealing with their confiscated property, and arranging financing and transport.", "Within a few days of his appointment, Eichmann formulated a plan to deport 600,000 Jews into the General Government.", "The plan was stymied by Hans Frank, governor-general of the occupied territories, who was disinclined to accept the deportees as to do so would have a negative impact on economic development and his ultimate goal of Germanisation of the region.", "In his role as minister responsible for the Four Year Plan, on 24 March 1940 Hermann Göring forbade any further transports into the General Government unless cleared first by himself or Frank.", "Transports continued, but at a much slower pace than originally envisioned.", "From the start of the war until April 1941, around 63,000 Jews were transported into the General Government.", "On many of the trains in this period, up to a third of the deportees died in transit.", "While Eichmann claimed at his trial to be upset by the appalling conditions on the trains and in the transit camps, his correspondence and documents of the period show that his primary concern was to achieve the deportations economically and with minimal disruption to Germany's ongoing military operations.", "Jews were concentrated into ghettos in major cities with the expectation that at some point they would be transported further east or even overseas.", "Horrendous conditions in the ghettos—severe overcrowding, poor sanitation, and a lack of food—resulted in a high death rate.", "On 15 August 1940, Eichmann released a memorandum titled \"Reichssicherheitshauptamt: Madagaskar Projekt\" (Reich Main Security Office: Madagascar Project), calling for the resettlement to Madagascar of a million Jews per year for four years.", "When Germany failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain, the invasion of Britain was postponed indefinitely.", "As Britain still controlled the Atlantic and her merchant fleet would not be at Germany's disposal for use in evacuations, planning for the Madagascar proposal stalled.", "Hitler continued to mention the Plan until February 1942, when the idea was permanently shelved.", "From the start of the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, \"Einsatzgruppen\" (task forces) followed the army into conquered areas and rounded up and killed Jews, Comintern officials, and ranking members of the Communist Party.", "Eichmann was one of the officials who received regular detailed reports of their activities.", "On 31 July, Göring gave Heydrich written authorisation to prepare and submit a plan for a \"total solution of the Jewish question\" in all territories under German control and to co-ordinate the participation of all involved government organisations.", "The \"Generalplan Ost\" (General Plan for the East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered.", "Eichmann stated at his later interrogations that Heydrich told him in mid-September that Hitler had ordered that all Jews in German-controlled Europe were to be killed.", "The initial plan was to implement \"Generalplan Ost\" after the conquest of the Soviet Union.", "However, with the entry of the United States into the war in December and the German failure in the Battle of Moscow, Hitler decided that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately rather than after the war, which now had no end in sight.", "Around this time, Eichmann was promoted to SS-\"Obersturmbannführer\" (lieutenant colonel), the highest rank he achieved.", "To co-ordinate planning for the proposed genocide, Heydrich hosted the Wannsee Conference, which brought together administrative leaders of the Nazi regime on 20 January 1942.", "In preparation for the conference, Eichmann drafted for Heydrich a list of the numbers of Jews in various European countries and prepared statistics on emigration.", "Eichmann attended the conference, oversaw the stenographer who took the minutes, and prepared the official distributed record of the meeting.", "In his covering letter, Heydrich specified that Eichmann would act as his liaison with the departments involved.", "Under Eichmann's supervision, large-scale deportations began almost immediately to extermination camps at Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka and elsewhere.", "The genocide was code-named Operation Reinhard in honour of Heydrich, who died in Prague in early June from wounds suffered in an assassination attempt.", "Kaltenbrunner succeeded him as head of the RSHA.", "Eichmann did not make policy, but acted in an operational capacity.", "Specific deportation orders came from \"Reichsführer-SS\" Heinrich Himmler.", "Eichmann's office was responsible for collecting information on the Jews in each area, organising the seizure of their property, and arranging for and scheduling trains.", "His department was in constant contact with the Foreign Office, as Jews of conquered nations such as France could not as easily be stripped of their possessions and deported to their deaths.", "Eichmann held regular meetings in his Berlin offices with his department members working in the field and travelled extensively to visit concentration camps and ghettos.", "His wife, who disliked Berlin, resided in Prague with the children.", "Eichmann initially visited them weekly, but as time went on, his visits tapered off to once a month.", "Germany invaded Hungary on 19 March 1944.", "Eichmann arrived the same day, and was soon joined by top members of his staff and five or six hundred members of the SD, SS, and \"Sicherheitspolizei\" (SiPo; security police).", "Hitler's appointment of a Hungarian government more amenable to the Nazis meant that the Hungarian Jews, who had remained essentially unharmed until that point, would now be deported to Auschwitz concentration camp to serve as forced labour or be gassed.", "Eichmann toured northeastern Hungary in the last week of April and visited Auschwitz in May to assess the preparations.", "During the Nuremberg Trials, Rudolf Höss, commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, testified that Himmler had told Höss to receive all operational instructions for the implementation of the Final Solution from Eichmann.", "Round-ups began on 16 April, and from 14 May, four trains of 3,000 Jews per day left Hungary and travelled to the camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, arriving along a newly built spur line that terminated a few hundred metres away from the gas chambers.", "Between 10–25 per cent of the people on each train were chosen as forced labourers; the rest were killed within hours of arrival.", "Under international pressure, the Hungarian government halted deportations on 6 July 1944, by which time over 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had died.", "In spite of the orders to stop, Eichmann personally made arrangements for additional trains of victims to be sent to Auschwitz on 17 and 19 July.", "In a series of meetings beginning on 25 April, Eichmann met with Joel Brand, a Hungarian Jew and member of the Relief and Rescue Committee (RRC).", "Eichmann later testified that Berlin had authorised him to allow emigration of a million Jews in exchange for 10,000 trucks equipped to handle the wintry conditions on the Eastern Front.", "Nothing came of the proposal, as the Western Allies refused to consider the offer.", "In June 1944 Eichmann was involved in negotiations with Rudolf Kasztner that resulted in the rescue of 1,684 people, who were sent by train to safety in Switzerland in exchange for three suitcases full of diamonds, gold, cash, and securities.", "Eichmann, resentful that Kurt Becher and others were becoming involved in Jewish emigration matters, and angered by Himmler's suspension of deportations to the death camps, requested reassignment in July.", "At the end of August he was assigned to head a commando squad to assist in the evacuation of 10,000 ethnic Germans trapped on the Hungarian border with Romania in the path of the advancing Red Army.", "The people they were sent to rescue refused to leave, so instead the soldiers helped evacuate members of a German field hospital trapped close to the front.", "For this Eichmann was awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class.", "Throughout October and November, Eichmann arranged for tens of thousands of Jewish victims to be forced to march, in appalling conditions, from Budapest to Vienna, a distance of 210 km .", "On 24 December 1944, Eichmann fled Budapest just before the Soviets completed their encirclement of the capital.", "He returned to Berlin, where he arranged for the incriminating records of Department IV-B4 to be burned.", "Along with many other SS officers who fled in the closing months of the war, Eichmann and his family were living in relative safety in Austria when the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945.", "At the end of the war, Eichmann was captured by US forces and spent time in several camps for SS officers using forged papers that identified him as \"Otto Eckmann\".", "He escaped from a work detail at Cham, Germany when he realised that his actual identity had been discovered.", "He obtained new identity papers with the name of \"Otto Heninger\" and relocated frequently over the next several months, moving ultimately to the Lüneburg Heath.", "He initially got work in the forestry industry and later leased a small plot of land in Altensalzkoth, where he lived until 1950.", "Meanwhile, former commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Höss and others gave damning evidence about Eichmann at the Nuremberg trials of major war criminals starting in 1946.", "In 1948, Eichmann obtained a landing permit for Argentina and false identification under the name of \"Ricardo Klement\" through an organisation directed by Bishop Alois Hudal, an Austrian cleric then residing in Italy with known Nazi sympathies.", "These documents enabled him to obtain an International Committee of the Red Cross humanitarian passport and the remaining entry permits in 1950 that would allow emigration to Argentina.", "He travelled across Europe, staying in a series of monasteries that had been set up as safe houses.", "He departed from Genoa by ship on 17 June 1950 and arrived in Buenos Aires on 14 July.", "Eichmann initially lived in Tucumán Province, where he worked for a government contractor.", "He sent for his family in 1952, and they moved to Buenos Aires.", "He held a series of low-paying jobs until finding employment at Mercedes-Benz, where he rose to department head.", "The family built a house at 14 Garibaldi Street (now 6061 Garibaldi Street) and moved in during 1960.", "He was extensively interviewed for four months beginning in late 1956 by Nazi expatriate journalist Willem Sassen with the intention of producing a biography.", "Eichmann produced tapes, transcripts, and handwritten notes.", "The memoirs were later used as the basis for a series of articles that appeared in \"Life\" and \"Stern\" magazines in late 1960.", "Several survivors of the Holocaust dedicated themselves to finding Eichmann and other Nazis, and among them was Jewish Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal.", "Wiesenthal learned from a letter shown to him in 1953 that Eichmann had been seen in Buenos Aires, and he passed along that information to the Israeli consulate in Vienna in 1954.", "Eichmann's father died in 1960, and Wiesenthal made arrangements for private detectives to surreptitiously photograph members of the family; Eichmann's brother Otto was said to bear a strong family resemblance and there were no current photos of the fugitive.", "He provided these photographs to Mossad agents on 18 February.", "Lothar Hermann was also instrumental in exposing Eichmann's identity; he was a half-Jewish German who had emigrated to Argentina in 1938.", "His daughter Sylvia began dating a man named Klaus Eichmann in 1956 who boasted about his father's Nazi exploits, and Hermann alerted Fritz Bauer, prosecutor-general of the state of Hesse in West Germany.", "Hermann then sent his daughter on a fact-finding mission; she was met at the door by Eichmann himself, who said that he was Klaus's uncle.", "Klaus arrived not long after, however, and addressed Eichmann as \"Father\".", "In 1957, Bauer passed along the information in person to Mossad director Isser Harel, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found.", "Harel dispatched Shin Bet chief interrogator Zvi Aharoni to Buenos Aires on 1 March 1960, and he was able to confirm the identity of the fugitive after several weeks of investigation.", "Argentina had a history of turning down extradition requests for Nazi criminals, so rather than filing a possibly futile request for extradition, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion made the decision that Eichmann should be captured and brought to Israel for trial.", "Harel arrived in May 1960 to oversee the capture.", "Mossad operative Rafi Eitan was named leader of the eight-man team, most of whom were Shin Bet agents.", "The team captured Eichmann on 11 May 1960 near his home on Garibaldi Street in San Fernando, Buenos Aires, an industrial community 20 km north of the centre of Buenos Aires.", "The agents had arrived in April and observed his routine for many days, noting that he arrived home from work by bus at about the same time every evening.", "They planned to seize him when he was walking beside an open field from the bus stop to his house.", "The plan was almost abandoned on the designated day when Eichmann was not on the bus that he usually took home, but he got off another bus about half an hour later.", "Mossad agent Peter Malkin engaged him, asking him in Spanish if he had a moment.", "Eichmann was frightened and attempted to leave, but two more Mossad men came to Malkin's aid.", "The three wrestled Eichmann to the ground and, after a struggle, moved him to a car where they hid him on the floor under a blanket.", "Eichmann was taken to one of several Mossad safe houses that had been set up by the team.", "He was held there for nine days, during which time his identity was double-checked and confirmed.", "During these days, Harel tried to locate Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi doctor from Auschwitz, as the Mossad had information that he was also living in Buenos Aires.", "He was hoping to bring Mengele back to Israel on the same flight.", "However, Mengele had already left his last known residence in the city, and Harel was unable to get any leads on where he had gone, so the plans for his capture had to be abandoned.", "Eitan told \"Haaretz\" in 2008 that they intentionally made the decision not to pursue Mengele, reasoning that to do so might jeopardise the Eichmann operation.", "Near midnight on 20 May, Eichmann was sedated by an Israeli doctor on the Mossad team and dressed as a flight attendant.", "He was smuggled out of Argentina aboard the same El Al Bristol Britannia aircraft that had carried Israel's delegation a few days earlier to the official 150th anniversary celebration of Argentina's independence from Spain.", "There was a tense delay at the airport while the flight plan was approved, then the plane took off for Israel, stopping in Dakar, Senegal to refuel.", "They arrived in Israel on 22 May, and Ben-Gurion announced Eichmann's capture to the Knesset the following afternoon.", "In Argentina, the news of the abduction was met with a violent wave of antisemitism carried out by far-right elements, including the Tacuara Nationalist Movement.", "Argentina requested an urgent meeting of the United Nations Security Council in June 1960, after unsuccessful negotiations with Israel, as they regarded the capture as a violation of their sovereign rights.", "In the ensuing debate, Israeli representative Golda Meir claimed that the abductors were not Israeli agents but private individuals and so the incident was only an \"isolated violation of Argentine law\".", "On 23 June, the Council passed Resolution 138 which agreed that Argentine sovereignty had been violated and requested that Israel should make reparations.", "Israel and Argentina issued a joint statement on 3 August, after further negotiations, admitting the violation of Argentinian sovereignty but agreeing to end the dispute.", "The Israeli court determined that the circumstances of his capture had no bearing on the legality of his trial.", "US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) documents declassified in 2006 show that the capture of Eichmann caused alarm at the CIA and West German \"Bundesnachrichtendienst\" (BND).", "Both organisations had known for at least two years that Eichmann was hiding in Argentina, but they did not act because it did not serve their interests in the Cold War to do so.", "Both were concerned about what Eichmann might say in his testimony about West German national security advisor Hans Globke, who had coauthored several antisemitic Nazi laws, including the Nuremberg Laws.", "The documents also revealed that both agencies had used some of Eichmann's former Nazi colleagues to spy on European Communist countries.", "Eichmann was taken to a fortified police station at Yagur in Israel, where he spent nine months.", "The Israelis were unwilling to take him to trial based solely on the evidence in documents and witness testimony, so the prisoner was subject to daily interrogations, the transcripts of which totalled over 3,500 pages.", "The interrogator was Chief Inspector Avner Less of the national police.", "Using documents provided primarily by Yad Vashem and Nazi hunter Tuviah Friedman, Less was often able to determine when Eichmann was lying or being evasive.", "When additional information was brought forward that forced Eichmann into admitting what he had done, Eichmann would insist he had no authority in the Nazi hierarchy and was only following orders.", "Inspector Less noted that Eichmann did not seem to realise the enormity of his crimes and showed no remorse.", "His pardon plea, released in 2016, did not contradict this: \"There is a need to draw a line between the leaders responsible and the people like me forced to serve as mere instruments in the hands of the leaders\", Eichmann wrote.", "\"I was not a responsible leader, and as such do not feel myself guilty.\"", "Eichmann's trial before a special tribunal of the Jerusalem District Court began on 11 April 1961.", "The legal basis of the charges against Eichmann was the 1950 Nazi and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, under which he was indicted on 15 criminal charges, including crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership in a criminal organisation.", "The trial was presided over by three judges: Moshe Landau, Benjamin Halevy and Yitzhak Raveh.", "The chief prosecutor was Israeli Attorney General Gideon Hausner, assisted by Deputy Attorney General Gabriel Bach and Tel Aviv District Attorney Yaakov Bar-Or.", "The defence team consisted of German lawyer Robert Servatius, legal assistant Dieter Wechtenbruch, and Eichmann himself.", "As foreign lawyers had no right of audience before Israeli courts at the time of Eichmann's capture, Israeli law was modified to allow those facing capital charges to be represented by a non-Israeli lawyer.", "In an Israeli cabinet meeting shortly after Eichmann's capture, Justice Minister Pinchas Rosen stated \"I think that it will be impossible to find an Israeli lawyer, a Jew or an Arab, who will agree to defend him\", and thus a foreign lawyer would be necessary.", "The Israeli government arranged for the trial to have prominent media coverage.", "Capital Cities Broadcasting Corporation of the United States obtained exclusive rights to videotape the proceedings for television broadcast.", "Many major newspapers from all over the globe sent reporters and published front-page coverage of the story.", "The trial was held at the \"Beit Ha'am\" (today known as the Gerard Behar Center), an auditorium in central Jerusalem.", "Eichmann sat inside a bulletproof glass booth to protect him from assassination attempts.", "The building was modified to allow journalists to watch the trial on closed-circuit television, and 750 seats were available in the auditorium itself.", "Videotape was flown daily to the United States for broadcast the following day.", "The prosecution case was presented over the course of 56 days, involving hundreds of documents and 112 witnesses (many of them Holocaust survivors).", "Hausner ignored police recommendations to call only 30 witnesses; only 14 of the witnesses called had seen Eichmann during the war.", "Hausner's intention was to not only demonstrate Eichmann's guilt but to present material about the entire Holocaust, thus producing a comprehensive record.", "Hausner's opening address began, \"It is not an individual that is in the dock at this historic trial and not the Nazi regime alone, but anti-Semitism throughout history.\"", "Defence attorney Servatius repeatedly tried to curb the presentation of material not directly related to Eichmann, and was mostly successful.", "In addition to wartime documents, material presented as evidence included tapes and transcripts from Eichmann's interrogation and Sassen's interviews in Argentina.", "In the case of the Sassen interviews, only Eichmann's hand-written notes were admitted into evidence.", "Some of the evidence submitted by the prosecution took the form of depositions made by leading Nazis.", "The defence demanded that the men should be brought to Israel so that the defence's right to cross-examination would not be abrogated.", "But Hausner, in his role as Attorney General, declared that he would be obliged to have any war criminals who entered Israel arrested.", "The prosecution proved that Eichmann had visited places where exterminations had taken place, including Chełmno extermination camp, Auschwitz, and Minsk (where he witnessed a mass shooting of Jews), and therefore was aware that the deportees were being killed.", "The defence next engaged in a lengthy direct examination of Eichmann.", "Observers such as Moshe Pearlman and Hannah Arendt have remarked on Eichmann's ordinariness in appearance and flat affect.", "In his testimony throughout the trial, Eichmann insisted he had no choice but to follow orders, as he was bound by an oath of loyalty to Hitler—the same superior orders defence used by some defendants in the 1945–1946 Nuremberg trials.", "Eichmann asserted that the decisions had been made not by him, but by Müller, Heydrich, Himmler, and ultimately Hitler.", "Servatius also proposed that decisions of the Nazi government were acts of state and therefore not subject to normal judicial proceedings.", "Regarding the Wannsee Conference, Eichmann stated that he felt a sense of satisfaction and relief at its conclusion.", "As a clear decision to exterminate had been made by his superiors, the matter was out of his hands; he felt absolved of any guilt.", "On the last day of the examination, he stated that he was guilty of arranging the transports, but he did not feel guilty for the consequences.", "Throughout his cross-examination, prosecutor Hausner attempted to get Eichmann to admit he was personally guilty, but no such confession was forthcoming.", "Eichmann admitted to not liking the Jews and viewing them as adversaries, but stated that he never thought their annihilation was justified.", "When Hausner produced evidence that Eichmann had stated in 1945 that \"I will leap into my grave laughing because the feeling that I have five million human beings on my conscience is for me a source of extraordinary satisfaction\", Eichmann said he meant \"enemies of the Reich\" such as the Soviets.", "During later examination by the judges, he admitted he meant the Jews, and said the remark was an accurate reflection of his opinion at the time.", "The trial adjourned on 14 August, and the verdict was read on 12 December.", "Eichmann was convicted on 15 counts of crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership in a criminal organisation.", "The judges declared him not guilty of personally killing anyone and not guilty of overseeing and controlling the activities of the \"Einsatzgruppen\".", "He was deemed responsible for the dreadful conditions on board the deportation trains and for obtaining Jews to fill those trains.", "In addition to being found guilty of crimes against Jews, he was convicted for crimes against Poles, Slovenes and Gypsies.", "He was found guilty of membership in three organisations that had been declared criminal at the Nuremberg trials: the Gestapo, the SD, and the SS.", "When considering the sentence, the judges concluded that Eichmann had not merely been following orders, but believed in the Nazi cause wholeheartedly and had been a key perpetrator of the genocide.", "On 15 December 1961, Eichmann was sentenced to death by hanging.", "Eichmann's defense team appealed the verdict to the Israeli Supreme Court.", "The appeal was heard by a five-judge Supreme Court panel consisting of Supreme Court President Yitzhak Olshan, who presided over the hearings, and judges Shimon Agranat, Moshe Zilberg, Yoel Zussman, and Alfred Witkon.", "The defence team mostly relied on legal arguments about Israel's jurisdiction and the legality of the laws under which Eichmann was charged.", "Appeal hearings took place between 22 and 29 March 1962.", "Eichmann's wife Vera flew to Israel and saw him for the last time at the end of April.", "On 29 May, the Supreme Court rejected the appeal and upheld the District Court's judgement on all counts.", "Eichmann immediately petitioned Israeli President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi for clemency.", "The content of his letter and other trial documents were made public on 27 January 2016.", "In addition, Servatius submitted a request for clemency to Ben-Zvi and petitioned for a stay of execution pending his planned appeals for extradition to the West German government.", "Eichmann's wife and brothers also wrote to Ben-Zvi requesting clemency.", "Prominent people such as Hugo Bergmann, Pearl S. Buck, Martin Buber, and Ernst Simon spoke up on his behalf.", "Ben-Gurion called a special cabinet meeting to resolve the issue.", "The cabinet decided not to recommend to President Ben-Zvi that Eichmann be granted clemency, and Ben-Zvi rejected the clemency petition.", "At 8:00 p.m. on 31 May, Eichmann was informed that his final appeal had been denied.", "Eichmann was hanged at a prison in Ramla hours later.", "The hanging, scheduled for midnight at the end of 31 May, was slightly delayed and thus took place a few minutes past midnight on 1 June 1962.", "The execution was attended by a small group of officials, four journalists and the Canadian clergyman William Lovell Hull, who had been his spiritual counselor while in prison.", "His last words were reported to be", "Rafi Eitan, who accompanied Eichmann to the hanging, claimed in 2014 to have heard him later mumble \"I hope that all of you will follow me\", making those his final words.", "Within hours Eichmann's body had been cremated, and his ashes scattered in the Mediterranean Sea, outside Israeli territorial waters, by an Israeli Navy patrol boat.", "The trial and the surrounding media coverage sparked renewed interest in wartime events, and the resulting increase in publication of memoirs and scholarly works helped raise public awareness of the Holocaust.", "The trial received widespread coverage by the press in West Germany, and many schools added material studying the issues to their curricula.", "In Israel, the testimony of witnesses at the trial led to a deeper awareness of the impact of the Holocaust on survivors, especially among younger citizens.", "The trial therefore greatly reduced the previously popular misconception that Jews had gone \"like sheep to the slaughter\".", "The use of \"Eichmann\" as an archetype stems from Hannah Arendt's notion of the \"banality of evil\".", "Arendt, a political theorist who reported on Eichmann's trial for \"The New Yorker\", described Eichmann in her book \"Eichmann in Jerusalem\" as the embodiment of the \"banality of evil\", as she thought he appeared to have an ordinary personality, displaying neither guilt nor hatred.", "In his 1988 book \"Justice, Not Vengeance\", Wiesenthal said: \"The world now understands the concept of 'desk murderer'.", "We know that one doesn't need to be fanatical, sadistic, or mentally ill to murder millions; that it is enough to be a loyal follower eager to do one's duty.\"", "The term \"little Eichmanns\" became a pejorative term for bureaucrats charged with indirectly and systematically harming others.", "In her 2011 book \"Eichmann Before Jerusalem\", based largely on the Sassen interviews and Eichmann's notes made while in exile, argues instead that Eichmann was an ideologically motivated antisemite and lifelong committed Nazi who intentionally built a persona as a faceless bureaucrat for presentation at the trial.", "Prominent historians such as Christopher Browning, Deborah Lipstadt, Yaacov Lozowick, and David Cesarani reached a similar conclusion, that Eichmann was not the unthinking bureaucratic functionary that Arendt believed him to be.", "Eichmann's youngest son Ricardo says he is not resentful toward Israel for executing his father.", "He does not agree that his father's \"following orders\" argument excuses his actions and notes how his father's lack of remorse caused \"difficult emotions\" for the Eichmann family.", "Ricardo is now a professor of archaeology at the German Archaeological Institute." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 290008, "simple_article_title": "Adolf Eichmann", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=290008", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-290008-0-0", "simple-290008-1-0", "simple-290008-1-1", "simple-290008-1-2", "simple-290008-1-3", "simple-290008-1-4", "simple-290008-1-5", "simple-290008-1-6", "simple-290008-1-7", "simple-290008-2-0", "simple-290008-2-1", "simple-290008-2-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Otto Adolf Eichmann (19 March 1906 in Solingen - 31 May 1962 in Ramla) was a German SS officer (he had the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer, comparable with lieutenant colonel).", "Eichmann was an important person of Nazi Germany during the Third Reich.", "As head of a subdivision of the Reich Main Security Office (\"Reichssicherheitshauptamt, Referat IV B4\") he was the architect of The Holocaust who organized the death camps, like the Auschwitz concentration camp, that were used to kill 11 million people during World War 2.", "After the war he escaped and in 1960 was discovered to be living in Argentina.", "The Israeli secret service, the Mossad, kidnapped him and took him back to Israel.", "Eichmann was put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity.", "He was found guilty on 11 December 1961, and executed by hanging in Ramla.", "His body was cremated in an unusually hot furnace, and the ashes were scattered in the sea.", "Eichmann is one of the few people to ever be executed by Israel.", "The trial of Adolf Eichmann was broadcast on radio in Israel, and millions of people around the world watched it on television.", "This was the first time that victims of the Holocaust talked openly about what had happened.", "This was an event that helped bring together and unify the many people who had come to live in the new nation of Israel." ] } }

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{ "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-19596649-0-0", "normal-19596649-43-1", "normal-19596649-43-7", "normal-19596649-47-0" ], "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-290008-0-0", "simple-290008-1-4", "simple-290008-1-5", "simple-290008-1-6" ] }

{ "normal_article_id": 2522678, "normal_article_title": "OB star", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2522678", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2522678-0-0", "normal-2522678-0-1", "normal-2522678-0-2", "normal-2522678-0-3", "normal-2522678-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "OB stars are hot, massive stars of spectral types O or early-type B that form in loosely organized groups called OB associations.", "They are short lived, and thus do not move very far from where they formed within their life.", "During their lifetime, they will emit much ultraviolet radiation.", "This radiation rapidly ionizes the surrounding interstellar gas of the giant molecular cloud, forming an H II region or Strömgren sphere.", "In lists of spectra the \"\"spectrum of OB\"\" refers to \"\"unknown, but belonging to an OB association so thus of early type\"\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 455621, "simple_article_title": "OB star", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=455621", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-455621-0-0", "simple-455621-0-1", "simple-455621-1-0", "simple-455621-1-1", "simple-455621-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "OB stars are hot, massive blue stars.", "They are stars of types O or B in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.", "These stars are short lived, and do not move far from where they were formed.", "During their lifetime, they emit huge amounts of ultraviolet radiation.", "This radiation ionizes the surrounding interstellar gas of the nebula, forming an H II region." ] } }

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"normal-191145-42-0", "normal-191145-42-1", "normal-191145-42-2", "normal-191145-43-0", "normal-191145-43-1", "normal-191145-43-2", "normal-191145-44-0", "normal-191145-44-1", "normal-191145-45-0", "normal-191145-45-1", "normal-191145-45-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision.", "Autonomous organizations or institutions are independent or self-governing.", "Autonomy can also be defined from a human resources perspective, where it denotes a (relatively high) level of discretion granted to an employee in his or her work.", "In such cases, autonomy is known to generally increase job satisfaction.", "Autonomy is a term that is also widely used in the field of medicine — personal autonomy is greatly recognized and valued in health care.", "In the sociology of knowledge, a controversy over the boundaries of autonomy inhibited analysis of any concept beyond relative autonomy, until a typology of autonomy was created and developed within science and technology studies.", "According to it, the institution of science's existing autonomy is “reflexive autonomy”: actors and structures within the scientific field are able to translate or to reflect diverse themes presented by social and political fields, as well as influence them regarding the thematic choices on research projects.", "Institutional autonomy is having the capacities as a legislator to be able to implant and pursue official goals.", "Autonomous institutions are responsible for finding sufficient resources or modifying their plans, programs, courses, responsibilities, and services accordingly.", "But in doing so, they must contend with any obstacles that can occur, such as social pressure against cut-backs or socioeconomic difficulties.", "From a legislator's point of view, to increase institutional autonomy, conditions of self-management and institutional self-governance must be put in place.", "An increase in leadership and a redistribution of decision-making responsibilities would be beneficial to the research of resources.", "Institutional autonomy was often seen as a synonym for self-determination, and many governments feared that it would lead institutions to an irredentist or secessionist region.", "But autonomy should be seen as a solution to self-determination struggles.", "Self-determination is a movement toward independence, whereas autonomy is a way to accommodate the distinct regions/groups within a country.", "Institutional autonomy can diffuse conflicts regarding minorities and ethnic groups in a society.", "Allowing more autonomy to groups and institutions helps create diplomatic relationships between them and the central government.", "In governmental parlance, autonomy refers to self-governance.", "An example of an autonomous jurisdiction was the former United States governance of the Philippine Islands.", "The \"Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916\" provided the framework for the creation of an autonomous government under which the Filipino people had broader domestic autonomy than previously, although it reserved certain privileges to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests.", "Other examples include Kosovo (as the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo) under the former Yugoslav government of Marshal Tito and Puntland Autonomous Region within Federal Republic of Somalia.", "Autonomy is a key concept that has a broad impact on different fields of philosophy.", "In metaphysical philosophy, the concept of autonomy is referenced in discussions about free will, fatalism, determinism, and agency.", "In \"How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time\", philosopher Iain King developed an 'Autonomy Principle', which he defines as \"Let people choose for themselves, unless we know their interests better than they can.\"", "King argues it is not enough to know someone else's interests better than that person; their autonomy should only be infringed if that person is \"unable\" to know their own interests on a particular matter.", "In moral philosophy, autonomy refers to subjecting oneself to objective moral law.", "Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) defined autonomy by three themes regarding contemporary ethics.", "Firstly, autonomy as the right for one to make their own decisions excluding any interference from others.", "Secondly, autonomy as the capacity to make such decisions through one's own independence of mind and after personal reflection.", "Thirdly, as an ideal way of living life autonomously.", "In summary, autonomy is the moral right one possesses, or the capacity we have in order to think and make decisions for oneself providing some degree of control or power over the events that unfold within one's everyday life.", "The context in which Kant addresses autonomy is in regards to moral theory, asking both foundational and abstract questions.", "He believed that in order for there to be morality, there must be autonomy.", "He breaks down autonomy into two distinct components.", "\"Auto\" can be defined as the negative form of independence, or to be free in a negative sense.", "This is the aspect where decisions are made on your own.", "Whereas, \"nomos\" is the positive sense, a freedom or lawfulness, where you are choosing a law to follow.", "Kantian autonomy also provides a sense of rational autonomy, simply meaning one rationally possesses the motivation to govern their own life.", "Rational autonomy entails making your own decisions but it cannot be done solely in isolation.", "Cooperative rational interactions are required to both develop and exercise our ability to live in a world with others.", "Kant argued that morality presupposes this autonomy in moral agents, since moral requirements are expressed in categorical imperatives.", "An imperative is categorical if it issues a valid command independent of personal desires or interests that would provide a reason for obeying the command.", "It is hypothetical if the validity of its command, if the reason why one can be expected to obey it, is the fact that one desires or is interested in something further that obedience to the command would entail.", "\"Don't speed on the freeway if you don't want to be stopped by the police\" is a hypothetical imperative.", "\"It is wrong to break the law, so don't speed on the freeway\" is a categorical imperative.", "The hypothetical command not to speed on the freeway is not valid for you if you do not care whether you are stopped by the police.", "The categorical command is valid for you either way.", "Autonomous moral agents can be expected to obey the command of a categorical imperative even if they lack a personal desire or interest in doing so.", "It remains an open question whether they will, however.", "The Kantian concept of autonomy is often misconstrued, leaving out the important point about the autonomous agent's self-subjection to the moral law.", "It is thought that autonomy is fully explained as the ability to obey a categorical command independently of a personal desire or interest in doing so—or worse, that autonomy is \"obeying\" a categorical command independently of a natural desire or interest; and that heteronomy, its opposite, is acting instead on personal motives of the kind referenced in hypothetical imperatives.", "In his \"Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals\", Kant applied the concept of autonomy also to define the concept of personhood and human dignity.", "Autonomy, along with rationality, are seen by Kant as the two criteria for a meaningful life.", "Kant would consider a life lived without these not worth living; it would be a life of value equal to that of a plant or insect.", "According to Kant autonomy is part of the reason that we hold others morally accountable for their actions.", "Human actions are morally praise- or blame-worthy in virtue of our autonomy.", "Non- autonomous beings such as plants or animals are not blameworthy due to their actions being non-autonomous.", "Kant's position on crime and punishment is influenced by his views on autonomy.", "Brainwashing or drugging criminals into being law-abiding citizens would be immoral as it would not be respecting their autonomy.", "Rehabilitation must be sought in a way that respects their autonomy and dignity as human beings.", "Friedrich Nietzsche wrote about autonomy and the moral fight.", "Autonomy in this sense is referred to as the free self and entails several aspects of the self, including self-respect and even self-love.", "This can be interpreted as influenced by Kant (self-respect) and Aristotle (self-love).", "For Nietzsche, valuing ethical autonomy can dissolve the conflict between love (self-love) and law (self-respect) which can then translate into reality through experiences of being self-responsible.", "Because Nietzsche defines having a sense of freedom with being responsible for one's own life, freedom and self-responsibility can be very much linked to autonomy.", "The Swiss philosopher Jean Piaget (1896-1980) believed that autonomy comes from within and results from a \"free decision\".", "It is of intrinsic value and the morality of autonomy is not only accepted but obligatory.", "When an attempt at social interchange occurs, it is reciprocal, ideal and natural for there to be autonomy regardless of why the collaboration with others has taken place.", "For Piaget, the term autonomous can be used to explain the idea that rules are self-chosen.", "By choosing which rules to follow or not, we are in turn determining our own behaviour.", "Piaget studied the cognitive development of children by analyzing them during their games and through interviews, establishing (among other principles) that the children's moral maturation process occurred in two phases, the first of heteronomy and the second of autonomy: Rules are objective and unchanging.", "They must be literal because the authority are ordering it and do not fit exceptions or discussions.", "The base of the rule is the superior authority (parents, adults, the State), that it should not give reason for the rules imposed or fulfilled them in any case.", "Duties provided are conceived as given from oneself.", "Any moral motivation and sentiments are possible through what one believes to be right.", "Rules are the product of an agreement and, therefore, are modifiable.", "They can be subject to interpretation and fit exceptions and objections.", "The base of the rule is its own acceptance, and its meaning has to be explained.", "Sanctions must be proportionate to the absence, assuming that sometimes offenses can go unpunished, so that collective punishment is unacceptable if it is not the guilty.", "The circumstances may not punish a guilty.", "Duties provided are conceived as given from the outside.", "One follows rules mechanically as it is simply a rule, or as a way to avoid a form of punishment.", "The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) continues the studies of Piaget.", "His studies collected information from different latitudes to eliminate the cultural variability, and focused on the moral reasoning, and not so much in the behavior or its consequences.", "Through interviews with adolescent and teenage boys, who were to try and solve \"moral dilemmas,\" Kohlberg went on to further develop the stages of moral development.", "The answers they provided could be one of two things.", "Either they choose to obey a given law, authority figure or rule of some sort or they chose to take actions that would serve a human need but in turn break this given rule or command.", "The most popular moral dilemma asked involved the wife of a man approaching death due to a special type of cancer.", "Because the drug was too expensive to obtain on his own, and because the pharmacist who discovered and sold the drug had no compassion for him and only wanted profits, he stole it.", "Kohlberg asks these adolescent and teenage boys (10-, 13- and 16-year-olds) if they think that is what the husband should have done or not.", "Therefore, depending on their decisions, they provided answers to Kohlberg about deeper rationales and thoughts and determined what they value as important.", "This value then determined the \"structure\" of their moral reasoning.", "Kohlberg established three stages of morality, each of which is subdivided into two levels.", "They are read in progressive sense, that is, higher levels indicate greater autonomy.", "Autonomy in childhood and adolescence is when one strives to gain a sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual.", "Between ages 1–3, during the second stage of Erikson's and Freud's stages of development, the psychosocial crisis that occurs is autonomy versus shame and doubt.", "The significant event that occurs during this stage is that children must learn to be autonomous, and failure to do so may lead to the child doubting their own abilities and feel ashamed.", "When a child becomes autonomous it allows them to explore and acquire new skills.", "Autonomy has two vital aspects wherein there is an emotional component where one relies more on themselves rather than their parents and a behavioural component where one makes decisions independently by using their judgement.", "The styles of child rearing affect the development of a child's autonomy.", "Authoritative child rearing is the most successful approach, where the parents engage in autonomy granting appropriate to their age and abilities.", "Autonomy in adolescence is closely related to their quest for identity.", "In adolescence parents and peers act as agents of influence.", "Peer influence in early adolescence may help the process of an adolescent to gradually become more autonomous by being less susceptible to parental or peer influence as they get older.", "In adolescence the most important developmental task is to develop a healthy sense of autonomy.", "In Christianity, autonomy is manifested as a partial self-governance on various levels of church administration.", "During the history of Christianity, there were two basic types of autonomy.", "Some important parishes and monasteries have been given special autonomous rights and privileges, and the best known example of monastic autonomy is the famous Eastern Orthodox monastic community on Mount Athos in Greece.", "On the other hand, administrative autonomy of entire ecclesiastical provinces has throughout history included various degrees of internal self-governance.", "In ecclesiology of Eastern Orthodox Churches, there is a clear distinction between autonomy and autocephaly, since autocephalous churches have full self-governance and independence, while every autonomous church is subject to some autocephalous church, having a certain degree of internal self-governance.", "Since every autonomous church had its own historical path to ecclesiastical autonomy, there are significant differences between various autonomous churches in respect of their particular degrees of self-governance.", "For example, churches that are autonomous can have their highest-ranking bishops, such as an archbishop or metropolitan, appointed or confirmed by the patriarch of the mother church from which it was granted its autonomy, but generally they remain self-governing in many other respects.", "In the history of Western Christianity the question of ecclesiastical autonomy was also one of the most important questions, especially during the first centuries of Christianity, since various archbishops and metropolitans in Western Europe have often opposed centralizing tendencies of the Church of Rome.", "s of 2019 , the Catholic Church comprises 24 autonomous (\"sui iuris\") Churches in communion with the Holy See.", "Various denominations of Protestant churches usually have more decentralized power, and churches may be autonomous, thus having their own rules or laws of government, at the national, local, or even individual level.", "Sartre brings the concept of the Cartesian god being totally free and autonomous.", "He states that existence precedes essence with god being the creator of the essences, eternal truths and divine will.", "This pure freedom of god relates to human freedom and autonomy; where a human is not subjected to pre-existing ideas and values.", "According to the first amendment, In the United States of America, the federal government is restricted in building a national church.", "This is due to the first amendment's recognizing people's freedom's to worship their faith according to their own belief's.", "For example, the American government has removed the church from their \"sphere of authority\" due to the churches' historical impact on politics and their authority on the public.", "This was the beginning of the disestablishment process.", "The Protestant churches in the United States had a significant impact on American culture in the nineteenth century, when they organized the establishment of schools, hospitals, orphanages, colleges, magazines, and so forth.", "This has brought up the famous, however, misinterpreted term of the separation of church and state.", "These churches lost the legislative and financial support from the state.", "The first disestablishment began with the introduction of the bill of rights.", "In the twentieth century, due to the great depression of the 1930s and the completion of the second world war, the American churches were revived.", "Specifically the Protestant churches.", "This was the beginning of the second disestablishment when churches had become popular again but held no legislative power.", "One of the reasons why the churches gained attendance and popularity was due to the baby boom, when soldiers came back from the second world war and started their families.", "The large influx of newborns gave the churches a new wave of followers.", "However, these followers did not hold the same beliefs as their parents and brought about the political, and religious revolutions of the 1960s.", "During the 1960s, the collapse of religious and cultural middle brought upon the third disestablishment.", "Religion became more important to the individual and less so to the community.", "The changes brought from these revolutions significantly increased the personal autonomy of individuals due to the lack of structural restraints giving them added freedom of choice.", "This concept is known as \"new voluntarism\" where individuals have free choice on how to be religious and the free choice whether to be religious or not.", "In a medical context, respect for a patient's personal autonomy is considered one of many fundamental ethical principles in medicine.", "Autonomy can be defined as the ability of the person to make his or her own decisions.", "This faith in autonomy is the central premise of the concept of informed consent and shared decision making.", "This idea, while considered essential to today's practice of medicine, was developed in the last 50 years.", "According to Tom Beauchamp and James Childress (in \"Principles of Biomedical Ethics\"), the Nuremberg trials detailed accounts of horrifyingly exploitative medical \"experiments\" which violated the subjects' physical integrity and personal autonomy.", "These incidences prompted calls for safeguards in medical research, such as the Nuremberg Code which stressed the importance of voluntary participation in medical research.", "It is believed that the Nuremberg Code served as the premise for many current documents regarding research ethics.", "Respect for autonomy became incorporated in health care and patients could be allowed to make personal decisions about the health care services that they receive.", "Notably, autonomy has several aspects as well as challenges that affect health care operations.", "The manner in which a patient is handled may undermine or support the autonomy of a patient and for this reason, the way a patient is communicated to becomes very crucial.", "A good relationship between a patient and a health care practitioner needs to be well defined to ensure that autonomy of a patient is respected.", "Just like in any other life situation, a patient would not like to be under the control of another person.", "The move to emphasize respect for patient's autonomy rose from the vulnerabilities that were pointed out in regards to autonomy.", "However, autonomy does not only apply in a research context.", "Users of the health care system have the right to be treated with respect for their autonomy, instead of being dominated by the physician.", "This is referred to as paternalism.", "While paternalism is meant to be overall good for the patient, this can very easily interfere with autonomy.", "Through the therapeutic relationship, a thoughtful dialogue between the client and the physician may lead to better outcomes for the client, as he or she is more of a participant in decision-making.", "There are many different definitions of autonomy, many of which place the individual in a social context.", "See also: relational autonomy, which suggests that a person is defined through their relationships with others, and \"supported autonomy\" which suggests that in specific circumstances it may be necessary to temporarily compromise the autonomy of the person in the short term in order to preserve their autonomy in the long-term.", "Other definitions of the autonomy imagine the person as a contained and self-sufficient being whose rights should not be compromised under any circumstance.", "There are also differing views with regard to whether modern health care systems should be shifting to greater patient autonomy or a more paternalistic approach.", "For example, there are such arguments that suggest the current patient autonomy practiced is plagued by flaws such as misconceptions of treatment and cultural differences, and that health care systems should be shifting to greater paternalism on the part of the physician given their expertise.", "On the other hand, other approaches suggest that there simply needs to be an increase in relational understanding between patients and health practitioners to improve patient autonomy.", "One argument in favor of greater patient autonomy and its benefits is by Dave deBronkart, who believes that in the technological advancement age, patients are capable of doing a lot of their research on medical issues from their home.", "According to deBronkart, this helps to promote better discussions between patients and physicians during hospital visits, ultimately easing up the workload of physicians.", "deBronkart argues that this leads to greater patient empowerment and a more educative health care system.", "In opposition to this view, technological advancements can sometimes be viewed as an unfavorable way of promoting patient autonomy.", "For example, self-testing medical procedures which have become increasingly common are argued by Greaney et.", "al. to increase patient autonomy, however, may not be promoting what is best for the patient.", "In this argument, contrary to deBronkart, the current perceptions of patient autonomy are excessively over-selling the benefits of individual autonomy, and is not the most suitable way to go about treating patients.", "Instead, a more inclusive form of autonomy should be implemented, relational autonomy, which factors into consideration those close to the patient as well as the physician.", "These different concepts of autonomy can be troublesome as the acting physician is faced with deciding which concept he/she will implement into their clinical practice.", "Autonomy varies and some patients find it overwhelming especially the minors when faced with emergency situations.", "Issues arise in emergency room situations where there may not be time to consider the principle of patient autonomy.", "Various ethical challenges are faced in these situations when time is critical, and patient consciousness may be limited.", "However, in such settings where informed consent may be compromised, the working physician evaluates each individual case to make the most professional and ethically sound decision.", "For example, it is believed that neurosurgeons in such situations, should generally do everything they can to respect patient autonomy.", "In the situation in which a patient is unable to make an autonomous decision, the neurosurgeon should discuss with the surrogate decision maker in order to aid in the decision making process.", "Performing surgery on a patient without informed consent is in general thought to only be ethically justified when the neurosurgeon and his/her team render the patient to not have the capacity to make autonomous decisions.", "If the patient is capable of making an autonomous decision, these situations are generally less ethically strenuous as the decision is typically respected.", "It is important to note that not every patient is capable of making an autonomous decision.", "For example, a commonly proposed question is at what age children should be partaking in treatment decisions.", "This question arises as children develop differently, therefore making it difficult to establish a standard age at which children should become more autonomous.", "Those who are unable to make the decisions prompt a challenge to medical practitioners since it becomes difficult to determine the ability of a patient to make a decision.", "To some extent, it has been said that emphasis of autonomy in health care has undermined the practice of health care practitioners to improve the health of their patient as necessary.", "The scenario has led to tension in the relationship between a patient and a health care practitioner.", "This is because as much as a physician wants to prevent a patient from suffering, he or she still has to respect autonomy.", "Beneficence is a principle allowing physicians to act responsibly in their practice and in the best interests of their patients, which may involve overlooking autonomy.", "However, the gap between a patient and a physician has led to problems because in other cases, the patients have complained of not being adequately informed.", "The seven elements of informed consent (as defined by Beauchamp and Childress) include threshold elements (competence and voluntariness), information elements (disclosure, recommendation, and understanding) and consent elements (decision and authorization).", "Some philosophers such as Harry Frankfurt consider Beauchamp and Childress criteria insufficient.", "They claim that an action can only be considered autonomous if it involves the exercise of the capacity to form higher-order values about desires when acting intentionally.", "What this means is that patients may understand their situation and choices but would not be autonomous unless the patient is able to form value judgements about their reasons for choosing treatment options they would not be acting autonomously.", "In certain unique circumstances, government may have the right to temporarily override the right to bodily integrity in order to preserve the life and well-being of the person.", "Such action can be described using the principle of \"supported autonomy\", a concept that was developed to describe unique situations in mental health (examples include the forced feeding of a person dying from the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, or the temporary treatment of a person living with a psychotic disorder with antipsychotic medication).", "While controversial, the principle of supported autonomy aligns with the role of government to protect the life and liberty of its citizens.", "Terrence F. Ackerman has highlighted problems with these situations, he claims that by undertaking this course of action physician or governments run the risk of misinterpreting a conflict of values as a constraining effect of illness on a patient's autonomy.", "Since the 1960s, there have been attempts to increase patient autonomy including the requirement that physician's take bioethics courses during their time in medical school.", "Despite large-scale commitment to promoting patient autonomy, public mistrust of medicine in developed countries has remained.", "Onora O'Neill has ascribed this lack of trust to medical institutions and professionals introducing measures that benefit themselves, not the patient.", "O'Neill claims that this focus on autonomy promotion has been at the expense of issues like distribution of healthcare resources and public health.", "One proposal to increase patient autonomy is through the use of support staff.", "The use of support staff including medical assistants, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, and other staff that can promote patient interests and better patient care.", "Nurses especially can learn about patient beliefs and values in order to increase informed consent and possibly persuade the patient through logic and reason to entertain a certain treatment plan.", "This would promote both autonomy and beneficence, while keeping the physician's integrity intact.", "Furthermore, Humphreys asserts that nurses should have professional autonomy within their scope of practice (35-37).", "Humphreys argues that if nurses exercise their professional autonomy more, then there will be an increase in patient autonomy (35-37).", "After the Second World War there was a push for international human rights that came in many waves.", "Autonomy as a basic human right started the building block in the beginning of these layers alongside with liberty.", "The Universal declarations of Human rights of 1948 has made mention of autonomy or the legal protected right to individual self-determination in article 22.", "Documents such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples reconfirm international law in the aspect of human rights because those laws were already there, but it is also responsible for making sure that the laws highlighted when it comes to autonomy, cultural and integrity and land rights are made within an indigenous context by taking special attention to their historical and contemporary events", "The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples article 3 also through international law provides Human rights for Indigenous individuals through its third article by giving them a right to self-determination meaning they have all the liberties to choose their political status, and are capable to go and improve their economics social, and cultural statuses in society by developing it.", "Another example of this is article 4 of the same document which gives them autonomous rights when it comes to their internal or local affairs and how they can fund themselves in order to be able to self govern themselves.", "Minorities in countries are also protected as well by international law; the 27th article of the United Nations International covenant on Civil and Political rights or the ICCPR does so by allowing these individuals to be able to enjoy their own culture or use their language.", "Minorities in that manner are people from ethnic religious or linguistic groups according to the document.", "The European Court of Human rights, is an international court that has been created on behalf of the European Conventions of Human rights.", "However, when it comes to autonomy they did not explicitly state it when it comes to the rights that individuals have.", "The current article 8 has remedied to that when the case of \"Pretty v the United Nations which was a case in 2002 involving assisted suicide\" where autonomy was used as a legal right in law.", "It was where Autonomy was distinguished and its reach into law was marked as well making it the foundations for legal precedent in making case law originating from the European Court of Human rights", "The Yogyakarta Principles, a document with no binding effect in international human rights law, contend that \"self-determination\" used as meaning of autonomy on one's own matters including informed consent or sexual and reproductive rights, is integral for one's self-defined or gender identity and refused any medical procedures as a requirement for legal recognition of the gender identity of transgender.", "If eventually accepted by the international community in a treaty, this would make these ideas human rights in the law.", "The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also defines autonomy as principles of rights of a person with disability including \"the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of persons\".", "A study conducted by David C. Giles and John Maltby conveyed that after age effecting factors were removed a high emotional autonomy was a significant predictor of celebrity interest, as well as high attachment to peers with a low attachment to parents.", "Patterns of intense personal interest in celebrities was found to be conjunction with low levels of closeness and security.", "Furthermore, the results suggested that adults with a secondary group of pseudo-friends during development from parental attachment, usually focus solely on one particular celebrity, which could be due to difficulties in making this transition.", "Autonomy can be limited.", "For instance, by disabilities, civil society organizations may achieve a degree of autonomy albeit nested within––and relative to––formal bureaucratic and administrative regimes.", "Community partners can therefore assume a hybridity of capture and autonomy––or a mutuality––that is rather nuanced.", "The term \"semi-autonomy\" (coined with prefix semi- / \"half\") designates partial or limited autonomy.", "As a relative term, it is usually applied to various semi-autonomous entities or processes that are substantially or functionally limited, in comparison to other fully autonomous entities or processes.", "The term \"quasi-autonomy\" (coined with prefix quasi- / \"resembling\" or \"appearing\") designates formally acquired or proclaimed, but functionally limited or constrained autonomy.", "As a descriptive term, it is usually applied to various quasi-autonomous entities or processes that are formally designated or labeled as autonomous, but in reality remain functionally dependent or influenced by some other entity or process.", "An example for such use of the term can be seen in common designation for quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 58842, "simple_article_title": "Autonomy", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58842", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-58842-0-0", "simple-58842-0-1", "simple-58842-0-2", "simple-58842-0-3", "simple-58842-0-4", "simple-58842-1-0", "simple-58842-1-1", "simple-58842-1-2", "simple-58842-1-3", "simple-58842-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Autonomy means being able to rule without having to obey some other higher authority.", "Autonomy is something that philosophers often talk about.", "The idea occurs in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy.", "It means that someone is able to make a sensible decision without being forced to do so by someone else.", "They are able to make a \"free\" decision.", "In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used when discussing whether someone has a moral responsibility for what he does.", "One of best known philosophical theories of autonomy was developed by Kant.", "In medicine, doctors have to respect the autonomy of the patient, i.e. the patient has been given good information about their illness, they should be able to decide whether they want treatment.", "The doctor cannot force it on them.", "In politics, autonomy means self-determination that people can govern themselves instead of being ruled by someone else." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 46716914, "normal_article_title": "Lexa (singer)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46716914", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-46716914-0-0", "normal-46716914-0-1", "normal-46716914-0-2", "normal-46716914-1-0", "normal-46716914-1-1", "normal-46716914-2-0", "normal-46716914-2-1", "normal-46716914-2-2", "normal-46716914-2-3", "normal-46716914-2-4", "normal-46716914-3-0", "normal-46716914-3-1", "normal-46716914-3-2", "normal-46716914-3-3", "normal-46716914-4-0", "normal-46716914-4-1", "normal-46716914-4-2", "normal-46716914-4-3", "normal-46716914-4-4", "normal-46716914-5-0", "normal-46716914-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Léa Cristina Lexa Araújo, (born February 22, 1995) better known by her stage name Lexa, is a Brazilian singer, songwriter and dancer.", "In September 2015, Lexa released her debut studio album, titled \"Disponível\".", "Five singles were released from this album.", "Léa Cristina Araujo da Fonseca, known professionally as Lexa, was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro on February 22, 1995 to music producer Darlin Ferrattry.", "The stage name \"Lexa\" was created by adding an 'x' to her birth-name, Léa as a tribute to Brazilian presenter Xuxa Meneghel.", "Lexa's first single, \"Posso Ser\", was released in December 2014.", "The song was featured on Brazil Hot 100 Airplay Top 30 singles.", "The extended play (EP) contains three new tracks in addition to the 2014 single.", "The same EP was re-released in April 2015 and also included the bonus track \"Delete\".", "Later that year Lexa launched a second song,\"Parra de Marra\" whose music video was released the following month.", "Disponível, Lexa's debut album, launched on September 18, 2015 under the Som Livre label.", "The album consists of thirteen tracks and includes compositions from Naldo Benny, Umberto Tavares, Batutinha and the artist herself.", "The title track, \"Disponível\" was released the same month as the first single.", "On December 12, 2015, Lexa began the Disponível Tour with a debut show in Rio de Janeiro.", "Lexa formerly partnered with Kamilla Fialho, of K2l, in launching her career.", "The partnership ended, with Lexa choosing to leave the company.", "A suit was later filed by Fialho concerning the right to use the name \"Lexa\" after Araújo's departure.", "The dispute was settled out of court, with both parties reported as satisfied with the outcome.", "Lexa was reported in May, 2016, as having joined the Mallupy Entertainment group, owned by Netto Maluppy and Thiago Basso.", "Lexa has been dating rapper MC Guimê since December 2015.", "They became engaged in 2017." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 535625, "simple_article_title": "Lexa", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=535625", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-535625-0-0", "simple-535625-0-1", "simple-535625-0-2", "simple-535625-0-3", "simple-535625-1-0", "simple-535625-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Léa Cristina Lexa Araújo, better known by the stage name \"Lexa\", is a singer, composer and Brazilian dancer.", "His first single, the \"Posso Ser\" song, was released in December 2014 and became one of the most played tracks on Brazilian radio in 2015.", "This song is part of the EP of the same title released by Lexa in March 2015 and disclosed as a preview of her first studio album.", "In September 2015, the singer released her debut album, titled Disponível.", "Lexa was discovered by Batutinha music producer, who, after watching it on YouTube, introduced her to entrepreneur Kamilla Fialho, who hired through K2L Entertainment Artistic agency.", "Thus, in December 2014 is released the first single from Lexa, the \"Posso Ser\" song, which reached the Top 30 on parade Hot 100 Airplay, Billboard Brazil, and became the 93rd most played song in the Brazilian radio stations in 2015." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2008016, "normal_article_title": "Bobby Cannavale", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2008016", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2008016-0-0", "normal-2008016-1-0", "normal-2008016-1-1", "normal-2008016-1-2", "normal-2008016-2-0", "normal-2008016-2-1", "normal-2008016-2-2", "normal-2008016-3-0", "normal-2008016-3-1", "normal-2008016-3-2", "normal-2008016-3-3", "normal-2008016-3-4", "normal-2008016-3-5", "normal-2008016-3-6", "normal-2008016-4-0", "normal-2008016-4-1", "normal-2008016-5-0", "normal-2008016-5-1", "normal-2008016-5-2", "normal-2008016-5-3", "normal-2008016-5-4", "normal-2008016-5-5", "normal-2008016-5-6", "normal-2008016-5-7", "normal-2008016-5-8", "normal-2008016-6-0", "normal-2008016-6-1", "normal-2008016-6-2", "normal-2008016-6-3", "normal-2008016-6-4", "normal-2008016-7-0", "normal-2008016-7-1", "normal-2008016-7-2", "normal-2008016-7-3", "normal-2008016-7-4", "normal-2008016-8-0", "normal-2008016-8-1", "normal-2008016-8-2", "normal-2008016-8-3", "normal-2008016-8-4", "normal-2008016-9-0", "normal-2008016-9-1", "normal-2008016-10-0", "normal-2008016-10-1", "normal-2008016-11-0", "normal-2008016-11-1", "normal-2008016-11-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Robert Michael Cannavale ( ; born May 3, 1970) is an American actor known for various stage, film and television roles, including regular or recurring roles in \"Third Watch\", \"Boardwalk Empire\", \"Vinyl\", \"Will & Grace\" and \"Mr. Robot\".", "Cannavale had a recurring role on the NBC comedy series \"Will & Grace\" as Will Truman's long-term boyfriend Officer Vincent \"Vince\" D'Angelo, for which he won the 2005 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series and portrayed Gyp Rosetti during the third season of the HBO drama series \"Boardwalk Empire\", for which he won the 2013 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.", "In 2016, he starred in the HBO drama series \"Vinyl\", produced by Martin Scorsese and Mick Jagger.", "In 2017, he joined the cast of the USA Network drama series \"Mr. Robot\" during its third season.", "For his roles in \"Mauritius\" and \"The Motherfucker with the Hat\", Cannavale was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play and the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play, respectively.", "He has appeared in \"The Station Agent\" (2003), \"Shall We Dance?\"", "(2004), \"Snakes on a Plane\" (2006), \"The Other Guys\" (2010), Woody Allen's \"Blue Jasmine\" (2013), \"Chef\" (2014), the remake of \"Annie\" (2014), Paul Feig's \"Spy\" (2015), \"Ant-Man\" (2015), \"\" (2017) and \"I, Tonya\" (2017).", "Cannavale was born and raised in Union City, New Jersey, the son of Isabel and Salvatore \"Sal\" Cannavale.", "His father is of Italian descent, while his mother is Cuban and moved to the U.S. in 1960.", "He was raised Catholic and attended St. Michael's Catholic School, where he participated in a number of extracurricular activities, including being an altar boy and member of the chorus.", "When he was eight, Cannavale secured the plum role of the lisping boy, Winthrop, in his school's production of \"The Music Man\" and later played a gangster in \"Guys and Dolls\", which cemented his love for performing.", "Cannavale's parents divorced when he was 13 and his mother moved the family to Puerto Rico.", "After two years in the American territory, they settled in Margate, Florida.", "Cannavale returned to New Jersey after barely eking out a high school diploma in the late 1980s from Coconut Creek High School, in order to be closer to New York, to launch his acting career.", "Cannavale began his acting career in the theater – with no acting training – and gained early film roles in \"Night Falls on Manhattan\" (1997) and \"The Bone Collector\" (1999), Cannavale became well known when he starred as Bobby Caffey for two seasons on \"Third Watch\".", "Following this, in 2001, he starred with Alan Arkin in \"100 Centre Street\" – which was written and directed by Sidney Lumet, his then-father-in-law.", "In 2002, he joined the cast of \"Ally McBeal\" for the last five episodes, but the show was then cancelled.", "Following this, he starred with Yancey Arias and Sheryl Lee in the miniseries \"Kingpin\".", "In 2003, Cannavale briefly appeared on the last two episodes of \"Oz\".", "He also appeared in the film \"The Station Agent\" as a man who befriends a little person removed from society.", "From 2004 to 2006, he had a recurring guest role on \"Will & Grace\" as Vince D'Angelo, the boyfriend (and eventual husband) of Will Truman (Eric McCormack) However, in the reboot, they are revealed not to be married.", "For this role, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 2005.", "He has also appeared in the films \"Snakes on a Plane\", \"The Guru\" (2002), \"Shall We Dance?\"", "(2004) and \"Romance & Cigarettes\" (2005), and guest starred in \"Sex and the City\", \"Six Feet Under\", \"Oz\", \"Law & Order\" – and its spin-off series \"\" and \"\".", "He appeared in \"The Take\" (2007) alongside John Leguizamo and Tyrese Gibson, as Agent Steve Perelli.", "Cannavale serves as the voice of Corado R. Ciarlo, known as \"Babe\", in the Ken Burns PBS film series \"The War\" (the story of World War II) from the perspective of the men who fought in combat and their loved ones at home.", "He also read the audiobook versions of Richard Price's 2008 novel \"Lush Life\" and Ed Falco's 2012 novel \"The Family Corleone\".", "On August 25, 2008, ABC ordered his pilot \"Cupid\", a remake of the 1998 program which had starred Jeremy Piven and Paula Marshall, to series.", "In the new version of the series, Cannavale starred opposite Sarah Paulson with script development overseen by original series creator Rob Thomas.", "ABC debuted \"Cupid\" on March 31, 2009, but it was cancelled on May 19, 2009.", "In 2008, he received a Tony Award nomination for his role as Dennis in the Broadway play, \"Mauritius\".", "In 2009, CBS announced Cannavale would reprise his role of Det. Eddie Saccardo on the television show, \"Cold Case\", for three episodes, starting with the third episode of Season 7.", "Cannavale was also in the film \"Win Win\" in 2011, as Terry Delfino.", "He later starred in the Broadway play \"The Motherfucker with the Hat\" alongside Chris Rock and Annabella Sciorra.", "On May 3, 2011 (his 41st birthday), he was nominated for a Tony Award for his leading role in that production.", "In 2012 and 2013, he guest starred in the fourth and fifth season of Showtime's \"Nurse Jackie\", for which he was nominated twice again for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 2012 and 2013, as well as joining the cast of HBO's \"Boardwalk Empire\", portraying the psychopathic Sicilian gangster Gyp Rosetti in the third season.", "His performance on \"Boardwalk Empire\" won critical acclaim, earning him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2013.", "That same year he also played Lewis, a vengeful clown on \"Modern Family\" during the third season, for which he was nominated for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series at the 2nd Critics' Choice Television Awards in 2012.", "\"TV Guide\", in its \"Cheers & Jeers 2012\" issue, praised Cannavale for this \"trifecta of great performances\", commenting, \"This guy is so good at playing bad, it's scary.\"", "He played what Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com called a \"heroically moving\" lead role in \"Danny Collins\" in 2015.", "Since 2015 Cannavale has been involved with voice-over work for Playing On Air, a non-profit organization that \"records short plays for public radio and podcast written by top playwrights and performed by outstanding actors.\"", "He has starred in three short plays, including \"Crazy Eights\" by David Lindsay-Abaire, co-starring Rosie Perez and John Leguizamo; \"Mere Mortals\" by David Ives; and \"2 Dads\" by David Auburn.", "From 1994 to 2003, Cannavale was married to actress/screenwriter Jenny Lumet – director Sidney Lumet's daughter and performer Lena Horne's granddaughter – with whom he has a son, actor Jake Cannavale.", "Cannavale and Jake were cast as father and son in season four of \"Nurse Jackie\".", "Since 2012, Cannavale has been dating actress Rose Byrne.", "Cannavale and Byrne's first child, Rocco Robin Cannavale, was born on February 1, 2016.", "He and Byrne had their second child together, a son named Rafa, in November 2017." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 636160, "simple_article_title": "Bobby Cannavale", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=636160", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-636160-0-0", "simple-636160-0-1", "simple-636160-0-2", "simple-636160-1-0", "simple-636160-2-0", "simple-636160-2-1", "simple-636160-3-0", "simple-636160-3-1", "simple-636160-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Robert Cannavale (; ]; born May 3, 1970) is an American actor known for his leading role as Bobby Caffey in the first two seasons of the crime drama series \"Third Watch\".", "Cannavale also had a recurring role on the NBC comedy series \"Will & Grace\" as Will Truman's long-term boyfriend Officer Vincent \"Vince\" D'Angelo.", "He played Gyp Rosetti during the third season of the HBO drama series \"Boardwalk Empire\".", "He also starred in \"Snakes on a Plane\" (2006), \"The Other Guys\" (2010), Woody Allen's \"Blue Jasmine\" (2013), \"Chef\" (2014), \"Spy\" (2015), \"Ant-Man\" (2015), \"\" (2017) and \"I, Tonya\" (2017).", "From 1994 to 2003, Cannavale was married to actress/screenwriter Jenny Lumet — director Sidney Lumet's daughter and performer Lena Horne's granddaughter — with whom he has a son, actor Jake Cannavale.", "Cannavale and Jake were cast as father and son in season four of \"Nurse Jackie\".", "Since 2012, Cannavale has been dating actress Rose Byrne.", "Cannavale and Byrne's first child, Rocco Robin Cannavale, was born on February 1, 2016.", "He and Byrne had their second child together, a son called Rafa, in November 2017." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 12858104, "normal_article_title": "Ambleteuse", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12858104", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-12858104-0-0", "normal-12858104-1-0", "normal-12858104-1-1", "normal-12858104-1-2", "normal-12858104-2-0", "normal-12858104-2-1", "normal-12858104-3-0", "normal-12858104-3-1", "normal-12858104-3-2", "normal-12858104-3-3", "normal-12858104-3-4", "normal-12858104-3-5", "normal-12858104-4-0", "normal-12858104-4-1", "normal-12858104-5-0", "normal-12858104-5-1", "normal-12858104-6-0", "normal-12858104-6-1", "normal-12858104-6-2", "normal-12858104-7-0", "normal-12858104-7-1", "normal-12858104-7-2", "normal-12858104-7-3", "normal-12858104-7-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ambleteuse (Dutch: \"Ambeltuwe\") is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.", "Ambleteuse began as a hamlet of a few huts in the middle of the dunes, from which the derisory name of “carcahuttes\" (huts made from old-boat hulls) was once given to its inhabitants by their neighbors at Audresselles.", "The reason for its existence relates to the temporary needs of various invaders for conquering people from either side of the English Channel.", "Ambleteuse is one of the candidates for the harbour that Julius Caesar used to set out from for his invasion of Britain in 54 BC, though Boulogne-sur-Mer is the more usually accepted site.", "The origin of the name of Ambleteuse remains uncertain.", "Some scholars claim it has Celtic origins (\"Ambleat\"), but that does not exclude the etymology \"Hamel Thuys\", a name given by the Saxons in the 6th century, as they too used the harbour when they emigrated to Great Britain.", "Henry VIII of England had two forts built here in 1546 to maintain a show of power towards the French kings.", "Ambleteuse was chosen to provide an alternative harbour, and was called the 'Newhaven.'", "The other fort at nearby Cap Gris Nez, was called the 'Blackness.'", "The forces of Henry II of France eventually conquered them in 1549.", "Henry, having killed all the English prisoners, then found a stock of coal in the fort.", "This was the first time that its use was noted on the continent.", "At the end of the 17th century, Sébastien Vauban constructed Fort Mahon at the mouth of the river Slack.", "This is the only coastal fort from that era which has been preserved in France, thanks to restoration promoted by Dr. Méraut and the geologist Monsieur Destombe, who together created the \"Association of the friends of Ambleteuse Fort\" in 1960.", "Napoleon modified the estuary of the Slack to create a harbour, from where he planned to invade England in (1805).", "The foundations of the harbour are still visible today.", "At the end of the 19th century, Ambleteuse became a popular place for holidays for people from Lille and Paris.", "The middle classes had become interested in sea-bathing and hunting, shooting and fishing.", "Oyster-beds were built in the bay, to complete the ambiance of bourgeois life.", "During World War II, the area fell under German military occupation.", "There was a concentration camp built in the environs.", "Between 1941 and 1943, the German engineers of Organisation Todt installed bunkers for artillery at the fort as part of work on the Atlantic Wall.", "In the bay of the river they also built sluices to flood the valley to prevent an Allied landing.", "After the Normandy Landings, Ambleteuse became the endpoint for the second \"Operation Pluto\" pipeline, fuelling the Allies from supplies in Kent." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2567837, "normal_article_title": "Saxmundham railway station", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2567837", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2567837-0-0", "normal-2567837-0-1", "normal-2567837-0-2", "normal-2567837-1-0", "normal-2567837-1-1", "normal-2567837-2-0", "normal-2567837-2-1", "normal-2567837-3-0", "normal-2567837-4-0", "normal-2567837-4-1", "normal-2567837-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Saxmundham railway station is on the East Suffolk Line in the east of England, serving the town of Saxmundham, Suffolk.", "It is 22 mi down the line from and 91 mi measured from London Liverpool Street; it is situated between and .", "Its three-letter station code is SAX.", "It is managed by Abellio Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains that call.", "It suffered a devastating fire on 12 February 2018.", "The signalling centre for the line is located in the signal cabin on the Lowestoft-bound platform at Saxmundham.", "This formerly served as the control centre while the line was signalled using the Radio Electronic Token Block (RETB) system.", "A branch line which formerly ran to on the coast from just north of Saxmundham is still used for goods traffic to the nearby Sizewell nuclear power stations.", "On Sundays frequency reduces to one train every two hours in each direction.", "Trains direct to and from London Liverpool Street were withdrawn in 2010.", "One weekday early-morning train is extended through to and there is a return from there in the evening." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 355834, "simple_article_title": "Saxmundham railway station", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=355834", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-355834-0-0", "simple-355834-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Saxmundham railway station is a small station in Suffolk, England for Saxmundham.", "Trains are currently run by Greater Anglia." ] } }

