id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3,415,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callan%E2%80%93Symanzik%20equation | In physics, the Callan–Symanzik equation is a differential equation describing the evolution of the n-point correlation functions under variation of the energy scale at which the theory is defined and involves the beta function of the theory and the anomalous dimensions.
As an example, for a quantum field theory with ... | Callan–Symanzik equation | [
"Physics"
] | 488 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Equations of physics",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Critical phenomena",
"Renormalization group",
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
10,280,093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20Australiensis | Flora Australiensis: a description of the plants of the Australian Territory, more commonly referred to as Flora Australiensis, and also known by its standard abbreviation Fl. Austral., is a seven-volume Flora of Australia published between 1863 and 1878 by George Bentham, with the assistance of Ferdinand von Mueller. ... | Flora Australiensis | [
"Biology"
] | 365 | [
"Flora",
"Florae (publication)"
] |
10,280,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal%20coordinates | In mathematics, specifically in differential geometry, isothermal coordinates on a Riemannian manifold are local coordinates where the metric is conformal to the Euclidean metric. This means that in isothermal coordinates, the Riemannian metric locally has the form
where is a positive smooth function. (If the Rieman... | Isothermal coordinates | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,093 | [
"Coordinate systems in differential geometry",
"Coordinate systems"
] |
10,285,944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%20Ocean%20Model | The Princeton Ocean Model (POM) is a community general numerical model for ocean circulation that can be used to simulate and predict oceanic currents, temperatures, salinities and other water properties. POM-WEB and POMusers.org
Development
The model code was originally developed at Princeton University (G. Mellor a... | Princeton Ocean Model | [
"Physics"
] | 1,405 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical oceanography"
] |
14,280,179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C2%27-Bis%282-indenyl%29%20biphenyl | 2,2′-Bis(2-indenyl) biphenyl is an organic compound with the formula [C6H4C9H7]2. The compound is the precursor, upon deprotonation, to ansa-metallocene complexes within the area of transition metal indenyl complexes.
Metals studied with 2,2′-bis(2-indenyl) biphenyl include titanium, zirconium, and hafnium. The li... | 2,2'-Bis(2-indenyl) biphenyl | [
"Chemistry"
] | 211 | [
"Hydrocarbons",
"Catalysts",
"Ligands",
"Catalysis",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Organic compounds",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
14,284,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole-3-glycerol-phosphate%20synthase | The enzyme indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase (IGPS) () catalyzes the chemical reaction
1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate 1-C-(indol-3-yl)-glycerol 3-phosphate + CO2 + H2O
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, to be specific, the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The s... | Indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase | [
"Biology"
] | 616 | [
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
17,123,227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemerin | Chemerin, also known as retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 (RARRES2), tazarotene-induced gene 2 protein (TIG2), or RAR-responsive protein TIG2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RARRES2 gene.
Function
Retinoids exert biologic effects such as potent growth inhibitory and cell differentiation activi... | Chemerin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 829 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
17,125,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAST-ADL | EAST-ADL is an Architecture Description Language (ADL) for automotive embedded systems, developed in several European research projects. It is designed to complement AUTOSAR with descriptions at higher level of abstractions. Aspects covered by EAST-ADL include vehicle features, functions, requirements, variability, sof... | EAST-ADL | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,549 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Design",
"Systems architecture"
] |
17,126,006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microactuator | A microactuator is a microscopic servomechanism that supplies and transmits a measured amount of energy for the operation of another mechanism or system. As a general actuator, following standards have to be met:
Large travel
High precision
Fast switching
Low power consumption
Power free force sustainability
For m... | Microactuator | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 188 | [
"Materials science",
"Microtechnology"
] |
17,131,740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Society%20of%20Dynamic%20Games | The International Society of Dynamic Games (ISDG) is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of the theory of dynamic games.
History
The ISDG was founded on August 9, 1990 in Helsinki, Finland, at the site of the 4th International Symposium on Dynamic Games and Applications in the He... | International Society of Dynamic Games | [
"Mathematics"
] | 560 | [
"Game theory",
"Organizations related to game theory"
] |
17,131,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamer%20Ba%C5%9Far | Mustafa Tamer Başar (born January 19, 1946) is a control and game theorist who is the Swanlund Endowed Chair and Center for Advanced Study Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. He is also the Director of the Center for Advanced Study (since 2014).
Ed... | Tamer Başar | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 876 | [
"Game theorists",
"Game theory",
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists"
] |
17,132,502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Athans | Michael Athans (born Michael Athanassiades in Drama, Greece, May 3, 1937 - May 26, 2020) was a Greek-American control theorist and a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a Fellow of the IEEE (1973) and a Fellow of the AA... | Michael Athans | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,224 | [
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists"
] |
17,133,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford%20Aris | Rutherford "Gus" Aris (September 15, 1929 – November 2, 2005) was a chemical engineer, control theorist, applied mathematician, and a regents professor emeritus of chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota (1958–2005).
