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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
10,220,713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20field%20splitting	Zero field splitting (ZFS) describes various interactions of the energy levels of a molecule or ion resulting from the presence of more than one unpaired electron. In quantum mechanics, an energy level is called degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. In the presence...	Zero field splitting	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	750	[ "Electron paramagnetic resonance", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)" ]
10,221,795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative%20bioinformatics	Integrative bioinformatics is a discipline of bioinformatics that focuses on problems of data integration for the life sciences. With the rise of high-throughput (HTP) technologies in the life sciences, particularly in molecular biology, the amount of collected data has grown in an exponential fashion. Furthermore, th...	Integrative bioinformatics	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,080	[ "Bioinformatics", "Biological engineering" ]
10,222,049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narkomfin%20building	The Narkomfin Building is a block of flats at 25, Novinsky Boulevard, in the Central district of Moscow, Russia. Conceived as a "transitional type of experimental house", it is a renowned example of Constructivist architecture and avant-garde housing design. Though a listed "Cultural Heritage Monument" on the Russian ...	Narkomfin building	[ "Engineering" ]	1,410	[ "Architecture related to utopias", "Architecture" ]
10,223,066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime%20algebra	In mathematical physics, spacetime algebra (STA) is the application of Clifford algebra Cl1,3(R), or equivalently the geometric algebra to physics. Spacetime algebra provides a "unified, coordinate-free formulation for all of relativistic physics, including the Dirac equation, Maxwell equation and General Relativity" ...	Spacetime algebra	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,756	[ "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical physics" ]
18,268,930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AguaClara	AguaClara Cornell is an engineering based project team within Cornell University's College of Engineering that designs sustainable water treatment plants using open source technology. The program's mission is to uphold and protect “the fundamental human right to access safe drinking water. We are committed to the ongo...	AguaClara	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,156	[ "Water treatment", "Water pollution", "Water technology", "Environmental engineering" ]
14,230,307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozeny%E2%80%93Carman%20equation	The Kozeny–Carman equation (or Carman–Kozeny equation or Kozeny equation) is a relation used in the field of fluid dynamics to calculate the pressure drop of a fluid flowing through a packed bed of solids. It is named after Josef Kozeny and Philip C. Carman. The equation is only valid for creeping flow, i.e. in the slo...	Kozeny–Carman equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	480	[ "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Equations of physics", "Unit operations", "Porous media", "Materials science", "Chemical process engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
14,231,240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARSEC	PARSEC is a package designed to perform electronic structure calculations of solids and molecules using density functional theory (DFT). The acronym stands for Pseudopotential Algorithm for Real-Space Electronic Calculations. It solves the Kohn–Sham equations in real space, without the use of explicit basis sets. One ...	PARSEC	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	258	[ "Computational chemistry software", "Chemistry software", "Computational physics", "Computational chemistry", "Density functional theory software", "Physics software" ]
14,231,342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error%20management%20theory	Error management theory (EMT) is an approach to perception and cognition biases originally coined by David Buss and Martie Haselton. Error management training is a related area that uses this theory. The objective of it is to encourage trainees to make errors and encourage them in reflection to understand the causes o...	Error management theory	[ "Engineering" ]	2,749	[ "Error detection and correction", "Reliability engineering" ]
14,236,540	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20sweep	The sweep Sw of a solid S is defined as the solid created when a motion M is applied to a given solid. The solid S should be considered to be a set of points in the Euclidean space R3. Then the solid Sw which is generated by sweeping S over M will contain all the points over which the points of S have moved during the ...	Solid sweep	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	113	[ "Euclidean solid geometry", "Space", "Geometry", "Geometry stubs", "Spacetime" ]
3,382,576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke%20%28electronics%29	In electronics, a choke is an inductor used to block higher-frequency alternating currents (AC) while passing direct current (DC) and lower-frequency ACs in a circuit. A choke usually consists of a coil of insulated wire often wound on a magnetic core, although some consist of a doughnut-shaped ferrite bead strung on a...	Choke (electronics)	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,311	[ "Electrodynamics", "Radio electronics", "Wireless tuning and filtering", "Dynamical systems" ]
3,383,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-elliptic%20transfer	In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the bi-elliptic transfer is an orbital maneuver that moves a spacecraft from one orbit to another and may, in certain situations, require less delta-v than a Hohmann transfer maneuver. The bi-elliptic transfer consists of two half-elliptic orbits. From the initial orbit, a fi...	Bi-elliptic transfer	[ "Engineering" ]	1,807	[ "Astrodynamics", "Aerospace engineering" ]
3,385,027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineers%20Without%20Borders%20%28Belgium%29	Ingénieurs sans Frontières - Ingénieurs Assistance Internationale (ISF-IAI, more commonly known as ISF, Belgium) is a Belgian NGO assisting developing areas of the world with their engineering needs and whose fundamental purpose is to adapt technological development to the needs of those living in underprivileged areas...	Engineers Without Borders (Belgium)	[ "Engineering" ]	335	[ "Engineers Without Borders" ]
3,386,119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27t%20Hooft%20loop	In quantum field theory, the 't Hooft loop is a magnetic analogue of the Wilson loop for which spatial loops give rise to thin loops of magnetic flux associated with magnetic vortices. They play the role of a disorder parameter for the Higgs phase in pure gauge theory. Consistency conditions between electric and magnet...	't Hooft loop	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	1,366	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Astronomical hypotheses", "Phases of matter", "Critical phenomena", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Magnetic monopoles", "Statistical mechanics", "Matter" ]
