id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
424,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator%20physics | Accelerator physics is a branch of applied physics, concerned with designing, building and operating particle accelerators. As such, it can be described as the study of motion, manipulation and observation of relativistic charged particle beams and their interaction with accelerator structures by electromagnetic field... | Accelerator physics | [
"Physics"
] | 1,353 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Experimental physics",
"Particle physics",
"Experimental particle physics",
"Accelerator physics"
] |
424,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-theorem | In classical statistical mechanics, the H-theorem, introduced by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872, describes the tendency of the quantity H (defined below) to decrease in a nearly-ideal gas of molecules. As this quantity H was meant to represent the entropy of thermodynamics, the H-theorem was an early demonstration of the po... | H-theorem | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,972 | [
"Theorems in dynamical systems",
"Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Equations of physics",
"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics theorems",
"Thermodynamic entropy",
"Theorems in mathematical physics",
"Entropy",
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamica... |
424,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20field%20equations | In the general theory of relativity, the Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution of matter within it.
The equations were published by Albert Einstein in 1915 in the form of a tensor equation which related the local (expressed by the Einst... | Einstein field equations | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,743 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"General relativity",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
425,225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Angeles%20Aqueduct | The Los Angeles Aqueduct system, comprising the Los Angeles Aqueduct (Owens Valley aqueduct) and the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct, is a water conveyance system, built and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. The Owens Valley aqueduct was designed and built by the city's water department, at the tim... | Los Angeles Aqueduct | [
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,680 | [
"Hydrology",
"Civil engineering",
"Interbasin transfer",
"Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks"
] |
425,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-force | The kilogram-force (kgf or kgF), or kilopond (kp, from ), is a non-standard gravitational metric unit of force. It is not accepted for use with the International System of Units (SI) and is deprecated for most uses. The kilogram-force is equal to the magnitude of the force exerted on one kilogram of mass in a gravitat... | Kilogram-force | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 641 | [
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Non-SI metric units",
"Quantity",
"Units of force",
"Units of measurement"
] |
425,310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic%20modulus | An elastic modulus (also known as modulus of elasticity (MOE)) is the unit of measurement of an object's or substance's resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a stress is applied to it.
Definition
The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress–strain curve in the... | Elastic modulus | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,500 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Quantity",
"Materials science",
"Mechanics",
"Physical properties"
] |
425,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression%20%28physics%29 | In mechanics, compression is the application of balanced inward ("pushing") forces to different points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or torque directed so as to reduce its size in one or more directions. It is contrasted with tension or traction, the application of balanced outward ("pulli... | Compression (physics) | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,022 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Continuum mechanics"
] |
425,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20system | A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamic systems can be passive and active according to internal processes. According to internal processes, passive systems and active systems are distinguished: passiv... | Thermodynamic system | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,253 | [
"Thermodynamic systems",
"Thermodynamic processes",
"Physical systems",
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
426,184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysotile | Chrysotile or white asbestos is the most commonly encountered form of asbestos, accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in the United States and a similar proportion in other countries. It is a soft, fibrous silicate mineral in the serpentine subgroup of phyllosilicates; as such, it is distinct from other asb... | Chrysotile | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,020 | [
"Luminescence",
"Toxicology",
"Asbestos",
"Luminescent minerals"
] |
426,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20electromagnetism | Classical electromagnetism or classical electrodynamics is a branch of physics focused on the study of interactions between electric charges and currents using an extension of the classical Newtonian model. It is, therefore, a classical field theory. The theory provides a description of electromagnetic phenomena whenev... | Classical electromagnetism | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,685 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Electrodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
426,426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain%20shadow | A rain shadow is an area of significantly reduced rainfall behind a mountainous region, on the side facing away from prevailing winds, known as its leeward side.
