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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
4,595,202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20phenylbutyrate	Sodium phenylbutyrate, sold under the brand name Buphenyl among others, is a salt of an aromatic fatty acid, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) or 4-phenylbutyric acid. The compound is used to treat urea cycle disorders, because its metabolites offer an alternative pathway to the urea cycle to allow excretion of excess nitrogen....	Sodium phenylbutyrate	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,377	[ "Prodrugs", "Salts", "Organic sodium salts", "Nitrogen cycle", "Chemicals in medicine", "Metabolism" ]
4,595,738	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe%20bursting	Pipe bursting is a trenchless method of replacing buried pipelines (such as sewer, water, or natural gas pipes) without the need for a traditional construction trench. "Launching and receiving pits" replace the trench needed by conventional pipe-laying. Equipment There are five key pieces of equipment used in a pipebu...	Pipe bursting	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	367	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Building engineering" ]
7,931,146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography%20functional%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging	EEG-fMRI (short for EEG-correlated fMRI or electroencephalography-correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging) is a multimodal neuroimaging technique whereby EEG and fMRI data are recorded synchronously for the study of electrical brain activity in correlation with haemodynamic changes in brain during the electric...	Electroencephalography functional magnetic resonance imaging	[ "Physics" ]	1,029	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Medical physics" ]
7,931,806	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20matrix	In computer vision, the essential matrix is a matrix, that relates corresponding points in stereo images assuming that the cameras satisfy the pinhole camera model. Function More specifically, if and are homogeneous normalized image coordinates in image 1 and 2, respectively, then if and correspond to the same ...	Essential matrix	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,103	[ "Geometry in computer vision", "Geometry" ]
7,931,875	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumann%27s%20law	Neumann's law states that the molecular heat in compounds of analogous constitution is always the same. It is named after German mineralogist and physicist Franz Ernst Neumann, who extended the law of the heat of elements by stating that the molecular heat is equal to the sum of the heat of each constituent atom. Refe...	Neumann's law	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	70	[ "Thermodynamics stubs", "Physical chemistry stubs", "Thermodynamics", "Laws of thermodynamics" ]
7,932,644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20tangent%20bundle	In Riemannian geometry, the unit tangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold (M, g), denoted by T1M, UT(M), UTM, or SM is the unit sphere bundle for the tangent bundle T(M). It is a fiber bundle over M whose fiber at each point is the unit sphere in the tangent space: where Tx(M) denotes the tangent space to M at x. Thus,...	Unit tangent bundle	[ "Mathematics" ]	893	[ "Topology", "Differential topology", "Ergodic theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
7,932,827	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20multiplexing	Spatial multiplexing or space-division multiplexing (SM, SDM or SMX) is a multiplexing technique in MIMO wireless communication, fiber-optic communication and other communications technologies used to transmit independent channels separated in space. Fiber-optic communication In fiber-optic communication SDM refers t...	Spatial multiplexing	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	957	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Applied mathematics", "Computer science", "Information theory" ]
7,933,916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroreceptor	A heteroreceptor is a receptor located in the cell membrane of a neuron, regulating the synthesis and/or the release of mediators other than its own ligand. Heteroreceptors play a crucial role in modulating neurotransmitter systems and are often targets for therapeutic drugs. By influencing the activity of other neurot...	Heteroreceptor	[ "Chemistry" ]	429	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Receptors", "Molecular and cellular biology stubs", "Signal transduction" ]
7,934,659	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void%20ratio	The void ratio () of a mixture of solids and fluids (gases and liquids), or of a porous composite material such as concrete, is the ratio of the volume of the voids () filled by the fluids to the volume of all the solids (). It is a dimensionless quantity in materials science and in soil science, and is closely relate...	Void ratio	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	729	[ "Physical phenomena", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Soil mechanics", "Materials science", "nan", "Physical properties" ]
7,934,734	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometric%20redshift	A photometric redshift is an estimate for the recession velocity of an astronomical object such as a galaxy or quasar, made without measuring its spectrum. The technique uses photometry (that is, the brightness of the object viewed through various standard filters, each of which lets through a relatively broad passban...	Photometric redshift	[ "Physics" ]	543	[ "Doppler effects", "Physical phenomena", "Astrophysics" ]
15,381,860	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20Propulsion%20Information%20Analysis%20Center	The Chemical Propulsion Information Analysis Center (CPIAC) is one of several United States Department of Defense (DoD) sponsored Information Analysis Centers (IACs), administered by the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). CPIAC is the oldest IAC, having been in continuous operation since 1946 when it was foun...	Chemical Propulsion Information Analysis Center	[ "Engineering" ]	977	[ "Rocketry", "Aerospace engineering" ]
15,383,036	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic%20contact%20lens	A bionic contact lens is a proposed device that could provide a virtual display that could have a variety of uses from assisting the visually impaired to video gaming, as claimed by the manufacturers and developers. The device will have the form of a conventional contact lens with added bionics technology in the form o...	Bionic contact lens	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	338	[ "Bionics", "Artificial organs" ]