Early life
Aris was born in Bournemouth, England, to Algernon Aris and Janet (Elford). Fr... | Rutherford Aris | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,652 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians",
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists"
] |
19,334,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom%20%28time%29 | An atom of time or "a-tom" ("indivisible" in Greek), refers to the smallest possible unit of time.
History
One of the earliest occurrences of the word "atom" to mean the smallest possible unit of measuring time is found in the Greek text of the New Testament in Paul's . The text compares the length of time of the “at... | Atom (time) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 240 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time stubs",
"Units of time",
"Quantity",
"Philosophy of time",
"Spacetime",
"Units of measurement"
] |
19,334,239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP%2006F6 | SCP 06F6 is (or was) an astronomical object of unknown type, discovered on 21 February 2006 in the constellation Boötes
during a survey of galaxy cluster CL 1432.5+3332.8 with the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys Wide Field Channel.
According to research authored by Kyle Barbary of the Supernova Co... | SCP 06F6 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 798 | [
"Supernovae",
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astronomical events",
"Boötes",
"Constellations",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Explosions"
] |
19,335,893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAIFI | The Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI) is a popular reliability index used in the reliability analysis of an electric power system. It is designed to show trends in customers interrupted and helps to show the number of customers affected out of the whole customer base.
References
Electric power
Rel... | CAIFI | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 58 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
19,341,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20Work%20Exchanger%20Energy%20Recovery | The Dual Work Exchanger Energy Recovery (DWEER) is an energy recovery device. In the 1990s developed by DWEER Bermuda and licensed by Calder AG for use in the Caribbean. Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) needs high pressure and some of the reject stream can be reused by using this device. According to Calder AG, 97% of t... | Dual Work Exchanger Energy Recovery | [
"Chemistry"
] | 173 | [
"Membrane technology",
"Separation processes"
] |
19,344,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desorption%20atmospheric%20pressure%20photoionization | Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) is an ambient ionization technique for mass spectrometry that uses hot solvent vapor for desorption in conjunction with photoionization. Ambient Ionization techniques allow for direct analysis of samples without pretreatment. The direct analysis technique, such as... | Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,148 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Ion source",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
19,345,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gijs%20Kuenen | Johannes Gijsbrecht Kuenen (born 9 December 1940, Heemstede) is a Dutch microbiologist who is professor emeritus at the Delft University of Technology and a visiting scientist at the University of Southern California. His research is influenced by, and a contribution to, the scientific tradition of the Delft School of ... | Gijs Kuenen | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 800 | [
"Environmental microbiology",
"Nitrogen cycle",
"Metabolism"
] |
12,601,888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20measuring%20machine | Universal measuring machines (UMM) are measurement devices used for objects in which geometric relationships are the most critical element, with dimensions specified from geometric locations (see GD&T) rather than absolute coordinates. The very first uses for these machines was the inspection of gauges and parts produ... | Universal measuring machine | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 627 | [
"Quantity",
"Dimensional instruments",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
2,486,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD%20Bor | Nový Bor (; ) is a town in Česká Lípa District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 11,000 inhabitants. The town is known for its glass industry. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.
Administrative division
Nový Bor consists of five municipa... | Nový Bor | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 938 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass production"
] |
2,486,949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MELCOR | MELCOR is a fully integrated, engineering-level computer code developed by Sandia National Laboratories for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission to model the progression of severe accidents in nuclear power plants. A broad spectrum of severe accident phenomena in both boiling and pressurized water reactors is treate... | MELCOR | [
"Physics"
] | 131 | [
"Physics software",
"Computational physics stubs",
"Computational physics"
] |
2,488,125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Ozone%20Monitoring%20by%20Occultation%20of%20Stars | Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS), is an instrument on board the European satellite Envisat launched 1 March 2002. It is the first space instrument dedicated to the study of the atmosphere of the Earth by the technique of stellar occultation. The spectrum of stars in the ultraviolet, visible and ... | Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars | [
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 313 | [
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Ozone",
"Outer space stubs"
] |
2,488,614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20mismatch%20repair | DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage.