3,386,142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20operator	In quantum field theory, an order operator or an order field is a quantum field version of Landau's order parameter whose expectation value characterizes phase transitions. There exists a dual version of it, the disorder operator or disorder field, whose expectation value characterizes a phase transition by indicating ...	Order operator	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	249	[ "Quantum field theory", "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Matter", "Phases of matter", "Quantum mechanics", "Critical phenomena", "Statistical mechanics", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
3,386,815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Clay%20and%20Glass%20Gallery	The Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery (CCGG) is a public art gallery located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It is the only Canadian art gallery exclusively dedicated to exhibiting and collecting contemporary Canadian ceramic, glass, enamel and stained glass works of art. It has approximately 20,000 annual visitors. The C...	Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,679	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Glass museums and galleries" ]
3,387,044	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberger%20rearrangement	The Bamberger rearrangement is the chemical reaction of phenylhydroxylamines with strong aqueous acid, which will rearrange to give 4-aminophenols. It is named for the German chemist Eugen Bamberger (1857–1932). The starting phenylhydroxylamines are typically synthesized by the transfer hydrogenation of nitrobenzenes ...	Bamberger rearrangement	[ "Chemistry" ]	237	[ "Name reactions", "Rearrangement reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
3,388,231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20Nationale%20Sup%C3%A9rieure%20d%27%C3%89lectrochimie%20et%20d%27%C3%89lectrom%C3%A9tallurgie%20de%20Grenoble	The École Nationale Supérieure d'Électrochimie et d'Électrométallurgie de Grenoble, or ENSEEG, was one of the French Grandes écoles of engineering (engineering schools). It has been created in 1921 under the name Institut d’électrochimie et d’électrométallurgie (IEE) (Institute of Electrochemistry and Electrometallurg...	École Nationale Supérieure d'Électrochimie et d'Électrométallurgie de Grenoble	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	261	[ "Metallurgy", "Chemical engineering", "Electrochemistry stubs", "Electrochemical engineering", "Electrochemistry", "Metallurgical organizations", "Electrical engineering", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
3,389,593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20divider	In electronics, a current divider is a simple linear circuit that produces an output current (IX) that is a fraction of its input current (IT). Current division refers to the splitting of current between the branches of the divider. The currents in the various branches of such a circuit will always divide in such a wa...	Current divider	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,308	[ "Physical quantities", "Analog circuits", "Electronic engineering", "Electric current", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
3,390,039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28Bis%28trifluoroacetoxy%29iodo%29benzene	(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene, , is a hypervalent iodine compound used as a reagent in organic chemistry. It can be used to carry out the Hofmann rearrangement under acidic conditions. Preparation The syntheses of all aryl hypervalent iodine compounds start from iodobenzene. The compound can be prepared by reac...	(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene	[ "Chemistry" ]	376	[ "Iodanes", "Oxidizing agents", "Reagents for organic chemistry" ]
11,647,120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20risk%20indicator	A key risk indicator (KRI) is a measure used in management to indicate how risky an activity is. Key risk indicators are metrics used by organizations to provide an early signal of increasing risk exposures in various areas of the enterprise. It differs from a key performance indicator (KPI) in that the latter is meant...	Key risk indicator	[ "Mathematics" ]	650	[ "Quantity", "Metrics" ]
11,647,284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Iliopoulos	John (Jean) Iliopoulos (Greek: Ιωάννης Ηλιόπουλος; 1940) is a Greek physicist. He is the first person to present the Standard Model of particle physics in a single report. He is best known for his prediction of the charm quark with Sheldon Glashow and Luciano Maiani (the "GIM mechanism"). Iliopoulos is also known for d...	John Iliopoulos	[ "Physics" ]	1,119	[ "Theoretical physics", "Theoretical physicists" ]
11,653,740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFGROW	AFGROW (Air Force Grow) is a Damage Tolerance Analysis (DTA) computer program that calculates crack initiation, fatigue crack growth, and fracture to predict the life of metallic structures. Originally developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory, AFGROW is mainly used for aerospace applications, but can be applied t...	AFGROW	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,058	[ "Structural engineering", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Fracture mechanics", "Structural analysis", "Materials science", "Mechanical engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Materials degradation" ]
7,907,151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellich%E2%80%93Kondrachov%20theorem	In mathematics, the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem is a compact embedding theorem concerning Sobolev spaces. It is named after the Austrian-German mathematician Franz Rellich and the Russian mathematician Vladimir Iosifovich Kondrashov. Rellich proved the L2 theorem and Kondrashov the Lp theorem. Statement of the theorem...	Rellich–Kondrachov theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	518	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Mathematical theorems", "Mathematical problems" ]
7,909,383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable%20matter	Programmable matter is matter which has the ability to change its physical properties (shape, density, moduli, conductivity, optical properties, etc.) in a programmable fashion, based upon user input or autonomous sensing. Programmable matter is thus linked to the concept of a material which inherently has the ability...	Programmable matter	[ "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,996	[ "Synthetic biology", "Biological engineering", "Computer engineering", "Robotics engineering", "Materials science", "Bioinformatics", "Molecular genetics", "Smart materials" ]