15,383,423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-bonding%20orbital	A non-bonding orbital, also known as non-bonding molecular orbital (NBMO), is a molecular orbital whose occupation by electrons neither increases nor decreases the bond order between the involved atoms. Non-bonding orbitals are often designated by the letter n in molecular orbital diagrams and electron transition notat...	Non-bonding orbital	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	809	[ "Chemical bonding", "Condensed matter physics", "nan" ]
15,384,297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial%20part	A sacrificial part is a part of a machine or product that is intentionally engineered to fail under excess mechanical stress, electrical stress, or other unexpected and dangerous situations. The sacrificial part is engineered to fail first, thus breaking the serial connection and protecting other parts of the system do...	Sacrificial part	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	113	[ "Mechanical engineering stubs", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Mechanical engineering" ]
15,386,743	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20%28molecular%20biology%29	In molecular cloning, a vector is any particle (e.g., plasmids, cosmids, Lambda phages) used as a vehicle to artificially carry a foreign nucleic sequence – usually DNA – into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of ve...	Vector (molecular biology)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,296	[ "Genetics techniques", "Molecular biology techniques", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry", "Gene delivery" ]
20,487,941	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation%20between%20Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s%20equation%20and%20the%20path%20integral%20formulation%20of%20quantum%20mechanics	This article relates the Schrödinger equation with the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics using a simple nonrelativistic one-dimensional single-particle Hamiltonian composed of kinetic and potential energy. Background Schrödinger's equation Schrödinger's equation, in bra–ket notation, is where is the Ha...	Relation between Schrödinger's equation and the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics	[ "Physics" ]	879	[ "Quantum field theory", "Equations of physics", "Eponymous equations of physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Schrödinger equation", "Statistical mechanics" ]
20,488,086	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20integrals%20in%20quantum%20field%20theory	Common integrals in quantum field theory are all variations and generalizations of Gaussian integrals to the complex plane and to multiple dimensions. Other integrals can be approximated by versions of the Gaussian integral. Fourier integrals are also considered. Variations on a simple Gaussian integral Gaussian inte...	Common integrals in quantum field theory	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,694	[ "Quantum field theory", "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Mathematical physics" ]
429,789	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupled%20cluster	Coupled cluster (CC) is a numerical technique used for describing many-body systems. Its most common use is as one of several post-Hartree–Fock ab initio quantum chemistry methods in the field of computational chemistry, but it is also used in nuclear physics. Coupled cluster essentially takes the basic Hartree–Fock mo...	Coupled cluster	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,338	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Computational physics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Electronic structure methods", "Computational chemistry", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
430,014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused%20quartz	Fused quartz, fused silica or quartz glass is a glass consisting of almost pure silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) in amorphous (non-crystalline) form. This differs from all other commercial glasses, such as soda-lime glass, lead glass, or borosilicate glass, in which other ingredients are added which change the glasses' ...	Fused quartz	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,531	[ "Physical phenomena", "Glass chemistry", "Glass compositions", "Chemical engineering", "Optical phenomena", "Materials", "Transparent materials", "nan", "Matter" ]
430,680	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive%20%28algebraic%20geometry%29	In algebraic geometry, motives (or sometimes motifs, following French usage) is a theory proposed by Alexander Grothendieck in the 1960s to unify the vast array of similarly behaved cohomology theories such as singular cohomology, de Rham cohomology, etale cohomology, and crystalline cohomology. Philosophically, a "mot...	Motive (algebraic geometry)	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,336	[ "Mathematical structures", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Category theory", "Algebraic geometry", "Homological algebra" ]
430,790	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge%20boson	In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. Elementary particles whose interactions are described by a gauge theory interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles. Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons...	Gauge boson	[ "Physics" ]	916	[ "Bosons", "Subatomic particles", "Particle physics", "Matter" ]
431,310	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20engineer	A chemical engineer is a professional equipped with the knowledge of chemistry and other basic sciences who works principally in the chemical industry to convert basic raw materials into a variety of products and deals with the design and operation of plants and equipment.<ref>MobyDick Dictionary of Engineering", McG...	Chemical engineer	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,117	[ "Chemical engineering", "Chemical engineers" ]
431,369	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyaev%E2%80%93Zeldovich%20effect	The Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect (named after Rashid Sunyaev and Yakov B. Zeldovich and often abbreviated as the SZ effect) is the spectral distortion of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) through inverse Compton scattering by high-energy electrons in galaxy clusters, in which the low-energy CMB photons receive an aver...	Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	1,481	[ "Physical cosmological concepts", "Radio astronomy", "Concepts in astrophysics", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
431,529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersolid	In condensed matter physics, a supersolid is a spatially ordered (i.e. solid) material with superfluid properties. In the case of helium-4, it has been conjectured since the 1960s that it might be possible to create a supersolid. Starting from 2017, a definitive proof for the existence of this state was provided by sev...	Supersolid	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,110	[ "Phases of matter", "Condensed matter physics", "Matter", "Materials science" ]