Mismatch repair is strand-specific. During DNA synthesis the newly synthesised (daugh... | DNA mismatch repair | [
"Biology"
] | 3,623 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"DNA repair",
"Cellular processes"
] |
2,488,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base%20excision%20repair | Base excision repair (BER) is a cellular mechanism, studied in the fields of biochemistry and genetics, that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle. It is responsible primarily for removing small, non-helix-distorting base lesions from the genome. The related nucleotide excision repair pathway repairs bulky he... | Base excision repair | [
"Biology"
] | 3,239 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"DNA repair",
"Cellular processes"
] |
2,488,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore%20power | Shore power or shore supply is the provision of shoreside electrical power to a ship at berth while its main and auxiliary engines are shut down. While the term denotes shore as opposed to off-shore, it is sometimes applied to aircraft or land-based vehicles (such as campers, heavy trucks with sleeping compartments and... | Shore power | [
"Engineering"
] | 818 | [
"Infrastructure",
"Construction",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Power electronics"
] |
2,490,859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20management%20system | A flight management system (FMS) is a fundamental component of a modern airliner's avionics. An FMS is a specialized computer system that automates a wide variety of in-flight tasks, reducing the workload on the flight crew to the point that modern civilian aircraft no longer carry flight engineers or navigators. A pri... | Flight management system | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,435 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Avionics",
"Aircraft systems",
"Aircraft instruments",
"Navigational flight instruments"
] |
2,491,663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoreduplication | Endoreduplication (also referred to as endoreplication or endocycling) is replication of the nuclear genome in the absence of mitosis, which leads to elevated nuclear gene content and polyploidy. Endoreduplication can be understood simply as a variant form of the mitotic cell cycle (G1-S-G2-M) in which mitosis is circu... | Endoreduplication | [
"Biology"
] | 1,993 | [
"Cell biology",
"Cell cycle",
"Cellular processes",
"Genetics"
] |
2,491,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight%20Imaging%20Device%20Interface%20Language | Lightweight Imaging Device Interface Language (abbr. LIDIL) is a printer interface definition language used in more recent Hewlett-Packard printers.
This language is commonly used on HP Deskjets that do not support the PCL printer language. As the name suggests, the language only supports the definition of raster docu... | Lightweight Imaging Device Interface Language | [
"Engineering"
] | 131 | [
"Software engineering",
"Specification languages"
] |
2,491,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH%20helmet | The P helmet, PH helmet and PHG helmet were early types of gas mask issued by the British Army in the First World War, to protect troops against chlorine, phosgene and tear gases. Rather than having a separate filter for removing the toxic chemicals, they consisted of a gas-permeable hood worn over the head which was t... | PH helmet | [
"Chemistry"
] | 394 | [
"Gas masks of the United Kingdom",
"Gas masks"
] |
432,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical%20Convergence%20Zone | The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ , or ICZ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the thermal equator though its specific position varies seasonally. When it lies ... | Intertropical Convergence Zone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,181 | [
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
433,005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Emperor%27s%20New%20Mind | The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics is a 1989 book by the mathematical physicist Roger Penrose.
Penrose argues that human consciousness is non-algorithmic, and thus is not capable of being modeled by a conventional Turing machine, which includes a digital computer. Penrose hypot... | The Emperor's New Mind | [
"Physics"
] | 559 | [
"Quantum mind",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
433,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon%20hexafluoroplatinate | Xenon hexafluoroplatinate is the product of the reaction of platinum hexafluoride with xenon, in an experiment that proved the chemical reactivity of the noble gases. This experiment was performed by Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia, who formulated the product as "Xe+[PtF6]−", although subsequent wor... | Xenon hexafluoroplatinate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 641 | [
"Salts",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Fluorides",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
434,188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation | Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi in mycoremediation, and plants in phytoremediation), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial s... | Bioremediation | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,979 | [
"Ecological restoration",
"Chemical engineering",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Environmental soil science",
"Biotechnology",
"Biodegradation",
"Ecological techniques",
"Civil engineering",
"Soil contamination",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Radioactivity",
"Environmental engineering... |
434,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe%20theory | In mathematics, catastrophe theory is a branch of bifurcation theory in the study of dynamical systems; it is also a particular special case of more general singularity theory in geometry.
Bifurcation theory studies and classifies phenomena characterized by sudden shifts in behavior arising from small changes in circu... | Catastrophe theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,702 | [
"Bifurcation theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
435,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic%20respiration | Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2). Although oxygen is not the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain.
In aerobic organisms undergoing respiration, electrons are shuttled to an electron transport chain, and the ... | Anaerobic respiration | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,221 | [
"Cellular respiration",
"Biochemistry",
"Biodegradation",
"Anaerobic digestion",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water technology",
"Metabolism"
] |
435,639 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens%20function | In number theory, the Mertens function is defined for all positive integers n as
where is the Möbius function. The function is named in honour of Franz Mertens. This definition can be extended to positive real numbers as follows:
Less formally, is the count of square-free integers up to x that have an even nu... | Mertens function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,278 | [
"Arithmetic functions",
"Number theory"
] |
15,419,430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stieglitz%20rearrangement | The Stieglitz rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry which is named after the American chemist Julius Stieglitz (1867–1937) and was first investigated by him and Paul Nicholas Leech in 1913. It describes the 1,2-rearrangement of trityl amine derivatives to triaryl imines. It is comparable to a B... | Stieglitz rearrangement | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,012 | [
"Name reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
15,419,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AATK | Serine/threonine-protein kinase LMTK1 (also known as Apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the (AATK) gene.