Evaporated moisture from water bodies (such as oceans and large lakes) is carried by the prevailing onshore breezes towards the drier and hotter inland areas... | Rain shadow | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,589 | [
"Hydrology",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
4,556,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane%20torch | A propane torch is a tool normally used for the application of flame or heat which uses propane, a hydrocarbon gas, for its fuel and ambient air as its combustion medium. Propane is one of a group of by-products of the natural gas and petroleum industries known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Propane and other fuel t... | Propane torch | [
"Engineering"
] | 780 | [
"Welding",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
4,557,352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicarbon%20monoxide | Dicarbon monoxide () is a molecule that contains two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. It is a linear molecule that, because of its simplicity, is of interest in a variety of areas. It is, however, so extremely reactive that it is not encountered in everyday life. It is classified as a carbene, cumulene and an oxocar... | Dicarbon monoxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 250 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Carbenes",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
4,557,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alignment%20level | The alignment level in an audio signal chain or on an audio recording is a defined anchor point that represents a reasonable or typical level.
Analogue
In analogue systems, alignment level in broadcast chains is commonly 0 dBu (0.775 volts RMS) and in professional audio is commonly 0 VU (4 dBu, 1.228 volts RMS). Unde... | Alignment level | [
"Engineering"
] | 544 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Broadcast engineering",
"Audio engineering",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
4,558,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitext%20word%20alignment | Bitext word alignment or simply word alignment is the natural language processing task of identifying translation relationships among the words (or more rarely multiword units) in a bitext, resulting in a bipartite graph between the two sides of the bitext, with an arc between two words if and only if they are translat... | Bitext word alignment | [
"Technology"
] | 747 | [
"Machine translation",
"Natural language and computing"
] |
4,562,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20telluride | Hydrogen telluride is the inorganic compound with the formula H2Te. A hydrogen chalcogenide and the simplest hydride of tellurium, it is a colorless gas. Although unstable in ambient air, the gas can exist long enough to be readily detected by the odour of rotting garlic at extremely low concentrations; or by the revol... | Hydrogen telluride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 433 | [
"Molecules",
"Triatomic molecules",
"Matter"
] |
4,562,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20mechanics | Applied mechanics is the branch of science concerned with the motion of any substance that can be experienced or perceived by humans without the help of instruments. In short, when mechanics concepts surpass being theoretical and are applied and executed, general mechanics becomes applied mechanics. It is this stark di... | Applied mechanics | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,684 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Engineering mechanics"
] |
4,562,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20planning | Motion planning, also path planning (also known as the navigation problem or the piano mover's problem) is a computational problem to find a sequence of valid configurations that moves the object from the source to destination. The term is used in computational geometry, computer animation, robotics and computer games.... | Motion planning | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,521 | [
"Theoretical computer science",
"Applied mathematics",
"Robotics engineering",
"Robot kinematics"
] |
6,000,466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisserand%27s%20parameter | Tisserand's parameter (or Tisserand's invariant) is a number calculated from several orbital elements (semi-major axis, orbital eccentricity, and inclination) of a relatively small object and a larger "perturbing body". It is used to distinguish different kinds of orbits. The term is named after French astronomer Félix... | Tisserand's parameter | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 712 | [
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Equations of astronomy"
] |
6,005,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20magnet | In physics, amorphous magnet refers to a magnet made from amorphous solids. Below a certain temperature, these magnets present permanent magnetic phases produced by randomly located magnetic moments. Three common types of amorphous magnetic phases are asperomagnetism, speromagnetism and sperimagnetism, which correspond... | Amorphous magnet | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 440 | [
"Quantum phases",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Phases of matter",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Amorphous solids",
"Matter"
] |
6,005,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helimagnetism | Helimagnetism is a form of magnetic ordering where spins of neighbouring magnetic moments arrange themselves in a spiral or helical pattern, with a characteristic turn angle of somewhere between 0 and 180 degrees. It results from the competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. It is p... | Helimagnetism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 616 | [
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science"
] |
6,006,525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium%20nitride | Niobium nitride is a compound of niobium and nitrogen (nitride) with the chemical formula NbN. At low temperatures (about 16 K) NbN becomes a superconductor, and is used in detectors for infrared light.
Uses
Niobium nitride's main use is as a superconductor.
Detectors based on it can detect a single photon in the 1-1... | Niobium nitride | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 224 | [
"Superconductivity",
"Superconductors"
] |
18,250,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benexate | Benexate (BEX) is an anti-ulcer agent used in the treatment of acid-related disorders. It is unique in its inability to form salts that are both non-bitter and soluble.
Medical uses
Benexate is approved from treatment of gastric ulcer in Japan.
Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action of benexate involves promot... | Benexate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 148 | [
"Guanidines",
"Functional groups"
] |
18,250,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepitiostane | Mepitiostane, sold under the brand name Thioderon, is an orally active antiestrogen and anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) group which is marketed in Japan as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of breast cancer. It is a prodrug of epitiostanol. The drug was patented and described ... | Mepitiostane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 517 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
18,250,963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilant%20gas%20monitoring | Sterilant gas monitoring is the detection of hazardous gases used by health care and other facilities to sterilize medical supplies that cannot be sterilized by heat or steam methods. The current FDA approved sterilant gases are ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide and ozone. Other liquid sterilants, such as peracetic aci... | Sterilant gas monitoring | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 550 | [
"Microbiology techniques",
"Sterilization (microbiology)"
] |
18,253,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%E2%80%93Titchmarsh%20theorem | In analytic number theory, the Brun–Titchmarsh theorem, named after Viggo Brun and Edward Charles Titchmarsh, is an upper bound on the distribution of prime numbers in arithmetic progression.
Statement
Let count the number of primes p congruent to a modulo q with p ≤ x. Then
for all q < x.
History
The result was pr... | Brun–Titchmarsh theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 293 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in number theory",
"Theorems in analytic number theory",
"Theorems about prime numbers"
] |
18,253,454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory%20of%20conjoint%20measurement | The theory of conjoint measurement (also known as conjoint measurement or additive conjoint measurement) is a general, formal theory of continuous quantity. It was independently discovered by the French economist Gérard Debreu (1960) and by the American mathematical psychologist R. Duncan Luce and statistician John Tuk... | Theory of conjoint measurement | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,465 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical psychology"
] |
18,254,249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load%20factor%20%28electrical%29 | In electrical engineering the load factor is defined as the average load divided by the peak load in a specified time period. It is a measure of the utilization rate, or efficiency of electrical energy usage; a high load factor indicates that load is using the electric system more efficiently, whereas consumers or gene... | Load factor (electrical) | [
"Engineering"
] | 329 | [
"Power engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Energy engineering"
] |
18,255,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity%20%28DeSmedt%20novel%29 | Singularity is a novel by Bill DeSmedt published by Per Aspera Press in 2004. It is DeSmedt's debut novel and explores the theory that the Tunguska event was caused by a micro black hole.
Synopsis and publication
Released in 2004, Singularity is both DeSmedt's and the publishing house's debut novel. Singularity is the... | Singularity (DeSmedt novel) | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 671 | [
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Density",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
18,255,533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBLU | pBLU is a commercially produced bacterial plasmid that contains genes for ampicillin resistance (beta lactamase and beta galactosidase). It is often used in conjunction with an ampicillin-susceptible E. coli strain to teach students about transformation of eubacteria. It is 5,437 base pairs long. There is a multiple cl... | PBLU | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 95 | [
"Plasmids",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Bacteria",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,204,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazur%20manifold | In differential topology, a branch of mathematics, a Mazur manifold is a contractible, compact, smooth four-dimensional manifold-with-boundary which is not diffeomorphic to the standard 4-ball. Usually these manifolds are further required to have a handle decomposition with a single -handle, and a single -handle; othe... | Mazur manifold | [
"Mathematics"
] | 640 | [
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Topology",
"Differential topology",
"Manifolds"
] |
14,205,946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae%20fuel | Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. When made from seaweed (macroalgae) it can be known as seaweed fuel or seaweed oil. The... | Algae fuel | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 9,182 | [
"Bioreactors",
"Biological engineering",
"Chemical reactors",
"Chemical engineering",
"Biochemical engineering",
"Microbiology equipment",
"Biochemistry"
] |
14,210,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20finite%20element%20method | The extended finite element method (XFEM), is a numerical technique based on the generalized finite element method (GFEM) and the partition of unity method (PUM). It extends the classical finite element method (FEM) approach by enriching the solution space for solutions to differential equations with discontinuous func... | Extended finite element method | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 584 | [
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Continuum mechanics"
] |
14,212,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%28IV%29%20fluoride | Mercury(IV) fluoride, HgF4, is a purported compound, the first to be reported with mercury in the +4 oxidation state. Mercury, like the other group 12 elements (cadmium and zinc), has an s2d10 electron configuration and generally only forms bonds involving its 6s orbital. This means that the highest oxidation state mer... | Mercury(IV) fluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 734 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Hypotheses in chemistry",
"Salts",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Metal halides",
"Hypothetical chemical compounds",
"Fluorides"
] |
14,212,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-methylacyl-CoA%20racemase | α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR, ) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AMACR gene. AMACR catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
(2R)-2-methylacyl-CoA (2S)-2-methylacyl-CoA
In mammalian cells, the enzyme is responsible for converting (2R)-methylacyl-CoA esters to their (2S)-methylacyl-CoA epimers and k... | Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,191 | [
"Chemical pathology",
"Tumor markers",
"Biomarkers"
] |
19,262,028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZZ%20diboson | ZZ dibosons are rare pairs of Z bosons. They were first observed by the experiments at the Large Electron–Positron Collider (ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL). The first observation in a hadron collider was made by the scientists of DØ collaboration at Fermilab.