432,019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno%20scraper	The Fresno scraper is a machine pulled by horses used for constructing canals and ditches in sandy soil. The design of the Fresno scraper forms the basis of most modern earthmoving scrapers, having the ability to scrape and move a quantity of soil, and also to discharge it at a controlled depth, thus quadrupling the vo...	Fresno scraper	[ "Engineering" ]	465	[ "Engineering vehicles" ]
432,181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20structure	Lewis structuresalso called Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDs)are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. Introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in his 1916 article ...	Lewis structure	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,327	[ "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Chemical structures", "Chemical formulas", "Chemical bonding" ]
432,276	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian%20ratchet	In the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, the Brownian ratchet or Feynman–Smoluchowski ratchet is an apparent perpetual motion machine of the second kind (converting thermal energy into mechanical work), first analysed in 1912 as a thought experiment by Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski. It was popularis...	Brownian ratchet	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,920	[ "Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics", "Materials science", "Thermodynamics", "Nanotechnology", "Statistical mechanics" ]
432,630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspace	Superspace is the coordinate space of a theory exhibiting supersymmetry. In such a formulation, along with ordinary space dimensions x, y, z, ..., there are also "anticommuting" dimensions whose coordinates are labeled in Grassmann numbers rather than real numbers. The ordinary space dimensions correspond to bosonic de...	Superspace	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,324	[ "Unsolved problems in physics", "General relativity", "Physics beyond the Standard Model", "Geometry", "Theory of relativity", "Supersymmetry", "Symmetry" ]
432,632	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergravity	In theoretical physics, supergravity (supergravity theory; SUGRA for short) is a modern field theory that combines the principles of supersymmetry and general relativity; this is in contrast to non-gravitational supersymmetric theories such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Supergravity is the gauge theory ...	Supergravity	[ "Physics" ]	4,211	[ "Theoretical physics", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Particle physics", "Physics beyond the Standard Model", "Theories of gravity", "Supersymmetry", "Symmetry" ]
14,251,545	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme-B%20sulfoethylthiotransferase	In enzymology, coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase, also known as methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) or most systematically as 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate:N-(7-thioheptanoyl)-3-O-phosphothreonine S-(2-sulfoethyl)thiotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the formation of methane. It does so by comb...	Coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	442	[ "Water technology", "Anaerobic digestion", "Environmental engineering" ]
14,256,181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%20Weather%20Modification%20Office	The Beijing Weather Modification Office is a unit of the Beijing Meteorological Bureau tasked with weather control in Beijing, and its surrounding areas, including parts of Hebei and Inner Mongolia. The Beijing Weather Modification Office form a part of China's nationwide weather control effort, believed to be the wor...	Beijing Weather Modification Office	[ "Engineering" ]	308	[ "Planetary engineering", "Weather modification" ]
14,257,055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20grazing	Conservation grazing or targeted grazing is the use of semi-feral or domesticated grazing livestock to maintain and increase the biodiversity of natural or semi-natural grasslands, heathlands, wood pasture, wetlands and many other habitats. Conservation grazing is generally less intensive than practices such as prescri...	Conservation grazing	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,323	[ "Grasslands", "Ecosystems", "Ecological restoration", "Environmental engineering" ]
14,257,881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20and%20development%20of%20ACE%20inhibitors	The discovery of an orally inactive peptide from snake venom established the important role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in regulating blood pressure. This led to the development of captopril, the first ACE inhibitor. When the adverse effects of captopril became apparent new derivates were designed...	Discovery and development of ACE inhibitors	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,873	[ "Drug discovery", "Life sciences industry", "Medicinal chemistry" ]
14,260,512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Exceptionally%20Simple%20Theory%20of%20Everything	"An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything" is a physics preprint proposing a basis for a unified field theory, often referred to as "E8 Theory", which attempts to describe all known fundamental interactions in physics and to stand as a possible theory of everything. The paper was posted to the physics arXiv by Anto...	An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,097	[ "Standard Model", "Lie groups", "Mathematical structures", "Theoretical physics", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Algebraic structures", "Particle physics", "Theories of gravity", "Hypothetical elementary particles", "Physics beyond the Standard Model" ]
12,577,185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PILATUS%20%28detector%29	PILATUS is the name of a series of x-ray detectors originally developed by the Paul Scherrer Institute at the Swiss Light Source and further developed and commercialized by DECTRIS. The PILATUS detectors are based on hybrid photon counting (HPC) technology, by which X-rays are converted to electrical signals by the pho...	PILATUS (detector)	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	446	[ "Radioactive contamination", "X-ray instrumentation", "Measuring instruments", "Ionising radiation detectors", "Crystallography", "X-ray crystallography" ]
12,577,562	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioadhesive	Bioadhesives are natural polymeric materials that act as adhesives. The term is sometimes used more loosely to describe a glue formed synthetically from biological monomers such as sugars, or to mean a synthetic material designed to adhere to biological tissue. Bioadhesives may consist of a variety of substances, but ...	Bioadhesive	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,175	[ "Natural products", "Organic compounds", "Structural biology", "Biomolecules", "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