7,912,154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20Wars	Body Wars was a motion simulator attraction inside the Wonders of Life pavilion at the Walt Disney World Resort's Epcot. Riders would be taken on a mission by the fictional Miniaturized Exploration Technologies corporation (Stylized as MET) to study the effects of the white blood cells on a splinter inside the left ind...	Body Wars	[ "Physics" ]	1,406	[ "Human body", "Physical objects", "Matter" ]
7,914,639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyte-specific%20reagent	Analyte-specific reagents (ASRs) are a class of biological molecules which can be used to identify and measure the amount of an individual chemical substance in biological specimens. Regulatory definition The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines analyte specific reagents (ASRs) in 21 CFR 864.4020 as “anti...	Analyte-specific reagent	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	217	[ "Natural products", "Chemical tests", "Molecular biology stubs", "Organic compounds", "Biomolecules", "Structural biology", "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
2,467,030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime%20plaster	Lime plaster is a type of plaster composed of sand, water, and lime, usually non-hydraulic hydrated lime (also known as slaked lime, high calcium lime or air lime). Ancient lime plaster often contained horse hair for reinforcement and pozzolan additives to reduce the working time. Traditional non-hydraulic hydrated li...	Lime plaster	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,233	[ "Building engineering", "Coatings", "Architecture", "Construction", "Materials", "Plastering", "Matter", "Building materials" ]
2,467,284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20autoionization	In chemistry, molecular autoionization (or self-ionization) is a chemical reaction between molecules of the same substance to produce ions. If a pure liquid partially dissociates into ions, it is said to be self-ionizing. In most cases the oxidation number on all atoms in such a reaction remains unchanged. Such autoion...	Molecular autoionization	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	449	[ "Molecular physics", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
2,467,496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorapidity	In experimental particle physics, pseudorapidity, , is a commonly used spatial coordinate describing the angle of a particle relative to the beam axis. It is defined as where is the angle between the particle three-momentum and the positive direction of the beam axis. Inversely, As a function of three-momentum , p...	Pseudorapidity	[ "Physics" ]	1,243	[ "Experimental physics", "Particle physics", "Experimental particle physics" ]
2,467,948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonucleotide%20reductase	Sulfonucleotide reductases are a class of enzymes involved in reductive sulfur assimilation. This reaction consists of a conversion from activated sulfate to sulfite. (Inorganic sulfate occurs abundantly on Earth; terrestrial organisms must use sulfate assimilation to convert it to sulfide). The sulfite is used in esse...	Sulfonucleotide reductase	[ "Chemistry" ]	164	[ "Sulfur metabolism", "Metabolism" ]
2,468,107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEDOT%3APSS	Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a composite material where PEDOT (the conductive polymer) provides electrical conductivity, and PSS (polystyrene sulfonate) acts as a counter-ion to balance the charge and improve the water solubility and processability of PEDOT. Polystyrene sulfonat...	PEDOT:PSS	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,461	[ "Organic polymers", "Semiconductor materials", "Molecular electronics", "Conductive polymers", "Organic compounds", "Electronic engineering", "Display technology", "Antistatic agents", "Process chemicals", "Organic semiconductors" ]
2,468,460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float-zone%20silicon	Float-zone silicon is very pure silicon obtained by vertical zone melting. The process was developed at Bell Labs by Henry Theuerer in 1955 as a modification of a method developed by William Gardner Pfann for germanium. In the vertical configuration molten silicon has sufficient surface tension to keep the charge from ...	Float-zone silicon	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	490	[ "Crystallography", "Semiconductor materials", "Methods of crystal growth", "Group IV semiconductors" ]
2,468,892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s%20identities	In mathematics, Newton's identities, also known as the Girard–Newton formulae, give relations between two types of symmetric polynomials, namely between power sums and elementary symmetric polynomials. Evaluated at the roots of a monic polynomial P in one variable, they allow expressing the sums of the k-th powers of a...	Newton's identities	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,344	[ "Symmetry", "Group actions", "Mathematical identities", "Algebraic identities", "Algebra", "Combinatorics", "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Symmetric functions", "Linear algebra", "Algebraic combinatorics", "Invariant theory" ]
2,468,995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonyl-CoA	Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid. Functions It plays a key role in chain elongation in fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide biosynthesis. Cytosolic fatty acid biosynthesis Malonyl-CoA provides 2-carbon units to fatty acids and commits them to fatty acid chain synthesis. Malonyl-CoA is formed...	Malonyl-CoA	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	576	[ "Biochemistry", "Metabolism", "Cellular processes" ]
2,470,340	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess%20reagent	The Burgess reagent (methyl N-(triethylammoniumsulfonyl)carbamate) is a mild and selective dehydrating reagent often used in organic chemistry. It was developed in the laboratory of Edward M. Burgess at Georgia Tech. The Burgess reagent is used to convert secondary and tertiary alcohols with an adjacent proton into a...	Burgess reagent	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	208	[ "Matter", "Zwitterions", "Reagents for organic chemistry", "Dehydrating agents", "Ions" ]
2,470,504	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsilon%20meson	The Upsilon meson () is a quarkonium state (i.e. flavourless meson) formed from a bottom quark and its antiparticle. It was discovered by the E288 experiment team, headed by Leon Lederman, at Fermilab in 1977, and was the first particle containing a bottom quark to be discovered because it is the lightest that can be p...	Upsilon meson	[ "Physics" ]	171	[ "Particle physics stubs", "Particle physics" ]
2,472,170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubocurarine%20chloride	Tubocurarine (also known as d-tubocurarine or DTC) is a toxic benzylisoquinoline alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison. In the mid-1900s, it was used in conjunction with an anesthetic to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. Safer alternatives, such as cisatra...	Tubocurarine chloride	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,860	[ "Organic compounds", "Alkaloids by chemical classification", "Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids", "Macrocycles", "Neurochemistry", "Neurotoxins" ]