Discussion
ZZ dibosons are force-carrying particles observed... | ZZ diboson | [
"Physics"
] | 371 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Matter",
"Electroweak theory",
"Bosons",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Particle physics",
"Particle physics stubs",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
19,264,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian%20Contractors | Norwegian Contractors AS was a concrete gravity base (GBS) structure supplier from 1974 to 1994. Aker Marine Contractors AS (AMC) was established in 1995 and is a continuance of the marine activities in Norwegian Contractors AS.
Norwegian Contractors AS have worked on following offshore platforms:
Ecofisk tank
Frigg ... | Norwegian Contractors | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 165 | [
"Oil platforms",
"Petroleum technology",
"Natural gas technology",
"Structural engineering"
] |
10,188,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-theory%20of%20time | The B-theory of time, also called the "tenseless theory of time", is one of two positions regarding the temporal ordering of events in the philosophy of time. B-theorists argue that the flow of time is only a subjective illusion of human consciousness, that the past, present, and future are equally real, and that time ... | B-theory of time | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,284 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Quantity",
"Philosophy of time",
"Spacetime",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
10,195,662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarett%20oxidation | The Sarett oxidation is an organic reaction that oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, respectively, using chromium trioxide and pyridine. Unlike the similar Jones oxidation, the Sarett oxidation will not further oxidize primary alcohols to their carboxylic acid form, neither will it affect ... | Sarett oxidation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 953 | [
"Name reactions",
"Organic oxidation reactions",
"Organic redox reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
10,195,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins%20reagent | Collins reagent is the complex of chromium(VI) oxide with pyridine in dichloromethane. This metal-pyridine complex, a red solid, is used to oxidize primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and secondary alcohols to the corresponding ketones.
This complex is a hygroscopic orange solid.
Synthesis and structure
T... | Collins reagent | [
"Chemistry"
] | 501 | [
"Redox",
"Oxidizing agents"
] |
10,196,392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaisser%E2%80%93Hillas%20function | The Gaisser–Hillas function is used in astroparticle physics. It parameterizes the longitudinal particle density in a cosmic ray air shower. The function was proposed in 1977 by Thomas K. Gaisser and Anthony Michael Hillas.
The number of particles as a function of traversed atmospheric depth is expressed as
where ... | Gaisser–Hillas function | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 111 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics",
"Astrophysics stubs",
"Radiation",
"Particle physics",
"Particle physics stubs",
"Cosmic rays"
] |
10,197,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration%20turbine | Aeration turbines are designed to aerate and mix fluids industrially. They are foremost used in brewing, pond aeration and sewage treatment plants.
Aeration turbines are designed for mixing gases, usually air, with a liquid, usually water. They can serve additional purposes like destratification, agitator or pump.
T... | Aeration turbine | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 310 | [
"Chemical equipment",
"Centrifugation",
"Centrifuges"
] |
10,197,275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%20matter | The dry matter or dry weight is a measure of the mass of a completely dried substance.
Analysis of food
The dry matter of plant and animal material consists of all its constituents excluding water. The dry matter of food includes carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants (e.g., thiocyanate,... | Dry matter | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 989 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Phases of matter",
"Measurement",
"Size",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solids",
"Food analysis",
"Food chemistry",
"Matter"
] |
12,529,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowdy%20solution | Gowdy universes or, alternatively, Gowdy solutions of Einstein's equations are simple model spacetimes in general relativity which represent an expanding universe filled with a regular pattern of gravitational waves.