12,578,506	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissipative%20particle%20dynamics	Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is an off-lattice mesoscopic simulation technique which involves a set of particles moving in continuous space and discrete time. Particles represent whole molecules or fluid regions, rather than single atoms, and atomistic details are not considered relevant to the processes address...	Dissipative particle dynamics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,362	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Soft matter", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Computational physics", "Condensed matter physics", "Matter", "Fluid dynamics" ]
12,579,099	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions%20%26%20Generation%20Resource%20Integrated%20Database	The Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) is a comprehensive source of data on the environmental characteristics of almost all electric power generated in the United States. eGRID is issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). As of January 2024, the available editions of eGRID con...	Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,547	[ "Power (physics)", "Electrical engineering", "Electric power", "Physical quantities" ]
12,581,344	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20energy%20analysis	Statistical energy analysis (SEA) is a method for predicting the transmission of sound and vibration through complex structural acoustic systems. The method is particularly well suited for quick system level response predictions at the early design stage of a product, and for predicting responses at higher frequencies....	Statistical energy analysis	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,318	[ "Structural engineering", "Classical mechanics", "Acoustics", "Mechanics", "Mechanical vibrations", "Statistical mechanics" ]
12,583,563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20and%20Vibration%20Information%20Analysis%20Center	The Shock and Vibration Information Analysis Center (SAVIAC) is a U.S. Government organization established by the U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research on 20 December 1946. SAVIAC's purpose is to promulgate information on the transient and vibratory response of structures and materials. This broad field includes such te...	Shock and Vibration Information Analysis Center	[ "Engineering" ]	479	[ "Earthquake engineering", "Civil engineering", "Structural engineering", "Civil engineering organizations" ]
12,585,208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20cluster	In chemistry, a water cluster is a discrete hydrogen bonded assembly or cluster of molecules of water. Many such clusters have been predicted by theoretical models (in silico), and some have been detected experimentally in various contexts such as ice, bulk liquid water, in the gas phase, in dilute mixtures with non-po...	Water cluster	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,060	[ "Cluster chemistry", "Organometallic chemistry", "nan" ]
12,585,474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenyltransferase	Prenyltransferases (PTs) are a class of enzymes that transfer allylic prenyl groups to acceptor molecules. Prenyl transferases commonly refer to isoprenyl diphosphate syntheses (IPPSs). Prenyltransferases are a functional category and include several enzyme groups that are evolutionarily independent. Prenyltransferas...	Prenyltransferase	[ "Biology" ]	475	[ "Protein domains", "Protein classification" ]
232,249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20radio	A crystal radio receiver, also called a crystal set, is a simple radio receiver, popular in the early days of radio. It uses only the power of the received radio signal to produce sound, needing no external power. It is named for its most important component, a crystal detector, originally made from a piece of crystall...	Crystal radio	[ "Engineering" ]	7,191	[ "Radio electronics", "Receiver (radio)" ]
232,315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerically%20controlled%20oscillator	A numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) is a digital signal generator which creates a synchronous (i.e., clocked), discrete-time, discrete-valued representation of a waveform, usually sinusoidal. NCOs are often used in conjunction with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) at the output to create a direct digital synth...	Numerically controlled oscillator	[ "Engineering" ]	1,730	[ "Electronic engineering", "Digital electronics" ]
232,333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount%20technology	Surface-mount technology (SMT), originally called planar mounting, is a method in which the electrical components are mounted directly onto the surface of a printed circuit board (PCB). An electrical component mounted in this manner is referred to as a surface-mount device (SMD). In industry, this approach has largely ...	Surface-mount technology	[ "Engineering" ]	4,970	[ "Electronic design", "Electronics manufacturing", "Electronic engineering", "Design" ]
232,386	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%20skill	A motor skill is a function that involves specific movements of the body's muscles to perform a certain task. These tasks could include walking, running, or riding a bike. In order to perform this skill, the body's nervous system, muscles, and brain have to all work together. The goal of motor skill is to optimize the ...	Motor skill	[ "Biology" ]	3,460	[ "Behavior", "Motor skills", "Motor control" ]
233,195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20compressor	An air compressor is a machine that takes ambient air from the surroundings and discharges it at a higher pressure. It is an application of a gas compressor and a pneumatic device that converts mechanical power (from an electric motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in compressed air, whi...	Air compressor	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,728	[ "Matter", "Turbomachinery", "Gas compressors", "Phases of matter", "Industrial gases", "Chemical process engineering", "Statistical mechanics", "Gases" ]
233,281	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementite	Cementite (or iron carbide) is a compound of iron and carbon, more precisely an intermediate transition metal carbide with the formula Fe3C. By weight, it is 6.67% carbon and 93.3% iron. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure. It is a hard, brittle material, normally classified as a ceramic in its pure form, and is a...	Cementite	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	856	[ "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "nan" ]