2,472,618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed%20graph	In the area of graph theory in mathematics, a signed graph is a graph in which each edge has a positive or negative sign. A signed graph is balanced if the product of edge signs around every cycle is positive. The name "signed graph" and the notion of balance appeared first in a mathematical paper of Frank Harary in ...	Signed graph	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,278	[ "Sign (mathematics)", "Mathematical objects", "Graph theory", "Combinatorics", "Mathematical relations", "Extensions and generalizations of graphs", "Numbers", "Matroid theory" ]
6,018,334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending%20moment	In solid mechanics, a bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element, causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam. The diagram shows a beam which is simply supported (free...	Bending moment	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,092	[ "Mechanical quantities", "Force", "Physical quantities", "Continuum mechanics", "Quantity", "Mass", "Classical mechanics", "Construction", "Civil engineering", "Mechanics", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter", "Moment (physics)" ]
6,018,468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form%20factor%20%28quantum%20field%20theory%29	In elementary particle physics and mathematical physics, in particular in effective field theory, a form factor is a function that encapsulates the properties of a certain particle interaction without including all of the underlying physics, but instead, providing the momentum dependence of suitable matrix elements. It...	Form factor (quantum field theory)	[ "Physics" ]	430	[ "Quantum field theory", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
6,020,635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannay%20angle	In classical mechanics, the Hannay angle is a mechanics analogue of the geometric phase (or Berry phase). It was named after John Hannay of the University of Bristol, UK. Hannay first described the angle in 1985, extending the ideas of the recently formalized Berry phase to classical mechanics. Consider a one-dimensio...	Hannay angle	[ "Physics" ]	826	[ "Classical mechanics stubs", "Mechanics", "Classical mechanics" ]
6,024,570	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth%20allocation	Bandwidth allocation is the process of assigning radio frequencies to different applications. The radio spectrum is a finite resource, which means there is great need for an effective allocation process. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission or FCC has the responsibility of allocating discrete po...	Bandwidth allocation	[ "Physics" ]	2,498	[ "Radio spectrum", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum" ]
6,025,205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater%20recharge	Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process, where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the ...	Groundwater recharge	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,982	[ "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Soil mechanics", "Soil physics", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Aquifers", "Environmental engineering", "Water", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
1,176,394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain%20wall	A domain wall is a type of topological soliton that occurs whenever a discrete symmetry is spontaneously broken. Domain walls are also sometimes called kinks in analogy with closely related kink solution of the sine-Gordon model or models with polynomial potentials. Unstable domain walls can also appear if spontaneousl...	Domain wall	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	386	[ "Materials science stubs", "Quantum mechanics", "Condensed matter physics", "Condensed matter stubs", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
1,177,234	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20dichromate	Potassium dichromate, , is a common inorganic chemical reagent, most commonly used as an oxidizing agent in various laboratory and industrial applications. As with all hexavalent chromium compounds, it is acutely and chronically harmful to health. It is a crystalline ionic solid with a very bright, red-orange color. T...	Potassium dichromate	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,181	[ "Light-sensitive chemicals", "Light reactions", "Redox", "Oxidizing agents" ]
1,177,592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsometry	Ellipsometry is an optical technique for investigating the dielectric properties (complex refractive index or dielectric function) of thin films. Ellipsometry measures the change of polarization upon reflection or transmission and compares it to a model. It can be used to characterize composition, roughness, thickness...	Ellipsometry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	4,032	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Spectroscopy", "Radiometry" ]
1,177,781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell%20rotation	Terrell rotation or the Terrell effect is the visual distortion that a passing object would appear to undergo, according to the special theory of relativity, if it were travelling at a significant fraction of the speed of light. This behaviour was described independently by both Roger Penrose and James Edward Terrell. ...	Terrell rotation	[ "Physics" ]	675	[ "Special relativity", "Theory of relativity" ]
1,178,438	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20eddy%20simulation	Large eddy simulation (LES) is a mathematical model for turbulence used in computational fluid dynamics. It was initially proposed in 1963 by Joseph Smagorinsky to simulate atmospheric air currents, and first explored by Deardorff (1970). LES is currently applied in a wide variety of engineering applications, includin...	Large eddy simulation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	4,898	[ "Turbulence", "Computational fluid dynamics", "Chemical engineering", "Computational physics", "Civil engineering", "Piping", "Fluid mechanics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
1,178,500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20construction%20articles	This page is a list of construction topics. A Abated - Abrasive blasting - AC power plugs and sockets - Access mat - Accrington brick - Accropode - Acid brick - Acoustic plaster - Active daylighting - Adaptive reuse - Aerial crane - Aerosol paint - Aggregate base - Agile construction - Akmon - Alternative natural mate...	Index of construction articles	[ "Engineering" ]	3,482	[ "Building engineering", "Civil engineering", "Construction", "Architecture" ]