Structure and expression
The gene was identified in 1998. It is located on chromosome 17 (17q25.3) and is expressed in the pancreas, kidney, brain and lungs. The protei... | AATK | [
"Chemistry"
] | 230 | [
"Tyrosine kinase receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
18,335,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20J.%20Vandenberg | Edwin J. Vandenberg (September 13, 1918 – June 11, 2005) was a chemist at Hercules Inc. and a researcher at Arizona State University.
Vandenberg is best known for his work at Hercules in the 1950s through the 1970s that included the independent discovery of isotactic polypropylene, the development of Ziegler-type cata... | Edwin J. Vandenberg | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 297 | [
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Physical chemists",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
18,335,489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternated%20hypercubic%20honeycomb | In geometry, the alternated hypercube honeycomb (or demicubic honeycomb) is a dimensional infinite series of honeycombs, based on the hypercube honeycomb with an alternation operation. It is given a Schläfli symbol h{4,3...3,4} representing the regular form with half the vertices removed and containing the symmetry of ... | Alternated hypercubic honeycomb | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 410 | [
"Uniform polytopes",
"Honeycombs (geometry)",
"Tessellation",
"Crystallography",
"Symmetry"
] |
18,343,996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic%20index | A biotic index is a scale for showing the quality of an environment by indicating the types and abundances of organisms present in a representative sample of the environment. It is often used to assess the quality of water in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Numerous biotic indices have been created to account for the... | Biotic index | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 763 | [
"Aquatic ecology",
"Ecosystems",
"nan",
"Water pollution"
] |
18,344,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanation | Methanation is the conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (COx) to methane (CH4) through hydrogenation. The methanation reactions of COx were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902.
COx methanation has many practical applications. It is a means of carbon oxide removal from process gases and is al... | Methanation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 648 | [
"Methane",
"Organic reactions",
"Chemical processes",
"nan",
"Hydrogenation",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Greenhouse gases"
] |
18,346,799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folded%20optics | Folded optics is an optical system in which the beam is bent in a way to make the optical path much longer than the size of the system. This allows the resulting focal length of the objective to be greater than the physical length of the optical device. Prismatic binoculars are a well-known example. An early convention... | Folded optics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 195 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
18,347,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendomyces | Vendomyces is a genus of purported Ediacaran fungi, assigned to the Chytridiomycetes.
However, it is unlikely that these fossils truly represent fungi.
See also
List of Ediacaran genera
References
Prehistoric fungi
Prehistoric life genera | Vendomyces | [
"Biology"
] | 52 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Prehistoric fungi"
] |
4,603,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhomogeneous%20electromagnetic%20wave%20equation | In electromagnetism and applications, an inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, or nonhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, is one of a set of wave equations describing the propagation of electromagnetic waves generated by nonzero source charges and currents. The source terms in the wave equations make the p... | Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation | [
"Physics"
] | 1,282 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Special relativity",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
4,603,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Virology | The Journal of Virology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research concerning all aspects of virology. It was established in 1967 and is published by the American Society for Microbiology. Research papers are available free online 6 months after print publication.
The current editors-in-chief ... | Journal of Virology | [
"Biology"
] | 252 | [
"Virus stubs",
"Viruses"
] |
4,604,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry%20Development%20Kit | The Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) is computer software, a library in the programming language Java, for chemoinformatics and bioinformatics. It is available for Windows, Linux, Unix, and macOS. It is free and open-source software distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.0.
History
The CDK was... | Chemistry Development Kit | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 754 | [
"Computational chemistry software",
"Free chemistry software",
"Chemistry software",
"Bioinformatics software",
"Bioinformatics",
"Computational chemistry",
"Chemistry software for Linux"
] |
4,605,404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest%E2%80%93savanna%20mosaic | Forest–savanna mosaic is a transitory ecotone between the tropical moist broadleaf forests of Equatorial Africa and the drier savannas and open woodlands to the north and south of the forest belt. The forest–savanna mosaic consists of drier forests, often gallery forest, interspersed with savannas and open grasslands.
... | Forest–savanna mosaic | [
"Biology"
] | 540 | [
"Forests",
"Grasslands",
"Ecosystems"
] |
4,606,244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halonium%20ion | A halonium ion is any onium ion containing a halogen atom carrying a positive charge. This cation has the general structure where X is any halogen and no restrictions on R, this structure can be cyclic or an open chain molecular structure. Halonium ions formed from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are called fl... | Halonium ion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,065 | [
"Matter",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Cations",
"Organohalides",
"Ions"
] |
4,608,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20metal%20cooled%20reactor | A liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor, or LMR is a type of nuclear reactor where the primary coolant is a liquid metal. Liquid metal cooled reactors were first adapted for breeder reactor power generation. They have also been used to power nuclear submarines.