External links
– a description of the different types of Gowdy universes suitable for a general audi... | Gowdy solution | [
"Physics"
] | 65 | [
"General relativity",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
12,531,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contention-based%20protocol | A contention-based protocol (CBP) is a communications protocol for operating wireless telecommunication equipment that allows many users to use the same radio channel without pre-coordination. The "listen before talk" operating procedure in IEEE 802.11 is the most well known contention-based protocol.
Section 90.7 ... | Contention-based protocol | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 193 | [
"Wireless networking",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
12,532,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20services%20engineering | Building services engineering (BSE) is a professional engineering discipline that strives to achieve a safe and comfortable indoor environment while minimizing the environmental impact of a building.
Professional bodies
The two most notable professional bodies are:
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and A... | Building services engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 448 | [
"Building engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
12,533,877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue%20equivalence | Revenue equivalence is a concept in auction theory that states that given certain conditions, any mechanism that results in the same outcomes (i.e. allocates items to the same bidders) also has the same expected revenue.
Notation
There is a set of possible outcomes.
There are agents which have different valuations... | Revenue equivalence | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,103 | [
"Game theory",
"Mechanism design",
"Auction theory"
] |
12,534,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude%20adjusting | The Amplitude adjusting (also referred to as Amplitude control) enables the power control of electric loads, which are operated with AC voltage. A representative application is the heating control of industrial high temperature furnaces.
Functionality
Contrary to the conventional phase angle or full wave control,
d... | Amplitude adjusting | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 322 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
1,777,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%20cup | A Faraday cup is a metal (conductive) cup designed to catch charged particles. The resulting current can be measured and used to determine the number of ions or electrons hitting the cup. The Faraday cup was named after Michael Faraday who first theorized ions around 1830.
Examples of devices which use Faraday cups in... | Faraday cup | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,401 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Plasma physics",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Measuring instruments",
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
1,777,481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapboard | Clapboard (), also called bevel siding, lap siding, and weatherboard, with regional variation in the definition of those terms, is wooden siding of a building in the form of horizontal boards, often overlapping.
Clapboard, in modern American usage, is a word for long, thin boards used to cover walls and (formerly) roo... | Clapboard | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 760 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
1,778,123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapour%20density | Vapour density is the density of a vapour in relation to that of hydrogen. It may be defined as mass of a certain volume of a substance divided by mass of same volume of hydrogen.
vapour density = mass of n molecules of gas / mass of n molecules of hydrogen gas .
vapour density = molar mass of gas / molar mass of H2
v... | Vapour density | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 440 | [
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Gases",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Phases of matter",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Density",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,780,425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron%20relation | The Clausius–Clapeyron relation, in chemical thermodynamics, specifies the temperature dependence of pressure, most importantly vapor pressure, at a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of matter of a single constituent. It is named after Rudolf Clausius and Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron. However, this rela... | Clausius–Clapeyron relation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,979 | [
"Thermodynamic equations",
"Equations of physics",
"Engineering thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
1,780,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC%20power | In an electric circuit, instantaneous power is the time rate of flow of energy past a given point of the circuit. In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. Its SI unit is the watt.
The portion of instantan... | AC power | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,889 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
1,781,347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusible%20alloy | A fusible alloy is a metal alloy capable of being easily fused, i.e. easily meltable, at relatively low temperatures. Fusible alloys are commonly, but not necessarily, eutectic alloys.
Sometimes the term "fusible alloy" is used to describe alloys with a melting point below . Fusible alloys in this sense are used for s... | Fusible alloy | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,272 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Alloys",
"Fusible alloys"
] |
1,781,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail%20party%20effect | The cocktail party effect refers to a phenomenon wherein the brain focuses a person's attention on a particular stimulus, usually auditory. This focus excludes a range of other stimuli from conscious awareness, as when a partygoer follows a single conversation in a noisy room. This ability is widely distributed among h... | Cocktail party effect | [
"Physics"
] | 3,627 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics"
] |
1,782,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C8-Diazabicyclo%285.4.0%29undec-7-ene | 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, or more commonly DBU, is a chemical compound and belongs to the class of amidine compounds. It is used in organic synthesis as a catalyst, a complexing ligand, and a non-nucleophilic base.