1,179,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerulean	The color cerulean (American English) or caerulean (British English, Commonwealth English), is a variety of the hue of blue that may range from a light azure blue to a more intense sky blue, and may be mixed as well with the hue of green. The first recorded use of cerulean as a color name in English was in 1590. The wo...	Cerulean	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,289	[ "Inorganic pigments", "Inorganic compounds" ]
1,179,028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding%20machine	A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is any of various power tools or machine tools used for grinding. It is a type of material removal using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the workpiece via shear deformation. Grinding as a type of...	Grinding machine	[ "Physics" ]	1,132	[ "Power (physics)", "Power tools", "Physical quantities" ]
1,179,217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextran	Dextran is a complex branched glucan (polysaccharide derived from the condensation of glucose), originally derived from wine. IUPAC defines dextrans as "Branched poly-α-d-glucosides of microbial origin having glycosidic bonds predominantly C-1 → C-6". Dextran chains are of varying lengths (from 3 to 2000 kilodaltons). ...	Dextran	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,592	[ "Carbohydrates", "Biotechnology products", "Polysaccharides" ]
1,179,352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-based%20combined%20cycle	The RBCC, or rocket-based combined cycle propulsion system, was one of the two types of propulsion systems that may have been tested in the Boeing X-43 experimental aircraft. The RBCC, or strutjet as it is sometimes called, is a combination propulsion system that consists of a ramjet, scramjet, and ducted rocket, wher...	Rocket-based combined cycle	[ "Astronomy", "Technology" ]	327	[ "Engines", "Spacecraft stubs", "Rocketry stubs", "Astronomy stubs", "Jet engines" ]
1,179,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well%20poisoning	Well poisoning is the act of malicious manipulation of potable water resources in order to cause illness or death, or to deny an opponent access to fresh water resources. Well poisoning has been historically documented as a strategy during wartime since antiquity, and was used both offensively (as a terror tactic to d...	Well poisoning	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	1,220	[ "Hydrology", "Biological warfare", "Water wells", "nan", "Environmental engineering" ]
229,160	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%20factor	In physics and engineering, the quality factor or factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how underdamped an oscillator or resonator is. It is defined as the ratio of the initial energy stored in the resonator to the energy lost in one radian of the cycle of oscillation. factor is alternatively defined as...	Q factor	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	3,178	[ "Metrics", "Engineering ratios", "Quantity", "Mechanics", "Mechanical engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical parameters" ]
229,553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke%27s%20law	In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force () needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance () scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, where is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and is small compared to the total possible deform...	Hooke's law	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	4,882	[ "Structural engineering", "Solid mechanics", "Physical phenomena", "Elasticity (physics)", "Deformation (mechanics)", "Structural analysis", "Mechanics", "Mechanical engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Physical properties" ]
229,643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molality	In chemistry, molality is a measure of the amount of solute in a solution relative to a given mass of solvent. This contrasts with the definition of molarity which is based on a given volume of solution. A commonly used unit for molality is the moles per kilogram (mol/kg). A solution of concentration 1 mol/kg is also ...	Molality	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,537	[ "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Mass", "Intensive quantities", "nan", "Mass-specific quantities", "Matter" ]
230,072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-force	In the special theory of relativity, four-force is a four-vector that replaces the classical force. In special relativity The four-force is defined as the rate of change in the four-momentum of a particle with respect to the particle's proper time. Hence,: For a particle of constant invariant mass , the four-momentu...	Four-force	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	727	[ "Force", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Mass", "Four-vectors", "Classical mechanics", "Vector physical quantities", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter" ]
230,401	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd%E2%80%93Warshall%20algorithm	In computer science, the Floyd–Warshall algorithm (also known as Floyd's algorithm, the Roy–Warshall algorithm, the Roy–Floyd algorithm, or the WFI algorithm) is an algorithm for finding shortest paths in a directed weighted graph with positive or negative edge weights (but with no negative cycles). A single execution ...	Floyd–Warshall algorithm	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,629	[ "Graph theory", "Computational problems", "Polynomial-time problems", "Mathematical relations", "Mathematical problems", "Graph distance" ]
230,428	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20resolution	Angular resolution describes the ability of any image-forming device such as an optical or radio telescope, a microscope, a camera, or an eye, to distinguish small details of an object, thereby making it a major determinant of image resolution. It is used in optics applied to light waves, in antenna theory applied to ...	Angular resolution	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,234	[ "Geometric measurement", "Scalar physical quantities", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Optics", "Physical quantities", " molecular", "Atomic", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Angle", " and optical physics" ]
230,487	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%20group	The Poincaré group, named after Henri Poincaré (1905), was first defined by Hermann Minkowski (1908) as the isometry group of Minkowski spacetime. It is a ten-dimensional non-abelian Lie group that is of importance as a model in our understanding of the most basic fundamentals of physics. Overview The Poincaré group...	Poincaré group	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,540	[ "Quantum field theory", "Lie groups", "Mathematical structures", "Quantum mechanics", "Algebraic structures", "Geometry", "Theory of relativity", "Symmetry" ]