Due to their high thermal conductivity, metal coolants remo... | Liquid metal cooled reactor | [
"Physics"
] | 1,622 | [
"Nuclear physics"
] |
4,609,097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%20riders | Post riders or postriders describes a horse and rider postal delivery system that existed at various times and various places throughout history. The term is usually reserved for instances where a network of regularly scheduled service was provided under some degree of central management by the State or State licensed ... | Post riders | [
"Technology"
] | 1,236 | [
"Transport systems",
"Postal systems"
] |
1,190,904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20press | A hydraulic press is a machine press using a hydraulic cylinder to generate a compressive force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, and was also known as a Bramah press after the inventor, Joseph Bramah, of England. He invented and was issued a patent on this press in 1795. As Bramah (who is also k... | Hydraulic press | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 521 | [
"Machine tools",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Hydraulic machinery",
"Industrial machinery"
] |
1,190,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%20Ho%C5%99ava%20%28physicist%29 | Petr Hořava (born 1963 in Prostějov) is a Czech string theorist. He is a professor of physics in the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he teaches courses on quantum field theory and string theory. Hořava is a member of the theory group at Lawrence Berkeley National... | Petr Hořava (physicist) | [
"Physics"
] | 283 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
1,191,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviphoton | In theoretical physics and quantum physics, a graviphoton or gravivector is a hypothetical particle which emerges as an excitation of the metric tensor (i.e. gravitational field) in spacetime dimensions higher than four, as described in Kaluza–Klein theory.
However, its crucial physical properties are analogous to a (m... | Graviphoton | [
"Physics"
] | 306 | [
"Symmetry",
"Physical phenomena",
"Force carriers",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Bosons",
"Subatomic particles",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Particle physics",
"Particle physics stubs",
"Hypothetical elementary particles",
"Supersymmetry",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Matter"
] |
1,191,067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20vector%20potential | In classical electromagnetism, magnetic vector potential (often called A) is the vector quantity defined so that its curl is equal to the magnetic field: . Together with the electric potential φ, the magnetic vector potential can be used to specify the electric field E as well. Therefore, many equations of electromagne... | Magnetic vector potential | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,011 | [
"Quantity",
"Vector physical quantities",
"Physical quantities"
] |
1,191,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling%20bond | In chemistry, a dangling bond is an unsatisfied valence on an immobilized atom. An atom with a dangling bond is also referred to as an immobilized free radical or an immobilized radical, a reference to its structural and chemical similarity to a free radical.
When speaking of a dangling bond, one is generally referrin... | Dangling bond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,244 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter",
"Solid-state chemistry"
] |
1,191,951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycated%20hemoglobin | Glycated hemoglobin, also called glycohemoglobin, is a form of hemoglobin (Hb) that is chemically linked to a sugar. Most monosaccharides, including glucose, galactose, and fructose, spontaneously (that is, non-enzymatically) bond with hemoglobin when they are present in the bloodstream. However, glucose is only 21% as... | Glycated hemoglobin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,258 | [
"Blood tests",
"Chemical pathology"
] |
1,192,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspot%20number | The Wolf number (also known as the relative sunspot number or Zürich number) is a quantity that measures the number of sunspots and groups of sunspots present on the surface of the Sun. Historically, it was only possible to detect sunspots on the far side of the Sun indirectly using helioseismology. Since 2006, NASA's ... | Sunspot number | [
"Physics"
] | 801 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Solar phenomena"
] |
1,192,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s%20relations | In mathematics, Green's relations are five equivalence relations that characterise the elements of a semigroup in terms of the principal ideals they generate. The relations are named for James Alexander Green, who introduced them in a paper of 1951. John Mackintosh Howie, a prominent semigroup theorist, described this ... | Green's relations | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,677 | [
"Semigroup theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical structures",
"Algebraic structures"
] |
1,192,305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%20accessibility | Web accessibility, or eAccessibility, is the inclusive practice of ensuring there are no barriers that prevent interaction with, or access to, websites on the World Wide Web by people with physical disabilities, situational disabilities, and socio-economic restrictions on bandwidth and speed. When sites are correctly d... | Web accessibility | [
"Engineering"
] | 6,914 | [
"Design",
"Web design"
] |
1,192,503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereocystis | Nereocystis (Greek, 'mermaid's bladder') is a monotypic genus of subtidal kelp containing the species Nereocystis luetkeana. Some English names include edible kelp, bull kelp, bullwhip kelp, ribbon kelp, bladder wrack, and variations of these names. Due to the English name, bull kelp can be confused with southern bull... | Nereocystis | [
"Biology"
] | 1,593 | [
"Edible algae",
"Algae"
] |
105,223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine | Homocysteine (; symbol Hcy) is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene bridge (-CH2-). It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal Cε methyl group. In the body, homocysteine can be recycled into methionine or converted ... | Homocysteine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,211 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Thiols"
] |
105,328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemerythrin | Hemerythrin (also spelled haemerythrin; , ) is an oligomeric protein responsible for oxygen (O2) transport in the marine invertebrate phyla of sipunculids, priapulids, brachiopods, and in a single annelid worm genus, Magelona. Myohemerythrin is a monomeric O2-binding protein found in the muscles of marine invertebrates... | Hemerythrin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,246 | [
"Protein domains",
"Metalloproteins",
"Bioinorganic chemistry",
"Protein classification"
] |
105,340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange%20quark | The strange quark or s quark (from its symbol, s) is the third lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Strange quarks are found in subatomic particles called hadrons. Examples of hadrons containing strange quarks include kaons (), strange D mesons (), Sigma baryons (), and other strange particles.