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"normal-2008318-29-1", "normal-2008318-30-0", "normal-2008318-31-0", "normal-2008318-31-1", "normal-2008318-31-2", "normal-2008318-31-3", "normal-2008318-31-4", "normal-2008318-32-0", "normal-2008318-33-0", "normal-2008318-33-1", "normal-2008318-33-2", "normal-2008318-33-3", "normal-2008318-33-4", "normal-2008318-33-5", "normal-2008318-33-6", "normal-2008318-33-7", "normal-2008318-33-8", "normal-2008318-34-0", "normal-2008318-35-0", "normal-2008318-35-1", "normal-2008318-36-0", "normal-2008318-37-0", "normal-2008318-37-1", "normal-2008318-38-0", "normal-2008318-38-1", "normal-2008318-39-0", "normal-2008318-39-1", "normal-2008318-39-2", "normal-2008318-40-0", "normal-2008318-40-1", "normal-2008318-41-0", "normal-2008318-41-1", "normal-2008318-42-0", "normal-2008318-43-0", "normal-2008318-43-1", "normal-2008318-43-2", "normal-2008318-43-3", "normal-2008318-44-0", "normal-2008318-44-1", "normal-2008318-44-2", "normal-2008318-44-3", "normal-2008318-45-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The École nationale de l'aviation civile (ENAC) (French Civil Aviation University) is one of the 207 schools that offers engineering degrees in France.", "ENAC has been classified as a \"Grande école\" by the \"Conférence des Grandes Écoles (CGE)\".", "\"Conférence des Grandes Écoles (CGE)\" is a non-profit organisation which accredits, montiors and delivers the master's degrees of all \"Grandes écoles\".", "The group of Grandes écoles in France, was founded on August 28, 1949 to provide initial and continuing education in the field of civil aviation.", "This university is a \"établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel\" (French public scientific, cultural or professional establishment)and functions under the supervision of the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing.", "It is also member of the following apart from \"Conférence des Grandes Écoles\", University of Toulouse, Aerospace Valley and is one of the five founders of France AEROTECH.", "ENAC offers 30 engineering degrees in civil aviation/aeronautics.", "Some of the most notable ones include aerospace engineering, aircraft technicians, commercial airline pilots licenses, air traffic control, and flight instructors.", "The university also offers 3 masters of science programmes and 12 Advanced masters degrees for students with industry/relevant experience.", "In 1945, immediately after WWII, the French air transport industry witnessed rapid growth.", "To ensure safety and compliance to regulations, there was a high demand for qualified staff, as well as a need to harmonise communications between various sectors of the aviation industry.", "ENAC was founded to address this issue.", "Among the founders was Max Hymans, the secretary general of civil and commercial aviation at the time, who played a prominent role in ENAC's creation.", "In the years following the Western Front, there was a distinct lack of unity within the civil aviation industry due to the recruitment of people with various backgrounds; this was a common situation in times of emergency when personnel were recruited hastily and in high quantities.", "In order to standardize backgrounds, many centers were created to train aeronautic personnel.", "Airfield commanders were trained in Orly while technical staff for air navigation were trained in Le Bourget.", "Wireless operators and radio technicians were also trained in Orly, although under the Department of Telecommunications and Signaling, which was not connected directly to the world of aviation.", "Technical managers were mostly trained in engineering schools, including \"Arts et Métiers\" and the National School of Meteorology (\"École nationale de la météorologie\").", "Designers were trained by the \"École spéciale des travaux aéronautiques\" while aircrew were trained by other public or private institutions.", "ENAC's mission was to unify the training of all aviation personnel.", "Through Decree No. 49-970 (7 June 1948), the rules of the French public administration were laid down.", "A complete overhaul of the regulations applying to civil aviation officials was made, affecting the technical staff in particular.", "Several new bodies of civil servants were established: air traffic engineers, air navigation operation engineers, aerial telecommunication civil engineers, air traffic controllers, telecommunication controllers and air navigation agents.", "The creation of these new bodies was immediately followed by a ministerial decision on 12 August 1948 that paved the way for the first recruitment by competitive examination.", "The examinations themselves were organized in October 1948.", "Independently of these events, on 14 April 1948, the International Civil Aviation Organization established prerequisite conditions for air crew licensing, notably including a minimum number of flight hours for each category of aircraft pilots.", "Before adopting the name ENAC, the school was called a \"service of education and internships\" (\"service des écoles et des stages)\" and was provided by the General secretariat for civil and commercial aviation.", "That contrasted with that the longstanding tradition of French civil service personnel being trained in higher education institutions called \"Grande écoles.\"", "Jules Moch, the Minister of Works, Transport and Tourism at the time, proposed the name: \"\"École nationale de l'aviation marchande\"\", a name which was ultimately not chosen.", "ENAC was created on 28 August 1949 (Decree 49-1205) in Paris at the initiative of Max Hymans, Secretary General of Civil Aviation, and Jules Moch.", "in order to train all the professionals of civil aeronautics and harmonize all the air transport stakeholders, aircrew or not, commercial or technical, including the civil services of civil aviation.", "The university is located at Orly, south of Paris (ENAC's buildings at Orly served as an examination center until the early 1990s).", "René Lemaire considers ENAC as \"a university of aviation safety\".", "This priority given to aviation safety is somehow consubstantial with ENAC, being the first reason for the training of future technicians and future airmen in a single university.", "As noted in a report of the \"Inspection générale de l'aviation civile\", \"It was in the minds of the creators of the university, to develop between the aircrew and the ground staff a community of ideas, reciprocal knowledge, and esteem, that are essential for the teamwork required by air transport.\"", "However, it is doubtful that the \"community of ideas\" the author of the report wishes could be only expressed by the coexistence of different courses in the same university.", "Other factors work in opposite directions, including the very significant disparity of durations of the training cycles.", "Thus, air navigation civil engineers of the branch \"telecommunications\" stays 30 months in the university ; the students of the course \"operations\" are trained in 27 months ; the air navigation engineers in two years ; and finally, the air traffic controllers in nine months.", "To realize fully the chemistry that, in the minds of its founders, must proceed in the creation of ENAC, it is necessary that other conditions are met.", "The main is the consistency of the education provided to the students in different cycles.", "This need is reflected by the interpenetration of theoretical and practical training, \"air\" and \"ground\".", "The brand's most visible of such interpenetration is the development, whenever this is possible, of the teaching called \"inter-specialization\", that means, integrated programs of distinct cycles.", "These teachings, which have different promotions for a single design cost, results in significant savings, as well noticed by Rene Lemaire.", "On the 13th of October 1959, the first major partner of the university was officially recognised.", "This allowed the recruitment of novice pilots with no previous flight experience.", "Before that in 1958 the university only held training sessions on a purely experimental basis, and the university was responsible for the Airline Transport Pilot License theory.", "As for the practical training in flight, it is realized at the SEFA center of Saint-Yan, created in 1949, until the commercial pilot licence, and at the Air France school for the advanced training.", "ENAC, in addition to his official duty related to the preparation of the Airline Transport Pilot Licence theory, has some tasks of theoretical training for pilots of various airlines.", "The question of the financial aspect of the training for airline pilots in private airlines arises.", "This training, which the cost is not paid by the French state, is too expensive for airlines and students, particularly because of the flight training part.", "Private airlines decided to pay the cost, which makes possible the free education for student pilots.", "Meanwhile, in order to enable its students to acquire a thorough knowledge of the environment in which the air transport takes place, ENAC seeks to develop cooperation with the \"École nationale de la météorologie\".", "A report dated 29 May 1950 invokes the obvious implications of meteorology in the air traffic and promotes the training of this subject for air traffic controllers.", "Also, many and close links traditionally exits between civil aviation and Air Force.", "After World War II, when civil aviation is developing, soldiers can help its expansion.", "A lot of pilots, but also radios, navigators and mechanics are coming from the army to airlines.", "ENAC seeks to be part of this movement, and help the conversion of military aircrew.", "It is in this spirit that is signed on 9 June 1951 a memorandum specifying its duties in the training of military pilots for civil aviation.", "The university is the general contractor of the operations and provides the theoretical training.", "The \"Service de l'aviation légère et sportive\" (SALS), under the decree of 31 March 1951, is providing for free the flight training for airline pilots candidates coming from the army.", "From 1949 to 1959, the number of courses held increase from 6 to 64 and the number of students from 49 to 800.", "The causes of rapid enrollment growth are multiple.", "There is no doubt that ENAC has benefited from the spectacular development of air transport in the postwar years.", "But it would not have taken such an advantage if its teachings were not performing.", "Finally, one can not ignore the presence of a significant contingent of students from either foreign countries or – in even larger numbers – which territories would gain independence in the near future.", "In the early 1960s, the university is beginning to welcome its first students and trainees from foreign civil aviation authorities.", "Along with enrollment growth, new courses are created regularly.", "This creation is often a direct result of an administrative decision, as it is the case when a new rating is introduced.", "Thus, in 1956 was created the navigation instructor rating, with the opening of the corresponding training.", "Sometimes a course is simply set to meet a need.", "The same year 1956, for example, is introduced a speaking techniques course for instructors.", "Still in 1956, appears the first engineering students called \"civilians\", that is to say, not officials.", "The openings of new training graduate courses, of course, is much less frequent than those of new continuous training, which occurs fairly regularly.", "In 1958, the airline pilots theoretical training course is starting.", "Life at ENAC Orly is then punctuated by the yearly trip for all the students, undoubtedly one of the highlights of the studies.", "It has its share of unexpected, but its rites, as the inevitable reception in full uniform of the university officials and the students by local authorities, on arrival at a new location.", "The university underwent significant changes during the period 1960–1975.", "In 1968 the university moved to Toulouse where the main campus is still located today.", "In 1970, the status of the university was changed, from an external department of the DGAC to a public Administration institution.", "At the time of its creation, the \"École nationale de l'aviation civile\" was located on the outskirts of the runways of Paris-Orly Airport.", "This location near the largest airport in France offered many advantages, such as easy access to airplanes for navigation flights, promotional trips and other activities.", "In addition, leaders from nearby airlines, aircraft manufacturers and other aviation-related businesses could come to the university for lectures and conferences.", "However, the rapid growth of traffic at Paris-Orly – the platform of Roissy Charles de Gaulle did not exist yet – created in new challenges.", "For instance, requirements for the aircraft used by ENAC to be used in air traffic were growing more stringent.", "Consequently, Aéroports de Paris became increasingly reluctant to renew the lease for the lands on which the university was located.", "From the early 1960s, there the future of the facilities at Orly looked uncertain.", "In the mid-1950s, people began to consider the possibility of moving the ENAC to a new location.", "Potential locations all involved cities close to Parisian airports.", "Thus, between 1954 and 1957, Thiais, Rungis, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Les Mureaux and even Le Bourget were all considered.", "That's not counting with the requirements of decentralization.", "Even before the famous book by Jean-François Gravier, \"Paris et le désert français\" (Paris and the French desert), decentralization was considered a key priority.", "Plans to keep the ENAC close to Paris looked increasingly doubtful, and more peripheral locations began to be considered.", "The potential locations were all part of a 150 km radius around the capital, among others Melun, Pontoise, Coulommiers, Étampes, Reims, Évreux, Chartres and Orléans.", "Meanwhile, a report published on 20 May 1959 listed the disadvantages of a location too distant from Paris, such as difficulties of transporting personnel, the possible extension of duration of the courses, and increased operating costs.", "It was against this backdrop that René Lemaire proposed moving the school to Toulouse in a report published on 14 June 1960.", "The city's aeronautical infrastructure and long history as a university town made it an attractive location: the (University of Toulouse, created in 1229, isone of the oldest universities in France, ENSICA had settled in Toulouse since 1961 and the SUPAERO was going to move from Paris to the city).", "On 15 June 1961, the university's transfer to Toulouse was officially approved by the Prime Minister Michel Debré.", "It was confirmed by his successor Georges Pompidou in a letter dated 23 July 1963.", "Construction of new buildings on the Rangueil campus began in April 1966.", "and was completed on 19 August 1968.", "The academic year started on 16 September 1968.", "An intake of five hundred students was expected, including 325 who were beginning their training.", "The new students consisted of 15 air navigation engineering students drawn largely from École Polytechnique, 70 engineering students in air navigation from \"classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles\", 60 airline pilot students, 100 air traffic controllers students, 40 electronics students, 20 commercial pilot students and 20 flight dispatcher students.", "The \"Commission permanente\" began to grapple with the issue of the university's ambiguous legal status.", "This had been a problem since the university's founding, and had resurfaced on numerous occasions, as the various inspection reports on the management of the institution show.", "The ENAC was closely monitored by its supervisory authority.", "Inspection reports were published at a rapid pace, at a rate of one every two years or more, and frequently leveled harsh criticisms at the ENAC.", "In a departure from previous years, reports published from mid-1950s onwards began to call into question the university's very existence.", "For instance, the confidential Brancourt Controller of 12 March 1952, asserted that the university had \"a lack of doctrine\", that \"there is a certain tension with the training center of Air France\", and even that the \"ENAC is a mistake\".", "These difficulties were largely due to the mismatch between the status of ENAC and the nature of its business, which required it to provide courses for students and trainees who were not all officials from the supervisory authority, and to use teaching staff from different origins.", "The cumbersome process for allocating university budget also created challenges after other types of income, such as non-public resources, were reduced.", "This happened more in the years 1958–1964.", "In 1962, the management of ENAC considered raising tuition fees, courses prices and fees for customers outside from the Directorate General for Civil Aviation.", "However, the status of the institution meant this involved a complex approval process that ultimately lead to paralysis.", "For this reason, the separate status of \"public administrative institution\" appeared more appropriate.", "The final decision was taken in the form of Decree No. 70-347 on 13 April 1970, with application from 1 January 1971.", "This made the school a public administrative institution.", "The ENAC was given a board of directors, with René Lemaire as its first president.", "From 1975 a phenomenon is growing.", "It consists of a slow but inexorable increase of the proportion of engineering students called \"civilians\" in opposition to the \"officials\" (civil servants) engineering students.", "ENAC is becoming a major player in the training for aerospace industry (civilian personnel), while its primary purpose was only the training of officials for \"direction générale de l'aviation civile\".", "It is true that the existence of students for the private sector is not new at the university : it was in 1956 that are off the first of them.", "At the end of the 1950s, however, this recruitment is subsidiary and affects only a minority of students.", "It is primarily intended to offset the disadvantage which consists of the highly fluctuating number of students to serve in the Administration and to prevent the size of successive promotions with a too great disparity.", "However, this second source tends to become more and more important, to finally become dominant.", "This results in an overhaul of the teachings.", "ENAC engineering education, particularly that of the specialty called \"facilities\" – it focuses on electronics – convince the industrial sectors of electronics and information technology.", "Without having particularly desired, the university is gradually invested with the role of National \"Grande Ecole\" of Engineers.", "Industry oriented university, research appeared in 1984, following the law on Higher education which provides that \"engineering education ... has a research activity, basic or applied, \" and is organized around four areas: electronics, automation, computer and air transport economy.", "The university then feels interest for future engineers to learn research methods: while the method of deductive reasoning, for a long time favored by teachers in the \"classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles\" and \"grandes écoles\", shows its limitations, the method of inductive reasoning, characteristic of research, appears increasingly better adapted to highly scalable nature of functions performed by nowadays engineers.", "The most recent manifestation of the growing interest in research at ENAC is the creation of the air transport economics laboratory, which designation reflects the desire to study, in addition to air transport itself, certain related activities such as air navigation.", "The mid-1980s saw the emergence of \"mastères spécialisés\" programs.", "They are born for most of them from an industrial demand, including the \"groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales\", keen to support the export contracts by training.", "Indeed, while filling the needs of many French students or professionals, they can train in a relatively short period some foreign executives.", "The same period saw the diversification of continuing education at the university.", "The continuing education courses are organized in five main areas: air traffic systems, electronics, computer, aeronautics and languages/humanities.", "The international dimension of the university grew significantly during the 1990s.", "However, its development faced a considerable obstacle in the form of the design and implementation of a new training regime for air traffic controllers.", "This hampered the university's efforts to develop ties abroad.", "The ENAC began to take on a more European character by participating in European projects such as EATCHIP (European Air Traffic control Harmonization and Integration Program), and by offering mobility programs for students through the Erasmus or Socrates.", "Under these programs, the university began to welcome a growing number of foreign students and forged close ties with foreign universities such as the Berlin Institute of Technology and the Technische Universität Darmstadt in Germany, and the University of Tampere in Finland.", "It was also during this period that ENAC created the \"groupement des écoles d'aéronautique\" (GEA France, in English French aeronautical universities network) with the ISAE and ENSMA.", "The three \"grandes écoles\" of this network, in partnership with the DGAC and French companies like (EADS, Airbus, Thales, Eurocopter, Safran), created in 2007 the \"Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation\" (Chinese European aviation engineering Institute) of Tianjin which provides Masters and \"Mastères Spécialisés\" courses for Chinese students.", "Since 1990, new missions have emerged.", "Thus, ENAC negotiates new contracts for studies and research abroad.", "During the 2000s, courses entirely taught in English and activities focused on air navigation were developed.", "In 2009, the university and its alumni association organized the first edition of the aeronautical literary festival in Toulouse.", "In December 2010, ENAC becomes an ICAO center for training in aviation security.", "Meanwhile, the university also established new teaching facilities : the air traffic control simulator \"CAUTRA\", the aerodrome control simulator \"AERSIM\", an Airbus A320 flight management system simulator, a static model of the CFM 56-5B engine that equips the A321 and a telecom networks laboratory.", "Since 1 January 2011 when the ENAC merged with the SEFA, the university is the biggest aviation university in Europe.", "In 2013, ENAC launches with the DGAC, the \"Groupement d'intérêt économique\" DSNA Services which became France Aviation Civile Services in 2019, an expertise office intended to sell the French know-how in terms of regulation, air transport security and air navigation.", "The current director of the university is Olivier Chansou, succeeding Marc Houalla who was SEFA director from 2006 till the 1st January 2011.", "It is the eighth person to be director since the establishment of the university.", "He was elected the 27th of Novembre 2017.", "The various directors since inception are given in the following table.", "The university is managed by an elected president.", "The president administers through three councils; the Training and research council, Flight training council and an International relations and development council.", "In 2011, the university had a budget of 126 Million Euros, an increase of 61% compared to 2010.", "This came as a result of its merger with SEFA and includes an EU subsidy of 102 Million Euros.", "After several months of consideration, a corporate foundation was established in September 2011.", "It aims to guide the training and research council on reforming training \"Ingénieur ENAC\" (ENAC engineer) and corporate partnerships.", "It consists of technical and human resources managers from aerospace companies such as Air France, Airbus, Aéroport de Paris, Rockwell Collins, Thalès and \"Aéroconseil\".", "The university can provide accommodation.", "It also has a canteen, cafeteria, library, computer rooms, sports halls including a fitness room, a sports field, a rugby field, five tennis courts, a beach volleyball and a golf driving range.", "The Toulouse campus has a number of fixed and full flight simulators (Robin DR400, Socata TB-20, Airbus A320 and Airbus A340).", "The air navigation department has control tower simulators (at 120 or 360 degrees), a ground-controlled approach and an area control center simulator.", "ENAC has four Bachelor's degree courses to train airline pilots and civil aviation Technicians.", "ENAC provide theoretical training for airline pilot students (EPL) in eight months in its campus of Toulouse, and the practical training of 16 months, is given in the other campuses of the university in Montpellier, Carcassonne, Saint-Yan or Muret.", "Since 1992, graduates of this training are represented by an alumni association called AGEPAC.", "In parallel, the university propose a preparation for the Airline Transport Pilot Licence theory (CPATPL) distinguished by its vocation, allow high school students from low income families to become airline pilot, and its level of recruitment (\"Baccalauréat\").", "After graduation, students can prepare the Commercial pilot licence or going to the course \"technicien aéronautique d'exploitation\" (TAE, in English aeronautical operations technician), training also accessible from two other recruitment.", "With a similar name but preparing for a different job, the curriculum \"technicien supérieur de l'aviation\" (TSA, in English higher aviation Technician) allows the integration of the \"techniciens supérieurs des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile\" (TSEEAC, in English higher civil aviation operations Technicians) civil servant department or the one of the \"techniciens supérieurs de l'aviation civils\" (TSA civils, in English civilian higher aviation Technician).", "In addition, the university has seven Master's degree programs to train people for both aerospace industry and Directorate General for Civil Aviation.", "Going exclusively to the Directorate General for Civil Aviation, the courses of \"ingénieur du contrôle de la navigation aérienne\" (ICNA, in English Air traffic controller) and \"ingénieur électronicien des systèmes de la sécurité aérienne\" (IESSA, in English Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel) are done by the university.", "the \"Ingénieur ENAC\" (IENAC) course trains aerospace engineer in three sectors : electronics and aeronautical telecommunications (L), computer systems and air traffic (S) and aeronautical engineering (T).", "A small part (10 %), are civil servant engineering students.", "They become \"ingénieurs des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile\" (civil aviation operations engineer) after graduation.", "Since 1949, ENAC is a specialization university for \"École Polytechnique\" graduates.", "Thus, since 16 April 2002 and the merger of the \"corps des ingénieurs de l'aviation civile (IAC)\" (civil aviation engineer department) and thus of \" géographie et de la météorologie\" (geography and meteorology) into the Corps of Bridges and Roads, the training of managers of the Directorate General for Civil Aviation has changed.", "The Corps of Bridges and Roads are trained at the \"École des Ponts ParisTech\" and part of the course (about 300 hours) is organized in cooperation with ENAC for students who wants to join the DGAC.", "Furthermore, the university has created in 2007 a Master's degree in International Air Transport Opération Management (IATOM), in 2011 the course Master's degree in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) supported by the European Commission and in 2012 the training Master's degree in Air Traffic Management (ATM) in partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "The Master's degree in Human–computer interaction (IHM) is realized in cooperation with the Paul Sabatier University.", "Finally, the École nationale de l'aviation civile provides seven \"Mastères Spécialisés\" courses in the fields : airport management (MA), air transport management (MTA) (in partnership with Toulouse Business School), Communication, navigation and surveillance and satellite applications for aviation (CNSSAA), aviation safety aircraft airworthiness (ASAA) (in partnership with the \"Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace\" and the \"École de l'Air\"), air-ground collaborative systems engineering (AGCSE), aviation and air traffic management (AATM) and aerospace project management (APM) (in partnership with the \"Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace\" and the \"École de l'Air\").", "The alumni of the three Master programs, the \"Ingénieur ENAC\" course, as well as those of the Corps of Bridges and Roads and those of the \"Mastères Spécialisés\" courses was represented by an association, INGENAC, created in 1988, member of the \"Conseil national des ingénieurs et scientifiques de France\" (French scientific and engineer council) and located in Toulouse.", "On 16 March 2012, INGENAC decided to represent all the alumni of the university and changes its name to « ENAC Alumni ».", "Each course of the university has its own recruitment process, most of the time by a competitive examination.", "By hosting each year more than 7,500 students who participate to more than 600 courses annually organized by the university, with a turnover of 15 million euros, ENAC is now the largest organization in Europe for aeronautical continuing education.", "The continuing education of ENAC has been developed in areas which ENAC is well recognized : air traffic, electronics, computer science, aeronautical engineering, aircraft control (instructor), ... These activities are for French and foreign businesses and for personnel of the \"direction générale de l'aviation civile\".", "Students of the IENAC course can study at the \"Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace\" and at the \"École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique\" as part of the \"groupement des écoles d'aéronautique\", and also at the INPT and at Audencia.", "Moreover, as part of France AEROTECH, an exchange of third year engineering students is under consideration with \"Centrale Lyon\", \"Centrale Nantes\", ENSEIRB-MATMECA and \"Arts et Métiers ParisTech\".", "Abroad, students have access to the Erasmus programme and to Pegasus.", "In the aerospace engineer course (\"Ingénieur ENAC\" course), the university welcomes 8% of foreign students in 2011.", "Considering all the courses, this rate is 46% in 2010.", "The university has also several bilateral agreements, in particular with : Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida Institute of Technology, University of California, University of Washington, \"École africaine de la météorologie et de l'aviation civile\".", "It also trains the staff of the \"Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar\".", "Also, ENAC is a founder of the \"Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation\" of Tianjin.", "On this city, the university provides four \"Mastères Spécialisés\" courses at the Civil Aviation University of China only for Chinese students : airport management, aviation safety management – airworthiness, aviation safety management – flight opérations (in partnership with the \"Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace\") and aviation safety management – aeronautical maintenance (in partnership with the \"Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace\").", "Finally, in December 2011, the university has signed a partnership with the \"École des Ponts ParisTech\" and the \"Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile\" to launch, in March 2012 at Casablanca, an Executive MBA in aviation management for aerospace middle management.", "Research is a growing business at ENAC.", "Industry oriented university, it appears in 1984, following the law on higher education which provides that « \"la formation des ingénieurs...comporte une activité de recherche, fondamentale ou appliquée\" » (engineer training...contains a research activity, pure or applied).", "It was originally organized around four areas : electronics, automation, computer and air transport economy.", "Mid-2009, the research teams was in the following laboratories : \"automatique – recherche opérationnelle (LARA)\" (automation – operational research), \"économie – d'économétrie de l'aérien (LÉÉA)\" (economy – air econometrics), \"étude – d'optimisation des architectures des réseaux de télécommunications (LÉOPART)\" (study – optimization of telecommunications networks architectures), \"électromagnétisme pour les télécommunications aéronautiques (LÉTA)\" (electromagnetism for aeronautical telecommunications), \"informatique interactive (LII)\" (interactive computer), \"mathématiques appliquées (LMA)\" (applied mathematics), \"optimisation du trafic aérien (LOTA)\" (air traffic optimization) and \"traitement du signal pour les télécommunications aéronautiques (LTST)\" (signal processing for the aeronautical telecommunications).", "ENAC also has, since 2005, a team specializing in UAVs that maintains and develops \"Paparazzi\", a free system for automatic control of UAVs, unmanned aerial vehicle laboratory.", "The infrastructure includes also a planetarium and an air traffic control simulator.", "ENAC is a founding member of the European academy for aviation safety (EAFAS), network of the key training organizations in the field of air safety.", "During the Paris Air Show of 2005, the university announces a partnership with ONERA in the fields of air traffic management, air safety, satellite navigation, sustainable development and air transport economy.", "End of 2011, the university has established a new research organization that are six transverse programs : UAVs and air traffic management, airports, aircraft and air operations, human-computer interaction, air/ground communications and sustainable development, everything is now based on four laboratories : applied mathematics – optimization – optimal control – control engineering operations research (MAIAA), signal processing – satellite positioning system – electromagnetism – networks (TELECOM), architecture – modeling – engineering of interactive systems (LII) and economics – air transport econometrics (LEEA)." ] } }

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"simple-305725-39-1", "simple-305725-40-0", "simple-305725-40-1", "simple-305725-40-2", "simple-305725-41-0", "simple-305725-41-1", "simple-305725-42-0", "simple-305725-42-1", "simple-305725-43-0", "simple-305725-44-0", "simple-305725-44-1", "simple-305725-44-2", "simple-305725-44-3", "simple-305725-45-0", "simple-305725-45-1", "simple-305725-45-2", "simple-305725-45-3", "simple-305725-46-0", "simple-305725-47-0", "simple-305725-48-0", "simple-305725-49-0", "simple-305725-50-0", "simple-305725-51-0", "simple-305725-52-0", "simple-305725-52-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The French Civil Aviation University (French: \"École nationale de l'aviation civile\"), also known as ENAC, is a French public aeronautical \"grande école\" created the 28th of August 1949 and located at Biscarosse, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier, Muret, Saint-Yan and Toulouse, in France.", "It is member of the \"Conférence des Grandes Écoles\", University of Toulouse, Aerospace Valley and is one the fifth founder of France AEROTECH.", "ENAC provides training in civil aeronautics.", "The university has around 25 courses, including aerospace engineers, technicians, Masters, \"Mastères Spécialisés\", airline pilots, air traffic controllers, managers and flight instructors.", "Air travel grew rapidly in France after World War II.", "Safe air transport required staff trained specifically for this activity.", "It also required people in different sectors of the aviation world to work together and understand each other.", "That is why ENAC was started.", "Max Hymans, the secretary general of civil and commercial aviation was the chief organizer.", "ENAC is created the 28th of August 1949 (Decree 49-1205) in Paris.", "The university was located at Orly, south of Paris.", "René Lemaire considers ENAC as \"a university of aviation safety\".", "This priority given to safety is natural for ENAC, being the first reason for the training of future technicians and future airmen in a single university.", "A report of the \"Inspection générale de l'aviation civile\" said \"It was in the minds of the creators of the univerisity, to develop between the crew and the ground staff a community of ideas, reciprocal knowledge, and esteem, that are essential for the teamwork required by air transport.\"", "Training courses were longer or shorter depending on specialty.", "The decree of the 13th of October 1959 announces the first partner of the university: Air France.", "It results in a sharing of tasks and establishes a recruitment for airline pilots students with no previous flight experience.", "Previously, on an experimental basis, the university welcomed in 1958 the first airline pilots students.", "Meanwhile, ENAC developed cooperation with the \"École nationale de la météorologie\" and promoted the training of this subject for air traffic controllers.", "After World War II, ENAC helped the conversion of military aircrew.", "The \"Service de l'aviation légère et sportive\" (SALS), under the decree of the 31th of March 1951, provided free flight training for airline pilots candidates coming from the army.", "From 1949 to 1959, the number of courses held increase from 6 to 64 and the number of students from 49 to 800.", "in 1956 was created the navigation instructor rating, with the opening of the corresponding training.", "Sometimes a course is simply set to meet a need.", "In 1958, the airline pilots theoretical training course started.", "Life at ENAC Orly is then punctuated by the yearly trip for all the students, undoubtedly one of the highlights of the studies.", "It has its share of unexpected, but its rites, as the reception in full uniform of the university officials and the students by local authorities, on arrival at a new location.", "The university moved to Toulouse in 1968 where is now located the main campus.", "It also changed from an external department of the French civil aviation administration to a public Administration institution in 1970.", "The French Civil Aviation University was started close to Paris-Orly Airport.", "This location near the largest French airport offers easy use of airplanes for a lot of activities - navigation flights, promotional trips, ... and the proximity with many airlines and aircraft manufacturers or related to the aviation industry, whose managers are likely to be called for lectures, conferences, ...", "However, traffic at Paris-Orly Airport grew rapidly.", "In the mid-1950s planning began on a new location near to Parisian airports.", "Decentralization was among the motives.", "The potential locations are all part of a 150 km radius around Paris, among other Melun, Pontoise, Coulommiers, Étampes, Reims, Évreux, Chartres, Orleans, etc..", "A report dated the 20th of May 1959, lists the disadvantages of a location too far from Paris.", "A René Lemaire analysis, in its report dated the 14th of June 1960, supported a transfer to Toulouse.", "Toulouse 1 University Capitole is one of the oldest universities in the world.", "The \"École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques\" had settled in Toulouse since 1961 and the \"École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace\" was going to move from Paris to the city).", "On the 15th of June 1961 the transfer to Toulouse was approved by Prime Minister Michel Debré.", "It was confirmed by his successor Georges Pompidou in a letter dated the 23th of July 1963.", "April 1966 began the construction of new buildings on the campus of Rangueil.", "The project ended the 19th of August 1968 when the staff is invited.", "The academic year started the 16th of September 1968.", "500 students are expected, including 325 who start their training.", "These are as follows: 15 air navigation engineering students, drawn largely from \"École Polytechnique\", 70 engineering students in air navigation from two-years studies after French Baccalaureate, 60 airline pilot students, 100 air traffic controllers students, 40 electronics students, 20 commercial pilot students and 20 flight dispatcher students.", "Although it thought it is better not to decide about the status of ENAC before the university opened its doors to its new campus, the \"Commission permanente\" has taken into consideration the problem of an inadequate legal status .", "This problem is old : identified shortly after the creation of the university, he has resurfaced many times, as the inspection reports that relate to the management of the institution shown.", "ENAC is closely followed by its supervisory authority.", "Inspection reports are occurring at a rapid cadence, in average one every two years, sometimes more.", "The judgment focused on the management of the institution is sometimes severe.", "These same reports, in the mid-1950s, contest the existence of the university, which was not the case in the previous years.", "As an example, the report (confidential) of Brancourt Controller the 12th of March 1952, based on the organization and operation of ENAC.", "We learn that the university has \"a lack of doctrine\", that \"there is a certain tension with the training center of Air France\", and even that \"ENAC is madness\".", "In reality, the weaknesses can be largely explained by the difficulties caused by the inadequacy between the status of ENAC and the nature of its business, which requires it to provide courses for students and trainees who are not all officials from its supervisory authority, or to use teaching staff from very different origin.", "The heavy process for allocating university budget is in trouble as soon as other types of income are reduced, such as non-public resources.", "This happens more in the years 1958-1964.", "In 1962, the management of ENAC is thinking about increasing tuition fees, courses prices and fees for customers outside from the French civil aviation authority.", "However, the status of the institution submits the necessary prices adjustments to an approval process so difficult that finally is blocked.", "That's why, another type of status, \"public administrative institution\", appears much more appropriate.", "The final decision is taken by Decree No. 70-347 of the 13th of April 1970, with application the 1st of January 1971.", "Become a public administrative institution, ENAC is endowed with a board of directors.", "René Lemaire is the first president.", "From 1975 a new thing is starting.", "It consists of an increase of the proportion of engineering students called \"civilians\" in opposition to the \"officials\" (civil servants) engineering students.", "ENAC is becoming a major player in the training for aerospace industry (civilian personnel), while its primary goal was only the training of officials for \"direction générale de l'aviation civile\".", "It is true that the existence of students for the private sector is not new at the university : it was in 1956 that are trained the first of them.", "At the end of 1950s, however, this recruitment affects only a minority of students.", "It is primarily done to compensate the disadvantage which consists of the highly different number of students to work in the administration and to prevent the size of successive promotions with a too great difference.", "However, this second source tends to become more and more important, to finally become the first one.", "This results in an revision of the teachings.", "ENAC engineering education, particularly that of the specialty called \"facilities\" - it focuses on electronics - seduce the industrial sectors of electronics and information technology.", "Without having particularly desired, the university has progressively the role of a National University of Engineers.", "Industry oriented university, research appeared in 1984, following the law on Higher education which provides that \"engineering education ... has a research activity, basic or applied, \" and is organized around four areas: electronics, automation, computer and air transport economy.", "The university then feels interest for future engineers to learn research methods: while the method of deductive reasoning, for a long time favored by teachers in the two-years studies after French high school diploma and universities, shows its limitations, the method of inductive reasoning, characteristic of research, appears progressively better adapted to the nature of functions performed by today's engineers.", "The most recent manifestation of the growing interest in research at ENAC is the creation of the air transport economics laboratory, which designation reflects the desire to study, in addition to air transport itself, certain related activities such as air navigation.", "The mid 1980s saw the emergence of \"mastères spécialisés\" programs.", "They are born for most of them from an industrial demand, including the \"groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales\", in order to support the export contracts by training.", "Indeed, while filling the needs of many French students or professionals, they can train in a relatively short period some foreign executives.", "The same period saw the diversification of continuing education at the university.", "The continuing education courses are organized in five main areas: air traffic systems, electronics, computer, aeronautics and languages/humanities.", "The international dimension of the university grew in the 1990s.", "It is constrained, however, by the design and implementation of the new cycle for air traffic controllers.", "The effort required a specifically European component.", "It consists first in the participation in European projects such as EATCHIP (European Air Traffic control Harmonization and Integration Program), then in joining mobility programs for students such as Erasmus or Socrates.", "Under these programs, the university welcomes a growing number of foreign students.", "In doing so, it forges close relations with foreign universities, including those of Berlin and Darmstadt in Germany, as well as the one of Tampere in Finland.", "Since 1990, the university has new missions.", "Thus, ENAC negotiates new contracts for studies and research abroad.", "The 2000s are the years of the creation of courses entirely taught in English language and the development of activities focused on air navigation.", "In 2009, the university and its alumni association organize the first edition of the \"salon du livre aéronautique\" (aeronautical literary festival) in Toulouse.", "In December 2010, ENAC becomes an ICAO center for training in aviation security.", "Meanwhile, the university develops new teaching facilities: the air traffic control simulator \"CAUTRA\", the aerodrome control simulator \"AERSIM\", an Airbus A320 flight management system simulator, a static model of the Airbus A321' s engine and the laboratory of telecom networks.", "Since the 1st January 2011 and the merging of ENAC with the SEFA, the university is the biggest European aviation university.", "In 2013, ENAC starts with the DGAC the consulting company France Aviation Civile Services.", "The current head of the university is Olivier Chansou, after Marc Houalla who was SEFA director from 2006 till the 1th of January 2011.", "It is the eighth person to be director since 1949.", "He was elected the 27th of November 2017.", "The directors since 1949 are given in the following table.", "As all the equivalent universities in France, ENAC is managed by a President elected by a board of directors.", "In addition to these three councils, the university has a director's office which includes communication and cultural affairs, a division of information systems and a general secretariat dedicated to legal management, logistics, financial and human resources.", "The university has spent for its operation 126 million euros in 2011.", "In consideration for several months, a corporate foundation has been established in September 2011.", "It aims to guide the training and research council on the changes to be made to the training \"Ingénieur ENAC\" (ENAC engineer) and to the corporate partnerships.", "It consists of technical and human resources managers from aerospace companies such as Air France, Airbus, Aéroport de Paris, Rockwell Collins, Thalès, \"Aéroconseil\"...", "ENAC has eight campuses and can provide accommodation.", "It also has a canteen, cafeteria, library, computer rooms, sports halls including a fitness room, a sports field, a rugby field, five tennis courts, a beach volleyball and a golf driving range.", "Its main campus is located at Rangueil (Toulouse).", "ENAC has a fleet of 130 aircraft of different types: CAP-10, Socata TB-10, Socata TB-20, Beechcraft Baron 58, Beechcraft 200, ATR 42, Diamond DA40 (to replace the Socata TB-20) and Diamond DA42 (to replace the Beechcraft Baron 58).", "On its Toulouse campus, the university has flight simulator Robin DR400 and Socata TB-20, and also some static simulators of Airbus A320 and Airbus A340.", "In the air navigation department, it has control tower simulators (at 120 or 360 degrees).", "ENAC has four Bachelor's degree courses to train pilots and aerospace technicians.", "ENAC provide theoretical training for pilot students in eight months in its campus of Toulouse.", "Practical training of 16 months is given in the other campuses of the university in Montpellier, Carcassonne, Saint-Yan or Muret.", "There is also training for various aviation technicians.", "In addition, the university has seven Master's degree programs to train people for both aerospace industry and French civil aviation authority.", "Courses of Air traffic controller and Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel are done by the university.", "The \"Ingénieur ENAC\" course trains aerospace engineer in three sectors : electronics and aeronautical telecommunications (L), computer systems and air traffic (S) and aeronautical engineering (T).", "The university has created in 2007 a Master's degree in International Air Transport Opération Management, in 2011 the course Master's degree in Global Navigation Satellite System supported by the European Commission and in 2012 the Master's degree in Air Traffic Management in partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "The Master's degree in Human–computer interaction (IHM) is realized in cooperation with the Paul Sabatier University.", "Finally, the French Civil Aviation University provides seven \"Mastères Spécialisés\" courses in the fields : airport management, air transport management (in partnership with Toulouse Business School), communication - navigation - surveillance and satellite applications for aviation, aviation safety aircraft airworthiness (in partnership with other \"grandes écoles\"), air-ground collaborative systems engineering, aviation and air traffic management and aerospace project management (APM) (in partnership with other \"grandes écoles\").", "The former students of the three Master programs, the \"Ingénieur ENAC\" course, as well as those of the Corps of Bridges and Roads and those of the \"Mastères Spécialisés\" courses was represented by an association, INGENAC, created in 1988, member of the CNISF (French scientific and engineer council) and in Toulouse.", "The 16th of March 2012, INGENAC decided to represent all the former students of the university and changes its name to « ENAC Alumni ».", "Each course of the university has its own recruitment process.", "By hosting each year more than 7,500 students who participate to more than 600 courses annually organized by the university, with a turnover of 15 million of euros, ENAC is now the largest organization in Europe for aeronautical continuing education.", "The continuing education of ENAC has been developed in areas which ENAC is well recognized : air traffic, electronics, computer science, aeronautical engineering, aircraft control, ...", "Students of the aerospace engineer course can study at the two other \"grandes écoles\" members of the \"groupement des écoles d'aéronautique\", and also at the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse and at Nantes business school.", "Moreover, as part of France AEROTECH, an exchange of third year engineering students is under elaboration with the \"grandes écoles\" of this network.", "In another country, students have access to the Erasmus programme and to Pegasus.", "In the aerospace engineer course, the university welcomes 8% of foreign students in 2011.", "Considering all the courses, this number is 46% in 2010.", "The university has also agreements with : Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida Institute of Technology, University of California, University of Washington, \"École africaine de la météorologie et de l'aviation civile\".", "It also educates people of the \"Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar\".", "Also, ENAC is a founder of the \"Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation\" of Tianjin.", "On this city, the university has four \"Mastères Spécialisés\" courses at the Civil Aviation University of China only for Chinese students : airport management, aviation safety management - airworthiness, aviation safety management - flight operations and aviation safety management - aeronautical maintenance.", "Finally, in December 2011, the university has signed a partnership with the \"École des Ponts ParisTech\" and the \"Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile\" to start an Executive MBA in aviation management for aerospace people in March 2012 at Casablanca.", "Research is a growing business at ENAC.", "Industry oriented university, it appears in 1984, following the law on higher education which provides that « engineer training...contains a research activity, pure or applied ».", "It was originally organized around four areas : electronics, automation, computer and air transport economy.", "Mid-2009, the research teams was in the following laboratories : automation - operational research (LARA), economy - air econometrics (LEEA), study - optimization of telecommunications networks architectures (LEOPART), electromagnetism for aeronautical telecommunications (LETA), interactive computer (LII), applied mathematics (LMA), air traffic optimization (LOTA) and signal processing for the aeronautical telecommunications (LTST).", "ENAC also has, since 2005, a team specializing in UAVs that maintains and develops \"Paparazzi\", a free system for automatic control of UAVs, unmanned aerial vehicle laboratory.", "The infrastructure includes also a planetarium and an air traffic control simulator.", "ENAC is a founding member of the European academy for aviation safety (EAFAS), network of the key training organizations in the field of air safety.", "During the Paris Air Show of 2005, the university announces a partnership with \"Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales\" in the fields of air traffic management, air safety, satellite navigation, sustainable development and air transport economy.", "End of 2011, the university has established a new research organization that are six transverse programs : UAVs and air traffic management, airports, aircraft and air operations, human-computer interaction, air/ground communications and sustainable development, everything is now based on four laboratories : applied mathematics - optimization - optimal control - control engineering operations research (MAIAA), signal processing - satellite positioning system - electromagnetism - networks (TELECOM), architecture - modeling - engineering of interactive systems (LII) and economics - air transport econometrics (LEEA).", "Several famous pilots have studied at the French Civil Aviation University like Émile Allegret, soldier and member of the French Resistance during the World War II, Xavier Barral (Promotion 1966), former President of the \"association des professionnels navigants de l'aviation\" (Professional aircrew association), Noël Chevrier (Promotion 1970), antistress center manager at Air France, Gérard Feldzer (Promotion 1971), former President of the \"Aéro-Club de France\", Bernard Pestel (Promotion 1972), vice president of the \"société française de droit aérien\" (French Air Law company), Béatrice Vialle (Promotion 1981), one of the two female Concorde pilot and the first French female pilot on a supersonic airliner.", "Particularly because of its status of a French civil servant university, some civil servant has been student at ENAC like Jean-Marc de Raffin Dourny (Promotion 1966), President of the \"organisme pour la sécurité de l'aviation civile\" (organization for the safety of civil aviation), Michel Bernard (Promotion 1967), former head of the \"Agence nationale pour l'emploi\" and former President of \"Air Inter\", Paul-Louis Arslanian (Promotion 1968), former head of the French \"Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile\", Jean-Paul Troadec (Promotion 1970), head of the \"Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile\", Michel Wachenheim (Promotion 1975), French ambassador.", "Some alumni of the university became managers like Yves Lambert (Promotion 1959), former head of Eurocontrol, Gérard Mestrallet (Promotion 1971), CEO of GDF Suez., Jean-Michel Vernhes (Promotion 1971), head of the Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, Jean-Charles Corbet (Promotion 1974), former head of \"Air Lib\", Olivier Colaïtis (Promotion 1977), President of Galileo, Lionel Guérin, founding President of Airlinair, Philippe Crébassa, head of Toulouse-Blagnac airport, Franck Goldnadel (Promotion 1990), former head of the Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, Régis Lacote (Promotion 1997), head of the Orly Airport, Méziane Idjerouidène (Promotion 2003), general manager of Aigle Azur.", "Few intellectuals graduate from the university like Jacques Villiers (Promotion 1948), founder of the \"Centre d'études de la navigation aérienne\" (French air navigation center), Jean Peyrelevade (Promotion 1961), politician and business leader, Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani (Promotion 1963), Moroccan economist and writer, Alain Lefebvre (Promotion 1970), Journalist, Solenn Colléter (Promotion 1993), novelist., Nicolas Tenoux (Promotion 2007), Philanthropist.", "In science, personalities like Gabriel Weishaupt (Promotion 1948), founding member of the \"Académie de l'air et de l'espace\", Jean Robieux, Physicist, Georges Maignan (Promotion 1955), former director of the experimental center of Eurocontrol, Gérard Desbois (Promotion 1979), younger flight engineer graduate and crew member during the first flight of the Airbus A380, have studied at the university.", "Some aerospace personalities teach at the university such as Hervé Hallot, meteorology teacher and co-author of \"Météorologie aéronautique\", Joel Laitselart (TAE 87), air operations teacher and former operations manager of Aeris airline, Patrick Lepourry, head of the engine department and co-author of \"Propulseurs aéronautiques\", \"Instruments de bord\" and \"Initiation à l'aéronautique\", Félix Mora-Camino, head of the control engineering department and co-author of \"Avionique - Tome 2, Système de conduite automatique et gestion du vol\", Yves Plays (IENAC S71), head of the specialized master in air transport and co-author of \"Initiation à l'aéronautique\".,", ", or Frantz Yvelin, founder of two French airlines." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 114201, "normal_article_title": "Bettendorf, Iowa", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=114201", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-114201-0-0", "normal-114201-0-1", "normal-114201-0-2", "normal-114201-0-3", "normal-114201-1-0", "normal-114201-1-1", "normal-114201-1-2", "normal-114201-2-0", "normal-114201-2-1", "normal-114201-2-2", "normal-114201-2-3", "normal-114201-2-4", "normal-114201-2-5", "normal-114201-3-0", "normal-114201-3-1", "normal-114201-4-0", "normal-114201-4-1", "normal-114201-5-0", "normal-114201-5-1", "normal-114201-5-2", "normal-114201-5-3", "normal-114201-5-4", "normal-114201-6-0", "normal-114201-6-1", "normal-114201-6-2", "normal-114201-6-3", "normal-114201-6-4", "normal-114201-6-5", "normal-114201-6-6", "normal-114201-6-7", "normal-114201-7-0", "normal-114201-7-1", "normal-114201-7-2", "normal-114201-8-0", "normal-114201-9-0", "normal-114201-10-0", "normal-114201-11-0", "normal-114201-11-1", "normal-114201-11-2", "normal-114201-11-3", "normal-114201-11-4", "normal-114201-12-0", "normal-114201-12-1", "normal-114201-12-2", "normal-114201-13-0", "normal-114201-13-1", "normal-114201-13-2", "normal-114201-14-0", "normal-114201-14-1", "normal-114201-15-0", "normal-114201-15-1", "normal-114201-16-0", "normal-114201-16-1", "normal-114201-16-2", "normal-114201-16-3", "normal-114201-16-4", "normal-114201-17-0", "normal-114201-17-1", "normal-114201-17-2", "normal-114201-17-3", "normal-114201-17-4", "normal-114201-17-5", "normal-114201-18-0", "normal-114201-19-0", "normal-114201-19-1", "normal-114201-20-0", "normal-114201-20-1", "normal-114201-21-0", "normal-114201-21-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Bettendorf is a city in Scott County, Iowa, United States.", "It is the 15th largest city of Iowa and the fourth largest city in the \"Quad Cities\".", "It is part of the Davenport–Moline–Rock Island, IA-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "The population was 33,217 at the 2010 U.S. Census and was estimated to be 35,505 by July 2015.", "Bettendorf is one of the Quad Cities, along with neighboring Davenport and the Illinois cities of Moline, East Moline and Rock Island.", "The Quad Cities have a population estimate of 382,630.", "In 2011, Bettendorf was named U.S. 95th Best Town by CNNMoney.", "Bettendorf lies in the original Wisconsin Territory, which the United States bought from the Sac and Fox Indians after defeating them in the Black Hawk War.", "The territory was ceded in the Black Hawk Purchase of 1832.", "The first European-American settlers established a village they called Lilienthal, after an early tavern and dance hall.", "The village of Gilbert developed alongside Lilienthal in 1858, honoring Elias Gilbert, who platted the original site.", "At that time, the residents were predominantly German immigrants and worked as farmers, skilled laborers, and small business owners.", "The two villages eventually combined to become the town of Gilbert.", "Circa 1900, the town gave William and Joseph Bettendorf 70 acre of riverfront land on the condition that they move their iron wagon business from Davenport to Gilbert.", "In 1903, the town of 440 citizens petitioned for incorporation, requesting to change the town's name in honor of the brothers whose factory was a major economic influence in the early development of the city.", "In the late 1940s, Aluminum Company of America (A.L.C.O.A.) chose Riverdale, an enclave of Bettendorf, for construction of the world's largest aluminum mill.", "The huge mill, and the attendant developments from it, created thousands of jobs and greatly increased growth in Bettendorf's population, which has continued to the present day.", "The first modern-day riverboat casinos in the United States were launched in Bettendorf on April 1, 1991 by local businessman Bernard Goldstein.", "He went on to found the Isle of Capri Casinos.", "Goldstein and his family members also operate Alter Companies, which is a scrap metal, barge and towboat company operating on the river waterfront.", "The Quad Cities Waterfront Convention Center opened by the casino and hotel in 2009.", "It is owned by the city and operated by the Isle of Capri.", "The city of Bettendorf, Iowa is located along the banks of the Mississippi River.", "Because of this the city of Bettendorf goes through a great deal of flooding and deals annually with Storm Water run off.", "In 2000, Missman, Stanley & Associates prepared a Comprehensive Storm Water study on all 14 of the city's drainage ways.", "This study included future Capital Improvement Projects.", "The City of Bettendorf's Stormwater Section will be the organization to implement this comprehensive plan.", "There are 169 inlets that have found to be insufficient and not working to proper code for handling rainfall over 1.25 inches and in handling of rainfall into all city creeks.", "Due to this, several creeks such as Crow Creek, Pigeon Creek, Spencer Creek, and others are continuing to flow and destroy personal property because of not handling the water being put into the creek properly and having the creek banks secured.", "The City of Bettendorf has been collecting storm water fees on water bills to maintain and resolve these issues.", "Efforts are focused on improving surface water quality which will in turn improve the quality of drinking water, increase viability for fish and decrease flooding.", "The plan includes the repair and cleaning of roadside pipes and ditches, replacing small culverts with larger ones and maintaining the system on a regular basis.", "Routine inspections are performed during dry weather to detect and address illicit discharges.", "Beginning in 2012, a good portion of downtown Bettendorf's buildings were being torn down to make way for the new I-74 Bridge project, expected to begin construction in 2018.", "Bettendorf is located at (41.550044, −90.493679).", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.36 sqmi , of which, 21.22 sqmi is land and 1.14 sqmi is water.", "As of the 2010 (no jobs) census there were 33,217 people, 13,681 households, and 9,225 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1565.4 PD/sqmi .", "There were 14,437 housing units at an average density of 680.3 /sqmi .", "The racial makeup of the city was 91.9% White, 2.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.6% of the population.", "There were 13,681 households of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.6% were non-families.", "28.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.97.", "The median age in the city was 40.7 years.", "25.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.6% were from 25 to 44; 29.2% were from 45 to 64; and 14.8% were 65 years of age or older.", "The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.", "Bettendorf has a mayor and city council form of government with seven city council members.", "Two council members are elected at-large, while the other five are elected by each of the city's five wards.", "Bettendorf is home to two school districts.", "The Bettendorf Community School District and the Pleasant Valley Community School District are both located in Bettendorf.", "The Bettendorf Community School District covers most areas of central, northern and western Bettendorf.", "Elementary students are assigned to one of six elementary schools: named in honor of Neil Armstrong, Herbert Hoover, Thomas Jefferson, Paul Norton, Mark Twain and Grant Wood.", "The district also has a middle and high school.", "The Neil Armstrong School, most recently built, is the only one in the district to operate on a \"balanced calendar\" of year-round, full-time use.", "A seven-member board of education represents district residents.", "The Pleasant Valley Community School District encompasses areas of eastern Bettendorf, as well as the outlying communities of Pleasant Valley, Riverdale and LeClaire.", "Located inside the city limits are three of the district's 5 elementary schools (Pleasant View, Riverdale Heights, and Hopewell), while Pleasant Valley High School and the administrative center are in nearby Riverdale.", "Junior high students are bussed to Pleasant Valley Junior High School, on the outskirts of LeClaire, while LeClaire elementary students go to either Cody or Bridgeview Elementary Schools.", "Board members are elected from seven director districts, five within Bettendorf's city limits and two others serving LeClaire-area residents.", "The high school has 1,232 students, the junior high 501 students, and the four combined elementary schools 1,821 students.", "The total district has 3,454 students.", "Both high schools are part of the Mississippi Athletic Conference for sports.", "Also located within the city limits are Rivermont Collegiate, a nonsectarian, independent, multicultural, college-preparatory school for preschool through 12th-grade students; Lourdes Catholic School, a Roman Catholic school for preschool through 8th-grade students; and Morning Star Academy, a Christian school for preschool through 12th-grade students.", "Rivermont Collegiate operates in the former mansion of J.W. Bettendorf, namesake of the city.", "Scott Community College, part of the Eastern Iowa Community College District, is located in Riverdale, but is commonly referred to as being located in Bettendorf.", "Two private colleges are also located in Bettendorf: Upper Iowa University a private university based in Fayette, Iowa, operates its Quad Cities Center in Bettendorf near the Davenport border; the Quad Cities Campus of Brown Mackie College, a for-profit college based in Salina, Kansas, is located nearby.", "The Bettendorf, Pleasant Valley, and North Scott school districts operate a consortium alternative high school, Edison Academy, in downtown Bettendorf.", "The Mississippi Bend Area Education Agency, one of nine such agencies in the state of Iowa, operates a Learning Center in the former Bettendorf High School building in central Bettendorf, offering professional development and continuing education services for educators, as well as driver education and home school testing services for students." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 156224, "simple_article_title": "Bettendorf, Iowa", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=156224", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-156224-0-0", "simple-156224-0-1", "simple-156224-0-2", "simple-156224-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Bettendorf is a city of Iowa in the United States.", "It is in Scott County.", "Bettendorf is one of the Quad Cities, along with neighboring Davenport and the Illinois cities of Moline, East Moline and Rock Island.", "In 2011, Bettendorf was named America's 95th Best Town by CNNMoney." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 6838894, "normal_article_title": "Morbio Superiore", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6838894", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-6838894-0-0", "normal-6838894-0-1", "normal-6838894-0-2", "normal-6838894-1-0", "normal-6838894-1-1", "normal-6838894-1-2", "normal-6838894-1-3", "normal-6838894-1-4", "normal-6838894-2-0", "normal-6838894-2-1", "normal-6838894-2-2", "normal-6838894-2-3", "normal-6838894-3-0", "normal-6838894-3-1", "normal-6838894-3-2", "normal-6838894-3-3", "normal-6838894-4-0", "normal-6838894-4-1", "normal-6838894-4-2", "normal-6838894-5-0", "normal-6838894-5-1", "normal-6838894-5-2", "normal-6838894-6-0", "normal-6838894-6-1", "normal-6838894-7-0", "normal-6838894-7-1", "normal-6838894-8-0", "normal-6838894-9-0", "normal-6838894-9-1", "normal-6838894-9-2", "normal-6838894-10-0", "normal-6838894-10-1", "normal-6838894-10-2", "normal-6838894-10-3", "normal-6838894-10-4", "normal-6838894-10-5", "normal-6838894-11-0", "normal-6838894-11-1", "normal-6838894-11-2", "normal-6838894-11-3", "normal-6838894-12-0", "normal-6838894-12-1", "normal-6838894-12-2", "normal-6838894-12-3", "normal-6838894-13-0", "normal-6838894-13-1", "normal-6838894-13-2", "normal-6838894-14-0", "normal-6838894-14-1", "normal-6838894-14-2", "normal-6838894-14-3", "normal-6838894-15-0", "normal-6838894-15-1", "normal-6838894-15-2", "normal-6838894-16-0", "normal-6838894-17-0", "normal-6838894-17-1", "normal-6838894-17-2", "normal-6838894-17-3", "normal-6838894-17-4", "normal-6838894-18-0", "normal-6838894-18-1", "normal-6838894-18-2", "normal-6838894-19-0", "normal-6838894-19-1", "normal-6838894-20-0", "normal-6838894-20-1", "normal-6838894-20-2", "normal-6838894-20-3", "normal-6838894-21-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Morbio Superiore was a municipality in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland in the hills above Chiasso.", "It is located in the district of Mendrisio.", "On 25 October 2009 the municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the municipality of Breggia.", "Morbio Superiore is first mentioned in 1116 as \"Morbio de Supra\".", "In the Middle Ages (first mentioned in 1299) the village was owned by Como Cathedral and the Benedictine monastery of S. Abbondio in Como.", "The church of S. Vittore in Balerna also owned property in the village.", "From 1591 until the 17th Century, Morbio and Sagno were a vice parish under the mother church at Balerna.", "In 1802 Morbio Superiore was a separate parish.", "The parish church of S. Giovanni Evangelista was first mentioned in 1227.", "In the 18th Century, it was totally rebuilt and then renovated in 1957.", "The chapel of San Martino, originally an Early Middle Ages romanesque building stands on the site of what might be an Ostrogoth watchtower from the 6th Century.", "The Chapel of S. Anna is from the late Baroque period.", "Formerly, the village was surrounded by vineyards, tobacco and mulberry cultivation, of which only the vineyards remain.", "In the last decades of the 20th Century Morbio Superiore developed into a residential community.", "Since 1960, Lattecaldo has been the headquarters of the Cantonal Forestry School.", "In 2000, four-fifths of the workforce worked outside the community.", "Morbio Superiore has an area, as of 1997 , of 2.75 km2 .", "Of this area, 0.51 km2 or 18.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.92 km2 or 69.8% is forested.", "Of the rest of the land, 0.35 km2 or 12.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.02 km2 or 0.7% is unproductive land.", "Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 10.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.8%.", "Out of the forested land, 66.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.", "Of the agricultural land, 5.8% is used for growing crops, while 2.5% is used for orchards or vine crops and 10.2% is used for alpine pastures.", "The village is located in the Mendrisio district, at the entrance to the Muggio valley on the left side of the valley.", "It consists of the village of Morbio Superiore and the hamlet of Lattecaldo.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Gules two bars embowed in base and chause vert.\"", "The bars represent the small antique bridge and the new big one.", "Morbio Superiore has a population (s of December 2004 ) of 705.", "Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks (%), with being second most common (%) and being third (%).", "Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000 ), 50 speak German, 6 people speak French, 632 people speak Italian.", "The remainder (12 people) speak another language.", "In 2008 there was 1 live birth to Swiss citizens and were 2 deaths of Swiss citizens.", "Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same.", "There was 1 Swiss man and 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland.", "At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 1 non-Swiss woman who immigrated from another country to Switzerland.", "The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 9 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 6 people.", "This represents a population growth rate of -0.4%.", "In 2000 there were 175 single family homes (or 77.1% of the total) out of a total of 227 inhabited buildings.", "There were 44 multi-family buildings (19.4%), along with 1 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (0.4%) and 7 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.1%).", "Of the single family homes 4 were built before 1919, while 19 were built between 1990 and 2000.", "The greatest number of single family homes (44) were built between 1919 and 1945.", "In 2000 there were 297 apartments in the village.", "The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 84.", "There were 9 single room apartments and 133 apartments with five or more rooms.", "Of these apartments, a total of 269 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 26 apartments (8.8%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (0.7%) were empty.", "The historical population is given in the following chart: In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 33.07% of the vote.", "The next three most popular parties were the FDP (25.7%), the SP (20.04%) and the Ticino League (11.11%).", "In the federal election, a total of 313 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 60.2%.", "In the 2007 \"Gran Consiglio\" election, there were a total of 525 registered voters in Morbio Superiore, of which 382 or 72.8% voted.", "2 blank ballots and 1 null ballot were cast, leaving 379 valid ballots in the election.", "The most popular party was the PPD+GenGiova which received 106 or 28.0% of the vote.", "The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 76 or 20.1%), the PS (with 63 or 16.6%) and the SSI (with 62 or 16.4%).", "In the 2007 \"Consiglio di Stato\" election, 3 blank ballots and 1 null ballot were cast, leaving 378 valid ballots in the election.", "The most popular party was the PPD which received 107 or 28.3% of the vote.", "The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 72 or 19.0%), the PS (with 71 or 18.8%) and the LEGA (with 70 or 18.5%).", "There were 322 residents of the village who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 37.3% of the workforce.", "In 2008's statistics the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 62.", "The number of jobs in the primary sector was 3, all of which were in agriculture.", "The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 13, of which 12 or (92.3%) were in manufacturing and 1 (7.7%) was in construction.", "The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 46.", "In the tertiary sector; 4 or 8.7% were in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 6.5% were in the movement and storage of goods, 4 or 8.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 6.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 8 or 17.4% were in education.", "In 2000 , there were 47 workers who commuted into the village and 273 workers who commuted away.", "The village is a net exporter of workers, with about 5.8 workers leaving the village for every one entering.", "About 12.8% of the workforce coming into Morbio Superiore are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.4% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work.", "From the 2000 census , 586 or 83.7% were Roman Catholic, while 35 or 5.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.", "There are 45 individuals (or about 6.43% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 34 individuals (or about 4.86% of the population) did not answer the question.", "Morbio Superiore has an average of 100.6 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1568 mm of precipitation.", "The wettest month is May during which time Morbio Superiore receives an average of 199 mm of rain or snow.", "During this month there is precipitation for an average of 12.9 days.", "The driest month of the year is December with an average of 72 mm of precipitation over 5.7 days.", "s of 2000 , there were 51 students in Morbio Superiore who came from another village, while 63 residents attended schools outside the village." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 113261, "normal_article_title": "Nature reserve", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=113261", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-113261-0-0", "normal-113261-0-1", "normal-113261-0-2", "normal-113261-0-3", "normal-113261-0-4", "normal-113261-0-5", "normal-113261-1-0", "normal-113261-1-1", "normal-113261-1-2", "normal-113261-2-0", "normal-113261-2-1", "normal-113261-2-2", "normal-113261-2-3", "normal-113261-2-4", "normal-113261-3-0", "normal-113261-4-0", "normal-113261-5-0", "normal-113261-5-1", "normal-113261-5-2", "normal-113261-5-3", "normal-113261-6-0", "normal-113261-6-1", "normal-113261-6-2", "normal-113261-7-0", "normal-113261-7-1", "normal-113261-7-2", "normal-113261-7-3", "normal-113261-7-4", "normal-113261-7-5", "normal-113261-8-0", "normal-113261-8-1", "normal-113261-8-2", "normal-113261-9-0", "normal-113261-10-0", "normal-113261-10-1", "normal-113261-10-2", "normal-113261-11-0", "normal-113261-11-1", "normal-113261-12-0", "normal-113261-12-1", "normal-113261-12-2", "normal-113261-12-3", "normal-113261-13-0", "normal-113261-13-1", "normal-113261-14-0", "normal-113261-14-1", "normal-113261-14-2", "normal-113261-14-3", "normal-113261-14-4", "normal-113261-15-0", "normal-113261-15-1", "normal-113261-16-0", "normal-113261-17-0", "normal-113261-18-0", "normal-113261-18-1", "normal-113261-18-2", "normal-113261-18-3", "normal-113261-18-4", "normal-113261-18-5", "normal-113261-18-6", "normal-113261-18-7", "normal-113261-18-8", "normal-113261-19-0", "normal-113261-20-0", "normal-113261-20-1", "normal-113261-20-2", "normal-113261-21-0", "normal-113261-22-0", "normal-113261-22-1", "normal-113261-23-0", "normal-113261-24-0", "normal-113261-24-1", "normal-113261-24-2", "normal-113261-24-3", "normal-113261-25-0", "normal-113261-25-1", "normal-113261-26-0", "normal-113261-26-1", "normal-113261-26-2", "normal-113261-26-3", "normal-113261-26-4", "normal-113261-26-5", "normal-113261-27-0", "normal-113261-28-0", "normal-113261-28-1", "normal-113261-28-2", "normal-113261-28-3", "normal-113261-29-0", "normal-113261-29-1", "normal-113261-30-0", "normal-113261-30-1", "normal-113261-30-2", "normal-113261-30-3", "normal-113261-30-4", "normal-113261-31-0", "normal-113261-31-1", "normal-113261-31-2", "normal-113261-32-0", "normal-113261-32-1", "normal-113261-33-0", "normal-113261-33-1", "normal-113261-33-2", "normal-113261-33-3", "normal-113261-33-4", "normal-113261-33-5", "normal-113261-34-0", "normal-113261-34-1", "normal-113261-35-0", "normal-113261-35-1", "normal-113261-36-0", "normal-113261-37-0", "normal-113261-37-1", "normal-113261-37-2", "normal-113261-37-3", "normal-113261-37-4", "normal-113261-38-0", "normal-113261-38-1", "normal-113261-38-2", "normal-113261-38-3", "normal-113261-39-0", "normal-113261-39-1", "normal-113261-39-2", "normal-113261-40-0", "normal-113261-40-1", "normal-113261-41-0", "normal-113261-41-1", "normal-113261-41-2", "normal-113261-41-3", "normal-113261-42-0", "normal-113261-42-1", "normal-113261-42-2", "normal-113261-42-3", "normal-113261-42-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A nature reserve may also be known as a natural reserve, wildlife refuge or sanctuary, biosphere reserve (bioreserve), natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area.", "It is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for purposes of conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research.", "Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, or by private landowners, such as charities, and research institutions.", "Nature reserves fall into different IUCN categories depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws.", "Normally it is more strictly protected than a nature park.", "Various jurisdictions may use other terminology, such as ecological protection area or private protected area in legislation and in reserves' official names.", "Cultural practices that roughly equate to the establishment and maintenance of reserved areas for animals date back to antiquity, with King Tissa of Ceylon establishing one of the world's earliest wildlife sanctuaries in the 3rd century BC.", "Early reservations often had a religious underpinning, such as the 'evil forest' areas of West Africa which were forbidden to humans, who were threatened with spiritual attack if they went there.", "Sacred areas taboo from human entry to fishing and hunting are known by many ancient cultures worldwide.", "The world's first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the naturalist and explorer Charles Waterton around his estate in Walton Hall, West Yorkshire.", "He spent £9000 on the construction of a three mile long, 9 ft tall wall to enclose his park against poachers.", "He tried to encourage bird life by planting trees and hollowing out trunks for owls to nest in.", "Waterton invented artificial nest boxes to house starlings, jackdaws and sand martins; and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce little owls from Italy.", "Waterton allowed local people access to his reserve and was described by David Attenborough as “one of the first people anywhere to recognise not only that the natural world was of great importance but that it needed protection as humanity made more and more demands on it”.", "Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) was protected as the first state-designated nature reserve in modern-day Germany; the site was bought by the Prussian State in 1836 to protect it from further quarrying.", "The first major nature reserve was Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, United States, followed by the Royal National Park near Sydney, Australia and the Barguzin Nature Reserve of Imperial Russia, the first of \"zapovedniks\" set up by a federal government entirely for the scientific study of nature.", "Today there are several national and international organizations that have taken the responsibility of supervising numerous systems of non-profit animal sanctuaries and refuges in order to provide a general system for sanctuaries to follow.", "Among them, the American Sanctuary Association monitors and aids in various facilities to care for exotic wildlife.", "Their accredited facilities follow high standards and a rigid application processes to ensure that the animals under their care are avidly cared for and maintained.", "The number of sanctuaries has substantially increased over the past few years.", "In Australia, a nature reserve is the title of a type of protected area used in the jurisdictions of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia.", "The term “nature reserve” is defined in the relevant statutes used in those states and territories rather than by a single national statute.", "As of 2016, 1767 out of a total of 11044 protected areas listed within the Australian National Reserve System used the term \"nature reserve\" in their names.", "In Brazil, nature reserves are classified as ecological stations or biological reserves by the National System of Conservation Units.", "Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, excluding direct human interference.", "Visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes.", "Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the natural balance, biological diversity and natural ecological processes.", "Ecological stations are also allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits (e.g. affecting no more than 3% of the area or 1500 ha , whichever is less) for the purpose of scientific research.", "A wildlife reserve in Brazil is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, but products and by-products from research may be sold.", "The wildlife refuge in Brazil has as its objective protecting natural flora and fauna where conditions are assured for the existence and reproduction of species or communities of the local flora and the resident or migratory fauna.", "It can be constituted by private areas, as long as it is possible to make compatible the objectives of the unit with the utilization of the land of the natural resources of the location by the landowners.", "Public visitation is subject to the conditions and restrictions established by the management plan of the unit and to the regulations established by the body most important for its administration and scientific research depends on previous authorization from the body responsible for the administration of the unit and is subject to the conditions and restrictions established by this body.", "In Canada, UNESCO has recognized 18 nature reserves, mostly along the Niagara Escarpment and St. Lawrence River in Ontario.", "Federally, Canada recognizes 55 National Wildlife Areas across the country, containing species of ecological significance.", "The relevant Ministry is known as Environment and Climate Change Canada, which protects these areas under legislation known as the Canada Wildlife Act.", "The areas comprise approximately 1 million hectares of habitat, half of which is marine habitat, for the purpose of conservation and research.", "Many conservation groups protect nature reserves in Canada as well, including Nature Conservancy Canada, Ducks Unlimited, and Escarpment Biosphere Conservancy.", "These charities operate to protect wilderness on privately owned lands, including through Canada's Ecological Gifts Program.", "There are 30 nature reserves in Egypt which cover 12% of Egyptian land.", "Those nature reserves were built according to the laws no. 102/1983 and 4/1994 for protection of the Egyptian nature reserve.", "Egypt announced a plan from to build 40 nature reserves from 1997 to 2017, to help protect the natural resources and the culture and history of those areas.", "The largest nature reserve in Egypt is Gebel Elba (35600 km2 ) in the southeast, on the Red Sea coast.", "Denmark has three national parks and several nature reserves, some of them inside the national park areas.", "The largest single reserve is Hanstholm Nature Reserve, which covers 40 km2 and is part of Thy National Park.", "In Sweden, there are 29 national parks.", "The first of them was established in 1909.", "In fact, Sweden was the first European country that established 9 national parks.", "There are almost 4,000 nature reserves in Sweden.", "They comprise about 85% of the surface that is protected by the Swedish Environmental Code.", "In Estonia, there are 5 national parks, more than 100 nature reserves, and around 130 landscape protection areas.", "The largest nature reserve in Estonia is Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve, which covers 342 km2 .", "As of 2017, France counts 10 national parks, around 50 regional nature parks, and 8 marine parks.", "In 1995 Germany had 5,314 nature reserves covering 6845 km2 , the largest total areas being in Bavaria with 1416 km2 and Lower Saxony with 1275 km2 .", "In Hungary, there are 10 national parks, more than 15 nature reserves and more than 250 protected areas.", "Hortobágy National Park is the largest continuous natural grassland in Europe and the oldest national park in Hungary.", "It is situated on the eastern part of Hungary, on the plain of the Alföld.", "It was established in 1972.", "There are alkaline grasslands interrupted by marshes.", "They have a sizable importance because there are the fishponds.", "One of the most spectacular sights of the park is the autumn migration of cranes.", "Some famous Hungarian animal species live in Hortobágy National Park, such as the grey cattle, racka long-wool sheep living only in Hungary, Hungarian horses and buffalo.", "Hortobágy National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1 December 1999.", "As of 2011, Poland has 1469 nature reserves.", "Nature reserves are one of the 11 types of protected areas in Portugal.", "As of 2012, Portugal had a total of 46 protected areas, which represented 6807.89 km2 of land and 463.94 km2 of marine surfaces.", "Among the protected areas, nine are classified as nature reserve .", "About 5.18% of the area of Romania has a protected status (12,360 km2), including the Danube Delta, which makes up half of this area (2.43% of Romania's total area).", "The Swiss National Park, created in 1914, was one of the earliest national parks in Europe.", "In addition to the Swiss National Park, Switzerland also has sixteen regional nature parks.", "The environmental organization Pro Natura takes care of about 650 nature reserves of various sizes throughout Switzerland (250 square kilometers).", "Israel's National parks of Israel are declared historic sites or nature reserves, which are mostly operated and maintained by the National Nature and Parks Authority.", "As of 2019, Israel maintains more than 490 nature reserves that protect 2,500 species of indigenous wild plants, 20 species of fish, 530 species of birds and 70 species of mammals.", "Total, they cover (6400 km2 ) of nature reserves, approximately 28% of Israel land.", "In 1984, the two areas with the highest number of nature reserves were the South (15.2%) and Samaria (the Shomron, 13.5%).", "Under the Nature Conservation Law, places can be designated as 'wilderness areas', 'nature conservation areas' and 'prefectural nature conservation areas'.", "In 1995, when the Japanese Government published its information in English, there were 5 wildernesses, 10 nature conservation areas and 516 prefectural nature conservation areas.", "There are seven nature reserves in Jordan.", "In 1966 the organization that would later start Jordan's nature reserves, the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, was founded.", "RSCN's first efforts involved bringing back severely endangered species.", "In 1973, RSCN was given the right to issue hunting licenses, giving RSCN an upper hand in preventing extinction.", "The first step was the founding of Jordan's first nature reserve, Shaumari Wildlife Reserve, in 1975.", "The primary purpose was to create means to breed endangered species, specifically: the Arabian oryx, gazelles, ostriches, and Persian onagers in their natural environment.", "By the end of 2009 there were 10 nature reserves in Kyrgyzstan covering 600,000 ha or about 3% of the total area of the country.", "New Zealand has a variety of types of reserve, including national parks, various types of conservation areas (including stewardship land that is yet to be officially classified), and seven specific types of \"reserve\", each of which prioritize various degrees of protection to different amenities such as scenery, recreation, flora and fauna, scientific value, or history.", "Land is often sub-categorised beneath its general classification, as defined in law between the \"Reserves Act of 1977\", the \"National Parks Act of 1980\", and the \"Conservation Act of 1987\".", "Under these classifications, the Department of Conservation administers more than 80,000 km---nearly 30 percent of the nation's total area---with at least some degree of protection.", "This land is composed of 14 National Parks, 30 Conservation Parks, and approximately 8,900 discrete areas of land in total.", "Although the most public land is strongly protected for natural preservation, the term \"nature reserve\" is specifically defined in the Reserves Act to mean a reserve that prioritizes the protection of rare flora and fauna, to the extent that public access is by permit only.", "Some of these reserves include Ecological Islands, a comparatively new concept in wildlife preservation, pioneered in New Zealand to help re-build the populations of nearly extinct birds, and other species that are heavily threatened by introduced predators.", "In Nicaragua, the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) is in charge of environmental protection and of the study, planning, and management of Nicaragua's natural resources.", "Nearly one-fifth of the territory is designated as protected areas like national parks, nature reserves (including the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve), and biological reserves.", "Nicaragua has 78 protected areas that cover 22,422 km, about 17.3% of the nation's landmass.", "Private nature reserves exist with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor.", "For example, \"O Parks, WildLife, and Recreation\" was established within the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor by former FDNY firefighter Kevin Michael Shea, who purchased 46 acre of land in this manner and is an example of this type of private nature reserve.", "There are around 100 nature reserves ( , \"zapovednik\") in Russia, covering some 330,000 km2 , or about 1.4% of the country's total area.", "A few of them predate the October Revolution of 1917, but most have been created during the Soviet Union era.", "There are also natural protected areas where only certain species are protected, or only certain activities are prohibited; those are known as \"zakaznik\" .", "Unofficial sanctuaries can also occur as a result of human accidents; the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone has in practice become a wildlife refuge since very few people live in the area.", "Wildlife has flourished in the zone since the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986.", "South Africa is well known for its many reserves.", "The oldest nature reserve in the country (and oldest conservation area in the world) is the Groenkloof Nature Reserve that was established in 1892 in the capital city Pretoria in the old South African Republic and current Republic of South Africa.", "The country has many national parks but the best-known is the Kruger National Park, which was (proclaimed in 1898), and is the largest, at nearly 2000000 ha .", "The Kruger Park and Table Mountain National Park are two of South Africa's most visited tourist attractions.", "South Africa also has a number of World Heritage Sites and provincial game reserves including Shamwari, Londolozi, Sanbona and Lalibela.", "The country currently has 20 national parks covering 3700000 ha , about 3% of the total area of South Africa.", "The area around Mihintale, Sri Lanka as a sanctuary for wildlife, probably the first of its generation in the ancient world.", "According to stone inscriptions found in the vicinity, the king commanded the people not to harm animals or destroy trees within the area.", "There are 4 biosphere reserves (two of them are dated 1927 and 1874) and 17 nature reserves in Ukraine, covering 160,000 hectares.", "Ukraine administers 40 national parks, 2632 habitat management areas, 3025 nature monuments, and 1430 other preservations.", "There are some differences between the regulations for England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, which are separately managed.", "At the end of March 2004, there were 215 national nature reserves in England with a total area of 879 square kilometers.", "The reserves are scattered through England, from Lindisfarne in Northumberland to The Lizard in Cornwall.", "Nearly every rural county has at least one.", "Many national nature reserves contain nationally important populations of rare flowers, ferns and mosses, butterflies and other insects, and nesting and wintering birds.", "Examples include unique alpine plants at Upper Teesdale and the field of snake's head fritillaries at North Meadow, Cricklade, Wiltshire.", "There are now over 1,050 local nature reserves in England.", "They range from windswept coastal headlands, ancient woodlands and flower-rich meadows to former inner-city railways, long-abandoned landfill sites and industrial areas now re-colonized by wildlife.", "In total, they cover almost 40,000 ha—an impressive natural resource which makes an important contribution to England's biodiversity.", "A good example is Rye Harbour Nature Reserve in East Sussex, where a network of footpaths enables visitors to explore shingle, saltmarsh, saline lagoon, reedbed, and grazing marsh habitats.", "Through the Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991 the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) was established in 1992 as a government body, responsible to the Scottish Government Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament.", "At 31 March 2008, there were 65 Scottish national nature reserves with a total area of approximately 1330 square kilometres.", "Section 21 of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 gives local authorities the exclusive statutory power to establish a local nature reserve in consultation with the SNH.", "In the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service applies the term \"refuge\" to various categories of areas administered by the Secretary of the Interior for the conservation of fish and wildlife.", "The Refuge System includes areas administered for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, as well as wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas.", "The first North American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife sanctuary at Lake Merritt, was established by Samuel Merritt and enacted in California state law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge.", "The first federally owned refuge in the United States is Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge and was established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 as part of his Square Deal campaign to improve the country.", "At the time, setting aside land for wildlife was not a constitutional right of the president.", "More recently, a bi-partisan group of US House of Representatives members established the Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus to further the needs of the National Wildlife Refuge System in the US Congress.", "In the United States the United States Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for managing many nature reserves, including National Wildlife Refuges.", "State and local governments administer others, and some belong to private trusts, which are funded through personal donations.", "There are currently 2,205 preservations in the United States.", "Private nature reserves exist with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor.", "Wilbur Hot Springs' Dr. Richard Louis Miller donated 1800 acre of land in this manner and is an example of this type of private nature reserve." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 514640, "simple_article_title": "Nature reserve", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=514640", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-514640-0-0", "simple-514640-0-1", "simple-514640-0-2", "simple-514640-0-3", "simple-514640-1-0", "simple-514640-1-1", "simple-514640-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A nature reserve (preserve or (national/nature) conserve) is a protected area.", "It protects wildlife, flora (plants) and fauna (animals).", "Reserves may also protect geological features or other special interests.", "A nature reserve is land that is kept for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research.", "Nature reserves can be created by government institutions.", "They can also be created by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality.", "The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an organization that helps countries and others with conservation programs and management." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4177456, "normal_article_title": "Standing start", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4177456", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4177456-0-0", "normal-4177456-1-0", "normal-4177456-1-1", "normal-4177456-1-2", "normal-4177456-1-3", "normal-4177456-2-0", "normal-4177456-2-1", "normal-4177456-2-2", "normal-4177456-3-0", "normal-4177456-3-1", "normal-4177456-3-2", "normal-4177456-3-3", "normal-4177456-3-4", "normal-4177456-3-5", "normal-4177456-3-6", "normal-4177456-3-7", "normal-4177456-4-0", "normal-4177456-4-1", "normal-4177456-4-2", "normal-4177456-4-3", "normal-4177456-4-4", "normal-4177456-5-0", "normal-4177456-5-1", "normal-4177456-5-2", "normal-4177456-5-3", "normal-4177456-5-4", "normal-4177456-5-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A standing start is a type of start in auto racing events, in which cars are stationary when the race begins.", "In a standing start, cars are completely still but with their engines running when a green signal is given to start the race.", "This is often preceded by a set number of lights.", "Standing starts are common in many motorsports, including most single-seater (Formula 1 and Formula 2 notably), Touring Cars (most notably British and World Touring Cars), drag racing, the Supercars Championship, kart racing, and many types of short-course off-road racing.", "The standing start often occurs following a parade lap.", "American-based series such as IndyCar, NASCAR, and SCCA have traditionally utilized rolling starts.", "During the 2013 and 2014 seasons, the IndyCar Series adopted a rule for standing starts on a trial basis for selected events.", "IndyCar dropped the procedure after the 2014 season, due to numerous start aborts and a start-line crash at the 2014 Grand Prix of Indianapolis.", "A Le Mans-style start was used for many years in various types of motor racing.", "When the start flag dropped, drivers had to run across the track to their cars which were parked on the other side, climb in, start the car, and drive away to begin the race.", "Such starts were very unsafe, with drivers possibly rushing the process of fastening their safety equipment.", "Britain's RAC prohibited the use of the Le Mans start in English racing in late summer 1962 precisely for this reason.", "As a result, they are no longer used in any motorsport except for endurance motorcycle racing, such as the Coke Zero Suzuka 8 Hours and the 24 Heures Moto, bicycle endurance races, Kinetic Sculpture Races and due to their vulnerability to flameouts, in nitro powered radio-controlled racing, except they are held above ground until start by its mechanics whilst the drivers remain in their stand.", "A Le Mans start variation called a \"land rush start\" is used at short course off-road races at Crandon International Off-Road Raceway where the vehicles start lined up side-by-side on a wide part of the track.", "The \"land rush start\" is based on the 1970 24 Hours of Le Mans start, and is used in historic races at Le Mans in some situations.", "However, unlike the true Le Mans start, engines are already running and the drivers are already sitting behind the wheel, wearing their safety belts, when the starting signal is displayed.", "A second variation is used in the Australian GT Championship invitational Highlands 101 at Highlands Motorsports Park in New Zealand.", "It integrates both the Le Mans start and the Land Rush start.", "The drivers are behind the wheel already, but the co-drivers are equipped with flags approximately 250 m from their cars on the entrance to pit lane.", "At the signal, the co-drivers run the 250 m and hand over a flag that signals to their team the car is cleared to start.", "The driver then starts the car.", "The alternative to a standing start is a rolling start.", "Standing starts are often deemed safer in Formula sports, due to the higher acceleration speeds, which could cause problems if a rolling start were used, based on the speed of the safety car and regulations regarding the start (some forms of motorsport are strict on when cars may accelerate after the safety car enters pit lane—some do not permit acceleration until the cars are near the start line at starter's orders).", "A standing start can cause problems, however, such as stalled cars being hit by drivers who start behind them on the grid.", "Ricardo Paletti was killed in just such an accident at the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix.", "Another example was the 2007 Champ Car Mont-Tremblant, where multiple cars stalled on the start, resulting in a safety car.", "Motorsports using standing starts usually penalize drivers who \"jump the start\" by moving before the lights are extinguished." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 329029, "simple_article_title": "Standing start", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=329029", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-329029-0-0", "simple-329029-0-1", "simple-329029-0-2", "simple-329029-0-3", "simple-329029-0-4", "simple-329029-1-0", "simple-329029-1-1", "simple-329029-1-2", "simple-329029-1-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A standing start is a type of start in auto racing events where cars are standing still when the race begins.", "In a standing start, cars are completely still when a green signal is given to start the race.", "This often follows a set of lights that count down to the start of the race.", "Standing starts are common in many motorsports, including drag racing, most single-seat (Formula One and GP2 Series), Touring Cars (most notably British and World Touring Cars), V8 Supercars, and many types of short-course off-road races.", "The standing start often occurs following a parade lap.", "The opposite of a standing start is a rolling start.", "Standing starts are often deemed safer in Formula sports because of high acceleration speeds, which could cause problems if a rolling start were used.", "A standing start can cause problems like stalled cars being hit by the driver who starts behind them on the grid.", "Motorsports using standing starts usually penalize drivers who \"jump the start\", or redlight, by moving before the green light is lit." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 233490, "normal_article_title": "Minaret", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233490", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-233490-0-0", "normal-233490-0-1", "normal-233490-0-2", "normal-233490-0-3", "normal-233490-0-4", "normal-233490-0-5", "normal-233490-0-6", "normal-233490-1-0", "normal-233490-1-1", "normal-233490-1-2", "normal-233490-1-3", "normal-233490-2-0", "normal-233490-2-1", "normal-233490-2-2", "normal-233490-3-0", "normal-233490-3-1", "normal-233490-3-2", "normal-233490-3-3", "normal-233490-3-4", "normal-233490-4-0", "normal-233490-4-1", "normal-233490-5-0", "normal-233490-5-1", "normal-233490-5-2", "normal-233490-6-0", "normal-233490-6-1", "normal-233490-6-2", "normal-233490-7-0", "normal-233490-7-1", "normal-233490-7-2", "normal-233490-7-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Minaret ( ; \" \", , , from \" \") is a type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques.", "Minarets serve multiple purposes.", "While they provide a visual focal point, they are generally used for the Muslim call to prayer (adhan).", "The basic form of a minaret includes a base, shaft, a cap and head.", "They are generally a tall spire with a conical or onion-shaped crown.", "They can either be free-standing or taller than the associated support structure.", "The architecture, function, and role of the minaret vary by region and time period.", "Minarets attached to mosques serve two main functions: to perform the call to prayer and to act as a symbol of Islam.", "In the early 9th century, the first minarets were placed opposite the qibla wall.", "Oftentimes, this placement was not beneficial in reaching the community for the call to prayer.", "They served as a reminder that the region was Islamic and helped to distinguish mosques from the surrounding architecture.", "In addition to providing a visual cue to a Muslim community, the other function is to provide a vantage point from which the call to prayer, or adhan, is made.", "The call to prayer is issued five times each day: dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and night.", "In most modern mosques, the \" \" is called from the \" \" (prayer hall) via microphone to a speaker system on the minaret.", "The basic form of minarets consists of four parts: a base, a shaft, a cap and a head.", "Minarets may be conical (tapering), square, cylindrical, or polygonal (faceted).", "Stairs circle the shaft in a counter-clockwise fashion, providing necessary structural support to the highly elongated shaft.", "The gallery is a balcony that encircles the upper sections from which the muezzin may give the call to prayer.", "It is covered by a roof-like canopy and adorned with ornamentation, such as decorative brick and tile work, cornices, arches and inscriptions, with the transition from the shaft to the gallery typically displaying muqarnas.", "The earliest mosques lacked minarets, and the call to prayer was often performed from smaller tower structures.", "Hadiths relay that the early Muslim community of Medina gave the call to prayer from the roof of the house of Muhammad, which doubled as a place for prayer.", "The first known minarets appear in the early 9th century under Abbasid rule, and were not widely used until the 11th century.", "These early minaret forms were originally placed in the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall.", "These towers were built across the empire in a height to width ratio of 3:1.", "The oldest minaret is the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia and it is consequently the oldest minaret still standing.", "The construction of the Great Mosque of Kairouan dates to the year 836.", "The mosque is constituted by three levels of decreasing widths that reach 31.5 meters tall.", "Minarets have had various forms (in general round, squared, spiral or octagonal) in light of their architectural function.", "Minarets are built out of any material that is readily available, and often changes from region to region.", "The number of minarets by mosques is not fixed, originally one minaret would accompany each mosque, then the builder could construct several more.", "Styles and architecture can vary widely according to region and time period." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 134674, "simple_article_title": "Minaret", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=134674", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-134674-0-0", "simple-134674-0-1", "simple-134674-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A minaret is a tower.", "Many mosques have minarets.", "Muezzins to call Muslims to prayers from minarets five times a day." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 102262, "normal_article_title": "John Zerzan", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102262", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-102262-0-0", "normal-102262-0-1", "normal-102262-0-2", "normal-102262-1-0", "normal-102262-1-1", "normal-102262-2-0", "normal-102262-2-1", "normal-102262-2-2", "normal-102262-2-3", "normal-102262-3-0", "normal-102262-3-1", "normal-102262-3-2", "normal-102262-3-3", "normal-102262-3-4", "normal-102262-3-5", "normal-102262-4-0", "normal-102262-4-1", "normal-102262-4-2", "normal-102262-4-3", "normal-102262-5-0", "normal-102262-5-1", "normal-102262-6-0", "normal-102262-6-1", "normal-102262-6-2", "normal-102262-7-0", "normal-102262-7-1", "normal-102262-7-2", "normal-102262-7-3", "normal-102262-7-4", "normal-102262-8-0", "normal-102262-8-1", "normal-102262-8-2", "normal-102262-8-3", "normal-102262-9-0", "normal-102262-9-1", "normal-102262-9-2", "normal-102262-9-3", "normal-102262-10-0", "normal-102262-10-1", "normal-102262-10-2", "normal-102262-10-3", "normal-102262-11-0", "normal-102262-11-1", "normal-102262-11-2", "normal-102262-12-0", "normal-102262-12-1", "normal-102262-12-2", "normal-102262-13-0", "normal-102262-13-1", "normal-102262-13-2", "normal-102262-13-3", "normal-102262-14-0", "normal-102262-14-1", "normal-102262-14-2", "normal-102262-15-0", "normal-102262-15-1", "normal-102262-15-2", "normal-102262-15-3", "normal-102262-15-4", "normal-102262-15-5", "normal-102262-15-6", "normal-102262-15-7", "normal-102262-15-8", "normal-102262-15-9", "normal-102262-15-10", "normal-102262-15-11", "normal-102262-15-12", "normal-102262-15-13", "normal-102262-15-14", "normal-102262-16-0", "normal-102262-17-0", "normal-102262-17-1", "normal-102262-18-0", "normal-102262-18-1", "normal-102262-18-2", "normal-102262-19-0", "normal-102262-19-1", "normal-102262-20-0", "normal-102262-21-0", "normal-102262-21-1", "normal-102262-22-0", "normal-102262-22-1", "normal-102262-22-2", "normal-102262-22-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "John Zerzan ( ; born August 10, 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist ecophilosopher and author.", "His works criticize agricultural civilization as inherently oppressive, and advocates drawing upon the ways of life of hunter-gatherers as an inspiration for what a free society should look like.", "Some subjects of his criticism include domestication, language, symbolic thought (such as mathematics and art) and the concept of time.", "His six major books are \"Elements of Refusal\" (1988), \"Future Primitive and Other Essays\" (1994), \"Running on Emptiness\" (2002), \"\" (2005), \"Twilight of the Machines\" (2008), and \"Why hope?", "The Stand Against Civilization\" (2015).", "Zerzan was born in Salem, Oregon.", "He received his bachelor's degree from Stanford University and later received a master's degree in History from San Francisco State University.", "He completed his coursework towards a PhD at the University of Southern California but dropped out before completing his dissertation.", "He is of Czech descent.", "Zerzan's theories draw on Theodor Adorno's concept of negative dialectics to construct a theory of civilization as the cumulative construction of alienation.", "According to Zerzan, original human societies in paleolithic times, and similar societies today such as the !K", "Kung and Mbuti, live a non-alienated and non-oppressive form of life based on primitive abundance and closeness to nature.", "Constructing such societies as an instructive comparison against which to denounce contemporary (especially industrial) societies, Zerzan uses anthropological studies from such societies as the basis for a wide-ranging critique of aspects of modern life.", "He portrays contemporary society as a world of misery built on the psychological production of a sense of scarcity and lack.", "The history of civilization is the history of renunciation; what stands against this is not progress but rather the Utopia which arises from its negation.", "Zerzan is an anarchist philosopher, and is broadly associated with the philosophies of anarcho-primitivism, green anarchism, anti-civilisation, post-left anarchy, neo-luddism, and in particular the critique of technology.", "He rejects not only the state, but all forms of hierarchical and authoritarian relations.", "\"Most simply, anarchy means 'without rule.'", "This implies not only a rejection of government but of all other forms of domination and power as well.\"", "Zerzan's work relies heavily on a strong dualism between the \"primitive\" – viewed as non-alienated, wild, non-hierarchical, ludic, and socially egalitarian – and the \"civilised\" – viewed as alienated, domesticated, hierarchically organised and socially discriminatory.", "Hence, \"life before domestication/agriculture was in fact largely one of leisure, intimacy with nature, sensual wisdom, sexual equality, and health.\"", "Zerzan's claims about the status of primitive societies are based on a certain reading of the works of anthropologists such as Marshall Sahlins and Richard B. Lee.", "Crucially, the category of primitives is restricted to pure hunter-gatherer societies with no domesticated plants or animals.", "For instance, hierarchy among Northwest Coast Native Americans whose main activities were fishing and foraging is attributed to their having domesticated dogs and tobacco.", "Zerzan calls for a \"Future Primitive\", a radical reconstruction of society based on a rejection of alienation and an embracing of the wild.", "\"It may be that our only real hope is the recovery of a face-to-face social existence, a radical decentralization, a dismantling of the devouring, estranging productionist, high-tech trajectory that is so impoverishing.\"", "The usual use of anthropological evidence is comparative and demonstrative – the necessity or naturality of aspects of modern western societies is challenged by pointing to counter-examples in hunter-gatherer societies.", "\"Ever-growing documentation of human prehistory as a very long period of largely non-alienated life stands in sharp contrast to the increasingly stark failures of untenable modernity.\"", "It is unclear, however, whether this implies a re-establishment of the literal forms of hunter-gatherer societies or a broader kind of learning from their ways of life in order to construct non-alienated relations.", "Zerzan's political project calls for the destruction of technology.", "He draws the same distinction as Ivan Illich, between tools that stay under the control of the user, and technological systems that draw the user into their control.", "One difference is the division of labour, which Zerzan opposes.", "In Zerzan's philosophy, technology is possessed by an elite which automatically has power over other users; this power is one of the sources of alienation, along with domestication and symbolic thought.", "Zerzan's typical method is to take a particular construct of civilisation (a technology, belief, practice or institution) and construct an account of its historical origins, what he calls its destructive and alienating effects and its contrasts with hunter-gatherer experiences.", "In his essay on number, for example, Zerzan starts by contrasting the \"civilized\" emphasis on counting and measuring with a \"primitive\" emphasis on sharing, citing Dorothy Lee's work on the Trobriand Islanders in support, before constructing a narrative of the rise of number through cumulative stages of state domination, starting with the desire of Egyptian kings to measure what they ruled.", "This approach is repeated in relation to time, gender inequality, work, technology, art and ritual, agriculture and globalization.", "Zerzan also writes more general texts on anarchist, primitivist theory, and critiques of \"postmodernism\".", "Zerzan was one of the editors of \"Green Anarchy\", a controversial journal of anarcho-primitivist and insurrectionary anarchist thought.", "He is also the host of \"Anarchy Radio\" in Eugene on the University of Oregon's radio station KWVA.", "He has also served as a contributing editor at \"Anarchy Magazine\" and has been published in magazines such as \"AdBusters\".", "He does extensive speaking tours around the world, and is married to an independent consultant to museums and other nonprofit organizations.", "In 1966, Zerzan was arrested while performing civil disobedience at a Berkeley anti-Vietnam War march and spent two weeks in the Contra Costa County Jail.", "He vowed after his release never again to be willingly arrested.", "He attended events organized by Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters and was involved with the psychedelic drug and music scene in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood.", "In the late 1960s he worked as a social worker for the city of San Francisco welfare department.", "He helped organize a social worker's union, the SSEU, and was elected vice president in 1968, and president in 1969.", "The local Situationist group Contradiction denounced him as a \"leftist bureaucrat\".", "In 1974, Black and Red Press published \"Unions Against Revolution\" by Spanish ultra-left theorist Grandizo Munis that included an essay by Zerzan which previously appeared in the journal \"Telos\".", "Over the next 20 years, Zerzan became intimately involved with the \"Fifth Estate\", \"\", \"Demolition Derby \" and other anarchist periodicals.", "He began to question civilization in the early 80's, after having sought to confront issues around the neutrality of technology and division of labour, at the time when Fredy Perlman was making similar conclusions.", "He saw civilization itself as the root of the problems of the world and that a hunter-gatherer form of society presented the most egalitarian model for human relations with themselves and the natural world.", "In the mid-1990s, Zerzan became a confidant to Theodore Kaczynski, the \"Unabomber\", after he read \"Industrial Society and Its Future\", the so-called \"Unabomber Manifesto.\"", "Zerzan sat through the Unabomber trial and often conversed with Kaczynski during the proceedings.", "After Zerzan became known as a friend of the Unabomber, the mainstream media became interested in Zerzan and his ideas.", "On May 7, 1995, a full-page interview with Zerzan was featured in \"The New York Times\".", "In Zerzan's essay \"Whose Unabomber?\"", "(1995), he signaled his support for the Kaczynski doctrine, but criticised the bombings: The mailing of explosive devices intended for the agents who are engineering the present catastrophe is too random.", "Children, mail carriers, and others could easily be killed.", "Even if one granted the legitimacy of striking at the high-tech horror show by terrorizing its indispensable architects, collateral harm is not justifiable ... However, Zerzan in the same essay offered a qualified defense of the Unabomber's actions: The concept of justice should not be overlooked in considering the Unabomber phenomenon.", "In fact, except for his targets, when have the many little Eichmanns who are preparing the Brave New World ever been called to account?.", "... Is it unethical to try to stop those whose contributions are bringing an unprecedented assault on life?", "Two years later, in the 1997 essay \"He Means It — Do You?,", ",\" Zerzan wrote: Enter the Unabomber and a new line is being drawn.", "This time the bohemian schiz-fluxers, Green yuppies, hobbyist anarcho-journalists, condescending organizers of the poor, hip nihilo-aesthetes and all the other \"anarchists\" who thought their pretentious pastimes would go on unchallenged indefinitely — well, it's time to pick which side you're on.", "It may be that here also is a Rubicon from which there will be no turning back.", "In a 2001 interview with \"The Guardian\", he said: Will there be other Kaczynskis?", "I think that activity came out of isolation and desperation, and I hope that isn't going to be something that people feel they have to take up because they have no other way to express their opposition to the brave new world.", "In a 2014 interview, Zerzan stated that he and Kaczynski were \"not on terms anymore.\"", "He criticized his former friend's 2008 essay \"The Truth About Primitive Life: A Critique of Anarchoprimitivism\" and expressed disapproval of Individuals Tending Towards the Wild, a Mexican group influenced by the Unabomber's bombing campaign.", "Zerzan was associated with the Eugene, Oregon anarchist scene.", "In his essay \"Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm\", Murray Bookchin directed criticism from an anarchist point of view at Zerzan's anti-civilizational and anti-technological perspective.", "He argued that Zerzan's representation of hunter-gatherers was flawed, selective and often patronisingly racist, that his analysis was superficial, and that his practical proposals were nonsensical.", "Aside from Bookchin, several other anarchist critiques of Zerzan's primitivist philosophies exist.", "The pamphlet, \"Anarchism vs. Primitivism\" by Brian Oliver Sheppard criticizes many aspects of the primitivist philosophy.", "It specifically rejects the claim that primitivism is a form of anarchism.", "Some authors, such as Andrew Flood, have argued that destroying civilization would lead to the death of a significant majority of the population, mainly in poor countries.", "John Zerzan responded to such claims by suggesting a gradual decrease in population size, with the possibility of people having the need to seek means of sustainability more close to nature.", "Flood suggests this contradicts Zerzan's claims elsewhere, and adds that, since it is certain that most people will strongly reject Zerzan's supposed utopia, it can only be implemented by authoritarian means, against the will of billions.", "In his essay \"Listen Anarchist!\",", ", Chaz Bufe criticized the primitivist position from an anarchist perspective, pointing out that primitivists are extremely vague about exactly which technologies they advocate keeping and which they seek to abolish, noting that smallpox had been eradicated thanks to medical technology.", "Theodore J. Kaczynski, better known as the Unabomber, is a surprisingly harsh critic of the current anarcho-primitivist mainstream and Zerzan in particular for what he sees as a foolish and invalid projection of leftist values such as gender equality, pacifism and leisure time onto the primitive way of life.", "Kaczynski holds that the values of gender equality, pacifism, leisure time, etc., while still admirable, are exactly the values of techno-industrial civilization and its promised techno-utopia.", "Second, he holds that having such an interpretation is counter-productive to the ultimate anti-civilization/anti-tech goal as it attracts \"leftist types\" who are by nature uncommitted and act to dilute the movement.", "Kaczynski insists that the core values of freedom, autonomy, dignity, and human fulfillment must be emphasized above all others." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 135832, "simple_article_title": "John Zerzan", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=135832", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-135832-0-0", "simple-135832-0-1", "simple-135832-0-2", "simple-135832-0-3", "simple-135832-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "John Zerzan (born in 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist philosopher and author.", "His works speaks about agricultural civilization.", "Some of his criticism has extended as far as challenging domestication, language, symbolic thought (such as mathematics and art) and the concept of time.", "His five major books are \"Elements of Refusal\" (1988), \"Future Primitive and Other Essays\" (1994), \"Running on Emptiness\" (2002), \"\" (2005) and \"Twilight of the Machines\" (2008).", "Zerzan is currently one of the editors of \"Green Anarchy\", a journal of anarcho-primitivist and insurrectionary anarchist thought." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1108759, "normal_article_title": "Saint-Paul-de-Vence", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108759", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1108759-0-0", "normal-1108759-0-1", "normal-1108759-1-0", "normal-1108759-1-1", "normal-1108759-2-0", "normal-1108759-2-1", "normal-1108759-2-2", "normal-1108759-2-3", "normal-1108759-3-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Saint-Paul-de-Vence (before 2011: \"Saint-Paul\", in Occitan: Sant Pau) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.", "One of the oldest medieval towns on the French Riviera, it is well known for its modern and contemporary art museums and galleries such as Fondation Maeght which is located nearby.", "Saint-Paul-de-Vence has long been a haven of the famous, mostly due to the La Colombe d'Or hotel, whose former guests include Jean-Paul Sartre and Pablo Picasso.", "During the 1960s, the village was frequented by French actors Yves Montand, Simone Signoret and Lino Ventura, and poet Jacques Prévert.", "Saint-Paul is also well known for the artists who have lived there, such as Jacques Raverat, Gwen Raverat and Marc Chagall and more recently the couple Bernard-Henri Lévy and Arielle Dombasle.", "Former Rolling Stones bassist Bill Wyman has a home there.", "American writer James Baldwin died there in 1987.", "British actor Donald Pleasence died there in 1995.", "Miami FC player Vincenzo Rennella was born in Saint-Paul-de-Vence." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 150646, "simple_article_title": "Saint-Paul-de-Vence", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=150646", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-150646-0-0", "simple-150646-0-1", "simple-150646-0-2", "simple-150646-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Saint-Paul-de-Vence is a commune.", "It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.", "It is one of the oldest medieval towns on the French Riviera.", "It is well known for its modern and contemporary art museums and galleries such as Fondation Maeght." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 240763, "normal_article_title": "Coruscant", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240763", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-240763-0-0", "normal-240763-0-1", "normal-240763-1-0", "normal-240763-1-1", "normal-240763-1-2", "normal-240763-1-3", "normal-240763-2-0", "normal-240763-2-1", "normal-240763-2-2", "normal-240763-2-3", "normal-240763-2-4", "normal-240763-3-0", "normal-240763-3-1", "normal-240763-4-0", "normal-240763-4-1", "normal-240763-4-2", "normal-240763-5-0", "normal-240763-5-1", "normal-240763-5-2", "normal-240763-5-3", "normal-240763-5-4", "normal-240763-6-0", "normal-240763-6-1", "normal-240763-6-2", "normal-240763-6-3", "normal-240763-7-0", "normal-240763-7-1", "normal-240763-7-2", "normal-240763-7-3", "normal-240763-7-4", "normal-240763-7-5", "normal-240763-8-0", "normal-240763-8-1", "normal-240763-9-0", "normal-240763-10-0", "normal-240763-10-1", "normal-240763-10-2", "normal-240763-11-0", "normal-240763-11-1", "normal-240763-12-0", "normal-240763-12-1", "normal-240763-13-0", "normal-240763-13-1", "normal-240763-13-2", "normal-240763-13-3", "normal-240763-13-4", "normal-240763-13-5", "normal-240763-13-6", "normal-240763-13-7", "normal-240763-14-0", "normal-240763-15-0", "normal-240763-15-1", "normal-240763-15-2", "normal-240763-15-3", "normal-240763-16-0", "normal-240763-16-1", "normal-240763-16-2", "normal-240763-17-0", "normal-240763-18-0", "normal-240763-18-1", "normal-240763-18-2", "normal-240763-19-0", "normal-240763-20-0", "normal-240763-20-1", "normal-240763-20-2", "normal-240763-21-0", "normal-240763-21-1", "normal-240763-21-2", "normal-240763-21-3", "normal-240763-22-0", "normal-240763-22-1", "normal-240763-22-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Coruscant is an ecumenopolis planet in the fictional \"Star Wars\" universe.", "It first appeared onscreen in the 1997 Special Edition of \"Return of the Jedi\", but was first depicted and mentioned by name in Timothy Zahn's 1991 novel \"Heir to the Empire\".", "Coruscant was historically referred to as Notron or Queen of the Core; was renamed Imperial Center during the reign of the Galactic Empire (as depicted in the original films) and Yuuzhan'tar during the Yuuzhan Vong invasion (as depicted in the \"New Jedi Order\" novel series).", "The planet's capital city was initially Galactic City (built at least in 100,000 BBY, partially destroyed in 27 and 44 ABY); under the Galactic Empire this was Imperial City, and was Republic City or the City Of Spires under the Galactic Republic.", "The planet was code-named Triple Zero during the Clone Wars.", "The demonym and adjective form of the planet name is Coruscanti.", "Coruscant lies within the Coruscant Subsector of the Corusca Sector, located in the Core Worlds galactic quadrant region.", "Coruscant is the sixth planet out of 11 planets in the Coruscant System: Revisse (Venus type), Platoril (Mercury type), Vandor-1 (Mercury type), Vandor-2 (Mercury type), Vandor-3 (Gaia type), Coruscant (Trantor type), Muscave (Jupiter type), Stentat (Jupiter type), Improcco (Pluto type), Nabatu (Eris type) and Ulabos (Pluto Type).", "Coruscant has four moons; Centax-1, Centax-2, Centax-3, and Hesperidium.", "Beyond the system's planets was the OboRin Comet Cluster (Oort Cloud type), and in between Improcco and Nabatu was an asteroid belt (The Covey).", "The sun was called Coruscant Prime, which the \"Star Wars galaxy\" places as XYZ coordinates 0-0-0 (i.e. the \"pole\"; instead of the Galactic Center) for all in-universe hyperspace navigation, mapping systems, and astronomical observations.", "Coruscant serves as the nexus of socio-economic, cultural, intellectual, political, military, and foreign policies activity within the \"Star Wars\" galaxy; at various times, it is the central administrative capital of these governing bodies: the Republic, the Galactic Empire, the New Republic, the Yuuzhan Vong Empire, the Galactic Federation Of Free Alliances (Galactic Alliance), the Fel Empire, Darth Krayt's Galactic Empire, and the Galactic Federation Triumvate.", "The planet's strategic position relative to the galactic center, a population of 2 trillion sentients approx, and control over the galaxy's main trade routes and hyperspace lanes — Perlemian Trade Route, Hydian Way, Corellian Run and Corellian Trade Spine — that must converge and pass through Coruscant space, cemented its status as the richest and most influential habitable world in the \"Star Wars\" galaxy.", "The word itself originates in the late 15th century from the Latin \"coruscant-\" 'vibrating, glittering', from the verb \"coruscare\".", "It is described in the \"Concise Oxford Dictionary\" as a poetic and literary adjective meaning 'glittering; sparkling'.", "The word \"coruscant\" is also a French adjective which means glittering, sparkling and, as a literary adjective, can be used to describe a decadent and overcomplicated language, decorum or community.", "The concept of a \"city planet\" in the \"Star Wars\" universe originated with the initial drafts of \"Star Wars\", when author George Lucas included a planet called \"Alderaan\" which was a city-planet and the capital planet of the galaxy.", "In Lucas's 1975 draft, \"Adventures of the Starkiller as taken from the Journal of the Whills, Saga I: The Star Wars\", the capital planet of Alderaan is described as a floating city in the clouds, \"suspended in a sea of cirrus methane\".", "This concept was illustrated in early sketches commissioned by Lucas from conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie, and the design very closely resembles Cloud City, the floating city that featured in \"The Empire Strikes Back\".", "In Lucas's third draft, the Imperial City of Alderaan has become the home world of the Sith Lords, and Darth Vader holds Princess Leia captive here.", "Lucas continued to hone his script, aided by screenwriters Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz; names of planets and characters were revised and the narrative was improved, and by the fourth draft, scenes on the Imperial capital planet had been moved to a space station called the \"Death Star\" and the name of \"Alderaan\" was now given peaceful world destroyed by the Empire.", "The Empire's homeworld, \"Had Abaddon\", came up in early drafts of \"Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi\".", "The entire planet was to be a sprawling city.", "However, concluding that the realization of such a city was impossible at the time, the creators abandoned the idea.", "Later, in the graphic novel \"Legacy 29: Vector, Part 10\" the name Had Abbadon was given to a lost mythic planet in the Had Abbadon System of the Deep Core, which was covered by dry fields, was linked to the birth of the Jedi, was the location of a planned assassination attempt by Cade Skywalker on Darth Krayt, and was home to an Imperial.", "The Empire's homeworld first appeared in the expanded universe and was called Coruscant for the first time in Timothy Zahn's \"Heir to the Empire\".", "Coruscant was first seen on screen in the 1997 Special Edition release of \"Return of the Jedi\", and the \"\" series of computer games.", "Coruscant was then seen (major appearance) in \"\".", "There is a speeder chase through the skies of Coruscant in \"\" that eventually leads to a nightclub in the bowels of Coruscant's Uscru Entertainment District.", "Coruscant is seen in \"\" as part of the opening battle scene.", "The planet's cityscape is then prominently featured throughout much of the movie, with Chancellor Palpatine's office as well as the Senate building being the primary two settings on Coruscant.", "In various novels, characters aligned with the Empire refer to Coruscant as \"Imperial Center\".", "Within the stories, this is explained as an administrative renaming undertaken to emphasize the differences between the Old Republic and the Empire.", "Coruscant was in some early sources called \"Jhantor\" in homage to Isaac Asimov's Trantor.", "Production artwork produced by Ralph McQuarrie for \"Return of the Jedi\" had included some unrealised designs for the imperial capital, Had Abaddon.", "During production of \"The Phantom Menace\", it was decided that scenes would be set on the capital planet, now called \"Coruscant\", and artist Doug Chiang was tasked with designing the imperial city, and he turned to McQuarrie's original concept art.", "The appearance of the cityscape has been described as a \"retro-futuristic metropolis\", and the streams of floating vehicles travelling between soaring skyscrapers is thought to have been partly inspired by Fritz Lang's 1927 film, \"Metropolis\".", "In \"Attack of the Clones\", the depiction of Coruscant was expanded greatly.", "Chiang created a more urban, apocalyptic environment for the street-level, taking inspiration from Ridley Scott's 1982 film \"Blade Runner\".", "Coruscant is a prominent location in both the \"Star Wars\" film series and the expanded universe media that has been produced.", "Within the narrative of the films, Coruscant-based locations such as the Jedi Temple and Jedi Archives act as the home for the Jedi and in plot terms are frequently used for exposition or to drive other elements of the plot.", "The planet is considered a \"Milliarium Aureum\"; the chronological and navigational center of the galaxy.", "The XYZ coordinates were 0,0,0 and the grid coordinates were L-9.", "The Galactic Standard Calendar was the standard chronometric in the \"Star Wars\" galaxy.", "It centered on the \"Coruscant tropical year\".", "The Coruscant solar cycle was 368 days long; with a day consisting of 360 NET degrees (or 24 standard hours), the same as Earth.", "Numerous epochs were used to determine calendar eras.", "The most recent of these calendar eras used the Battle of Yavin (i.e. the destruction of the first Death Star) as its epoch, or \"year zero\": BBY (\"Before the Battle of Yavin\"), and ABY (\"After the Battle of Yavin\").", "The earliest date in the \"Star Wars\" expanded universe as a whole is 13,000,000,000 BBY, which serves as the year the universe was created (though Coruscant's formation is not dated).", "James Luceno's novel \"Labyrinth of Evil\" introduces a deserted manufacturing area known as 'The Works' as the meeting place for Sith Lords Darth Sidious and Darth Tyranus.", "Another area of Coruscant shown is \"Coco Town\" (short for \"collective commerce\").", "Coco Town is the site of Dex's Diner in \"Attack of the Clones\".", "Another notable area of Coruscant is 500 Republica, an area where the \"crème de la crème\", such as politicians and diplomats, gather.", "In \"Revenge of the Sith\", a theatre in 500 Republica is where Chancellor Palpatine holds a meeting with Anakin Skywalker, while watching an opera.", "Coruscant is also the location of an additional sequence added to later versions of \"Return of the Jedi\".", "In a montage scene, upon hearing of the death of Emperor Palpatine, citizens are seen celebrating with fireworks and by pulling down his statues.", "This version of Coruscant was not reused for the prequel trilogy.", "In the \"Dark Empire\" graphic novel's prologue, set after the original film trilogy, Coruscant is ravaged by battles between warring Imperial factions.", "In \"The New Jedi Order\" series, Coruscant is the capital world of the New Republic until, in \"The New Jedi Order: Star by Star\", the extragalactic Yuuzhan Vong overwhelm the New Republic defenses in three attack waves, led by Warmaster Tsavong Lah, and take over the planet, destroying the New Republic and creating the theocratic Yuuzhan Vong Empire.", "After surrendering, the Yuuzhan Vong agreed to help the Alliance rebuild Coruscant.", "The new Coruscant is a combination of technology and organic life, to represent the peace between the Galactic Federation Of Free Alliances (Galactic Alliance) and the Yuuzhan Vong.", "With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed \"Star Wars\" novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film \"Star Wars\" were rebranded as \"Star Wars Legends\" and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.", "The Senate District was on the equator, and was home to the Ambassidorial Sector, (home to \"500 Republica\", the Senate Apartment Complex, Loijin Plaza, Nicandra Plaza and Nicandra Counterrevolutionary Signalmen's Memorial Building), Embassy Mall, Skysitter Restaurant, Bonadan Embassy, Colocaur Heights, Champalan Embassy, the Collunm Commons District, the Coruscant Opera House, the Galactic Museum, the Heorem Complex (Home to the Heorem Skytunnel), Judicial Plaza (home to the Glitanni Esplanade and the Judicial Arcology), the Legislative Borough, Senate Plaza, the Avenue Of The Core Founders, the Republic Executive Building, the Galactic Senate Building, Hospital Plaza, the Galactic Senate MedCenter, Novaplex, the Palace District (home to the Imperial Palace and Senate Hill), Quadrant A-89 (home to the CSF HQ, the Fellowship Plaza , the Galactic Justice Center and the Temple Precinct (home to the Jedi Temple)), Sector H-52, Sector I-33, the Uscru Boulevard, Westport and Xizor's Palace.", "It was the \"de facto\" capital of Coruscant, the Old Republic, the Galactic Empire, the New Republic, the Galactic Federation Of Free Alliances and the One Sith.", "It was constructed in 3996 BBY, bordered by the Financial District and the Sah'c District, was close to The Works, and went by the names Legislative District, Government District and Government Center.", "The walled Alien Protection Zone does not have a note to explain where on the planet it was, but it was likely to be on the equator.", "It was a segregated spot on the planet where all the aliens resided.", "Neighbourhoods there represented different species, and each resembled a different culture, making them feel homely, even if they were not.", "It was built in 19 BBY by the young Galactic Empire and opened by the New Republic in 6 ABY.", "Sah'c Town, also known as Sah'c District or Quadrant H-46, was an area on the Equator, named after and controlled by the wealthy Sah'c family.", "It was home of an emergency bunker where the chancellor of the Galactic Republic or New Republic ruled in case of an emergency (e.g., earthquake, volcano).", "Sah'c Canyon was also there, which was the exit point of the Senate District's Heorem Skytunnel." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 77673, "simple_article_title": "Coruscant", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=77673", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-77673-0-0", "simple-77673-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Coruscant is a fictional planet in the \"Star Wars\" movies.", "It has been the capital of the Galaxy for many years, and during that time, the planet has become one big city." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1613254, "normal_article_title": "Derek Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1613254", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1613254-0-0", "normal-1613254-0-1", "normal-1613254-1-0", "normal-1613254-1-1", "normal-1613254-1-2", "normal-1613254-2-0", "normal-1613254-2-1", "normal-1613254-3-0", "normal-1613254-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Derek Coates Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury (17 June 1918 – 21 November 2017) was a British member of the House of Lords.", "He also served as a senior civil servant and agricultural expert.", "Barber was educated at the Royal Agricultural College and served in the Second World War.", "He worked as a farmer in Gloucestershire before serving in various posts at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1946–72.", "Since then he took various advisory roles on countryside and agricultural matters, including to the government and BBC.", "He served as Chairman and later President of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; President of the Gloucestershire Naturalists' Society; President of the Royal Agricultural Society of England; President of the British Pig Association; and a Vice-President of the Nature in Art Trust.", "Barber was knighted in the 1984 Birthday Honours and was created a life peer as Baron Barber of Tewkesbury, \"of Gotherington in the County of Gloucestershire\", on 12 August 1992.", "He was a crossbench member of the House of Lords until his retirement on 25 March 2016.", "Hansard for 22 November 2017 announced that he had died the day before." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 596002, "simple_article_title": "Derek Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=596002", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-596002-0-0", "simple-596002-0-1", "simple-596002-0-2", "simple-596002-1-0", "simple-596002-1-1", "simple-596002-2-0", "simple-596002-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Derek Coates Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury (17 June 1918 – 21 November 2017) was a British member of the House of Lords.", "He also served as a senior civil servant and agricultural expert.", "He was born in Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England.", "He served as Chairman and later President of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; President of the Gloucestershire Naturalists' Society; President of the Royal Agricultural Society of England; President of the British Pig Association; and a Vice-President of the Nature in Art Trust.", "Barber was knighted in the 1984 Birthday Honours and was created a life peer as Baron Barber of Tewkesbury, \"of Gotherington in the County of Gloucestershire\", on 12 August 1992.", "Barber was a member of the House of Lords until his retirement on 25 March 2016.", "He died on 21 November 2017 at the age of 99." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1108347, "normal_article_title": "Goblin Valley State Park", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108347", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1108347-0-0", "normal-1108347-0-1", "normal-1108347-0-2", "normal-1108347-0-3", "normal-1108347-1-0", "normal-1108347-1-1", "normal-1108347-1-2", "normal-1108347-2-0", "normal-1108347-2-1", "normal-1108347-2-2", "normal-1108347-2-3", "normal-1108347-2-4", "normal-1108347-2-5", "normal-1108347-2-6", "normal-1108347-3-0", "normal-1108347-3-1", "normal-1108347-3-2", "normal-1108347-3-3", "normal-1108347-3-4", "normal-1108347-4-0", "normal-1108347-4-1", "normal-1108347-4-2", "normal-1108347-4-3", "normal-1108347-5-0", "normal-1108347-5-1", "normal-1108347-5-2", "normal-1108347-5-3", "normal-1108347-6-0", "normal-1108347-7-0", "normal-1108347-8-0", "normal-1108347-8-1", "normal-1108347-8-2", "normal-1108347-9-0", "normal-1108347-9-1", "normal-1108347-9-2", "normal-1108347-10-0", "normal-1108347-11-0", "normal-1108347-11-1", "normal-1108347-11-2", "normal-1108347-11-3", "normal-1108347-11-4", "normal-1108347-12-0", "normal-1108347-12-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Goblin Valley State Park is a state park of Utah, in the United States.", "The park features thousands of hoodoos, referred to locally as goblins, which are formations of mushroom-shaped rock pinnacles, some as tall as several yards (meters).", "The distinct shapes of these rocks result from an erosion-resistant layer of rock atop relatively softer sandstone.", "Goblin Valley State Park and Bryce Canyon National Park, also in Utah about 190 mi to the southwest, contain some of the largest occurrences of hoodoos in the world.", "The park lies within the San Rafael Desert on the southeastern edge of the San Rafael Swell, north of the Henry Mountains.", "Utah State Route 24 passes about 4 mi east of the park.", "Hanksville lies 12 mi to the south.", "Evidence of Native American cultures, including the Fremont, Paiute, and Ute, is common throughout the San Rafael Swell in the form of pictograph and petroglyph panels.", "Goblin Valley is noted for several rock art panels, as well as the rock formations.", "The secluded Goblin Valley was then found by cowboys searching for cattle.", "Then, in the late 1920s, Arthur Chaffin, later owner/operator of the Hite Ferry, and two companions, were searching for an alternate route between Green River and Caineville.", "They came to a vantage point about 1 mi west of Goblin Valley and were awed by what they saw – five buttes and a valley of strange, goblin-shaped rock formations surrounded by a wall of eroded cliffs.", "In 1949, Chaffin returned to the area he called Mushroom Valley.", "He spent several days exploring the mysterious valley and photographing its scores of intricately eroded rocks.", "Publicity attracted visitors to the valley despite its remoteness.", "In 1954, it was proposed that Goblin Valley be protected from vandalism.", "The state of Utah later acquired the property and established Goblin Valley State Reserve.", "It was officially designated a state park on August 24, 1964.", "In 2019 the state park was expanded by adding 6,261 acres of federal land.", "In October 2013, a delicately balanced hoodoo was intentionally knocked over by a Boy Scout leader while two other men watched, one of whom recorded a video that was later uploaded to the Internet.", "The men claimed that the hoodoo appeared ready to fall, and that it was intentionally knocked over to prevent park visitors from being hurt.", "The hoodoo formation had existed for many millions of years, having formed out of rock that dated back as far as 165 million years.", "The average rate of erosion of a hoodoo is approximately 2–4 feet (0.6-1.3 m) every 100 years.", "The two leaders were subsequently dismissed from their leadership roles by the Utah National Parks Council, which is a local council of the Boy Scouts in Utah.", "The national Boy Scouts then removed the men from the scouting organization altogether.", "In January 2014, two of the menthe one who toppled the hoodoo and the cameramanwere arraigned on felony charges of \"criminal mischief\" and \"intentionally damaging, defacing and destroying property.\"", "The two men pleaded guilty to lesser charges of criminal mischief and attempted criminal mischief, and received a sentence of one year probation plus fines and case-related fees.", "The flora of Goblin Valley include Mormon tea, Russian thistle, Indian ricegrass, and various cacti, as well as junipers and pinyon pines at higher elevations.", "Fauna include jackrabbits, scorpions, kangaroo rats, pronghorns, kit foxes, midget faded rattlesnakes, and coyotes.", "The unusual stone shapes in Goblin Valley result from the weathering of Entrada sandstone.", "The Entrada consists of debris eroded from former highlands and redeposited on a former tidal flat of alternating layers of sandstone, siltstone, and shale.", "The rocks show evidence of being near the margins of an ancient sea with the ebb and flow of tides, tidal channels that directed currents back to the sea and coastal sand dunes.", "Joint or fracture patterns within the Entrada sandstone beds created initial zones of weakness.", "The unweathered joints intersected to form sharp edges and corners with greater surface-area-to-volume ratios than the faces.", "As a result, the edges and corners weathered more quickly, producing the spherical-shaped 'goblins'.", "The Entrada sandstone from which the hoodoos developed was deposited in the Jurassic period around 170 million years ago.", "Average daytime highs in the summer average between 90 and , though the low humidity, high elevation, and sparse vegetation allow evenings to cool off rapidly to about 50 F .", "Also, the intermittent summer monsoon arriving from the south can bring intense and localized thunderstorms.", "The rugged terrain and intense rainfall can lead to devastating flash floods, while the low humidity combined with gusty winds and frequent lightning can spark wildfires.", "Winters have colder temperatures and occasional snow, with temperatures above freezing most days, but often dropping as low as 10 F at night.", "The average precipitation is less than 8 in .", "Goblin Valley was prominently featured in the movie \"Galaxy Quest\" (1999) as an alien planet.", "The eroded sandstone dunes in the valley inspired the design of the fictional planet’s rock monsters." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 80011, "simple_article_title": "Goblin Valley State Park, Utah", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=80011", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-80011-0-0", "simple-80011-1-0", "simple-80011-1-1", "simple-80011-1-2", "simple-80011-1-3", "simple-80011-1-4", "simple-80011-1-5", "simple-80011-1-6", "simple-80011-1-7", "simple-80011-1-8", "simple-80011-1-9", "simple-80011-1-10", "simple-80011-2-0", "simple-80011-2-1", "simple-80011-3-0", "simple-80011-3-1", "simple-80011-3-2", "simple-80011-3-3", "simple-80011-3-4", "simple-80011-3-5", "simple-80011-3-6" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Goblin Valley State Park is a State park in the southern Utah.", "The valley, which is only about 1 mi across and 2 mi long, is full of thousands of mushroom-shaped pinnacles.", "These pinnacles are each a few meters high.", "Because of their height and shape, people referred to them as goblins.", "They are made of large orange-brown boulders of hard rock on top of weaker sandy layers.", "The sandy layers have eroded more quickly causing their shape.", "The \"Goblins\" are well hidden from the nearby road.", "The land to the east is flat and empty.", "It is near a long narrow ridge with eroded layers of grey and red-brown rocks.", "The far side of this empty land gives the best views of the landscape.", "The Goblins look as if they join with the cliffs.", "This gives giving the look of a strange skeletal structure with skull-like rocks and bony ridges.", "There are several trails passing through the park.", "These trails are not easy to notice and people can walk almost anywhere.", "The land west of Goblin Valley State Park is part of the San Rafael Swell.", "It is similar to much of south Utah.", "The land is far away from most things and beautiful.", "It is crossed only by a few dirt tracks.", "4WD vehicles are very useful here.", "There are many slot canyons in this area.", "Some of these, for example Little Wild Horse Canyon, may be explored easily." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2457181, "normal_article_title": "List of rivers of Lithuania", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2457181", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2457181-0-0", "normal-2457181-0-1", "normal-2457181-0-2", "normal-2457181-0-3", "normal-2457181-0-4", "normal-2457181-1-0", "normal-2457181-1-1", "normal-2457181-1-2", "normal-2457181-1-3", "normal-2457181-1-4", "normal-2457181-1-5", "normal-2457181-1-6", "normal-2457181-1-7", "normal-2457181-2-0", "normal-2457181-2-1", "normal-2457181-2-2", "normal-2457181-3-0", "normal-2457181-3-1", "normal-2457181-3-2", "normal-2457181-3-3", "normal-2457181-4-0", "normal-2457181-4-1", "normal-2457181-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Rivers of Lithuania are typical lowland rivers: they are slow, they make meanders, the valleys are wide.", "Because of abundant precipitation, the river net is dense: on the average 0.99 km of rivers flow in 1 km2 of the territory.", "However, the rivers are not evenly distributed.", "The highest density is in the Samogitian Highlands where it rains more often and in the northern Lithuania where the soil has clay and it does not allow the water to drain underground.", "The lowest density is in the southeastern Lithuania where the soil has a lot sand and the rainwater quickly ooze into the underground.", "Almost 70% (some 49,600 km2) of the territory of Lithuania are drained by the Neman River and its tributaries.", "The other 5 river basins are small and located nears the borders: Mūša-Nemunėlis (Lielupe; 8,976 km2), Venta (5,140 km2), Daugava (1,857 km2), small rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea (2,523 km2) and Pregolya (54 km2).", "During the winter all rivers freeze over.", "In the spring almost all rivers flood from melting snow and ice.", "However, usually only in the Neman River delta the water bursts out of the valley.", "Nowadays floods are controlled by dams and also due to drainage most rivers have lower water levels than they used to have.", "In the western Lithuania rivers tend to irregularly flood during the fall because of excessive rains.", "In the eastern Lithuania rivers tend to discharge a constant amount of water because they are regulated by flow-through lakes and sandy soil, which quickly absorbs any excess rain or snow water.", "During the Soviet times (1945-1990) rivers suffered a lot of damage because of drainage.", "Many swamps were drained and now they cannot feed the rivers anymore.", "Other smaller rivers were straightened and turned into drainage canals.", "Lithuania counts around 29 thousand watercourses, longer than 0.25 km.", "The total length of all these watercourses would be around 65,000 km.", "The number of rivers and rivulets longer than 3 km has been calculated very precisely – 4,418.", "758 rivers are longer than 10 km.", "The Virvyčia (99.7 km) is just shy of the 100 km limit.", "The length of the Žeimena is an object of discussion; it could be up to 114 km.", "Note: length in Lithuania also includes the length of rivers when they serve as borders with neighboring countries." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 337402, "simple_article_title": "List of rivers of Lithuania", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=337402", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-337402-0-0", "simple-337402-1-0", "simple-337402-1-1", "simple-337402-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "These are the longest rivers in Lithuania.", "The Virvyčia (99.7 km) is just shy of the 100 km limit.", "The length of the Žeimena is an object of discussion; it could be up to 114 km.", "Note: length in Lithuania also includes the length of rivers when they serve as borders with neighboring countries." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3966528, "normal_article_title": "Regent's University London", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3966528", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3966528-0-0", "normal-3966528-0-1", "normal-3966528-0-2", "normal-3966528-0-3", "normal-3966528-1-0", "normal-3966528-1-1", "normal-3966528-1-2", "normal-3966528-1-3", "normal-3966528-1-4", "normal-3966528-1-5", "normal-3966528-2-0", "normal-3966528-2-1", "normal-3966528-2-2", "normal-3966528-2-3", "normal-3966528-3-0", "normal-3966528-3-1", "normal-3966528-4-0", "normal-3966528-5-0", "normal-3966528-5-1", "normal-3966528-5-2", "normal-3966528-6-0", "normal-3966528-6-1", "normal-3966528-6-2", "normal-3966528-7-0", "normal-3966528-8-0", "normal-3966528-8-1", "normal-3966528-9-0", "normal-3966528-9-1", "normal-3966528-10-0", "normal-3966528-10-1", "normal-3966528-10-2", "normal-3966528-10-3", "normal-3966528-11-0", "normal-3966528-11-1", "normal-3966528-11-2", "normal-3966528-12-0", "normal-3966528-13-0", "normal-3966528-14-0", "normal-3966528-15-0", "normal-3966528-15-1", "normal-3966528-15-2", "normal-3966528-15-3", "normal-3966528-16-0", "normal-3966528-16-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Regent's University London (formerly Regent's College) is a non-profit private university located in London, United Kingdom.", "It received taught degree awarding powers in 2012 and became a university in 2013.", "It is one of five private universities in the UK.", "The university has its campus in Regent's Park, Central London.", "Regent's University London was established in 1984 as Regent's College.", "In 1985 it acquired the former South Villa Estate campus of the University of London's Bedford College in Regent's Park.", "The site was leased by Bedford College in 1908, and a new set of buildings designed by the architect Basil Champneys was opened by Queen Mary in 1913.", "The buildings were modified and added to over the years, especially after bomb damage during the Second World War.", "Bedford College merged with Royal Holloway College (another college of the University of London) in 1985 and moved to Royal Holloway's campus at Egham in Surrey, vacating the premises in Regent's Park.", "Regent's College gradually expanded and the European Business School London moved to the College campus in 1987.", "In July 2012 it was announced that Regent's College had been awarded taught degree-awarding powers (TDAP) from 1 September 2012.", "Institutions that have degree-awarding powers in the UK are known as \"recognized bodies\" of which there are over 150.", "In February 2013 Regent's College agreed to acquire American InterContinental University London from Career Education Corporation.", "In March 2013 the UK's Department for Business Innovation and Skills announced that Regent's College had met the criteria to become a university.", "Validation of research degrees (MPhil and PhD) was transferred from the University of Wales to the University of Northampton for students starting from September 2016.", "This followed the decision of the University of Wales to withdraw from validating other institutions as part of its merger with the University of Wales Trinity Saint David.", "The university's taught degree awarding powers were renewed for a further six year term in 2018, after which it will be eligible for permanent degree awarding powers.", "Regent's University London is a company limited by guarantee, not having a share capital.", "It is a registered charity, registered at the Charity Commission under charity number 291583.", "The company's directors are also the Trustees and members of the charity.", "The Board of Trustees is responsible for the stewardship of the charity's assets, strategic decision-making and ensuring compliance with charitable objectives.", "The newly appointed chair is Diana Walford, formerly Principal of Mansfield College, Oxford.", "Day-to-day operational management is delegated to the Vice-Chancellor and other senior management employees.", "Regent's University London is a member of the Independent Universities Group.", "In the financial year ended 31 July 2014, Regent's University London had a total income of £53.17 million (2012/13 – £48.196 million) and total expenditure of £55.659 million (2012/13 – £46.466 million).", "85% of the total income generated was from tuition fees, and 50% and 45% of total expenditure were for operational costs and staff costs respectively.", "At year end Regent's University London had total net assets of £21.115 million (31 July 2013 – £24.628 million).", "Cash surplus for the period was £17.776 million vs. £20.189 million in the previous year.", "The university offers means-tested bursaries, merit awards and scholarships.", "In 2014/15 417 scholarships were granted to individuals.", "Scholarship awards at Regent's University London are based on merit, for which anyone can apply.", "The accounts ending show of 31 July 2015 that £1.83 million were paid out versus £1.459 million the previous year.", "Regent's University London offers a wide range of courses in Business and Management & the Arts and Humanities, including American and British degree programmes.", "Undergraduate fees are currently about £16,000 per annum.", "The University has a student-faculty ratio of 14 to 1.", "The university offers MPhil and PhD research degrees that are validated by the University of Northampton and a Doctor of Psychology (DPsych) programme validated by the Open University.", "Regent's University London had an average of 538 full-time equivalent staff during the year ended 31 July 2015 (561 in 2014), of whom 253 were academic staff and 285 were management and administration staff.", "Regent's University London currently has around 3,600 full-time students.", "The university has an international student body with students coming from 130 countries overall.", "Fifteen per cent of Regent's students are from Britain.", "Another forty per cent come from elsewhere within the European Union.", "Fifteen per cent of the students come from the US.", "The Regent's University Student Union organises a range of clubs and societies, including Film Production, Finance and Investment, Model United Nations and Scandinavian.", "The Union also organises the Students in Free Enterprise initiative." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 39363968, "normal_article_title": "Amor à Vida", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39363968", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-39363968-0-0", "normal-39363968-0-1", "normal-39363968-0-2", "normal-39363968-1-0", "normal-39363968-2-0", "normal-39363968-2-1", "normal-39363968-2-2", "normal-39363968-2-3", "normal-39363968-2-4", "normal-39363968-2-5", "normal-39363968-3-0", "normal-39363968-3-1", "normal-39363968-3-2", "normal-39363968-3-3", "normal-39363968-3-4", "normal-39363968-4-0", "normal-39363968-4-1", "normal-39363968-4-2", "normal-39363968-4-3", "normal-39363968-4-4", "normal-39363968-4-5", "normal-39363968-4-6", "normal-39363968-4-7", "normal-39363968-4-8", "normal-39363968-4-9", "normal-39363968-4-10", "normal-39363968-4-11", "normal-39363968-4-12", "normal-39363968-4-13", "normal-39363968-5-0", "normal-39363968-5-1", "normal-39363968-5-2", "normal-39363968-5-3", "normal-39363968-5-4", "normal-39363968-5-5", "normal-39363968-5-6", "normal-39363968-5-7", "normal-39363968-5-8", "normal-39363968-5-9", "normal-39363968-6-0", "normal-39363968-6-1", "normal-39363968-6-2", "normal-39363968-6-3", "normal-39363968-6-4", "normal-39363968-6-5", "normal-39363968-6-6", "normal-39363968-7-0", "normal-39363968-7-1", "normal-39363968-7-2", "normal-39363968-7-3", "normal-39363968-7-4", "normal-39363968-7-5", "normal-39363968-7-6", "normal-39363968-7-7", "normal-39363968-7-8", "normal-39363968-8-0", "normal-39363968-9-0", "normal-39363968-9-1", "normal-39363968-10-0", "normal-39363968-10-1", "normal-39363968-10-2", "normal-39363968-10-3", "normal-39363968-10-4", "normal-39363968-10-5", "normal-39363968-10-6", "normal-39363968-10-7", "normal-39363968-10-8", "normal-39363968-10-9", "normal-39363968-10-10", "normal-39363968-10-11" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Amor à Vida is a Brazilian telenovela created by Walcyr Carrasco.", "It premiered on 20 May 2013 on Rede Globo in the 9 pm timeslot and ended on 31 January 2014.", "It is directed by and Mauro Mendonça Filho.", "Starring Paolla Oliveira, Malvino Salvador, Mateus Solano, Vanessa Giácomo, Susana Vieira, Antônio Fagundes, Juliano Cazarré, Elizabeth Savalla, Bárbara Paz, José Wilker among others.", "2001 – The story revolves around a wealthy family's struggles for control of the renowned San Magno Hospital, in São Paulo.", "The hospital belongs to the Khoury family, headed by general practitioner César Khoury (Antonio Fagundes).", "Most of the family are doctors: Caesar's wife, Pilar (Susana Vieira), is a retired dermatologist and Paloma (Paolla Oliveira), the couple's youngest daughter, has just been accepted to a college to study medicine after several unsuccessful attempts in other areas.", "Only Felix (Mateus Solano), the eldest son, shows no motivation to follow the same career, but he does not lack ambition.", "Since he could not be a doctor, Felix studied administration so he could work on the hospital board and plans to one day head the family business.", "Felix is gay, but married a stylist, Edith (Bárbara Paz), to keep up appearances.", "To commemorate Paloma's acceptance into college, the family travels to Machu Picchu in Peru, where Paloma meets Ninho (Juliano Cazarré).", "Ninho is a backpacker who adopts a lifestyle free of rules and Paloma falls in love with him.", "Tired of fighting with her mother, she decides to leave the family and college to live with Ninho.", "The couple spends about a year hitchhiking aimlessly around South America, living in intense passion, until Paloma discovers she is pregnant.", "Without money and thinking about the baby's future, she decides to return to her parents' home in São Paulo, and convinces Ninho to go with her.", "To pay for the ticket, Ninho decides to smuggle drugs during the trip.", "However, Ninho is detained at the airport in Bolivia after being found with drugs on his body.", "Paloma flies back to São Paulo alone and trusts her brother to help her face their family.", "Felix convinces his sister that it would be better to keep her pregnancy a secret.", "Back in her parents' house, Felix's wife, Edith, helps Paloma disguise her pregnancy by wearing baggy clothes to avoid raising suspicion.", "Near the end of Paloma's pregnancy, Ninho leaves prison and goes to São Paulo.", "Felix pretends to help the couple, but really he plans to get rid of them and become the sole heir of the family.", "Paloma decides to leave home to be with Ninho, but is caught by her parents who are shocked to realize that she is expecting a baby.", "After arguing with her mother, Paloma leaves and spends the night in a bar with Ninho.", "After a lot of drinking to celebrate his release from jail, Ninho has a nasty argument with Paloma and says he does not want to start a family.", "Very disappointed, Paloma sends him away.", "In her state of anxiety Paloma goes into premature labor, and ends up giving birth to a girl in the bathroom of the bar with the help of bar patron Marcia (Elizabeth Savalla), a former \"chacrete\" (TV dancer).", "Felix, who had gone in search of his sister, arrives at the bar to find Paloma unconscious in the bathroom with no one but her newborn daughter at her side.", "Marcia had called an ambulance and left for fear of being arrested.", "Feeling threatened by the infant heir of the Khoury family, Felix kidnaps the child and leaves her in a dumpster in an alley.", "When she awakes, Paloma cannot find the baby and is convinced that her daughter was mysteriously stolen without a trace.", "Paloma's path will soon intersect with Bruno (Malvino Salvador), a kind man who just lost his wife and his newborn son due to complications in childbirth.", "While distressed by that incident, and wandering the streets, Bruno finds Paloma's daughter in a dumpster after he hears her crying.", "Bruno sees the incident as a divine sign, a chance for him to start a new life, and takes the baby girl home.", "Bruno receives help from his mother, a nurse named Ordália (Eliane Giardini), who works at the San Magno hospital, as well as an ob/gyn named Glauce (Leona Cavalli).", "Glauce helps Bruno keep the baby without having to go through the formal adoption process.", "He asks Glauce to change the hospital record to report that his wife gave birth to two children: a boy, who died, and a surviving girl.", "In love with Bruno, Glauce does what he asks, risking her career.", "A pact is made between Bruno, Ordália, and Glauce that this secret will never be revealed.", "2013 – 12 years have passed, and Paloma, after ending her relationship with Ninho, apologizes to her parents and decides to follow a medical career working as a pediatrician at her father's hospital.", "She chooses pediatrics so that she can work with kids to compensate for the loss of her daughter, whom she believes is still alive somewhere.", "What Paloma does not realize is that her missing daughter is one of her most beloved patients: Paula (Klara Castanho), a very sweet and smart girl.", "Paloma has always had a very strong and affectionate bond with Paula, regardless of the fact that Paula is actually Paloma's daughter, and her closeness to Paula forces her to cross paths with Bruno, Paula's father.", "Paloma and Bruno, who had met years earlier when Paloma had admitted and nursed Paulinha unaware that she was really her daughter.", "The two separate, but before they realize, they are living together again.", "Paulinha especially approves of the relationship because she loves Paloma.", "United by fate, Bruno, Paloma and Paula are happy until Ninho returns to Brazil determined to regain his relationship with Paloma.", "Fate holds moments of joy and sadness, revelations and dilemmas.", "At one point, Paula suffers a serious illness and blood tests reveal that Paloma is the only one who can donate an organ, due to the extremely close similarity of their blood.", "Suspicious, Paloma secretly orders a DNA test and discovers that Paula is her daughter.", "She becomes convinced that Bruno stole her daughter twelve years earlier, and their once-close relationship turns to hate.", "With Ninho, Paloma decides to take Bruno to court to regain custody of Paula.", "What Paloma cannot imagine is that the real culprit for all this is her brother, Felix, who now, in addition to Paloma, has another an obstacle in his path: Paulinha.", "Felix is aided by Glauce, who previously in love with Bruno, is happy to hurt Paloma in any way possible.", "Bruno hires lawyer Silvia (Carol Castro) to defend him.", "In addition, the marriage of Cesar and Pilar is threatened by the arrival of the new medical secretary, Aline (Vanessa Giacomo), a beautiful young woman with a mysterious past who will do anything to seduce the head of the hospital and gain revenge on César, who she believes is responsible for the tragedies in her young life.", "Also depicted is the gay couple, Niko (Thiago Fragoso) and Eron (Marcello Antony), who plan to have a child through artificial insemination.", "They ask Niko's close friend Amarilys (Danielle Winits) to be their surrogate, but she falls in love with Eron creating a love triangle that threatens to ruin Niko and Eron's relationship.", "In the premiere episode, \"Amor à Vida\" received a viewership rating of 35 points which is equivalent to 2.16 million households.", "In Florianópolis, it was estimated that about 3,5 million viewers have watched the pilot of the novel, with 67% audience share, recording 42.02 points in IBOPE.", "In its first week, the show garnered an average viewership of 34.2 points compared to its predecessor, \"Salve Jorge\" which had 32.7 points at (then) the same period.", "On the episode aired on 11 July 2013, the show registered 39 points breaking record for Walcyr Carrasco's novelas.", "On the episode aired on 1 August, \"Amor à Vida\" recorded 39 points taking into account that its one of the most controversial episodes where Edith (Barbara Paz) reveals to the Khoury's about Felix (Mateus Solano) sexuality.", "On the 8 August, the episode that had the wedding and death of Nicole (Marina Ruy Barbosa), the telenovela recorded a rating of 44 points in Rio de Janeiro and 38 points in São Paulo according to IBOPE.", "On the great revelation that Félix (Mateus Solano) abandoned Paloma's (Paolla Oliveira) daughter in a trash bin peaked at 45 points in Greater São Paulo.", "It became the most watched program of Brazilian television in the 2013–14 season.", "In the chapter on 27 January 2014, which recorded 49.4 points in the National IBOPE, which equates to 10.7 million homes and approximately 31.6 million viewers.", "In the ultimate episodes \"Amor à Vida\" registered 47 points in Greater São Paulo on 28 January, 42 points on 29 January.", "On its penultimate episode, \"Amor à Vida\" recorded 48 points with IBOPE, comparing it to \"Avenida Brasil\" which registered 49 points.", "In the last episode aired on 31 January 2014, the telenovela registered a viewership rating of 48 points." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 91486, "normal_article_title": "Newton County, Texas", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=91486", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-91486-0-0", "normal-91486-0-1", "normal-91486-0-2", "normal-91486-0-3", "normal-91486-1-0", "normal-91486-2-0", "normal-91486-3-0", "normal-91486-4-0", "normal-91486-4-1", "normal-91486-4-2", "normal-91486-4-3", "normal-91486-4-4", "normal-91486-5-0", "normal-91486-5-1", "normal-91486-6-0", "normal-91486-6-1", "normal-91486-6-2", "normal-91486-6-3", "normal-91486-7-0", "normal-91486-7-1", "normal-91486-7-2", "normal-91486-7-3", "normal-91486-8-0", "normal-91486-8-1", "normal-91486-8-2", "normal-91486-9-0", "normal-91486-9-1", "normal-91486-9-2", "normal-91486-9-3", "normal-91486-9-4", "normal-91486-10-0", "normal-91486-10-1", "normal-91486-10-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Newton County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of Texas.", "As of the 2010 census, its population was 14,445.", "Its county seat is Newton.", "The county is named for John Newton, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War.", "Newton County is included in the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "As of 2000, it had the second-lowest population density for all counties in East Texas, behind only Red River County, and the lowest population density in Deep East Texas.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 940 sqmi , of which 934 sqmi is land and 6.1 sqmi (0.6%) is covered by water.", "As of the census of 2000, 15,072 people, 5,583 households, and 4,092 families resided in the county.", "The population density was 16 people per square mile (6/km2).", "The 7,331 housing units averaged 8 per square mile (3/km2).", "The racial makeup of the county was 75.84% White, 20.69% Black, 0.63% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.56% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races.", "About 3.79% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "Of the 5,583 households, 32.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.10% were married couples living together, 11.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.70% were not families; 24.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.07.", "In the county, the population was distributed as 26.20% under the age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 26.60% from 25 to 44, 24.10% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 37 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 104.10 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.80 males.", "The median income for a household in the county was $28,500, and for a family was $34,345.", "Males had a median income of $31,294 versus $17,738 for females.", "The per capita income for the county was $13,381.", "About 15.50% of families and 19.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.40% of those under age 18 and 17.30% of those age 65 or over.", "Newton County was once one of the most Democratic-leaning counties in East Texas and the Deep South altogether.", "The county voted for the Democratic candidate in every election since Texas first participated in 1848 (excluding the 1860, 1864, and 1868 elections when Texas had seceded).", "Even when Republicans Herbert Hoover and Dwight D. Eisenhower carried Texas in 1928, 1952, and 1956, respectively, Newton County remained firmly Democrat.", "The Democratic streak in Newton County was ended in 1968 when American Independent Party candidate George Wallace narrowly won the county with 42.6% of the vote against Democrat Hubert Humphrey's 41.7%.", "President Richard Nixon in 1972 became the first Republican to ever win the county in an election with 54% of the vote against Democrat George McGovern's 45.4%.", "After 1972, the county returned to voting Democrat, surviving the landslide elections of Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush in 1980, 1984, and 1988, respectively.", "In fact, Newton County was Walter Mondale's strongest county in East Texas in the 1984 election, winning 60.6% of the vote, and one of only four in the region to vote for him.", "Michael Dukakis in 1988 remains the last Democratic presidential candidate to win over 60% of the vote in the county.", "Since 1992, the Democratic percentage in Newton County has decreased in every election, culminating in Al Gore's narrow win in 2000 with 50.16% against Governor George W. Bush's 48.56%.", "As of 2016, Gore remains the last Democrat to win the county's votes in a presidential election.", "Since 2004, the Republican candidate has comfortably carried the county in every election, with Bush winning 55.42% in 2004, John McCain winning 65.51% in 2008, and Mitt Romney winning 70.06% in 2012." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1731464, "normal_article_title": "Bill Farmer", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1731464", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1731464-0-0", "normal-1731464-0-1", "normal-1731464-1-0", "normal-1731464-1-1", "normal-1731464-2-0", "normal-1731464-2-1", "normal-1731464-2-2", "normal-1731464-2-3", "normal-1731464-2-4", "normal-1731464-2-5", "normal-1731464-3-0", "normal-1731464-3-1", "normal-1731464-3-2", "normal-1731464-3-3", "normal-1731464-4-0", "normal-1731464-4-1", "normal-1731464-4-2", "normal-1731464-5-0", "normal-1731464-6-0", "normal-1731464-6-1", "normal-1731464-6-2", "normal-1731464-6-3", "normal-1731464-7-0", "normal-1731464-7-1", "normal-1731464-8-0", "normal-1731464-8-1", "normal-1731464-8-2", "normal-1731464-9-0", "normal-1731464-9-1", "normal-1731464-10-0", "normal-1731464-11-0", "normal-1731464-12-0", "normal-1731464-13-0", "normal-1731464-13-1", "normal-1731464-14-0", "normal-1731464-15-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "William Farmer (born November 14, 1952) is an American voice actor and comedian.", "He has performed the voice of the Disney character Goofy since 1987, and is also the current voice of Pluto and Horace Horsecollar.", "Farmer was born on November 14, 1952 in Pratt, Kansas, as the second child in his family.", "His parents were of English and Welsh descent.", "Farmer's first job, at the age of 15, involved doing voices, especially those of Western stars like John Wayne or Walter Brennan.", "He and his friends would sometimes go through fast food drive-thrus and order foods in his character voices.", "Bill graduated from the University of Kansas in 1975 and is a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity.", "In college, he found work in radio and TV and then moved on to stand-up comedy as an impressionist until he moved out to Hollywood, where he began voicing Goofy in January 1987.", "In 1982, while he was still doing stand-up comedy, Farmer worked at a comedy club called the Comedy Corner in Dallas, Texas.", "He continued to work there until his move to Hollywood in 1986.", "His decision to move to California came from a Dallas commercial agent who suggested that, given his talent for voices, he should try his luck in California.", "He was recently married, but he and his wife talked it over and came to an arrangement.", "She stayed back in Dallas while he commuted for a year after he got an apartment.", "Then four months after his moving out to Hollywood, his agent asked him if he could do any Disney characters.", "He asserts that voice acting is not about funny voices, but about acting.", "His mentor was the versatile voice actor Daws Butler, the man behind many of Hanna-Barbera's characters.", "He taught Farmer that when doing cartoon voices, you're not merely doing a funny voice, you're an actor and the acting is premier and you have to think like the character you're doing.", "In 1987, he had a small part as reporter Justin Ballard-Watkins in the film \"RoboCop\".", "Farmer's very first voice over audition was for Goofy.", "When he auditioned for the voice, he studied the way the original actor Pinto Colvig performed as Goofy in the classic cartoons.", "He studied the hilarious laugh and the distinctive \"gawrsh\".", "He inherited the voice of Goofy (and also Pluto) around the same time Tony Anselmo inherited Donald Duck and Russi Taylor inherited Minnie Mouse.", "He originated the voice of Horace Horsecollar in Disney's version of \"The Prince and the Pauper\" and has played him ever since as well.", "Farmer also performed additional voices on \"The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse\" (1987) and \"Astro Boy\" (2004).", "Other significant characters he has played include Yosemite Sam, Sylvester and Foghorn Leghorn in the movie \"Space Jam\" (1996).", "He has also done several guest voices, both on TV, including \"The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy\" and in video games, including the \"Destroy All Humans!\"", "series, Namco's \"Tales of Symphonia\", where he voiced Governor-General Dorr, in Square Enix's \"Kingdom Hearts\" series reprising the role of Goofy, Detective Date in the SEGA game \"Yakuza\", Captain Wedgewood and Frill Lizard in \"Ty the Tasmanian Tiger\", many voices on \"EverQuest II\", Cletus Samson, Floyd Sanders, Jeff Meyers and Ryan LaRosa in the video game \"Dead Rising\" and Sam and others in the cult classic adventure game \"Sam & Max Hit the Road\".", "Farmer has also played Secret Squirrel on \"Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law\" in both the animated series and its spin-off video game, Stinkie in \"\" and \"Casper Meets Wendy\", Willie Bear in \"Horton Hears a Who!\",", ", and Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck in \"Robot Chicken\".", "As of 2014, he plays Doc, the leader of the title characters in Disney's animated television series \"The 7D\".", "He also voiced Blackhoof Boar Clan Leader in the 2008 video game \"Kung Fu Panda\".", "Bill Farmer still regularly performs comedy routines at the Laugh Factory.", "In September 2009, Farmer was named a Disney Legend.", "In 2011, the International Family Film Festival awarded Bill Farmer the 'Friz Award' for Animation.", "He won the Annie Award for Voice Acting in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production for his work as Goofy and Grandma Goofy in \"Mickey Mouse\".", "Farmer has been married to his wife Jennifer Farmer since 1985; together they have a son." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 501501, "simple_article_title": "Bill Farmer", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=501501", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-501501-0-0", "simple-501501-0-1", "simple-501501-0-2", "simple-501501-0-3", "simple-501501-0-4", "simple-501501-0-5", "simple-501501-0-6", "simple-501501-0-7", "simple-501501-0-8", "simple-501501-0-9", "simple-501501-0-10" ], "simple_sentence": [ "William \"Bill\" Farmer (born November 14, 1952) is an American voice actor, impressionist and comedian.", "He is best known for being the current voice of the Disney character Goofy, since 1986.", "He also voices Pluto, Horace Horsecollar and many other Disney characters.", "He was born in Pratt, Kansas.", "At age 10 he was already doing voice impressions.", "While in college he worked in radio and TV.", "He worked as a stand-up comedian.", "In late 1986 he was one of hundreds of voice actors competing for a few roles at Disney studios.", "He got the voice acting job for Goofy, one of his favorite characters growing up.", "He has been the voice of Goofy ever since.", "In 2009 Farmer was named a Disney Legend." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 858382, "normal_article_title": "Barbara Cook", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=858382", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-858382-0-0", "normal-858382-0-1", "normal-858382-0-2", "normal-858382-1-0", "normal-858382-1-1", "normal-858382-1-2", "normal-858382-1-3", "normal-858382-1-4", "normal-858382-1-5", "normal-858382-2-0", "normal-858382-2-1", "normal-858382-2-2", "normal-858382-2-3", "normal-858382-2-4", "normal-858382-2-5", "normal-858382-2-6", "normal-858382-2-7", "normal-858382-2-8", "normal-858382-3-0", "normal-858382-3-1", "normal-858382-3-2", "normal-858382-3-3", "normal-858382-3-4", "normal-858382-4-0", "normal-858382-4-1", "normal-858382-4-2", "normal-858382-4-3", "normal-858382-4-4", "normal-858382-5-0", "normal-858382-5-1", "normal-858382-5-2", "normal-858382-6-0", "normal-858382-6-1", "normal-858382-6-2", "normal-858382-6-3", "normal-858382-7-0", "normal-858382-7-1", "normal-858382-7-2", 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"normal-858382-15-3", "normal-858382-16-0", "normal-858382-16-1", "normal-858382-16-2", "normal-858382-16-3", "normal-858382-16-4", "normal-858382-16-5", "normal-858382-17-0", "normal-858382-17-1", "normal-858382-17-2", "normal-858382-17-3", "normal-858382-18-0", "normal-858382-18-1", "normal-858382-19-0", "normal-858382-19-1", "normal-858382-19-2", "normal-858382-20-0", "normal-858382-20-1", "normal-858382-21-0", "normal-858382-21-1", "normal-858382-21-2", "normal-858382-21-3", "normal-858382-22-0", "normal-858382-22-1", "normal-858382-23-0", "normal-858382-23-1", "normal-858382-24-0", "normal-858382-24-1", "normal-858382-24-2", "normal-858382-24-3", "normal-858382-25-0", "normal-858382-26-0", "normal-858382-26-1", "normal-858382-27-0", "normal-858382-28-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Barbara Cook (October 25, 1927 – August 8, 2017) was an American actress and singer who first came to prominence in the 1950s as the lead in the original Broadway musicals \"Plain and Fancy\" (1955), \"Candide\" (1956) and \"The Music Man\" (1957) among others, winning a Tony Award for the last.", "She continued performing mostly in theatre until the mid-1970s, when she began a second career as a cabaret and concert singer.", "She also made numerous recordings.", "During her years as Broadway’s leading ingénue, Cook was lauded for her excellent lyric soprano voice.", "She was particularly admired for her vocal agility, wide range, warm sound, and emotive interpretations.", "As she aged her voice took on a darker quality, even in her head voice, that was less prominent in her youth.", "At the time of her death, Cook was widely recognized as one of the \"premier interpreters\" of musical theatre songs and standards, in particular the songs of composer Stephen Sondheim.", "Her subtle and sensitive interpretations of American popular song continued to earn high praise even into her eighties.", "She was named an honoree at the 2011 Kennedy Center Honors.", "Cook was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the daughter of Nell (née Harwell) and Charles Bunyan Cook.", "Her father was a traveling hat salesman and her mother was an operator for Southern Bell.", "Her parents divorced when she was a child and, after her only sister died of whooping cough, Barbara lived alone with her mother.", "She later described their relationship as \"so close, too close.", "I slept with my mother until I came to New York.", "Slept in the same bed with her.", "That's just, it's wrong.", "But to me, it was the norm...As far as she was concerned, we were one person.\"", "Though Barbara began singing at an early age, at the Elks Club and to her father over the phone, she spent three years after graduating from high school working as a typist.", "While visiting Manhattan in 1948 with her mother, Cook decided to stay and try to find work as an actress.", "She began to sing at clubs and resorts, eventually procuring an engagement at the Blue Angel club in 1950.", "She made her Broadway debut a year later, as Sandy in the short-lived 1951 musical \"Flahooley\".", "She landed another role quickly, portraying Ado Annie in the 1951 City Center revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Oklahoma!\"", "and stayed with the production when it went on its national tour the following year.", "Also in 1952, Cook made her first television appearance on the show \"Armstrong Circle Theatre\" which presented her in an original play entitled \"Mr. Bemiss Takes a Trip\".", "In 1954, Cook appeared in the short-lived soap opera \"Golden Windows\" and starred as Jane Piper in a television version of Victor Herbert's operetta \"Babes in Toyland\".", "That summer, she returned to City Center to portray Carrie Pipperidge in a revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Carousel\", which Cook described as \"the first time the critics really paid attention to me.", "It was like I was the new young thing.", "It was very important for me.\"", "In 1955, she received major critical praise for playing the supporting role of Hilda Miller in \"Plain and Fancy\".", "Walter Kerr wrote of her performance: \"Barbara Cook, right off a blue and white Dutch plate, is delicious all the time, but especially when she perches on a trunk, savors her first worthwhile kiss, and melts into the melody of 'This Is All Very New to Me'.