230,488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%20space	In physics, Minkowski space (or Minkowski spacetime) () is the main mathematical description of spacetime in the absence of gravitation. It combines inertial space and time manifolds into a four-dimensional model. The model helps show how a spacetime interval between any two events is independent of the inertial fram...	Minkowski space	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	8,018	[ "Exact solutions in general relativity", "Equations of physics", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Special relativity", "Geometry", "Theory of relativity" ]
230,489	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz%20group	In physics and mathematics, the Lorentz group is the group of all Lorentz transformations of Minkowski spacetime, the classical and quantum setting for all (non-gravitational) physical phenomena. The Lorentz group is named for the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz. For example, the following laws, equations, and theorie...	Lorentz group	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	7,599	[ "Lie groups", "Mathematical structures", "Special relativity", "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic structures", "Theory of relativity" ]
230,491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fock%20space	The Fock space is an algebraic construction used in quantum mechanics to construct the quantum states space of a variable or unknown number of identical particles from a single particle Hilbert space . It is named after V. A. Fock who first introduced it in his 1932 paper "Konfigurationsraum und zweite Quantelung" ("Co...	Fock space	[ "Physics" ]	1,713	[ "Quantum field theory", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
230,527	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20hazard	A seismic hazard is the probability that an earthquake will occur in a given geographic area, within a given window of time, and with ground motion intensity exceeding a given threshold. With a hazard thus estimated, risk can be assessed and included in such areas as building codes for standard buildings, designing lar...	Seismic hazard	[ "Engineering" ]	1,118	[ "Structural engineering", "Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation" ]
230,530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20risk	Seismic risk or earthquake risk is the potential impact on the built environment and on people's well-being due to future earthquakes. Seismic risk has been defined, for most management purposes, as the potential economic, social and environmental consequences of hazardous events that may occur in a specified period of...	Seismic risk	[ "Engineering" ]	805	[ "Structural engineering", "Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation" ]
230,641	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20interconnects	Copper interconnects are used in integrated circuits to reduce propagation delays and power consumption. Since copper is a better conductor than aluminium, ICs using copper for their interconnects can have interconnects with narrower dimensions, and use less energy to pass electricity through them. Together, these eff...	Copper interconnects	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,889	[ "Computer engineering", "Integrated circuits" ]
230,777	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20protocol%20notation	In cryptography, security (engineering) protocol notation, also known as protocol narrations and Alice & Bob notation, is a way of expressing a protocol of correspondence between entities of a dynamic system, such as a computer network. In the context of a formal model, it allows reasoning about the properties of such ...	Security protocol notation	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	356	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
231,204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%20capacity	Channel capacity, in electrical engineering, computer science, and information theory, is the theoretical maximum rate at which information can be reliably transmitted over a communication channel. Following the terms of the noisy-channel coding theorem, the channel capacity of a given channel is the highest informati...	Channel capacity	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,223	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Applied mathematics", "Computer science", "Information theory" ]
231,288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristaltic%20pump	A peristaltic pump, also commonly known as a roller pump, is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids. The fluid is contained in a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing. Most peristaltic pumps work through rotary motion, though linear peristaltic pumps have also been made. ...	Peristaltic pump	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,701	[ "Pumps", "Hydraulics", "Physical systems", "Turbomachinery" ]
19,285,667	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20particle%20filter	The auxiliary particle filter is a particle filtering algorithm introduced by Pitt and Shephard in 1999 to improve some deficiencies of the sequential importance resampling (SIR) algorithm when dealing with tailed observation densities. Motivation Particle filters approximate continuous random variable by particles ...	Auxiliary particle filter	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	851	[ "Monte Carlo methods", "Computational statistics", "Computational mathematics", "Computational physics" ]
19,287,081	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing%20House%20Automated%20Transfer%20System	The Clearing House Automated Transfer System, or CHATS, is a real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system for the transfer of funds in Hong Kong. It is operated by Hong Kong Interbank Clearing Limited (HKICL), a limited-liability private company jointly owned by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) and the Hong Kong As...	Clearing House Automated Transfer System	[ "Technology" ]	1,339	[ "Real-time gross settlement" ]
17,062,920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20damage%20theory%20of%20aging	The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damage. Damage in this context is a DNA alteration that has an abnormal structure. Although both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage can contribute to aging, nuclear DNA is the main subject of this...	DNA damage theory of aging	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	6,089	[ "Signal transduction", "Senescence", "Theories of biological ageing", "Cellular processes", "Programmed cell death", "Metabolism" ]
17,063,328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20beam%20lithography	Ion-beam lithography is the practice of scanning a focused beam of ions in a patterned fashion across a surface in order to create very small structures such as integrated circuits or other nanostructures. Details Ion-beam lithography has been found to be useful for transferring high-fidelity patterns on three-dimensi...	Ion beam lithography	[ "Materials_science" ]	504	[ "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Microtechnology" ]