Accor... | Strange quark | [
"Physics"
] | 918 | [
"Elementary particles",
"Subatomic particles",
"Matter"
] |
105,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics | Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of biophysics.
Etymology
The word "biomechanics" (1899) and the related "bio... | Biomechanics | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 3,869 | [
"Biomechanics",
"Behavior",
"Mechanics",
"Motor control"
] |
105,659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling | Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water from deep water towards the ocean surface. It replaces the warmer and usually nutrient-depleted surface water. The nutrient-rich upwelled water stimulates the growth and reproduction of primary pr... | Upwelling | [
"Physics",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,799 | [
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Oceanography",
"Ecosystems",
"Aquatic ecology"
] |
105,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy%20phosphate | High-energy phosphate can mean one of two things:
The phosphate-phosphate (phosphoanhydride/phosphoric anhydride/macroergic/phosphagen) bonds formed when compounds such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are created.
The compounds that contain these bonds, which include the nucleoside di... | High-energy phosphate | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 727 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Bioenergetics",
"Metabolism"
] |
106,218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative%20binding | Cooperative binding occurs in molecular binding systems containing more than one type, or species, of molecule and in which one of the partners is not mono-valent and can bind more than one molecule of the other species. In general, molecular binding is an interaction between molecules that results in a stable physical... | Cooperative binding | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,721 | [
"Enzyme kinetics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Structural biology",
"nan",
"Chemical bonding",
"Protein structure",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
106,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule | A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid. It is composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Many macromolecules are polymers of smaller molecules called monomers. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers (nucleic acids, pro... | Macromolecule | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,096 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Biochemistry",
"Molecules",
"Materials science",
"Macromolecules",
" molecular",
"Polymer chemistry",
"nan",
"Atomic",
"Polymers",
"Matter",
" and optical physics"
] |
106,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmolysis | Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. The reverse process, deplasmolysis or cytolysis, can occur if the cell is in a hypotonic solution resulting in a lower external osmotic pressure and a net flow of water into the cell. Through observation of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis, it ... | Plasmolysis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 991 | [
"Plant physiology",
"Membrane biology",
"Plants",
"Molecular biology"
] |
106,284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge | A centrifuge is a device that uses centrifugal force to subject a specimen to a specified constant force - for example, to separate various components of a fluid. This is achieved by spinning the fluid at high speed within a container, thereby separating fluids of different densities (e.g. cream from milk) or liquids f... | Centrifuge | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,917 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Centrifugation",
"Separation processes",
"Chemical equipment",
"Biochemical separation processes",
"Medical devices",
"Centrifuges",
"Medical technology"
] |
7,951,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher%20spin%20alternating%20sign%20matrix | In mathematics, a higher spin alternating sign matrix is a generalisation of the alternating sign matrix (ASM), where the columns and rows sum to an integer r (the spin) rather than simply summing to 1 as in the usual alternating sign matrix definition. HSASMs are square matrices whose elements may be integers in the r... | Higher spin alternating sign matrix | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 195 | [
"Statistical mechanics stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Enumerative combinatorics",
"Combinatorics",
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Combinatorics stubs",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matrix stubs"
] |
7,958,880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%E2%80%93Euler%20condition | In mathematics and physics, especially the study of mechanics and fluid dynamics, the d'Alembert-Euler condition is a requirement that the streaklines of a flow are irrotational. Let x = x(X,t) be the coordinates of the point x into which X is carried at time t by a (fluid) flow. Let be the second material derivativ... | D'Alembert–Euler condition | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 179 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
20,514,533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160-minute%20solar%20cycle | The 160-minute solar cycle was an apparent periodic oscillation in the solar surface which was observed in a number of early sets of data collected for helioseismology.