\"", "Cook's critical reputation and coloratura soprano range won her the role of Cunegonde in Leonard Bernstein's 1956 operetta \"\"Candide\"\", in which she debuted the show-stopping and vocally demanding comic aria \"Glitter and Be Gay.\"", "Although \"Candide\" was not a commercial success, Cook's portrayal of Cunegonde established her as one of Broadway's leading ingenues.", "In 1957 she appeared in a second City Center revival of \"Carousel,\" this time in the role of Julie Jordan, and won a Tony Award for creating the role of Marian the Librarian in Meredith Willson's 1957 hit \"The Music Man\".", "Cook continued to appear regularly on television in the late 1950s, starring in a 1956 \"Producers' Showcase\" production of \"Bloomer Girl\", a 1957 live broadcast of \"The Yeomen of the Guard\", and a 1958 musical adaptation of \"Hansel and Gretel\".", "She also made appearances on \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\", \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", \"The Dinah Shore Chevy Show\", and \"The Play of the Week\".", "Cook starred in an acclaimed 1960 City Center revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"The King and I\" and in the short-lived 1961 musical \"The Gay Life\".", "In 1963, she created the role of Amalia Balash in the classic Jerry Bock-Sheldon Harnick musical \"She Loves Me\".", "Her performance prompted Norman Nadel of the \"World-Telegram & Sun\" to write, \"Her clear soprano is not only one of the finest vocal instruments in the contemporary musical theatre, but it conveys all the vitality, brightness and strength of her feminine young personality, which is plenty.\"", "One of the songs from \"She Loves Me\", \"Vanilla Ice Cream,\" became one of Cook's signature songs.", "In the mid-1960s, Cook began working less frequently.", "She appeared in the 1964 flop \"Something More!\",", ", which ran for only 15 performances on Broadway, and tried her hand at non-musical roles, replacing Sandy Dennis in the play \"Any Wednesday\" in 1965 and originating the role of Patsy Newquist in Jules Feiffer's 1967 play \"Little Murders\".", "She starred in national tours of \"The Unsinkable Molly Brown\" in 1964 and \"Funny Girl\" in 1967.", "Her last original \"book\" musical role on Broadway came in 1971 when she played Dolly Talbo in \"The Grass Harp\".", "In 1972, Cook returned to the dramatic stage in the Repertory Theater of Lincoln Center's production of Maxim Gorky's \"Enemies\".", "As she began struggling with depression, obesity, and alcoholism in the Seventies (she eventually quit drinking in 1977), Cook had trouble getting stage work.", "In the mid-1970s Cook's fortunes changed for the better when she met and befriended composer and pianist Wally Harper.", "Harper convinced her to put together a concert and on January 26, 1975, accompanied by Harper, she made her debut in a legendary solo concert at Carnegie Hall that resulted in a highly successful live album.", "Continuing a collaboration with Harper that lasted until his death in 2004, Cook became a successful concert performer.", "Over the next three decades, the two performed together at not only many of the best cabaret spots and music halls like Michael's Pub and the St. Regis Hotel in New York City but nationally and internationally.", "Cook and Harper returned to Carnegie Hall in September 1980, to perform a series of songs arranged by Harper.", "\"The New York Times\"' reviewer, John S. Wilson, wrote: \"Since her first Carnegie Hall appearance, she has grown from a delightful singer to become a delightful entertainer who also happens to be a remarkable singer.\"", "The performance was captured on the CD \"It's Better With a Band\".", "In 1998, Cook was nominated for an Olivier Award \"The Observer Award for Outstanding Achievement\" for her one-woman show, accompanied by Harper, at London's Donmar Warehouse and the Albery Theatre.", "She won the Drama Desk Award \"Outstanding One Person Show\" in 1987 for her Broadway show \"A Concert for the Theatre\", again with Harper.", "In October 1991, they appeared as featured artists at the Carnegie Hall Gala \"Music and Remembrance: A Celebration of Great Musical Partnerships\" which raised money for the advancement of the performing arts and for AIDS research.", "In 1994, they performed a critically acclaimed concert series at the Sadler's Wells Theatre in London, which was recorded by DRG as \"Live From London\".", "\"Cook still comes across with consummate taste and with a voice that shows little sign of wear after 40 years.\"", "Alistair Macauley wrote in the \"Financial Times\" about the concert, \"Barbara Cook is the greatest singer in the world ... Ms. Cook is the only popular singer active today who should be taken seriously by lovers of classical music.", "Has any singer since Callas matched Cook's sense of musical architecture?", "The performing duo traveled all over the world giving concerts together including a number of times at the White House – for Presidents Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton.", "From the mid-1970s on, Cook returned only sporadically to acting, mostly in occasional studio cast and live concert versions of stage musicals.", "In September 1985 she appeared with the New York Philharmonic as Sally in the renowned concert version of Stephen Sondheim's \"Follies\".", "In 1986, she recorded the role of Martha in the Sharon Burgett musical version of \"The Secret Garden\" along with John Cullum, Judy Kaye, and George Rose.", "In 1987 she performed the role of Julie Jordan in a concert version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Carousel\" with Samuel Ramey as Billy, Sarah Brightman as Carrie, and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, and she won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show for \"A Concert for the Theatre\".", "In 1988, she originated the role of Margaret White in the ill-fated musical version of Stephen King's \"Carrie\", which premiered in England and was presented by the Royal Shakespeare Company.", "In 1994, she provided both her acting and singing skills to the animated film version of \"Thumbelina\", as Thumbelina's mother which featured music by Barry Manilow.", "That same year she was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.", "In November 1997, Cook celebrated her 70th birthday by giving a concert at Albert Hall in London with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, joined by performers including Elaine Stritch and Maria Friedman.", "\"The Times\" reviewer noted: \"The world is usually divided into actresses who try to sing and singers who try to act.", "Cook is one of the few performers who manage to combine the best of both traditions, as she reminded us in 'It Might as Well be Spring' – and, at the close, in her encore of Bock and Harnick's 'Ice Cream'.\"", "In 2000, she was one of the only American performers chosen to perform at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Arts Festival in the Sydney Opera House.", "Also in 2000, she was joined by Lillias White, Malcolm Gets, and Debbie Gravitte on the studio cast recording of Jimmy McHugh's \"Lucky in the Rain\".", "In February 2001, Cook returned to Carnegie Hall to perform \"Barbara Cook Sings Mostly Sondheim\" which was recorded live and released on CD.", "Critically acclaimed from the start, Cook then took the concert to the West End Lyric Theatre in 2001.", "She garnered two Olivier Award nominations for Best Entertainment and Best Actress in a Musical for the concert.", "She went on to perform \"Sings Mostly Sondheim\" at Lincoln Center for a sold-out fourteen-week run from December 2001 to January 2002, and again in June 2002 to August 2002.", "She was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Theatrical Event.", "She took the show on a National tour throughout major cities in the United States.", "DRG filmed the stage production during a performance at the Pepsico Theatre, SUNY Purchase, New York, on October 11, 2002 and it was released on DVD on the DRG/Koch Entertainment label.", "In June and August 2002 Cook performed \"Sings Mostly Sondheim\" at the Terrace Theater, Kennedy Center as part of the Sondheim Celebration.", "In 2004 she performed two limited engagement concert series at the Vivian Beaumont and Mitzi Newhouse theaters at Lincoln Center, \"Barbara Cook's Broadway!\",", ", with Harper as her musical director/arranger.", "She received the New York Drama Critics Circle Award (\"for her contribution to the musical theater\") and a nomination for the Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Solo Performance.", "A recording of the concert was made.", "After Harper's death in October 2004, Cook made the painful adjustment to new accompanists in solo shows like \"Tribute\" (a reference to Harper) and \"No One Is Alone\" that continued to receive acclaim; \"The New York Times\" wrote in 2005 that she was \"at the top of her game... Cook's voice is remarkably unchanged from 1958, when she won the Tony Award for playing Marian the Librarian in \"The Music Man.\"", "A few high notes aside, it is, eerily, as rich and clear as ever.\"", "In January 2006, Cook became the first female pop singer to be presented by the Metropolitan Opera in the company's more than one hundred-year history.", "She presented a solo concert of Broadway show tunes and classic jazz standards, and was supported on a few numbers by guest singers Audra McDonald and Josh Groban and Elaine Stritch (although Miss Stritch did not appear on the CD of the concert).", "The concert was recorded and subsequently released on CD.", "On June 25, 2006, Cook was the special guest star of the Award Winning Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C., celebrating GMCW's Silver Anniversary in a performance at the Kennedy Center in Washington DC.", "Cook was the featured artist at the \"Arts!", "by George\" gala on September 29, 2007 at the Fairfax campus of George Mason University.", "On October 22, 2007, Cook sang at the Broward Center for the Performing Arts with the Fort Lauderdale Gay Men's Chorus in the chorus's concert entitled \"An Evening With Barbara Cook\".", "Upon completion of the concert, an almost full house greeted her with a round of \"Happy Birthday\" in honor of her impending 80th birthday, which, on December 2, 2007, she celebrated belatedly in the UK with a concert at the Coliseum Theatre in London's West End.", "As she entered her ninth decade, Cook performed in two sold-out concerts with the New York Philharmonic at Lincoln Center in 2007.", "The \"New York Times\" Stephen Holden wrote that Cook is \"a performer spreading the gospel of simplicity, self-reliance and truth\" who is \"never glib\" and summoning adjectives such as \"astonishing\" and \"transcendent,\" concluding that she sings with \"a tenderness and honesty that could break your heart and mend it all at once.\"", "In June 2008, Cook appeared in \"Strictly Gershwin\" at the Royal Albert Hall in London, England, with the full company of English National Ballet.", "An advertised appearance with the Ulster Orchestra as the Closing Concert of the Ulster Bank Belfast Festival at Queen's at the Waterfront Hall in Belfast on October 31, 2008 was cancelled due to scheduling difficulties.", "Her other 2008 appearances included concerts in Chicago and San Francisco.", "In 2009, she performed with the Princeton Symphony, Detroit Symphony, and gave concerts in Boca Raton, Florida, and at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton.", "She performed in a cabaret show at Feinsteins at the Regency (New York City) which opened in April 2009.", "Cook returned to Broadway in 2010 in the Roundabout Theatre's Stephen Sondheim revue \"Sondheim on Sondheim\", created and directed by long-time Sondheim collaborator James Lapine, at Studio 54.", "She starred opposite Vanessa L. Williams and Tom Wopat.", "Cook was nominated for a Tony Award for her performance in the category of Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical.", "On April 12, 2011, Cook appeared with James Taylor, Bette Midler and Sting, at Carnegie Hall for a gala called \"Celebrating 120 Years of Carnegie Hall\".", "Cook was named an honoree at the 2011 Kennedy Center Honors, held on December 4, 2011 (the ceremony was broadcast on CBS on December 27, 2011).", "Performers paying tribute to Cook on that occasion included Matthew Broderick, Sarah Jessica Parker, Patti LuPone, Glenn Close, Kelli O'Hara, Rebecca Luker, Sutton Foster, Laura Osnes, Anna Christy, and Audra McDonald.", "In 2016, Cook published her autobiography \"Then & Now: A Memoir\" with collaborator Tom Santopietro.", "She announced her retirement in 2017.", "Cook married acting teacher David LeGrant (December 8, 1923 – July 28, 2011) on March 9, 1952, after meeting at a resort on the Borscht Belt.", "They performed together in a national stage tour of \"Oklahoma\" in 1953.", "The couple divorced in 1965.", "They had one child, Adam (born 1959).", "Cook died, at the age of 89, of respiratory failure on August 8, 2017, at her Manhattan home.", "The marquee lights of the Broadway theaters were dimmed for one minute in tribute to Cook on August 9.", "Cook's friend and fellow musical theater actress, Elaine Paige paid tribute to Cook during her BBC Radio 2 show \"Elaine Paige on Sunday\" on August 13.", "On June 25, 2019, \"The New York Times Magazine\" listed Barbara Cook among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "Cast and studio cast recordings" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 477323, "simple_article_title": "Barbara Cook", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=477323", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-477323-0-0", "simple-477323-0-1", "simple-477323-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Barbara Cook (October 25, 1927 – August 8, 2017) was an American singer and actress.", "She became known during the 1950s after starring in the original Broadway musicals \"Plain and Fancy\" (1955), \"Candide\" (1956) and \"The Music Man\" (1957) among others, winning a Tony Award for the last.", "Cook died from respiratory failure on August 8, 2017 in New York City at the age of 89." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1925556, "normal_article_title": "Aṉangu", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1925556", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1925556-0-0", "normal-1925556-0-1", "normal-1925556-1-0", "normal-1925556-1-1", "normal-1925556-1-2", "normal-1925556-1-3", "normal-1925556-2-0", "normal-1925556-3-0", "normal-1925556-3-1", "normal-1925556-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Aṉangu is the name used by members of several central Australian Aboriginal groups, roughly approximate to the Western Desert cultural bloc, to describe themselves.", "The term, which embraces several distinct \"tribes\", is accurately spelled \"Aṉangu\" and pronounced with the stress on the first syllable: ] .", "The original meaning of the word was \"human being, person\", \"human body\" in a number of eastern varieties of the Pama–Nyungan Western Desert Languages (WDL), in particular Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara.", "It is now used as an Aboriginal endonym by a wide range of Western Desert Language peoples.", "It is rarely or never applied to non-Aboriginal people.", "It has come to be used also as an exonym by non-Aboriginal Australians to refer to WDL-speaking groups or individuals.", "With regard to the term's distribution and spelling, the following table shows the main WDL dialects in which it is used (left column) along with the word spelled according to the orthography of that dialect (right column).", "The reasons for the spelling variations are that some WDL dialects do not allow vowel-initial words—in these varieties the word begins with \"y\"; some orthographies use underlining (e.g. ṉ) to indicate a retroflex consonant, while others use a digraph (e.g. \"rn\").", "Pitjantjatjara seems to be the best-known source for the word, but the underlining of the consonant is often ignored (or not understood) by English speakers, and is difficult to type, so the word is very commonly, but incorrectly, rendered as \"anangu\".", "The Aṉangu dwell primarily in the Central Western desert, to the south of the Arrernte and Walpiri." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 330037, "simple_article_title": "Aṉangu", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=330037", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-330037-0-0", "simple-330037-0-1", "simple-330037-1-0", "simple-330037-1-1", "simple-330037-1-2", "simple-330037-1-3", "simple-330037-1-4", "simple-330037-2-0", "simple-330037-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Anangu, Aṉaŋu or Arnangu (pronounced with the stress on the first syllable: ˈaɳaŋʊ), is a word used to refer to Aboriginal people in Australia.", "It is found in some dialects of the Western Desert Language (WDL) of western and central Australia.", "Before European people arrived in central Australia, the word probably meant 'human being', or 'person'.", "But now it is used to mean 'Aboriginal person' only.", "Because other Aboriginal languages have their own words for '(Aboriginal) person' the word \"anangu\" is mostly used in English to refer to the WDL-speaking people.", "Used in this way, it is not used to refer to any traditional grouping (or tribe), but to the WDL people as a whole.", "The correct term for \"black person\" in Pitjantjatjara is \"\", literally \"dark/black person\".", "Other Western Desert Language dialects have different words with a similar meaning and many uses.", "In the far west of the WDL (i.e. amongst Manyjilyjarra, Kartujarra, Putijarra and Warnman) the word \"martu\" is used, and in the central Western Desert (i.e. amongst the western Pintupi) the word \"purntu\", although this seems to be rarely used now." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 412936, "normal_article_title": "Tom Latham (politician)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=412936", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-412936-0-0", "normal-412936-0-1", "normal-412936-0-2", "normal-412936-1-0", "normal-412936-1-1", "normal-412936-1-2", "normal-412936-1-3", "normal-412936-1-4", "normal-412936-1-5", "normal-412936-2-0", "normal-412936-3-0", "normal-412936-3-1", "normal-412936-4-0", "normal-412936-4-1", "normal-412936-5-0", "normal-412936-5-1", "normal-412936-5-2", "normal-412936-5-3", "normal-412936-6-0", "normal-412936-6-1", "normal-412936-6-2", "normal-412936-6-3", "normal-412936-6-4", "normal-412936-6-5", "normal-412936-6-6", "normal-412936-7-0", "normal-412936-7-1", "normal-412936-7-2", "normal-412936-7-3", "normal-412936-7-4", "normal-412936-7-5", "normal-412936-7-6", "normal-412936-7-7", "normal-412936-8-0", "normal-412936-8-1", "normal-412936-8-2", "normal-412936-8-3", "normal-412936-8-4", "normal-412936-8-5", "normal-412936-8-6", "normal-412936-8-7" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Thomas Paul Latham (born July 14, 1948) is a retired American politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Iowa from 1995 to 2015.", "He is a member of the Republican Party.", "On December 17, 2013, Latham announced he would not seek reelection next term, becoming the third member of the U.S. House to announce his retirement on the same day (along with Frank Wolf from Virginia and Jim Matheson from Utah).", "Latham was born in Hampton, Iowa to Evelyn R. (née Johansen) and Willard Chester Latham.", "His father was of English and Danish descent and his mother was of Danish ancestry.", "He was raised on a farm in nearby Alexander.", "He was educated at Iowa State University, but did not graduate.", "Before entering the House, he was part-owner of Latham Seeds, a family-owned seed company founded by his father.", "Latham sold his interest before running for Congress.", "Latham was sworn in on January 3, 1995.", "Latham is a staunch advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker.", "In 2006, he cosponsored H.R. 4411, the Goodlatte-Leach Internet Gambling Prohibition Act.", "In 2005, Latham introduced the \"Angie Fatino Save the Children from Meth Act\" in memory of an Iowa teenager who struggled with a methamphetamine addiction for three years before committing suicide in 1997, at age 15.", "Though the bill died in committee, similar legislation limiting the sale of pseudoephedrine has been passed.", "Latham was elected as the congressman for 's congressional district in 1994 as part of the wave that allowed Republicans to take over the House for the first time since 1955.", "The 5th was far and away the most Republican district in the state, and Latham never faced a serious challenge as the 5th District's congressman.", "In 1994 he defeated Democrat Sheila McGuire garnering 61 percent of the vote.", "In 1996 he won 65 percent of the vote in defeating Democrat MacDonald Smith, and he ran unopposed in the 1998 election.", "For his first four terms, Latham represented a district that stretched from Sioux City in the northwest all the way to Mason City on the other side of the state.", "The 2000 round of redistricting, however, significantly altered Iowa's congressional map.", "Latham's home in Alexander, along with most of the eastern third of his old district, was placed in the new 4th District in the north-central part of the state.", "This district was considered much more competitive than Latham's old district.", "For the 2008 elections, it had a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+0.4, making it one of the most marginal districts in the nation.", "However, he was reelected four times from this district without much difficulty.", "This may be because he is the only Iowan on the powerful House Appropriations Committee.", "In the 2006 election, neither the Republican nor Democratic parties had a contested primary.", "His opponent in the 2006 general election was Selden Spencer, a neurologist from Huxley.", "Latham, who had moved to Ames, closer to the center of the district, earned 57.3% of the vote as he won reelection.", "In the 2008 election Latham won against Democratic nominee Becky Greenwald with 61 percent of the vote even as Barack Obama carried the district by eight points.", "In 2010, Latham won against Democratic nominee Bill Maske, a school administrator.", "Iowa lost a district as a result of the 2010 census.", "The western third of Latham's district—including his home in Ames and his former home in Alexander—was merged with the 5th District.", "This placed Latham in the same district as his successor in the 5th, fellow Republican Steve King.", "The reconfigured district retained Latham's district number, the 4th.", "It was also geographically more Latham's district than King's; he retained 55 percent of his former territory.", "Indeed, it closely resembled the territory that Latham had represented from 1995 to 2003.", "Nevertheless, he opted to run in the reconfigured 3rd District, which stretches from Des Moines to Council Bluffs.", "He sold his home in Ames and bought a home in Clive, a suburb of Des Moines.", "He defeated Democratic incumbent Leonard Boswell in the 2012 election.", "On February 27, 2013, Latham announced that he would not seek the open Senate seat of Tom Harkin in 2014.", "Latham requested to have his salary withheld during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 252733, "normal_article_title": "Rosenheim", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=252733", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-252733-0-0", "normal-252733-0-1", "normal-252733-0-2", "normal-252733-0-3", "normal-252733-0-4", "normal-252733-1-0", "normal-252733-1-1", "normal-252733-1-2", "normal-252733-1-3", "normal-252733-2-0", "normal-252733-2-1", "normal-252733-3-0", "normal-252733-4-0", "normal-252733-4-1", "normal-252733-4-2", "normal-252733-5-0", "normal-252733-5-1", "normal-252733-5-2", "normal-252733-5-3", "normal-252733-5-4", "normal-252733-5-5", "normal-252733-5-6", "normal-252733-5-7", "normal-252733-5-8", "normal-252733-6-0", "normal-252733-6-1", "normal-252733-6-2", "normal-252733-6-3", "normal-252733-6-4", "normal-252733-7-0", "normal-252733-7-1", "normal-252733-7-2", "normal-252733-7-3", "normal-252733-7-4", "normal-252733-7-5", "normal-252733-8-0", "normal-252733-8-1", "normal-252733-8-2", 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"normal-252733-32-1", "normal-252733-32-2", "normal-252733-32-3", "normal-252733-32-4", "normal-252733-32-5", "normal-252733-33-0", "normal-252733-33-1", "normal-252733-33-2", "normal-252733-34-0", "normal-252733-35-0", "normal-252733-36-0", "normal-252733-36-1", "normal-252733-36-2", "normal-252733-37-0", "normal-252733-37-1", "normal-252733-38-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Rosenheim is a town in Bavaria, Germany.", "It is an independent city located in the centre of the district of Rosenheim (Upper Bavaria), and is also the seat of its administration.", "It is located on the west bank of the Inn at the confluence of the rivers Inn and Mangfall, in the Bavarian Alpine Foreland.", "It is the third largest city in Upper Bavaria with over 61,000 inhabitants.", "Rosenheim is the economic centre and the busiest place in the region.", "The population of the town proper is approximately 60,000 inhabitants with up to 125,000 in the surrounding area.", "Rosenheim is situated in the Upper-Bavarian Alpine Foothills, 450 m above sea level and covers an area of 37.52 km2 .", "The capital of Bavaria, Munich, is 52 km away in North-West direction from Rosenheim.", "Rosenheim station is at the junction of the Munich–Rosenheim, the Rosenheim–Salzburg and the Munich–Innsbruck lines.", "The landscape around Rosenheim was formed during the last ice age from the advancement of the Inn Valley Glacier and later from the Rosenheim lake.", "The lake existed about 10,000 years ago, covering the whole Inn valley as far as Wasserburg am Inn, about north of Rosenheim.", "Even today in many places around the town the former shoreline can be recognised where the former flat lake bed changes suddenly into relatively steep embankment.", "Rosenheim's development can be traced from its location on intersecting major trade routes.", "Even in early times, the town's intersecting traffic stimulated its development as a market town.", "It subsequently evolved from a market to a salt trade and then railway town to today's wood and college town.", "Crucial to the establishment of Rosenheim were the Inn and the corresponding Inntal.", "The Romans arrived in the year 15 BC under the leadership of Drusus and Tiberius.", "They founded to the East right of the Inn the province Noricum and to the west of the Inn Rhaetia.", "The colonizers built a road through the Brenner to Castra Regina, and one running east-west road from Iuvavum to Augusta Vindelicum.", "The intersection of these two enormously important trade routes were protected by a military station whose name was \"Pons Aeni\".", "Less frequently used terms were \"Ponte Aoni\", \"Ad enum\" or \"stations Enensis\".", "The Romano Celtic settlement existed for some 500 years with that name.", "Pons was between Aeni Isinisca (Aying) and (today part of Seeon-Seebruck), as shown on the Roman road map Tabula Peutingeriana from the 4th century.", "The name \"Pons Aeni\" can still be recognised in local place names, \"Pfunzen\" in the name of the district \"Langenpfunzen\" and \"Leonhardspfunzen\".", "The origin of the town's name is not completely clear.", "First mentioned in 1234, Rosenheim castle is on the eastern bank of the Inn, on today's castle hill, overlooking a new bridge over the Inn.", "Perhaps the name comes from the Rosenheim Rose emblem of the Wasserburger Earl Hall, who built the castle.", "Another theory is that originally the name Ross was derived from the \"Rössern\" steeds that were used in medieval times to pull the river transport vessels, and for which there were large stables in Rosenheim.", "Still in use today the street names \"Am Esbaum\" (the tree on which the horses were grazing) or \"Am Roßacker\" are possible indications.", "Another theory suggests that there could be a kindred word \"Roas\", \"Roze\" oder \"Ried\", that used to mean swamp and peat bogs, which are still to be found around Rosenheim - evident also by the name of the neighboring town of Rosenheim Kolbermoor.", "An example of the old names, the nearby village of Riedering.", "Maybe the name is also derived from Rosenheim personal names \"Roso\"/\"Hrodo\".", "The most beautiful word for word theory is that formerly 'Rose' used to mean a beautiful girl.", "It was well known among the Inn boatmen that there were many beauties to admire in this town.", "The sailors of the town liked to control what was called \"home of the Rose\" - in other words Rosenheim.", "At about the time the first mention of Rosenheim castle in 1234, a settlement of boatmen developed on the western shore.", "The area around the Inn Bridge was not developed for a long time due to marshy soil at the proximity of the mouth of the river Mangfall, so the settlement was located several hundred meters away.", "The centre of Rosenheim is therefore not directly on the riverside.", "The town quickly grew in importance as a hub for all types of goods that were transported to the Inn (livestock, grain, silk, arms, salt), and received the 1328 Markets status.", "The Rosenheim ship masters made Rosenheim very wealthy during this era through the transport of goods, due to the location between Hall in Tirol the Inn and onwards to the Danube down to Vienna and Budapest.", "Until about 1600 the settlement had grown into one of the largest and most important markets in Bavaria, even though town privileges were only attained in 1864 from the Bavarian King Ludwig II.", "Rosenheim experienced economic decline during the 17th century in the wake of the decline of Inn Shipping Company and the consequences of the Thirty Years' War.", "There were also a plague epidemic (1634) and a market fire (1641).", "In the 19th century Rosenheim developed as an economic centre in the Southeast of Bavaria due to brine.", "In 1810 an early type of wooden pipeline brought brine from the salt mines in the area Reichenhall and Traunstein to Rosenheim.", "Boiling the salt made Rosenheim the centre of Bavarian salt production until 1958.", "Expansion of the railways brought early connection to the railway.", "In 1858 Rosenheim station was inaugurated, which however would soon be too small and prove a hindrance for further urban development, in 1876 the station moved to its present site.", "The old railway line was the straight through road (now the Town Hall and Prince Regent Street, main Rosenheimer transport axis, from the northwest to the southeast of the town), the roundhouse of the first station now serves as an exhibition center, the old station is directly opposite the 1878 City Hall - and is used in the ZDF evening series \"Die Rosenheim-Cops\" as the backdrop of the police headquarters.", "The economic boom of the late 19th and early 20th century made the Gründerzeit - and Art Nouveau (and its regional characteristics, the Swiss chalet style) the most important architectural style, which now determines the townscape.", "It was built in the emerging civic centre to the present Town Hall and the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer in Rosenheim for rare Gothic Revival-style brick for the widening Evangelical Lutheran Church.", "At the beginning of the 20th century, Rosenheim had nine breweries which are still preserved in the names of some restaurants (Duschl-, Hof-, Mail-, Pernloher-, Stern-, Weißbräu).", "The only survivors being \"\" and \"\" and supply, among others, the \"Märzen\" for the \"\", as well as the Bierbichler Weißbräu.", "The number of Jews living in Rosenheim was high compared to other Bavarian cities.", "However, at the start of the 20th century, the Jewish community consisted of about 50 people.", "The request to the city council for establishment of a separate Jewish religious association, with reference to the Bavarian-Jewish legislation, was refused, so the Rosenheim Jews remained attached to the state capital, where their dead also had to be buried.", "Even the funeral of the First World War fallen son of a Jewish merchant based in Rosenheim at the city cemetery was refused and was \"the biggest disappointment and the bitterest pain\" for the father.", "With the creation of the first local Nazi group outside of Munich in 1920, the Rosenheim Jews saw increasing hostility.", "Centre of hate campaigns was the Rosenheim School.", "A scandal occurred in June 1920, after a reader accused the writer of a letter titled \"Rosenheimer Jews\" in the local press, who wanted to repeal the provisions of the Versailles Treaty and held military exercises at the Rosenheim School.", "Seven members of the high school and a member of the \"Chiemgau\" then raided a villa inhabited by Jews in the \"Herbststrasse\".", "The college of the town of Rosenheim, on July 29, 1920 came to the conclusion that \"... it was regrettable that the people's movement to fight exploitative Jews..., which certainly was justified in its nature, has been discredited.\"", "Protests of the Bavarian Jewish Central Association were unsuccessful, only an unmistakable message of the Bavarian Interior Ministry September 1920 was able to maintain peace.", "On April 1, 1933, shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, guards were set up in front of Jewish shops, warning against buying in these stores, but to desist assault and criminal damage.", "A large proportion of the population ignored these calls.", "The shops were therefore still frequented, much to the annoyance of Nazi activists who acted with the backing of then-Mayor Gmelch.", "Despite the support of the population, six of the eleven Jewish business owners gave up their businesses by 1937.", "The assassination of German diplomat vom Rath by the Jew Herschel Grynszpan on 7 November 1938 in Paris was taken as a final opportunity to strike against the Jews.", "The SA came with 8 to 10 men on November 10 at 3–4 o'clock in the morning to the last two Jewish shops and destroyed their inventory and merchandise.", "The fate of many Rosenheim Jews is documented.", "Those who could, emigrated, mostly to the United States.", "However, many failed entry and exit applications, and many died in concentration camps.", "From the beginning of bombing raids on German cities in the spring of 1942, Rosenheim was not spared.", "In November 1943 there were shelters for only 650 people for a population of approximately 22,000.", "However, by February 1944 shelters had been built for about 6400 people and in conjunction with other shelters a total of 10,525 people could be protected.", "During 14 bomb attacks, 201 people were killed and 179 injured.", "The focus of the air attacks was the railway station and the railway tracks, as Rosenheim was an important transportation hub between Munich, Salzburg and Innsbruck.", "The neighbouring communities of Ziegelberg, Stephanskirchen, Westerndorf St. Peter and Oberpfaffenhofen were also hit.", "The first air attack was on 20 October 1944 at lunch time from 12:47 to 13:17 o'clock with over a hundred aircraft dropping 1,000 bombs, leaving 27 dead and 59 wounded.", "The heaviest air raid took place on 18 April 1945.", "From 14:40 to 14:55 around 200 to 1300 aircraft dropped bombs in the area around the station, resulting in 53 dead and 36 injured, in addition, this attack also made 800 people homeless.", "The station building was almost completely destroyed and railway tracks were destroyed over a length of 20 kilometers.", "The last air attacks were made on 19 and 21 April 1945.", "During the war the majority of at least 173 unexploded bombs were recovered.", "In 1964, the \"Oberbayerisches Volksblatt\" reported that the approximate location of 38 undiscovered unexploded ordnance was known.", "The population growth rate in the last 10 years was about 3 Percent.", "The emblem of Rosenheim shows a white rose on a red background.", "This may indicate the former arms of Wasserburg am Inn have returned, because Wasserburg ruled Rosenheim until 1247.", "The oldest known seal of Rosenheim was built in 1374 and already shows the rose, which has not changed since.", "The only exception is a picture by Philipp Apian, which was painted around the year 1568 and shows a border around the rose.", "There exists also a logo for Rosenheim, containing the same rose which is present on the coat of arms.", "The \"Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Rosenheim (KU'KO)\" (Culture and Congress Centre) was built on the site of the brine works, demolished in 1967.", "Inaugurated on October 2, 1982 as the town hall, now the Culture and Congress Centre Rosenheim has evolved over the years into a national event centre.", "Today in the 3000-square-foot multipurpose building approximately 400 events are held annually.", "Since 1885, the has housed the Municipal Museum with a large collection (about 5000 exhibits) of the cultural history of the town and district of Rosenheim, from the prehistory and early history and Roman times to the recent town history in the 20th century.", "It is one of the most important regional history collections in South East Upper Bavaria.", "The Inn Museum houses the hydraulic engineering and marine technology collection of the Rosenheim Water Management Office and is located in the historic river master's \"Bruckbaustadel\" at the Inn Bridge.", "With many original objects, the museum displays the Inn Shipping Company, the source of Rosenheim's prosperity in the Middle Ages, in the past centuries.", "In addition, the museum provides facts about the river landscape and river engineering, geology, settlement history, marine engineering, bridge design and the development of waterways.", "The \"Wood technology Museum\" was established in 1990 in the listed Ellmaierhaus.", "It is housed on the first floor, which is accessed via the so-called Jacob's ladder.", "At more than 400 square meters of exhibition space displays this unique museum, which is closely related to the \"timber town of Rosenheim\" and its training centres for wood occupations, wood as a raw material, its importance and processing past and present.", "The exhibition shows not only the end products, but also their production and the necessary tools.", "Regular special exhibitions complete the offer of the \"Wood technology Museum\".", "The Municipal Gallery of 1935-1937 was built by German Bestelmeyer.", "Every year, six art exhibitions are held here.", "In addition to contemporary art, also exhibitions of works from the 19th and 20th century are held.", "A thematic focus is the art from the region and the Munich School.", "The \"\" is an internationally renowned exhibition centre with annually changing exhibitions in the former railways round house.", "The brine pump house is one of the few monuments in the town which recall time from 1810 to 1958 of Rosenheim's brine industry.", "As part of the National Exposition \"salt makes history\", the town renovated the historic, listed building and set up an exhibition room about Rosenheim's brine history.", "Admission is only possible with town guides or by agreement with the Metropolitan Museum.", "The \"\" museum houses various exhibits, on the one hand the history of the Klepper folding boat, coats and tents.", "On the other hand, it is also dedicated to the development of the company Klepper, who was once the biggest employer in Rosenheim.", "The Mittertor (the sole survivor of five market gates) was the eastern gate of the market before 1350, which was then protected with a double ditch.", "Since the 15th century, it separated the interior from the exterior of the market served as a customs office.", "Until the 19th century it also contained several municipal facilities such as the town clerk's office.", "After the great fire in 1641 the Rosenheim onion dome was built and later extended into a long building.", "At its core is the Mittertor the oldest building in town.", "On the façade to the side of the square is the emblem of Louis Rosenheim, with the white rose against a red background.", "The Bavarian crest can also be seen here.", "The street \"Münchener Strasse\" follows the \"Gillitzerblock\", that is also called \"small pedestrian zone.\"", "Immediately apparent are the magnificently restored Gründerzeit fronts.", "The name \"Gillitzerblock\" come from its builder Thomas Gillitzer.", "At the end of the 19th century he obtained a relatively large area of land, for its day, and built 15 houses, including the Hotel \"Deutscher Kaiser\".", "Since the 1960s, the once solely Gründerzeit ensemble has been altered with new construction and renovations.", "Only the façades in \"Münchener Strasse\" have been preserved and restored to the original.", "The \"Quest-\" was built from 1855 to 1916 in several phases as industrial complexes.", "\"Kunstmühle\" was at these times the name for technically advanced mills - German \"Kunst\" means art.", "The mill was renovated in the 1990s and now serves as a restaurant and office space.", "The \"Quest-Kunstmühle\" Power station is located on the Mangfallkanal.", "The former mill houses the exhibition halls of the Rosenheim arts club.", "The approximately 200 m2 upper floor holds exhibitions of contemporary artists, exchange exhibitions with other art associations and activities accompanying the exhibition.", "The Rosenheim ballroom was built in the former Rosenheim Hofbräus buildings.", "The hall with ballroom and vaulted cellar was built in 1878.", "It was renovated in 1994 and since 2001 has been used as an event space, with its many possible uses of the centre of the eastern town of Rosenheim.", "The town's landmark is the gothic spire (65 m ) of the parish church St. Nikolaus (1450 m ) with its baroque onion dome (1641 m ).", "The \"Kunstwiese\" shows three-dimensional contemporary art works by artists from Rosenheim all year round.", "The \"Riedergarten\" was created in 1729 as a private herb garden by Rosenheim pharmacist Johann Rieder.", "It was sold to the town in 1925 by physician Dr. Herman Rieder for use as a summer garden.", "In 2002 the garden was redesigned by the opening up of a previously culverted stream, adding a modern character.", "Since 1987 the \"Salingarten\", in front of the Culture and Congress Centre Ku'Ko, has been used as a sculpture garden.", "Large sculptures by important sculptors from Rosenheim and environment can be seen here.", "There are regular regional train connections to Munich and Salzburg." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 106209, "simple_article_title": "Rosenheim", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=106209", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-106209-0-0", "simple-106209-0-1", "simple-106209-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Rosenheim is a city in Upper Bavaria, Germany.", "It does not belong to a rural district, but it is an urban district itself.", "The rivers of the Inn and the Mangfall come together in Rosenheim." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 56801022, "normal_article_title": "Elías Yanes Álvarez", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56801022", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-56801022-0-0", "normal-56801022-1-0", "normal-56801022-1-1", "normal-56801022-1-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Elias Yanes Álvarez (16 February 1928 – 9 March 2018) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop.", "Yanes Álvarez was ordained to the priesthood in 1952.", "He served as titular bishop of \"Mulli\" and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oviedo, Spain from 1970 to 1977.", "Yanes Álvarez then served as Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zaragoza from 1977 until 2005." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 625035, "simple_article_title": "Elías Yanes Álvarez", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=625035", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-625035-0-0", "simple-625035-0-1", "simple-625035-1-0", "simple-625035-1-1", "simple-625035-1-2", "simple-625035-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Elias Yanes Álvarez (16 February 1928 – 9 March 2018) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop.", "He was born in Zaragoza.", "Yanes Álvarez was ordained to the priesthood in 1952.", "He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oviedo from 1970 to 1977.", "Yanes Álvarez then served as Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zaragoza from 1977 until 2005.", "Yanes Álvarez died in Zaragoza of complications from a fall on 9 March 2018 at the age of 90." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 934176, "normal_article_title": "Giovanni Francesco Straparola", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=934176", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-934176-0-0", "normal-934176-0-1", "normal-934176-0-2", "normal-934176-0-3", "normal-934176-1-0", "normal-934176-1-1", "normal-934176-1-2", "normal-934176-2-0", "normal-934176-3-0", "normal-934176-3-1", "normal-934176-3-2", "normal-934176-4-0", "normal-934176-5-0", "normal-934176-5-1", "normal-934176-5-2", "normal-934176-5-3", "normal-934176-6-0", "normal-934176-6-1", "normal-934176-7-0", "normal-934176-8-0", "normal-934176-8-1", "normal-934176-8-2", "normal-934176-8-3", "normal-934176-9-0", "normal-934176-9-1", "normal-934176-10-0", "normal-934176-10-1", "normal-934176-11-0", "normal-934176-11-1", "normal-934176-11-2", "normal-934176-11-3", "normal-934176-11-4", "normal-934176-11-5", "normal-934176-12-0", "normal-934176-13-0", "normal-934176-14-0", "normal-934176-14-1", 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"normal-934176-33-0", "normal-934176-33-1", "normal-934176-33-2", "normal-934176-33-3", "normal-934176-34-0", "normal-934176-34-1", "normal-934176-34-2", "normal-934176-35-0", "normal-934176-35-1", "normal-934176-35-2", "normal-934176-36-0", "normal-934176-36-1", "normal-934176-37-0", "normal-934176-38-0", "normal-934176-38-1", "normal-934176-39-0", "normal-934176-39-1", "normal-934176-40-0", "normal-934176-40-1", "normal-934176-40-2", "normal-934176-41-0", "normal-934176-41-1", "normal-934176-42-0", "normal-934176-42-1", "normal-934176-42-2", "normal-934176-43-0", "normal-934176-43-1", "normal-934176-44-0", "normal-934176-45-0", "normal-934176-45-1", "normal-934176-46-0", "normal-934176-46-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Giovanni Francesco \"Gianfrancesco\" Straparola, also known as Zoan or Zuan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio (ca. 1485?-", "-1558), was an Italian writer of poetry, and collector and writer of short stories.", "Some time during his life, he migrated from Caravaggio to Venice where he published a collection of stories in two volumes called \"The Facetious Nights\" or \"The Pleasant Nights\".", "This collection includes some of the first known printed versions of fairy tales in Europe, as they are known today.", "Not much is known of Straparola's life except for a few facts regarding his published works.", "He was likely born some time around 1485 in Caravaggio, Italy (on the Lombard plain east of Milan).", "However, nothing more is known of his life until 1508 when he was found to be in Venice where he signed his name \"Zoan\" on the title page of his \"Opera nova de Zoan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio novamente stampata\" (\"New Works\").", "Prior to issuing the first volume of \"The Pleasant Nights\", Straparola obtained permission to publish from the Venetian authorities on March 8, 1550, though the name on the permission reads \"Zuan Francesco Sstraparola da Caravaggio.\"", "Straparola was said to have died in 1558.", "But his death may have occurred earlier as after the 1556 or 1557 print run, the woodcut portrait of the author disappeared from the work as well as the words \"\"All’instanza dall’autore\"\" (at the behest of the author), the printer being Comin da Trino, Venice.", "This possibly could put Straparola's death prior to 1558 (Bottigheimer suggests 1555 due to the plague at that time), and in some city other than Venice as his death is not recorded in the death records of Venice in the 1550s or early 1560s.", "As a lettered man not native to Venice, Straparola may have held the position of teacher, private secretary, or a type of ‘ghost writer’ for a patron.", "The name \"Straparola\" is unlikely to be Giovanni Francesco's real name.", "Bottigheimer suggests \"Straparola\" is a nickname derived from the Italian verb \"straparlare\", meaning \"to talk too much\" or \"to talk nonsense\".", "Zipes has the name meaning \"loquacious\".", "The use of a nickname is understandable as the publishing of satirical writings in sixteenth-century Venice often held personal danger for the author.", "In Venice in 1508, Straparola published his \"Opera nova de Zoan Francesco Straparola da Caravazo novamente stampata\" (\"New Works\"), which contained sonnets, \"strambotti\" (satirical verse), \"epistre\" (epistles), and \"capitoli\" (satirical poetry).", "It was reprinted in 1515.", "In 1551, also in Venice, Straparola published the first volume of his \"Le Piacevoli Notti Di M. Giovanfrancesco Straparola da Caravaggio\", which is often translated as \"The Pleasant Nights\" or \"The Facetious Nights\", the second volume of this work appearing in 1553.", "\"The Pleasant Nights\" is the work for which Straparola is most noted, and which contains a total of seventy-five short stories, fables, and fairy tales (Straparola 1894, vol.1 has 25; vol.", "The tales, or novelle, are divided into Nights, rather than chapters, and resemble the type of narrative presentation found in Boccaccio's \"Decameron\" (1350–52).", "This presentation is of a gathering of Italian aristocrats, men and women, who entertain themselves by singing songs, dancing, and telling stories, \"The Pleasant Nights\" having added enigmas (riddles).", "Compare Boccaccio 2010 with Straparola 1894.", "One story in the second book of \"The Pleasant Nights\", \"The Tailor's Apprentice\" or \"Maestro Lattantio and His Apprentice Dionigi\" (Straparola 1984 vol.", ", was removed a few years after first appearing in the second volume due to Church influence, while the entire collection entered a number of Indexes of prohibited books between 1580 and 1624.", "It is claimed that many of the stories within \"The Pleasant Nights\" had been taken from earlier works, specifically from Girolamo Morlini, a 15th/16th century lawyer from Naples whose \"Novellae, fabulae, comoedia\" appeared in 1520.", "Today, in at least one instance, the name of Girolamo Morlini has been associated in print with \"The Facetious Nights\".", "If taken at his word, Straparola never denied this.", "In the Dedication at the front of the second volume, Straparola wrote that the stories \". . . \"written and collected in this volume\" vol.", "\"are none of mine, but goods which I have feloniously taken from this man and that.", "Of a truth I confess they are not mine, and if I said otherwise I should lie, but nevertheless I have faithfully set them down according to the manner in which they were told by the ladies, nobles, learned men and gentlemen who gathered together for recreation\".\"", "Zipes even mentioned at one time that \"\"Straparola was not an original writer\".\"", "It was often the case in Renaissance Italy that the use of the \"frame tale\" allowed an author to dodge some of the criticism for printing stories from other writers by disclaiming original authorship, saying they only wrote down what they heard.", "Though this Dedication is signed \"From Giovanni Francesco Straparola,\" Bottigheimer suggests that changes in narrative style between volume 1 and 2, both within the stories themselves and the frame tale, imply that someone other than Straparola could have worked on or finished the second volume, taking some of the stories at random from Morlini's \"Novellea\".", "Straparola's \"Pleasant Nights\" is the first known work where fairy tales as they are known today appeared in print.", "The numbers in brackets refers to the volume and the pages in Straparola 1894.", "Why \"Livoretto\" 1: 110-125 and \"Adamantina and the Doll\" 1: 236-245 are not included is not explained.", "With regard to the plots used within fairy tales, it has been suggested that Straparola might have created the \"rise plot\" or \"rise tale\" often seen in fairy tales today.", "The \"rise\" plot takes a poor person—man or woman, girl or boy—and through the use of magic they obtain a marriage that leads to wealth: \"rags-magic-marriage-riches\".", "However, this has yet to be satisfactorily established.", "The stories of Straparola that can be considered ‘rise’ tales include \"Peter the Fool\": through the auspices of a talking fish and its magic powers, a town fool rises to be a king; \"Fortunio and the Siren\": an orphaned boy uses magic powers transferred to him by animals to secure a royal marriage; \"Adamantina and the Doll\": a magic doll aids two women in securing royal marriages; and \"Costantino Fortunato\": a talking cat gains marriage and wealth for her master.", "Mme. de Murat (1670-1716), herself a writer of fairy tales, is noted as remarking in 1699 \"that everybody, including herself, was taking their stories from ‘Straparola.’\"", "Some of Straparola's tales or their plot elements can indeed be found in the works of later authors.", "Please note that these similarities alone do not confirm the claim that any of the plots or plotlines in \"The Pleasant Nights\" originated with Straparola.", "-1632) \"Peruonto\" and Mme d’Aulnoy's (1650?-", "-1705) \"The Dolphin,\" contain most of the same storyline as Straparola's \"Peter the Fool\", though the two former are studded with added morality: a foolish/ugly protagonist releases a fish/dolphin with magic powers that grants whatever is asked of it.", "(Compare Basile 2007, 32-41 and d’Aulnoy 1892, 509-535 with Straparola 1894, 1: 102-110.)", "Both Basile's \"Cagliuso\" and Charles Perrault's (1628-1703) \"The Master Cat, or Puss in Boots\" follow the same plotlines as Straparola's \"Costantino Fortunato:\" the protagonist inherits a talking cat that gains a royal marriage and wealth for her/his master.", "(Compare Basile 2007, 145-150 and Perrault 1969, 45-57 with Straparola 1894 2: 209-214.)", "\"Iron Hans\" (\"Iron John\"?)", "in Grimm (1785-1863 & 1786-1859) contains the same basic plot as that of \"Guerrino and the Savage Man:\" the protagonist is helped in his quest(s) by a wild or savage man he sets free.", "(Compare Grimm 1972, 612-620 with Straparola 1894 1: 221-236.)", "The plot in Straparola's \"Ancilotto\" is followed closely, with some differing details, in \"The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird\" as found in Joseph Jacobs's collection of 1916: to prevent a king from meeting with his children, they’re sent on near-impossible quests.", "(Compare Straparola 1894 vol.", "1: 186-198 with Jacobs 1916, 51-65.)", "In this same collection of Jacob's is the story \"The Master Thief,\" which follows the same plot as Straparola's \"Cassandrino the Thief\": a magistrate or lord has a thief prove how good he is or will be killed.", "(Compare Jacobs 1916, 121-128 with Straparola 1894 1: 20-27.)", "Basile's ‘The Goose’ follows the same plotline as Straparola's \"Adamantina and the Doll\": a doll/goose that grants bounty to two poor sisters ultimately leads them to marrying royally.", "(Compare Basile 2007, 397-401 with Straparola 1894 1: 236-245.)", "\"The Tale of Tales or Entertainment for the Little Ones\".", "Nancy L. Canepa, illus.", "Carmelo Lettere, forward Jack Zipes.", "New York: Penguin Books.", "Mark Musa and Peter Bondanella.", "Bottigheimer, Ruth B. 2002.", "\"Fairy Godfather: Straparola, Venice, and the Fairy Tale Tradition\".", "Philadelphia, Penn: University of Pennsylvania Press.", "\"Fairy Tales: A New History\".", "Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.", "\"Europe's First Fairy Tales\" and \"Giovan Francesco Straparola 1485?-", "In Raynard 2012, 7-24.", "\"Fairy Tales Framed: Early Forewords, Afterwords, and Critical Words\".", "Albany, New York: State University of New York.", "Canepa, Nancy L., Ed.", "\"Out of the Woods: The Origins of the Literary Fairy Tale in Italy and France\".", "Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.", "\"Families, medical secrets and public health in early modern Venice\".", "\"The Fairy Tales of Madame d’Aulnoy, newly done into English\".", "Miss Annie Macdonell and Miss Lee, illus.", "London: Lawrence and Bullen.", "\"European Folk and Fairy Tales\".", "New York: G. P. Putnum's Sons.", "Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm.", "\"The Complete Grimm's Fairy Tales\".", "Margaret Hunt and James Stern, illus.", "New York: Pantheon Books.", "Martone, Valerie and Robert L. Martone.", "\"Renaissance Comic Tales of Love, Treachery, and Revenge\".", "New York: Italica Press.", "Opie, Iona and Peter Opie.", "\"The Classic Fairy Tales\".", "New York: Oxford Univ.", "\"The Fairy Tales of Charles Perrault\".", "London: George G. Harrap & Co, Ltd.", "New York: Dover Publications.", "\"The Teller's Tale: Lives of the Classic Fairy Tale Writers\".", "Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.", "\"The Nights of Straparola\".", "London: Lawrence and Bullen.", "Vaz Da Silva, Francisco.", "\"The Invention of Fairy Tales.\"", "\"Journal of American Folklore\" 123(490), 2010.", "Waters, W. G. William George (1844-1928).", "\"Introduction\" in Straparola 1894, xi-xxvi.", "Ziolkowski, Jan M. 2007.", "\"Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales\".", "Ann Arbor, MI, USA: University of Michigan Press.", "\"Straparola and the Fairy Tale: Between Literary and Oral Traditions.\"", "\"Journal of American Folklore\" 123(490), 2010.", "\"Of Cats and Men.\"", "\"The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: from Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm\".", "New York: W. W. Norton.", "\"The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales\".", "Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 326926, "simple_article_title": "Gianfrancesco Straparola", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=326926", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-326926-0-0", "simple-326926-0-1", "simple-326926-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Giovanni Francesco \"Gianfrancesco\" Straparola (c. 1480 – c. 1557) was a writer from Caravaggio, Italy.", "His principal work is \"Le piacevoli notti\", a collection of 75 stories.", "Modelled on Decamerone, it has participants of a 13-night party in the island of Murano, near Venice, tell each other stories that vary from the bawdy to the fantastic." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 14052612, "normal_article_title": "Rainer Küchl", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14052612", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-14052612-0-0", "normal-14052612-1-0", "normal-14052612-1-1", "normal-14052612-2-0", "normal-14052612-3-0", "normal-14052612-3-1", "normal-14052612-4-0", "normal-14052612-4-1", "normal-14052612-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Rainer Küchl is an Austrian violinist who was born in Waidhofen an der Ybbs, Austria, in August 1950.", "He started to play the violin at the age of 11, and was admitted to the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna, at the age of 14, where he studied with Franz Samohyl.", "At the age of 20 he became concertmaster of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.", "As a soloist he has worked with some of the world's most famous orchestras and conductors, such as Karl Böhm, Leonard Bernstein, Carlos Kleiber, Claudio Abbado, Riccardo Muti, and Simon Rattle.", "In 1973 he founded the Küchl Quartett which is now known as the Wiener Musikverein Quartett.", "Since 1976, the Wiener Musikverein Quartett has its own concert series at the Brahmssaal of the Musikverein Vienna.", "Rainer Küchl is a professor at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna.", "Among his pupils were Wolfgang David and Joji Hattori.", "Rainer Küchl plays 'The Chaconne' by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona 1725, provided as a loan by Oesterreichische Nationalbank." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 116008, "simple_article_title": "Rainer Küchl", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=116008", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-116008-0-0", "simple-116008-0-1", "simple-116008-1-0", "simple-116008-1-1", "simple-116008-2-0", "simple-116008-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Rainer Küchl (*August 25 1950 in Waidhofen an der Ybbs) is an Austrian musician.", "He plays the violin and is a music professor.", "He started to play the violin at the age of 11.", "At the age of 14, he studied music at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna.", "He became the concertmaster of the Vienna Philharmonic at the age of 20.", "In 1973 he founded the Küchl Quartett which is known as the Wiener Musikverein Quartett." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 135877, "normal_article_title": "Floydada, Texas", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=135877", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-135877-0-0", "normal-135877-0-1", "normal-135877-0-2", "normal-135877-1-0", "normal-135877-1-1", "normal-135877-1-2", "normal-135877-1-3", "normal-135877-1-4", "normal-135877-1-5", "normal-135877-1-6", "normal-135877-2-0", "normal-135877-3-0", "normal-135877-3-1", "normal-135877-3-2", "normal-135877-3-3", "normal-135877-3-4", "normal-135877-4-0", "normal-135877-5-0", "normal-135877-5-1", "normal-135877-5-2", "normal-135877-5-3", "normal-135877-6-0", "normal-135877-6-1", "normal-135877-6-2", "normal-135877-7-0", "normal-135877-7-1", "normal-135877-7-2", "normal-135877-8-0", "normal-135877-8-1", "normal-135877-8-2", "normal-135877-8-3", "normal-135877-8-4", "normal-135877-9-0", "normal-135877-9-1", "normal-135877-9-2", "normal-135877-10-0", "normal-135877-10-1", "normal-135877-10-2", "normal-135877-10-3", "normal-135877-11-0", "normal-135877-11-1", "normal-135877-11-2", "normal-135877-11-3", "normal-135877-12-0", "normal-135877-12-1", "normal-135877-12-2", "normal-135877-12-3", "normal-135877-13-0", "normal-135877-13-1", "normal-135877-13-2", "normal-135877-14-0", "normal-135877-14-1", "normal-135877-14-2", "normal-135877-14-3", "normal-135877-14-4", "normal-135877-15-0", "normal-135877-15-1", "normal-135877-15-2", "normal-135877-15-3", "normal-135877-16-0", "normal-135877-16-1", "normal-135877-17-0", "normal-135877-18-0", "normal-135877-18-1", "normal-135877-18-2", "normal-135877-18-3", "normal-135877-18-4", "normal-135877-18-5", "normal-135877-18-6", "normal-135877-18-7", "normal-135877-18-8", "normal-135877-18-9", "normal-135877-18-10", "normal-135877-19-0", "normal-135877-20-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Floydada is a city in and the county seat of Floyd County, Texas, United States.", "This rural community lies on the high plains of the Llano Estacado in West Texas and is sometimes referred to as the Pumpkin Capital of Texas.", "The population was 3,038 at the 2010 census, down from 3,676 at the 2000 census.", "According to the Texas State Historical Association, the community of Floydada was originally named \"Floyd City\".", "It was established in 1890 on 640 acre of land donated by James B. and Caroline Price of Jefferson City, Missouri.", "Floydada won the election as county seat over Della Plain.", "When a post office opened, the name was changed to \"Floydada\".", "The meaning of the name is disputed.", "Some claim it was meant to be \"Floydalia\" but was garbled in transmission to the U.S. Postal Service, while others insist it is a combination of the county's name and that of James Price's mother, Ada.", "A third view is that it was formed from Caroline Price's parents, Floyd and Ada.", "Floydada became an important railroad junction in 1928, when the Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway reached the town.", "Floydada is located southwest of the center of Floyd County at (33.983771, -101.337259).", "U.S. Route 62 enters from the southwest as Ralls Highway and leads east out of town as Houston Street, while U.S. Route 70 enters from the north as Second Street and joins US 62 to exit town on Houston Street.", "Via US 62 it is 51 mi southwest to Lubbock, while US 70 leads northwest 27 mi to Plainview.", "The two highways lead east together 31 mi to Matador.", "Texas State Highway 207 leads north from Floydada 35 mi to Silverton.", "According to the United States Census Bureau, Floydada has a total area of 5.3 km2 , all of it land.", "Floydada lies on the high plains of the Llano Estacado around 18 mi west of the Caprock Escarpment.", "Blanco Canyon, a scenic canyon carved by the White River, is 6 mi to the south.", "The terrain surrounding Floydada consists of level plains that at one time were covered with grassland vegetation and populated with bison.", "The bison were extirpated and, with the exception of Blanco Canyon, the shortgrass prairie has been replaced by plowed cropland where cotton, sorghum, wheat and pumpkin are grown.", "The city of Floydada and Floyd County experience all four seasons of weather.", "Winters are cool and windy with little or no precipitation with the exception of snowfall.", "Summers experience a more mild wind and moderately high temperatures.", "The following is a list of average climate data to give a general idea of the weather in the area.", "Note these values are averages and estimates.", "They are not intended to provide precise data in a given time frame.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 3,676 people, 1,304 households, and 980 families residing in the city.", "The population density was 1,810.8 people per square mile (699.2/km2).", "There were 1,507 housing units at an average density of 742.3/sq mi (286.6/km2).", "The racial makeup of the city was 70.35% White, 4.13% African American, 1.09% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 22.20% from other races, and 2.09% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 51.63% of the population.", "There were 1,304 households out of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families.", "23.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.24.", "In the city the population was spread out with 31.6% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 34 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $25,429, and the median income for a family was $30,038.", "Males had a median income of $25,179 versus $17,381 for females.", "The per capita income for the city was $12,431.", "About 24.7% of families and 26.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.2% of those under age 18 and 19.7% of those age 65 or over.", "The city is served by the Floydada Independent School District.", "Apple Inc. has teamed up with Floydada and has distributed laptop computers to the students and staff of Floydada's Jr.", "High and High School.", "In 2007-08, Floydada was the only town in Texas to be an Apple distinguished school.", "Floydada has a number of free training programs provided by the Floydada Professional Development Center and the Floydada Economic Development Corporation (EDC).", "Employers can access financial assistance for training through the Skills Development Fund and the Self-Sufficiency Fund administered by the Texas Workforce Commission.", "Local training facilities include Caprock Community Action and the Floydada Technology Center.", "The Floydada Technology Center (FTC) began in 2003 and is provided by the Floydada EDC and is housed in the EDC offices at 105 South 5th Street.", "The Center itself was designed to provide workforce development to both citizens and businesses upon request.", "It houses a twelve student capacity classroom with an instructor's podium and computer that is attached to a projector.", "Caprock Community Action was opened in 2002 and operates a learning lab that offers citizens the opportunity to earn their GED.", "They are located at 701 E. Lee Street.", "Archaeologists from Wichita State University excavated in Blanco Canyon, 6 mi south of Floydada.", "They discovered significant evidence that Spanish explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado established a major camp there during his search for Quivira, one of the legendary Seven Cities of Gold.", "The Floyd County Historical Museum in downtown Floydada displays some of the significant artifacts from Coronado's campsite.", "There is also an historical marker in Blanco Canyon telling of Coronado's expedition which led through said canyon.", "Floydada is located in what many call the wind corridor of the United States.", "The wind corridor stretches through the Great Plains from the Texas Panhandle up into Minnesota, including some of the most wind-rich states in the country.", "The region is ideal for wind development because of its wind quality, the potential to connect into two different electric grid systems, and the plan scheduled for transmission build-out in the area.", "The quality of wind is ranked on a scale of one to seven.", "In Floyd County the wind ranking is class 4, which is considered good for wind energy development.", "Texas is served by several electric grid operators.", "Those operating in the Floyd County area are the Southwest Power Pool (SPP) and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT).", "It is beneficial for the area to be in such close vicinity to both grids, because it allows for the opportunity to send electricity generated from wind farms either direction.", "Even though Floyd County is located primarily in the SPP grid, lines can be built in the area that connect to the ERCOT grid.", "In January 2009 the Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) chose several transmission service providers (TSPs) to construct a build-out of transmission lines across the state of Texas.", "The purpose of the transmission overhaul was to help harness the wind-rich regions of West Texas and the Texas Panhandle in order to send the energy generated into more populated areas of Texas where the energy can be used.", "Two TSPs have Floyd County included in their study area, Sharyland Utilities and Wind Energy Transmission Texas (WETT).", "The Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZ) project in Texas has the potential to help spur wind energy development in Floyd County.", "Xcel Energy is also making plans to construct a transmission line through Floyd County.", "The region's economy is based on agriculture, but local companies provide services such as custom-built metal assembly irrigation motor development, efficient rock crushing systems, and a product called \"The Row Stalker\".", "As part of the Department of Energy Operation Sculpin, \"Floydada\" was the code name for a 3 kiloton nuclear test conducted at the Nevada Test Site on August 15, 1991." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4799256, "normal_article_title": "Slow Dazzle (album)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4799256", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4799256-0-0", "normal-4799256-1-0", "normal-4799256-1-1", "normal-4799256-1-2", "normal-4799256-2-0", "normal-4799256-3-0", "normal-4799256-3-1", "normal-4799256-4-0", "normal-4799256-4-1", "normal-4799256-4-2", "normal-4799256-5-0", "normal-4799256-6-0", "normal-4799256-6-1", "normal-4799256-7-0", "normal-4799256-7-1", "normal-4799256-8-0", "normal-4799256-8-1", "normal-4799256-9-0", "normal-4799256-9-1", "normal-4799256-10-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Slow Dazzle is the fifth solo studio album by Welsh musician John Cale, released on 25 March 1975, his second album for record label Island.", "\"Mr. Wilson\" is about seminal American musician Brian Wilson; the Beach Boys founding member has been a strong influence on Cale's work over the years.", "The song reflects the strong, divisive personal struggles in Wilson's life.", "The music's tone fluctuates from paranoid and unhappy to warm and pleasant moment by moment.", "\"Heartbreak Hotel\" is a cover of the Elvis Presley song (written by Mae Boren Axton and Tommy Durden) with fundamental elements of the track changed such the singing taking in \"chilling\" screams and dark synthesizer elements added to the background.", "The track \"Guts\" opens with the line \"The bugger in the short sleeves fucked my wife\".", "This refers to rock musician Kevin Ayers sleeping with Cale's wife before the concert that's captured on the \"June 1, 1974\" album; John Cale related the details in his autobiography, with Victor Bockris, \"What's Welsh for Zen\", that was published in 1998.", "\"The Jeweler\" is a spoken word piece under an instrumental backdrop that recalls, at least in its poetic and freeform structure, the track \"The Gift\" from the Velvet Underground's album \"White Light/White Heat\".", "While Cale speaks in a calm, monotone voice, \"The Jeweler\" features a drone-like set of unsettling sounds that appear to build and build without reaching a conclusion.", "The non-vocal side of the track is somewhat reminiscent of contemporary 1970s-era horror film scoring.", "Track 2, \"Taking It All Away\", was misprinted on all Island Record CD releases of the album as \"Talking It All Away\".", "The cover photography was by Keith Morris.", "It is also the second consecutive album to feature both Brian Eno and Phil Manzanera of Roxy Music.", "\"Slow Dazzle\" was released on 25 March 1975.", "No singles were released off the album, although there was a promotional-only single of \"Dirtyass Rock 'n' Roll\" b/w \"Heartbreak Hotel\".", "The album was remastered in 1996 as part of the 2CD release \"The Island Years\", containing also both \"Fear\" and \"Helen of Troy\".", "It contained two bonus tracks; also, the last track \"The Jeweller\" was shortened to 4:11.", "\"Trouser Press\" described the album as \"more restrained, but no less entrancing than \"Fear\"\".", "Cale's cover of \"Heartbreak Hotel\" has been cited by music critic Ned Raggett as one of the best cover songs ever recorded.", "All tracks composed by John Cale, except where indicated." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 416153, "simple_article_title": "Slow Dazzle", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=416153", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-416153-0-0", "simple-416153-0-1", "simple-416153-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Slow Dazzle is the fifth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale.", "It was released in March 1975.", "It was his second full-length album on Island Records label." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 11469854, "normal_article_title": "Kamalamai", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11469854", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-11469854-0-0", "normal-11469854-0-1", "normal-11469854-0-2", "normal-11469854-0-3", "normal-11469854-0-4", "normal-11469854-0-5", "normal-11469854-1-0", "normal-11469854-1-1", "normal-11469854-1-2", "normal-11469854-1-3", "normal-11469854-1-4", "normal-11469854-1-5", "normal-11469854-1-6", "normal-11469854-1-7", "normal-11469854-1-8", "normal-11469854-2-0", "normal-11469854-3-0", "normal-11469854-3-1", "normal-11469854-3-2", "normal-11469854-3-3", "normal-11469854-3-4", "normal-11469854-3-5", "normal-11469854-3-6", "normal-11469854-3-7", "normal-11469854-3-8", "normal-11469854-4-0", "normal-11469854-4-1", "normal-11469854-4-2", "normal-11469854-4-3", "normal-11469854-5-0", "normal-11469854-5-1", "normal-11469854-5-2", "normal-11469854-5-3", "normal-11469854-6-0", "normal-11469854-6-1", "normal-11469854-7-0", "normal-11469854-8-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Kamalamai (former name: Sindhulimadi; ) is a municipality in Sindhuli District, in the Janakpur zone of central south Nepal.", "At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 39,413 people in 9,304 households.", "The city is located in the Sindhuli Valley of central south Nepal.", "The historic symbol of the valley, Sindhuli Gadhi fort, is at the peak of a hill of the Mahabharata range.", "The city is in the plain valley made by the Kamla River.", "Kamalamai Municipality is the largest municipality of Nepal according to area.", "The occupation of the Kuti Pass in about 1756 stopped the valley's trade with Tibet.", "Finally, King Prithvi Narayan Shah entered the valley after the victory of Kirtipur.", "King Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu sought help from the British and so the East India Company sent a contingent of soldiers under Captain Kinloch in 1767.", "The British force was defeated at Sindhuli by Prithvi Narayan Shah's army.", "It was the first time a British force was defeated in Asia.", "The British soldiers were completely taken aback by the geography of the place.", "They were equipped with modern arms and ammunition like guns and cannons but the Gorkha army was brave and they had a better understanding of the terrain.", "The place where the army of the British Empire was defeated has widely gained popularity.", "It is called \"Sindhuli Gadhi\" and is of great historic significance to Nepal.", "Rice and maize are the major productions in this area.", "Kamalamai municipality has a good facility of education up to SLC levels.", "Suryodaya, Bhagwati, Siddhasthali ,Swiss are one of the best boarding in Sindhuli district and Janakpur zone.", "The quality of +2 levels too is fine here.", "Many private colleges run +2 commerce affiliated to HSEB.", "However, the number of +2 science colleges are very few.", "Science college like Kamala Higher Secondary School is providing good practical based education to students of Sindhuli.", "This college has been serving as the central of excellence for all science students throughout Sindhuli valley.", "There are also colleges to teach technical educations.", "The technical subjects affiliated with CTEVT are also taught here.", "There are many colleges which facilitate higher education.", "There are a large number of colleges running courses with affiliation to universities of Nepal.", "Colleges like Sindhuli Multiple Campus fall under this category.", "Kamala Science Campus enables students to acquire Bachelor of Science courses (BSc.).", "The new section of B.P. Koirala Highway to Kamalamai from Kathmandu opened in 2011 and continues on to Bardibas, though most areas only allow one lane of traffic with hairpin turns.", "The rest of the route to Bardibas is even and therefore much less dangerous.", "An old road that connects Dharan through Inner Tarai is going to reopen for the easier movement through the Inner Tarai Valleys of Sindhuli and Udayapur of Western Region to Dharan of Eastern Nepal.", "Long-route buses run under the local authority in the headquarters which has bus routes to cities like Kathmandu, Janakpur, Biratnagar and Pokhara.", "Local transportation consists of minibuses and minivans while most of the parts of Kamalamai are inaccessible to vehicles.", "Nowadays, auto rickshaws (electrical) are also used here.", "To promote local culture Kamalamai Municipality has three FM radio stations - Sindhuligadhi FM - 92 MHz, Radio Siddhababa - 98.4 MHz and Radio Sahara - 104.2 MHz.", "The KM Club holds various events in colleges of Sindhuli." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 51882811, "normal_article_title": "Luosto", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51882811", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-51882811-0-0", "normal-51882811-0-1", "normal-51882811-0-2", "normal-51882811-0-3", "normal-51882811-0-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Luosto is a fell in Finnish Lapland, in the Sodankylä municipality.", "It is about 510 m high.", "It is part of Pyhä-Luosto National Park.", "There is a weather radar on the fell top.", "The Luosto ski resort and amethyst mine are nearby." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 439419, "simple_article_title": "Luosto", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=439419", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-439419-0-0", "simple-439419-0-1", "simple-439419-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Luosto is a hill in Finnish Lapland, in the Sodankylä municipality.", "It is about 510 meters high.", "It is part of Pyhä-Luosto National Park." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2681639, "normal_article_title": "Motion Picture Sound Editors", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2681639", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2681639-0-0", "normal-2681639-0-1", "normal-2681639-0-2", "normal-2681639-0-3", "normal-2681639-1-0", "normal-2681639-2-0", "normal-2681639-3-0", "normal-2681639-4-0", "normal-2681639-4-1", "normal-2681639-4-2", "normal-2681639-5-0", "normal-2681639-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Founded in 1953, Motion Picture Sound Editors (M.P.S.E.) is an American honorary society of motion picture sound editors.", "The society's goals are to educate others about and increase the recognition of the sound editors, show the artistic merit of the soundtracks, and improve the professional relationship of its members.", "The society is not to be confused with an industry union, such as the I.A.T.S.E.", "The current president is Frank Morrone.", "The names of active members of the MPSE will generally appear in film credits with the post-nominal letters \"MPSE\".", "The MPSE currently presents awards annually to sound editors in the several categories for feature films.", "An * denotes a film that also won an Academy Award for Sound Editing.", "There are also \"other\" categories that include the Career Achievement Award, and the Inaugural Filmmaker's Award.", "The MPSE also sponsors the Verna Fields Award for Sound Editing in a Student Film and the Ethel Crutcher Scholarship.", "The award statues are made by New York firm, Society Awards.", "The current Golden Reel Award design was introduced on March 31, 1984, at the award ceremonies for the year 1983 held at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel Grand Ballroom, Beverly Hills, California.", "The trophy was designed by Pat and Ken Anderson of the Anderson Trophy Company." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 259256, "simple_article_title": "Motion Picture Sound Editors", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=259256", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-259256-0-0", "simple-259256-0-1", "simple-259256-0-2", "simple-259256-1-0", "simple-259256-2-0", "simple-259256-3-0", "simple-259256-3-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Founded in 1953, Motion Picture Sound Editors (M.P.S.E.) is an honorary society of motion picture sound editors.", "The society's goals are to educate others about and increase the recognition of the sound editors, show the artistic merit of the soundtracks, and improve the professional relationship of its members.", "The society is not to be confused with an industry union, such as the I.A.T.S.E The current president is Bobbi Banks.", "The names of active members of the MPSE will generally appear in film credits with the post-nominal letters \"MPSE\".", "The categories are further broken down based on specific genres and between Feature Film's and Television shows.", "There are also \"other\" categories that include Sound Editing in Computer Entertainment, the Career Achievement Award, and the Inaugural Filmmaker's Award.", "The MPSE also sponsors the Verna Fields Award for Sound Editing in a Student Film and the Ethel Crutcher Scholarship." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 21732545, "normal_article_title": "Aerospace engineering", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21732545", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-21732545-0-0", "normal-21732545-0-1", "normal-21732545-0-2", "normal-21732545-1-0", "normal-21732545-1-1", "normal-21732545-1-2", "normal-21732545-2-0", "normal-21732545-2-1", "normal-21732545-2-2", "normal-21732545-2-3", "normal-21732545-3-0", "normal-21732545-3-1", "normal-21732545-4-0", "normal-21732545-4-1", "normal-21732545-4-2", "normal-21732545-5-0", "normal-21732545-5-1", "normal-21732545-5-2", "normal-21732545-5-3", "normal-21732545-5-4", "normal-21732545-6-0", "normal-21732545-6-1", "normal-21732545-6-2", "normal-21732545-6-3", "normal-21732545-6-4", "normal-21732545-6-5", "normal-21732545-6-6", "normal-21732545-7-0", "normal-21732545-7-1", "normal-21732545-7-2", "normal-21732545-7-3", "normal-21732545-7-4", "normal-21732545-8-0", "normal-21732545-9-0", "normal-21732545-9-1", "normal-21732545-9-2", "normal-21732545-9-3", "normal-21732545-10-0", "normal-21732545-11-0", "normal-21732545-11-1", "normal-21732545-11-2", "normal-21732545-11-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Aerospace engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft.", "It has two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering.", "Avionics engineering is similar, but deals with the electronics side of aerospace engineering.", "Aeronautical engineering was the original term for the field.", "As flight technology advanced to include craft operating in outer space (astronautics), the broader term \"aerospace engineering\" has come into common use.", "Aerospace engineering, particularly the astronautics branch, is often colloquially referred to as \"rocket science\".", "Flight vehicles are subjected to demanding conditions such as those caused by changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature, with structural loads applied upon vehicle components.", "Consequently, they are usually the products of various technological and engineering disciplines including aerodynamics, propulsion, avionics, materials science, structural analysis and manufacturing.", "The interaction between these technologies is known as aerospace engineering.", "Because of the complexity and number of disciplines involved, aerospace engineering is carried out by teams of engineers, each having their own specialized area of expertise.", "The origin of aerospace engineering can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the late 19th to early 20th centuries, although the work of Sir George Cayley dates from the last decade of the 18th to mid-19th century.", "One of the most important people in the history of aeronautics, Cayley was a pioneer in aeronautical engineering and is credited as the first person to separate the forces of lift and drag, which are in effect on any flight vehicle.", "Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.", "Scientists understood some key elements of aerospace engineering, like fluid dynamics, in the 18th century.", "Many years later after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, the 1910s saw the development of aeronautical engineering through the design of World War I military aircraft.", "Between World Wars I and II, great leaps were made in Aeronautical Engineering.", "The advent of mainstream civil aviation greatly accelerated this process.", "Notable airplanes of this era include the Curtiss JN 4, the Farman F.60 Goliath, and Fokker trimotor.", "Notable military airplanes of this period include the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, the Supermarine Spitfire and the Messerschmitt Bf 109 from Japan, Great Britain, and Germany respectively.", "A significant development in Aerospace engineering came with the first operational Jet engine-powered airplane, the Messerschmitt Me 262 which entered service in 1944 towards the end of the second World War.", "The first definition of aerospace engineering appeared in February 1958.", "The definition considered the Earth's atmosphere and the outer space as a single realm, thereby encompassing both aircraft (\"aero\") and spacecraft (\"space\") under a newly coined word \"aerospace\".", "In response to the USSR launching the first satellite, Sputnik into space on October 4, 1957, U.S. aerospace engineers launched the first American satellite on January 31, 1958.", "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was founded in 1958 as a response to the Cold War.", "In 1969, Apollo 11, the first manned space mission to the moon took place.", "It saw three astronauts enter orbit around the Moon, with two, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, visiting the lunar surface.", "The third astronaut, Michael Collins, stayed in orbit to rendezvous with Armstrong and Aldrin after their visit to the lunar surface.", "The basis of most of these elements lies in theoretical physics, such as fluid dynamics for aerodynamics or the equations of motion for flight dynamics.", "There is also a large empirical component.", "Historically, this empirical component was derived from testing of scale models and prototypes, either in wind tunnels or in the free atmosphere.", "More recently, advances in computing have enabled the use of computational fluid dynamics to simulate the behavior of the fluid, reducing time and expense spent on wind-tunnel testing.", "Those studying hydrodynamics or Hydroacoustics often obtained degrees in Aerospace Engineering.", "Additionally, aerospace engineering addresses the integration of all components that constitute an aerospace vehicle (subsystems including power, aerospace bearings, communications, thermal control, life support, etc.) and its life cycle (design, temperature, pressure, radiation, velocity, lifetime).", "Aerospace engineering may be studied at the advanced diploma, bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments at others.", "A few departments offer degrees in space-focused astronautical engineering.", "Some institutions differentiate between aeronautical and astronautical engineering.", "Graduate degrees are offered in advanced or specialty areas for the aerospace industry.", "A background in chemistry, physics, computer science and mathematics is important for students pursuing an aerospace engineering degree.", "The term \"rocket scientist\" is sometimes used to describe a person of great intelligence since rocket science is seen as a practice requiring great mental ability, especially technically and mathematically.", "The term is used ironically in the expression \"It's not rocket science\" to indicate that a task is simple.", "Strictly speaking, the use of \"science\" in \"rocket science\" is a misnomer since science is about understanding the origins, nature, and behavior of the universe; engineering is about using scientific and engineering principles to solve problems and develop new technology.", "However, \"science\" and \"engineering\" are often misused as synonyms." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 10990, "simple_article_title": "Aerospace engineering", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10990", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-10990-0-0", "simple-10990-0-1", "simple-10990-1-0", "simple-10990-1-1", "simple-10990-1-2", "simple-10990-1-3", "simple-10990-1-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Aerospace engineering is a field of engineering that specializes in vehicles that move in fluids.", "This usually means working with airplanes, cars, boats, trains, or spacecraft.", "As with other engineering, people who work in Aerospace engineering must study.", "This depends on what they want to do.", "Aerospace engineers (who design and oversee repair of vehicles) study for years at a university or college and earn a degree.", "Technicians (those who repair and construct vehicles) will do a shorter course and 'on the job' training.", "Aerospace jobs include astronauts, pilots, and other professionals." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 111024, "normal_article_title": "Oak Brook, Illinois", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=111024", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-111024-0-0", "normal-111024-0-1", "normal-111024-0-2", "normal-111024-0-3", "normal-111024-1-0", "normal-111024-2-0", "normal-111024-2-1", "normal-111024-3-0", "normal-111024-4-0", "normal-111024-5-0", "normal-111024-6-0", "normal-111024-6-1", "normal-111024-7-0", "normal-111024-8-0", "normal-111024-9-0", "normal-111024-9-1", "normal-111024-9-2", "normal-111024-9-3", "normal-111024-9-4", "normal-111024-10-0", "normal-111024-10-1", "normal-111024-10-2", "normal-111024-11-0", "normal-111024-11-1", "normal-111024-11-2", "normal-111024-11-3", "normal-111024-12-0", "normal-111024-12-1", "normal-111024-12-2", "normal-111024-12-3", "normal-111024-13-0", "normal-111024-14-0", "normal-111024-15-0", "normal-111024-16-0", "normal-111024-17-0", "normal-111024-18-0", "normal-111024-18-1", "normal-111024-18-2", "normal-111024-18-3", "normal-111024-18-4", "normal-111024-19-0", "normal-111024-20-0", "normal-111024-20-1", "normal-111024-20-2", "normal-111024-20-3", "normal-111024-21-0", "normal-111024-21-1", "normal-111024-22-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Oak Brook is a village in DuPage County with a small portion in Cook County in Illinois.", "The population was 7,883 at the 2010 census.", "This suburb of Chicago has the headquarters of several companies and organizations including Ace Hardware, Blistex, Federal Signal, CenterPoint Properties, Sanford L.P., TreeHouse Foods, and Lions Clubs International.", "It is the former corporate home of McDonald's and Ferrara Candy (now both moved to Chicago).", "Oak Brook was originally known as Fullersburg, named after Ben Fuller, an early settler.", "Oak Brook was incorporated as a village in 1958, due in large part to the efforts of Paul Butler, a prominent civic leader and landowner whose father had first moved to the vicinity in 1898 and opened a dairy farm shortly thereafter.", "Prior to incorporation, the name Oak Brook was used by local residents to distinguish their community from neighboring Hinsdale and Elmhurst, going back to the founding of the Oak Brook Civic Association almost two decades earlier.", "The original boundaries were smaller than the present extent of the village, but a considerable amount of land was annexed soon after the founding of the village, including the land that is now the site of the Oakbrook Center shopping mall, which opened in 1962.", "Paul Butler's interest in sport was reflected in the Oak Brook Sports Core, which features polo fields, a golf course (which was at one time the venue for the Western Open), swimming and tennis facilities, and other recreational facilities not commonly found in a village of this size.", "According to the 2010 census, Oak Brook has a total area of 8.279 sqmi , of which 7.95 sqmi (or 96.03%) is land and 0.329 sqmi (or 3.97%) is water.", "Oak Brook is located about 19 mi west of the Chicago Loop (downtown Chicago) and is served by a network of major federal, state, and county roads, including the Tri-State Tollway (Interstate 294), the Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway (Interstate 88), and the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290).", "Although Oak Brook is not directly served by any CTA or Metra trains, the commercial corridor along 22nd Street is served by several Pace bus routes, and train stations in neighboring villages offer commuter train access to downtown Chicago.", "Most of Oak Brook consists of residential subdivisions, with the exception of the Oakbrook Center shopping mall and other retail and office properties along 22nd Street and the Interstate 88 corridor in the northern part of the village.", "The village's adjacent neighbors are Elmhurst to the north, Hillside to the northeast, Westchester to the east, Hinsdale and Westmont to the south, Downers Grove to the southwest, and Lombard and Oakbrook Terrace to the northwest.", "As of the census of 2010, there were 7,883 people, 2,939 households, and 2,363 families residing in the village.", "The population density was 991.6 people per square mile (382.9/km).", "There were 3,188 housing units, at an average density of 401.0 per square mile (154.8/km).", "The racial makeup was 71.8% White, 2.0% African American, 23.2% Asian, 0.1% Native American, 0.7% some other race, and 2.2% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.3% of the population.", "There were 2,939 households, out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.6% were headed by married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families.", "18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.63, and the average family size was 2.99.", "In the village, the population was spread out with 17.8% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 13.8% from 25 to 44, 33.6% from 45 to 64, and 29.3% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 54.5 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.", "For the period 2007-11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the village was $132,389, and the median income for a family was $152,209.", "Male full-time workers had a median income of $104,981 versus $71,961 for females.", "The per capita income for the village was $79,711.", "About 1.1% of families and 1.