17,070,368	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomichron	The Atomichron was the world's first commercial atomic clock, built by the National Company, Inc. of Malden, Massachusetts. It was also the first self-contained portable atomic clock and was a caesium standard clock. More than 50 clocks with the trademarked Atomichron name were produced. See also Chip-scale atomic cl...	Atomichron	[ "Physics" ]	111	[ "Spacetime", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Time stubs" ]
17,071,161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20Nash%20equilibrium	In game theory, a strong Nash equilibrium (SNE) is a combination of actions of the different players, in which no coalition of players can cooperatively deviate in a way that strictly benefits all of its members, given that the actions of the other players remain fixed. This is in contrast to simple Nash equilibrium, w...	Strong Nash equilibrium	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,243	[ "Game theory", "Game theory equilibrium concepts" ]
17,072,220	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine%20Grassmannian%20%28manifold%29	In mathematics, there are two distinct meanings of the term affine Grassmannian. In one it is the manifold of all k-dimensional affine subspaces of Rn (described on this page), while in the other the affine Grassmannian is a quotient of a group-ring based on formal Laurent series. Formal definition Given a finite-dime...	Affine Grassmannian (manifold)	[ "Mathematics" ]	547	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic geometry" ]
17,074,970	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrence%20%28quantum%20computing%29	In quantum information science, the concurrence is a state invariant involving qubits. Definition The concurrence is an entanglement monotone (a way of measuring entanglement) defined for a mixed state of two qubits as: in which are the eigenvalues, in decreasing order, of the Hermitian matrix with the spin-flippe...	Concurrence (quantum computing)	[ "Mathematics" ]	396	[ "Theoretical computer science", "Applied mathematics" ]
17,075,935	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20stress%20cracking	Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) is one of the most common causes of unexpected brittle failure of thermoplastic (especially amorphous) polymers known at present. According to ASTM D883, stress cracking is defined as "an external or internal crack in a plastic caused by tensile stresses less than its short-term mec...	Environmental stress cracking	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,850	[ "Polymer physics", "Polymers", "Polymer chemistry" ]
17,076,411	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20degradation%20of%20polymers	In polymers, such as plastics, thermal degradation refers to a type of polymer degradation where damaging chemical changes take place at elevated temperatures, without the simultaneous involvement of other compounds such as oxygen. Simply put, even in the absence of air, polymers will begin to degrade if heated high en...	Thermal degradation of polymers	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	903	[ "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "Corrosion", "Electrochemistry", "Polymer chemistry", "Materials degradation" ]
17,077,434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative%20Toxicogenomics%20Database	The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) is a public website and research tool launched in November 2004 that curates scientific data describing relationships between chemicals/drugs, genes/proteins, diseases, taxa, phenotypes, GO annotations, pathways, and interaction modules. The database is maintained by the De...	Comparative Toxicogenomics Database	[ "Chemistry", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	613	[ "Toxicology", "Biochemistry databases", "Molecular genetics", "nan", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
17,077,613	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20%28text%20file%29	In computing, a line is a unit of organization for text files. A line consists of a sequence of zero or more characters, usually displayed within a single horizontal sequence. The term comes directly from physical printing, where a line of text is a horizontal row of characters. Depending on the file system or opera...	Line (text file)	[ "Technology" ]	253	[ "Computer data", "Data" ]
12,555,175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLUT8	GLUT8 also known as SLC2A8 is the eighth member of glucose transporter superfamily. It is characterized by the presence of two leucine residues in its N-terminal intracellular domain, which influences intracellular trafficking. Discovery GLUT8, originally named GLUTX1, was cloned almost simultaneously by two diffe...	GLUT8	[ "Biology" ]	412	[ "Protein classification", "Membrane proteins" ]
12,555,662	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20contour%20model	Active contour model, also called snakes, is a framework in computer vision introduced by Michael Kass, Andrew Witkin, and Demetri Terzopoulos for delineating an object outline from a possibly noisy 2D image. The snakes model is popular in computer vision, and snakes are widely used in applications like object tracking...	Active contour model	[ "Engineering" ]	2,721	[ "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Packaging machinery", "Computer vision" ]
12,557,781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-demicubic%20honeycomb	The 6-demicubic honeycomb or demihexeractic honeycomb is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 6-space. It is constructed as an alternation of the regular 6-cube honeycomb. It is composed of two different types of facets. The 6-cubes become alternated into 6-demicubes h{4,3,3,3,3} and the al...	6-demicubic honeycomb	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	527	[ "Tessellation", "Crystallography", "Honeycombs (geometry)", "Symmetry" ]
12,561,056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20dimer%20models	Quantum dimer models were introduced to model the physics of resonating valence bond (RVB) states in lattice spin systems. The only degrees of freedom retained from the motivating spin systems are the valence bonds, represented as dimers which live on the lattice bonds. In typical dimer models, the dimers do not ove...	Quantum dimer models	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	251	[ "Materials science stubs", "Statistical mechanics", "Phases of matter", "Quantum mechanics", "Graph theory", "Materials science", "Mathematical relations", "Condensed matter physics", "Matching (graph theory)", "Condensed matter stubs", "Matter", "Quantum lattice models" ]
12,561,401	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20smelting	Aluminium smelting is the process of extracting aluminium from its oxide, alumina, generally by the Hall-Héroult process. Alumina is extracted from the ore bauxite by means of the Bayer process at an alumina refinery. This is an electrolytic process, so an aluminium smelter uses huge amounts of electric power; smelter...	Aluminium smelting	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,684	[ "Metallurgical processes", "Electrochemistry", "Metallurgy", "Electrolysis" ]