233,487	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachometer	A tachometer (revolution-counter, tach, rev-counter, RPM gauge) is an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute (RPM) on a calibrated analogue dial, but digital displays are increasingly common. The word comes . Es...	Tachometer	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,209	[ "Vehicle parts", "Avionics", "Measuring instruments", "Aircraft instruments", "Speed sensors", "Components" ]
233,500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet	A scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) is a variant of a ramjet airbreathing jet engine in which combustion takes place in supersonic airflow. As in ramjets, a scramjet relies on high vehicle speed to compress the incoming air forcefully before combustion (hence ramjet), but whereas a ramjet decelerates the air to ...	Scramjet	[ "Technology" ]	7,281	[ "Jet engines", "Engines", "Aircraft engines" ]
233,631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoelectronics	In electronics, cryoelectronics or cryolectronics is the study of superconductivity under cryogenic conditions and its applications. It is also described as the operation of power electronic devices at cryogenic temperatures. Practical applications of this field is quite broad, although it is particularly useful in are...	Cryoelectronics	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	430	[ "Materials science stubs", "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Electromagnetism stubs", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
233,654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Geodetic%20System	The World Geodetic System (WGS) is a standard used in cartography, geodesy, and satellite navigation including GPS. The current version, WGS 84, defines an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system and a geodetic datum, and also describes the associated Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) and World Magnetic Model (WMM)...	World Geodetic System	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	3,311	[ "Wireless locating", "Applied mathematics", "Aerospace engineering", "Aircraft instruments", "Coordinate systems", "Global Positioning System", "Geodesy" ]
233,668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure%20of%20the%20Earth	In geodesy, the figure of the Earth is the size and shape used to model planet Earth. The kind of figure depends on application, including the precision needed for the model. A spherical Earth is a well-known historical approximation that is satisfactory for geography, astronomy and many other purposes. Several models ...	Figure of the Earth	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,072	[ "Applied mathematics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Geodesy", "Geophysics" ]
233,740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20shield	In engineering, a heat shield is a component designed to protect an object or a human operator from being burnt or overheated by dissipating, reflecting, and/or absorbing heat. The term is most often used in reference to exhaust heat management and to systems for dissipating frictional heat. Heat shields are used most ...	Heat shield	[ "Engineering" ]	2,045	[ "Atmospheric entry", "Aerospace engineering" ]
233,944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External%20combustion%20engine	An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a reciprocating heat engine where a working fluid, contained internally, is heated by combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work. The f...	External combustion engine	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	368	[ "Physical systems", "External combustion engines", "Machines", "Engines" ]
234,018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assertion%20%28software%20development%29	In computer programming, specifically when using the imperative programming paradigm, an assertion is a predicate (a Boolean-valued function over the state space, usually expressed as a logical proposition using the variables of a program) connected to a point in the program, that always should evaluate to true at that...	Assertion (software development)	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	3,290	[ "Software engineering", "Mathematical logic", "Logic in computer science", "Formal methods" ]
234,088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20filter	A crystal filter allows some frequencies to pass through an electrical circuit while attenuating undesired frequencies. An electronic filter can use quartz crystals as resonator components of a filter circuit. Quartz crystals are piezoelectric, so their mechanical characteristics can affect electronic circuits (see mec...	Crystal filter	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	657	[ "Information and communications technology", "Radio electronics", "Wireless tuning and filtering", "Telecommunications engineering", "Filters", "Radio technology", "Signal processing filter" ]
234,129	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20finger	A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn2+) which stabilizes the fold. It was originally coined to describe the finger-like appearance of a hypothesized structure from the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) transcription factor IIIA. Howe...	Zinc finger	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,438	[ "Genetics techniques", "Functional groups", "Protein classification", "Protein structural motifs", "Thiolates", "DNA-binding substances", "Protein domains", "Protein superfamilies" ]
234,132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klystron	A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube, invented in 1937 by American electrical engineers Russell and Sigurd Varian, which is used as an amplifier for high radio frequencies, from UHF up into the microwave range. Low-power klystrons are used as oscillators in terrestrial microwave relay communications link...	Klystron	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,963	[ "Electron", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Electron beam", "Vacuum tubes", "Vacuum", "Experimental physics", "Accelerator physics", "Matter" ]
31,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano%E2%80%93Weierstrass%20theorem	In mathematics, specifically in real analysis, the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem, named after Bernard Bolzano and Karl Weierstrass, is a fundamental result about convergence in a finite-dimensional Euclidean space . The theorem states that each infinite bounded sequence in has a convergent subsequence. An equivalent for...	Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,456	[ "Sequences and series", "Compactness theorems", "Mathematical structures", "Theorems about real number sequences", "Theorems in topology" ]
31,248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling%20salesman%20problem	In the theory of computational complexity, the travelling salesman problem (TSP) asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the origin city?" It is an NP-hard problem in combina...	Travelling salesman problem	[ "Mathematics" ]	9,182	[ "Computational problems in graph theory", "NP-hard problems", "Computational mathematics", "Graph theory", "Computational problems", "Mathematical relations", "Mathematical problems", "NP-complete problems" ]