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.7% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over.", "In 2011, 23.2% of Oak Brook's residents were Asian, making it the Chicago suburb with the second highest percentage of Asians.", "Median Home Value: $635,400*", "2011 Municipal Operating and Capital Expense Budget: $49.4 million", "Village Employees: 134 full-time employees", "Village Government: president, village clerk, six trustees, and village manager", "Oak Brook has its own school district, District 53, which includes Brook Forest Elementary School (grades K-5) and Butler Junior High School (grades 6–8).", "Students that live within the district attend Hinsdale Central High School, District 86.", "However, some residents of the village are within other DuPage county school districts and attend schools in Elmhurst, Downers Grove or Villa Park.", "Middle schools Paul Butler Jr.", "High School (Butler District 53)", "Hinsdale Montessori at the Hinsdale community house", "While many Oak Brook residents commute to jobs scattered throughout the Chicago metropolitan area, Oak Brook is also the home of many corporate offices.", "The world headquarters of McDonald's Corporation was in Oak Brook from 1971, when McDonald's moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop, until 2018, when it moved back to Chicago.", "Other corporations include Ace Hardware, Blistex, Crowe Horwath, TreeHouse Foods, Federal Signal, Sanford, CenterPoint Properties, Dantech Information Technology, and Follett Higher Education Group.", "Global non-profit organizations such as Lions Clubs International, Zonta International and Institute in Basic Life Principles are also based in Oak Brook.", "In the medical drama series \"ER\", John Carter's parents are said to live in Oak Brook, referencing it as a rich area.", "The show filmed a funeral scene in Oak Brook's Bronswood cemetery in its 267th episode, \"Twenty-One Guns\".", "In a popular ad campaign by Hanes, Michael Jordan is asked by an irreverent yet likable \"everyman\" to join him at a conference in Oak Brook, Illinois, explaining to Jordan that, \"...it would mean a lot to the people of Oak Brook.\"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 640661, "simple_article_title": "Oak Brook, Illinois", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=640661", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-640661-0-0", "simple-640661-0-1", "simple-640661-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Oak Brook is a village in DuPage County with a small portion in Cook County in Illinois.", "The population was 7,883 at the 2010 census.", "It was made into a village in 1958." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 13645766, "normal_article_title": "Harry Firth", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13645766", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-13645766-0-0", "normal-13645766-0-1", "normal-13645766-0-2", "normal-13645766-1-0", "normal-13645766-1-1", "normal-13645766-1-2", "normal-13645766-2-0", "normal-13645766-3-0", "normal-13645766-4-0", "normal-13645766-4-1", "normal-13645766-4-2", "normal-13645766-4-3", "normal-13645766-4-4", "normal-13645766-4-5", "normal-13645766-5-0", "normal-13645766-5-1", "normal-13645766-5-2", "normal-13645766-5-3", "normal-13645766-6-0", "normal-13645766-6-1", "normal-13645766-7-0", "normal-13645766-7-1", "normal-13645766-7-2", "normal-13645766-8-0", "normal-13645766-8-1", "normal-13645766-9-0", "normal-13645766-9-1", "normal-13645766-9-2", "normal-13645766-9-3", "normal-13645766-9-4", "normal-13645766-10-0", "normal-13645766-10-1", "normal-13645766-10-2", "normal-13645766-10-3", "normal-13645766-10-4", "normal-13645766-11-0", "normal-13645766-11-1", "normal-13645766-11-2", "normal-13645766-11-3", "normal-13645766-12-0", "normal-13645766-12-1", "normal-13645766-13-0", "normal-13645766-14-0", "normal-13645766-15-0", "normal-13645766-15-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Henry Leslie \"Harry\" Firth (18 April 1918 – 27 April 2014) was an Australian racing driver and team manager.", "Firth was a leading race and rally driver during the 1950s and 1960s and continued as an influential team manager with first the Ford works team and then the famed Holden Dealer Team (HDT) well into the 1970s.", "Firth’s nickname was \"the fox\", implying his use of cunning ploys as a team manager.", "Firth won the Bathurst 500, including its predecessor at Phillip Island, four times (twice in the final two races held at the Island and twice at Bathurst).", "He also won the Southern Cross Rally and the Australian Rally Championship.", "He was inducted into the V8 Supercars Hall of Fame in 2007.", "Firth has often been described as a 'bush engineer', someone who could probably build a race winning engine from nothing more than a roll of wire, while leading Australian Motoring journalist and former part-time racer Bill Tuckey once wrote of Firth that as a driver, engineer and team manager, he was \"\"As cunning as an outhouse rat\"\".", "On Sunday 27 April Harry Firth died peacefully in his sleep surrounded by his family, he was aged 96.", "Firth was born in Orbost, Victoria.", "After returning from service in World War II, Firth turned his attention to motorsport.", "He was involved in preparing the winning BMW 328 for the 1948 Australian Grand Prix (driven by Frank Pratt).", "In the 1950s Firth successfully competed in Porsche 356’s in races and hillclimbs.", "Firth had a great record in the Alpine Rally winning the event five times between 1953 and 1962.", "Firth then teamed with Bob Jane in a Mercedes-Benz 220SE to win the 1961 Armstrong 500 at Philip Island.", "In 1962 the Firth Motors workshop at Queens Avenue, Auburn (Melbourne) became the base for the Ford works team.", "Firth and Jane drove a Ford Works Team Ford Falcon XL to victory in the 1962 Armstrong 500 at Philip Island.", "Firth and Jane recorded the races first hat-trick of wins when they won the 1963 Armstrong 500 driving a Mk.I Ford Cortina GT at Bathurst (the race had moved to Bathurst that year due to the poor state of the Phillip Island Circuit following the 1962 race).", "In 1964 Firth and Hoinville won the Ampol Round Australia Trial in a Cortina GT.", "Firth and John Reaburn finished 3rd in the 1964 Armstrong 500 in a Cortina GT, while Bob Jane won his 4th in a row, teaming with George Reynolds, also in a GT.", "Firth and Reaburn also teamed in the 1965 Armstrong 500, but while the winning Ford Works car of Barry Seton and Midge Bosworth was the Harry Firth developed Ford Cortina GT500, Firth and Reaburn finished only 14th outright but won Class A for cars priced under £920 in a Mk.I Ford Cortina 220.", "As part of his work with Ford Australia, Firth was recommended as a driver by a young Canadian born Aussie racing in the new Trans-Am series in the United States named Allan Moffat, and he traveled to the US and co-drove with Moffat in an Under-3 litre Lotus Cortina in two races, a six-hour race at the Green Valley Raceway in Smithfield, Texas, and a four-hour race at Riverside in California.", "Following the Riverside race, the American's reportedly wanted Firth to stay and help the team but Firth refused, stating that he had to be back in Australia for a rally.", "Harry Firth won the rally in question, the inaugural Southern Cross Rally, with navigator Graham Hoinville, driving a Ford Cortina GT.", "The Ford Works Team didn't enter any cars for the 1966 Gallaher 500 at Bathurst and Firth teamed with Ern Abbott in a Morris Cooper S to finish in 6th place.", "The first nine finishers in the race all drove the famed Cooper S.", "1967 saw Firth notch up his last victory as a driver in the annual 500 mile race at Bathurst, winning the 1967 Gallaher 500 with a young Fred Gibson in a Ford XR Falcon GT, the first Australian made Ford Falcon to use a V8 engine.", "Sydney based racer/designer Frank Matich was scheduled to co-drive with Firth but had to withdraw due to other commitments.", "Firth wouldn't have minded so much on missing out on the driving talents of Frank Matich as he was always of the belief that drivers used to being able to drive their specially built race cars hard weren't well suited to Series Production racing where you had to be much easier on what was really a road going car.", "Matich then recommended Gibson (who had finished 2nd in the 1966 race in a Cooper S) for the drive, with Firth meeting Gibson for the first time at a Bathurst hotel on the Friday before the race.", "Firth and Gibson were actually flagged in 2nd behind their Works Ford team mates, Ian and Leo Geoghegan but following a re-count of the lap charts (after Firth protested the result resulting in long term animosity between himself and the Geoghegan's), were correctly awarded 1st place later that night.", "Firth won the 1968 Australian Rally Championship driving a Ford Cortina Lotus.", "That year he also led a three car Ford Australia assault on the inaugural London–Sydney Marathon, preparing a trio of XT Falcon GT's for the event which started on 24–25 November at Crystal Palace in London and traveled through Europe, the Middle East and South Asia before arriving in Bombay, India on 1–2 December.", "From there, the teams and their cars had an eight-day boat trip to Fremantle, Western Australia.", "The cars then traveled across the Nullarbor into South Australia before finally crossing into New South Wales and arriving at the Warwick Farm Raceway in Sydney on 18 December.", "The Ford Works Team cars, which included Firth in the driving line up, survived the tough conditions of the marathon rally and finished 3rd, 6th and 8th and claiming the \"Teams Prize\".", "In 1969 Harry Firth was considered by those at Ford to be 'too old' and was replaced as Ford Works Team boss by Al Turner, an American more known in Drag racing than circuit racing.", "Within a short time he had crossed over to General Motors Holden (GMH) to become manager of the new Holden Dealer Team, which despite the \"Dealer\" name (and Harry's claims on the ABC's Four Corners program in 1970 that as team boss he worked for a so-called \"Dealer's Council\" ) was actually a full works team backed by Holden and set up by GMH executive John Bagshaw.", "Because of General Motors worldwide factory ban on motorsport at the time (dating back to the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans disaster that killed 80 people), the team's cash flow from Holden had to come through the 'back door' to avoid alerting GM headquarters in Detroit.", "Ironically, the HDT operated out of Firth’s Auburn workshop, the same that had once housed the Ford Works Team.", "That year (1969) Firth was instrumental in launching the professional careers of two soon to be famous drivers – talented up and coming rally driver Colin Bond and young tearaway Peter Brock whose feats in an Austin A30 had brought him to Firth’s attention.", "Bond and Tony Roberts won the 1969 Hardie-Ferodo 500 for the HDT in a Holden Monaro GTS350, with Des West and Brock finishing third in a similar car.", "Over the next eight years the Holden Dealer Team under Firth achieved many notable race and rally victories and championship wins.", "At the end of, 1977 Harry Firth retired as manager of the Holden team but continued his involvement in motor racing as National Chief Scrutineer in 1978-1981.", "1961-62 were run at Phillip Island.", "The race moved to Bathurst in 1963." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 448701, "simple_article_title": "Harry Firth", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=448701", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-448701-0-0", "simple-448701-0-1", "simple-448701-0-2", "simple-448701-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Harry L. Firth (18 April 1918 - 27 April 2014) was an Australian racing driver and team manager.", "Firth was a leading race and rally driver during the 1950s and 1960s and continued as an influential team manager with first the Ford works team and then the famed Holden Dealer Team (HDT) well into the 1970s.", "He was born in Orbost, Victoria.", "Firth died from natural causes, aged 96." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 46401, "normal_article_title": "Ionia", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46401", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-46401-0-0", "normal-46401-0-1", "normal-46401-0-2", "normal-46401-0-3", "normal-46401-1-0", "normal-46401-1-1", "normal-46401-1-2", "normal-46401-2-0", "normal-46401-2-1", "normal-46401-2-2", "normal-46401-3-0", "normal-46401-3-1", "normal-46401-3-2", "normal-46401-3-3", "normal-46401-3-4", "normal-46401-3-5", "normal-46401-3-6", "normal-46401-4-0", "normal-46401-4-1", "normal-46401-4-2", "normal-46401-4-3", "normal-46401-4-4", "normal-46401-4-5", "normal-46401-4-6", "normal-46401-5-0", "normal-46401-5-1", "normal-46401-5-2", "normal-46401-5-3", "normal-46401-6-0", "normal-46401-6-1", "normal-46401-6-2", "normal-46401-6-3", "normal-46401-7-0", "normal-46401-7-1", "normal-46401-7-2", "normal-46401-7-3", "normal-46401-8-0", "normal-46401-8-1", "normal-46401-9-0", "normal-46401-9-1", "normal-46401-9-2", "normal-46401-9-3", "normal-46401-10-0", "normal-46401-10-1", "normal-46401-10-2", "normal-46401-10-3", "normal-46401-10-4", "normal-46401-10-5", "normal-46401-11-0", "normal-46401-11-1", "normal-46401-11-2", "normal-46401-11-3", "normal-46401-11-4", "normal-46401-11-5", "normal-46401-11-6", "normal-46401-12-0", "normal-46401-12-1", "normal-46401-12-2", "normal-46401-13-0", "normal-46401-13-1", "normal-46401-13-2", "normal-46401-13-3", "normal-46401-13-4", "normal-46401-13-5", "normal-46401-13-6", "normal-46401-13-7", "normal-46401-13-8", "normal-46401-13-9", "normal-46401-13-10", "normal-46401-13-11", "normal-46401-13-12", "normal-46401-13-13", "normal-46401-14-0", "normal-46401-14-1", "normal-46401-14-2", "normal-46401-15-0", "normal-46401-15-1", "normal-46401-16-0", "normal-46401-16-1", "normal-46401-16-2", "normal-46401-16-3", "normal-46401-17-0", "normal-46401-17-1", "normal-46401-17-2", "normal-46401-17-3", "normal-46401-18-0", "normal-46401-18-1", "normal-46401-18-2", "normal-46401-18-3", "normal-46401-18-4", "normal-46401-18-5", "normal-46401-19-0", "normal-46401-19-1", "normal-46401-20-0", "normal-46401-21-0", "normal-46401-21-1", "normal-46401-22-0", "normal-46401-23-0", "normal-46401-23-1", "normal-46401-23-2", "normal-46401-23-3", "normal-46401-24-0", "normal-46401-24-1", "normal-46401-24-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Ionia ( ; Ancient Greek: Ἰωνία, \"Iōnía\" or Ἰωνίη, \"Iōníē\") was an ancient region on the central part of the western coast of Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest İzmir, which was historically Smyrna.", "It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Greek settlements.", "Never a unified state, it was named after the Ionian tribe who, in the Archaic Period (600–480 BC), settled mainly the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea.", "Ionian states were identified by tradition and by their use of Eastern Greek.", "Ionia proper comprised a narrow coastal strip from Phocaea in the north near the mouth of the river Hermus (now the Gediz), to Miletus in the south near the mouth of the river Maeander, and included the islands of Chios and Samos.", "It was bounded by Aeolia to the north, Lydia to the east and Caria to the south.", "The cities within the region figured large in the strife between the Persian Empire and the Greeks.", "According to Greek tradition, the cities of Ionia were founded by colonists from the other side of the Aegean.", "Their settlement was connected with the legendary history of the Ionic people in Attica, which asserts that the colonists were led by Neleus and Androclus, sons of Codrus, the last king of Athens.", "In accordance with this view the \"Ionic migration\", as it was called by later chronologers, was dated by them one hundred and forty years after the Trojan War, or sixty years after the return of the Heracleidae into the Peloponnese.", "Ionia was of small extent, not exceeding 150 km in length from north to south, with a breadth varying from 60 to , but to this must be added the peninsula of Mimas, together with the two islands.", "So intricate is the coastline that the voyage along its shores was estimated at nearly four times the direct distance.", "A great part of this area was, moreover, occupied by mountains.", "Of these the most lofty and striking were Mimas and Corycus, in the peninsula which stands out to the west, facing the island of Chios; Sipylus, to the north of Smyrna, Corax, extending to the south-west from the Gulf of Smyrna, and descending to the sea between Lebedus and Teos; and the strongly marked range of Mycale, a continuation of Messogisin the interior, which forms the bold headland of Trogilium or Mycale, opposite Samos.", "None of these mountains attains a height of more than 1200 m .", "The district comprised three extremely fertile valleys formed by the outflow of three rivers, among the most considerable in Asia Minor: the Hermus in the north, flowing into the Gulf of Smyrna, though at some distance from the city of that name; the Caster, which flowed under the walls of Ephesus; and the Maeander, which in ancient times discharged its waters into the deep gulf that once bathed the walls of Miletus, but which has been gradually filled up by this river's deposits.", "With the advantage of a peculiarly fine climate, for which this part of Asia Minor has been famous in all ages, Ionia enjoyed the reputation in ancient times of being the most fertile of all the rich provinces of Asia Minor; and even in modern times , though very imperfectly cultivated, it produces abundance of fruit of all kinds, and the raisins and figs of Smyrna supply almost all the markets of Europe.", "The geography of Ionia placed it in a strategic position that was both advantageous and disadvantageous.", "Ionia was always a maritime power founded by a people who made their living by trade in peaceful times and marauding in unsettled times.", "The coast was rocky and the arable land slight.", "The native Luwians for the most part kept their fields further inland and used the rift valleys for wooded pasture.", "The coastal cities were placed in defensible positions on islands or headlands situated so as to control inland routes up the rift valleys.", "The people of those valleys were of different ethnicity.", "The populations of the cities came from many civilizations in the eastern Mediterranean.", "Ancient demographics are available only from literary sources.", "Herodotus states that in Asia the Ionians kept the division into twelve cities that had prevailed in Ionian lands of the north Peloponnese, their former homeland, which became Achaea after they left.", "These Asian cities were (from south to north) Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedos, Teos, Erythrae, Clazomenae and Phocaea, together with Samos and Chios.", "Smyrna, originally an Aeolic colony, was afterwards occupied by Ionians from Colophon, and became an Ionian city — an event which had taken place before the time of Herodotus.", "These cities do not match those of Achaea.", "Moreover, the Achaea of Herodotus' time spoke Doric (Corinthian), but in Homer it is portrayed as being in the kingdom of Mycenae, which most likely spoke Mycenaean Greek, which is not Doric.", "If the Ionians came from Achaea, they departed during or after the change from East Greek to West Greek there.", "Mycenaean continued to evolve in the mountainous region of Arcadia.", "There is no record of any people named Ionians in Late Bronze Age Anatolia but Hittite texts record the Achaeans of Ahhiyawa, of location not completely certain, but in touch with the Hittites of that time.", "Miletus and some other cities founded earlier by non-Greeks received populations of Mycenaean Greeks probably under the name of Achaeans.", "The tradition of Ionian colonizers from Achaea suggests that they may have been known by both names even then.", "In the absence of archaeological evidence of discontinuity at Miletus the Achaean population whatever their name appears to have descended to archaic Ionia, which does not exclude the possibility of another colonizing and founding event from Athens.", "In the Indian (e.g.: Tamil) historic literary texts, the Ionians are referred to as \"yavana\" or \"yona\", and are described as wearing leather and wielding whips.", "In modern Turkish, the people of that region and the Greeks were called \"yunan\" (plural \"yunanlar\") and the country that is now Greece is known as \"Yunanistan\".", "Herodotus expresses some impatience at the ethnic views of his countrymen concerning Ionia: \"for it would be foolishness to say that these are more truly Ionian or better born ...\" He lists other ethnic populations among the settlers: Abantes from Euboea, Minyans from Orchomenus, Cadmeians, Dryopians, Phocians, Molossians, Arcadian Pelasgians, Dorians of Epidaurus, and others.", "The presence of Doric Ionians is somewhat contradictory, but Herodotus himself, a major author of the Ionic dialect, was from a Doric city, Halicarnassus.", "Even \" the best born of the Ionians\", the Athenians, married girls from Caria.", "\"Yet since they set more store by the name than the rest of the Ionians, let it be granted that those of pure birth are Ionians.\"", "From the 18th century BC the region was a part of the Hittite Empire with possible name Arzawa, which was destroyed by invaders during the 12th century BC together with the collapse of the Empire.", "Ionia was settled by the Greeks probably during the 11th century BC.", "The most important city was Miletus (the \"Millawanda/Milawata\" of Hittites).", "Several centuries later Ionia was the place where Western philosophy began and was the homeland of Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes and Heraclitus.", "They were natural-philosophers of the Ionian School of philosophy and tried to explain the phenomena according to non-supernatural laws.", "They also searched a simple material-form behind the appearances of things (origin) and this conception had a great influence on the early archaic art in Greece.", "During the late 13th century BC the peoples of the Aegean Sea took to marauding and resettling as a way of life and were called by the Egyptians the Sea Peoples.", "Mycenaean Greeks must have been among them.", "They settled lightly on the shores of Luwian Anatolia often by invitation.", "In the background was the stabilizing influence of the Hittites, who monitored maritime movement and suppressed piracy.", "When that power was gone the Luwian people remained in the vacuum as a number of coastal splinter states that were scarcely able now to defend themselves.", "Ionian Greeks took advantage of opportunities for coastal raiding: an inscription of Sargon II (ca 709–07, recording a naval expedition of 715) boasts \"in the midst of the sea\" he had \"caught the Ionians like fish and brought peace to the land of Que Cilicia and the city of Tyre\".", "For a full generation earlier Assyrian inscriptions had recorded troubles with the Ionians, who escaped on their boats.", "Caria and Lycia came to the attention of Athens, most powerful state remaining in Greece, which also had lost its central government ruling from Mycenae, now burned and nearly vacant.", "Ionians had been expelled from the Peloponnesus by the Dorians and had sought refuge in Athens.", "The Athenian kings decided to relieve the crowding by resettling the coast of Lydia with Ionians from the Peloponnesus under native Athenian leadership.", "They were not the only Greeks to have such a perception and reach such a decision.", "The Aeolians of Boeotia contemporaneously settled the coast to the north of the Ionians and the newly arrived Dorians of Crete and the islands the coast of Caria.", "The Greeks descended on the Luwians of the Anatolian coast in the 10th century BC.", "The descent was not peaceful and the Luwians were not willing.", "Pausanias gives a thumbnail sketch of the resettlement.", "Miletus was the first city attacked, where there had been some Mycenaean Greeks apparently under the rule of Cretans.", "After overthrowing the Cretan government and settling there the Ionians widened their attack to Ephesus, Samos and Priene.", "Combining with Aeolians from Thebes they founded Myus.", "Colophon was already in the hands of Aeolians who had arrived via Crete in Mycenaean times.", "The Ionians \"swore a treaty of union\" with them.", "They took Lebedos driving out the Carians and augmented the Aeolian population of Teos.", "They settled on Chios, took Erythrae from the Carians, Pamphylians (both Luwian) and Cretans.", "Clazomenae and Phocaea were settled from Colophon.", "Somewhat later they took Smyrna from the Aeolians.", "The Ionian cities formed a religious and cultural (as opposed to a political or military) confederacy, the Ionian League, of which participation in the Panionic festival was a distinguishing characteristic.", "This festival took place on the north slope of Mt. Mycale in a shrine called the Panionium.", "In addition to the Panionic festival at Mycale, which was celebrated mainly by the Asian Ionians, both European and Asian coast Ionians convened on Delos Island each summer to worship at the temple of the Delian Apollo.", "But like the Amphictyonic league in Greece, the Ionic was rather of a sacred than a political character; every city enjoyed absolute autonomy, and, though common interests often united them for a common political object, they never formed a real confederacy like that of the Achaeans or Boeotians.", "The advice of Thales of Miletus to combine in a political union was rejected.", "The colonies naturally became prosperous.", "Miletus especially was at an early period one of the most important commercial cities of Greece; and in its turn became the parent of numerous other colonies, which extended all around the shores of the Euxine Sea and the Propontis from Abydus and Cyzicus to Trapezus and Panticapaeum.", "Phocaea was one of the first Greek cities whose mariners explored the shores of the western Mediterranean.", "Ephesus, though it did not send out any colonies of importance, from an early period became a flourishing city and attained to a position corresponding in some measure to that of Smyrna at the present day.", "About 700 BC Gyges, first Mermnad king of Lydia, invaded the territories of Smyrna and Miletus, and is said to have taken Colophon as his son Ardys did Priene.", "The first event in the history of Ionia for which there is a trustworthy account is the inroad of the Cimmerii, who ravaged a great part of Asia Minor, including Lydia, and sacked Magnesia on the Maeander, but were foiled in their attack upon Ephesus.", "This event may be referred to the middle of the 7th century BC.", "It was not until the reign of Croesus (560–545 BC) that the cities of Ionia fell completely under Lydian rule.", "The defeat of Croesus by Cyrus the Great was followed by the conquest of all the Ionian cities in 547 BC.", "These became subject to the Persian monarchy with the other Greek cities of Asia.", "In this position they enjoyed a considerable amount of autonomy, but were for the most part subject to local despots, most of whom were creatures of the Persian king.", "It was at the instigation of one of these despots, Histiaeus of Miletus, that in about 500 BC the principal cities ignited the Ionian Revolt against Persia.", "They were at first assisted by the Athenians and Eretria, with whose aid they penetrated into the interior and burnt Sardis, an event which ultimately led to the Persian invasion of Greece.", "But the fleet of the Ionians was defeated off the island of Lade, and the destruction of Miletus after a protracted siege was followed by the reconquest of all the Asiatic Greeks, insular as well as continental.", "The victories of the Greeks during the great Persian war and the liberation of Thrace, Macedon, and Ionia from the Persian Empire had the effect of enfranchising their kinsmen on the other side of the Aegean; and the Battle of Mycale (479 BC), in which the defeat of the Persians was in great measure owing to the Ionians, secured their emancipation.", "They henceforth became the dependent allies of Athens (see Delian League), though still retaining their autonomy, which they preserved until the Peace of Antalcidas in 387 BC once more placed them as well as the other Greek cities in Asia under the nominal dominion of Persia.", "Ionian cities appear to have retained a considerable amount of freedom until the conquest of Asia Minor by Alexander the Great.", "After the battle of the Granicus most of the Ionian cities submitted to the rule of Alexander III of Macedon and his Diadochi.", "As such Ionia enjoyed a great prosperity during the Hellenistic times with the notable exception of Miletus, which, being the only city of the Ionian League to deny to pay homage to Alexander, was finally leveled after a long siege at 334 BC, and never restored to its previous splendor.", "Ionia became part of the Roman province of Asia in 133 BC.", "Ionia has a long roll of distinguished men of letters and science (notably the Ionian School of philosophy) and distinct school of art.", "This school flourished between 700 and 500 BC.", "The great names of this school are Theodorus and Rhoecus of Samos; Bathycles of Magnesia on the Maeander; Glaucus of Chios, Melas, Micciades, Archermus, Bupalus and Athenis of Chios.", "Notable works of the school still extant are the famous archaic female statues found on the Athenian Acropolis in 1885–1887, the seated statues of Branchidae, the Nike of Archermus found at Delos, and the objects in ivory and electrum found by D.G. Hogarth in the lower strata of the Artemision at Ephesus.", "The Persian designation for Greek is \"Younan\" (یونان), a transliteration of \"Ionia\", through Old Persian \"Yauna\".", "The same is true for the Hebrew word, \"Yavan\" (יוון) and the Sanskrit word \"\"yavana\"\".", "The word was later adopted in Arabic, Turkish, and Urdu as well as in other places, such as Meniscus." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 25755, "simple_article_title": "Ionia", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25755", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-25755-0-0", "simple-25755-0-1", "simple-25755-0-2", "simple-25755-0-3", "simple-25755-0-4", "simple-25755-0-5", "simple-25755-0-6", "simple-25755-0-7" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Ionia was a region in the west of Asia Minor in Ancient Greek times.", "It was in what is now Turkey.", "It was the birthplace of the Hellenic civilization.", "The Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus, caused the migration of Ionic Greeks across the Aegean sea to Anatolia about 1000-900 BCE.", "The original Greek settlements in the region were numerous and small, but by the 8th century BCE they had consolidated themselves into 12 major cities—Phocaea, Erythrae, Clazomenae, Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, Ephesus, Priene, Myus, and Miletus on the mainland, with the islands Chios and Samos.By the end of the 7th century the Ionian cities had achieved great prosperity through their trading enterprises, their colonization efforts, and their manufacture of ceramics, textiles, and metalware.", "After World War One it was granted to Greece from Turkey in the Treaty of Sèvres, along with most of the islands in the Aegean sea, Thrace, and Turkey's most important city, Istanbul.", "The Turkish army drove the Greeks out soon after, killing many Greek people.", "They did not challenge the Greeks on the Aegean Islands, though." ] } }

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"normal-10363-53-0", "normal-10363-54-0", "normal-10363-54-1", "normal-10363-54-2", "normal-10363-54-3", "normal-10363-54-4", "normal-10363-54-5", "normal-10363-54-6", "normal-10363-54-7", "normal-10363-55-0", "normal-10363-55-1", "normal-10363-55-2", "normal-10363-55-3", "normal-10363-56-0", "normal-10363-57-0", "normal-10363-58-0", "normal-10363-58-1", "normal-10363-59-0", "normal-10363-60-0", "normal-10363-60-1", "normal-10363-61-0", "normal-10363-62-0", "normal-10363-62-1", "normal-10363-62-2", "normal-10363-63-0", "normal-10363-64-0", "normal-10363-65-0", "normal-10363-66-0", "normal-10363-67-0", "normal-10363-68-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The European Space Agency (ESA; , ASE; ) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.", "Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about €5.72 billion (~US$6.43 billion) in 2019.", "ESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana.", "The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle.", "The agency is also working with NASA to manufacture the Orion Spacecraft service module, that will fly on the Space Launch System.", "The European Space Agency Science Programme is a long-term programme of space science and space exploration missions.", "After World War II, many European scientists left Western Europe in order to work with the United States.", "Although the 1950s boom made it possible for Western European countries to invest in research and specifically in space-related activities, Western European scientists realised solely national projects would not be able to compete with the two main superpowers.", "In 1958, only months after the Sputnik shock, Edoardo Amaldi (Italy) and Pierre Auger (France), two prominent members of the Western European scientific community, met to discuss the foundation of a common Western European space agency.", "The meeting was attended by scientific representatives from eight countries, including Harrie Massey (United Kingdom).", "The Western European nations decided to have two agencies: one concerned with developing a launch system, ELDO (European Launch Development Organization), and the other the precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organisation).", "The latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agreement signed on 14 June 1962.", "From 1968 to 1972, ESRO launched seven research satellites.", "ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA Convention in 1975, when ESRO was merged with ELDO.", "ESA had ten founding member states: Belgium, Denmark, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.", "These signed the ESA Convention in 1975 and deposited the instruments of ratification by 1980, when the convention came into force.", "During this interval the agency functioned in a de facto fashion.", "ESA launched its first major scientific mission in 1975, Cos-B, a space probe monitoring gamma-ray emissions in the universe, which was first worked on by ESRO.", "ESA collaborated with NASA on the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), the world's first high-orbit telescope, which was launched in 1978 and operated successfully for 18 years.", "A number of successful Earth-orbit projects followed, and in 1986 ESA began Giotto, its first deep-space mission, to study the comets Halley and Grigg–Skjellerup.", "Hipparcos, a star-mapping mission, was launched in 1989 and in the 1990s SOHO, Ulysses and the Hubble Space Telescope were all jointly carried out with NASA.", "Later scientific missions in cooperation with NASA include the Cassini–Huygens space probe, to which ESA contributed by building the Titan landing module Huygens.", "As the successor of ELDO, ESA has also constructed rockets for scientific and commercial payloads.", "Ariane 1, launched in 1979, carried mostly commercial payloads into orbit from 1984 onward.", "The next two versions of the Ariane rocket were intermediate stages in the development of a more advanced launch system, the Ariane 4, which operated between 1988 and 2003 and established ESA as the world leader in commercial space launches in the 1990s.", "Although the succeeding Ariane 5 experienced a failure on its first flight, it has since firmly established itself within the heavily competitive commercial space launch market with 82 successful launches until 2018.", "The successor launch vehicle of Ariane 5, the Ariane 6, is under development and is envisioned to enter service in the 2020s.", "The beginning of the new millennium saw ESA become, along with agencies like NASA, JAXA, ISRO, the CSA and Roscosmos, one of the major participants in scientific space research.", "Although ESA had relied on co-operation with NASA in previous decades, especially the 1990s, changed circumstances (such as tough legal restrictions on information sharing by the United States military) led to decisions to rely more on itself and on co-operation with Russia.", "Notable ESA programs include SMART-1, a probe testing cutting-edge space propulsion technology, the Mars Express and Venus Express missions, as well as the development of the Ariane 5 rocket and its role in the ISS partnership.", "ESA maintains its scientific and research projects mainly for astronomy-space missions such as Corot, launched on 27 December 2006, a milestone in the search for exoplanets.", "On 21 January 2019, ArianeGroup and Arianespace announced a one-year contract with ESA to study and prepare for a mission to mine the moon for lunar regolith.", "ESA is responsible for setting a unified space and related industrial policy, recommending space objectives to the member states, and integrating national programs like satellite development, into the European program as much as possible.", "ESA has formed partnerships with universitites.", "ESA_LAB@ refers to research laboratories at universities.", "Currently there are ESA_LAB@", "By 2015, ESA was an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states.", "Member states participate to varying degrees in the mandatory (25% of total expenditures in 2008) and optional space programmes (75% of total expenditures in 2008).", "The 2008 budget amounted to €3.0 billion the 2009 budget to €3.6 billion.", "The total budget amounted to about €3.7 billion in 2010, €3.99 billion in 2011, €4.02 billion in 2012, €4.28 billion in 2013, €4.10 billion in 2014 and €4.33 billion in 2015.", "English is the main language within ESA.", "Additionally, official documents are also provided in German and documents regarding the Spacelab are also provided in Italian.", "If found appropriate, the agency may conduct its correspondence in any language of a member state.", "Currently the only associated member state is Slovenia.", "Previously associated members were Austria, Norway and Finland, all of which later joined ESA as full members.", "Since 1 January 1979, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State within ESA.", "By virtue of this accord, the Canadian Space Agency takes part in ESA's deliberative bodies and decision-making and also in ESA's programmes and activities.", "Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes.", "The accord has a provision ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada.", "The most recent Cooperation Agreement was signed on 2010-12-15 with a term extending to 2020.", "For 2014, Canada's annual assessed contribution to the ESA general budget was €6,059,449 (CAD$8,559,050).", "For 2017, Canada has increased its annual contribution to €21,600,000 (CAD$30,000,000).", "ESA is funded from annual contributions by national governments as well as from an annual contribution by the European Union (EU).", "The budget of ESA was €5.250 billion in 2016.", "Every 3–4 years, ESA member states agree on a budget plan for several years at an ESA member states conference.", "This plan can be amended in future years, however provides the major guideline for ESA for several years.", "The 2016 budget allocations for major areas of ESA activity are shown in the chart on the right.", "Countries typically have their own space programmes that differ in how they operate organisationally and financially with ESA.", "For example, the French space agency CNES has a total budget of €2015 million, of which €755 million is paid as direct financial contribution to ESA.", "Several space-related projects are joint projects between national space agencies and ESA (e.g. COROT).", "Also, ESA is not the only European governmental space organisation (for example European Union Satellite Centre).", "After the decision of the ESA Council of 21/22 March 2001, the procedure for accession of the European states was detailed as described the document titled \"The Plan for European Co-operating States (PECS)\".", "Nations that want to become a full member of ESA do so in 3 stages.", "First a Cooperation Agreement is signed between the country and ESA.", "In this stage, the country has very limited financial responsibilities.", "If a country wants to co-operate more fully with ESA, it signs a European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement.", "The ECS Agreement makes companies based in the country eligible for participation in ESA procurements.", "The country can also participate in all ESA programmes, except for the Basic Technology Research Programme.", "While the financial contribution of the country concerned increases, it is still much lower than that of a full member state.", "The agreement is normally followed by a Plan For European Cooperating State (or PECS Charter).", "This is a 5-year programme of basic research and development activities aimed at improving the nation's space industry capacity.", "At the end of the 5-year period, the country can either begin negotiations to become a full member state or an associated state or sign a new PECS Charter.", "During the Ministerial Meeting in December 2014, ESA ministers approved a resolution calling for discussions to begin with Israel, Australia and South Africa on future association agreements.", "The ministers noted that “concrete cooperation is at an advanced stage” with these nations and that “prospects for mutual benefits are existing”.", "A separate space exploration strategy resolution calls for further co-operation with the United States, Russia and China on \"LEO exploration, including a continuation of ISS cooperation and the development of a robust plan for the coordinated use of space transportation vehicles and systems for exploration purposes, participation in robotic missions for the exploration of the Moon, the robotic exploration of Mars, leading to a broad Mars Sample Return mission in which Europe should be involved as a full partner, and human missions beyond LEO in the longer term.\"", "The political perspective of the European Union (EU) was to make ESA an agency of the EU by 2014, although this date was not met.", "The EU is already the largest single donor to ESA's budget and non-ESA EU states are observers at ESA.", "ESA has a fleet of different launch vehicles in service with which it competes in all sectors of the launch market.", "ESA's fleet consists of three major rocket designs: Ariane 5, Soyuz-2 and Vega.", "Rocket launches are carried out by Arianespace, which has 23 shareholders representing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as CNES, at ESA's Guiana Space Centre.", "Because many communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches from French Guiana are able to take larger payloads into space than from spaceports at higher latitudes.", "In addition, equatorial launches give spacecraft an extra 'push' of nearly 500 m/s due to the higher rotational velocity of the Earth at the equator compared to near the Earth's poles where rotational velocity approaches zero.", "The Ariane 5 rocket is ESA's primary launcher.", "It has been in service since 1997 and replaced Ariane 4.", "Two different variants are currently in use.", "The heaviest and most used version, the Ariane 5 ECA , delivers two communications satellites of up to 10 tonnes into GTO.", "It failed during its first test flight in 2002, but has since made 82 consecutive successful flights until a partial failure in January 2018.", "The other version, Ariane 5 ES , was used to launch the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) to the International Space Station (ISS) and will be used to launch four Galileo navigational satellites at a time.", "In November 2012, ESA agreed to build an upgraded variant called Ariane 5 ME (Mid-life Evolution) which would increase payload capacity to 11.5 tonnes to GTO and feature a restartable second stage to allow more complex missions.", "Ariane 5 ME was scheduled to fly in 2018, but the whole project was scrapped in favor of Ariane 6, planned to replace Ariane 5 in the 2020s.", "ESA's Ariane 1, 2, 3 and 4 launchers (the last of which was ESA's long-time workhorse) have been retired.", "Soyuz-2 (also called the Soyuz-ST or Soyuz-STK) is a Russian medium payload launcher (ca. 3 metric tons to GTO) which was brought into ESA service in October 2011.", "ESA entered into a €340 million joint venture with the Russian Federal Space Agency over the use of the Soyuz launcher.", "Under the agreement, the Russian agency manufactures Soyuz rocket parts for ESA, which are then shipped to French Guiana for assembly.", "ESA benefits because it gains a medium payload launcher, complementing its fleet while saving on development costs.", "In addition, the Soyuz rocket—which has been the Russian's space launch workhorse for some 40 years—is proven technology with a very good safety record.", "Russia benefits in that it gets access to the Kourou launch site.", "Due to its proximity to the equator, launching from Kourou rather than Baikonur nearly doubles Soyuz's payload to GTO (3.0 tonnes vs. 1.7 tonnes).", "Soyuz first launched from Kourou on 21 October 2011, and successfully placed two Galileo satellites into orbit 23,222 kilometres above Earth.", "Vega is ESA's carrier for small satellites.", "Developed by seven ESA members led by Italy, it is capable of carrying a payload with a mass of between 300 and 1500 kg to an altitude of 700 km, for low polar orbit.", "Its maiden launch from Kourou was on 13 February 2012.", "Vega began full commercial exploitation in December 2015", "The rocket has three solid propulsion stages and a liquid propulsion upper stage (the AVUM) for accurate orbital insertion and the ability to place multiple payloads into different orbits.", "Historically, the Ariane family rockets have been funded primarily \"with money contributed by ESA governments seeking to participate in the program rather than through competitive industry bids.", "This has meant that governments commit multiyear funding to the development with the expectation of a roughly 90% return on investment in the form of industrial workshare.\"", "ESA is proposing changes to this scheme by moving to competitive bids for the development of the Ariane 6.", "At the time ESA was formed, its main goals did not encompass human space flight; rather it considered itself to be primarily a scientific research organisation for unmanned space exploration in contrast to its American and Soviet counterparts.", "It is therefore not surprising that the first non-Soviet European in space was not an ESA astronaut on a European space craft; it was Czechoslovak Vladimír Remek who in 1978 became the first non-Soviet or American in space (the first man in space being Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union) – on a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft, followed by the Pole Mirosław Hermaszewski and East German Sigmund Jähn in the same year.", "This Soviet co-operation programme, known as Intercosmos, primarily involved the participation of Eastern bloc countries.", "In 1982, however, Jean-Loup Chrétien became the first non-Communist Bloc astronaut on a flight to the Soviet Salyut 7 space station.", "Because Chrétien did not officially fly into space as an ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French CNES astronaut corps, the German Ulf Merbold is considered the first ESA astronaut to fly into space.", "He participated in the STS-9 Space Shuttle mission that included the first use of the European-built Spacelab in 1983.", "STS-9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint partnership that included dozens of space flights of ESA astronauts in the following years.", "Some of these missions with Spacelab were fully funded and organizationally and scientifically controlled by ESA (such as two missions by Germany and one by Japan) with European astronauts as full crew members rather than guests on board.", "Beside paying for Spacelab flights and seats on the shuttles, ESA continued its human space flight co-operation with the Soviet Union and later Russia, including numerous visits to Mir.", "During the latter half of the 1980s, European human space flights changed from being the exception to routine and therefore, in 1990, the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany was established.", "It selects and trains prospective astronauts and is responsible for the co-ordination with international partners, especially with regard to the International Space Station.", "As of 2006, the ESA astronaut corps officially included twelve members, including nationals from most large European countries except the United Kingdom.", "In the summer of 2008, ESA started to recruit new astronauts so that final selection would be due in spring 2009.", "Almost 10,000 people registered as astronaut candidates before registration ended in June 2008.", "8,413 fulfilled the initial application criteria.", "Of the applicants, 918 were chosen to take part in the first stage of psychological testing, which narrowed down the field to 192.", "After two-stage psychological tests and medical evaluation in early 2009, as well as formal interviews, six new members of the European Astronaut Corps were selected - five men and one woman.", "In the 1980s, France pressed for an independent European crew launch vehicle.", "Around 1978 it was decided to pursue a reusable spacecraft model and starting in November 1987 a project to create a mini-shuttle by the name of Hermes was introduced.", "The craft was comparable to early proposals for the Space Shuttle and consisted of a small reusable spaceship that would carry 3 to 5 astronauts and 3 to 4 metric tons of payload for scientific experiments.", "With a total maximum weight of 21 metric tons it would have been launched on the Ariane 5 rocket, which was being developed at that time.", "It was planned solely for use in low Earth orbit space flights.", "The planning and pre-development phase concluded in 1991; the production phase was never fully implemented because at that time the political landscape had changed significantly.", "With the fall of the Soviet Union ESA looked forward to co-operation with Russia to build a next-generation space vehicle.", "Thus the Hermes programme was cancelled in 1995 after about 3 billion dollars had been spent.", "The Columbus space station programme had a similar fate.", "In the 21st century, ESA started new programmes in order to create its own crew vehicles, most notable among its various projects and proposals is Hopper, whose prototype by EADS, called Phoenix, has already been tested.", "While projects such as Hopper are neither concrete nor to be realised within the next decade, other possibilities for human spaceflight in co-operation with the Russian Space Agency have emerged.", "Following talks with the Russian Space Agency in 2004 and June 2005, a co-operation between ESA and the Russian Space Agency was announced to jointly work on the Russian-designed Kliper, a reusable spacecraft that would be available for space travel beyond LEO (e.g. the moon or even Mars).", "It was speculated that Europe would finance part of it.", "A €50 million participation study for Kliper, which was expected to be approved in December 2005, was finally not approved by the ESA member states.", "The Russian state tender for the project was subsequently cancelled in 2006.", "In June 2006, ESA member states granted 15 million to the Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) study, a two-year study to design a spacecraft capable of going beyond Low-Earth orbit based on the current Soyuz design.", "This project was pursued with Roskosmos instead of the cancelled Kliper proposal.", "A decision on the actual implementation and construction of the CSTS spacecraft was contemplated for 2008.", "In mid-2009 EADS Astrium was awarded a €21 million study into designing a crew vehicle based on the European ATV which is believed to now be the basis of the Advanced Crew Transportation System design.", "In November 2012, ESA decided to join NASA's Orion programme.", "The ATV would form the basis of a propulsion unit for NASA's new manned spacecraft.", "ESA may also seek to work with NASA on Orion's launch system as well in order to secure a seat on the spacecraft for its own astronauts.", "In September 2014, ESA signed an agreement with Sierra Nevada Corporation for co-operation in Dream Chaser project.", "Further studies on the Dream Chaser for European Utilization or DC4EU project were funded, including the feasibility of launching a Europeanized Dream Chaser onboard Ariane 5.", "ESA has signed co-operation agreements with the following states that currently neither plan to integrate as tightly with ESA institutions as Canada, nor envision future membership of ESA: Argentina, Brazil, China, India (for the Chandrayan mission), Russia and Turkey.", "Additionally, ESA has joint projects with the European Union, NASA of the United States and is participating in the International Space Station together with the United States (NASA), Russia and Japan (JAXA).", "ESA is not an agency or body of the European Union (EU), and has non-EU countries (Norway, and Switzerland) as members.", "There are however ties between the two, with various agreements in place and being worked on, to define the legal status of ESA with regard to the EU.", "There are common goals between ESA and the EU.", "ESA has an EU liaison office in Brussels.", "On certain projects, the EU and ESA co-operate, such as the upcoming Galileo satellite navigation system.", "Space policy has since December 2009 been an area for voting in the European Council.", "Under the European Space Policy of 2007, the EU, ESA and its Member States committed themselves to increasing co-ordination of their activities and programmes and to organising their respective roles relating to space.", "The Lisbon Treaty of 2009 reinforces the case for space in Europe and strengthens the role of ESA as an R&D space agency.", "Article 189 of the Treaty gives the EU a mandate to elaborate a European space policy and take related measures, and provides that the EU should establish appropriate relations with ESA.", "Former Italian astronaut Umberto Guidoni, during his tenure as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009, stressed the importance of the European Union as a driving force for space exploration, \"since other players are coming up such as India and China it is becoming ever more important that Europeans can have an independent access to space.", "We have to invest more into space research and technology in order to have an industry capable of competing with other international players.\"", "The first EU-ESA International Conference on Human Space Exploration took place in Prague on 22 and 23 October 2009.", "A road map which would lead to a common vision and strategic planning in the area of space exploration was discussed.", "Ministers from all 29 EU and ESA members as well as members of parliament were in attendance.", "ESA has a long history of collaboration with NASA.", "Since ESA's astronaut corps was formed, the Space Shuttle has been the primary launch vehicle used by ESA's astronauts to get into space through partnership programmes with NASA.", "In the 1980s and 1990s, the Spacelab programme was an ESA-NASA joint research programme that had ESA develop and manufacture orbital labs for the Space Shuttle for several flights on which ESA participate with astronauts in experiments.", "In robotic science mission and exploration missions, NASA has been ESA's main partner.", "\"Cassini–Huygens\" was a joint NASA-ESA mission, along with the Infrared Space Observatory, INTEGRAL, SOHO, and others.", "Also, the Hubble Space Telescope is a joint project of NASA and ESA.", "Future ESA-NASA joint projects include the James Webb Space Telescope and the proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna.", "NASA has committed to provide support to ESA's proposed MarcoPolo-R mission to return an asteroid sample to Earth for further analysis.", "NASA and ESA will also likely join together for a Mars Sample Return Mission.", "Since China has started to invest more money into space activities, the Chinese Space Agency has sought international partnerships.", "ESA is, beside the Russian Space Agency, one of its most important partners.", "Two space agencies cooperated in the development of the Double Star Mission.", "In 2017, ESA sent two astronauts to China for two weeks sea survival training with Chinese astronauts in Yantai, Shandong.", "ESA entered into a major joint venture with Russia in the form of the CSTS, the preparation of French Guiana spaceport for launches of Soyuz-2 rockets and other projects.", "With India, ESA agreed to send instruments into space aboard the ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 in 2008.", "ESA is also co-operating with Japan, the most notable current project in collaboration with JAXA is the \"BepiColombo\" mission to Mercury.", "Speaking to reporters at an air show near Moscow in August 2011, ESA head Jean-Jacques Dordain said ESA and Russia's Roskosmos space agency would \"carry out the first flight to Mars together.\"", "With regard to the International Space Station (ISS) ESA is not represented by all of its member states: 10 of the 21 ESA member states currently participate in the project: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.", "Austria, Finland and Ireland chose not to participate, because of lack of interest or concerns about the expense of the project.", "The United Kingdom withdrew from the preliminary agreement because of concerns about the expense of the project.", "Portugal, Luxembourg, Greece, the Czech Republic, Romania and Poland joined ESA after the agreement had been signed.", "ESA is taking part in the construction and operation of the ISS with contributions such as Columbus, a science laboratory module that was brought into orbit by NASA's STS-122 Space Shuttle mission and the Cupola observatory module that was completed in July 2005 by Alenia Spazio for ESA.", "The current estimates for the ISS are approaching €100 billion in total (development, construction and 10 years of maintaining the station) of which ESA has committed to paying €8 billion.", "About 90% of the costs of ESA's ISS share will be contributed by Germany (41%), France (28%) and Italy (20%).", "German ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter was the first long-term ISS crew member.", "ESA has developed the Automated Transfer Vehicle for ISS resupply.", "Each ATV has a cargo capacity of 7667 kg .", "The first ATV, \"Jules Verne\", was launched on 9 March 2008 and on 3 April 2008 successfully docked with the ISS.", "This manoeuvre, considered a major technical feat, involved using automated systems to allow the ATV to track the ISS, moving at 27,000 km/h, and attach itself with an accuracy of 2 cm.", "As of 2013, the spacecraft establishing supply links to the ISS are the Russian Progress and Soyuz, European ATV, Japanese Kounotori (HTV), and the USA COTS program vehicles Dragon and Cygnus.", "European Life and Physical Sciences research on board the International Space Station (ISS) is mainly based on the European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space programme that was initiated in 2001.", "According to Annex 1, Resolution No. 8 of the \"ESA Convention and Council Rules of Procedure\", English, French and German may be used in all meetings of the Agency, with interpretation provided into these three languages.", "All official documents are available in English and French with all documents concerning the ESA Council being available in German as well.", "The Flag of Europe is the one to be flown in space during missions (for example it was flown by ESA's Andre Kuipers during Delta mission)", "The Commission is increasingly working together towards common objectives.", "Some 20 per cent of the funds managed by ESA now originate from the supranational budget of the European Union.", "However, in recent years the ties between ESA and the European institutions have been reinforced by the increasing role that space plays in supporting Europe's social, political and economic policies.", "The legal basis for the EU/ESA co-operation is provided by a Framework Agreement which entered into force in May 2004.", "According to this agreement, the European Commission and ESA co-ordinate their actions through the Joint Secretariat, a small team of EC's administrators and ESA executive.", "The Member States of the two organisations meet at ministerial level in the Space Council, which is a concomitant meeting of the EU and ESA Councils, prepared by Member States representatives in the High-level Space Policy Group (HSPG).", "ESA maintains a liaison office in Brussels to facilitate relations with the European institutions.", "In May 2007, the 29 European countries expressed their support for the European Space Policy in a resolution of the Space Council, unifying the approach of ESA with those of the European Union and their member states.", "Prepared jointly by the European Commission and ESA's Director General, the European Space Policy sets out a basic vision and strategy for the space sector and addresses issues such as security and defence, access to space and exploration.", "Through this resolution, the EU, ESA and their Member States all commit to increasing co-ordination of their activities and programmes and their respective roles relating to space.", "On 3 August 1984 ESA's Paris headquarters were severely damaged and six people were hurt when a bomb exploded, planted by the far-left armed Action Directe group.", "On 14 December 2015, hackers from Anonymous breached ESA's subdomains and leaked thousands of login credentials." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 87703, "simple_article_title": "European Space Agency", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=87703", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-87703-0-0", "simple-87703-0-1", "simple-87703-1-0", "simple-87703-1-1", "simple-87703-2-0", "simple-87703-3-0", "simple-87703-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "European Space Agency or ESA (ESA; , ASE) is an international organisation with 22 member countries.", "Its job is to explore space.", "Its headquarters are in Paris, France.", "ESA has a staff of more than 2,000 with an annual budget of about €4.43 billion / US$5.51 billion (2015).", "The member countries of ESA are Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.", "ESA's space flight programme includes", "The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2071367, "normal_article_title": "Mark Teixeira", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2071367", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2071367-0-0", "normal-2071367-0-1", "normal-2071367-0-2", "normal-2071367-0-3", "normal-2071367-0-4", "normal-2071367-0-5", "normal-2071367-1-0", "normal-2071367-1-1", "normal-2071367-1-2", "normal-2071367-1-3", "normal-2071367-1-4", "normal-2071367-1-5", "normal-2071367-1-6", "normal-2071367-1-7", "normal-2071367-2-0", "normal-2071367-2-1", "normal-2071367-2-2", "normal-2071367-2-3", "normal-2071367-3-0", "normal-2071367-3-1", "normal-2071367-3-2", "normal-2071367-4-0", "normal-2071367-4-1", "normal-2071367-4-2", "normal-2071367-5-0", "normal-2071367-5-1", "normal-2071367-5-2", "normal-2071367-6-0", "normal-2071367-6-1", "normal-2071367-6-2", "normal-2071367-7-0", "normal-2071367-7-1", "normal-2071367-7-2", "normal-2071367-7-3", "normal-2071367-7-4", "normal-2071367-7-5", 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"normal-2071367-41-1", "normal-2071367-41-2", "normal-2071367-41-3", "normal-2071367-42-0", "normal-2071367-43-0", "normal-2071367-44-0", "normal-2071367-45-0", "normal-2071367-45-1", "normal-2071367-45-2", "normal-2071367-46-0", "normal-2071367-47-0", "normal-2071367-47-1", "normal-2071367-48-0", "normal-2071367-48-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Mark Charles Teixeira ( ; born April 11, 1980) is an American former professional baseball first baseman who played 14 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily with the New York Yankees.", "He also played for the Texas Rangers, Atlanta Braves and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.", "Before his professional career, he played college baseball at Georgia Tech, where in 2001 he won the Dick Howser Trophy as the national collegiate baseball player of the year.", "One of the most prolific switch hitters in MLB history, Teixeira was an integral part of the Yankees' 27th World Series championship in 2009, leading the American League (AL) in home runs and runs batted in (RBI) while finishing second in the Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) balloting.", "Teixeira was a three-time All-Star, won five Gold Glove Awards and three Silver Slugger Awards, and also holds the all-time major league record for most games with a home run from both sides of the plate, with 14.", "He was the fifth switch hitter in MLB history to reach 400 home runs.", "Drafted fifth overall by the Texas Rangers in 2001, Teixeira made his MLB debut on Opening Day in 2003, and hit 26 home runs as a rookie.", "He hit career-highs of 43 home runs and 144 RBI in 2005.", "The centerpiece of consecutive mid-season trades in 2007 and 2008, the Rangers first sent him to the Braves for a prospect package centered around Elvis Andrus and Matt Harrison.", "He was later traded in July 2008 to the Los Angeles Angels, where he played for half a season and lost in the first round of the playoffs.", "In December 2008, he agreed to a lucrative eight-year contract with the Yankees, contributing his most productive season in pinstripes the following year.", "Injuries limited his effectiveness afterward, including a calf strain in 2012, early season-ending wrist surgery in 2013, various ailments in 2014, a shin fracture in 2015, and neck spasms and torn cartilage in 2016.", "Teixeira retired at the conclusion of the 2016 season and contract with the Yankees.", "In each season from 2004 to 2011, Teixeira hit at least 30 home runs with 100 RBI.", "Mark Teixeira grew up in Severna Park, Maryland, the son of Margaret \"Margy\" Canterna and John Teixeira.", "He attended Mount Saint Joseph High School in Baltimore, where he played for the school's varsity baseball team, and was teammates with Gavin Floyd.", "His paternal grandfather emigrated from the South American country Guyana, and he has English and Portuguese ancestry through his father.", "Teixeira's mother is of Italian descent.", "Teixeira was originally chosen in the ninth round of the 1998 Major League Baseball draft by the Boston Red Sox.", "Teixeira chose not to sign with the Red Sox, however, opting instead to play college baseball for Georgia Tech citing that he didn't appreciate how the Red Sox treated him.", "In the summer of 1999, he played for the Orleans Cardinals and won the Outstanding Pro Prospect Award in the Cape Cod Baseball League.", "Teixeira played college baseball at Georgia Tech.", "In 2000, his batting average was .427, and his on-base plus slugging (OPS) was 1.319.", "He also won the Dick Howser Trophy as the national collegiate baseball player of the year.", "In 2001, Teixeira re-entered the draft and was selected by the Texas Rangers with the fifth overall pick.", "The Philadelphia Phillies considered selecting him with the fourth overall pick, but the demands of Teixeira's agent Scott Boras swayed the Phillies to select Gavin Floyd.", "The Rangers signed Teixeira to a Major League contract worth $9.5 million over 4 years.", "Teixeira began the 2002 season in the Florida State League, where he batted .320 with an OPS of 1.000 in 38 games.", "He was then moved up to the Double-A Tulsa Drillers, with whom he batted .316 with a .994 OPS and hit 10 home runs in 48 games.", "It turned out that 2002 would be his only season in the minor leagues; he made the Rangers out of spring training in 2003.", "As a rookie in 2003, Teixeira hit .259 with 26 home runs, 84 RBI, and a .811 OPS.", "Teixeira began to improve in 2004, batting .281 with an OPS of .930, 38 home runs, and 112 RBI.", "On August 17, 2004, Teixeira hit for the cycle.", "For his accomplishments in 2005, he earned the Silver Slugger Award as the best-hitting first baseman in the American League as well as the Gold Glove signifying his place as the best fielding first baseman in the American League.", "He was also named to his first All-Star Game after winning the fan voting portion of the selection to be named the starting first baseman for his league.", "During the game, Teixeira hit a home run from the right hand side of the plate, something he had failed to do in the entire first half of the season.", "In a five-game span around the All-Star Game, Teixeira hit five home runs with 13 RBI.", "He finished July with 13 home runs and 30 RBI and was named the American League Player of the Month.", "Overall, Teixeira batted .301 with 43 home runs and 144 RBI in the 2005 season.", "In 2005, Teixeira became the third switch-hitter in MLB history to hit at least 20 home runs in each of his first three seasons, after Eddie Murray and Chipper Jones.", "He is also one of just five players in Major League history to hit at least 100 home runs in his first three seasons, joining Hall of Famers Joe DiMaggio, Ralph Kiner, and Eddie Mathews as well as current first base star, Albert Pujols.", "Other players – Mark McGwire, José Canseco, Todd Helton, Ryan Howard – have hit 100+ home runs in their first three full seasons, but these players had all played partial seasons prior to playing their first three full seasons.", "His 2005 total of 144 RBI is a Major League record for a switch-hitter.", "On Mother's Day, May 14, 2006, Teixeira was one of more than 50 hitters who brandished a pink bat to benefit the Breast Cancer Foundation.", "Teixeira's 2006 season began slowly, as he collected only nine home runs before the All-Star Break.", "After the All-Star Break, however, he was among the league's leaders in home runs, and again finished with over 30 homers and 100 RBI for the season.", "Teixeira agreed to a two-year $15.98 million contract before the 2006 season to avoid his first two years of arbitration.", "On June 9, 2007, Teixeira's franchise record 507 consecutive-game streak came to an end.", "Teixeira landed awkwardly at first base after running out a grounder in a game against the Milwaukee Brewers the previous day.", "The streak was second to Miguel Tejada at the time.", "The strained quadriceps muscle placed Teixeira on the disabled list for only the second time of his career.", "On July 31, 2007, two weeks after turning down an eight-year, $140 million contract extension from the Rangers, Teixeira was traded to the Atlanta Braves (along with left-handed reliever Ron Mahay) for catcher/first baseman Jarrod Saltalamacchia, and four prospects: shortstop Elvis Andrus, and starting pitchers Matt Harrison, Neftalí Feliz and Beau Jones.", "Teixeira was activated for that night's game against the Houston Astros and arrived in the dugout during the seventh inning.", "He was promptly shown on Turner Field's high definition video board and received a boisterous applause from the Atlanta crowd.", "In his Braves debut on August 1, 2007, Teixeira hit a 3-run homer and drove in 4 runs in a 12–3 rout of the Houston Astros.", "Teixeira went on to homer in each of the following two games, becoming just the second player to homer in his first three games as a Brave – the first being Gary Sheffield in 2002.", "On August 19, 2007, Teixeira had his first multi-HR game against the Arizona Diamondbacks off Yusmeiro Petit.", "He would repeat that feat the next day, going deep for two three-run home runs versus the Cincinnati Reds.", "Teixeira, a switch-hitter, hit both homers on the 19th batting from the left side of the plate, and hit his homers on the 20th from the right side.", "He was named co-NL Player of the Week from August 20–26 by slugging .793 with three home runs and as expected, he was awarded NL Player of the Month for August.", "On September 22, Teixeira had his first walk-off hit with the Braves when he singled in Willie Harris giving the Braves a 4–3 extra-inning victory.", "In 54 games with Atlanta in 2007, Teixeira batted .317 with 17 home runs and 56 RBI.", "The Braves avoided arbitration in the 2007 offseason and signed Teixeira to a one-year, $12.5 million contract for the 2008 season.", "On July 29, 2008, Teixeira was traded to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim for Casey Kotchman and minor league pitcher Stephen Marek.", "Batting third in the Angel order, Teixeira hit .358 with 13 home runs and 43 RBIs after the trade to help his new team to their first 100-win season in franchise history.", "Through 2011, he was one of seven major leaguers to have had at least four 30-homer, 100-RBI seasons in their first five years, along with Chuck Klein, Joe DiMaggio, Ted Williams, Ralph Kiner, Albert Pujols, and Ryan Braun.", "Teixeira made his postseason debut with a .467 batting average, 7 hits and an RBI.", "His new team of the Angels would lose the 2008 ALDS to the Boston Red Sox in 4 games.", "Teixeira declared for free agency at the end of the season.", "In December 2008, Teixeira agreed preliminarily to a deal with the New York Yankees worth $180 million over 8 years, and he was formally introduced as a Yankee on January 6, 2009.", "The contract included a full no-trade clause, plus a $5 million signing bonus.", "He signed with the Yankees over a number of other clubs, including the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Boston Red Sox, Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles.", "The signing with the Yankees reunited Teixeira with teammate Alex Rodriguez who played for the Texas Rangers from 2001 to 2003.", "Teixeira wore the number 25 instead of his preferred number 23, since 23 is retired in honor of Don Mattingly.", "Mattingly was Teixeira's childhood idol, and was the reason Teixeira wore 23 earlier in his career.", "The signing became official on January 6, 2009.", "In the 2009 season, he led the AL in both home runs (tied with Carlos Peña of Tampa Bay) with 39, and RBI with 122.", "Teixeira received a World Series ring as the Yankees won the 2009 World Series, but struggled offensively throughout the postseason, batting only .180 overall and .136 in the World Series.", "However, several of his hits proved very important, including a walk-off home run in Game 2 of the ALDS and a game-tying home run in Game 2 of the World Series.", "Additionally, he made several stellar defensive plays in all rounds of the playoffs.", "For the 2009 season, Teixeira was awarded both the Gold Glove and Silver Slugger awards for the American League first baseman.", "He also finished second in the AL MVP balloting behind Twins' catcher Joe Mauer.", "On April 23, against the Angels, Teixeira was involved in a home-plate collision with Bobby Wilson while sliding home.", "Teixeira confessed that the collision was not intentional, and was not disciplined by the league for his action.", "On May 8, Teixeira became the second Yankees player to hit three home runs in one game against the Boston Red Sox, joining Lou Gehrig, who accomplished the feat on June 23, 1927.", "On June 20, against the New York Mets, Teixeira hit a grand slam off Johan Santana, proving to be the Yankees' only offense of the game in the 4–0 victory.", "Once again, Teixeira won the 2010 Gold Glove Award for American League first basemen.", "In 158 games of 2010, Teixeira finished with a .256 average, 33 home runs, and 108 runs.", "In the 2010 ALCS, Teixeira injured his hamstring, and did not play for the remainder of the playoffs.", "The Yankees lost the series to the Rangers in 6 games.", "On June 30, 2011, Teixeira hit his 300th career home run off Randy Wolf of the Milwaukee Brewers.", "On August 2, 2011, Teixeira hit a home run from both sides of the plate in the same game for the 12th time in his career, breaking a three-way tie with Chili Davis and Eddie Murray for the most such games all-time.", "In August 2011, Teixeira and Curtis Granderson became the first Yankees teammates to have 30 home runs in 115 games since Roger Maris and Mickey Mantle in 1961.", "Through 2011, he had the third-best career fielding percentage among major league first basemen (.996), behind Casey Kotchman and Kevin Youkilis.", "During the 2011 year, Teixeira batted .248 with 39 home runs and 111 RBI in 156 games.", "Teixeira continued his postseason struggles in 2011 as he batted only .167 with 1 RBI in a 5-game ALDS loss to the Detroit Tigers.", "On March 1, 2012, Teixeira hired Casey Close of Excel Sports Management to be his agent.", "This came almost a year after Teixeira parted ways with Boras.", "Close also represents fellow Yankees Derek Jeter and Masahiro Tanaka, as well as Ryan Howard.", "Throughout the 2012 season, Teixeira was plagued with several health issues and injuries such as a \"persistent and almost debilitating\" cough caused by severe congestion of the bronchi, wrist inflammation, and a calf strain.", "Teixeira spent some time on the disabled list with the calf strain from late August until early September.", "After committing a disputed double play in a 4-5 loss against the Orioles, Teixeira aggravated his calf and was put on the DL again.", "He would eventually return for the season finale against the Red Sox.", "He finished the 2012 season with a .251 batting average, 24 home runs, and 84 RBI in 123 games played.", "The Yankees would again make the playoffs, but loss to the Tigers in a 4-game sweep of the 2012 ALCS.", "Following the season, Teixeira won the 2012 Gold Glove Award for American League first basemen.", "He won a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding first baseman in MLB.", "He named the Yankees' nominee for the 2012 Roberto Clemente Award.", "On March 6, 2013, Teixeira suffered a strained wrist tendon while he was part of Team USA of the World Baseball Classic.", "Teixeira began the 2013 season on the 15-day disabled list, and was transferred to the 60-day disabled list on May 14.", "He returned on May 31, 2013, against the Red Sox going 0−3 with a walk and scoring a run.", "He aggravated the wrist on June 15, 2013, and the next day, he received cortisone injections to treat the inflammation of the wrist.", "He was again placed on the 15-day DL due to the inflammation on June 18, 2013.", "Teixeira played in only 15 games during the 2013 season with a .151 average, 3 home runs, and 12 RBI.", "On July 1, 2013, Teixeira underwent wrist surgery and was shut down for the rest of the season.", "During a game against the Toronto Blue Jays on April 4, 2014, Teixeira left the game after a hamstring injury while trying to fetch a foul ball in foul territory.", "He was placed on the 15-day disabled list the following day on April 5, 2014.", "He was activated on April 20, 2014.", "During a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates on May 17, 2014, Teixeira hit his 350th career home run off of Edinson Vólquez.", "On May 31, 2014, Teixeira aggravated his wrist that was surgically repaired the previous year.", "He received a cortisone shot to treat the wrist and missed two games.", "During a game against the Orioles on June 22, 2014, Teixeira left the game after being hit in the toe of the left foot by a pitch from T. J. McFarland.", "X-rays came back negative on the toe injury.", "On September 4, 2014, Teixeira hit his 21st home run of the season, which was a game-tying, solo home run that paved the way for a walk-off 5-4 victory over the Red Sox.", "In 2014, Teixeira batted only .216, but still hit 22 home runs with 62 RBI limited to 123 games.", "Teixeira experienced a resurgent season in 2015, being named to his third All-Star team, hitting the most home runs in a season since 2011.", "During a game against the Minnesota Twins on August 17, 2015, Teixeira fouled a ball off his leg and left the game.", "X-Rays were negative, but it was projected that he had a deep bone bruise in his leg.", "Listed as day-to-day, Teixeira missed nearly two weeks and was sent back to New York on August 31, 2015 to visit Yankees head team physician, Dr. Christopher Ahmad to seek second opinions.", "On September 1, Teixeira underwent CAT scans, x-rays, and MRIs, all testing negative.", "On September 4, Teixeira was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to the nagging bone bruise.", "On September 11, Teixeira underwent further tests and an MRI revealed a fracture in his shin, which eventually ended his 2015 season.", "The injury required three months to recover.", "In 111 games of 2015, Teixeira batted .255 with 31 home runs and 79 RBI.", "Teixeira struggled to open the season.", "On May 10, 2016, Teixeira revealed that he had been battling neck spasms.", "On May 25, he underwent an MRI on his neck, which was negative.", "The next day, he received a cortisone shot to treat the pain in his neck.", "In a game against the Orioles on June 3, he left the game due to right knee discomfort.", "He underwent an MRI the next day, which revealed that there was torn articular cartilage, placing him on the 15-day disabled list.", "Hoping to avoid surgery, Teixeira opted for treatment and rehabilitation on June 8.", "He was activated on June 25.", "While playing the San Diego Padres on July 3, Teixeira hit two home runs, including his 400th career home run.", "He became only the fifth switch-hitter to hit 400 home runs in a career.", "He followed teammate and fellow switch-hitter Carlos Beltrán, who had also hit his 400th career home run for the Yankees less than two months earlier on May 15.", "Another former teammate who also accomplished this feat was Chipper Jones, with whom Teixeira briefly played as a member of the Atlanta Braves.", "On August 5, Teixeira held a press conference in which he announced his intent to retire at the end of the season, citing his family life and the year's injuries.", "On September 28, Teixeira hit the final home run of his career, which was a walk-off grand slam off Boston Red Sox pitcher Joe Kelly.", "It was the first game-ending home run Teixeira had ever hit in a regular-season game.", "As of July 2019, it is also the only walk-off grand slam hit at the new Yankee Stadium.", "On September 30, prior to a game against the Orioles, Teixeira was honored by the rock band, Twisted Sister during a pregame ceremony.", "The band gifted Teixeira an Epiphone Les Paul guitar with signatures from everyone in the band.", "The song, \"I Wanna Rock\" was used as Teixeira's walk-up song since he first joined the Yankees.", "October 2 was Teixeira's final game of his career.", "Prior to the game, another pregame ceremony took place with his wife and three children visiting.", "He received several gifts, including a framed jersey and an autographed base.", "He finished the game 0 for 3 and left the game in the 7th inning as the Yankees lost 5-2 to the Orioles.", "In 116 games of his final season in the majors, Teixeira batted .204 with 15 home runs and 44 RBI.", "Teixeira supported Marco Rubio in his campaign for President in 2016.", "In August 2011, Teixeira made a cameo appearance during the eighth and final season of the HBO TV series \"Entourage\" along with teammate Alex Rodriguez.", "Eduardo Núñez is also seen in the cameo.", "Teixeira made his Broadway debut in a one-night cameo in the jukebox musical \"Rock of Ages\" on January 29, 2013.", "He played the role of Mark, a bartender at the fictional Bourbon Room.", "A self-described avid film buff, Teixeira is a member of the board of the Greenwich International Film Festival.", "During 2014 spring training, Teixeira filmed in \"Foul Territory\", a parody interview show aired by the YES Network.", "He came up with the idea as a way to help the Yankees' new free agent signings to the team.", "The show has been described as similar in style to \"The Chris Farley Show\" and \"Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis\".", "It was announced as a New York Emmy Award nominee on February 11, 2015.", "On February 6, 2017, Teixeira joined ESPN as a baseball analyst.", "Teixeira is a board member of a few organizations, such as DREAM (formerly Harlem RBI), the Greenwich International Film Festival, and the Emerald Corridor Foundation.", "After signing his first major league contract, Teixeira set up a scholarship at his high school in honor of a friend who was killed in a car accident.", "Teixeira and his family reside in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "In 2006, Teixeira and his wife Leigh Williams, whom he met at Georgia Tech, established the Mark Teixeira Charitable Fund that supported six scholarships at three high schools in the Dallas–Fort Worth area.", "They have three children, sons Jack Gordan and William Charles, and daughter Addison Leigh.", "Teixeira's mother Margaret died on December 2, 2015.", "His hobbies include hunting, golfing, reading, and fishing.", "He also enjoys Broadway theatre and identifies \"Les Misérables\" as his favorite production.", "Teixeira is a devout Catholic and credits much his success to his father's guidance and to the insight that the death of a friend in high school provided.", "There is also a video on YouTube in which he discusses his faith." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 353200, "simple_article_title": "Mark Teixeira", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353200", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-353200-0-0", "simple-353200-0-1", "simple-353200-0-2", "simple-353200-0-3", "simple-353200-0-4", "simple-353200-0-5", "simple-353200-0-6", "simple-353200-0-7", "simple-353200-0-8", "simple-353200-0-9" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Mark Charles Teixeira (born April 11, 1980) plays American Major League Baseball.", "He has played first and third bases and the outfield.", "He was born in Annapolis, Maryland.", "He played college ball for Georgia Tech.", "In 2001 he won the Dick Howser Trophy as the national collegiate baseball player of the year.", "He has played professsional ball with the Texas Rangers, the Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and the New York Yankees.", "Teixeira is of Portuguese-American descent.", "He, his wife, and their three children live in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "He likes hunting, fishing, golfing, and reading.", "He is a Christian and likes Broadway musicals." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1255729, "normal_article_title": "Tweenies", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1255729", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1255729-0-0", "normal-1255729-0-1", "normal-1255729-0-2", "normal-1255729-1-0", "normal-1255729-1-1", "normal-1255729-1-2", "normal-1255729-1-3", "normal-1255729-2-0", "normal-1255729-2-1", "normal-1255729-2-2", "normal-1255729-2-3", "normal-1255729-2-4", "normal-1255729-2-5", "normal-1255729-3-0", "normal-1255729-3-1", "normal-1255729-3-2", "normal-1255729-4-0", "normal-1255729-4-1", "normal-1255729-5-0", "normal-1255729-5-1", "normal-1255729-6-0", "normal-1255729-6-1", "normal-1255729-6-2", "normal-1255729-7-0", "normal-1255729-7-1", "normal-1255729-7-2", "normal-1255729-7-3", "normal-1255729-7-4", "normal-1255729-7-5", "normal-1255729-7-6", "normal-1255729-8-0", "normal-1255729-8-1", "normal-1255729-8-2", "normal-1255729-9-0", "normal-1255729-10-0", "normal-1255729-10-1", "normal-1255729-10-2", "normal-1255729-10-3", "normal-1255729-10-4", "normal-1255729-10-5", "normal-1255729-11-0", "normal-1255729-11-1", "normal-1255729-11-2", "normal-1255729-11-3", "normal-1255729-12-0", "normal-1255729-12-1", "normal-1255729-12-2", "normal-1255729-13-0", "normal-1255729-13-1", "normal-1255729-13-2", "normal-1255729-14-0", "normal-1255729-14-1", "normal-1255729-15-0", "normal-1255729-15-1", "normal-1255729-15-2", "normal-1255729-15-3", "normal-1255729-16-0", "normal-1255729-16-1", "normal-1255729-17-0", "normal-1255729-17-1", "normal-1255729-17-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Tweenies is a British live action children's entertainment series created by Will Brenton and Iain Lauchlan.", "The programme is centred on four pre-school aged characters, known as the \"Tweenies\", playing, singing and dancing in a fictional nursery in England.", "They are cared for by two adult Tweenies and two dogs.", "390 episodes were broadcast between 6 September 1999 and 24 July 2002.", "In 2000, the show won a BAFTA award for Best Pre-school Live Action series, and singles featuring exclusive songs spent some weeks in the charts during the early 2000s.", "The series premiered on the BBC's children's block, and was repeated on CBeebies from the channel's launch in 2002 until 2016.", "It was also shown on Noggin in the United States and in other countries worldwide.", "The idea for the programme came from Iain Lauchlan and Will Brenton, a pair with a track record of being involved in BBC children's programming.", "Together with Karl Woolley and Helen Cadwallader, they set up Tell-Tale Productions at Elstree Film Studios in Hertfordshire.", "Iain Lauchlan was a presenter on \"Play School\", \"Fingermouse\" and \"Playdays\", meeting Brenton, a director, writer and also a presenter, during the latter.", "Together they started producing two of the \"Playdays\" strands before forming their own production companies Tell-Tale Productions and, more recently, Wish Films.", "They also created \"The Fun Song Factory\", \"Boo!\",", ", \"BB3B\", \"Jim Jam and Sunny\", \"Basil Hair The Squirrel\" and \"Entertainment Right's The Magical Lives of Toys\".", "\"Tweenies\" is a production of Tell-Tale Productions in association with the BBC.", "Animation for the show was produced by A Productions, an animation studio based in Bristol, England, with Ealing Animation providing some animation in a few early episodes.", "Computer animation for the series was provided by \"Clockwork Digital\", with Ben Mars animating Mungo, the computer creature who appears in some later episodes.", "Episodes consist of a mixture of story, song and creative activity.", "Music plays an important part in the programme and children are encouraged to join in with songs and actions.", "The programme is set in a nursery in England attended by the four Tweenies themselves: Bella, Milo, Fizz and the youngest, Jake.", "They are in the care of two adults, Max and Judy, and two dogs, Doodles and Izzles.", "The show includes a \"Tweenie Clock\", with five circular lights arranged in a pentagonal shape with the lights denoting \"News Time\" – Orange, \"Messy Time\" – Blue, \"Song Time\" – Yellow, \"TV Time\" – Green and \"Story Time\" – Red.", "\"Surprise Time\" is a special time determined when all five lights glow.", "A button at the centre of the clock (Purple) is pressed to select the activity that will be undertaken next.", "It was formerly shown on CBeebies, from 11 February 2002 until 1 April 2016.", "Like a number of other CBeebies programmes, a live stage version of the show has toured in the UK.", "The most recent tour, \"Top of the Tots\", toured the British Isles during 2009, the series' 10th anniversary.", "In addition, the tour also played several shows in Hong Kong in late September and early October 2009.", "The Tweenies were also regulars on the annual CBeebies Live tours around the British Isles.", "Between 2003 and 2005, there was also a \"Tweenies\" theme park, at Alton Towers in the Cred Street section aimed at younger children, which replaced the \"Barney\" section and then was removed in favour of \"Bob the Builder\".", "In 2000, \"Tweenies\" won two awards: Best PreSchool Educational Program and Best Live Action PreSchool Programme.", "The original prototypes for the Tweenies characters were designed by Sally Preisig of Mimics Productions; they were later re-scaled into two sizes for the characters shown on the series.", "In addition, Preisig also designed the character costumes and was co-constructor/developer for the Tweenies' full-size puppets.", "The costume fabric comes from the UK and was imported and dyed into their present colours; it is about the same thickness as fleece jumpers.", "Neal Scanlan Studios (Babe, Star Wars, etc.), made the Animatronic Tweenie heads.", "The Tweenies consist of Bella, Milo, Fizz, Jake, Doodles, Izzles, Max, Judy, and are sometimes joined by Max's sister Polly.", "Other characters have appeared occasionally, including Milo's uncle, Mickey, his father, Jake's mother, Fizz's mother and father and Bella's grandmother.", "There have also been several animated characters.", "The four main characters appeared in the first episode \"Tweenie Band\", which was filmed in 1998 at Elstree Studios & aired on 6 September 1999.", "The Tweenies were played by only one set of actors, while the voices and animatronics were provided by other actors.", "Unless otherwise indicated, all the following actors and voice talent were in the show from 1999 until its last episode, \"What Makes Summer?