The presence of a 160 minute cycle in the Sun is not substantiated by contemporary solar observations, and the historical signal is considered by main... | 160-minute solar cycle | [
"Physics"
] | 630 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Solar phenomena"
] |
20,515,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumann%27s%20agreement%20theorem | Aumann's agreement theorem was stated and proved by Robert Aumann in a paper titled "Agreeing to Disagree", which introduced the set theoretic description of common knowledge. The theorem concerns agents who share a common prior and update their probabilistic beliefs by Bayes' rule. It states that if the probabilisti... | Aumann's agreement theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 816 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in statistics",
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Game theory",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
20,516,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20Database%20for%20Organic%20Compounds | The Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS) is a free online searchable database hosted by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan, that contains spectral data for ca 34,000 organic molecules. The database is available in English and in Japanese and it includes six ty... | Spectral Database for Organic Compounds | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,115 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Chemical databases",
"Infrared spectroscopy",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Nuclear physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Matter"
] |
20,519,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension%20theory%20%28algebra%29 | In mathematics, dimension theory is the study in terms of commutative algebra of the notion dimension of an algebraic variety (and by extension that of a scheme). The need of a theory for such an apparently simple notion results from the existence of many definitions of dimension that are equivalent only in the most re... | Dimension theory (algebra) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,313 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Physical quantities",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Theory of relativity",
"Commutative algebra",
"Dimension"
] |
20,520,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%20contact%20interaction | The Fermi contact interaction is the magnetic interaction between an electron and an atomic nucleus. Its major manifestation is in electron paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, where it is responsible for the appearance of isotropic hyperfine coupling.
This requires that the electron o... | Fermi contact interaction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 325 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science"
] |
20,521,094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone%20irradiation | Gemstone irradiation is a process in which a gemstone is exposed to artificial radiation in order to enhance its optical properties. High levels of ionizing radiation can change the atomic structure of the gemstone's crystal lattice, which in turn alters the optical properties within it. As a result, the gemstone's col... | Gemstone irradiation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,331 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Nuclear technology",
"Waves",
"Materials",
"Radiation",
"Gemstones",
"Nuclear physics",
"Matter"
] |
20,526,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullin | Amanullin is a cyclic peptide. It is an amatoxin, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita. The oral of amanullin is approximately 20 mg/kg in mice; however, it is non-toxic in humans.
Toxicology
Like other amatoxins, amanullin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Amanullin has a spe... | Amanullin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 156 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Peptides",
"Molecular biology"
] |
20,526,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-quadrature-zero%20transformation | The direct-quadrature-zero (DQZ, DQ0 or DQO, sometimes lowercase) transformation or zero-direct-quadrature (0DQ or ODQ, sometimes lowercase) transformation is a tensor that rotates the reference frame of a three-element vector or a three-by-three element matrix in an effort to simplify analysis. The DQZ transform is th... | Direct-quadrature-zero transformation | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,078 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Synchronous machines"
] |
6,051,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abohm | The abohm is the derived unit of electrical resistance in the emu-cgs (centimeter-gram-second) system of units (emu stands for "electromagnetic units"). One abohm corresponds to 10−9 ohms in the SI system of units, which is a nanoohm.
The emu-cgs (or "electromagnetic cgs") units are one of several systems of electroma... | Abohm | [
"Physics"
] | 292 | [
"Units of electrical resistance",
"Physical quantities",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
6,053,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive%20category | In mathematics, a category is distributive if it has finite products and finite coproducts and such that for every choice of objects , the canonical map
is an isomorphism, and for all objects , the canonical map is an isomorphism (where 0 denotes the initial object). Equivalently, if for every object the endofunc... | Distributive category | [
"Mathematics"
] | 306 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical relations",
"Category theory"
] |
6,054,639 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen%27s%20formula | In complex analysis, Jensen's formula relates the average magnitude of an analytic function on a circle with the number of its zeros inside the circle. The formula was introduced by and forms an important statement in the study of entire functions.
Formal statement
Suppose that is an analytic function in a region ... | Jensen's formula | [
"Mathematics"
] | 584 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in complex analysis"
] |
6,054,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor%20M2-PK | Tumor M2-PK is a synonym for the dimeric form of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2), a key enzyme within tumor metabolism. Tumor M2-PK can be elevated in many tumor types, rather than being an organ-specific tumor marker such as PSA. Increased stool (fecal) levels are being investigated as a method of screeni... | Tumor M2-PK | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,236 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical pathology"
] |
6,057,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlekamp%27s%20algorithm | In mathematics, particularly computational algebra, Berlekamp's algorithm is a well-known method for factoring polynomials over finite fields (also known as Galois fields). The algorithm consists mainly of matrix reduction and polynomial GCD computations. It was invented by Elwyn Berlekamp in 1967. It was the domina... | Berlekamp's algorithm | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 1,184 | [
"Computer science",
"Computational mathematics",
"Computer algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
1,797,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20relativity | Numerical relativity is one of the branches of general relativity that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems. To this end, supercomputers are often employed to study black holes, gravitational waves, neutron stars and many other phenomena described by Albert Einstein's theory of general re... | Numerical relativity | [
"Physics"
] | 2,683 | [
"Computational physics"
] |
1,798,843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20polynomial | In mathematics, an invariant polynomial is a polynomial that is invariant under a group acting on a vector space . Therefore, is a -invariant polynomial if
for all and .