12,562,201	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20symbiosis	Industrial symbiosis a subset of industrial ecology. It describes how a network of diverse organizations can foster eco-innovation and long-term culture change, create and share mutually profitable transactions—and improve business and technical processes. Although geographic proximity is often associated with industr...	Industrial symbiosis	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	984	[ "Industrial ecology", "Industrial engineering", "Environmental engineering" ]
12,563,713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20production%20volume%20chemicals	High production volume chemicals (HPV chemicals) are produced or imported into the United States in quantities of 1 million pounds or 500 tons per year. In OECD countries, HPV chemicals are defined as being produced at levels greater than 1,000 metric tons per producer/importer per year in at least one member country/r...	High production volume chemicals	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	1,773	[ "Toxicology", "Molecules", "Chemical compounds", "Ecology", "Materials", "nan", "Chemical substances", "Hazardous materials", "Matter" ]
12,564,389	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh%20funnel	The Marsh funnel is a simple device for measuring viscosity by observing the time it takes a known volume of liquid to flow from a cone through a short tube. It is standardized for use by mud engineers to check the quality of drilling mud. Other cones with different geometries and orifice arrangements are called flow...	Marsh funnel	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	812	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Petroleum engineering", "Energy engineering", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Viscosity", "Physical properties" ]
12,564,556	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20angle	Pressure angle in relation to gear teeth, also known as the angle of obliquity, is the angle between the tooth face and the gear wheel tangent. It is more precisely the angle at a pitch point between the line of pressure (which is normal to the tooth surface) and the plane tangent to the pitch surface. The pressure ang...	Pressure angle	[ "Engineering" ]	335	[ "Mechanical engineering stubs", "Mechanical engineering" ]
12,564,973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic%20PreProcessor	The Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP) is an open-source software tool used in atmospheric chemistry. Taking a set of chemical reactions and their rate coefficients as input, KPP generates Fortran 90, FORTRAN 77, C, or Matlab code of the resulting ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Solving the ODEs allows the temporal in...	Kinetic PreProcessor	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	453	[ "Chemical reaction engineering", "Computational chemistry software", "Chemistry software", "Environmental chemistry", "Computational chemistry", "nan", "Chemical kinetics" ]
4,581,251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20beacon	Molecular beacons, or molecular beacon probes, are oligonucleotide hybridization probes that can report the presence of specific nucleic acids in homogenous solutions. Molecular beacons are hairpin-shaped molecules with an internally quenched fluorophore whose fluorescence is restored when they bind to a target nucleic...	Molecular beacon	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	874	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Genetics techniques", "Luminescence", "Fluorescence", "Genetic engineering", "Biochemistry" ]
4,581,532	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20Chemical%20Biology	Nature Chemical Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in June 2005 by founding Chief Editor Terry L. Sheppard as part of Nature Publishing Group. Sheppard was the Chief Editor of the journal 2004–2022. The current editor-in-chief is Russell Johnson. Aim...	Nature Chemical Biology	[ "Chemistry" ]	382	[ "Biochemistry journals", "Biochemistry literature" ]
4,583,491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOELib	JOELib is computer software, a chemical expert system used mainly to interconvert chemical file formats. Because of its strong relationship to informatics, this program belongs more to the category cheminformatics than to molecular modelling. It is available for Windows, Unix and other operating systems supporting the ...	JOELib	[ "Chemistry" ]	415	[ "Computational chemistry", "Computational chemistry software", "Chemistry software" ]
4,583,557	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OELib	OELib was an open source Cheminformatics library written by Matt Stahl and based on the ideas of OBabel. Its actual GPLed C++ and Java based successors are OpenBabel and JOELib, with Its commercial successor being called OEChem. See also JOELib OpenBabel External links Archived copy of OELib in 2008 on Internet A...	OELib	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	93	[ "Software engineering", "Software engineering stubs", "Chemistry software", "Chemistry software for Linux" ]
4,584,639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20error	Human error is an action that has been done but that was "not intended by the actor; not desired by a set of rules or an external observer; or that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits". Human error has been cited as a primary cause and contributing factor in disasters and accidents in industries as div...	Human error	[ "Engineering" ]	1,002	[ "Human reliability", "Systems engineering", "Reliability engineering" ]
4,584,863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aza-crown%20ether	In organic chemistry, an aza-crown ether is an aza analogue of a crown ether (cyclic polyether). That is, it has a nitrogen atom (amine linkage, or ) in place of each oxygen atom (ether linkage, ) around the ring. While the parent crown ethers have the formulae , the parent aza-crown ethers have the formulae , where n...	Aza-crown ether	[ "Chemistry" ]	483	[ "Organic compounds", "Chelating agents", "Macrocycles", "Process chemicals" ]
4,585,250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20tension	In physics, magnetic tension is a restoring force with units of force density that acts to straighten bent magnetic field lines. In SI units, the force density exerted perpendicular to a magnetic field can be expressed as where is the vacuum permeability. Magnetic tension forces also rely on vector current densiti...	Magnetic tension	[ "Chemistry" ]	435	[ "Magnetohydrodynamics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
4,587,555	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega%20meson	The omega meson () is a flavourless meson formed from a superposition of an up quark–antiquark and a down quark–antiquark pair. It is part of the vector meson nonet and mediates the nuclear force along with pions and rho mesons. Properties The most common decay mode for the ω meson is at 89.2±0.7%, followed by at 8...	Omega meson	[ "Physics" ]	251	[ "Particle physics stubs", "Particle physics" ]

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