\"", "The \"Tweenies\" aired its first episode \"Tweenie Band\" on 6 September 1999 on its original programme block CBBC and last aired on 24 July 2002 with \"What Makes Summer?\"", "on its former channel CBeebies.", "In total, there are 390 episodes.", "There have been special episodes, such as a series of \"Be Safe with the Tweenies\" and expanded 40 minute episodes.", "Episode 252, \"Favourite Songs\", which first aired in March 2001 was banned by the BBC in January 2013 after the corporation received 216 complaints about a scene in a repeat of a \"Top Of The Pops\"-themed parody episode where the character Max appears dressed as the late disgraced TV presenter Jimmy Savile.", "The BBC had stopped the \"Tweenies\" from being repeated altogether on CBeebies for four months due to the controversy.", "The episodes then started being repeated again from June 2013 until April 2016.", "The \"Tweenies\" went live on various occasions during the height of the programmes success from 1999 until 2003.", "They made their first live show debut in 1999 after the show's release, then again in 2000 and in 2002 for the Christmas special.", "These live appearances also include \"Top of the Pops\" specials with them performing their singles, including \"No.1\", \"Do The Lollipop\" and \"Have Fun Go Mad!\".", "These were released by BBC Worldwide and some various DVDs are still available in retailers.", "| style=\"width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top; \" | |}", "Many of the above videos have also been dubbed into other languages.", "In addition, several of the \"Tweenies\" videos were produced in special versions for retailers with additional footage (for example, the \"Party Games, Laughs & Giggles\" video distributed at Marks & Spencer stores carried two additional segments, adding ten minutes to the video's running time).", "Many of the above videos were also released as DVDs under different names.", "iTunes has released a \"Best of Tweenies volume 1\" which consists of the first six episodes of the series.", "From 1999 until 2006, various books were released from \"Tweenies\", based on the episodes that were mostly aired.", "There were also annuals that were released from 2001–2006 and other books, based on each character from \"Tweenies\".", "From the late 90s into the early 2000s, the Tweenies were one of the most popular set of children's TV characters at the time, which led to a wide range merchandise being sold.", "Many toys were sold in various retailers, such as Toys \"R\" Us, Argos, & Woolworths.", "Merchandise included soft toys, playsets, collectible figures, board games, jigsaws and puzzles, talking toys, the video games \"\" and \"\", and many other products." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 246220, "simple_article_title": "Tweenies", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246220", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-246220-0-0", "simple-246220-0-1", "simple-246220-0-2", "simple-246220-0-3", "simple-246220-0-4", "simple-246220-0-5", "simple-246220-0-6", "simple-246220-0-7", "simple-246220-0-8" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Tweenies is an American–British TV show for children shown on the Nickelodeon in the United States and BBC in the United Kingdom.", "The show is set in a preschool attended by the four Tweenies: Milo, Jake, Bella and Fizz, also with two adults Max and Judy, and two dogs, Doodles and Izzles.", "The theme song is \"Hey, hey, are you ready to play\".", "It was first shown on July 14, 2003.", "It is made by Tell-Tale Productions and Nick Jr.", "Hit songs from the show include \"I Believe In Christmas\", \"Number 1\" which went into the Top 10, \"Best Friends Forever\", \"Do The Lollipop\", \"Have Fun, Go Mad!\"", "which went into the Top 20.", "They also have a number 56 hit album and a number 34 hit Christmas album.", "Video games include an action game by BBC Multimedia/Tell-Tale called \"Tweenies: Doodles' Bones\" which was released in 2005 and a compilation game by BBC Multimedia/Various called \"Tweenies: Game Time\" which was released in 2003." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 8003501, "normal_article_title": "Lactarius torminosus", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8003501", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-8003501-0-0", "normal-8003501-0-1", "normal-8003501-0-2", "normal-8003501-0-3", "normal-8003501-0-4", "normal-8003501-0-5", "normal-8003501-1-0", "normal-8003501-1-1", "normal-8003501-1-2", "normal-8003501-1-3", "normal-8003501-1-4", "normal-8003501-1-5", "normal-8003501-1-6", "normal-8003501-1-7", "normal-8003501-1-8", "normal-8003501-2-0", "normal-8003501-2-1", "normal-8003501-2-2", "normal-8003501-3-0", "normal-8003501-3-1", "normal-8003501-3-2", "normal-8003501-3-3", "normal-8003501-3-4", "normal-8003501-4-0", "normal-8003501-4-1", "normal-8003501-4-2", "normal-8003501-5-0", "normal-8003501-5-1", "normal-8003501-5-2", "normal-8003501-6-0", "normal-8003501-6-1", "normal-8003501-6-2", "normal-8003501-6-3", "normal-8003501-7-0", "normal-8003501-7-1", "normal-8003501-7-2", "normal-8003501-7-3", "normal-8003501-7-4", "normal-8003501-7-5", "normal-8003501-7-6", "normal-8003501-7-7", "normal-8003501-7-8", "normal-8003501-7-9", "normal-8003501-7-10", "normal-8003501-7-11", "normal-8003501-7-12", "normal-8003501-7-13", "normal-8003501-7-14", "normal-8003501-7-15", "normal-8003501-8-0", "normal-8003501-8-1", "normal-8003501-8-2", "normal-8003501-8-3", "normal-8003501-8-4", "normal-8003501-9-0", "normal-8003501-9-1", "normal-8003501-9-2", "normal-8003501-9-3", "normal-8003501-10-0", "normal-8003501-10-1", "normal-8003501-10-2", "normal-8003501-10-3", "normal-8003501-10-4", "normal-8003501-11-0", "normal-8003501-11-1", "normal-8003501-11-2", "normal-8003501-11-3", "normal-8003501-11-4", "normal-8003501-11-5", "normal-8003501-11-6", "normal-8003501-11-7", "normal-8003501-12-0", "normal-8003501-12-1", "normal-8003501-12-2", "normal-8003501-12-3", "normal-8003501-12-4", "normal-8003501-12-5", "normal-8003501-12-6", "normal-8003501-12-7", "normal-8003501-12-8", "normal-8003501-12-9", "normal-8003501-13-0", "normal-8003501-13-1", "normal-8003501-13-2", "normal-8003501-13-3", "normal-8003501-13-4", "normal-8003501-13-5", "normal-8003501-14-0", "normal-8003501-14-1", "normal-8003501-14-2", "normal-8003501-14-3", "normal-8003501-15-0", "normal-8003501-15-1", "normal-8003501-15-2", "normal-8003501-15-3", "normal-8003501-15-4", "normal-8003501-15-5", "normal-8003501-16-0", "normal-8003501-16-1", "normal-8003501-16-2", "normal-8003501-17-0", "normal-8003501-17-1", "normal-8003501-17-2", "normal-8003501-17-3", "normal-8003501-17-4", "normal-8003501-17-5", "normal-8003501-17-6", "normal-8003501-18-0", "normal-8003501-18-1", "normal-8003501-18-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a large agaric fungus.", "A common and widely distributed species, it is found in North Africa, northern Asia, Europe, and North America.", "It was first described scientifically by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774 as an \"Agaricus\", and later transferred to the genus \"Lactarius\" in 1821 by Samuel Frederick Gray.", "A variety, \"L. torminosus\" var.", "\"nordmanensis\", is known from the United States, Canada, and Switzerland.", "\"L. torminosus\" officially became the type species of \"Lactarius\" in 2011 after molecular studies prompted the taxonomic reshuffling of species between several Russulaceae genera.", "A mycorrhizal species, \"L. torminosus\" associates with various trees, most commonly birch, and its fruit bodies (mushrooms) grow on the ground singly or in groups in mixed forests.", "The caps of \"L. torminosus\" mushrooms are convex with a central depression, and attain a diameter of up to 10 cm .", "A blend of pink and ochre hues, the cap sometimes has concentric zones of alternating lighter and darker shades.", "The edge of the cap is rolled inward, and shaggy when young.", "On the underside of the cap are narrow flesh-colored gills that are crowded closely together.", "The cylindrical stem is a pale flesh color with a delicately downy surface and brittle flesh; it is up to 8 cm long and 0.6 – thick.", "When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a bitter white latex that does not change color upon exposure to air.", "The variety \"nordmanensis\", in contrast, has latex that changes from white to yellow.", "\"Lactarius torminosus\" can be distinguished from similar species like \"L. pubescens\" or \"L. villosus\" by differences in morphology and coloration, or by microscopic characteristics like spore shape and size.", "Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after suitable preparation in Russia and Finland, the species is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw.", "The toxins, also responsible for the strongly bitter or acrid taste, are destroyed by cooking.", "Studies have identified several chemicals present in the mushrooms, including ergosterol and derivatives thereof, and the pungent-tasting velleral.", "German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer was the first to describe the species, placing it in \"Agaricus\" in 1774.", "Seven years later in 1781, Jean Bulliard described a species he called \"Agaricus necator\" and illustrated it in the first volume of his \"Herbier de la France\"; this name and the synonym \"Lactarius necator\", resulting from Christian Hendrik Persoon's 1800 transfer to \"Lactarius\", are both considered to refer to \"L. torminosus\".", "Otto Kuntze, for his part chose to put it in \"Lactifluus\", while Paul Kummer thought \"Galorrheus\" was the appropriate placement; until the recent resurrection of \"Lactifluus\", both genera had been long considered to be unnecessary segregates of \"Lactarius\".", "According to Index Fungorum, another synonym is Samuel Frederick Gray's \"Lactarius necans\".", "Gray also gave the species its modern name when he transferred it to \"Lactarius\" in his 1821 \"Natural Arrangement of British Plants\".", "The specific epithet \"torminosus\" means \"tormenting\" or \"causing colic\", in reference to the gastrointestinal distress associated with consuming the raw mushroom.", "Early English vernacular names were Gray's \"bellyach milk-stool\" (1821), and James Edward Smith's \"bearded pepper agaric\" (1824).", "More recent common names include \"shaggy milkcap\", \"powderpuff milkcap\", \"pink-fringed milkcap\", \"bearded milkcap\", and the British Mycological Society-recommended \"woolly milkcap\".", "According to Hesler and Smith's 1979 classification of the genus \"Lactarius\", \"L. torminosus\" belongs to subgenus \"Piperites\", section \"Piperites\" (in which it is the type species), subsection \"Piperites\".", "Species in this subsection are characterized by having latex that does not turn yellow after exposure to air, and/or that does not stain the cut surface of the mushroom surface yellow.", "A 2004 phylogenetic analysis of European \"Lactarius\" species concluded that \"L. torminosus\" falls into a group that includes \"L. torminosulus\", and that these two species are closely related to a group that includes \"L. tesquorum\", \"L. scoticus\", and \"L. pubescens\".", "A multi-gene molecular analysis published in 2008 demonstrated that species then distributed in the genera \"Lactarius\" and \"Russula\" actually consisted of four distinct lineages.", "The subsequent reorganization of Russulaceae species—a taxonomic change needed to make \"Russula\" and \"Lactarius\" monophyletic—required that a new type species be defined for \"Lactarius\", since the previous type, \"L. piperatus\", belonged to the clade that will be transferred to genus \"Lactifluus\".", "A proposal to conserve \"Lactarius\" with \"L. torminosus\" as the type was accepted by the Nomenclatural Committee for Fungi and passed at the 2011 International Botanical Congress.", "The change minimizes \"taxonomic disruption\", allowing most of the common and well-known \"Lactarius\" species to retain their names.", "The cap is initially convex, but as it matures the center forms a depression and the outer edges rise until it assumes the shape of a shallow funnel; its final width is typically between 2 and .", "The cap margin is strongly curled inward; when young, it is tomentose (covered with a thick matting of hairs), forming a veil-like structure that partly covers up the gills.", "This tomentum diminishes with age.", "The cap surface is at first similarly tomentose, but eventually the hairs wear off, leaving the surface more or less smooth.", "The surface starts off somewhat sticky with clear concentric rings of darker shade (a \"zonate\" pattern); these rings, especially the outer ones, usually fade in maturity.", "The cap color is pinkish-orange to pale dull pink, becoming orange to whitish toward the margin as the pink gradually fades.", "The white to flesh-colored flesh is firm and brittle, but becomes flaccid in age.", "The latex that is produced when the mushroom tissue is cut or injured is white to cream, and does not change color with prolonged exposure to air, nor does it stain the gills.", "It has an acrid taste, with a slight to pungent odor.", "The gills are subdecurrent (running only a small way down the length of the stem), close to crowded together, narrow, and sometimes forked near the stem.", "Their color is whitish, becoming pink-tinged, turning pale tan with age.", "The adult stem is 1.5 – long, 0.6 – thick, fragile, more or less equal in width throughout, and cylindrical or narrowed at the base.", "Its surface is dry, and either smooth to pruinose (covered with a very fine whitish powder on the surface).", "The color ranges from pale light pink to yellowish-tinged or slightly pinkish orange to orange white, sometimes spotted.", "The interior of the stem is firm, beige white, and filled with a soft pith, but it eventually becomes hollow.", "Occasionally, white mycelium is visible at the base of the stem where it meets the ground.", "The fruit body formation of \"L. torminosus\" is pileostipitocarpic.", "In this type of development, the hymenium forms early on the underside of the cap and upper stem of the mushroom primordium.", "As the cap enlarges, the margin, made of flaring filamentous hyphae that grow outward and downward, tends to curve inward, eventually forming a flap of tissue roughly parallel to the stem surface.", "As further development takes place, these hyphae make contact with and adhere to the hymenial surface of the stem, covering basidia and macrocystidia (very long cystidia) already present.", "The junction between the two tissues produces a cavity that provides some temporary protection to the basidia, although they are already fertile when the cap margin starts to grow.", "The spore print of \"L. torminosus\" is cream to pale yellow, and the spores 8–10.2 by 5.8–6.6 μm, roughly spherical to broadly elliptical in side view, and hyaline (translucent).", "Only the ornamentation on their surface is amyloid; it is partially reticulate (network-like) with interrupted ridges roughly 0.5–0.7 μm high, and a few isolated warts.", "Spores have a conspicuous apiculus, demarcating where it was once attached to the basidia via the sterigma.", "The basidia are four-spored, hyaline and club-shaped to cylindrical, measuring 30–47.7 by 7.3–8.2 μm.", "Pleurocystidia are only present in the form of macrocystidia embedded and originating in the hymenium and just below it, they reach 40.3–80.0 by 5.1–9.5 μm.", "Macrocystidia are abundant in the hymenium.", "Characterized by their spindle-shaped to ventricose (swollen on one side) form that gradually tapers in width, they have granular hyaline contents.", "Gill edge cystidia (cheilocystidia) are smaller: 30–52 by 4.5–8.0 μm.", "The cap cuticle is made of gelatinized, interwoven hyphae arranged more or less parallel to the cap surface (a form known as \"ixocutis\"); the thin-walled, threadlike hyphae of this layer are 2.5–7.3 μm wide.", "\"Lactarius nordmanensis\" was described by Alexander Smith in 1960 to account for a North American species closely resembling \"L. torminosus\" in appearance, but with a slightly larger range of spore sizes (9–11 by 6.5–8 μm).", "In contrast to the unchanging latex of \"L. torminosus\", \"L. nordmanensis\" has whitish latex that slowly changes to pale yellow upon exposure to air; the latex also stains mushroom tissues and paper yellow.", "Hesler and Smith reduced \"L. nordmanensis\" to the status of a variety under \"L. torminosus\" in 1979.", "\"nordmanensis\" has been recorded from California, Idaho, Michigan, and Wisconsin in the United States, Quebec in Canada, and Switzerland.", "The variety resembles \"Lactarius pubescens\" var.", "\"betulae\", but differs in its longer pleurocystidia, larger spores with slightly different spore ornamentation, and strongly burning acrid taste.", "The holotype specimen of \"L. torminosus\" var.", "\"nordmanensis\" was collected by Smith in 1956 near Nordman, Idaho.", "The woolly cap margin, pinkish tones in the cap, acrid latex, and association with birch are reliable field characteristics to help identify \"L. torminosus\".", "However, there are several hairy \"Lactarius\" species with which it is often confused, and sometimes examination of microscopic characteristics is necessary to distinguish between them.", "The closely related \"L. torminosulus\" is a dwarf version of \"L. torminosus\", an arctic species associated with the birches \"Betula nana\" or \"B. glandulosa\".", "Immature fruit bodies of \"L. scrobiculatus\" resemble \"L. torminosus\", but they have a white latex that soon turns yellow upon exposure to air, and their stems have shiny depressed spots.", "The caps of the poorly known species \"L. cilicioides\" are not zonate, and its spores are smaller.", "\"L. pubescens\" is physically quite similar, but can be distinguished by its paler color and smaller spores (6.0–7.5 by 5.0–6.5 μm).", "\"L. controversus\" has a cap margin that is not as hairy, whitish to cream-colored gills, and larger spores measuring 7.5–10 by 6–7.5 μm.", "\"L. mairei\" has a coloration similar to \"L. torminosus\", but is rarer and typically found associated with oak trees on calcareous soil.", "Known only from North Carolina and western Canada, \"L. subtorminosus\" was named for its similarity to \"L. torminosus\".", "It can be distinguished by its mild-tasting latex and smaller, roughly spherical spores measuring 5.5–7 by 5.5–6.5 μm.", "The intensely peppery taste of the raw mushroom can blister the tongue if sampled in excess.", "Some authors have reported the species as outright poisonous, or causing \"mild to fatal gastroenteritis\".", "In a 1930 publication, Hans Steidle reported that although the mushroom was not toxic to \"unicellular and cold-blooded organisms\" when ingested, the liquid extract and the pressed juice of the fruit bodies, when injected under the skin of a frog, resulted in disturbed breathing, paralysis, and eventually death.", "Symptoms that are typically experienced after consuming raw mushrooms include nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhea that starts about one hour after ingestion.", "This combination can lead to dehydration, muscle spasms, and circulatory collapse.", "The gastroenteritis will usually resolve without treatment in a couple of days.", "Despite these reports of toxicity, \"L. torminosus\" mushrooms are prepared in Finland, Russia, and other northern and eastern European countries by parboiling, soaking in brine for several days, or pickling, after which it is valued for its peppery taste.", "In Norway, it is roasted and added to coffee.", "Mushrooms are harvested for commercial sale in Finland.", "The nutrient composition of Finnish specimens has been analyzed and found to contain the following components (as a percentage of dry weight): protein, 17.2%; phosphorus, 0.46%; calcium, 0.12%; magnesium, 0.088%; potassium, 2.97%; sodium 0.011%.", "The compound thought to be responsible for the toxicity of raw \"L. torminosus\" is the pungent-tasting velleral present at a concentration of 0.16 mg/g mushroom.", "Velleral is a breakdown product of stearyl-velutinal.", "Broken lactifers—specialized hyphal cells that produce the mushroom's latex—leak the precursor chemicals whose breakdown products act as the defensive agents toxic to humans, effectively deterring certain vertebrates that might consume the mushroom.", "The lactarane-type sesquiterpene lactone 15-hydroxyblennin A is one of several sesquiterpenes produced by the species.", "Other lactaranes are found in various \"Lactarius\" species, such as blennin A in \"L. deliciosus\" and \"L. blennius\", and lactarorufin N in \"Lactarius rufus\".", "Fungal sesquiterpenes are commonly produced as toxins to defend against predation, and as a result some have chemical properties that may have applications in medicinal chemistry.", "Fruit bodies of \"Lactarius torminosus\" contain a number of sterols, of which ergosterol (a component of fungal cell walls) is the most predominant at 60.5% of all sterols, followed by its derivatives and ergosta-5/7-dien-3-ol (17.0%), ergost-7-en-3-ol (13.7%) and ergosta-7-22-dien-3-ol (8.3%).", "Researchers have identified 28 volatile compounds that contribute to the odor of the mushroom.", "Many of these are alcohols and carbonyl compounds with eight carbon atoms; the predominant volatile compound (about 90%) is 1-octen-3-one, an odorant common in mushrooms.", "\"Lactarius torminosus\" is a mycorrhizal species, and as such plays an important role in facilitating nutrient and water uptake by trees.", "It grows in association with birch (\"Betula\") and hemlock (\"Tsuga\") in mixed forests.", "It is also known to grow in urban settings when birch trees are nearby.", "A field study in Scotland concluded that the species is more likely to be present in older than in younger birch woodlands.", "Fruit bodies grow on the ground, scattered or grouped together.", "They are a component of the diet of the red squirrel, and serve as breeding sites for some fungus-feeding flies in the Drosophilidae and Mycetophilidae families.", "\"Lactarius torminosus\" mushrooms may be parasitized by the mold \"Hypomyces lithuanicus\", which produces a cream-ochre to cinnamon-colored granular or velvety growth of mycelium on the surfaces of the gills and causes them to be deformed.", "The species is found in northern temperate and boreal climates, penetrating sometimes into subarctic regions.", "It has been recorded from North Africa, northern Asia, Europe, and is common in North America, where it sometimes grows with aspen (\"Populus\" species).", "The North American distribution extends north into the Yukon and Alaska and south to Mexico." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 340511, "simple_article_title": "Lactarius torminosus", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=340511", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-340511-0-0", "simple-340511-0-1", "simple-340511-0-2", "simple-340511-0-3", "simple-340511-0-4", "simple-340511-1-0", "simple-340511-1-1", "simple-340511-1-2", "simple-340511-1-3", "simple-340511-1-4", "simple-340511-1-5", "simple-340511-1-6", "simple-340511-1-7" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a mushroom in the genus \"Lactarius\".", "It is a common and widely distributed fungus, found in North Africa, northern Asia, Northern Europe, and North America.", "\"L. torminosus\" associates with various trees, most commonly birch, and the mushrooms grow on the ground singly or in groups in mixed forests.", "Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after suitable preparation in Russia and Finland, it is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw.", "The toxins responsible for the acrid taste are destroyed by cooking.", "The caps of \"L. torminosus\" mushrooms are convex with a central depression, and attain a diameter of up to 10 cm.", "Its color is a blend of pink and ochre hues, sometimes with circular zones of darker shades.", "The edge of the cap is rolled inwards, and shaggy when young.", "On the underside of the caps are narrow flesh-colored gills crowded closely together.", "It is on these fertile gill surfaces that the spore-bearing cells, the basidia are found.", "The cylindrical stem is a pale flesh color with a downy surface, reaching a length of up to 8 cm and a thickness of 0.6 –.", "When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a white latex that does not change color upon exposure to air.", "The variety \"normandensis\", in contrast, has latex that changes from white to yellow." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9836971, "normal_article_title": "Robert Peters", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9836971", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9836971-0-0", "normal-9836971-0-1", "normal-9836971-0-2", "normal-9836971-0-3", "normal-9836971-0-4", "normal-9836971-1-0", "normal-9836971-1-1", "normal-9836971-1-2", "normal-9836971-1-3", "normal-9836971-1-4", "normal-9836971-1-5", "normal-9836971-1-6", "normal-9836971-1-7", "normal-9836971-1-8", "normal-9836971-2-0", "normal-9836971-2-1", "normal-9836971-2-2", "normal-9836971-3-0", "normal-9836971-4-0", "normal-9836971-4-1", "normal-9836971-4-2", "normal-9836971-5-0", "normal-9836971-6-0", "normal-9836971-6-1", "normal-9836971-7-0", "normal-9836971-7-1", "normal-9836971-7-2", "normal-9836971-7-3", "normal-9836971-8-0", "normal-9836971-9-0", "normal-9836971-9-1", "normal-9836971-9-2", "normal-9836971-9-3", "normal-9836971-9-4", "normal-9836971-10-0", "normal-9836971-10-1", "normal-9836971-10-2", "normal-9836971-11-0", "normal-9836971-11-1", "normal-9836971-12-0", "normal-9836971-12-1", "normal-9836971-12-2", "normal-9836971-13-0", "normal-9836971-14-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Robert Louis Peters (October 20, 1924 – June 13, 2014) was an American poet, critic, scholar, playwright, editor, and actor born in an impoverished rural area of northern Wisconsin in 1924.", "He held a Ph.D in Victorian literature.", "His poetry career began in 1967 when his young son Richard died unexpectedly of spinal meningitis.", "The book commemorating this loss, \"Songs for a Son\", was selected by poet Denise Levertov to be published by W. W. Norton in 1967, and it still remains in print.", "\"Songs for a Son\" began a flood of poetry.", "After army service during World War II, he enrolled at the University of Wisconsin, majoring in English.", "He received his B.A. in 1948, his M.A. in 1949 and his doctorate in 1952.", "His teaching career took him to Wayne State University, Boston University, Ohio Wesleyan University, the University of Idaho, the University of California, Riverside, and then the University of California, Irvine, where he first taught in 1967.", "His field of study was Victorian literature.", "In addition to publishing articles and monographs, he edited, with Herbert Schueller, the letters of John Addington Symonds.", "Peters received a Fulbright Fellowship to Cambridge, England in the 1960s to work on Symonds' letters.", "In 1965, he published \"The Crowns of Apollo\", a scholarly study on Algernon Charles Swinburne.", "After Peters' \"Songs for a Son\" was published, he devoted more time to the writing and study of contemporary poetry.", "Fellow poets Charles Wright and James McMichael and novelist Oakley Hall taught poetry at UC Irvine during this time and shared directorship of the university's Master of Fine Arts program.", "Peters was a prolific poet, having published some 30 books of poems, and he was an important critic of contemporary American poetry.", "In his controversial books of criticism — \"The Great American Poetry Bake-Off\" series, \"Peters Black and Blue Guides to Current Literary Magazines\" and \"Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Literary Terminology\" — he assessed more than 400 contemporary poets and critics.", "He also wrote poetry reviews for the \"Los Angeles Times\".", "His \"Where the Bee Sucks: Workers, Drones & Queens of Contemporary American Poetry\" includes 35 essays on such major figures as Robert Bly, Charles Bukowski, Allen Ginsberg, John Ashbery, Diane Wakoski, Robert Creeley, Robert Duncan, Tess Gallagher and W. S. Merwin, as well as commentaries on the work of lesser-known poets.", "Billy Collins, a former student of Peters and now a poet in his own right, once described Peters' poetry: \"... modifies poetic language and breaks new artistic ground.", "By combining playful rhymes with painfully serious matter, he has returned new tonal possibilities to poetry.", "By fully exploiting the metaphor of the body, ... he has provided a fresh code for the expression of feeling ...\"", "Poet and author of Iron John, Robert Bly, wrote about Peters' \"American Poetry Bakeoff\" book of criticism as \"not maternal ... insights are set down simply, unornamented, as if intended to glance off, and yet I think they are important, and belong to the center ... He deserves numerous readers, particularly among young poets dissatisfied with the celebrities who keep writing the same poem over and over again ... His essay on Robert Creeley is superb; the best essay on his work I know.\"", "In the fall of 2001, the 40th volume of Peters's' \"Familial Love and Other Misfortunes\" was published.", "Peters has served as a contributing editor for \"The American Book Review\", \"Contact II\" and \"Paintbrush\".", "His poetry covers a wide range of themes and forms, from intensely personal volumes of private celebrations and losses — the death of a son, the break-up of a marriage, and his rural Wisconsin origins — to excursions into the psyches of a vast gallery of historical eccentrics, numbering among them, a Bavarian king, a Hungarian countess (and mass murderer) and a British romantic painter.", "The root of his interest in personae poetry goes back to his studies of Victorian poet Robert Browning.", "He adapted both King Ludwig II of Bavaria and Elizabeth Báthory, the Hungarian Countess, for theatrical presentation, performing them around the country.", "His \"Poems: Selected & New\" includes a rich sampling of work written over the past 30 years, while collecting in a single volume many of Peters' best poems.", "Poet Diane Wakoski best describes his poetry, \"The fascination with the dead, with the rotting, with pigs rooting into the earth, a poem about a primal scene in a root cellar, discovering sex and the underground, taboo, death-related experience — this is what all of Peters' poetry is about ... which gives it great originality and power.\"", "His acting career developed after countless poetry readings.", "Peters wanted to reach a larger audience with his poetry by transforming his personae poetry into theatrical monologues replete with memorized scripts, lighting, settings and sound tracks.", "He performed at Barnsdall Art Park in Los Angeles, at Carpet Company Theatre in Los Angeles, Fine Art Theatre at UCI, Provincetown's Summer Theatre, St. Matthews Church near Broadway, New York and many college campus venues.", "He took acting lessons from his colleague, Fine Arts Professor Robert Cohen, at University of California, Irvine.", "These performances are all well-documented in Peters' journals, video recordings, flyers, playbills, posters and scrapbooks, replete with reviews and photos, which are all housed and catalogued at UCSD Mandeville Special Collections Library.", "Peters has written four memoirs of his days during the 1930s in the North Woods of Wisconsin.", "His last memoir was on the death of his third son, which took place in the 1950s.", "Thomas Keneally, author of \"Schindler's List\", summarized Peters' second memoir, \"Nell's Story\", by saying, \"As a fascinating exercise in obscure lives retrieved, as a joint effort in painful and exultant memory, this rich memoir has the playful seriousness and inventive charm which characterizes the work of Robert Peters ...\"\"", "Peters has judged competitions for fellowships and prizes for small presses and for the Poetry Society of America and PEN International.", "He has enjoyed Guggenheim and National Endowment for the Arts fellowships, a Fulbright Scholarship, and won the Alice Fay di Castagnola Award of the Poetry Society of America.", "Peters' papers from 1950–1990 are on deposit in the Kenneth Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas.", "His working library of contemporary poetry, with related papers, is now in the Rare Book Collection at Bowling Green State University.", "His remaining archives have been obtained by the Geisel Library Special Collections at the University of California San Diego.", "Shortly after his divorce from his wife Jean, Peters met poet Paul Trachtenberg and established a relationship lasting more than 36 years.", "He died on June 13, 2014 in Irvine CA from natural causes at the age of 89." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 454085, "simple_article_title": "Robert Peters", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=454085", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-454085-0-0", "simple-454085-0-1", "simple-454085-0-2", "simple-454085-1-0", "simple-454085-1-1", "simple-454085-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Robert Louis Peters (October 20, 1924 - June 13, 2014) was an American poet, critic, scholar, playwright, editor, and actor.", "His poetry career began in 1967 when he wanted to write a poem about the death of his son.", "The poem was called \"Songs for a Son\".", "After Peters divorced, he began dating Paul Trachtenberg.", "Their relationship lasted for 36 years.", "Peters died on June 13, 2014 from natural causes at the age of 89." ] } }

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"normal-27977-65-2", "normal-27977-65-3", "normal-27977-66-0", "normal-27977-66-1", "normal-27977-66-2", "normal-27977-66-3", "normal-27977-66-4", "normal-27977-66-5", "normal-27977-66-6", "normal-27977-67-0", "normal-27977-67-1", "normal-27977-67-2", "normal-27977-67-3", "normal-27977-67-4", "normal-27977-68-0", "normal-27977-68-1", "normal-27977-68-2", "normal-27977-68-3", "normal-27977-68-4", "normal-27977-68-5", "normal-27977-68-6", "normal-27977-68-7", "normal-27977-68-8", "normal-27977-69-0", "normal-27977-69-1", "normal-27977-70-0", "normal-27977-70-1", "normal-27977-71-0", "normal-27977-71-1", "normal-27977-72-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "South Park is an American adult animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone and developed by Brian Graden for the Comedy Central television network.", "The show revolves around four boys—Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick—and their exploits in and around the titular Colorado town.", "Much like \"The Simpsons\", \"South Park\" uses a very large ensemble cast of recurring characters.", "It became infamous for its profanity and dark, surreal humor that satirizes a wide range of topics towards a mature audience.", "Parker and Stone developed the show from \"The Spirit of Christmas\", two consecutive animated shorts.", "The latter became one of the first Internet viral videos, ultimately leading to \"South Park\"'s production.", "Since its debut on August 13, 1997, episodes of \"South Park\" have been broadcast.", "It debuted with great success, consistently earning the highest ratings of any basic cable program.", "Subsequent ratings have varied but it remains one of Comedy Central's highest rated shows, and is slated to air new episodes through 2019.", "The pilot episode was produced using cutout animation, leading to all subsequent episodes being produced with computer animation that emulated the cutout technique.", "Parker and Stone perform most of the voice acting for the show's male characters.", "Since 2000, each episode has typically been written and produced in the week preceding its broadcast, with Parker serving as the primary writer and director.", "The show's twenty-third season will premiere on September 25, 2019.", "\"South Park\" has received numerous accolades, including five Primetime Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, and numerous inclusions in various publications' lists of greatest television shows.", "The show's popularity resulted in a feature-length theatrical film, \"\" which was released in June 1999, less than two years after the show's premiere, and became a commercial and critical success, even garnering a nomination for an Academy Award.", "In 2013, \"TV Guide\" ranked \"South Park\" the tenth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time.", "The show follows the exploits of four boys, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick.", "The boys live in the fictional small town of South Park, located within the real-life South Park basin in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado.", "The town is also home to an assortment of frequent characters such as students, families, elementary school staff, and other various residents, who tend to regard South Park as a bland, quiet place to live.", "Prominent settings on the show include the local elementary school, bus stop, various neighborhoods and the surrounding snowy landscape, actual Colorado landmarks, and the shops and businesses along the town's main street, all of which are based on the appearance of similar locations in Fairplay, Colorado.", "Stan is portrayed as the everyman of the group, as the show's website describes him as an \"average, American 4th grader\".", "Kyle is the lone Jew among the group, and his portrayal in this role is often dealt with satirically.", "Stan is modeled after Parker, while Kyle is modeled after Stone.", "They are best friends, and their friendship, symbolically intended to reflect Parker and Stone's friendship, is a common topic throughout the series.", "Eric Cartman (usually nicknamed by his surname only) is loud, obnoxious, and amoral, often portrayed as an antagonist.", "His anti-Semitic attitude has resulted in a progressive rivalry with Kyle, although the deeper reason is the strong clash between Kyle's strong morality and Cartman's complete lack of such.", "Kenny, who comes from a poor family, wears his parka hood so tightly that it covers most of his face and muffles his speech.", "During the show's first five seasons, Kenny would die in nearly every episode before returning in the next with little-to-no definitive explanation given.", "He was written out of the show's sixth season in 2002, re-appearing in the season finale.", "Since then, Kenny's death has been seldom used by the show's creators.", "During the show's first 58 episodes, the boys were in the third grade.", "In the season four episode \"4th Grade\" (2000), they entered the fourth grade, and have remained there ever since.", "Plots are often set in motion by events, ranging from the fairly typical to the supernatural and extraordinary, which frequently happen in the town.", "The boys often act as the voice of reason when these events cause panic or incongruous behavior among the adult populace, who are customarily depicted as irrational, gullible, and prone to vociferation.", "The boys are also frequently confused by the contradictory and hypocritical behavior of their parents and other adults, and often perceive them as having distorted views on morality and society.", "Each episode opens with a tongue-in-cheek all persons fictitious disclaimer: \"All characters and events in this show—even those based on real people—are entirely fictional.", "All celebrity voices are impersonated...poorly.", "The following program contains coarse language and due to its content it should not be viewed by anyone.\"", "\"South Park\" was the first weekly program to be rated TV-MA, and is generally intended for adult audiences.", "The boys and most other child characters use strong profanity, with only the most taboo words being bleeped during a typical broadcast.", "Parker and Stone perceive this as the manner in which real-life small boys speak when they are alone.", "\"South Park\" commonly makes use of carnivalesque and absurdist techniques, numerous running gags, violence, sexual content, offhand pop-cultural references, and satirical portrayal of celebrities.", "Early episodes tended to be shock value-oriented and featured more slapstick-style humor.", "While social satire had been used on the show occasionally earlier on, it became more prevalent as the series progressed, with the show retaining some of its focus on the boys' fondness of scatological humor in an attempt to remind adult viewers \"what it was like to be eight years old.\"", "Parker and Stone also began further developing other characters by giving them larger roles in certain storylines, and began writing plots as parables based on religion, politics, and numerous other topics.", "This provided the opportunity for the show to spoof both extreme sides of contentious issues, while lampooning both liberal and conservative points of view.", "Parker and Stone describe themselves as \"equal opportunity offenders\", whose main purpose is to \"be funny\" and \"make people laugh\", while stating that no particular topic or group of people be exempt from mockery and satire.", "Parker and Stone insist that the show is still more about \"kids being kids\" and \"what it's like to be in elementary school in America\", stating that the introduction of a more satirical element to the series was the result of the two adding more of a \"moral center\" to the show so that it would rely less on simply being crude and shocking in an attempt to maintain an audience.", "While profane, Parker notes that there is still an \"underlying sweetness\" aspect to the child characters, and \"Time\" described the boys as \"sometimes cruel but with a core of innocence.\"", "Usually, the boys or other characters ponder over what has transpired during an episode and convey the important lesson taken from it with a short monologue.", "During earlier seasons, this speech would commonly begin with a variation of the phrase \"You know, I've learned something today...\".", "Parker and Stone met in film class at the University of Colorado in 1992 and discovered a shared love of Monty Python, which they often cite as one of their primary inspirations.", "They created an animated short entitled \"The Spirit of Christmas\".", "The film was created by animating construction paper cutouts with stop motion, and features prototypes of the main characters of \"South Park\", including a character resembling Cartman but named \"Kenny\", an unnamed character resembling what is today Kenny, and two near-identical unnamed characters who resemble Stan and Kyle.", "Brian Graden, Fox Network executive and mutual friend, commissioned Parker and Stone to create a second short film as a video Christmas card.", "Created in 1995, the second \"The Spirit of Christmas\" short resembled the style of the later series more closely.", "To differentiate between the two homonymous shorts, the first short is often referred to as \"Jesus vs. Frosty\", and the second short as \"Jesus vs. Santa\".", "Graden sent copies of the video to several of his friends, and from there it was copied and distributed, including on the internet, where it became one of the first viral videos.", "As \"Jesus vs. Santa\" became more popular, Parker and Stone began talks of developing the short into a television series.", "Fox refused to pick up the series, not wanting to air a show that included the character Mr. Hankey, a talking piece of feces.", "The two then entered negotiations with both MTV and Comedy Central.", "Parker preferred the show be produced by Comedy Central, fearing that MTV would turn it into a kids show.", "When Comedy Central executive Doug Herzog watched the short, he commissioned for it to be developed into a series.", "Parker and Stone assembled a small staff and spent three months creating the pilot episode \"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe\".", "\"South Park\" was in danger of being canceled before it even aired when the show fared poorly with test audiences, particularly with women.", "However, the shorts were still gaining more popularity over the Internet, and Comedy Central agreed to order a run of six episodes.", "\"South Park\" debuted with \"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe\" on August 13, 1997.", "Except for the pilot episode, which was produced using cutout animation, all episodes of \"South Park\" are created with the use of software, primarily Autodesk Maya.", "As opposed to the pilot, which took three months to complete, and other animated sitcoms, which are traditionally hand-drawn by companies in South Korea in a process that takes roughly eight to nine months, individual episodes of \"South Park\" take significantly less time to produce.", "Using computers as an animation method, the show's production staff were able to generate an episode in about three weeks during the first seasons.", "Now, with a staff of about 70 people, episodes are typically completed in one week, with some in as little as three to four days.", "Nearly the entire production of an episode is accomplished within one set of offices, which were originally at a complex in Westwood, Los Angeles, California, and are now part of South Park Studios in Culver City, California.", "Parker and Stone have been the show's executive producers throughout its entire history.", "20th Century Fox Senior Production Executive Debbie Liebling also served as an executive producer during the show's first five seasons, coordinating the show's production efforts between South Park Studios and Comedy Central's headquarters in New York City.", "Scripts are not written before a season begins.", "Production of an episode begins on a Thursday, with the show's writing consultants brainstorming with Parker and Stone.", "Former staff writers include Pam Brady, who has since written scripts for the films \"Hot Rod\", \"Hamlet 2\" and \"\" (with Parker and Stone), and Nancy Pimental, who served as co-host of \"Win Ben Stein's Money\" and wrote the film \"The Sweetest Thing\" after her tenure with the show during its first three seasons.", "Television producer and writer Norman Lear, an idol of both Parker and Stone, served as a guest writing consultant for the season seven (2003) episodes \"Cancelled\" and \"I'm a Little Bit Country\".", "During the 12th and 13th seasons, \"Saturday Night Live\" actor and writer Bill Hader served as a creative consultant and co-producer.", "After exchanging ideas, Parker will write a script, and from there the entire team of animators, editors, technicians, and sound engineers will each typically work 100–120 hours in the ensuing week.", "Since the show's fourth season (2000), Parker has assumed most of the show's directorial duties, while Stone relinquished his share of the directing to focus on handling the coordination and business aspects of the production.", "On Wednesday, a completed episode is sent to Comedy Central's headquarters via satellite uplink, sometimes just a few hours before its air time of 10 PM Eastern Time.", "Parker and Stone state that subjecting themselves to a one-week deadline creates more spontaneity amongst themselves in the creative process, which they feel results in a funnier show.", "The schedule also allows \"South Park\" to both stay more topical and respond more quickly to specific current events than other satiric animated shows.", "One of the earliest examples of this was in the season four (2000) episode \"Quintuplets 2000\", which references the United States Border Patrol's raid of a house during the Elián González affair, an event which occurred only four days before the episode originally aired.", "The season nine (2005) episode \"Best Friends Forever\" references the Terri Schiavo case, and originally aired in the midst of the controversy and less than 12 hours before she died.", "A scene in the season seven (2003) finale \"It's Christmas in Canada\" references the discovery of dictator Saddam Hussein in a \"spider hole\" and his subsequent capture, which happened a mere three days prior to the episode airing.", "The season 12 (2008) episode \"About Last Night...\" revolves around Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election, and aired less than 24 hours after Obama was declared the winner, using segments of dialogue from Obama's real victory speech.", "On October 16, 2013, the show failed to meet their production deadline for the first time ever, after a power outage on October 15 at the production studio prevented the episode, season 17's \"\", from being finished in time.", "The episode was rescheduled to air a week later on October 23, 2013.", "In July 2015, \"South Park\" was renewed through 2019; extending the show through season 23 with 307 episodes overall.", "The show's style of animation is inspired by the paper cut-out cartoons made by Terry Gilliam for \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\", of which Parker and Stone have been lifelong fans.", "Construction paper and traditional stop motion cutout animation techniques were used in the original animated shorts and in the pilot episode.", "Subsequent episodes have been produced by computer animation, providing a similar look to the originals while requiring a fraction of the time to produce.", "Before computer artists begin animating an episode, a series of animatics drawn in Toon Boom are provided by the show's storyboard artists.", "The characters and objects are composed of simple geometrical shapes and primary colors.", "Most child characters are the same size and shape, and are distinguished by their clothing, hair and skin colors, and headwear.", "Characters are mostly presented two-dimensionally and from only one angle.", "Their movements are animated in an intentionally jerky fashion, as they are purposely not offered the same free range of motion associated with hand-drawn characters.", "Occasionally, some non-fictional characters are depicted with photographic cutouts of their actual head and face in lieu of a face reminiscent of the show's traditional style.", "Canadians on the show are often portrayed in an even more minimalist fashion; they have simple beady eyes, and the top halves of their heads simply flap up and down when the characters speak.", "When the show began using computers, the cardboard cutouts were scanned and re-drawn with CorelDRAW, then imported into PowerAnimator, which was used with SGI workstations to animate the characters.", "The workstations were linked to a 54-processor render farm that could render 10 to 15 shots an hour.", "Beginning with season five, the animators began using Maya instead of PowerAnimator.", "The studio now runs a 120-processor render farm that can produce 30 or more shots an hour.", "PowerAnimator and Maya are high-end programs mainly used for 3D computer graphics, while co-producer and former animation director Eric Stough notes that PowerAnimator was initially chosen because its features helped animators retain the show's \"homemade\" look.", "PowerAnimator was also used for making some of the show's visual effects, which are now created using Motion, a newer graphics program created by Apple, Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system.", "The show's visual quality has improved in recent seasons, though several other techniques are used to intentionally preserve the cheap cutout animation look.", "A few episodes feature sections of live-action footage, while others have incorporated other styles of animation.", "Portions of the season eight (2004) premiere \"Good Times with Weapons\" are done in anime style, while the season 10 episode \"Make Love, Not Warcraft\" is done partly in machinima.", "The season 12 episode \"Major Boobage\", a homage to the 1981 animated film \"Heavy Metal\", implements scenes accomplished with rotoscoping.", "Parker and Stone voice most of the male \"South Park\" characters.", "Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her suicide on November 11, 1999.", "Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003).", "She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters.", "Bergman was originally listed in the credits under the alias Shannen Cassidy to protect her reputation as the voice of several Disney and other kid-friendly characters.", "Stewart was originally credited under the name Gracie Lazar, while Schneider was sometimes credited under her rock opera performance pseudonym Blue Girl.", "Other voice actors and members of \"South Park\" 's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters; supervising producer Jennifer Howell voices student Bebe Stevens, co-producer and storyboard artist Adrien Beard voices Token Black, who was the school's only African-American student until the introduction of Nichole in \"Cartman Finds Love\", writing consultant Vernon Chatman voices an anthropomorphic towel named Towelie, and production supervisor John Hansen voices Mr. Slave, the former gay lover of Mr. Garrison.", "Throughout the show's run, the voices for toddler and kindergarten characters have been provided by various small children of the show's production staff.", "When voicing child characters, the voice actors speak within their normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection.", "The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader.", "Isaac Hayes voiced the character of Chef, an African-American, soul-singing cafeteria worker who was one of the few adults the boys consistently trusted.", "Hayes agreed to voice the character after being among Parker and Stone's ideal candidates which also included Lou Rawls and Barry White.", "Hayes, who lived and hosted a radio show in New York during his tenure with \"South Park\", would record his dialogue on a digital audio tape while a respective episode's director would give directions over the phone, then the tape would be shipped to the show's production studio in California.", "After Hayes left the show in early 2006, the character of Chef was killed off in the season 10 (2006) premiere \"The Return of Chef\".", "Celebrities who are depicted on the show are usually impersonated, though some celebrities do their own voices for the show.", "Celebrities who have voiced themselves include Michael Buffer, Brent Musburger, Jay Leno, Robert Smith, and the bands Radiohead and Korn.", "Comedy team Cheech & Chong voiced characters representing their likenesses for the season four (2000) episode \"Cherokee Hair Tampons\", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years.", "Malcolm McDowell appears in live-action sequences as the narrator of the season four episode \"Pip\".", "Jennifer Aniston, Richard Belzer, Natasha Henstridge, Norman Lear, and Peter Serafinowicz have guest starred as other speaking characters.", "During \"South Park\" 's earliest seasons, several high-profile celebrities inquired about guest-starring on the show.", "As a joke, Parker and Stone responded by offering low-profile, non-speaking roles, most of which were accepted; George Clooney provided the barks for Stan's dog Sparky in the season one (1997) episode \"Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride\", Leno provided the meows for Cartman's cat in the season one finale \"Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut\", and Henry Winkler voiced the various growls and grunts of a kid-eating monster in the season two (1998) episode \"City on the Edge of Forever\".", "Jerry Seinfeld offered to lend his voice for the Thanksgiving episode \"Starvin' Marvin\", but declined to appear when he was only offered a role as \"Turkey #2\".", "Parker says that the varying uses of music is of utmost importance to \"South Park\".", "Several characters often play or sing songs in order to change or influence a group's behavior, or to educate, motivate, or indoctrinate others.", "The show also frequently features scenes in which its characters have disapproving reactions to the performances of certain popular musicians.", "Adam Berry, the show's original score composer, used sound synthesis to simulate a small orchestra, and frequently alluded to existing famous pieces of music.", "Berry also used signature acoustic guitar and mandolin cues as leitmotifs for the show's establishing shots.", "After Berry left in 2001, Jamie Dunlap and Scott Nickoley of the Los Angeles-based Mad City Production Studios provided the show's original music for the next seven seasons.", "Since 2008, Dunlap has been credited as the show's sole score composer.", "Dunlap's contributions to the show are one of the few that are not achieved at the show's own production offices.", "Dunlap reads a script, creates a score using digital audio software, and then e-mails the audio file to South Park Studios, where it is edited to fit with the completed episode.", "In addition to singing in an effort to explain something to the children, Chef would also sing about things relevant to what had transpired in the plot.", "These songs were original compositions written by Parker, and performed by Hayes in the same sexually suggestive R&B style he had utilized during his own music career.", "The band DVDA, which consists of Parker and Stone, along with show staff members Bruce Howell and D.A. Young, would perform the music for these compositions, and, until the character's death on the show, were listed as \"Chef's Band\" in the closing credits.", "Rick James, Elton John, Meat Loaf, Joe Strummer, Ozzy Osbourne, Primus, Rancid, and Ween all guest starred and briefly performed in the season two (1998) episode \"Chef Aid\".", "Korn debuted their single \"Falling Away from Me\" as guest stars on the season three (1999) episode \"Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery\".", "The show's theme song was a musical score performed by the band Primus, with the lyrics alternately sung by the band's lead singer, Les Claypool, and the show's four central characters during the opening title sequence.", "Kenny's muffled lines are altered after every few seasons.", "His lines are usually sexually explicit in nature, such as his original lines, \"I like girls with big fat titties, I like girls with deep vaginas\".", "The original unaired opening composition was originally slower and had a length of 40 seconds.", "It was deemed too long for the opening sequence.", "So Parker and Stone sped up it for the show's opening, having the band's lead singer Claypool re-record his vocals.", "The instrumental version of the original composition, though, is often played during the show's closing credits and is wordless.", "The opening song played in the first four seasons (and the end credits in all seasons) has a folk rock instrumentation with bass guitar, trumpets and rhythmic drums.", "Its beat is fast in the opening and leisurely in the closing credits.", "It is in the minor key and it features a tritone or a diminished fifth, creating a melodic dissonance, which captures the show's surrealistic nature.", "In the latter parts of season 4 and season 5, the opening tune has an electro funk arrangement with pop qualities.", "Seasons 6-9 have a sprightly bluegrass instrumentation with a usage of banjo and is set in the major key.", "For the later seasons, the arrangement is electro rock with a breakbeat influence, which feature electric guitars backed up by synthesized, groovy drumbeats.", "The opening theme song has been remixed three times during the course of the series, including a remix performed by Paul Robb.", "In 2006, the theme music was remixed with the song \"Whamola\" by Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade, from the album \"Purple Onion\".", "Internationally, \"South Park\" is broadcast in India, New Zealand, and several countries throughout Europe and Latin America on channels that are divisions of Comedy Central and MTV Networks, both subsidiaries of Viacom.", "In distribution deals with Comedy Central, other independent networks also broadcast the series in other international markets.", "In Australia, the show is broadcast on The Comedy Channel, Comedy Central and free-to-air channel SBS Viceland (before 2009, it was aired on SBS).", "The series is broadcast uncensored in Canada in English on The Comedy Network and, later, Much.", "\"South Park\" also airs in Irish on TG4 in Ireland, STV in Scotland, Comedy Central and MTV in the UK (previously on Channel 4 and Viva, with 5Star recently picking up where Viva left off), B92 in Serbia, and on Game One and NRJ 12 in France.", "Broadcast syndication rights to \"South Park\" were acquired by Debmar-Mercury and Tribune Entertainment in 2003 and 2004 respectively.", "Episodes further edited for content began running in syndication on September 19, 2005, and are aired in the United States with the TV-14 rating.", "20th Television replaced Tribune as co-distributor in early 2008, The series is currently aired in syndication in 90 percent of the television markets across the U.S. and Canada, where it generates an estimated US$25 million a year in advertising revenue.", "In 2019, CBS Television Distribution (the syndication arm of CBS Corporation, sister company to Comedy Central parent Viacom), took over the co-distribution rights following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox (parent of 20th Television) by The Walt Disney Company (who had employed Debmar-Mercury founder Mort Marcus as the head of their syndication division).", "Complete seasons of \"South Park\" have been regularly released on their entirety on DVD since 2002, with season twenty-one being the most recently released.", "Several other themed DVD compilations have been released by Rhino Entertainment and Comedy Central, while the three-episode \"\" story arc was reissued straight-to-DVD as a full-length feature in 2008.", "Blu-ray releases started in 2008 with the release of season twelve.", "Subsequent seasons have been released in this format alongside the longer-running DVD releases.", "The first eleven seasons were released on Blu-ray for the first time in December 2017.", "In March 2008, Comedy Central made every episode of \"South Park\" available for free full-length on-demand legal streaming on the official South Park Studios website.", "From March 2008 until December 2013 new episodes were added to the site the day following their debut, and an uncensored version was posted the following day.", "The episode stayed up for the remainder of the week, then taken down, and added to the site three weeks later.", "Within a week, the site served more than a million streams of full episodes, and the number grew to 55 million by October 2008.", "Legal issues prevent the U.S. content from being accessible outside the U.S., so local servers have been set up in other countries.", "In September 2009, a South Park Studios website with streaming episodes was launched in the UK and Ireland.", "In Canada, episodes were available for streaming from The Comedy Network's website, though due to digital rights restrictions, they are no longer available.", "In July 2014 it was announced that Hulu had signed a three-year deal purchasing exclusive online streaming rights to the \"South Park\" for a reported 80 million dollars.", "Following the announcement every episode remained available for free on the South Park Studios website, using the Hulu player.", "As of September 2014, following the premiere of the eighteenth season, only 30 select episodes are featured for free viewing at a time on a rationing basis on the website, with new episodes being available for an entire month starting the day following their original airings.", "The entire series will be available for viewing on Hulu Plus.", "In April 2010, the season five episode \"Super Best Friends\" and the season fourteen episodes \"200\" and \"201\" were removed from the site; additionally, these episodes no longer air in reruns and are only available exclusively on DVD.", "These episodes remain unavailable following the 2014 purchase by Hulu.", "As of July 1, 2015, all episodes of \"South Park\" are available for streaming in Canada on the service CraveTV, which first consisted of seasons 1–18.", "Subsequent seasons were released the following July.", "From its debut in 1997 to the season twelve finale in 2008 the series had been natively produced in 480i standard definition.", "In 2009 the series switched to being natively produced in 1080i high definition with the beginning of the thirteenth season.", "Since this, all seasons originally produced in standard definition with 4:3 aspect ratio have been remastered by South Park Studios, being fully re-rendered in 1080i 16:9 high definition.", "The re-rendered versions were also released on Blu-ray.", "Several of the re-rendered episodes from the earlier seasons have their original uncensored audio tracks; they had previously been released in censored form.", "The fifth-season episode \"Super Best Friends\", which was pulled from syndication and online streams following the controversy surrounding episode \"201\", was not released alongside the rest of the season when it was released in HD on iTunes in 2011.", "The episode was later re-rendered and made available for the Blu-ray release of the season that was released on December 5, 2017.", "The episode is presented in its original presentation, without Muhammad's image being obscured as in later episodes of the series.", "When \"South Park\" debuted, it was a huge ratings success for Comedy Central and is seen as being largely responsible for the success of the channel, with Herzog crediting it for putting the network \"on the map\".", "The show's first episode, \"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe\", earned a Nielsen rating of 1.3 (980,000 viewers), at the time considered high for a cable program.", "The show instantly generated buzz among television viewers, and mass viewing parties began assembling on college campuses.", "By the time the eighth episode, \"Starvin' Marvin\", aired — three months after the show debuted — ratings and viewership had tripled, and \"South Park\" was already the most successful show in Comedy Central's history.", "When the tenth episode \"Damien\" aired the following February, viewership increased another 33 percent.", "The episode earned a 6.4 rating, which at the time was over 10 times the average rating earned by a cable show aired in prime time.", "The ratings peaked with the second episode of season two, \"Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut\", which aired on April 22, 1998.", "The episode earned an 8.2 rating (6.2 million viewers) and, at the time, set a record as the highest-rated non-sports show in basic cable history.", "During the spring of 1998, eight of the ten highest-rated shows on basic cable were \"South Park\" episodes.", "The success of \"South Park\" prompted more cable companies to carry Comedy Central and led it to its becoming one of the fastest-growing cable channels.", "The number of households that had Comedy Central jumped from 9.1 million in 1997 to 50 million in June 1998.", "When the show debuted, the most Comedy Central had earned for a 30-second commercial was US$7,500.", "Within a year, advertisers were paying an average of US$40,000 for 30 seconds of advertising time during airings of \"South Park\" in its second season, while some paid as much as US$80,000.", "By the third season (1999), the series' ratings began to decrease.", "The third-season premiere episode drew 3.4 million viewers, a dramatic drop from the 5.5 million of the previous season's premiere.", "Stone and Parker attributed this drop in the show's ratings to the media hype that surrounded the show in the previous year, adding that the third season ratings reflected the show's \"true\" fan base.", "The show's ratings dropped further in its fourth season (2000), with episodes averaging just above 1.5 million viewers.", "The ratings eventually increased, and seasons five through nine consistently averaged about 3 million viewers per episode.", "Though its viewership is lower than it was at the height of its popularity in its earliest seasons, \"South Park\" remains one of the highest-rated series on Comedy Central.", "The season 14 (2010) premiere gained 3.7 million viewers, the show's highest-rated season premiere since 1998.", "In 2016, a \"New York Times\" study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that \"perhaps unsurprisingly, South Park ... is most popular in Colorado\".", "In 2004, Channel 4 voted \"South Park\" the third-greatest cartoon of all time.", "In 2007, \"Time\" magazine included the show on its list of the \"100 Best TV Shows of All Time\", proclaiming it as \"America's best source of rapid-fire satire for the past decade\".", "The same year, \"Rolling Stone\" declared it to be the funniest show on television since its debut 10 years prior.", "In 2008, \"South Park\" was named the 12th-greatest TV show of the past 25 years by \"Entertainment Weekly\", while AOL declared it as having the \"most astute\" characters of any show in history when naming it the 16th-best television comedy series of all time.", "In 2011, \"South Park\" was voted number one in the \"25 Greatest Animated TV Series\" poll by \"Entertainment Weekly\".", "The character of Cartman ranked 10th on TV Guide's 2002 list of the \"Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters\", 198th on VH1's \"200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons\", 19th on Bravo's \"100 Greatest TV Characters\" television special in 2004, and second on MSNBC's 2005 list of TV's scariest characters behind Mr. Burns from \"The Simpsons\".", "In 2006, Comedy Central received a Peabody Award for \"South Park\" 's \"stringent social commentary\" and \"undeniably fearless lampooning of all that is self-important and hypocritical in American life\".", "In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked \"South Park\" at number 63 among the \"101 Best-Written Shows Ever\".", "Also in 2013, TV Guide listed the show at number 10 among the \"60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time\".", "\"South Park\" won the CableACE Award for Best Animated Series in 1997, the last year the awards were given out.", "In 1998, \"South Park\" was nominated for the Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program.", "It was also nominated for the 1998 GLAAD Award for Outstanding TV – Individual Episode for \"Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride\".", "\"South Park\" has been nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program sixteen times (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004–2011, and 2013–2017).", "The show has won the award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour) four times, for the 2005 episode \"Best Friends Forever\", the 2006 episode \"Make Love, Not Warcraft\", the 2009 episode \"Margaritaville\", and the 2012 episode \"Raising the Bar\".", "The \"Imaginationland\" trilogy of episodes won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour or More) in 2008.", "The show's frequent depiction of taboo subject matter, general toilet humor, accessibility to younger viewers, disregard for conservative sensibilities, negative depiction of liberal causes, and portrayal of religion for comic effect have generated controversy and debate over the course of its run.", "As the series became popular, students in two schools were barred from wearing \"South Park\"-related T-shirts, and the headmaster of a UK public school asked parents not to let their children watch the programme after eight- and nine-year-old children voted the \"South Park\" character Cartman as their favorite personality in a 1999 poll.", "Parker and Stone assert that the show is not meant to be viewed by young children, and the show is certified with TV ratings that indicate its intention for mature audiences.", "Parents Television Council founder L. Brent Bozell III and Action for Children's Television founder Peggy Charren have both condemned the show, with the latter claiming it is \"dangerous to the democracy\".", "Several other activist groups have protested the show's parodies of Christianity and portrayal of Jesus Christ.", "Stone has stated that parents who disapprove of \"South Park\" for its portrayal of how kids behave are upset because they \"have an idyllic vision of what kids are like\", adding \"kids don't have any kind of social tact or etiquette, they're just complete little raging bastards\".", "The show further lampooned the controversy surrounding its use of profanity, as well as the media attention surrounding the network show \"Chicago Hope\" 's singular use of the word \"shit\", with the season five premiere \"It Hits the Fan\", in which the word \"shit\" is said 162 times without being bleeped for censorship purposes, while also appearing uncensored in written form.", "In the days following the show's original airing, 5,000 disapproving e-mails were sent to Comedy Central.", "Despite its 43 uncensored uses of the racial slur \"nigger\", the season 11 episode \"With Apologies to Jesse Jackson\" generated relatively little controversy, as most in the black community and the NAACP praised the episode for its context and its comedic way of conveying other races' perceptions of how black people feel when hearing the word.", "Specific controversies regarding the show have included an April Fools' Day prank played on its viewers in 1998, its depiction of the Virgin Mary in the season nine (2005) finale \"Bloody Mary\" which angered several Catholics, its depiction of Steve Irwin with a stingray barb stuck in his chest in the episode \"Hell on Earth 2006\", which originally aired less than two months after Irwin was killed in the same fashion, and Comedy Central's censorship of the depiction of Muhammad in the season 10 episode \"Cartoon Wars Part II\" in the wake of the \"Jyllands-Posten\" Muhammad cartoons controversy.", "The season nine (2005) episode \"Trapped in the Closet\" denounces Scientology as nothing more than \"a big fat global scam\", while freely divulging church information that Scientology normally only reveals to members who make significant monetary contributions to the church.", "The episode also ambiguously parodies the rumors involving the sexual orientation of Scientologist Tom Cruise, who allegedly demanded any further reruns of the episode be canceled.", "Isaac Hayes, a Scientologist, later quit \"South Park\" because of his objection to the episode.", "The season fourteen episodes \"200\" and \"201\" were mired in controversy for satirizing issues surrounding the depiction of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.", "The website for the organization Revolution Muslim, a New York-based radical Muslim organization, posted an entry that included a warning to creators Parker and Stone that they risk violent retribution for their depictions of Muhammad.", "It said that they \"will probably wind up like Theo van Gogh for airing this show\".", "The posting provided the addresses to Comedy Central in New York and the production company in Los Angeles.", "The author of the post, Zachary Adam Chesser (who prefers to be called Abu Talhah al-Amrikee), said it was meant to serve as a warning to Parker and Stone, not a threat, and that providing the addresses was meant to give people the opportunity to protest.", "Despite al-Amrikee's claims that the website entry was a warning, several media outlets and observers interpreted it as a threat.", "Support for the episode has come in the form of Everybody Draw Mohammed Day, a movement started on Facebook that encourages people to draw Muhammad on May 20.", "The \"200\" episode, which also depicted the Buddha snorting cocaine, prompted the government of Sri Lanka to ban the series outright.", "Commentary made in episodes has been interpreted as statements Parker and Stone are attempting to make to the viewing public, and these opinions have been subject to much critical analysis in the media and literary world within the framework of popular philosophical, theological, social, and political concepts.", "Since \"South Park\" debuted, college students have written term papers and doctoral theses analyzing the show, while Brooklyn College offers a course called \"\"South Park\" and Political Correctness\".", "Soon after one of Kenny's trademark deaths on the show, other characters would typically shout \"Oh my God, they killed Kenny!\".", "The exclamation quickly became a popular catchphrase, while the running gag of Kenny's recurring deaths are one of the more recognized hallmarks among viewers of modern television.", "Cartman's exclamations of \"Respect my authori-tah!\"", "and \"Screw you guys ...I'm going home!\"", "became catchphrases as well, and during the show's earlier seasons, were highly popular in the lexicon of viewers.", "Cartman's eccentric intonation of \"Hey!\"", "was included in the 2002 edition of \"The Oxford Dictionary of Catchphrases\".", "In the season two episode \"Chef Aid\", attorney Johnnie Cochran uses what's called in the show the Chewbacca defense, which is a legal strategy that involves addressing plot holes related to Chewbacca in the film \"Return of the Jedi\" rather than discussing the trial at hand during a closing argument in a deliberate attempt to confuse jurors into thinking there is reasonable doubt.", "The term \"Chewbacca defense\" has been documented as being used by criminologists, forensic scientists, and political commentators in their various discussions of similar methods used in legal cases and public forums.", "Another season two episode, \"Gnomes\", revolves around a group of \"underpants gnomes\" who, as their name suggests, run a corporation stealing people's underpants.", "When asked about their business model, various gnomes reply that theirs is a three-step process: Phase 1 is \"collect underpants\".", "Phase 3 is \"profit\".", "However, the gnomes are unable to explain what is to occur between the first and final steps, and \"Phase 2\" is accompanied by a large question mark on their corporate flow chart.", "as the last two steps in a process (usually jokingly) has become a widely popular Internet meme because of this.", "Especially in the context of politics and economics, \"underpants gnomes\" has been used by some commentators to characterize a conspicuous gap of logic or planning.", "When Sophie Rutschmann of the University of Strasbourg discovered a mutated gene that causes an adult fruit fly to die within two days after it is infected with certain bacteria, she named the gene \"kep1\" in honor of Kenny.", "While some conservatives have condemned the show for its vulgarity, a growing population of people who hold center-right political beliefs, including teenagers and young adults, have embraced the show for its tendency to mock liberal viewpoints and lampoon liberal celebrities and icons.", "Political commentator Andrew Sullivan dubbed the group \"South Park\" Republicans, or \"South Park\" conservatives.", "Sullivan averred that members of the group are \"extremely skeptical of political correctness but also are socially liberal on many issues\", though he says the phrase applied to them is meant to be more of a casual indication of beliefs than a strong partisan label.", "Brian C. Anderson describes the group as \"generally characterized by holding strong libertarian beliefs and rejecting more conservative social policy\", and notes that although the show makes \"wicked fun of conservatives\", it is \"at the forefront of a conservative revolt against liberal media.\"", "Parker and Stone reject the idea that the show has any underlying political position, and deny having a political agenda when creating an episode.", "The two claim the show's higher proportion of instances lampooning liberal rather than conservative orthodoxies stems simply from their preference for making fun of liberals.", "While Stone has been quoted saying, \"I hate conservatives, but I really fucking hate liberals\", Stone and Parker have explained that their drive to lampoon a given target comes first from the target's insistence on telling other people how to behave.", "The duo explain that they regard liberals as having both delusions of entitlement to remain free from satire, and a propensity to enforce political correctness while patronizing the citizens of Middle America.", "Parker and Stone are uncomfortable with the idea of themselves or \"South Park\" being assigned any kind of partisan classification.", "Parker said he rejects the \"\"South Park\" Republican\" and \"\"South Park\" conservative\" labels, feeling that either tag implies that one only adheres to strictly conservative or liberal viewpoints.", "Canadian columnist Jaime J. Weinman observes that the most die-hard conservatives who identified themselves as \"\"South Park\" Republicans\" began turning away from the label when the show ridiculed Republicans in the season nine (2005) episode \"Best Friends Forever.\"", "In 1999, less than two years after the series first aired, a was released.", "The film, a musical comedy, was directed by Parker, who co-wrote the script with Stone and Pam Brady.", "The film was generally well received by critics, and earned a combined US$83.1 million at the domestic and foreign box office.", "The film satirizes the controversy surrounding the show itself and gained a spot in the 2001 edition of \"Guinness World Records\" for \"Most Swearing in an Animated Film\".", "The song \"Blame Canada\" from earned song co-writers Parker and Marc Shaiman an Academy Award nomination for Best Music, Original Song.", "As a tribute to the Dead Parrot sketch, a short that features Cartman attempting to return a dead Kenny to a shop run by Kyle aired during a 1999 BBC television special commemorating the 30th anniversary of \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\".", "\"South Park\" parodied Scientology in a short that aired as part of the 2000 MTV Movie Awards.", "The short was entitled \"The Gauntlet\" and also poked fun at John Travolta, a Scientologist.", "The four main characters were featured in the documentary film \"The Aristocrats\", listening to Cartman tell his version of the film's titular joke.", "Short clips of Cartman introducing the starting lineup for the University of Colorado football team were featured during ABC's coverage of the 2007 matchup between the University of Colorado and the University of Nebraska.", "In 2008, Parker, as Cartman, gave answers to a Proust Questionnaire conducted by Julie Rovner of NPR.", "The Snakes & Arrows Tour for Rush in 2007 used an intro from Cartman, Stan, Kyle, and Kenny preceding \"Tom Sawyer\".", "As Parker, Stone and producer Frank Agnone are Los Angeles Kings fans, special \"South Park\" pre-game videos have been featured at Kings home games at Staples Center, and the club even sent the Stanley Cup to visit South Park Studios after winning the 2012 finals.", "Parker and Stone have also created Denver Broncos and Denver Nuggets-themed shorts, featuring Cartman, for home games at Pepsi Center.", "\"\", a compilation of original songs from the show, characters performing cover songs, and tracks performed by guest artists was released in 1998, while \"Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics\", a compilation of songs performed by the characters in the episode of the same name as well as other Christmas-themed songs was released in 1999, as was the to the feature film.", "The song \"Chocolate Salty Balls\" (performed by Hayes as Chef) was released as a single in the UK in 1998 to support the \"Chef Aid: The South Park Album\" and became a number one hit.", "Merchandising related to the show is an industry which generates several million dollars a year.", "In 1998, the top-selling specialty T-shirt in the United States was based on \"South Park\", and US$30 million in T-shirt sales was reached during the show's first season.", "A \"South Park\" pinball machine was released in 1999 by Sega Pinball.", "The companies Fun 4 All, Mezco Toyz, and Mirage have produced various South Park action figures, collectibles, and plush dolls.", "Comedy Central entered into an agreement with Frito-Lay to sell 1.5 million bags of Cheesy Poofs, Cartman's favorite snack from the show, at Walmart until the premiere of the second half of the fifteenth season on October 5, 2011." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 34309, "simple_article_title": "South Park", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34309", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-34309-0-0", "simple-34309-0-1", "simple-34309-0-2", "simple-34309-0-3", "simple-34309-0-4", "simple-34309-0-5", "simple-34309-0-6", "simple-34309-0-7", "simple-34309-1-0", "simple-34309-1-1", "simple-34309-1-2", "simple-34309-2-0", "simple-34309-2-1", "simple-34309-2-2", "simple-34309-2-3", "simple-34309-3-0", "simple-34309-3-1", "simple-34309-3-2", "simple-34309-3-3", "simple-34309-4-0", "simple-34309-5-0", "simple-34309-5-1", "simple-34309-5-2", "simple-34309-5-3", "simple-34309-5-4", "simple-34309-6-0", "simple-34309-6-1", "simple-34309-6-2", "simple-34309-6-3", "simple-34309-6-4", "simple-34309-7-0", "simple-34309-7-1", "simple-34309-7-2", "simple-34309-7-3", "simple-34309-7-4", "simple-34309-7-5", "simple-34309-7-6", "simple-34309-7-7", "simple-34309-7-8", "simple-34309-7-9", "simple-34309-7-10", "simple-34309-8-0", "simple-34309-8-1", "simple-34309-8-2", "simple-34309-8-3", "simple-34309-8-4", "simple-34309-9-0", "simple-34309-9-1", "simple-34309-9-2", "simple-34309-9-3", "simple-34309-9-4", "simple-34309-9-5", "simple-34309-9-6", "simple-34309-9-7", "simple-34309-9-8", "simple-34309-9-9", "simple-34309-9-10", "simple-34309-10-0", "simple-34309-11-0", "simple-34309-11-1", "simple-34309-11-2", "simple-34309-12-0", "simple-34309-12-1", "simple-34309-12-2", "simple-34309-12-3", "simple-34309-12-4", "simple-34309-13-0", "simple-34309-14-0", "simple-34309-15-0", "simple-34309-16-0", "simple-34309-17-0", "simple-34309-17-1", "simple-34309-17-2", "simple-34309-18-0", "simple-34309-19-0", "simple-34309-20-0", "simple-34309-20-1", "simple-34309-21-0", "simple-34309-22-0", "simple-34309-22-1", "simple-34309-22-2", "simple-34309-22-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "South Park is an American animated television comedy series about the lives of four boys in the fourth grade living in the small mountain town of South Park, Colorado.", "The series is made to be watched by adults, but the series gets a lot of people to watch it because of its humor.", "It uses satire to make fun of subjects such as current events, religion, politics, and pop culture.", "The show is controversial because of its use of profanity and sexual humor.", "Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone also made a movie based on this series called \"\".", "Characters in \"South Park\" include Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick.", "These boys are 8, 9 and 10 years old.", "The series is about them living in their town.", "\" South Park\" began in 1992 when Trey Parker and Matt Stone met in their film class at the University of Colorado at Boulder.", "They made a short subject animated short called \"Jesus vs. Frosty\".", "The short movie had characters that were similar to the main characters in the present-day \"South Park\".", "Later on, an executive at FOX saw the movie.", "He hired Parker and Stone to make a second short movie to send to friends as a video Christmas card.", "This second video was called \"Jesus vs. Santa\".", "It had the same style as the \"South Park\" that can be seen today.", "The voices in \"South Park\" are done by a small number of actors.", "Most of the male voices are done by Matt Stone and Trey Parker.", "The female voices are done by April Stewart and Mona Marshall (formerly Mary Kay Bergman and Eliza Schneider).", "Other voices are done by Adrien Beard (Token black), and Vernon Chatman (Towelie).", "Before the start of season four, the main characters of the series were four third grade students (often called \"the boys\" when as a group for easier reference).", "Stan is usually considered the serious and sensitive of the group.", "Stan is able to think clearly and is generally good-natured.", "Stan usually tries to come up with logical solutions to their outrageous situations.", "Stan's character is loosely based on the persona (public personality) of co-creator Trey Parker.", "His best friend is Kyle and their relationship is essential in several episodes, such as when he saves Kyle's life in \"Cherokee Hair Tampons\", \"Cartmanland\" and \"Super Best Friends\".", "Kyle is the most easy-going character and the only Jewish one.", "Even though he is not particularly religious, he hates Cartman because Cartman is always making insulting comments about his faith.", "Kyle's character portrays the alter-ego of co-creator Matt Stone.", "Along with Stan, Kyle often gives a reasonable look on the crazy behavior of the adult world around them.", "Kyle is often shown as the most moral member of the four.", "Eric is the most irrational of the main characters.", "Eric is fat and seems to dislike everything except food.", "He is often the main reason for the plot of each episode.", "Cartman commonly acts against the other boys.", "Cartman often insults Kyle for being Jewish and Kenny for being poor.", "In the earlier episodes, he would also insult Stan for having a girlfriend.", "Cartman is extremely devious and seems to be intelligent.", "However, this is shadowed by his racism and bigotry.", "Cartman sometimes serves as a speaker for some of Parker and Stone's more extreme commentary about society (three times he has dressed as Adolf Hitler).", "Cartman hates hippies more than anything else.", "This is seen in the episode \"Die Hippie, Die\" which showed his career as a 'hippie exterminator'.", "Kenny comes from a poor family.", "He is the most cosmopolitan of the four boys, who often turn to him when encountering an unfamiliar sexual term.", "Kenny's voice is muffled by his parka.", "This is mainly because the comments he makes are vulgar.", "Even though his dialog is not understood by the viewer, Stan, Kyle and Cartman can understand him completely clearly enough.", "Butters has made very few appearances in some episodes.", "He only started to became a regular character upon Kenny's death in season 6.", "He has since been used almost as regularly as the main four boys.", "Butters is the character that the others usually make fun of.", "He is nervous, naive, easily manipulated, yet he remains very optimistic.", "He is often punished by his overbearing parents, and sometimes used by his peers for their own amusement.", "Butters always gets grounded.", "To further represent Butters' unluckiness, it is revealed in the episode \"AWESOM-O\" that his birthday is on September 11.", "Butters became important after he was the replacement for the semi-permanently dead Kenny in season 6.", "He also has an alter ego which he named \"Professor Chaos\".", "His character is based on animation director Eric Stough.", "A female fourth grader, Stan's girlfriend and Bebe's best friend.", "\"South Park\" has a number of different families, who represent a common theme of many episodes.", "There are five main families who are distinguished from the rest of the townsfolk: the Marshes (Stan's), the Broflovskis (Kyle's)(Jews), the Cartmans (Eric's), the McCormicks (Kenny's), and the Stotches (Butters').", "These families are important because their children have been main characters.", "Randy Marsh has become one of the most common adult characters on the show.", "His actions in a lot of episodes, such as \"Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow\" and \"Bloody Mary\", suggest that Randy is rather foolish.", "Stan also says that his father is stupid in the episodes \"Child Abduction Is Not Funny\" and \"All About the Mormons?\".", "Like most adults in South Park, he has a tendency to get caught up in any trend.", "Randy is one of South Park's two geologists along with Clyde's father.", "Sharon Marsh is Stan and Shelly Marsh's mother, as well as Randy Marsh's wife.", "Shelly Marsh is Randy Marsh and Sharon Marsh's daughter and Stan Marsh's older sister.", "Sheila Broflovski is Kyle's mother.", "Gerald is Kyle's father, and he works as a lawyer.", "Peter Gints, also known as Ike Moisha Broflovski, is Kyle's little brother.", "He was adopted by Gerald and Shiela.", "He was born in Canada.", "Kyle Tómas Schwartz is Kyle's stereotypically Jewish cousin from Connecticut.", "Liane Cartman is Eric's mother.", "Jack Tenorman is Eric and Scott Tenorman's father.", "He is murdered in Season 5.", "Scott is Jack's son and Eric's arch-enemy.", "Towelie is a talking towel who smokes marijuana.", "He has a collection of novelty stamps.", "He often reminds the boys to bring a towel.", "\"Don't forget to bring a towel.\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 38965776, "normal_article_title": "Lassie Lou Ahern", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38965776", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-38965776-0-0", "normal-38965776-0-1", "normal-38965776-0-2", "normal-38965776-1-0", "normal-38965776-1-1", "normal-38965776-2-0", "normal-38965776-2-1", "normal-38965776-2-2", "normal-38965776-2-3", "normal-38965776-3-0", "normal-38965776-3-1", "normal-38965776-3-2", "normal-38965776-3-3", "normal-38965776-3-4", "normal-38965776-4-0", "normal-38965776-4-1", "normal-38965776-4-2", "normal-38965776-4-3", "normal-38965776-5-0", "normal-38965776-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lassie Lou Ahern (June 25, 1920 – February 15, 2018) was an American actress.", "She was best known for her recurring appearances in the \"Our Gang\" films.", "Ahern was also known for her role as Little Harry in the 1927 silent film \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\".", "Ahern was born on June 25, 1920, in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Fred and Elizabeth Ahern.", "She was the third in a family of four children; one of her siblings was Peggy Ahern.", "Ahern got her acting career started in 1923 in the silent film \"The Call of the Wild\", produced by Hal Roach.", "Also making her first screen appearance was her older sister Peggy Ahern.", "It was the actor Will Rogers who recommended that Ahern's father put Ahern and her sister in show business.", "She appeared in numerous \"Our Gang\" films with Hal Roach Studios, including \"Cradle Robbers\", and was one of the last surviving \"Our Gang\" members.", "In 1927, Universal Studios was in the process of making \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\".", "Not satisfied with the boys who auditioned for the role as Little Harry, the studio contacted her and requested her to take the part.", "Her acting in the film turned out to be a success, and she won the best reviews of her career.", "Despite this, her career as a child actress ended the same year, with \"Little Mickey Grogan\" being her last silent film and her only movie to feature her in a starring role (alongside Frankie Darro).", "A crowdfunding campaign was started in 2016 to finance a restoration project for the film, following a similar campaign in 2015 to acquire a digital copy of \"Little Mickey Grogan\" in Paris.", "In 1932, she teamed up with her sister Peggy and started putting on performances that included dancing, singing, and playing instruments.", "The duo, billed as \"The Ahern Sisters,\" mostly appeared in nightclubs and hotels.", "Lassie later went on to work as a dance teacher at the Ashram Health Spa, where many known stars were students.", "During the 1970s, she made several guest appearances on television shows such as \"The Odd Couple\".", "Ahern died in Prescott, Arizona, on February 15, 2018, of complications from influenza at the age of 97.", "At the time of her death, she was one of three surviving silent-era \"Our Gang\" members." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 157700, "normal_article_title": "Moment of inertia", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=157700", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-157700-0-0", "normal-157700-0-1", "normal-157700-0-2", "normal-157700-0-3", "normal-157700-0-4", "normal-157700-0-5", "normal-157700-0-6", "normal-157700-1-0", "normal-157700-1-1", "normal-157700-1-2", "normal-157700-2-0", "normal-157700-2-1", "normal-157700-2-2", "normal-157700-2-3", "normal-157700-2-4", "normal-157700-3-0", "normal-157700-3-1", "normal-157700-4-0", "normal-157700-4-1", "normal-157700-5-0", "normal-157700-5-1", "normal-157700-5-2", "normal-157700-6-0", "normal-157700-6-1", "normal-157700-7-0", "normal-157700-8-0", "normal-157700-8-1", "normal-157700-9-0", "normal-157700-10-0", "normal-157700-11-0", "normal-157700-12-0", "normal-157700-13-0", "normal-157700-14-0", "normal-157700-15-0", "normal-157700-15-1", "normal-157700-15-2", "normal-157700-16-0", 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"normal-157700-122-0", "normal-157700-123-0", "normal-157700-123-1", "normal-157700-124-0", "normal-157700-124-1", "normal-157700-125-0", "normal-157700-126-0", "normal-157700-126-1", "normal-157700-127-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body is a quantity that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed for a desired acceleration.", "It depends on the body's mass distribution and the axis chosen, with larger moments requiring more torque to change the body's rotation rate.", "It is an extensive (additive) property: for a point mass the moment of inertia is just the mass times the square of the perpendicular distance to the rotation axis.", "The moment of inertia of a rigid composite system is the sum of the moments of inertia of its component subsystems (all taken about the same axis).", "Its simplest definition is the second moment of mass with respect to distance from an axis.", "For bodies constrained to rotate in a plane, only their moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane, a scalar value, matters.", "For bodies free to rotate in three dimensions, their moments can be described by a symmetric 3 × 3 matrix, with a set of mutually perpendicular principal axes for which this matrix is diagonal and torques around the axes act independently of each other.", "When a body is free to rotate around an axis, torque must be applied to change its angular momentum.", "The amount of torque needed to cause any given angular acceleration (the rate of change in angular velocity) is proportional to the moment of inertia of the body.", "Moment of inertia may be expressed in units of kilogram meter squared (kg·m) in SI units and pound-foot-second squared (lbf·ft·s) in imperial or US units.", "Moment of inertia plays the role in rotational kinetics that mass (inertia) plays in linear kinetics - both characterize the resistance of a body to changes in its motion.", "The moment of inertia depends on how mass is distributed around an axis of rotation, and will vary depending on the chosen axis.", "For a point-like mass, the moment of inertia about some axis is given by formula_1, where formula_2 is the distance of the point from the axis, and formula_3 is the mass.", "For an extended rigid body, the moment of inertia is just the sum of all the small pieces of mass multiplied by the square of their distances from the axis in question.", "For an extended body of a regular shape and uniform density, this summation sometimes produces a simple expression that depends on the dimensions, shape and total mass of the object.", "In 1673 Christiaan Huygens introduced this parameter in his study of the oscillation of a body hanging from a pivot, known as a compound pendulum.", "The term \"moment of inertia\" was introduced by Leonhard Euler in his book \"Theoria motus corporum solidorum seu rigidorum\" in 1765, and it is incorporated into Euler's second law.", "The natural frequency of oscillation of a compound pendulum is obtained from the ratio of the torque imposed by gravity on the mass of the pendulum to the resistance to acceleration defined by the moment of inertia.", "Comparison of this natural frequency to that of a simple pendulum consisting of a single point of mass provides a mathematical formulation for moment of inertia of an extended body.", "Moment of inertia also appears in momentum, kinetic energy, and in Newton's laws of motion for a rigid body as a physical parameter that combines its shape and mass.", "There is an interesting difference in the way moment of inertia appears in planar and spatial movement.", "Planar movement has a single scalar that defines the moment of inertia, while for spatial movement the same calculations yield a 3 × 3 matrix of moments of inertia, called the inertia matrix or inertia tensor.", "The moment of inertia of a rotating flywheel is used in a machine to resist variations in applied torque to smooth its rotational output.", "The moment of inertia of an airplane about its longitudinal, horizontal and vertical axis determines how steering forces on the control surfaces of its wings, elevators and tail affect the plane in roll, pitch and yaw.", "Moment of inertia formula_4 is defined as the ratio of the net angular momentum formula_5 of a system to its angular velocity formula_6 around a principal axis, that is", "If the angular momentum of a system is constant, then as the moment of inertia gets smaller, the angular velocity must increase.", "This occurs when spinning figure skaters pull in their outstretched arms or divers curl their bodies into a tuck position during a dive, to spin faster.", "If the shape of the body does not change, then its moment of inertia appears in Newton's law of motion as the ratio of an applied torque formula_8 on a body to the angular acceleration formula_9 around a principal axis, that is", "For a simple pendulum, this definition yields a formula for the moment of inertia formula_4 in terms of the mass formula_3 of the pendulum and its distance formula_2 from the pivot point as,", "Thus, moment of inertia depends on both the mass formula_3 of a body and its geometry, or shape, as defined by the distance formula_2 to the axis of rotation.", "This simple formula generalizes to define moment of inertia for an arbitrarily shaped body as the sum of all the elemental point masses formula_17 each multiplied by the square of its perpendicular distance formula_2 to an axis formula_19.", "In general, given an object of mass formula_3, an effective radius formula_19 can be defined for an axis through its center of mass, with such a value that its moment of inertia is", "where formula_19 is known as the radius of gyration.", "Moment of inertia can be measured using a simple pendulum, because it is the resistance to the rotation caused by gravity.", "Mathematically, the moment of inertia of the pendulum is the ratio of the torque due to gravity about the pivot of a pendulum to its angular acceleration about that pivot point.", "For a simple pendulum this is found to be the product of the mass of the particle formula_3 with the square of its distance formula_2 to the pivot, that is", "This can be shown as follows: The force of gravity on the mass of a simple pendulum generates a torque formula_27 around the axis perpendicular to the plane of the pendulum movement.", "Here formula_28 is the distance vector perpendicular to and from the force to the torque axis, and formula_29 is the net force on the mass.", "Associated with this torque is an angular acceleration, formula_30, of the string and mass around this axis.", "Since the mass is constrained to a circle the tangential acceleration of the mass is formula_31.", "where formula_34 is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the pendulum.", "(The second to last step uses the vector triple product expansion with the perpendicularity of formula_30 and formula_28.)", "The quantity formula_37 is the \"moment of inertia\" of this single mass around the pivot point.", "The quantity formula_37 also appears in the angular momentum of a simple pendulum, which is calculated from the velocity formula_39 of the pendulum mass around the pivot, where formula_40 is the angular velocity of the mass about the pivot point.", "This angular momentum is given by", "using a similar derivation to the previous equation.", "Similarly, the kinetic energy of the pendulum mass is defined by the velocity of the pendulum around the pivot to yield", "This shows that the quantity formula_37 is how mass combines with the shape of a body to define rotational inertia.", "The moment of inertia of an arbitrarily shaped body is the sum of the values formula_1 for all of the elements of mass in the body.", "A compound pendulum is a body formed from an assembly of particles of continuous shape that rotates rigidly around a pivot.", "Its moment of inertia is the sum of the moments of inertia of each of the particles that it is composed of.", "The natural frequency (formula_45) of a compound pendulum depends on its moment of inertia, formula_46, where formula_3 is the mass of the object, formula_49 is local acceleration of gravity, and formula_2 is the distance from the pivot point to the center of mass of the object.", "Measuring this frequency of oscillation over small angular displacements provides an effective way of measuring moment of inertia of a body.", "Thus, to determine the moment of inertia of the body, simply suspend it from a convenient pivot point formula_51 so that it swings freely in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the desired moment of inertia, then measure its natural frequency or period of oscillation (formula_52), to obtain where formula_52 is the period (duration) of oscillation (usually averaged over multiple periods).", "The moment of inertia of the body about its center of mass, formula_55, is then calculated using the parallel axis theorem to be where formula_3 is the mass of the body and formula_2 is the distance from the pivot point formula_51 to the center of mass formula_60.", "Moment of inertia of a body is often defined in terms of its \"radius of gyration\", which is the radius of a ring of equal mass around the center of mass of a body that has the same moment of inertia.", "The radius of gyration formula_19 is calculated from the body's moment of inertia formula_55 and mass formula_3 as the length", "A simple pendulum that has the same natural frequency as a compound pendulum defines the length formula_5 from the pivot to a point called the center of oscillation of the compound pendulum.", "This point also corresponds to the center of percussion.", "The length formula_5 is determined from the formula, or", "The seconds pendulum, which provides the \"tick\" and \"tock\" of a grandfather clock, takes one second to swing from side-to-side.", "This is a period of two seconds, or a natural frequency of formula_69 for the pendulum.", "In this case, the distance to the center of oscillation, formula_5, can be computed to be", "Notice that the distance to the center of oscillation of the seconds pendulum must be adjusted to accommodate different values for the local acceleration of gravity.", "Kater's pendulum is a compound pendulum that uses this property to measure the local acceleration of gravity, and is called a gravimeter.", "The moment of inertia of a complex system such as a vehicle or airplane around its vertical axis can be measured by suspending the system from three points to form a trifilar pendulum.", "A trifilar pendulum is a platform supported by three wires designed to oscillate in torsion around its vertical centroidal axis.", "The period of oscillation of the trifilar pendulum yields the moment of inertia of the system.", "The moment of inertia about an axis of a body is calculated by summing formula_1 for every particle in the body, where formula_2 is the perpendicular distance to the specified axis.", "To see how moment of inertia arises in the study of the movement of an extended body, it is convenient to consider a rigid assembly of point masses.", "(This equation can be used for axes that are not principal axes provided that it is understood that this does not fully describe the moment of inertia.)", "Consider the kinetic energy of an assembly of formula_74 masses formula_75 that lie at the distances formula_76 from the pivot point formula_51, which is the nearest point on the axis of rotation.", "It is the sum of the kinetic energy of the individual masses,", "This shows that the moment of inertia of the body is the sum of each of the formula_1 terms, that is", "Thus, moment of inertia is a physical property that combines the mass and distribution of the particles around the rotation axis.", "Notice that rotation about different axes of the same body yield different moments of inertia.", "The moment of inertia of a continuous body rotating about a specified axis is calculated in the same way, except with infinitely many point particles.", "Another expression replaces the summation with an integral,", "Here, the function formula_83 gives the mass density at each point formula_84, formula_28 is a vector perpendicular to the axis of rotation and extending from a point on the rotation axis to a point formula_84 in the solid, and the integration is evaluated over the volume formula_87 of the body formula_88.", "The moment of inertia of a flat surface is similar with the mass density being replaced by its areal mass density with the integral evaluated over its area.", "Note on second moment of area: The moment of inertia of a body moving in a plane and the second moment of area of a beam's cross-section are often confused.", "The moment of inertia of a body with the shape of the cross-section is the second moment of this area about the formula_89-axis perpendicular to the cross-section, weighted by its density.", "This is also called the \"polar moment of the area\", and is the sum of the second moments about the formula_90- and formula_91-axes.", "The stresses in a beam are calculated using the second moment of the cross-sectional area around either the formula_90-axis or formula_91-axis depending on the load.", "The moment of inertia of a compound pendulum constructed from a thin disc mounted at the end of a thin rod that oscillates around a pivot at the other end of the rod, begins with the calculation of the moment of inertia of the thin rod and thin disc about their respective centers of mass.", "where formula_94 is the mass of the rod.", "where formula_101 is its mass.", "where formula_5 is the length of the pendulum.", "Notice that the parallel axis theorem is used to shift the moment of inertia from the center of mass to the pivot point of the pendulum.", "A list of moments of inertia formulas for standard body shapes provides a way to obtain the moment of inertia of a complex body as an assembly of simpler shaped bodies.", "The parallel axis theorem is used to shift the reference point of the individual bodies to the reference point of the assembly.", "As one more example, consider the moment of inertia of a solid sphere of constant density about an axis through its center of mass.", "This is determined by summing the moments of inertia of the thin discs that form the sphere.", "If the surface of the ball is defined by the equation", "then the radius formula_2 of the disc at the cross-section formula_89 along the formula_89-axis is", "Therefore, the moment of inertia of the ball is the sum of the moments of inertia of the discs along the formula_89-axis,", "where formula_112 is the mass of the sphere.", "If a mechanical system is constrained to move parallel to a fixed plane, then the rotation of a body in the system occurs around an axis formula_34 perpendicular to this plane.", "In this case, the moment of inertia of the mass in this system is a scalar known as the \"polar moment of inertia\".", "The definition of the polar moment of inertia can be obtained by considering momentum, kinetic energy and Newton's laws for the planar movement of a rigid system of particles.", "If a system of formula_114 particles, formula_115, are assembled into a rigid body, then the momentum of the system can be written in terms of positions relative to a reference point formula_116, and absolute velocities formula_117: where formula_40 is the angular velocity of the system and formula_120 is the velocity of formula_116.", "For planar movement the angular velocity vector is directed along the unit vector formula_122 which is perpendicular to the plane of movement.", "Introduce the unit vectors formula_123 from the reference point formula_116 to a point formula_125, and the unit vector formula_126, so", "This defines the relative position vector and the velocity vector for the rigid system of the particles moving in a plane.", "Note on the cross product: When a body moves parallel to a ground plane, the trajectories of all the points in the body lie in planes parallel to this ground plane.", "This means that any rotation that the body undergoes must be around an axis perpendicular to this plane.", "Planar movement is often presented as projected onto this ground plane so that the axis of rotation appears as a point.", "In this case, the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the body are scalars and the fact that they are vectors along the rotation axis is ignored.", "This is usually preferred for introductions to the topic.", "But in the case of moment of inertia, the combination of mass and geometry benefits from the geometric properties of the cross product.", "For this reason, in this section on planar movement the angular velocity and accelerations of the body are vectors perpendicular to the ground plane, and the cross product operations are the same as used for the study of spatial rigid body movement.", "The angular momentum vector for the planar movement of a rigid system of particles is given by", "Use the center of mass formula_129 as the reference point so", "and define the moment of inertia relative to the center of mass formula_131 as", "then the equation for angular momentum simplifies to", "The moment of inertia formula_131 about an axis perpendicular to the movement of the rigid system and through the center of mass is known as the \"polar moment of inertia\".", "Specifically, it is the second moment of mass with respect to the orthogonal distance from an axis (or pole).", "For a given amount of angular momentum, a decrease in the moment of inertia results in an increase in the angular velocity.", "Figure skaters can change their moment of inertia by pulling in their arms.", "Thus, the angular velocity achieved by a skater with outstretched arms results in a greater angular velocity when the arms are pulled in, because of the reduced moment of inertia.", "A figure skater is not, however, a rigid body.", "The kinetic energy of a rigid system of particles moving in the plane is given by", "Let the reference point be the center of mass formula_129 of the system so the second term becomes zero, and introduce the moment of inertia formula_131 so the kinetic energy is given by", "The moment of inertia formula_131 is the \"polar moment of inertia\" of the body.", "Newton's laws for a rigid system of formula_114 particles, formula_115, can be written in terms of a resultant force and torque at a reference point formula_116, to yield", "where formula_125 denotes the trajectory of each particle.", "The kinematics of a rigid body yields the formula for the acceleration of the particle formula_145 in terms of the position formula_116 and acceleration formula_147 of the reference particle as well as the angular velocity vector formula_40 and angular acceleration vector formula_30 of the rigid system of particles as,", "For systems that are constrained to planar movement, the angular velocity and angular acceleration vectors are directed along formula_34 perpendicular to the plane of movement, which simplifies this acceleration equation.", "In this case, the acceleration vectors can be simplified by introducing the unit vectors formula_152 from the reference point formula_116 to a point formula_125 and the unit vectors formula_126, so", "This yields the resultant torque on the system as", "where formula_158, and formula_159 is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane for all of the particles formula_145.", "Use the center of mass formula_129 as the reference point and define the moment of inertia relative to the center of mass formula_131, then the equation for the resultant torque simplifies to", "The scalar moments of inertia appear as elements in a matrix when a system of particles is assembled into a rigid body that moves in three-dimensional space.", "This inertia matrix appears in the calculation of the angular momentum, kinetic energy and resultant torque of the rigid system of particles.", "Let the system of formula_114 particles, formula_115 be located at the coordinates formula_125 with velocities formula_117 relative to a fixed reference frame.", "For a (possibly moving) reference point formula_116, the relative positions are", "and the (absolute) velocities are", "where formula_40 is the angular velocity of the system, and formula_172 is the velocity of formula_116.", "where the terms containing formula_172 (formula_181) sum to zero by the definition of center of mass.", "Then, the skew-symmetric matrix formula_182 obtained from the relative position vector formula_183, can be used to define,", "where formula_185 defined by", "is the symmetric inertia matrix of the rigid system of particles measured relative to the center of mass formula_129.", "The kinetic energy of a rigid system of particles can be formulated in terms of the center of mass and a matrix of mass moments of inertia of the system.", "Let the system of formula_114 particles formula_115 be located at the coordinates formula_125 with velocities formula_117, then the kinetic energy is where formula_183 is the position vector of a particle relative to the center of mass.", "This equation expands to yield three terms", "The second term in this equation is zero because formula_129 is the center of mass.", "Introduce the skew-symmetric matrix formula_182 so the kinetic energy becomes", "Thus, the kinetic energy of the rigid system of particles is given by where formula_185 is the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass and formula_200 is the total mass.", "The inertia matrix appears in the application of Newton's second law to a rigid assembly of particles.", "The resultant torque on this system is,", "where formula_202 is the acceleration of the particle formula_145.", "The kinematics of a rigid body yields the formula for the acceleration of the particle formula_145 in terms of the position formula_116 and acceleration formula_206 of the reference point, as well as the angular velocity vector formula_40 and angular acceleration vector formula_30 of the rigid system as,", "Use the center of mass formula_129 as the reference point, and introduce the skew-symmetric matrix formula_211 to represent the cross product formula_212, to obtain", "Thus, the resultant torque on the rigid system of particles is given by", "where formula_185 is the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass.", "The inertia matrix of a body depends on the choice of the reference point.", "There is a useful relationship between the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass formula_129 and the inertia matrix relative to another point formula_116.", "This relationship is called the parallel axis theorem.", "Consider the inertia matrix formula_219 obtained for a rigid system of particles measured relative to a reference point formula_116, given by", "Let formula_129 be the center of mass of the rigid system, then", "where formula_224 is the vector from the center of mass formula_129 to the reference point formula_116.", "Use this equation to compute the inertia matrix,", "Distribute over the cross product to obtain", "The first term is the inertia matrix formula_185 relative to the center of mass.", "The second and third terms are zero by definition of the center of mass formula_129.", "And the last term is the total mass of the system multiplied by the square of the skew-symmetric matrix formula_231 constructed from formula_224.", "The result is the parallel axis theorem,", "where formula_224 is the vector from the center of mass formula_129 to the reference point formula_116.", "Note on the minus sign: By using the skew symmetric matrix of position vectors relative to the reference point, the inertia matrix of each particle has the form formula_237, which is similar to the formula_1 that appears in planar movement.", "However, to make this to work out correctly a minus sign is needed.", "This minus sign can be absorbed into the term formula_239, if desired, by using the skew-symmetry property of formula_240.", "where formula_219 is the moment of inertia matrix of the system relative to the reference point formula_116, and formula_182 is the skew symmetric matrix obtained from the vector formula_169.", "This is derived as follows.", "Let a rigid assembly of formula_114 particles, formula_115, have coordinates formula_125.", "Choose formula_116 as a reference point and compute the moment of inertia around a line L defined by the unit vector formula_34 through the reference point formula_116, formula_255.", "The perpendicular vector from this line to the particle formula_145 is obtained from formula_257 by removing the component that projects onto formula_34.", "where formula_260 is the identity matrix, so as to avoid confusion with the inertia matrix, and formula_261 is the outer product matrix formed from the unit vector formula_34 along the line formula_5.", "To relate this scalar moment of inertia to the inertia matrix of the body, introduce the skew-symmetric matrix formula_264 such that formula_265, then we have the identity noting that formula_34 is a unit vector.", "The magnitude squared of the perpendicular vector is", "The simplification of this equation uses the triple scalar product identity", "where the dot and the cross products have been interchanged.", "Thus, the moment of inertia around the line formula_5 through formula_116 in the direction formula_34 is obtained from the calculation", "where formula_219 is the moment of inertia matrix of the system relative to the reference point formula_116.", "This shows that the inertia matrix can be used to calculate the moment of inertia of a body around any specified rotation axis in the body.", "The inertia matrix is often described as the inertia tensor, which consists of the same moments of inertia and products of inertia about the three coordinate axes.", "The inertia tensor is constructed from the nine component tensors, (the symbol formula_279 is the tensor product)", "where formula_281 are the three orthogonal unit vectors defining the inertial frame in which the body moves.", "Using this basis the inertia tensor is given by", "This tensor is of degree two because the component tensors are each constructed from two basis vectors.", "In this form the inertia tensor is also called the \"inertia binor\".", "For a rigid system of particles formula_283 each of mass formula_284 with position coordinates formula_285, the inertia tensor is given by", "where formula_260 is the identity tensor", "In this case, the components of the inertia tensor are given by", "The inertia tensor for a continuous body is given by", "where formula_28 defines the coordinates of a point in the body and formula_292 is the mass density at that point.", "The integral is taken over the volume formula_87 of the body.", "The inertia tensor is symmetric because formula_294.", "The inertia tensor can be used in the same way as the inertia matrix to compute the scalar moment of inertia about an arbitrary axis in the direction formula_297,", "where the dot product is taken with the corresponding elements in the component tensors.", "A product of inertia term such as formula_299 is obtained by the computation", "and can be interpreted as the moment of inertia around the formula_90-axis when the object rotates around the formula_91-axis.", "The components of tensors of degree two can be assembled into a matrix.", "For the inertia tensor this matrix is given by,", "It is common in rigid body mechanics to use notation that explicitly identifies the formula_90, formula_91, and formula_89-axes, such as formula_307 and formula_308, for the components of the inertia tensor.", "The use of the inertia matrix in Newton's second law assumes its components are computed relative to axes parallel to the inertial frame and not relative to a body-fixed reference frame.", "This means that as the body moves the components of the inertia matrix change with time.", "In contrast, the components of the inertia matrix measured in a body-fixed frame are constant.", "Let the body frame inertia matrix relative to the center of mass be denoted formula_309, and define the orientation of the body frame relative to the inertial frame by the rotation matrix formula_147, such that,", "where vectors formula_312 in the body fixed coordinate frame have coordinates formula_313 in the inertial frame.", "Then, the inertia matrix of the body measured in the inertial frame is given by", "Notice that formula_147 changes as the body moves, while formula_309 remains constant.", "Measured in the body frame the inertia matrix is a constant real symmetric matrix.", "A real symmetric matrix has the eigendecomposition into the product of a rotation matrix formula_317 and a diagonal matrix formula_318, given by where", "The columns of the rotation matrix formula_317 define the directions of the principal axes of the body, and the constants formula_322, formula_323, and formula_324 are called the principal moments of inertia.", "This result was first shown by J. J. Sylvester (1852), and is a form of Sylvester's law of inertia.", "For bodies with constant density an axis of rotational symmetry is a principal axis.", "The moment of inertia matrix in body-frame coordinates is a quadratic form that defines a surface in the body called Poinsot's ellipsoid.", "Let formula_318 be the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass aligned with the principal axes, then the surface or", "defines an ellipsoid in the body frame.", "Write this equation in the form,", "to see that the semi-principal diameters of this ellipsoid are given by", "Let a point formula_313 on this ellipsoid be defined in terms of its magnitude and direction, formula_331, where formula_297 is a unit vector.", "Then the relationship presented above, between the inertia matrix and the scalar moment of inertia formula_333 around an axis in the direction formula_297, yields", "Thus, the magnitude of a point formula_313 in the direction formula_297 on the inertia ellipsoid is" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 73105, "simple_article_title": "Moment of inertia", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73105", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-73105-0-0", "simple-73105-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Moment of inertia (formula_1), also called \"angular mass\" (kg·m), is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its rotation.", "It is a rotating body's resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation." ] } }

{ "normal_paragraph_id": [ "normal-157700-21" ], "simple_paragraph_id": [ "simple-73105-0" ] }

{ "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-157700-21-1" ], "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-73105-0-0" ] }

{ "normal_article_id": 44307356, "normal_article_title": "Edgar Lungu", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44307356", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-44307356-0-0", "normal-44307356-0-1", "normal-44307356-0-2", "normal-44307356-0-3", "normal-44307356-1-0", "normal-44307356-1-1", "normal-44307356-1-2", "normal-44307356-1-3", "normal-44307356-2-0", "normal-44307356-2-1", "normal-44307356-2-2", "normal-44307356-2-3", "normal-44307356-2-4", "normal-44307356-2-5", "normal-44307356-3-0", "normal-44307356-3-1", "normal-44307356-4-0", "normal-44307356-5-0", "normal-44307356-5-1", "normal-44307356-5-2", "normal-44307356-5-3", "normal-44307356-5-4", "normal-44307356-6-0", "normal-44307356-6-1", "normal-44307356-6-2", "normal-44307356-7-0", "normal-44307356-7-1", "normal-44307356-7-2", "normal-44307356-7-3", "normal-44307356-7-4", "normal-44307356-7-5", "normal-44307356-7-6", "normal-44307356-7-7", "normal-44307356-8-0", "normal-44307356-9-0", "normal-44307356-10-0", "normal-44307356-10-1", "normal-44307356-11-0", "normal-44307356-11-1", "normal-44307356-12-0", "normal-44307356-13-0", "normal-44307356-13-1", "normal-44307356-14-0", "normal-44307356-14-1", "normal-44307356-14-2", "normal-44307356-14-3", "normal-44307356-14-4", "normal-44307356-15-0", "normal-44307356-15-1", "normal-44307356-16-0", "normal-44307356-16-1", "normal-44307356-16-2", "normal-44307356-16-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Edgar Chagwa Lungu (born 11 November 1956) is a Zambian politician who has been the President of Zambia since January 2015.", "Under President Michael Sata, Lungu served as Minister of Justice and Minister of Defence.", "Following Sata's death in October 2014, Lungu was adopted as the candidate of the ruling Patriotic Front for the January 2015 presidential by-election, which was to determine who would serve out the remainder of Sata's term.", "In the election, he narrowly defeated opposition candidate Hakainde Hichilema and took office on 25 January 2015.", "Lungu was elected to a full presidential term in the August 2016 election, again narrowly defeating Hichilema.", "Hichilema initially disputed the election result and filed a case at the Constitutional Court to nullify the result.", "On 5 September, however, the court dismissed the case.", "Lungu was sworn in for his first full term on 13 September 2016.", "Lungu was born 11 November 1956 at Ndola Central Hospital.", "After graduating with a LL.B.", "in 1981 from the University of Zambia, he joined the law firm Andre Masiye and Company in Lusaka.", "He subsequently underwent military officer training at Miltez in Kabwe under Zambia National Service (ZNS).", "He then returned to practising law.", "He then joined politics.", "In 2010, Edgar Lungu had his law practicing licence suspended by the Law Association of Zambia.", "This was after he was found guilty of professional misconduct.", "He joined the United Party for National Development under the leadership of Anderson Mazoka, but later switched to the Patriotic Front (PF) led by party founder Michael Sata.", "After the PF won the 2011 election, Lungu became Junior Minister in the Vice-President's office.", "He was subsequently promoted to Minister of Home Affairs on 9 July 2012.", "He became Minister of Defence on 24 December 2013 after Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba resigned from his ministerial post, and he functioned as Acting President during President Sata's long term illness in 2013–14.", "He has also held a string of central positions in his party, including Chair of the PF Central Committee on Discipline, and he became PF Secretary General and Minister of Justice on 28 August 2014 to replace Wynter Kabimba, who was fired.", "These positions were in addition to the Defence portfolio.", "President Sata went abroad for medical treatment on 19 October 2014, leaving Lungu in charge of the country in his absence.", "Sata died on 28 October 2014.", "Vice-President Guy Scott took over as Acting President, and Lungu was viewed as one of the main contenders to ultimately succeed Sata in a presidential by-election.", "On 3 November 2014, Acting President Scott dismissed Lungu as Secretary-General of the PF.", "He replaced him with Davis Mwila, the Member of Parliament for Chipili.", "However, the next day, on 4 November 2014, Scott announced Lungu was to remain as Secretary-General.", "On 30 November 2014, Lungu was elected as President of the Patriotic Front at a national convention of the party held in Kabwe, Zambia.", "However the convention was unusual because no voting took place.", "Instead, the unaccredited delegates elected him by raising hands.", "On 20 January 2015 Lungu contested the presidential by-election and beat his closest rival Hakainde Hichilema of the United Party for National Development by a narrow majority of just 27,757 votes (1.66%), with just 32.36% of the registered electorate participating.", "He was declared the winner by the Electoral Commission of Zambia on 24 January.", "This election and the following election Edgar Lungu won were chronicled in a book by Anthony Mukwita: \"Against All Odds\".", "Lungu was sworn in as President of Zambia on 25 January 2015 at the National Heroes Stadium in the capital Lusaka.", "The following month, Lungu forced the head of the central bank out of office and promised lower interest rates.", "He appointed Inonge Wina as Zambia's first female Vice-President.", "In March 2015 Lungu collapsed while holding a speech commemorating International Women's Day in Lusaka.", "After spending a short while in a Zambian hospital he had an operation for his narrowed oesophagus in Pretoria, South Africa.", "Lungu commuted the death sentences of 332 prisoners to life in prison on 16 July 2015 and condemned the massive overcrowding at the Mukobeko prison, calling it \"an affront to basic human dignity\".", "In October 2015, Lungu ordered a national day of prayer in hopes of preventing further damage to the economy.", "Top religious and political officials participated, and other public events were cancelled.", "Lungu ran for a full term in the August 2016 presidential election, which turned out to be a rematch of the 2015 presidential election between Lungu and UPND candidate Hakainde Hichilema.", "Lungu won the election with 50.32% of the vote, just a few thousand votes over the threshold for avoiding a run-off.", "He also increased his margin of victory over Hichilema to 100,530 votes or 2.72%.", "Hichilema refused to concede defeat after the announcement of official results and filed a case before the Constitutional Court, asking for the results to be nullified due to irregularities.", "The court dismissed the case on 5 September 2016 and Lungu was inaugurated for a full five-year term of office on 13 September.", "Lungu is married to Esther Lungu and has six children.", "He and his family are practicing Baptists.", "On 5 January 2017, Anthony Mukwita published a book about his Excellence Edgar Chagwa Lungu entitled Against ALL Odds.", "It has a high rating of 4.8/5 making it one of the best ever book published out of Zambia in the political Catergory (option by William Bento Reader).", "The book has the following summary: \"Humility Edgar Lungu has been known for many things but humility for a man of influence in a country where people often get over-consumed by their own self-importance sets him several paces apart from other politicians or national leaders.", "Basically its his Humility and Ideology that makes his stand out amidst the most challenging times.\"" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 624983, "simple_article_title": "Edgar Lungu", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=624983", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-624983-0-0", "simple-624983-0-1", "simple-624983-0-2", "simple-624983-0-3", "simple-624983-1-0", "simple-624983-1-1", "simple-624983-2-0", "simple-624983-2-1", "simple-624983-2-2", "simple-624983-2-3", "simple-624983-2-4", "simple-624983-3-0", "simple-624983-3-1", "simple-624983-4-0", "simple-624983-5-0", "simple-624983-5-1", "simple-624983-5-2", "simple-624983-6-0", "simple-624983-6-1", "simple-624983-7-0", "simple-624983-7-1", "simple-624983-7-2", "simple-624983-7-3", "simple-624983-7-4", "simple-624983-7-5", "simple-624983-8-0", "simple-624983-8-1", "simple-624983-9-0", "simple-624983-9-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Edgar Chagwa Lungu (born 11 November 1956) is the 6th and current President of Zambia.", "Before becoming president, he was Minister of Justice and also Minister of Defence.", "Following Sata's death in October 2014, Lungu was chosen as the candidate for the Patriotic Front for the January 2015 presidential by-election, which was to determine who would serve out the remainder of Sata's term.", "In the election, he narrowly defeated his opposition Hakainde Hichilema and took office on 25 January 2015.", "Lungu was elected to a full presidential term in the August 2016 election.", "Lungu was sworn in for his first full term on 13 September 2016.", "Lungu was born 11 November 1956 at Ndola Central Hospital.", "After graduating with a law degree in 1981 from the University of Zambia, he joined the law firm Andre Masiye and Company in Lusaka.", "He subsequently underwent military officer training at Miltez in Kabwe under Zambia National Service (ZNS).", "He then returned to practising law.", "He then joined politics.", "In 2010, Edgar Lungu had his law practicing licence suspended by the Law Association of Zambia.", "This was after he was found guilty of professional misconduct.", "He joined the United Party for National Development(UPND) under Anderson Mazoka, but later switched to the Patriotic Front (PF) which was led by party founder Michael Sata.", "After the PF won the 2011 election, Lungu became Junior Minister in the Vice-President's office.", "He was subsequently promoted to Minister of Home Affairs on 9 July 2012.", "He became Minister of Defence on 24 December 2013 after Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba resigned from his ministerial post, and he functioned as Acting President during President Sata's long term illness in 2013–14.", "When President Sata went abroad for medical treatment on 19 October 2014, Lungu was left in charge of the country in his absence.", "When Sata died on 28 October 2014, Vice-President Guy Scott took over as Acting President, and Lungu was seen as one of the main contenders to ultimately succeed Sata in a presidential by-election.", "On 3 November 2014, Acting President Scott dismissed Lungu as Secretary-General of the PF.", "He replaced him with Davis Mwila, the Member of Parliament for Chipili.", "However, the next day, on 4 November 2014, Scott announced Lungu was to remain as Secretary-General after Mwila declined to take up his appointment.", "On 30 November 2014, Lungu was elected as President of the Patriotic Front at a national convention of the party held in Kabwe, Zambia.", "However the convention was unusual because no voting took place.", "Instead, the unaccredited delegates elected him by raising hands.", "On 20 January 2015 Lungu contested the presidential by-election and beat his closest rival Hakainde Hichilema of the United Party for National Development.", "He was declared the winner by the Electoral Commission of Zambia on 24 January.", "Lungu is married to Esther Lungu and has six children.", "Lungu and his family are practicing Baptists." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 878460, "normal_article_title": "Spanish treasure fleet", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=878460", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-878460-0-0", "normal-878460-0-1", "normal-878460-0-2", "normal-878460-0-3", "normal-878460-0-4", "normal-878460-1-0", "normal-878460-1-1", "normal-878460-1-2", "normal-878460-1-3", "normal-878460-1-4", "normal-878460-1-5", "normal-878460-1-6", "normal-878460-1-7", "normal-878460-1-8", "normal-878460-2-0", "normal-878460-2-1", "normal-878460-2-2", "normal-878460-2-3", "normal-878460-2-4", "normal-878460-2-5", "normal-878460-3-0", "normal-878460-3-1", "normal-878460-4-0", "normal-878460-4-1", "normal-878460-4-2", "normal-878460-4-3", "normal-878460-4-4", "normal-878460-5-0", "normal-878460-5-1", "normal-878460-5-2", "normal-878460-5-3", "normal-878460-5-4", "normal-878460-6-0", "normal-878460-6-1", "normal-878460-6-2", "normal-878460-6-3", "normal-878460-6-4", "normal-878460-6-5", 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"normal-878460-14-1", "normal-878460-14-2", "normal-878460-14-3", "normal-878460-14-4", "normal-878460-14-5", "normal-878460-14-6", "normal-878460-14-7", "normal-878460-14-8", "normal-878460-14-9", "normal-878460-14-10", "normal-878460-14-11", "normal-878460-14-12", "normal-878460-14-13", "normal-878460-14-14", "normal-878460-14-15" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet from Spanish \"Flota de Indias\", also called silver fleet or plate fleet (from the Spanish \"plata\" meaning \"silver\"), was a convoy system of sea routes organized by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790, which linked Spain with its territories in America across the Atlantic.", "The convoys were general purpose cargo fleets used for transporting a wide variety of items, including agricultural goods, lumber, various metal resources such as silver and gold, gems, pearls, spices, sugar, tobacco, silk, and other exotic goods from the overseas territories of the Spanish Empire to the Spanish mainland.", "Spanish goods such as oil, wine, textiles, books and tools were transported in the opposite direction.", "The West Indies fleet was the first permanent transatlantic trade route in history.", "Similarly, the Manila galleons were the first permanent trade route across the Pacific.", "Spanish ships had brought goods from the New World since Christopher Columbus's first expedition of 1492.", "The organized system of convoys dates from 1564, but Spain sought to protect shipping prior to that by organizing protection around the largest Caribbean island, Cuba and the maritime region of southern Spain and the Canary Islands because of attacks by pirates and foreign navies.", "The Spanish government created a system of convoys in the 1560s in response to the sacking of Havana by French privateers.", "The main procedures were established after the recommendations of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, an experienced admiral and personal adviser of King Philip II.", "The treasure fleets sailed along two sea lanes.", "The main one was the Caribbean Spanish West Indies fleet or \"Flota de Indias\", which departed in two convoys from Seville, where the \"Casa de Contratación\" was based, bound for ports such as Veracruz, Portobelo and Cartagena before making a rendezvous at Havana in order to return together to Spain.", "A secondary route was that of the Manila Galleons or \"Galeón de Manila\" which linked the Philippines to Acapulco in Mexico across the Pacific Ocean.", "From Acapulco, the Asian goods were transhipped by mule train to Veracruz to be loaded onto the Caribbean treasure fleet for shipment to Spain.", "To better defend this trade, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and Álvaro de Bazán designed the definitive model of the galleon in the 1550s.", "Spain controlled the trade through the \"Casa de Contratación\" based in Seville, southern Spain.", "By law, the colonies could trade only with the one designated port in the mother country, Seville.", "Maritime archaeology has shown that the quantity of goods transported was sometimes higher than that recorded at the \"Archivo General de Indias\".", "Spanish merchants and Spaniards acting as fronts (\"cargadores\") for foreign merchants sent their goods on these fleets to the New World.", "Some resorted to contraband to transport their cargoes untaxed.", "The Crown of Spain taxed the wares and precious metals of private merchants at a rate of 20%, a tax known as the \"quinto real\" or royal fifth.", "Spain became the richest country in Europe by the end of the 16th century.", "Much of the wealth from this trade was used by the Spanish Habsburgs to finance armies to protect its European territories in the 16th and 17th centuries against the Ottoman Empire and most of the major European powers.", "The flow of precious metals also made many traders wealthy, both in Spain and abroad.", "The increase in gold and silver on the Iberian market sometimes caused high inflation in the 17th century, affecting the Spanish economy.", "As a consequence, the Crown was forced to delay the payment of some major debts, which had negative consequences for its lenders, mostly foreign bankers.", "By 1690 some of these lenders could no longer offer financial support to the Crown.", "The Spanish monopoly over its West and East Indies colonies lasted for over two centuries.", "The economic importance of exports later declined with the drop of production of the American precious metal mines, such as Potosí.", "However, the growth in trade was strong in the early years.", "Numbering just 17 ships in 1550, the fleets expanded to more than 50 much larger vessels by the end of the century.", "By the second half of the 17th century, that number had dwindled to less than half of its peak.", "As economic conditions gradually recovered from the last decades of the 17th century, fleet operations slowly expanded again, once again becoming prominent during the reign of the Bourbons in the 18th century.", "The Spanish trade of goods was sometimes threatened by its colonial rivals, who tried to seize islands as bases along the Spanish Main and in the Spanish West Indies.", "However, the Atlantic trade was largely unharmed.", "The English acquired small islands like St Kitts in 1624; expelled in 1629, they returned in 1639 and seized Jamaica in 1655.", "French pirates established themselves in Saint-Domingue in 1625, were expelled, only to return later, and the Dutch occupied Curaçao in 1634.", "In 1739, British Admiral Edward Vernon raided Portobello, but in 1741 his campaign against Cartagena de Indias ended in defeat, with heavy losses of men and ships.", "Temporary British seizures of Havana and Manila (1762–4), during the Seven Years' War, were dealt with by using more, smaller fleets visiting a greater variety of ports.", "Charles III began loosening the system in 1765.", "In the 1780s, Spain opened its colonies to free trade.", "In 1790, the \"Casa de Contratación\" was abolished, bringing to an end the great general purpose fleets.", "Thereafter small groups of naval frigates were assigned specifically to transferring goods or bullion as required.", "Despite the general perception that many Spanish galleons were captured by foreign privateers, few fleets were actually lost to enemies in the course of the \"flota's\" two and a half centuries of operation.", "Only Piet Hein managed to capture the fleet in 1628 and bring its cargo to the Dutch Republic.", "In 1656 and 1657 Robert Blake also attacked the fleet in Cadiz and Tenerife, but the Spanish officers saved most of the silver and the English admiral managed to capture only a single galleon.", "The 1702 West Indies fleet was destroyed in the Battle of Vigo Bay during the War of the Spanish Succession, when the fleet was surprised at port unloading its goods, but the Spanish sailors had already unloaded most of its cargo.", "None of these attacks took place in open seas.", "In the case of the Manila galleons, only four were ever captured by British warships in nearly three centuries: the \"Santa Anna\" by Thomas Cavendish in 1589, the \"Encarnación\" in 1709 by Woodes Rogers, the \"Covadonga\" by George Anson in 1743, and the \"Santísima Trinidad\" in 1762.", "Two other British attempts were foiled by the \"Rosario\" in 1704 and the \"Begonia\" in 1710.", "These losses and those due to hurricanes were important economic blows to trade when they occurred.", "The fleets, however, must be counted as among the most successful naval operations in history.", "Moreover, from a commercial point of view, some key components of today's world economic system were made possible by the success of the Spanish West and East Indies fleets.", "Every year, two fleets left Spain loaded with European goods in demand in Spanish America, which were guarded by military vessels.", "The silver from Mexico and Peru were the valuable cargo from the Americas.", "Fleets of fifty or more ships sailed from Spain to the Mexican port of Veracruz and other to Panama and Cartagena.", "From the Spanish ports of Seville or Cádiz, the two fleets bound for the Americas sailed together down the coast of Africa, and stopped at the Spanish territory of the Canary Islands for provisions before the voyage across the Atlantic.", "Once the two fleets reached the Caribbean, the fleets separated.", "The New Spain fleet sailed to Veracruz in Mexico to load not only silver and the valuable red dye cochineal, but also porcelain and silk shipped from China on the Manila galleons.", "The Asian goods were brought overland from Acapulco to Veracruz by mule train.", "The \"Tierra Firme\" fleet, or galeones, sailed to Cartagena to load South American products, most especially silver from Potosí.", "Some ships went to Portobello on the Caribbean coast of Panama to load Peruvian silver that had been shipped from the Pacific coast port of Callao.", "The silver had then been transported across the isthmus of Panama by mule.", "Other ships went to the Caribbean island of Margarita, off the coast of Venezuela, to collect pearls which had been harvested from offshore oyster beds.", "After loading was complete, both fleets sailed for Havana, Cuba, to rendezvous for the journey back to Spain.", "In Mexico in 1635, there was an increase of the sales tax levied to finance the fleet, the Armada de Barlovento.", "Between 1703 and 1705 began the participation of Spanish corsair Amaro Pargo in the West Indies Fleet.", "In this period in which he was the owner and captain of the frigate \"El Ave María y Las Ánimas\", a ship with which he sailed from the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife to that of Havana.", "He reinvented the benefits of the Canarian-American trade in his estates, mainly destined to the cultivation of the vine of malvasía and vidueño, whose production (mainly the one of vidueño) was sent to America.", "Wrecks of Spanish treasure ships, whether sunk in naval combat or by storms (those of 1622, 1715, 1733 and 1750 being among the worst), are a prime target for modern treasure hunters.", "Many, such as the \"Nuestra Señora de Atocha\", and the \"Santa Margarita\" have been salvaged.", "In August 1750, at least three Spanish merchantmen ran aground in North Carolina during a hurricane.", "The \"El Salvador\" sank near Cape Lookout, the \"Nuestra Señora De Soledad\" went ashore near present-day Core Banks and the \"Nuestra Señora De Guadalupe\" went ashore near present-day Ocracoke.", "The wreck of the cargo ship \"Encarnación\", part of the Tierra Firme fleet, was discovered in 2011 with much of its cargo still aboard and part of its hull intact.", "The \"Encarnación\" sank in 1681 during a storm near the mouth of the Chagres River on the Caribbean side of Panama.", "The \"Encarnación\" sank in less than 40 feet of water.", "The remains of the \"Urca de Lima\" from the 1715 fleet and the \"San Pedro\" from the 1733 fleet, after being found by treasure hunters, are now protected as Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves.", "The \"Capitana\" (El Rubi) was the flagship of the 1733 fleet; it ran aground during a hurricane near Upper Matecumbe Key, then sank.", "Three men died during the storm.", "Afterward, divers recovered most of the treasure aboard.", "The \"Capitana\" was the first of the 1733 ships to be found again in 1938.", "Salvage workers recovered items from the sunken ship over more than 10 years.", "Additional gold was recovered in June 2015.", "The ship's location: is 24° 55.491' north, 80° 30.891' west.", "Walton gives the following figures in pesos.", "For the 300-year period the peso or piece of eight had about 25 grams of silver, about the same as the German thaler, Dutch rijksdaalder or the US silver dollar.", "A single galleon might carry 2 million pesos.", "The modern approximate value of the estimated 4 billion pesos produced during the period would come to $530,000,000,000 or €470,000,000,000 (based on silver bullion prices of May 2015).", "Of the 4 billion pesos produced, 2.5 billion was shipped to Europe, of which 500 million was shipped around Africa to Asia.", "Of the remaining 1.5 billion 650 million went directly to Asia from Acapulco and 850 million remained in the Western Hemisphere.", "Little of the wealth stayed in Spain.", "Of the 11 million arriving in 1590, 2 million went to France for imports, 6 million to Italy for imports and military expenses, of which 2.5 went up the Spanish road to the Low Countries and 1 million to the Ottoman Empire.", "1.5 million was shipped from Portugal to Asia.", "Of the 2 million pesos reaching the Dutch Republic in that year, 75% went to the Baltic for naval stores and 25% went to Asia.", "The income of the Spanish crown from all sources was about 2.5 million pesos in 1550, 14 million in the 1590s, about 15 million in 1760 and 30 million in 1780.", "In 1665 the debts of the Spanish crown were 30 million pesos short-term and 300 million long-term.", "Most of the New World production was silver but Colombia produced mostly gold.", "After about 1730 Brazil began producing gold.", "The following table gives the estimated legal production and necessarily excludes smuggling which was increasingly important after 1600.", "The crown legally took one fifth (quinto real) at the source and obtained more through other taxes." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 547336, "simple_article_title": "Spanish treasure fleet", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547336", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-547336-0-0", "simple-547336-0-1", "simple-547336-0-2", "simple-547336-0-3", "simple-547336-0-4", "simple-547336-0-5", "simple-547336-0-6", "simple-547336-0-7" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet from Spanish \"Flota de Indias\", was a convoy system adopted by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790.", "It linked Spain with its territories in America across the Atlantic.", "The convoys were general purpose cargo fleets used for transporting a wide variety of items.", "These included agricultural goods, lumber, various metal resources, luxuries, silver, gold, gems, pearls, spices, sugar, tobacco, silk, and other exotic goods from the Spanish Empire.", "They were sent to the Spanish mainland.", "Passengers and goods such as textiles, books and tools were transported in the opposite direction.", "The West Indies fleet was the first permanent transatlantic trade route in history.", "Similarly, the Manila galleons were the first permanent trade route across the Pacific." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5386066, "normal_article_title": "Hong Seok-cheon", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5386066", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5386066-0-0", "normal-5386066-0-1", "normal-5386066-0-2", "normal-5386066-1-0", "normal-5386066-1-1", "normal-5386066-1-2", "normal-5386066-1-3", "normal-5386066-2-0", "normal-5386066-2-1", "normal-5386066-2-2", "normal-5386066-2-3", "normal-5386066-2-4", "normal-5386066-3-0", "normal-5386066-3-1", "normal-5386066-3-2", "normal-5386066-3-3", "normal-5386066-4-0", "normal-5386066-4-1", "normal-5386066-4-2", "normal-5386066-4-3", "normal-5386066-5-0", "normal-5386066-5-1", "normal-5386066-5-2", "normal-5386066-5-3", "normal-5386066-6-0", "normal-5386066-6-1", "normal-5386066-6-2", "normal-5386066-6-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hong Seok-cheon (born February 3, 1971) is a South Korean actor, television personality, restaurateur and member of the Democratic Labor Party.", "He caused considerable controversy in his home country when he came out as gay in 2000, and remains the most prominent openly gay celebrity in Korea.", "In 2018, he revealed to be third cousins with Taeyong of NCT.", "Hong Seok-cheon was born in Cheongyang County in South Chungcheong Province.", "He began his entertainment career as a male model, and made his screen debut in 1994 as a reporter for \"Live TV Information Center\".", "In 1995, he won the bronze prize at the KBS Comedian Festival (for college students).", "Due to his versatility and comic timing, Hong went on to a prolific career on South Korean television, appearing in children's programs and variety shows, as well as sitcoms and dramas.", "In 2000, Hong was asked a question regarding his sexuality on a variety show, and he chose to answer honestly that he was gay.", "Though the show's producers initially edited out the exchange, a journalist got wind of the story and pressed Hong to confirm his admission.", "After Hong revealed his homosexuality, he was fired from his network television programs and advertisements amidst public uproar, and no longer landed any major acting roles.", "He faced massive stigma after becoming the country's first openly gay celebrity, and later said he experienced shunning, verbal abuse and discrimination that he rarely stepped out of his social circle.", "He then wrote his memoir \"My Heart Still Throbs for Forgotten Love\", in which he recounted his failed romance with a Dutch man named Tony.", "Forced out of the entertainment business, Hong wanted to leave the country to study in New York, but he said he decided stay in Korea to prove to his detractors that he could be a success.", "He started his first restaurant \"Our Place\" in 2002, two years after he came out.", "He now owns and runs nine high-end restaurants in Itaewon, home to a large expat community in Seoul.", "Hong's restaurants are all characterized by the prefix \"My,\" namely: My Hong, My Chi chi*s, My Thai, My Thai China, My X, My Chelsea, My Noodle, and My Suji.", "In 2004, he joined the Democratic Labor Party and was selected by \"Time\" magazine as the year's Asian Hero.", "Hong also continued appearing regularly on talk shows, notably \"Yeo Yoo Man Man\", on which he guested with his parents and discussed his life since coming out.", "Acting-wise, Hong starred in the thriller \"Puzzle\" (2006) and the stage play \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (2009).", "He also founded the internet shopping mall Ne2Nom in 2007, and became a professor at Korea National University of Arts (teaching Broadcast Content Production in 2010 and Fashion Arts in 2011).", "After his sister's divorce, Hong adopted her two children and changed their last names to his.", "In 2008, he hosted his own talk show \"Coming Out\", which featured gay issues.", "Despite Korean society's continuing conservatism, Hong overcame initial public disapproval and gradually gained more mainstream acceptance, especially among the younger generation, in part because of his activism in fighting for LGBT rights.", "From bit parts and cameos, he now emcees shows on cable television and has a sizeable following on social media.", "In 2015, Hong announced that he plans to run for district head of the Yongsan District Office in the 2018 local elections.", "Having lived in Yongsan District for ten years, he said he aims to promote cultural spaces for young artists and small businesses, while providing welfare for sexual minorities.", "If elected, he will become the first openly gay person to become a government official in Korea.", "In 2016, he participated in the program \"Law Of The Jungle\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 429436, "simple_article_title": "Hong Seok-cheon", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=429436", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-429436-0-0", "simple-429436-0-1", "simple-429436-1-0", "simple-429436-1-1", "simple-429436-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Hong Seok-cheon (: ; : , born February 3, 1971) is a South Korean model and movie actor.", "In 1994, he was a reporter of KBS broadcast.", "in 1994, he was a repoter of KBS broadcast, next years he was enter a 1995 student's gag contest, prize third-class and debut actor.", "In September 2000, he was public coming out, that times he was more broadcasters and drama, film casting.", "so assault of more Koeran mass communication, but in 2002, he was comebacks success." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 7651655, "normal_article_title": "Paolo Sorrentino", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7651655", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-7651655-0-0", "normal-7651655-1-0", "normal-7651655-1-1", "normal-7651655-1-2", "normal-7651655-1-3", "normal-7651655-2-0", "normal-7651655-2-1", "normal-7651655-3-0", "normal-7651655-3-1", "normal-7651655-4-0", "normal-7651655-5-0", "normal-7651655-5-1", "normal-7651655-6-0", "normal-7651655-7-0", "normal-7651655-7-1", "normal-7651655-7-2", "normal-7651655-8-0", "normal-7651655-8-1", "normal-7651655-8-2", "normal-7651655-8-3", "normal-7651655-9-0", "normal-7651655-9-1", "normal-7651655-10-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Paolo Sorrentino (] ; born 31 May 1970) is an Italian film director, screenwriter and writer.", "Sorrentino was born in Naples, in the district of Soccavo in 1970 and became orphan of both parents at the age of 16.", "His first film as screenwriter, \"The Dust of Naples\", was released in 1998.", "He also began directing short movies, including \"L'amore non ha confini\" in 1998 and \"La notte lunga\" in 2001.", "His feature-length debut was \"One Man Up\" (\"L'uomo in più\"), for which he was awarded the Nastro D'Argento prize.", "He achieved international recognition in 2004 for his thriller, \"The Consequences of Love\" (\"Le conseguenze dell'amore\").", "The film, which explores the mindset of a lonely businessman being used as a pawn by the Mafia, won many awards and was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.", "Sorrentino's next feature, \"The Family Friend\" (\"L'amico di famiglia\"), was shown at the Cannes Film Festival in May and the London Film Festival in October 2006.", "It tells the story of a malicious septuagenarian loan shark who develops a fixation with the beautiful daughter of one of his customers.", "Sorrentino made his acting debut with a cameo appearance in Nanni Moretti's film \"The Caiman \"(\"Il caimano\"), which was also shown at the 2006 London Film Festival.", "Sorrentino's following film, \"Il Divo\", is a dramatised biopic of Giulio Andreotti, the controversial Italian politician.", "The feature, which won the \"Prix du Jury\" at Cannes Film Festival, sees Sorrentino reunited with \"The Consequences of Love\" star Toni Servillo, who plays the part of Andreotti.", "In 2009, Sorrentino wrote the screenplay for a film version of Niccolò Ammaniti's \"Ti prendo e ti porto via\" (\"Steal You Away\").", "\"This Must Be the Place\" marked the English-language feature debut of the Italian filmmaker.", "The plot centres around a middle-aged wealthy rock star, played by two-time Academy Award winner Sean Penn, who becomes bored in his retirement and takes on the quest of finding the guard of the German camp where his father was imprisoned, who now lives in hiding in the United States.", "The film was co-written by Sorrentino and Umberto Contarello, and premiered in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.", "His 2013 film \"The Great Beauty\" (\"La Grande Bellezza\") won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film in the 2014 Academy Awards.", "It won the BAFTA award for Best Film Not in the English Language in the 67th British Academy Film Awards.", "It also won the Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film and was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.", "The film also received several accolades at the 2013 European Film Awards, including \"Best Film\" and \"Best Director\" for Sorrentino.", "\"Youth\" (2015) is Sorrentino's second English-language film, and features Michael Caine as a retired orchestra conductor.", "It competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.", "Sorrentino likes to work with the same team of filmmakers, often hiring cast and crew from his previous films." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 441054, "simple_article_title": "Paolo Sorrentino", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=441054", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-441054-0-0", "simple-441054-0-1", "simple-441054-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Paolo Sorrentino (born 31 May 1970) is an Italian director and screenwriter.", "His movies include \"One Man Up\" (2001), \"The Consequences of Love\" (2004), \"The Family Friend\" (2006), \"Il Divo\" (2008), \"This Must Be the Place\" (2011) and \"The Great Beauty\" (2013).", "Sorrentino was born in Naples." ] } }

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"normal-767658-16-4", "normal-767658-17-0", "normal-767658-17-1", "normal-767658-17-2", "normal-767658-17-3", "normal-767658-17-4", "normal-767658-18-0", "normal-767658-18-1", "normal-767658-18-2", "normal-767658-18-3", "normal-767658-18-4", "normal-767658-18-5", "normal-767658-18-6", "normal-767658-18-7", "normal-767658-19-0", "normal-767658-19-1", "normal-767658-19-2", "normal-767658-20-0", "normal-767658-20-1", "normal-767658-20-2", "normal-767658-20-3", "normal-767658-20-4", "normal-767658-20-5", "normal-767658-21-0", "normal-767658-21-1", "normal-767658-21-2", "normal-767658-21-3", "normal-767658-21-4", "normal-767658-21-5", "normal-767658-22-0", "normal-767658-23-0", "normal-767658-23-1", "normal-767658-23-2", "normal-767658-24-0", "normal-767658-24-1", "normal-767658-24-2", "normal-767658-25-0", "normal-767658-25-1", "normal-767658-25-2", "normal-767658-26-0", "normal-767658-26-1", "normal-767658-26-2", "normal-767658-26-3", "normal-767658-26-4", "normal-767658-26-5", "normal-767658-26-6", "normal-767658-27-0", "normal-767658-27-1", "normal-767658-27-2", "normal-767658-27-3", "normal-767658-27-4", "normal-767658-27-5", "normal-767658-27-6", "normal-767658-27-7", "normal-767658-27-8", "normal-767658-28-0", "normal-767658-28-1", "normal-767658-28-2", "normal-767658-28-3", "normal-767658-28-4", "normal-767658-28-5", "normal-767658-29-0", "normal-767658-29-1", "normal-767658-30-0", "normal-767658-30-1", "normal-767658-31-0", "normal-767658-31-1", "normal-767658-31-2", "normal-767658-32-0", "normal-767658-32-1", "normal-767658-32-2", "normal-767658-32-3", "normal-767658-32-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Thomas Maldwyn Pryce (11 June 1949 – 5 March 1977) was a British racing driver from Wales, famous for winning the Brands Hatch Race of Champions, a non-championship Formula One race, in 1975 and for the circumstances surrounding his death.", "Pryce is the only Welsh driver to have won a Formula One race and is also the only Welshman to lead a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix: two laps of the 1975 British Grand Prix.", "Pryce started his career in Formula One with the small Token team, making his only start for them at the 1974 Belgian Grand Prix.", "Shortly after winning the Formula Three support race for the 1974 Monaco Grand Prix, Pryce joined the Shadow team and scored his first points in Germany in only his fourth race.", "Pryce later claimed two podium finishes, his first in Austria in 1975 and the second in Brazil a year later.", "Pryce was considered by his team as a great wet-weather driver.", "During the practice session for the 1977 South African Grand Prix, run in wet conditions, Pryce was faster than everyone, including world champion drivers Niki Lauda and James Hunt.", "During the race, he collided at high speed with a safety marshal, Frederik Jansen van Vuuren, and both men were killed.", "A memorial to Pryce was unveiled in 2009 in his home town of Ruthin.", "Tom Pryce was born on 11 June 1949 in Ruthin, Denbighshire, Wales, to Jack and Gwyneth Pryce.", "Jack had served in the Royal Air Force as a tail-gunner on a Lancaster bomber before joining the local police force.", "Gwyneth was a district nurse.", "Pryce's older brother, David, died at the age of three leaving Tom an only child for much of the time he was growing up, although his parents did foster a young girl called Sandra for a while.", "Pryce, known to his friends as Mald, attended Nantglyn Primary School, Denbighshire.", "The family later moved to Towyn, Denbighshire, due to Jack's job.", "Pryce took an interest in cars while driving a baker's van at the age of 10, before informing his parents that he wanted to be a racing driver.", "During an interview with Alan Henry in 1975, he stated that he had wanted to become a pilot, but thought he was not intelligent enough.", "Like many future Formula One drivers, Pryce had a childhood racing hero.", "In his case it was Lotus's Scottish driver Jim Clark.", "Pryce's mother recalled that he was very upset when Clark died at the Hockenheimring in April 1968.", "His father noted that \"he was very upset when Jochen Rindt was killed, too\".", "After he left school at 16, Pryce's mother insisted that he take an apprenticeship as a tractor mechanic at Llandrillo Technical College, giving him \"something to fall back on\", as she put it, if his career as a racing driver was unsuccessful.", "In 1975 Pryce married Fenella, more commonly known as Nella, whom he met at a disco in Otford, Kent in 1973.", "Following the death of her husband, Nella went on to run an antiques store in Fulham, London with Janet Brise, the widow of Tony Brise, who died in a plane crash in 1975 with fellow racing driver, Graham Hill and later moved to France.", "Tom Pryce's helmet design was, in comparison to later drivers', simple and restrained.", "His helmet was plain white all over until 1970.", "At that year's race at Castle Combe, his father asked Pryce to make his helmet stand out more so that he could easily identify him in a pack of cars.", "Pryce added five black vertical lines to his helmet, placed just above his visor.", "From that time the only change to this design was the addition of a Welsh flag to the side of his helmet in 1974.", "Pryce's first steps into motor racing came at the Mallory Park circuit in Leicestershire when he was 20.", "Pryce was put through his paces by Trevor Taylor, an ex-Team Lotus driver and old teammate of Pryce's childhood hero Clark.", "He later became a star in the Formula 5000 series.", "From there, Pryce went on to compete in the \"Daily Express Crusader Championship\", a series run by \"Motor Racing Stables\" for racing school pupils using Lotus 51 Formula Ford cars.", "Races alternated between the Brands Hatch and Silverstone circuits; Pryce made his début at the former.", "\"The races were £35 a time.", "But I sold my Mini and my parents offered all the help and encouragement I could wish for\" Pryce recalled to Alan Henry.", "The prize for the overall winner of the series was a Formula Ford Lola T200 worth £1,500.", "The series was decided at the last round, held at Silverstone, the day before the 1970 Formula One International Trophy.", "Pryce qualified on the third row for the race, which was held in rain.", "Jack Pryce remembered that his son was rubbing his hands in delight: \"he always loved racing in the rain\".", "The early part of the race was led by a driver called Chris Smith but then heavy rain started and Pryce was able to catch up with Smith and overtake him before winning by a comfortable margin.", "He was given his Lola by Sir Max Aitken.", "Pryce took his new car to Brands Hatch, where he was allowed to house it in one of the old stables at the bottom of the paddock.", "Pryce soon abandoned his farming career and moved to a guest house in West Kingsdown, near the Brands Hatch circuit.", "Pryce continued to make a name for himself during 1971, entering a new twin-seater Sportscar category called Formula F100, which he won with what was described by motorsports author David Tremayne as \"embarrassing ease\".", "He then moved up to Formula Super Vee, driving the then-choice Royale RP9, for Team Rumsey Investments, and soon made his Formula Three début for the same manufacturer at Brands Hatch.", "In that race at Brands Hatch, Pryce took an unfancied Royale RP11 to first place in the Formula Three support race for the 1972 Formula One Race of Champions against many established Formula Three drivers such as Roger Williamson, Jochen Mass and James Hunt.", "So large was Pryce's advantage at the end of the race, many of the other teams voiced an opinion that Pryce's car had run the race underweight; it turned out that the circuit's weighbridge certificate had expired and everyone's cars had been underweight.", "Pryce retired from the leading group in the following two rounds at Oulton Park and Zandvoort, and then during practice for the support race of the 1972 Monaco Grand Prix his car came to a stop at \"Casino Square\" after a wire had come loose.", "He had exited his car to correct the problem when Peter Lamplough lost control of his car and struck the Royale RP11.", "Pryce was knocked into a shop window and broke a leg.", "The Welshman was back in action two weeks after his incident in Monaco.", "Pryce also ran in the Formula SuperVee series, winning the series by a comfortable margin, \"I won just about every race I went in for\" Pryce recalled.", "A run with Royale's Formula Atlantic works team was also in store for Pryce during 1972, where he took pole position for the final three rounds of the championship and won the final round at Brands Hatch.", "He continued racing in Formula Atlantic in 1973, winning three races.", "Royale soon had plans to enter Formula Two, such was the Welshman's talent.", "The ambition to run in the Formula Two championship was planned to be financially fuelled by a Liechtenstein driver, Manfred Schurti.", "These plans only resulted in one of Royale's F2 cars being built before the project was scrapped and Bob King, the head of Royale, left the company.", "Following an invitation to test one of his cars, Pryce found himself racing in the Formula Two series with Ron Dennis's \"Rondel Racing\" outfit.", "His best result for the team came at the Norisring where he was leading the race until a brake failure meant he had to give up first place to teammate Tim Schenken.", "At the end of 1973, Pryce won the Grovewood Award for his efforts during the year.", "Jack Pryce recalled that his son did not want to win the award, as he thought it was \"a jinx on a driver's career\".", "At the age of 25, Pryce graduated to Formula One, the highest category of circuit racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body, joining the newly formed Token Racing team.", "The team was created by Tony Vlassopulos and Ken Grob after the original Token team closed down in 1973 due to a lack of financial backing which had led to the end of the previous \"Rondel Racing\" outfit.", "Pryce was given the seat thanks to his backing from Titan Properties, and what David Tremayne described as \"evident promise\".", "Pryce made his début for the team at the BRDC International Trophy, a non-championship Formula One event held at Silverstone, but lack of an airbox and an engine cover, along with his shortage of experience in the car, made him the slowest driver of the 16 competitors during qualifying: 26 seconds slower than James Hunt's Hesketh in pole position.", "The Welshman retired 15 laps into the race with a gear linkage problem.", "Pryce's World Championship début came at the 1974 Belgian Grand Prix, where he qualified in 20th place, 3 seconds slower than the fastest time set by Clay Regazzoni.", "Once again, he failed to finish, completing 66 laps before retiring after a collision with Jody Scheckter's Tyrrell.", "Pryce was refused entry to the 1974 Monaco Formula One Grand Prix, as he was deemed \"inexperienced\".", "Tony Vlassopulos decided to prove a point and replaced normal Formula 3 driver Buzz Buzaglo, with Pryce for the supporting Formula Three race, driving for \"Ippokampos Racing\", in a March 743, which he won by 20.8 seconds.", "Following his drive in Monaco, and a short spell in Formula Two, Pryce was signed by Shadow as replacement for Brian Redman, who had in turn replaced Peter Revson.", "Pryce made his début for the team in the 1974 Dutch Grand Prix.", "He qualified in 11th position, less than 0.4 seconds slower than his teammate, Jean-Pierre Jarier, who was in his second full season of Formula One competition.", "Pryce retired on the first lap of the race after a collision with James Hunt at the first corner broke his Shadow DN3's rear suspension.", "Pryce qualified third in his second Grand Prix for the team, in France, 0.32 seconds slower than Niki Lauda's pole position time but nearly half a second quicker than Jarier.", "Once again, Pryce's race ended at the first corner, when minor contact with Carlos Reutemann's Brabham deflected Pryce's Shadow into the path of James Hunt.", "The second collision between the two British drivers in as many races eliminated them both.", "Later in the season, Pryce received 100 bottles of champagne for finishing fastest in the practice session for the British Grand Prix at Brands Hatch.", "He went on to qualify on the fourth row of the starting grid.", "Pryce scored the first point of his career in the 1974 German Grand Prix at the challenging Nürburgring circuit.", "After finishing 6th from 11th on the grid, he then qualified in 16th for the next Grand Prix in Austria, but spun off on lap 22, ending his race.", "He qualified in 22nd place for the Italian Grand Prix, and finished 12 places higher.", "His season ended with an engine failure in Canada, and the Shadow severely off the pace in Watkins Glen.", "At the end of the season Pryce was equal 18th in the Drivers' Championship with Graham Hill and Vittorio Brambilla.", "At the start of the 1975 season, Pryce's future was subject to much speculation.", "Rumour linked him with a drive at Lotus, the team run by Colin Chapman, who had been keeping an eye on Pryce's progress throughout 1973 and 1974.", "At the time, Lotus was experiencing financial difficulties and reports suggested that Shadow and Lotus would swap Pryce and Swede Ronnie Peterson.", "The trade was viewed as a good acquisition for both teams, as Pryce was considered a driver of the same ability as Peterson, but would cost Lotus less, while Peterson could attract sponsorship to the relatively new Shadow team.", "The deal never materialised, although Shadow team manager Alan Rees claims that it came very close to being completed.", "Pryce's Shadow teammate, Jean-Pierre Jarier, out-qualified him in the early part of the 1975 season, as the French driver had the new Shadow DN5 car, while Pryce was in the older DN3.", "It was not until the third round, the South African Grand Prix, that Pryce was able to use a DN5.", "The team's fourth race of the season was the non-championship Race of Champions held at Brands Hatch.", "Pryce qualified on pole position and, following a poor start, passed Peterson and Jacky Ickx before closing an eight-second gap to race leader Jody Scheckter, whose engine failed while Pryce harried him, letting Pryce through to become the first Welshman to win a Formula One race.", "Pryce showed other signs of promise during the season, most notably in Monaco and Silverstone where he qualified on the front row of the grid, the latter being in pole position.", "Pryce also achieved his first World Championship podium finish, in extremely wet conditions at the Austrian Grand Prix and finished in the points four more times.", "The highest of those came in Germany where he finished fourth, despite the fact that while he was running second behind Carlos Reutemann fuel had been leaking into the cockpit of his DN5 during the final laps around the very long Nürburgring, reportedly \"searing his skin and almost blinding him with fumes\".", "The Welshman later received the \"Prix Rouge et Blanc Jo Siffert award\", named after the Swiss Formula One driver, for this achievement.", "At the end of December 1975, Pryce and Dave Richards, future head of the Prodrive motorsports engineering company, entered a Lancia Stratos in the Tour of Epynt, a rally event contested by many established rallying names.", "Pryce needed little persuasion to team up for the one-off event on home soil with Richards, both of whom were from Ruthin.", "Pryce crashed into a bridge 10 mi into the first stage, but still competed in the afternoon stages after his car was rebuilt.", "Once the 1976 Formula One World Championship season got under way Pryce instantly added a second podium finish to his tally, at the first round in Brazil.", "This came at the expense of continuing teammate Jarier, who was caught out by oil on the track from James Hunt's McLaren.", "Both Shadows enjoyed reasonable competitiveness during the next two races at Kyalami and Long Beach.", "Changes in car regulations, meaning that teams had to lower their airboxes and mount the cars' rear wings further forward, along with revised Goodyear tyres, meant the Shadow DN5B lost much of its competitiveness; Pryce still achieved a second points scoring finish of the season in Britain.", "The new Shadow DN8 was not introduced until the twelfth round at Zandvoort, where Pryce qualified the new car in third, and finished the race only one place lower in fourth: it was the last points scoring finish of his career.", "The Welshman finished his last full season 12th in the Drivers' Championship with 10 points, 59 points behind World Champion James Hunt.", "Jarier left Shadow before the start of the 1977 Formula One season, for ATS, and was replaced by Italian Renzo Zorzi.", "Zorzi was later rated by Jackie Oliver, part of the managerial team at Shadow, as \"the worst driver we the Shadow team ever had\".", "The new signing brought in sponsorship from Italy, easing Shadow's financial position.", "Pryce started the first race of the year in Argentina in ninth place and stayed with the leading group until a gear linkage failure on the 45th lap of the 52 lap race.", "Following a long pit stop to fix the fault, he was not classified.", "Pryce qualified 12th for the second round in Brazil, but on lap 34 retired from the race, while running in second place, as the result of an engine failure.", "In 2016, in an academic paper that reported a mathematical modeling study that assessed the relative influence of driver and machine, Pryce was ranked the 28th best Formula One driver of all time.", "Tom Pryce began his final race weekend, the 1977 South African Grand Prix at Kyalami, by setting the fastest time in the Wednesday practice session, held in wet weather.", "Pryce posted a time of 1 minute 31.57 seconds with the next best, the eventual 1977 World Champion Niki Lauda, one second slower.", "The weather dried up prior to the Thursday session, and he slipped back down the grid to fifteenth place, almost two seconds slower than James Hunt's pole position time.", "Pryce made a poor start to the Grand Prix in his DN8 and by the end of the first lap was in last place.", "Pryce started to climb back up the field during the next couple of laps, overtaking Brett Lunger and teammate Renzo Zorzi on lap two, and Alex Ribeiro and Boy Hayje the following lap.", "By lap 18 Pryce had moved from 22nd to 13th place.", "On lap 22, Zorzi pulled off to the left side of the main straight, just after the brow of a hill and a bridge over the track.", "He was having problems with his fuel metering unit, and fuel was pumping directly onto the engine, which then caught fire.", "Zorzi did not immediately get out of his car as he could not disconnect the oxygen pipe from his helmet.", "The situation caused two marshals from the pit wall on the opposite side of the track to intervene.", "The first marshal to cross the track was a 25-year-old panel beater named William (Bill).", "The second was 19-year-old Frederik \"Frikkie\" Jansen van Vuuren, who was carrying a 40 lb fire extinguisher.", "George Witt, the chief pit marshal for the race, said that the policy of the circuit was that in cases of fire, two marshals must attend and a further two act as back-up in case the first pair's extinguishers were not effective enough.", "Witt also recalled that both marshals crossed the track without prior permission.", "The former narrowly made it across the track, but the latter did not.", "As the two men started to run across the track, the cars driven by Hans-Joachim Stuck and Pryce came over the brow of a rise in the track.", "Pryce was directly behind Stuck's car along the main straight.", "Stuck saw Jansen van Vuuren and moved to the right to avoid both marshals, missing Bill by what Tremayne calls \"millimetres\".", "From his position Pryce could not see Jansen van Vuuren and was unable to react as quickly as Stuck had done.", "He struck the teenage marshal at approximately 270 km/h (170 mph).", "Jansen van Vuuren was thrown into the air and landed in front of Zorzi and Bill.", "He died on impact, and his body was badly mutilated by Pryce's car.", "The fire extinguisher he had been carrying smashed into Pryce's head, before striking the Shadow's roll hoop.", "The force of the impact was such that the extinguisher was thrown up and over the adjacent grandstand.", "It landed in the car park to the rear of the stand, where it hit a parked car and jammed its door shut.", "The impact with the fire extinguisher wrenched Pryce's helmet upward sharply.", "Death was almost certainly instantaneous.", "Pryce's Shadow DN8, now with its driver dead at the wheel, continued at speed down the main straight towards the first corner, called \"Crowthorne\".", "The car left the track to the right, scraping the metal barriers, hitting an entrance for emergency vehicles, and veering back onto the track.", "It then hit Jacques Laffite's Ligier, sending both Pryce and Laffite head-on into the barriers.", "Jansen van Vuuren's injuries were so extensive that, initially, his body was identified only after the race director had summoned all of the race marshals and he was not among them.", "The eventual race winner was Austrian Niki Lauda, his first win since his near fatal accident during the 1976 German Grand Prix.", "At first he announced it was the greatest victory of his career, but when told on the victory podium of Pryce's death, he said that \"there was no joy after that\".", "Pryce's death was met with great grief from all those who knew him during his career, especially his wife Nella, his parents Jack and Gwyneth and the Shadow team.", "His body was buried at St Bartholomew's Church in Otford, near Sevenoaks, Kent, the same church where he and Nella were married two years earlier.", "Pryce's performances in a Formula One car earned him much respect amongst the F1 paddock.", "David Tremayne named his son after the Welshman.", "The Tom Pryce Award, also known as the Tom Pryce Trophy, was instigated, and is given annually to Welsh personalities who have made an outstanding contribution to motoring or transport.", "During its re-design the Anglesey Circuit in North Wales named the Tom Pryce Straight after a request from Ruthin Town Council.", "Eddie Knipe, a South African living in Sevenoaks, sought permission from Nella Pryce to approach the Ruthin Town Council to commemorate her late husband.", "Having gained her consent and that of Tom's parents, a trust was established in 2006 under the chairmanship of David Richards (Prodrive, ex BAR) to create a memorial to Tom Pryce in Ruthin.", "Neil Dalrymple, a local artist was commissioned by Ruthin Town Council in 2008 to design an 8 by plaque and in February 2009, an auction of Formula One pit passes to fund its manufacture was announced.", "The memorial was unveiled on 11 June 2009, on what would have been Pryce's 60th birthday." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 571633, "simple_article_title": "Tom Pryce", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=571633", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-571633-0-0", "simple-571633-1-0", "simple-571633-1-1", "simple-571633-1-2", "simple-571633-2-0", "simple-571633-2-1", "simple-571633-2-2", "simple-571633-2-3", "simple-571633-2-4", "simple-571633-3-0", "simple-571633-3-1", "simple-571633-3-2", "simple-571633-3-3", "simple-571633-3-4", "simple-571633-3-5", "simple-571633-3-6", "simple-571633-3-7" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Thomas Maldwyn \"Tom\" Pryce (11 June 1949 – 5 March 1977) was a British racing driver.", "Pryce was born in Ruthin, Denbighshire, Wales.", "He married his wife, Fenella, in 1975.", "After his death, a memorial was set up in Pryce's hometown.", "Pryce won the 1975 Race of Champions, a non-championship Formula One (F1) race.", "He is the only Welsh driver to win a Formula One race.", "Besides his F1 win, he was also known for his unusual death at the 1977 South African Grand Prix.", "He made 42 Formula One World Championship entries between 1974 and 1977.", "He was a member of the Token team and later the Shadow team.", "Pryce died on 5 March 1977 in Midrand, South Africa, at the age of 27.", "He was competing in the South African Grand Prix.", "His teammate, Italian Renzo Zorzi retired his car after an engine fire.", "Two marshals ran across the track to help Zorzi.", "One of the marshals, Frederik Jansen van Vuuren, however, was hit by Pryce's car.", "The fire extinguisher van Vuuren was holding hit Pryce's head.", "Both men died instantly.", "The event was filmed." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2020419, "normal_article_title": "Tracie Spencer", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2020419", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2020419-0-0", "normal-2020419-0-1", "normal-2020419-0-2", "normal-2020419-0-3", "normal-2020419-0-4", "normal-2020419-1-0", "normal-2020419-1-1", "normal-2020419-1-2", "normal-2020419-1-3", "normal-2020419-1-4", "normal-2020419-1-5", "normal-2020419-2-0", "normal-2020419-2-1", "normal-2020419-2-2", "normal-2020419-2-3", "normal-2020419-2-4", "normal-2020419-2-5", "normal-2020419-2-6", "normal-2020419-2-7", "normal-2020419-2-8", "normal-2020419-3-0", "normal-2020419-3-1", "normal-2020419-3-2", "normal-2020419-3-3", "normal-2020419-4-0", "normal-2020419-4-1", "normal-2020419-5-0", "normal-2020419-5-1", "normal-2020419-5-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Tracie Monique Spencer (born July 12, 1976) is an American singer–songwriter, actress, and model.", "Spencer is best known for her R&B and pop singles during the late–1980s through the 1990s such as; \"Symptoms of True Love\" (1988), \"This House\" (1990), \"Tender Kisses\" (1991) and \"It's All About You (Not About Me)\" (1999).", "A Waterloo native, Spencer's first claim to fame was when she participated on the CBS talent competition television show \"Star Search\"; winning the junior vocalist competition in 1987.", "Following her win on the show, Spencer signed a contract with Capitol Records, at the time the youngest female artist to do so; releasing three albums with the label.", "Since 2007, Spencer has taken a hiatus from music; however, she is still modeling and pursuing other interests.", "Born in 1976 to Theresa (née Williams) and Marvin E. Spencer Sr. (1938–2014), a well-known musician.", "Spencer was raised in Waterloo, Iowa along with her three siblings; Marvin Jr., Marty and Tricia.", "Spencer's mother is of Creole and Indian descent; her father was French Canadian and Panamanian.", "The middle child of three, Spencer began singing at the age of three and began modeling in pageant competitions at age five.", "In addition to singing, Spencer was an honor student who also played basketball in elementary and high school.", "Spencer attended Columbus High School, graduating in 1994.", "Spencer performed, produced and directed her first music videos before she was ten years of age.", "This led to her competing on the CBS televised talent competition \"Star Search\" in 1987.", "Shortly after her stint on Star Search where she won the $10,000.00 junior vocalist prize, Spencer became the youngest female artist to sign a record deal with a major label, Capitol Records, and to release a self-titled debut album on January 16, 1988.", "Spencer found success with the singles \"Hide and Seek\", \"Symptoms of True Love\" and her remake of John Lennon's \"Imagine\".", "Spencer's second album, \"Make the Difference\", was released on August 27, 1990.", "The first single, \"Save Your Love\", showed an impressive standing at #7 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart.", "Her following single, \"This House\", became her biggest hit to date reaching #3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100.", "\"Tender Kisses\", one of her best-known ballads, hit #1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and made her the youngest female artist to receive the ASCAP songwriter of the year award in 1992.", "The other singles, \"This Time Make It Funky\" and \"Love Me\", charted relatively well on The Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.", "Spencer served on the board of the Children's Defense Fund as a teen and was given the Martin Luther King Christian Leadership Award for being a positive role model to youth and traveling across the US and abroad as part of a \"Stay In School\" program.", "Spencer made a guest appearance on the hit ABC sitcom, \"Family Matters\" as well as commercials, in 1993 and recorded the song \"I'll Be There for You\" for the 1997 film, \"Good Burger\", \"The Rain\" for \"Down in the Delta\", and \"Girlfight\", starring Michelle Rodriguez.", "Spencer also modeled for Tommy Hilfiger, Chanel, and Dollhouse, which led to her being a part of New York City and Los Angeles' fashion weeks during 1999 and 2000, being styled by Derek Khan, being signed to \"NEXT\" modeling agency and appearing in numerous magazines.", "On June 29, 1999, Spencer released \"Tracie\", which featured the singles \"It's All About You (Not About Me)\" and \"Still in My Heart\".", "Beginning in the early–2000s, Spencer started singing background vocals on hip-hop songs for rappers such as Kanye West (\"Slow Jamz\" and \"Never Let Me Down\" from \"The College Dropout\"), 50 Cent (\"Back Down\" from \"Get Rich Or Die Tryin'\"), and Eve as well as songwriting for other artist's projects.", "Spencer acted in the short film, \"A Tale of Two Sisters\"; in 2004 and in 2006, she performed in a play called \"Choices\" in Los Angeles, California.", "Spencer married following the release of her last studio album and has since changed her last name.", "For years, it was rumored Spencer was married to one of the producers of Soulshock and Karlin although it was never confirmed.", "Soulshock was married to Brownstone member Charmayne 'Maxee' Maxwell up until her death in 2015." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 379213, "simple_article_title": "Tracie Spencer", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=379213", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-379213-0-0", "simple-379213-0-1", "simple-379213-0-2", "simple-379213-0-3", "simple-379213-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Tracie Spencer (born July 12, 1976 in Waterloo, Iowa) is an American R&B and pop singer.", "She has had several hit singles.", "Her singles are \"This House\", \"Hide & Seek\" and \"Tender Kisses\".", "Her first album, \"Tracie Spencer\", was in 1988.", "Her second album \"Make the Difference\" was in 1990." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 323167, "normal_article_title": "Airstrike", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=323167", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-323167-0-0", "normal-323167-0-1", "normal-323167-0-2", "normal-323167-0-3", "normal-323167-1-0", "normal-323167-2-0", "normal-323167-2-1", "normal-323167-2-2", "normal-323167-2-3", "normal-323167-3-0", "normal-323167-3-1", "normal-323167-3-2", "normal-323167-3-3", "normal-323167-3-4", "normal-323167-3-5", "normal-323167-3-6", "normal-323167-4-0", "normal-323167-4-1", "normal-323167-5-0", "normal-323167-5-1", "normal-323167-6-0", "normal-323167-6-1", "normal-323167-6-2", "normal-323167-7-0", "normal-323167-8-0", "normal-323167-8-1", "normal-323167-8-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "An airstrike, air strike or air raid is an offensive operation carried out by aircraft.", "Air strikes are delivered from aircraft such as blimps, balloons, fighters, bombers, ground attack aircraft, attack helicopters and drones.", "The official definition includes all sorts of targets, including enemy air targets, but in popular usage the term is usually narrowed to a tactical (small-scale) attack on a ground or naval objective as opposed to a larger, more general attack such as carpet bombing.", "Weapons used in an airstrike can range from aircraft cannon and machine gun bullets or shells, air-launched rockets, missiles, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles to various types of bombs, glide bombs and even directed-energy weapons such as lasers.", "In close air support, air strikes are usually controlled by trained observers on the ground for coordination with ground troops and intelligence in a manner derived from artillery tactics.", "On November 1, 1911, Italian aviator Second Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti dropped four bombs on two Turkish-held bases in Libya, carrying out the world's first air strike as part of the Italo-Turkish War.", "The use of air strikes was extended in World War I. For example, at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915, the British dropped bombs on German rail communications.", "The first large scale air raid occurred later in 1915, when London was bombed by 15 German Zepplin dirigibles at night.", "Since everyone was asleep, a loud warning system made sense.", "However, it was not until World War II that the Oxford English Dictionary first records usage of the term \"air strike,\" which remained two separate words for some time thereafter.", "The Second World War also saw the first development of precision-guided munitions, which were fielded successfully by the Germans, and contributed to the modern sense of air \"strike,\" a precision targeted attack as opposed to a strafing run or area bombing.", "The importance of precision targeting cannot be overstated: by some statistics, over a hundred raids were necessary to destroy a point target in World War 2; by the Persian Gulf War, the U.S. Air Force was able to release to media precise footage of television- or radar-guided bombs directly hitting the target without significant collateral damage (using, for example, the LANTIRN pod).", "Paul Fussell noted in his seminal work The Great War and Modern Memory the popular 20th century tendency to assume an errant bomb hitting a church, for example, was completely deliberate and reflective of the inherent evil of the enemy; over time, expectations for reduced collateral damage have increased to the point that developed countries engaging in war against less technologically advanced countries approach near-zero in terms of such damage.", "In the 1950s \"Malayan Emergency\", British Avro Lincoln heavy bombers, De Havilland Vampire fighter jets, Supermarine Spitfires, Bristol Brigands, De Havilland Mosquitos, and a host of other British aircraft were used in Malay as COIN aircraft.", "However, the humid climate played havoc with the Mosquito's wooden airframe, and they were soon deployed elsewhere.", "This period also marked the last combat deployment of British Spitfires.", "During the Vietnam War, airstrikes and their doctrine were adjusted to fit the jets, like the F-100 Super Sabre, F-105 Thunderchief, A-4 Skyhawk, and F-4 Phantom, which were entering the U.S.A.F and U.S.N inventory.", "These aircraft could fly faster, carry more ordinance, and defend themselves better than the F-4U Corsair and P-51 Mustang fighters that fought during the Korean War, albeit at the cost of the R&D of the aircraft itself, the weapons, and, most important to the man on the ground, fuel and loiter time, though this situation was slightly alleviated with the introduction of aircraft like the A-37 Dragonfly, A-7 Corsair II, and AC-130 gunships.", "Today, airstrike terminology has extended to the concept of the strike aircraft, what earlier generations of military aviators referred to as light bombers or attack aircraft.", "With the near-complete air supremacy enjoyed by developed nations in undeveloped regions, fighter jets can often be modified to add strike capability in a manner less practicable in earlier generations, e.g. Strike Eagle.", "Airstrikes can be carried out for strategic purposes outside of general warfare.", "Operation Opera was a single eight-ship Israeli airstrike against the Iraqi Osirak nuclear reactor, criticized by world opinion but not leading to a general outbreak of war.", "Such an example of the preventive strike has created new questions for international law.", "Airstrikes, including airstrikes by drones, were extensively used during Gulf War, War on Terror, War in Afghanistan, Iraq War, First Libyan Civil War, Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) and Yemeni Civil War (2015–present).", "Airstrike campaigns often cause the deaths of non-combatants, including civilians.", "International law apply the principles of \"military necessity\", \"distinction\", and \"proportionality\".", "These principles emphasizes that an attack must be directed towards a legitimate military target and the harm caused to non-combatant targets must be proportional to the advantage gained by such attack." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 592265, "simple_article_title": "Air raid", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=592265", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-592265-0-0", "simple-592265-1-0", "simple-592265-1-1", "simple-592265-1-2", "simple-592265-1-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "An air raid is an attack in which bombs are dropped from aircraft on to a ground or sea target.", "If the area has a civil defense system, operators may send a air raid alert to warn people.", "It may be a siren or a radio broadcast.", "People hearing the alert try to go to an air raid shelter for protection.", "The same warning system may send an \"all clear\" signal when the danger is over." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5952965, "normal_article_title": "Wally Pfister", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5952965", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5952965-0-0", "normal-5952965-0-1", "normal-5952965-0-2", "normal-5952965-0-3", "normal-5952965-0-4", "normal-5952965-1-0", "normal-5952965-1-1", "normal-5952965-1-2", "normal-5952965-1-3", "normal-5952965-1-4", "normal-5952965-2-0", "normal-5952965-2-1", "normal-5952965-2-2", "normal-5952965-2-3", "normal-5952965-3-0", "normal-5952965-3-1", "normal-5952965-3-2", "normal-5952965-3-3", "normal-5952965-3-4", "normal-5952965-4-0", "normal-5952965-4-1", "normal-5952965-4-2", "normal-5952965-5-0", "normal-5952965-5-1", "normal-5952965-5-2", "normal-5952965-5-3", "normal-5952965-5-4", "normal-5952965-6-0", "normal-5952965-6-1", "normal-5952965-6-2", "normal-5952965-6-3", "normal-5952965-6-4", "normal-5952965-7-0", "normal-5952965-7-1", "normal-5952965-8-0", "normal-5952965-8-1", "normal-5952965-8-2", "normal-5952965-9-0", "normal-5952965-9-1", "normal-5952965-9-2", "normal-5952965-10-0", "normal-5952965-11-0", "normal-5952965-11-1", "normal-5952965-11-2", "normal-5952965-11-3", "normal-5952965-11-4", "normal-5952965-11-5", "normal-5952965-11-6", "normal-5952965-12-0", "normal-5952965-12-1", "normal-5952965-12-2", "normal-5952965-13-0", "normal-5952965-13-1", "normal-5952965-14-0", "normal-5952965-15-0", "normal-5952965-16-0", "normal-5952965-17-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Walter C. Pfister, ASC (born July 8, 1961) is an American cinematographer and director, who is best known for his work with Christopher Nolan.", "Pfister won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for \"Inception\" (2010).", "Pfister is also known for his work on director F. Gary Gray's \"The Italian Job\" and Bennett Miller's \"Moneyball\".", "Pfister made his directorial debut with \"Transcendence\" (2014), through Alcon Entertainment.", "He has also directed commercials and television, including episodes of \"Flaked\" and \"The Tick\".", "Pfister was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in the New York suburb of Irvington-on-Hudson.", "He is the son of Patricia Ann (née Conway) and Walter J. Pfister, Jr.", "His grandfather was the city editor of a newspaper in Wisconsin.", "His father, also known as Wally, was a TV news producer, who began his career with CBS-TV in Chicago in 1955.", "Later, as an executive at ABC News, the elder Pfister worked with David Brinkley and Peter Jennings, covering political conventions, space flights and the civil rights movement.", "When Pfister was about 11, a film company shot scenes for \"Shamus\" (1973), featuring Burt Reynolds, in his Irvington neighborhood.", "The boy was fascinated by the crew setting up lights and cameras.", "Soon afterwards, he began shooting 8 mm home movies and short films.", "Pfister also emulated his father by shooting slides on Kodachrome film and assembling them into little shows for family and friends.", "After high school, Pfister found a job as a production assistant at a television station, WMDT-TV, in Salisbury, Maryland.", "Within a couple of months, he borrowed a CP-16 news camera and began shooting little films on weekends, including a visual essay about a Victorian house.", "\"I did these slow, little intricate moves around the architecture of the house,\" he recalls, \"cut it together with music, and showed it to the production manager.", "They made me a cameraman.", "I shot very low budget PSAs for $125 a week.\"", "Within a few months, Pfister found a job as a cameraman for a Washington news service, which provided film for TV stations around the country.", "He covered the United States Congress, the White House and breaking news from 1982 through 1985.", "In 1985 Pfister began a freelance career shooting documentaries for the PBS series \"Frontline\" and industrial videos for various Washington production companies.", "In 1988, Robert Altman came to Washington to direct a mini-series for HBO called \"Tanner '88\" (1988).", "Altman was looking for a real news cameraman to play that role in his show.", "They hired Pfister and asked him to also shoot some B-roll.", "When the producers saw his work, they brought Pfister on the show as the second unit cameraman.", "It was the first time he was exposed to acting and dramatic material.", "After that experience, Pfister enrolled at the American Film Institute.", "During his second year, he collaborated with his classmates on a short film called \"Senzeni Na?\",", ", which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1991.", "The film told the story of a man caught up in the apartheid struggle.", "Pfister drew on his documentary experience, and lit it darkly and stark, using a single light so the actor could play in and out of that source.", "Janusz Kamiński had just graduated from the AFI Conservatory, and met Pfister that year.", "He saw Pfister's film and recruited him as a grip and electrician for various projects, including a few with Phedon Papamichael.", "Roger Corman gave Pfister an opportunity to shoot pickup shots and inserts for a Papamichael film.", "It was the first time he shot 35 mm film.", "After that, Pfister handled second unit for Papamichael on \"Body Chemistry\" and also on other Corman films.", "Pfister shot \"The Unborn\", his first feature, in 1991.", "After that, he filmed an array of independent B-movies, typically on 15-day schedules.", "Many of these early films were directed by Gregory Dark.", "In 1995, Papamichael asked Pfister to operate for him on Diane Keaton's \"Unstrung Heroes\" (1995).", "In 1998, Pfister shot \"The Hi-Line\" in Montana in the dead of winter on a $300,000 budget.", "It got into the competition at Sundance Film Festival.", "There, he met Nolan, who had a film at Slamdance.", "Pfister's first collaboration with Nolan was on the neo-noir thriller \"Memento\" (2000).", "The success of this collaboration resulted in Pfister taking over as director of photography for Nolan's subsequent films: \"Insomnia\" (2002), \"Batman Begins\" (2005), \"The Prestige\" (2006), \"The Dark Knight\" (2008), which he partially shot with IMAX cameras, and \"Inception\", which was shot partially in 5-perf 65 mm.", "He is the only cinematographer that has worked with director Christopher Nolan between \"Memento\" and \"The Dark Knight Rises\", and has served as cinematographer for all of Nolan's films except for \"Following\" (1998), for which Nolan acted as cinematographer himself, \"Interstellar\" (2014), \"Dunkirk\" (2017), and \"Tenet\" (2020), in those of which he was replaced by Hoyte van Hoytema, after Pfister got the chance to direct his first film, \"Transcendence\".", "Pfister has stated that he \"turned down many projects (including several \"Harry Potter\" films), in some cases just to be available for Nolan, or to stay home with my family.\"", "Pfister has been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography four times, each time for a film directed by Nolan.", "He won an Academy Award for his work on \"Inception\" at the 83rd Academy Awards.", "He also has been nominated three times for the American Society of Cinematographers Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases, for \"Batman Begins\", \"The Dark Knight\" and \"Inception\", winning for the latter, in 2011.", "Pfister made his directorial debut with the science fiction thriller \"Transcendence\", starring Johnny Depp, which was released by Warner Bros. on April 18, 2014.", "The cast also featured Morgan Freeman, Kate Mara, Cillian Murphy, Rebecca Hall, and Paul Bettany.", "Pfister currently resides in Los Angeles, California and has three children: Nick, actress Claire Julien, and Mia.", "He is a member of the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) since 2002, and the British Society of Cinematographers (BSC) since 2011.", "The \"Batman Begins\" video game includes a character named \"Walter Pfister\".", "Academy Award for Best Cinematography" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 380719, "simple_article_title": "Wally Pfister", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=380719", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-380719-0-0", "simple-380719-0-1", "simple-380719-1-0", "simple-380719-1-1", "simple-380719-1-2", "simple-380719-1-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Walter C. \"Wally\" Pfister (born July 8, 1961) is an Academy Award-winning American cinematographer and movie director who is known for his cinematography in \"Batman Begins\", \"Memento\", \"Moneyball\", \"Insomnia\", \"The Dark Knight\", \"Inception\", and in \"The Dark Knight Rises\".", "He began his directing career in the 2014 movie \"Transcendence\".", "Pfister was born on July 8, 1961 in Chicago, Illinois.", "He was raised both in Chicago and in New York City, New York.", "Pfister was married to Anna Julien since 1992.", "They had three children." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 586055, "normal_article_title": "August Ludwig von Schlözer", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=586055", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-586055-0-0", "normal-586055-0-1", "normal-586055-1-0", "normal-586055-1-1", "normal-586055-1-2", "normal-586055-1-3", "normal-586055-1-4", "normal-586055-1-5", "normal-586055-2-0", "normal-586055-2-1", "normal-586055-2-2", "normal-586055-2-3", "normal-586055-2-4", "normal-586055-3-0", "normal-586055-3-1", "normal-586055-3-2", "normal-586055-3-3", "normal-586055-3-4", "normal-586055-3-5", "normal-586055-4-0", "normal-586055-4-1", "normal-586055-4-2", "normal-586055-4-3", "normal-586055-4-4", "normal-586055-5-0", "normal-586055-5-1", "normal-586055-5-2", "normal-586055-5-3", "normal-586055-5-4", "normal-586055-5-5", "normal-586055-6-0", "normal-586055-6-1", "normal-586055-6-2", "normal-586055-6-3", "normal-586055-6-4", "normal-586055-6-5", "normal-586055-6-6", "normal-586055-6-7", "normal-586055-6-8", "normal-586055-6-9", "normal-586055-6-10", "normal-586055-6-11", "normal-586055-7-0", "normal-586055-7-1", "normal-586055-7-2", "normal-586055-7-3", "normal-586055-7-4", "normal-586055-7-5", "normal-586055-8-0", "normal-586055-8-1", "normal-586055-8-2", "normal-586055-9-0", "normal-586055-9-1", "normal-586055-9-2", "normal-586055-10-0", "normal-586055-10-1", "normal-586055-11-0", "normal-586055-11-1", "normal-586055-11-2", "normal-586055-11-3", "normal-586055-11-4", "normal-586055-11-5", "normal-586055-11-6", "normal-586055-11-7", "normal-586055-12-0", "normal-586055-12-1", "normal-586055-12-2", "normal-586055-13-0", "normal-586055-13-1", "normal-586055-13-2", "normal-586055-13-3", "normal-586055-13-4", "normal-586055-13-5", "normal-586055-13-6" ], "normal_sentence": [ "August Ludwig von Schlözer (5 July 1735, Gaggstatt9 September 1809, Göttingen) was a German historian who laid foundations for the critical study of Russian history.", "He was a member of the Göttingen School of History.", "August Ludwig von Schlözer was born at Gaggstatt, Hohenlohe-Kirchberg (today Kirchberg an der Jagst), Württemberg.", "His father, grandfather, and great-grandfather all were Protestant clergymen.", "In 1751, he followed them and began his studies in theology in University of Wittenberg, moving in 1754 to the increasingly renowned University of Göttingen to study history.", "After his studies, in 1755 he went to work as a tutor in Stockholm, where he spent a year and a half as tutor in the family of the minister of the German congregation, and during 1756/1757 in Uppsala, studying Old Norse and Gothic with the philologist Johan Ihre, then again in Stockholm as secretary of a German merchant.", "While in Sweden he wrote an \"Essay on the General History of Trade and of Seafaring in the Most Ancient Times\" (1758, in Swedish) on Phoenicians, which together with a publication on Swedish history made him fairly well known.", "In 1759, he returned to Göttingen, where he began the study of medicine.", "In 1761, he went to St. Petersburg with Gerhardt Friedrich Müller, the Russian historiographer, as Müller's literary assistant and as tutor in his family.", "Here Schlözer learned Russian and devoted himself to the study of Russian history.", "In 1762, a quarrel with Müller placed him in a position of some difficulty from which he was delivered by an introduction to Count Rasumovski, who procured his appointment as adjunct to the Academy.", "In 1765, he was appointed by the Empress Catherine an ordinary member of the Academy and professor of Russian history.", "In 1767, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.", "In 1767, he left Russia on leave and did not return.", "He settled at Göttingen, where in 1764 he had been made \"professor extraordinarius\", and \"doctor honoris causa\" in 1766, and in 1769 he was promoted to an ordinary professorship.", "Schlözer was acknowledged a brilliant professor who drew crowds of students, among whom were Arnold Heeren, Karl Friedrich Eichhorn and Johannes von Müller.", "Schlözer had broad interests.", "He translated a pedagogical piece by the Frenchman La Chalotais in 1771, as well as a travel book about Jamaica for children and an introductory work on world history (\"Vorbereitung zur Weltgeschichte für Kinder\", 1779).", "Schlözer criticised harshly Johann Bernhard Basedow, a then famous pedagogue, for his education approach using games and for his separation of girls and boys education.", "Schlözer's activity was enormous, and he exercised great influence by his lectures as well as by his books, bringing historical study into touch with political science generally, and using his vast erudition in an attempt to solve practical questions in the state and in society.", "Schlözer was interested in politics and statistics.", "He was a proponent of John Locke and Montesquieu.", "Statistics were also important to him for their informational value for government.", "His exchange of ideas about the study of people and society with Adam F. Kollár in Vienna helped Kollár to clarify his own approach, incorporate and broaden some of Schlözer's views and eventually coin the term \"ethnology\" and provide its first definition in 1783.", "Between 1776 and 1782, he had his own political periodical: \"A.L. Schlözer's Briefwechsel meist historischen und politischen Inhalts\" (10 vols.);", "; continued between 1782 and 1793 with the name \"A.L. Schlözer's Staats-Anzeigen\" (18 vols.)", "by which he produced a strong impression.", "This periodical criticised the German government harshly, and was widely read with up to 4400 subscribers.", "It was first in German to publish the declaration of human rights in 1791.", "In 1793, the government prohibited the publication of the \"Staats-Anzeigen\".", "Schlözer was a versatile historian giving lectures on a range of issues including Oliver Cromwell, the Dutch revolution, banks, the French Revolution (already in 1790), luxury, and the history of Germans in Romania, while continuing publishing on Russian history.", "His \"Allgemeine nordische Geschichte\" (General northern history), 2 vols.", "(Halle, 1772) was long considered a reference work on Russian history.", "He translated the famous Nestor Chronicle to the year 980, 5 vols.", "1769 he started lecturing on the general world history, a topic reserved to the most educated in that time.", "The growing knowledge of other continents and the past posed a challenge to historians.", "How to compress all this information in history books in an understandable way?", "And what are the criteria for selecting and sorting information?", "In other words, scholars sought fundamental threads in history.", "Hundreds of articles and books addressed this question in the second half of the 18th century, drawing famous intellectuals including Herder and Schiller.", "Schlözer contributed to these discussions and published his \"Vorstellung einer Universalgeschichte\" in 1772.", "He continued to improve this piece in the following decades, until finalising the \"Weltgeschichte nach ihren Haupttheilen im Auszug und Zusammenhange\" (\"Main elements of world history in excerpts and context\"), 2 vols (2nd ed., Göttingen, 1792–1801).", "The \"Weltgeschichte\" (World History) provides guidance for education.", "Parts of this piece appear unfinished and it sometimes has a halting style.", "Some of its ideas are outdated.", "However, other ideas have more substance, one of which is globally applied until today as we will see in the following.", "The \"Weltgeschichte\" offers insight on the state of science at that time.", "Schlözer tackled three challenges: the scope, the topic and the structure of a global history.", "Since Schlözer opposed a strictly European perspective, the scope was the entire mankind.", "Moreover, he included all classes of society and social and cultural developments.", "The development of glass by the Phoenicians and the introduction of potatoes in Europe were more important than the names of the Chinese or German emperors.", "The central topic was development and the influence of historical events on today.", "Schlözer identified five fundamental factors for development: \"Die Lebensart bestimmt, Klima und Nahrungsart erschafft, der Herrscher zwingt, der Priester lehrt, und das Beispiel reisst fort\".", "(Schlözer, \"Weltgeschichte I\", 66) – \"The life-style determines, climate and nutrition creates, the sovereign forces, the priest teaches, and the example inspires.\"", "This classification was not new, except for setting the Middle Ages between 476 and 1492, which he as well as his colleague and rival in Göttingen Johann Christoph Gatterer suggested roughly at the same time.", "These time borders for the Middle Ages are still accepted today.", "Schlözer’s most important innovation, however, was his suggestion to count backwards from the birth of Jesus.", "An incentive for this was the growing disbelief of the biblical Creation and the then generally acknowledged creation date of 3987 BC.", "First speculations that the Sun and the Earth were perhaps created tens of thousands of years ago emerged in the 18th century.", "Schlözer's suggestion offered room for further theories about the creation of the Earth.", "Schlözer mentioned in a footnote that he adopted this idea from foreign historians, but did not reveal them.", "Whoever they were, Schlözer was the one to introduce this novel chronology into the European history, an act of tremendous importance for it was the fundamental for all ancient history.", "According to the philosopher Hannah Arendt, this new method enabled man to look back \"into an indefinite past to which one can add at will and into which we can inquire further as it stretches ahead\".", "August Ludwig von Schlözer was instrumental in abandoning Creation beliefs of our collective consciousness, more than anybody else.", "In 1804, Schlözer was ennobled by the emperor Alexander I of Russia and made a privy councillor.", "He retired from active work in 1805.", "He was much admired by the new Russian historiographer Nikolai Karamzin, while the professors Mikhail Kachenovsky and Mikhail Pogodin proclaimed themselves Schlozer's followers.", "Schlözer, who in 1769 married Caroline Roederer, daughter of Johann Georg Roederer (1726–1763), professor of medicine at Göttingen and body physician to the king of England, left five children.", "His daughter Dorothea, born on 10 August 1770, was one of the most beautiful and learned women of her time, and received in 1787 the degree of doctor.", "She was recognized as an authority on several subjects, especially on Russian coinage.", "After her marriage with Rodde, a burgomaster of Lübeck, she devoted herself to domestic duties.", "She died on 12 July 1825 (see Reuter, \"Dorothea Schlözer\", Göttingen, 1887).", "Schlözer's son Christian (1774–1831) was a professor at Bonn, and published \"Anfangsgründe der Staatswirthschaft\" (1804–1806) and his father's \"Öffentliches und Privat-Leben aus Originalurkunden\" (1828).", "The youngest son, Karl von Schlözer, a merchant and Russian consul-general at Lübeck, was the father of Kurd von Schlözer (1822–1894), the historian and diplomatist, who in 1871 was appointed German ambassador to the United States and in 1882 to the Vatican, when he was instrumental in healing the breach between Germany and the papacy caused by the May Laws." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 359099, "simple_article_title": "August Ludwig von Schlözer", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=359099", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-359099-0-0", "simple-359099-0-1", "simple-359099-1-0", "simple-359099-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "August Ludwig von Schlözer (5 July 1735 — 9 September 1809) was a German historian.", "He made many important contributions to the study of the Universal History, and particularly, the History of Russia.", "In 1804, Schlözer was ennobled and elected privy councilor by the Russian Tsar Alexander I of Russia", "His outlook about the universal history influenced historians as Nikolai Karamzin." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 34430499, "normal_article_title": "Dark Rainbow", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34430499", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-34430499-0-0", "normal-34430499-0-1", "normal-34430499-1-0", "normal-34430499-2-0", "normal-34430499-3-0", "normal-34430499-3-1", "normal-34430499-3-2", "normal-34430499-4-0", "normal-34430499-4-1", "normal-34430499-4-2", "normal-34430499-4-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Dark Rainbow is an Indian Bollywood film directed by Abhik Bhanu, starring Sara Khan and Mayur Mehta.", "It was scheduled to be released in mid-2013.", "Abhik Bhanu, who previously directed the feature film \"Sab Kuch Hai Kuch Bhi Nahin\", is the author of \"Dark Rainbow\".", "Its official launch was on 15 December 2011 with Ekta Kapoor in attendance.", "\"Dark Rainbow\" is a musical love story.", "The central character Ruhi (played by Sara Khan) is in love with a talented musician, Ranbir (Mayur Mehta).", "Rann has a band called Rainbow.", "The music is composed by music director Manoj Jain.", "He is making his Bollywood debut through this film.", "He composed seven tracks, ranging from pure classical to blues rock to soft romantic numbers.", "They will be available to the audience after the official music launch." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 619252, "simple_article_title": "Dark Rainbow", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=619252", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-619252-0-0", "simple-619252-0-1", "simple-619252-0-2", "simple-619252-1-0", "simple-619252-1-1", "simple-619252-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Dark Rainbow is an Indian Bollywood Movie, Directed by Abhik Bhanu.", "Starring Sara Khan And Mayur Mehta, it was scheduled to be released mid-2014.", "It's official launch was on 15 December 2011 with Ekta Kapoor in attendance.", "Dark Rainbow is a musical love story.", "The central character Ruhi (played by Sara Khan) is in love with a talented musician, Ranbir (played by Mayur Mehta).", "Rann has a band called Rainbow." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 576862, "normal_article_title": "Prospecting", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=576862", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-576862-0-0", "normal-576862-0-1", "normal-576862-1-0", "normal-576862-2-0", "normal-576862-2-1", "normal-576862-2-2", "normal-576862-3-0", "normal-576862-3-1", "normal-576862-4-0", "normal-576862-4-1", "normal-576862-5-0", "normal-576862-5-1", "normal-576862-5-2", "normal-576862-6-0", "normal-576862-6-1", "normal-576862-6-2", "normal-576862-7-0", "normal-576862-7-1", "normal-576862-7-2", "normal-576862-8-0", "normal-576862-8-1", "normal-576862-9-0", "normal-576862-10-0", "normal-576862-10-1", "normal-576862-11-0", "normal-576862-12-0", "normal-576862-13-0", "normal-576862-13-1", "normal-576862-13-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Prospecting is the first stage of the geological analysis (second – exploration) of a territory.", "It is the physical search for minerals, fossils, precious metals or mineral specimens, and is also known as fossicking.", "Prospecting is a small-scale form of mineral exploration which is an organised, large scale effort undertaken by commercial mineral companies to find commercially viable ore deposits.", "Prospecting is physical labour, involving traversing (traditionally on foot or on horseback), panning, sifting and outcrop investigation, looking for signs of mineralisation.", "In some areas a prospector must also make claims, meaning they must erect posts with the appropriate placards on all four corners of a desired land they wish to prospect and register this claim before they may take samples.", "In other areas publicly held lands are open to prospecting without staking a mining claim.", "The traditional methods of prospecting involved combing through the countryside, often through creek beds and along ridgelines and hilltops, often on hands and knees looking for signs of mineralisation in the outcrop.", "In the case of gold, all streams in an area would be panned at the appropriate trap sites looking for a show of 'colour' or gold in the river trail.", "Once a small occurrence or \"show\" was found, it was then necessary to intensively work the area with pick and shovel, and often via the addition of some simple machinery such as a sluice box, races and winnows, to work the loose soil and rock looking for the appropriate materials (in this case, gold).", "For most base metal shows, the rock would have been mined by hand and crushed on site, the ore separated from the gangue by hand.", "Often, these shows were short-lived, exhausted and abandoned quite soon, requiring the prospector to move onwards to the next and hopefully bigger and better show.", "Occasionally, though, the prospector would strike it rich and be joined by other prospectors and larger-scale mining would take place.", "Although these are thought of as \"old\" prospecting methods, these techniques are still used today but usually coupled with more advanced techniques such as geophysical magnetic or gravity surveys.", "In most countries in the 19th and early 20th century, it was very unlikely that a prospector would retire rich even if he was the one who found the greatest of lodes.", "For instance Patrick (Paddy) Hannan, who discovered the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie, died without receiving anywhere near a fraction of the value of the gold contained in the lodes.", "The same story repeated at Bendigo, Ballarat, Klondike and California.", "In the United States and Canada prospectors were lured by the promise of gold, silver, and other precious metals.", "They traveled across the mountains of the American West, carrying picks, shovels and gold pans.", "The majority of early prospectors had no training and relied mainly on luck to discover deposits.", "Other gold rushes occurred in Papua New Guinea, Australia at least four times, and in South Africa and South America.", "In all cases, the gold rush was sparked by idle prospecting for gold and minerals which, when the prospector was successful, generated 'gold fever' and saw a wave of prospectors comb the countryside.", "Modern prospectors today rely on training, the study of geology, and prospecting technology.", "Knowledge of previous prospecting in an area helps in determining location of new prospective areas.", "Prospecting includes geological mapping, rock assay analysis, and sometimes the intuition of the prospector.", "Metal detectors are invaluable for gold prospectors, as they are quite effective at detecting gold nuggets within the soil down to around 1 metre (3 feet), depending on the acuity of the operator's hearing and skill.", "Magnetic separators may be useful in separating the magnetic fraction of a heavy mineral sand from the nonmagnetic fraction, which may assist in the panning or sieving of gold from the soil or stream.", "Prospecting pickaxes are used to scrape at rocks and minerals, obtaining small samples that can be tested for trace amounts of ore.", "Modern prospecting pickaxes are also sometimes equipped with magnets, to aid in the gathering of ferromagnetic ores.", "Prospecting pickaxes are usually equipped with a triangular head, with a very sharp point." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 109504, "simple_article_title": "Prospecting", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=109504", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-109504-0-0", "simple-109504-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Prospecting is the physical search for minerals, fossils, precious metals or mineral specimens.", "It is also known as fossicking or, on a large scale, as mineral exploration." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 8910827, "normal_article_title": "Type rating", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8910827", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-8910827-0-0", "normal-8910827-0-1", "normal-8910827-0-2", "normal-8910827-0-3", "normal-8910827-0-4", "normal-8910827-0-5", "normal-8910827-1-0", "normal-8910827-1-1", "normal-8910827-1-2", "normal-8910827-1-3", "normal-8910827-1-4", "normal-8910827-2-0", "normal-8910827-3-0", "normal-8910827-3-1", "normal-8910827-4-0", "normal-8910827-4-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A type rating is a regulating agency's certification of an airplane pilot to fly a certain aircraft type that requires additional training beyond the scope of the initial license and aircraft class training.", "What aircraft require a type rating is decided by the local aviation authority.", "In many countries pilots of single-engined aircraft under a certain maximum weight (5,700 kg or 12,500 lb, typically) do not require a type rating for each model, all or most such aircraft being covered by one class rating instead.", "There are exceptions to this, e.g. under the European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) regulations the piston version of the Piper Malibu does require its own type rating.", "In New Zealand and South Africa there is no class rating, each aircraft model requiring its own rating.", "Countries which have adopted the class rating system for small aircraft typically require additional training and license endorsement for complexity features such as conventional undercarriage (tailwheels), variable-pitch propellers, retractable undercarriage, etc.", "Starting in 2006, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States requires co-pilots (second-in-command, or SIC) to have a 'SIC Type Rating' for aircraft requiring a crew of two, and otherwise requires a type rating to act as pilot-in-command (PIC) to fly internationally, or over international airspace.", "This is in order to remain compliant with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).", "This is outlined in Code of Federal Regulations Title 14 §61.55 (14 CFR 61.55).", "Such a type rating is \"not\" required for operations completely within the United States.", "Obtaining a SIC Type Ratings is significantly less rigorous than obtaining a 'full' or Pilot in command (PIC) type rating.", "An instrument rating is required for some type ratings.", "In the United States some type ratings can be issued with a \"visual flight rules (VFR) only\" limitation when the type rating checkride was conducted without instrument flight rules (IFR) approaches or operations, but only VFR maneuvers and procedures.", "This is most typical in older aircraft (i.e. Ford Trimotor, N-B25, B17, etc.)", "Many commercial aircraft share type ratings, allowing qualified pilots to operate both of them with minimal transition training.", "Examples include the Boeing 757 and Boeing 767, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787, Airbus A330 and Airbus A340, and all of the members of the A320 family (the A318, A319, A320, and A321)." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 347804, "simple_article_title": "Type rating", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347804", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-347804-0-0", "simple-347804-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A type rating is an authorization to fly a certain aircraft type that requires additional training.", "What aircraft require a type rating is decided by the local civil aviation authority." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 695545, "normal_article_title": "Thee Michelle Gun Elephant", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=695545", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-695545-0-0", "normal-695545-1-0", "normal-695545-1-1", "normal-695545-1-2", "normal-695545-1-3", "normal-695545-1-4", "normal-695545-1-5", "normal-695545-1-6", "normal-695545-2-0", "normal-695545-2-1", "normal-695545-3-0", "normal-695545-4-0", "normal-695545-5-0", "normal-695545-6-0", "normal-695545-7-0", "normal-695545-7-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Thee Michelle Gun Elephant (often abbreviated to TMGE) was a Japanese garage rock band formed in 1991.", "The band was formed in 1991, while Chiba, Ueno, and Kuhara were students at Tokyo's Meiji Gakuin University.", "They later drew influence from The Roosters.", "Their unusual name originated when a friend mispronounced the title of an early jam session recording; featuring cover songs of Thee Headcoats (one of the band's main influences) and from The Damned's album, \"Machine Gun Etiquette\".", "Some years later Futoshi Abe joined the band.", "After an independently released EP in 1995, they signed to Nippon Columbia's Triad label, releasing the album \"Cult Grass Stars\" in 1996, followed later that year by \"High Time\", the band enjoying chart success in their home country.", "\"Chicken Zombies\" (1997) gave them a top five hit.", "The band's 1998 album \"Gear Blues\" was the first to be released in the US (in 2000).", "The band announced that they would break up on October 11, 2003, after their \"Last Heaven\" tour of Japan.", "On July 22, 2009, the guitarist Futoshi Abe died of an acute hematoma.", "The majority of the band's songs have English titles, which often appear to be a random selection of words cobbled together - 'Pinhead Cranberry Dance', for example.", "The lyrics are almost entirely Japanese, with the odd English phrase or word thrown in.", "All four members have had other musical projects or played with other bands both while in TMGE and after its break-up.", "Futoshi Abe (died 2009)", "TMGE have released a number of live and PV DVDs.", "A box set of some of these were due to be released by Universal in January 2010, consisting of 10 discs under the title of 'THEE LIVE'." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 140745, "simple_article_title": "Thee Michelle Gun Elephant", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140745", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-140745-0-0", "simple-140745-0-1", "simple-140745-0-2", "simple-140745-0-3", "simple-140745-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Thee Michelle Gun Elephant (or TMGE) was a Japanese punk band.", "The band was started in 1991 when the members were students at a university near Tokyo.", "They released their first big label album in 1995.", "TMGE has released a total of 16 singles and 8 albums.", "In October 2003, the band said they were breaking up." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1308988, "normal_article_title": "2006 Atlantic hurricane season", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1308988", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1308988-0-0", "normal-1308988-0-1", "normal-1308988-0-2", "normal-1308988-0-3", "normal-1308988-1-0", "normal-1308988-1-1", "normal-1308988-1-2", "normal-1308988-1-3", "normal-1308988-1-4", "normal-1308988-1-5", "normal-1308988-2-0", "normal-1308988-3-0", "normal-1308988-3-1", "normal-1308988-3-2", "normal-1308988-4-0", "normal-1308988-4-1", "normal-1308988-4-2", "normal-1308988-4-3", "normal-1308988-5-0", "normal-1308988-5-1", "normal-1308988-6-0", "normal-1308988-7-0", "normal-1308988-7-1", "normal-1308988-8-0", "normal-1308988-8-1", "normal-1308988-9-0", "normal-1308988-9-1", "normal-1308988-10-0", "normal-1308988-10-1", "normal-1308988-10-2", "normal-1308988-11-0", "normal-1308988-11-1", "normal-1308988-11-2", "normal-1308988-11-3", "normal-1308988-11-4", 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"normal_sentence": [ "The 2006 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active since 1997 as well as the first season since 2001 in which no hurricanes made landfall in the United States, and was the first since 1994 in which no tropical cyclones formed during October.", "Following the intense activity of 2005, forecasters predicted that the 2006 season would be only slightly less active.", "Instead activity was slowed by a rapidly forming moderate El Niño event, the presence of the Saharan Air Layer over the tropical Atlantic, and the steady presence of a robust secondary high-pressure area to the Azores high centered on Bermuda.", "There were no tropical cyclones after October 2.", "Tropical Storm Alberto was indirectly responsible for two deaths when it made landfall in Florida.", "Hurricane Ernesto caused heavy rainfall in Haiti, and directly killed at least seven in Haiti and the United States.", "Four hurricanes formed after Ernesto, including the strongest storms of the season, Hurricanes Helene and Gordon.", "In total, the season was responsible for 14 deaths and $500 million (2006 USD; $ USD) in damage.", "The calendar year 2006 also saw Tropical Storm Zeta, which arose in December 2005 and persisted until early January, only the second such event on record.", "The storm can be considered a part of the 2005 and 2006 seasons, although it occurred outside the June 1 – November 30 period during which most Atlantic basin tropical cyclones form.", "Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts Philip J. Klotzbach, Dr. William M. Gray, and their associates at Colorado State University; and separately by NOAA forecasters.", "Klotzbach's team (formerly led by Gray) has defined the average number of storms per season (1950–2000) as 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, and 2.3 major hurricanes (storms exceeding Category 3 strength in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).", "A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has 6–14 named storms, with 4–8 of those reaching hurricane strength, and 1–3 major hurricanes.", "On December 5, 2005, Klotzbach's team issued its initial extended-range forecast for the 2006 season, predicting an above average of 17 named storms, nine of them hurricanes, and five classified as Category 3 intensity or higher.", "As in the 2005 season, the team predicted it was highly probable that at least one major hurricane would directly impact the United States.", "The forecast suggested an 81% probability that at least one major hurricane would strike the U.S. mainland, a 64% chance of at least one major hurricane striking the East Coast of the United States (including the Florida peninsula), and a 47% chance of at least one major hurricane striking the Gulf Coast of the United States from the Florida Panhandle westward.", "The team also predicted that the potential for major hurricane activity in the Caribbean was above average.", "A few months later, on April 4, 2006, CSU issued another forecast confirming its December predictions.", "On May 22, 2006, NOAA released its pre-season forecast for the 2006 season.", "The prediction was for 13–16 named storms, 8–10 of those becoming hurricanes, and 4–6 becoming major hurricanes.", "On May 31, 2006, Klotzbach's team released its final pre-season forecast for 2006, confirming its earlier prediction.", "On August 3, 2006, Klotzbach's team lowered its season estimate to 15 named storms, with 7 becoming hurricanes and 3 becoming major hurricanes, noting that conditions had become less favorable for storms than they had been earlier in the year.", "The sea-level pressure and trade wind strength in the tropical Atlantic were reported to be above normal, while sea surface temperature anomalies were on a decreasing trend.", "On August 8, 2006, NOAA revised its season estimate to 12–15 named storms, with 7–9 becoming hurricanes, and 3–4 becoming major hurricanes.", "The reduction was attributed to less favorable environmental conditions, a decrease in La Niña conditions, and the lack of a \"very persistent upper-level ridge pattern over the eastern U.S. and western Atlantic.\"", "On September 1, Klotzbach's team also revised its season estimate, to 13 named storms, 5 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, citing a larger volume of the Saharan Air Layer and an El Niño trend in the Pacific.", "The team again reduced the number of tropical storms expected for the season a month later, on October 3, with an updated forecast of 11 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, citing the ongoing El Niño.", "Tropical Storm Zeta formed on December 30, 2005, and lasted until January 6, 2006.", "Although the majority of its existence was spent in 2006, it is officially a storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season because that is the year in which it formed.", "Zeta joined Hurricane Alice as only the second North Atlantic tropical cyclone in recorded history to span two calendar years.", "The season started on June 1, 2006, and officially ended on November 30, 2006.", "These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.", "Ten days into the start of the season, Tropical Storm Alberto developed in the Caribbean Sea, and after four months of activity, Hurricane Isaac dissipated on October 3 south of Newfoundland.", "Compared to the devastating 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, 2006 was not severe in terms of deaths and damage.", "Three tropical storms made landfall in the United States.", "The first of them, Tropical Storm Alberto, made landfall in Florida with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), causing flooding and light damage.", "Tropical Storm Beryl made landfall on Nantucket, but left little impact.", "The third and more significant storm was Hurricane Ernesto, which killed two people in Virginia and two in Florida, as well as causing $500 million in damage (2006 USD).", "During the season, only one tropical cyclone in the Atlantic – Alberto – affected Mexico.", "Canada was affected by several tropical cyclones during 2006, including Alberto, the unnamed storm, Beryl, Florence, and Isaac.", "On June 20, an upper-level disturbance formed east of the Bahamas and moved westward across the islands.", "Between June 24 and 26, areas of convection developed occasionally, and a low-level disturbance formed.", "The system turned northward and upon reaching the Gulf Stream on June 27, it began to mature.", "It made landfall near Morehead City, North Carolina and moved northeastward along the U.S. East Coast.", "The storm contributed to severe and deadly flooding in the Mid-Atlantic States.", "While the NHC did not operationally classify it, data from reconnaissance aircraft, NEXRAD weather radar, and surface observations suggest it may have met the criteria for a tropical cyclone.", "The National Hurricane Center's pre-season activity outlook predicted 13–16 named storms, 8–10 hurricanes and 4–6 major hurricanes.", "They also predicted a high risk of at least one major hurricane strike to the Southeast United States.", "In the event, only ten storms formed during the season, the lowest number since the 1997 season, when there were seven.", "Five of the ten storms developed into hurricanes— the lowest number since 2002– only two attained major hurricane status, tying with 2002 for the fewest since 1997.", "Only one named storm was observed during October, the lowest number since 1994, when none were seen during that month.", "Additionally, only three named storms made landfall in the United States, the fewest since 2001.", "Because of several factors, including a rapidly forming El Niño event, the Saharan Air Layer over the tropical Atlantic and the presence of a high-pressure area to the Azores high situated near Bermuda, it contributed to a below average season.", "Also, sea surface temperatures in the western Atlantic were just at or slightly below average.", "In contrast, sea surface temperatures during the 2005 season were well above average.", "Overall, the season's activity was reflected with a low cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 79.", "ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs.", "ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength.", "Subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total.", "On June 10, an area of disturbed weather associated with a broad low-pressure area off the coast of Belize organized over the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea into the first tropical depression of the season.", "It dropped light rainfall in Mexico, with a 24-hour total peaking at 4 inches (100 mm) in Peto, Yucatán.", "Southwesterly vertical wind shear initially prevented significant development, but as it moved closer to Florida, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm on June 11.", "Passing over the warm, deep water of the Loop Current allowed accelerated development, and the cyclone reached its peak winds of 70 mph (115 km/h), just shy of hurricane strength.", "Subsequent weakening occurred as it moved over the cooler waters of the continental shelf, and Alberto made landfall near Adams Beach, Florida, on June 14 with winds of about 45 mph .", "Losing its tropical characteristics, Alberto moved northeastward and produced heavy rainfall in South Carolina and North Carolina.", "The remnants tracked off the East Coast and transitioned into a powerful extratropical storm which affected Nova Scotia with high winds, heavy rain, and rough surf, leaving four fisherman missing offshore.", "Alberto caused record rainfall in North Carolina, peaking at eight inches (200 mm).", "In Florida, two people died, and damage was estimated at $250,000 (2006 USD).", "Later, the storm left four sailors missing about 230 miles (370 km) south of Nova Scotia.", "A cold front exited the eastern United States on July 13 and subsequently stalled over the western Atlantic Ocean.", "It decayed and dissipated, leaving behind two areas of low pressure.", "The southern area near North Carolina became Tropical Storm Beryl, and the northern system became an extratropical low on July 16, south-southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts.", "Moving northeastward over warm waters, the system separated itself from the dissipating front later that day.", "Convection developed near the center, and the system transitioned into a tropical depression early on July 17, about 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts.", "Accelerating northeastward, the depression intensified into a tropical storm six hours later.", "Banding features became prominent, and after continued strengthening, the storm attained peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) late on July 17, while located about 245 miles (395 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia.", "Shortly thereafter, the storm encountered much cooler water temperatures after leaving the Gulf Stream.", "The storm quickly weakened as the convection rapidly diminished, and on July 18, degenerated into a non-convective remnant low.", "The remnants crossed Newfoundland, before turning to the east-northeast and dissipating on July 19.", "The storm greatly weakened prior to moving across Newfoundland, and as a result, its impact was minimal.", "Operationally, the storm was considered as a non-tropical gale, connected to a cold front.", "However, a post-season analysis provided enough evidence of tropical characteristics, indicating no frontal features and no cold air intrusion at the time of peak winds.", "Observations analyzed the storm as having a symmetric warm-core, whereas in real time it was considered subtropical.", "The National Hurricane Center officially re-classified the system as an unnamed tropical storm on December 15, 2006.", "The same frontal system that developed the previous system spawned another low-pressure area east of North Carolina.", "On July 18, it developed into a tropical depression, and with associated deep convection, the storm organized sufficiently to be upgraded to Tropical Storm Beryl on July 19.", "It tracked northeast and passed over Nantucket before dissipating southwest of Nova Scotia on July 21.", "Waves along the southern coast of Nantucket reached 10 ft in height as the storm approached the island, resulting in four people being rescued by lifeguards from rip currents.", "The remnants of Tropical Storm Beryl dropped moderate precipitation in Atlantic Canada, with totals of up to 3.5 inches (88 mm); in some locations 1 inch (25 mm) of rain fell in an hour.", "Moderate winds were reported along its path, which peaked at 60 mph (96 km/h) in southern Nova Scotia.", "By late July, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and traversed the Atlantic Ocean.", "The associated convection organized and became a tropical depression on August 1 about 160 miles (260 km) east of Antigua.", "The depression tracked westward and soon intensified into Tropical Storm Chris before reaching peak winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) northeast of the United States Virgin Islands.", "The storm was forecast to strengthen further and become a hurricane as it moved into the Bahamas.", "However, Chris began to be affected by wind shear and became disorganized.", "The storm weakened to a tropical depression on August 4, and dissipated as it approached the Cuban coast on August 5.", "The storm's effects were limited to moderate rainfall in Hispaniola and Cuba.", "Cruise lines such as Royal Caribbean re-routed their ships to avoid the storm.", "In Puerto Rico, rainfall from the storm caused the Fajardo River to overflow its banks.", "The overflown waters temporarily closed a highway in the northeastern portion of the island.", "Rainfall reached up to 2 inches (50 mm) across portions of Hispaniola, the Turks and Caicos, the Bahamas, and eastern Cuba, and reached 4 inches (100 mm) in some mountainous areas.", "On August 20 a tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa for the Atlantic Ocean.", "Immediately following, the wave developed convective banding and a broad circulation.", "At 1800 UTC on August 21, a tropical depression formed to the south-southeast of the Cape Verde Islands.", "The depression was a large, well-organized system, and tracking west-northwestward it intensified into Tropical Storm Debby on August 23.", "Later on August 23, the storm attained peak winds of 50 mph , which it maintained for about two days.", "However, Debby entered a dry and stable air mass and deteriorated in organization.", "An upper-level trough increased southerly wind shear and displaced the convection from the center.", "The cyclone began to weaken, and on August 26 Debby weakened to a tropical depression before degenerating into a remnant low.", "The circulation lasted another two days.", "Hurricane Ernesto originated from a tropical wave which moved off the coast of Africa on August 18.", "The wave progressed westward and reached the Western Atlantic, spawning a tropical depression on August 24 near the Windward Islands.", "It moved west-northwestward through the Caribbean Sea and intensified into Tropical Storm Ernesto on August 25.", "The storm briefly attained hurricane status on August 27 to the southwest of Haiti, before land interaction caused weakening.", "Ernesto made landfall near Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, early in the morning on August 28 as a tropical storm.", "At one point the storm was predicted to become a major hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico and threaten parts of the Gulf Coast.", "However, Ernesto moved much farther east than anticipated, and made landfall as a tropical storm on the southern tip of Florida on August 29.", "Ernesto retained tropical storm strength as it crossed Florida and emerged from land near Cape Canaveral, and was just below hurricane strength when it made landfall again in North Carolina on August 31.", "Ernesto transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Virginia on September 1, which ultimately dissipated over Quebec on September 4.", "Early in its duration, Ernesto killed five people in Haiti from rainfall.", "Later, two people died in Florida in traffic accidents due to slick roads.", "Damage was heaviest in Virginia, where heavy rains left severe flooding.", "Damage in the United States was estimated at $500 million (2006 USD).", "Hurricane Florence originated on September 3 from the complex merging of two tropical waves, creating one large low-pressure area.", "The disturbance moved westward and became a tropical depression in the open waters of the Atlantic.", "On September 5, it organized further and was upgraded into Tropical Storm Florence.", "With a disorganized structure and multiple circulation centers, Florence remained a weak tropical storm for several days, even after external conditions became favorable for strengthening.", "Florence tracked west-northwest and intensified into a hurricane on September 10 while south of Bermuda.", "The storm passed just to the east of Bermuda as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale as it reached its peak intensity of 90 mph (145 km/h).", "It moved north before losing its tropical characteristics and passing over the Canadian Maritimes as a strong extratropical storm.", "Large swells, rip tide, and undertow were reported on Bermuda, the Leeward Islands, the Virgin Islands, and Hispaniola.", "Florence affected Bermuda with wind gusts up to 115 mph (185 km/h) and heavy rain which left 23,000 houses without electricity.", "In all, the storm caused $200,000 (2006 USD; $ USD) in damage.", "Florence then brought heavy rains across Newfoundland as an extratropical storm, destroying one house and causing minor damage to several others.", "There were no fatalities as a result of the hurricane.", "A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 1.", "The wave tracked westward across the Atlantic for several days until it reached an area of relaxed wind shear and its associated low-pressure area organized into a tropical depression.", "It moved east-northeast and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gordon on September 11, while located over the open waters of the Atlantic.", "Gordon turned north, and became a hurricane on September 13.", "It intensified to Category 3 status on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale and reached its peak intensity of 120 mph (195 km/h) on September 14.", "Tracking northward, it began to lose tropical characteristics.", "On September 20, the system affected Britain with high winds and heavy rain as an extratropical cyclone.", "During Gordon's passage through Britain, 120,000 homes were left without power after winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) affected the country.", "On September 11, a vigorous tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa.", "The wave organized rapidly and spawned a tropical depression to the south-southeast of Cape Verde.", "On September 14, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Helene while tracking west-northwest.", "Helene continued to intensify and was upgraded to a hurricane on September 16.", "The storm began to execute a northward track, and reached Category 3 hurricane status on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale on September 18, before reaching its peak intensity of 120 mph (195 km/h).", "It started to weaken when it reached the cold waters of the North Atlantic, and Helene dissipated on September 20, without having had major effects on land other than moderate wind gusts in the British Isles.", "Hurricane Isaac originated in a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on September 18.", "The wave tracked west, produced a tropical depression, and became a tropical storm on September 28.", "Isaac moved north-northwest and was upgraded to a hurricane on September 30.", "It turned north and reached its peak intensity of 85 mph (135 km/h) before weakening and brushing Nova Scotia.", "Isaac produced moderate winds on land in Newfoundland, peaking at 60 mph (96 km/h) with a sustained wind of 46 mph (74 km/h) was recorded.", "The following names were used for storm names in the North Atlantic in 2006.", "This is the same list used in the 2000 season except for Kirk, which replaced Keith.", "No storm was given a previously unused name, for the first time since the 1993 season.", "It was the first hurricane season since the 1997 season that no Atlantic names were retired.", "The same list was used for the 2012 season.", "Due to the record-breaking activity from 2005, the World Meteorological Organization determined at its annual meeting in the spring of 2006 to again use names from the Greek alphabet, starting with Alpha, if the main list should become exhausted.", "This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season.", "It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damages, and death totals.", "Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm.", "Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2006 USD." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 38419, "simple_article_title": "2006 Atlantic hurricane season", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38419", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-38419-0-0", "simple-38419-0-1", "simple-38419-0-2", "simple-38419-0-3", "simple-38419-0-4", "simple-38419-1-0", "simple-38419-1-1", "simple-38419-2-0", "simple-38419-2-1", "simple-38419-3-0", "simple-38419-3-1", "simple-38419-3-2", "simple-38419-4-0", "simple-38419-4-1", "simple-38419-4-2", "simple-38419-4-3", "simple-38419-4-4", "simple-38419-4-5", "simple-38419-4-6", "simple-38419-4-7", "simple-38419-4-8", "simple-38419-4-9", "simple-38419-4-10", "simple-38419-4-11", "simple-38419-4-12", "simple-38419-4-13", "simple-38419-5-0", "simple-38419-5-1", "simple-38419-5-2", "simple-38419-5-3", "simple-38419-5-4", "simple-38419-5-5", "simple-38419-5-6", "simple-38419-5-7", "simple-38419-5-8", "simple-38419-5-9", "simple-38419-6-0", "simple-38419-6-1", "simple-38419-6-2", "simple-38419-6-3", "simple-38419-6-4", "simple-38419-6-5", "simple-38419-6-6", "simple-38419-6-7", "simple-38419-6-8", "simple-38419-6-9", "simple-38419-6-10", "simple-38419-6-11", "simple-38419-7-0", "simple-38419-7-1", "simple-38419-7-2", "simple-38419-8-0", "simple-38419-8-1", "simple-38419-8-2", "simple-38419-8-3", "simple-38419-9-0", "simple-38419-9-1", "simple-38419-9-2", "simple-38419-9-3", "simple-38419-9-4", "simple-38419-10-0", "simple-38419-10-1", "simple-38419-10-2", "simple-38419-10-3", "simple-38419-10-4", "simple-38419-10-5", "simple-38419-10-6", "simple-38419-10-7", "simple-38419-10-8", "simple-38419-11-0", "simple-38419-11-1", "simple-38419-11-2", "simple-38419-11-3", "simple-38419-12-0", "simple-38419-12-1", "simple-38419-12-2", "simple-38419-12-3", "simple-38419-12-4", "simple-38419-12-5", "simple-38419-12-6", "simple-38419-12-7", "simple-38419-12-8", "simple-38419-12-9", "simple-38419-12-10", "simple-38419-12-11", "simple-38419-12-12", "simple-38419-12-13", "simple-38419-12-14", "simple-38419-12-15", "simple-38419-12-16", "simple-38419-13-0", "simple-38419-13-1", "simple-38419-13-2", "simple-38419-13-3", "simple-38419-14-0", "simple-38419-14-1", "simple-38419-15-0", "simple-38419-15-1", "simple-38419-15-2", "simple-38419-16-0", "simple-38419-16-1", "simple-38419-17-0", "simple-38419-17-1", "simple-38419-17-2", "simple-38419-18-0", "simple-38419-18-1", "simple-38419-18-2", "simple-38419-18-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The 2006 Atlantic hurricane season was an annual event in the yearly cycle of tropical cyclones.", "It officially started on June 1, 2006, and lasted until November 30, 2006.", "Ten tropical storms formed during the season.", "Five became hurricanes, and one tropical storm did not have a name.", "It Affected USA State Of Florida", "This season was unusual in that no hurricanes made landfall in the United States of America.", "One tropical storm, Tropical Storm Zeta from the 2005 season, continued into January, which was the second time on record that a tropical cyclone existed in two calendar years.", "Because of the super-active 2005 season, forecasts and meteorologist thought that the 2006 season would also be very active, but not as active as 2005.", "However, an El Niño event, combined with the presence of the Saharan Air Layer over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, contributed to a slow season and forcing all tropical cyclones to dissipate after October 2.", "On June 10, an area of thunderstorms became the year's first tropical depression.", "This storm moved closer to Florida, and the depression became a tropical storm on the morning of June 11.", "In the Gulf of Mexico, warm waters helped the storm to grow in strength, but it weakened slightly over the cooler waters near the coast of the United States.", "Alberto crossed the coast about 50 miles southeast of Tallahassee, Florida on June 13.", "Parts of Cedar Key and Crystal River were flooded from the high sea waves associated with Alberto.", "Because Alberto was big in size, it took a long time to weaken over Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina.", "Alberto moved to the northeast, as it changed from a tropical cyclone to an extratropical cyclone.", "As an extratropical storm, Alberto quickly became stronger while off the New England coast.", "Damage in the United States was about $565,000.", "One tropical storm formed in July off the United States coast.", "It was not identified as a storm at the time, therefore, the storm did not have a name.", "It was identified as a tropical storm when a close review was taken at the end of 2006.", "If it was identified at the time it would have been named Beryl.", "In the middle of July, a series of low pressure areas formed off the United States.", "The southern-most low slowly moved to the south as it became more organized a few hundred miles east of the North Carolina coast.", "On the morning of July 18, the low pressure area became the second tropical depression of the season, more than a month after Tropical Storm Alberto existed.", "That afternoon, the depression became Tropical Storm Beryl.", "Beryl continued moving to the north until it turned to the northeast on July 20.", "Beryl moved parallel to the East Coast of the United States and crossed over Nantucket Island, before becoming extratropical southwest of Nova Scotia on July 21.", "On about July 26, a large and well-organized tropical wave formed off the coast of Africa and slowly moved westward.", "It slowly developed due to poor environmental conditions and it became a tropical depression late on 31 July about 160 mi east of Antigua.", "The depression soon strengthened further and was named Tropical Storm Chris six hours later.", "National Hurricane Center forecasters dismissed some computer models, which dissipated Chris quickly, as they did not have a handle on the strength of the storm.", "Tropical Storm Chris moved to the northwest and slowly strengthened before reaching its peak strength on August 2 with winds of 65 mph, when it was to the northeast of the United States Virgin Islands.", "The storm was forecast to strengthen further and become a hurricane as it moved into the Bahamas and thus into the Gulf of Mexico.", "However, Chris began to be affected by strong wind shear and became disorganized.", "The storm weakened to a tropical depression on August 4, and dissipated as it approached the Cuban coast.", "In response and some fear to the storm's projected path into the Gulf of Mexico, prices for crude oil rose on the New York Mercantile Exchange at branch offices in London.", "Natural gas prices rose considerably in New York Mercantile Exchange electronic trading on August 2.", "Anticipation of a threat to supply by a potential Hurricane Chris coupled with high demand during an ongoing heat wave are cited as reasons for the price move.", "Also, numerous oil rigs were closed and ditched in response to the storm for the fear of Hurricane Katrina a year earlier.", "On August 2 approximately 600 tourists evacuated the Puerto Rican islands of Vieques and Culebra as tropical storm warnings had been issued.", "Cruise lines such as Royal Caribbean re-routed their ships to avoid the storm.", "In Puerto Rico, rainfall from the storm caused the Fajardo River to overflow its banks.", "The overflown waters temporarily closed a highway in the northeastern portion of the island.", "Rainfall reached up to 2 inches (50 mm) across portions of Hispaniola, the Turks and Caicos, the Bahamas, and eastern Cuba, and reached 4 inches (100 mm) in some mountainous areas.", "A tropical system off the coast of Africa, which the National Hurricane Center was monitoring for several days, was upgraded to tropical depression status on August 21 and designated as Tropical Depression Four.", "Consequently, a tropical storm warning was immediately issued for the Cape Verde islands, as the system threatened to pass over or near the southern part of the archipelago.", "However, the system failed to strengthen into a tropical storm before passing the chain of islands, and the warning was discontinued the following morning.", "The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm and was named Debby late on August 22.", "While it had been expected to strengthen into a hurricane, Debby weakened into a tropical depression on August 26.", "It continued to the north and lost tropical characteristics on August 27.", "At 3:15 p.m. EDT (1915 UTC) on 24 August, a reconnaissance flight determined that a tropical wave passing through the Windward Islands had developed a closed tropical circulation, and advisories were commenced on Tropical Depression Five.", "By 5 p.m. EDT (2100 UTC) on 25 August, a second flight had found sustained tropical-storm force winds, and the system was named Ernesto.", "Ernesto became a hurricane on the morning of 27 August just south of Haiti, before it was downgraded back to a tropical storm in the afternoon.", "The storm caused 2 deaths in Haiti due to rainfall.", "Ernesto made landfall near Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, early in the morning on 28 August.", "At one point the storm was predicted to become a major hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico and threaten parts of the Gulf Coast, a grim possibility in light of the one-year anniversary of Hurricane Katrina's landfall.", "However, Ernesto moved much farther east than anticipated, and made landfall as a tropical storm on the southern tip of Florida on 29 August.", "Two people died in Florida in road traffic accidents attributed to the weather conditions, as the cyclone slowly moved northward across the southern half of the peninsula.", "Ernesto restrengthened into a tropical storm as it emerged from land near Cape Canaveral, and was just below hurricane strength when it made landfall again in North Carolina on 31 August.", "Damage in Virginia totaled to $104 million (2006 USD) Tropical Depression Six formed from an area of low pressure midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles on 3 September.", "Initial strengthening of the depression was slow due to shearing wind conditions.", "Despite the moderate to high wind shear, it strengthened enough to become Tropical Storm Florence on the morning of 5 September.", "After becoming a tropical storm, Florence's wind field began to expand greatly; at one point tropical storm-force winds extended outward up to 405 miles from the center.", "With a disorganized structure and multiple circulation centers, Florence remained a weak tropical storm for several days, even after external conditions became favorable for strengthening.", "Around the evening of 8 September it resolved to a single center and steady strengthening resumed - \"science had prevailed\", as one forecaster remarked.", "On the morning of 10 September, Florence reached hurricane strength.", "Large swells, rip tide, and undertow were reported on Bermuda, the Leeward Islands, the Virgin Islands, and Hispaniola.", "Florence soon reached its peak as a Category 1 hurricane very near Bermuda, and became extratropical on 12 September, while still a hurricane.", "As Hurricane Florence moved norhtwestward, an area of low-pressure with scattered thunderstorm activity slowly became more organized while northeast of the Lesser Antilles.", "On the evening of September 10, it developed a closed circulation and was called Tropical Depression Seven.", "It continued to strengthen, and was then named Tropical Storm Gordon on September 11 and Hurricane Gordon late on September 12.", "Gordon attained Category 2 status on the evening of September 13, and was further upgraded to Category 3 status that same night, making it the first major hurricane of the season.", "Around September 16 it was nearly froze for some time in the mid-Atlantic about 1000 miles east of Bermuda, and became a weak hurricane.", "However, it subsequently accelerated eastwards and strengthened to become category 2.", "On 19 September hurricane warnings were issued for the Azores, as the predicted path passed through the center of that archipelago.", "It became extratropical on September 20 after passing through Azorean waters, but the remnants side-swiped north-western Spain and then moved rapidly north towards Ireland and the west of Britain on September 21.", "By the morning of September 22, it had been absorbed into a large Atlantic low to the west of Ireland.", "On September 10, an area of clustered thunderstorms began to move off the western African coast.", "It quickly became stronger and organized itself to become Tropical Depression Eight.", "Continuing to organize, it reached tropical storm strength on September 13, becoming a hurricane on September 16 and a major hurricane (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale) on September 17.", "Helene moved generally west-northwestward before commencing a northeasterly turn.", "Large currents from Helene lashed Bermuda.", "The hurricane then became an extratropical storm on September 24 and died shortly after.", "An area of low pressure in mid-Atlantic generated active thunderstorms for several days and eventually organized into Tropical Depression Nine on 27 September and a tropical storm by 28 September.", "By that time it was about 810 mi east-southeast of Bermuda.", "It became a hurricane on 30 September, and passed about 280 mi east of Bermuda before swinging northwards towards Newfoundland.", "As it was still a strong tropical storm near the Avalon Peninsula, tropical storm warnings were issued on 2 October due to the potential for high winds.", "Isaac passed 45 km to the southeast of Cape Race late that afternoon.", "The Canadian Hurricane Centre reports that if Isaac had tracked just 50 to 100 km (30 to 60 miles) further north than it did, the St. John's area would have experienced much higher winds than the peak gust of 54 km/h it received.", "At its closest approach to the Avalon Peninsula, Isaac was still tropical, and had maximum sustained winds of 50 kn and a minimum central pressure of 993 mbar.", "Strongest winds on land in Newfoundland were reported at Cape Race, where a maximum gust to 96 km/h with a sustained wind of 74 km/h was recorded.", "At Cape Pine, a peak wind was reported at 76 km/h.", "However, due to Isaac's small size and fast forward speed, winds were lighter over most of the Avalon Peninsula.", "Rainfall from Isaac was not reported to be higher than 25 mm in most areas due to Isaac's speed and decreasing amount of moisture.", "The highest measured amount was 26 mm at Cape Race, while Cape Pine reported 19 mm and St. John's reported less than 10 mm.", "The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season.", "ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs.", "ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 35 knots (39 mph/63 km/h) or tropical storm strength.", "The cumulative ACE for this season was toward the lower end of the official \"Near Normal\" grading.", "The number of tropical storms and hurricanes was near the long-term average.", "These names will be used for storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2006.", "The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2012 season.", "The list is the same as the 2000 season's list except for Kirk, which replaced Keith.", "While it had been previously reported that a new backup list would be chosen (after it was first used in 2005), the National Hurricane Center reported in its first tropical weather outlook for the season that it would again use names from the Greek alphabet should the main list run out.", "It would again start with Alpha.", "No names were retired, and this was announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2007.", "The names will be used again for 2012 Atlantic hurricane season." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 13031043, "normal_article_title": "Gauchin-Verloingt", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13031043", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-13031043-0-0", "normal-13031043-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Gauchin-Verloingt is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.", "A farming village situated in the valley of the Ternoise river, 23 mi northwest of Arras, at the junction of the D343 and the D100 roads." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 154330, "simple_article_title": "Gauchin-Verloingt", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154330", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-154330-0-0", "simple-154330-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Gauchin-Verloingt is a commune.", "It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 20641161, "normal_article_title": "Sabana Larga, Elías Piña", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20641161", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-20641161-0-0", "normal-20641161-1-0", "normal-20641161-2-0", "normal-20641161-3-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Sabana Larga, Elías Piña is a Dominican municipal district of Comendador in the Elías Piña Province.", "In the last national census (2002), the population of Sabana Larga is included with that of Comendador.", "Sabana Larga was elevated to the category of municipal district of Comendador by the law 18 of 20 January 2004.", "The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 78503, "simple_article_title": "Sabana Larga, Elías Piña", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=78503", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-78503-0-0", "simple-78503-1-0", "simple-78503-1-1", "simple-78503-2-0", "simple-78503-3-0", "simple-78503-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Sabana Larga (in English, \"Long Savanna\") is a Dominican municipal district of Comendador in the Elías Piña Province near the border with Haiti.", "The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 2,056: 1,127 men and 929 women.", "The urban population was % of the total population.", "Sabana Larga was made a municipal district of Comendador by the law 18 of 20 January 2004; a municipal district is a part of a municipality that has its own government.", "Sabana Larga is to the northeast of the city of Comendador, on the northern side of the \"Macasías\" river, the main left tributary of the Artibonite river.", "The main economic activity of Sabana Larga is farming." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 190441, "normal_article_title": "Gao Xingjian", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190441", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-190441-0-0", "normal-190441-0-1", "normal-190441-0-2", "normal-190441-1-0", "normal-190441-1-1", "normal-190441-2-0", "normal-190441-2-1", "normal-190441-2-2", "normal-190441-3-0", "normal-190441-3-1", "normal-190441-3-2", "normal-190441-3-3", "normal-190441-4-0", "normal-190441-4-1", "normal-190441-5-0", "normal-190441-6-0", "normal-190441-6-1", "normal-190441-6-2", "normal-190441-6-3", "normal-190441-7-0", "normal-190441-7-1", "normal-190441-7-2", "normal-190441-8-0", "normal-190441-8-1", "normal-190441-8-2", "normal-190441-9-0", "normal-190441-9-1", "normal-190441-9-2", "normal-190441-9-3", "normal-190441-10-0", "normal-190441-10-1", "normal-190441-11-0", "normal-190441-12-0", "normal-190441-13-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Gao Xingjian (born January 4, 1940) is a Chinese émigré novelist, playwright, and critic who in 2000 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature \"for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity.\"", "He is also a noted translator (particularly of Samuel Beckett and Eugène Ionesco), screenwriter, stage director, and a celebrated painter.", "In 1998, Gao was granted French citizenship.", "Gao's drama is considered to be fundamentally absurdist in nature and avant-garde in his native China.", "His prose works tend to be less celebrated in China but are highly regarded elsewhere in Europe and the West.", "Born in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, during wartime China in 1940 (Gao's original paternal ancestral home town is in Taizhou, Jiangsu with his maternal roots from Zhejiang), his family returned to Nanjing with him following the aftermath of World War II.", "He has been a French citizen since 1998.", "In 1992 he was awarded the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government.", "Gao's father was a clerk in the Bank of China, and his mother was a member of the Young Men's Christian Association.", "His mother was once a playactress of Anti-Japanese Theatre during the Second Sino-Japanese War.", "Under his mother's influence, Gao enjoyed painting, writing and theatre very much when he was a little boy.", "During his middle school years, he read lots of literature translated from the West, and he studied sketching, ink and wash painting, oil painting and clay sculpture under the guidance of painter Yun Zongying .", "In 1950, his family moved to Nanjing.", "In 1952, Gao entered the Nanjing Number 10 Middle School (later renamed Jinling High School) which was the Middle School attached to Nanjing University.", "In 1957 Gao graduated, and, following his mother's advice, chose Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU) instead of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, although he was thought to be talented in art.", "In 1962 Gao graduated from the Department of French, BFSU, and then he worked for the Chinese International Bookstore (中國國際書店).", "During the 1970s, because of the Down to the Countryside Movement, he went to and stayed in the countryside and did farm labour in Anhui Province.", "He taught as a Chinese teacher in Gangkou Middle School, Ningguo county, Anhui Province for a short time.", "In 1975, he was allowed to go back to Beijing and became the group leader of French translation for the magazine \"China Reconstructs\" (《中國建設》).", "In 1977 Gao worked for the Committee of Foreign Relationship, Chinese Association of Writers.", "In May 1979, he visited Paris with a group of Chinese writers including Ba Jin.", "In 1980, Gao became a screenwriter and playwright for the Beijing People's Art Theatre.", "Gao is known as a pioneer of absurdist drama in China, where \"Signal Alarm\" (《絕對信號》, 1982) and \"Bus Stop\" (《車站》, 1983) were produced during his term as resident playwright at the Beijing People's Art Theatre from 1981 to 1987.", "Influenced by European theatrical models, it gained him a reputation as an avant-garde writer.", "His other plays, \"The Primitive\" (1985) and \"The Other Shore\" (《彼岸》, 1986), all openly criticised the government's state policies.", "In 1986 Gao was misdiagnosed with lung cancer, and he began a 10-month trek along the Yangtze, which resulted in his novel \"Soul Mountain\" (《靈山》).", "The part-memoir, part-novel, first published in Taipei in 1990 and in English in 2000 by HarperCollins Australia, mixes literary genres and utilizes shifting narrative voices.", "It has been specially cited by the Swedish Nobel committee as \"one of those singular literary creations that seem impossible to compare with anything but themselves.\"", "The book details his travels from Sichuan province to the coast, and life among Chinese minorities such as the Qiang, Miao, and Yi peoples on the fringes of Han Chinese civilization.", "By the late 1980s, Gao had shifted to Bagnolet, a city adjacent to Paris, France.", "The political drama \"Fugitives\" (1989), which makes reference to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, resulted in all his works being banned from performance in China.", "Gao's work has led to fierce discussion among Chinese writers, both positive and negative.", "In his article on Gao in the June 2008 issue of \"Muse\", a now-defunct Hong Kong magazine, Leo Ou-fan Lee praises the use of Chinese language in \"Soul Mountain\": 'Whether it works or not, it is a rich fictional language filled with vernacular speeches and elegant 文言 (classical) formulations as well as dialects, thus constituting a \"heteroglossic\" tapestry of sounds and rhythms that can indeed be read aloud (as Gao himself has done in his public readings).'", "Before 2000, a dozen Chinese writers and scholars already predicted Gao's winning the Nobel Prize for Literature, including Hu Yaoheng (Chinese: 胡耀恒) Pan Jun (潘军) as early as 1999." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 102667, "simple_article_title": "Gao Xingjian", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102667", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-102667-0-0", "simple-102667-0-1", "simple-102667-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Gao Xingjian (born January 4, 1940), is a Chinese-French writer.", "He was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Literature.", "He is also a stage director and a painter." ] } }

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