Cases of particular importance are for Γ a finite group (in the theory of Molien series, in particular), a compact group, a Lie group or algebra... | Invariant polynomial | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 105 | [
"Symmetry",
"Group actions",
"Algebra",
"Polynomials",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Commutative algebra",
"Invariant theory"
] |
1,799,157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20fluid | Complex fluids are mixtures that have a coexistence between two phases: solid–liquid (suspensions or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid–gas (granular), liquid–gas (foams) or liquid–liquid (emulsions). They exhibit unusual mechanical responses to applied stress or strain due to the geometrical const... | Complex fluid | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 674 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,799,584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change%20material | A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance which releases/absorbs sufficient energy at phase transition to provide useful heat or cooling. Generally the transition will be from one of the first two fundamental states of matter - solid and liquid - to the other. The phase transition may also be between non-classical... | Phase-change material | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,355 | [
"Sustainable building",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry",
"Architecture"
] |
1,800,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20messenger%20system | Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers. (Intercellular signals, a non-local form of cell signaling, encompassing both first messengers and second messengers, are classified as autocrine, juxtacrine, p... | Second messenger system | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,588 | [
"Second messenger system",
"Signal transduction"
] |
12,606,884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier%20lifetime | A definition in semiconductor physics, carrier lifetime is defined as the average time it takes for a minority carrier to recombine. The process through which this is done is typically known as minority carrier recombination.
The energy released due to recombination can be either thermal, thereby heating up the semic... | Carrier lifetime | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,409 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Charge carriers"
] |
12,610,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptor%20%28semiconductors%29 | In semiconductor physics, an acceptor is a dopant atom that when substituted into a semiconductor lattice forms a p-type region.
When silicon (Si), having four valence electrons, is doped with elements from group III of the periodic table, such as boron (B) and aluminium (Al), both having three valence electrons, a p-... | Acceptor (semiconductors) | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 287 | [
"Semiconductor properties",
"Condensed matter stubs",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Materials science stubs"
] |
12,610,398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor%20%28semiconductors%29 | In semiconductor physics, a donor is a dopant atom that, when added to a semiconductor, can form a n-type region.
For example, when silicon (Si), having four valence electrons, is to be doped as a n-type semiconductor, elements from group V like phosphorus (P) or arsenic (As) can be used because they have five valenc... | Donor (semiconductors) | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 215 | [
"Semiconductor properties",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
17,133,979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93copper%20couple | Zinc–copper couple is an alloy of zinc and copper that is employed as a reagent in organic synthesis. The “couple” was popularized after the report by Simmons and Smith, published in 1959, on its application as an activated source of zinc required for formation of an organozinc reagent in the Simmons–Smith cyclopropan... | Zinc–copper couple | [
"Chemistry"
] | 739 | [
"Redox",
"Alloys",
"Zinc alloys",
"Reducing agents"
] |
17,134,535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20tetrabromide | Silicon tetrabromide, also known as tetrabromosilane, is the inorganic compound with the formula SiBr4. This colorless liquid has a suffocating odor due to its tendency to hydrolyze with release of hydrogen bromide. The general properties of silicon tetrabromide closely resemble those of the more commonly used silico... | Silicon tetrabromide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 990 | [
"Bromides",
"Inorganic silicon compounds",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
17,135,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20classifier | An air classifier is an industrial machine which separates materials by a combination of size, shape, and density.
It works by injecting the material stream to be sorted into a chamber which contains a column of rising air. Inside the separation chamber, air drag on the objects supplies an upward force which counterac... | Air classifier | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 362 | [
"Separation processes by phases",
"Solid-gas separation",
"Water treatment",
"Chemical engineering",
"nan",
"Environmental engineering",
"Piping",
"Waste treatment technology",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
17,137,358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive%20centrifugal%20force | In classical mechanics, a reactive centrifugal force forms part of an action–reaction pair with a centripetal force.
In accordance with Newton's first law of motion, an object moves in a straight line in the absence of a net force acting on the object. A curved path ensues when a force that is orthogonal to the object... | Reactive centrifugal force | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,268 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
18,348,855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmful%20algal%20bloom | A harmful algal bloom (HAB), or excessive algae growth, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, water deoxygenation, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are sometimes defined as only those algal blooms that produce toxin... | Harmful algal bloom | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 14,449 | [
"Algae",
"Water treatment",
"Water pollution",
"Water quality indicators",
"Ecosystems",
"Aquatic ecology",
"Algal blooms"
] |
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