31,306	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium	Tritium () or hydrogen-3 (symbol T or H) is a rare and radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a half-life of ~12.3 years. The tritium nucleus (t, sometimes called a triton) contains one proton and two neutrons, whereas the nucleus of the common isotope hydrogen-1 (protium) contains one proton and no neutrons, and that of...	Tritium	[ "Chemistry" ]	7,141	[ "Isotopes of hydrogen", "Environmental isotopes", "Radionuclides used in radiometric dating", "Isotopes", "Radiochemistry", "Radioactivity" ]
31,474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20factor	In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. The function of TFs is to regulate—turn on and off—genes in order to make sure that th...	Transcription factor	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	6,809	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Gene expression", "Protein classification", "Signal transduction", "Molecular genetics", "Biophysics", "Induced stem cells", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry", "Protein families", "Transcription factors" ]
31,591	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20travel	Time travel is the hypothetical activity of traveling into the past or future. Time travel is a concept in philosophy and fiction, particularly science fiction. In fiction, time travel is typically achieved through the use of a device known as a time machine. The idea of a time machine was popularized by H. G. Wells's ...	Time travel	[ "Physics" ]	6,765	[ "Philosophy of physics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Time travel", "Spacetime" ]
31,880	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe	The universe is all of space and time and their contents. It comprises all of existence, any fundamental interaction, physical process and physical constant, and therefore all forms of matter and energy, and the structures they form, from sub-atomic particles to entire galactic filaments. Since the early 20th century, ...	Universe	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	11,526	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Concepts in astronomy", "Theoretical physics", "Astrophysics", "Astronomical dynamical systems", "Astronomical objects", "Physical cosmology", "Dynamical systems" ]
31,883	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty%20principle	The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately ...	Uncertainty principle	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	10,205	[ "Mathematical theorems", "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical objects", "Quantum mechanics", "Equations", "Scientific laws", "Binary relations", "Mathematical relations", "Inequalities (mathematics)", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical physics" ]
32,061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea%20cycle	The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH2)2CO from ammonia (NH3). Animals that use this cycle, mainly amphibians and mammals, are called ureotelic. The urea cycle converts highly toxic ammonia to urea for excretion. This cycle was the first metabolic...	Urea cycle	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,558	[ "Biochemistry", "Nitrogen cycle", "Metabolism", "Biochemical reactions" ]
32,167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin	Ubiquitin is a small (8.6 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e., it is found ubiquitously. It was discovered in 1975 by Gideon Goldstein and further characterized throughout the late 1970s and 1980s. Four genes in the human genome code for ubiquitin: UBB, UBC, UBA52 and RPS27A. Th...	Ubiquitin	[ "Chemistry" ]	9,175	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Gene expression", "Biochemical reactions", "Post-translational modification", "Structural biology", "Molecular biology", "Proteins", "Protein structure" ]
32,245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20property	In mathematics, more specifically in category theory, a universal property is a property that characterizes up to an isomorphism the result of some constructions. Thus, universal properties can be used for defining some objects independently from the method chosen for constructing them. For example, the definitions of...	Universal property	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,838	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Mathematical relations", "Category theory", "nan" ]
32,248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncountable%20set	In mathematics, an uncountable set, informally, is an infinite set that contains too many elements to be countable. The uncountability of a set is closely related to its cardinal number: a set is uncountable if its cardinal number is larger than aleph-null, the cardinality of the natural numbers. Characterizations Th...	Uncountable set	[ "Mathematics" ]	935	[ "Cardinal numbers", "Basic concepts in infinite set theory", "Mathematical objects", "Infinity", "Basic concepts in set theory", "Numbers" ]
32,313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unobtainium	Unobtainium (or unobtanium) is a term used in fiction, engineering, and common situations for a material ideal for a particular application but impractically difficult or impossible to obtain. Unobtainium originally referred to materials that do not exist at all, but can also be used to describe real materials that are...	Unobtainium	[ "Physics" ]	1,510	[ "Materials", "Fictional materials", "Matter" ]
32,344	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance	In probability theory and statistics, variance is the expected value of the squared deviation from the mean of a random variable. The standard deviation (SD) is obtained as the square root of the variance. Variance is a measure of dispersion, meaning it is a measure of how far a set of numbers is spread out from their ...	Variance	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	5,769	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Moments (mathematics)", "Physical quantities", "Articles containing proofs", "Moment (physics)" ]
32,370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20space	In mathematics and physics, a vector space (also called a linear space) is a set whose elements, often called vectors, can be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers called scalars. The operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication must satisfy certain requirements, called vector axioms. Real vect...	Vector space	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	7,646	[ "Mathematical structures", "Vector spaces", "Mathematical objects", "Space (mathematics)", "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "nan" ]
32,410	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle	A vehicle () is a machine designed for self-propulsion, usually to transport people, cargo, or both. The term "vehicle" typically refers to land vehicles such as human-powered vehicles (e.g. bicycles, tricycles, velomobiles), animal-powered transports (e.g. horse-drawn carriages/wagons, ox carts, dog sleds), motor vehi...	Vehicle	[ "Physics" ]	5,865	[ "Vehicles", "Transport", "Physical systems" ]
32,431	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium	Vanadium is a chemical element; it has symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer (passivation) somewhat stabilizes the free metal against further oxidation. Spanis...	Vanadium	[ "Physics" ]	6,299	[ "Chemical elements", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
32,436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl%20group	In organic chemistry, a vinyl group (abbr. Vi; IUPAC name: ethenyl group) is a functional group with the formula . It is the ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) molecule () with one fewer hydrogen atom. The name is also used for any compound containing that group, namely where R is any other group of atoms. An industrial...	Vinyl group	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	583	[ "Substituents", "Functional groups", "Alkenyl groups", "Polymer chemistry", "Monomers" ]
32,500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20pump	A vacuum pump is a type of pump device that draws gas particles from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. The first vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke, and was preceded by the suction pump, which dates to antiquity. History Early pumps The predecessor to the vacuum pump was t...	Vacuum pump	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	4,016	[ "Pumps", "Turbomachinery", "Vacuum pumps", "Vacuum", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Vacuum systems", "Matter" ]
32,502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum	A vacuum (: vacuums or vacua) is space devoid of matter. The word is derived from the Latin adjective (neuter ) meaning "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfec...	Vacuum	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	7,205	[ "Physical phenomena", "Matter", "Phases of matter", "Vacuum", "Statistical mechanics", "Gases" ]
32,640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20calculus	Vector calculus or vector analysis is a branch of mathematics concerned with the differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in three-dimensional Euclidean space, The term vector calculus is sometimes used as a synonym for the broader subject of multivariable calculus, which spans vector calculus as w...	Vector calculus	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,365	[ "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical physics" ]
32,664	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial%20theorem	In mechanics, the virial theorem provides a general equation that relates the average over time of the total kinetic energy of a stable system of discrete particles, bound by a conservative force (where the work done is independent of path), with that of the total potential energy of the system. Mathematically, the the...	Virial theorem	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	3,959	[ "Solid mechanics", "Physical phenomena", "Equations of physics", "Concepts in astronomy", "Classical mechanics", "Motion (physics)", "Mechanics", "Dynamics (mechanics)", "nan", "Equations of astronomy", "Physics theorems" ]
32,754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve	A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flow...	Valve	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	3,757	[ "Hydrology", "Building engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Plumbing", "Physical systems", "Construction", "Valves", "Hydraulics", "Water industry", "Mechanical engineering", "Piping" ]
33,426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle%20duality	Wave-particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances. It expresses the inability of the classical concepts such as particle or wave to fully describe the behavior o...	Wave–particle duality	[ "Physics" ]	2,361	[ "Physical phenomena", "Foundational quantum physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Waves", "Motion (physics)", "Physical objects", "Particles", "Matter" ]
18,308,428	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%20problem	In mathematics, the constant problem is the problem of deciding whether a given expression is equal to zero. The problem This problem is also referred to as the identity problem or the method of zero estimates. It has no formal statement as such but refers to a general problem prevalent in transcendental number theor...	Constant problem	[ "Mathematics" ]	375	[ "Analytic number theory", "Computational problems", "Undecidable problems", "Mathematical problems", "Number theory" ]
18,311,607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%E2%80%93Ou%E2%80%93Mandel%20effect	The Hong–Ou–Mandel effect is a two-photon interference effect in quantum optics that was demonstrated in 1987 by Chung Ki Hong (), Zheyu Jeff Ou () and Leonard Mandel at the University of Rochester:. The effect occurs when two identical single photons enter a 1:1 beam splitter, one in each input port. When the temporal...	Hong–Ou–Mandel effect	[ "Physics" ]	2,138	[ "Quantum optics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
18,313,212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UrQMD	UrQMD (Ultra relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics) is a fully integrated Monte Carlo simulation package for Proton+Proton, Proton+nucleus and nucleus+nucleus interactions. UrQMD has many applications in particle physics, high energy experimental physics and engineering, shielding, detector design, cosmic ray studies...	UrQMD	[ "Physics" ]	194	[ "Physics software", "Computational physics" ]
18,313,757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master/Session	In cryptography, Master/Session is a key management scheme in which a pre-shared Key Encrypting Key (called the "Master" key) is used to encrypt a randomly generated and insecurely communicated Working Key (called the "Session" key). The Working Key is then used for encrypting the data to be exchanged. Its advantage is...	Master/Session	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	197	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
18,315,951	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20odometry	In robotics and computer vision, visual odometry is the process of determining the position and orientation of a robot by analyzing the associated camera images. It has been used in a wide variety of robotic applications, such as on the Mars Exploration Rovers. Overview In navigation, odometry is the use of data from ...	Visual odometry	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,006	[ "Physical phenomena", "Surveying", "Motion (physics)", "Civil engineering", "Motion in computer vision" ]
102,718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20gallium%20arsenide	Aluminium gallium arsenide (also gallium aluminium arsenide) (AlxGa1−xAs) is a semiconductor material with very nearly the same lattice constant as GaAs, but a larger bandgap. The x in the formula above is a number between 0 and 1 - this indicates an arbitrary alloy between GaAs and AlAs. The chemical formula AlGaAs s...	Aluminium gallium arsenide	[ "Chemistry" ]	406	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Semiconductor materials", "III-V semiconductors", "Light-emitting diode materials", "III-V compounds" ]
102,847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state%20physics	Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result fro...	Solid-state physics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,378	[ "Metallurgy", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Matter" ]
103,194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidenfrost%20effect	The Leidenfrost effect is a physical phenomenon in which a liquid, close to a solid surface of another body that is significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer that keeps the liquid from boiling rapidly. Because of this repulsive force, a droplet hovers over the surface, rat...	Leidenfrost effect	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,464	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Thermodynamics" ]
103,437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20nucleic%20acid	Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA or RNA. Synthetic peptide nucleic acid oligomers have been used in recent years in molecular biology procedures, diagnostic assays, and antisense therapies. Due to their higher binding strength, it is not necessary to design long PNA olig...	Peptide nucleic acid	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,326	[ "Biological hypotheses", "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Origin of life", "Nucleic acids" ]
20,490,276	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glidant	A glidant is a substance that is added to a powder to improve its flowability. A glidant will only work at a certain range of concentrations. Above a certain concentration, the glidant will in fact function to inhibit flowability. In tablet manufacture, glidants are usually added just prior to compression. Examples E...	Glidant	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	193	[ "Chemical engineering", "Materials stubs", "Materials", "Powders", "nan", "Particle technology", "Granularity of materials", "Matter" ]
20,494,183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avulsion%20%28river%29	In sedimentary geology and fluvial geomorphology, avulsion is the rapid abandonment of a river channel and the formation of a new river channel. Avulsions occur as a result of channel slopes that are much less steep than the slope that the river could travel if it took a new course. Deltaic and net-depositional settin...	Avulsion (river)	[ "Physics", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,133	[ "Hydrology", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
20,496,245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound%E2%80%93Drever%E2%80%93Hall%20technique	The Pound–Drever–Hall (PDH) technique is a widely used and powerful approach for stabilizing the frequency of light emitted by a laser by means of locking to a stable cavity. The PDH technique has a broad range of applications including interferometric gravitational wave detectors, atomic physics, and time measurement ...	Pound–Drever–Hall technique	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,425	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Telecommunications engineering", "Optical devices", "Synchronization" ]
20,497,041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoporation	Sonoporation, or cellular sonication, is the use of sound in the ultrasonic range for increasing the permeability of the cell plasma membrane. This technique is usually used in molecular biology and non-viral gene therapy in order to allow uptake of large molecules such as DNA into the cell, in a cell disruption proces...	Sonoporation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,414	[ "Biochemistry", "nan", "Biotechnology", "Molecular biology" ]
3,399,064	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20air%20temperature	In aviation, stagnation temperature is known as total air temperature and is measured by a temperature probe mounted on the surface of the aircraft. The probe is designed to bring the air to rest relative to the aircraft. As the air is brought to rest, kinetic energy is converted to internal energy. The air is compress...	Total air temperature	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	956	[ "Aircraft instruments", "Measuring instruments" ]
3,400,953	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20surface	A parametric surface is a surface in the Euclidean space which is defined by a parametric equation with two parameters Parametric representation is a very general way to specify a surface, as well as implicit representation. Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of vector calculus, Stokes' theorem and the d...	Parametric surface	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,706	[ "Mathematical objects", "Equations" ]
3,401,787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprism	A superprism is a photonic crystal in which an entering beam of light will lead to an extremely large angular dispersion. The ability of the photonic crystal to send optical beams with different wavelengths to considerably different angles in space in superprisms has been used to demonstrate wavelength demultiplexing i...	Superprism	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	151	[ "Materials science stubs", "Condensed matter stubs", "Condensed matter physics" ]
3,402,426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCckel%20method	The Hückel method or Hückel molecular orbital theory, proposed by Erich Hückel in 1930, is a simple method for calculating molecular orbitals as linear combinations of atomic orbitals. The theory predicts the molecular orbitals for π-electrons in π-delocalized molecules, such as ethylene, benzene, butadiene, and pyridi...	Hückel method	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	5,553	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Molecular physics", "Computational chemistry", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", "Semiempirical quantum chemistry methods", " and optical physics" ]
3,406,142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity%20of%20simultaneity	In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that distant simultaneity – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. This possibility was raised by mathematician Henri Poincaré in 1900, and thereafter became a central idea ...	Relativity of simultaneity	[ "Physics" ]	2,716	[ "Special relativity", "Theory of relativity" ]

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