Occurrence
Although all commercially available DBU is produced synthetically, it may also be i... | 1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 290 | [
"Non-nucleophilic bases",
"Amidines",
"Functional groups",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Bases (chemistry)"
] |
11,618,922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive%20saw |
An abrasive saw, also known as a cut-off saw or chop saw, is a circular saw (a kind of power tool) which is typically used to cut hard materials, such as metals, tile, and concrete. The cutting action is performed by an abrasive disc, similar to a thin grinding wheel. Technically speaking this is not a saw, as it doe... | Abrasive saw | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 551 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Cutting machines"
] |
11,619,257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofting | Lofting is a drafting technique to generate curved lines. It is used in plans for streamlined objects such as aircraft and boats. The lines may be drawn on wood and the wood then cut for advanced woodworking. The technique can be as simple as bending a flexible object, such as a long strip of thin wood or thin plastic,... | Lofting | [
"Engineering"
] | 865 | [
"Design engineering",
"Shipbuilding",
"Civil engineering",
"Marine engineering",
"Technical drawing"
] |
11,628,729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berendsen%20thermostat | The Berendsen thermostat is an algorithm to re-scale the velocities of particles in molecular dynamics simulations to control the simulation temperature. It is named after Herman Berendsen.
Description
In this scheme, the system is weakly coupled to a heat bath with some temperature. The thermostat suppresses fluctuat... | Berendsen thermostat | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 320 | [
" and optical physics stubs",
"Molecular physics",
"Computational physics",
"Molecular dynamics",
"Computational chemistry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
" and optical physics"
] |
7,892,663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%E2%80%93Wilf%20conjecture | The Stanley–Wilf conjecture, formulated independently by Richard P. Stanley and Herbert Wilf in the late 1980s, states that the growth rate of every proper permutation class is singly exponential. It was proved by and is no longer a conjecture. Marcus and Tardos actually proved a different conjecture, due to , which ... | Stanley–Wilf conjecture | [
"Mathematics"
] | 707 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Enumerative combinatorics",
"Combinatorics",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
7,895,973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERAM | The En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM) system architecture replaces the En Route Host computer system and its backup. ERAM provides all of today's functionality and:
Adds new capabilities needed to support the evolution of US National Airspace System.
Improves information security and streamlines traffic flow a... | ERAM | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 780 | [
"Information systems",
"Air traffic control systems",
"Control engineering"
] |
7,897,442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface%20engineer | Subsurface engineers (also known as "completion engineers") are a subset within Petroleum Engineering and typically work closely with Drilling engineers. The job of a Subsurface Engineer is to effectively select equipment that will best suit the subsurface environment in order to best produce the hydrocarbon reserves. ... | Subsurface engineer | [
"Engineering"
] | 590 | [
"Petroleum engineering",
"Energy engineering"
] |
17,037,006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naloxazone | Naloxazone is an irreversible μ-opioid receptor antagonist which is selective for the μ1 receptor subtype. Naloxazone produces very long lasting antagonist effects as it forms a covalent bond to the active site of the μ-opioid receptor, thus making it impossible for the molecule to unbind and blocking the receptor perm... | Naloxazone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 280 | [
"Alkylating agents",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Hydrazones",
"Ethers",
"Reagents for organic chemistry"
] |
1,171,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy%20nuclear%20physics | High-energy nuclear physics studies the behavior of nuclear matter in energy regimes typical of high-energy physics. The primary focus of this field is the study of heavy-ion collisions, as compared to lighter atoms in other particle accelerators. At sufficient collision energies, these types of collisions are theoriz... | High-energy nuclear physics | [
"Physics"
] | 1,429 | [
"Nuclear physics"
] |
1,171,980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilge%20pump | A bilge pump is a water pump used to remove bilge water. Since fuel can be present in the bilge, electric bilge pumps are designed to not cause sparks. Electric bilge pumps are often fitted with float switches which turn on the pump when the bilge fills to a set level. Since bilge pumps can fail, use of a backup pump i... | Bilge pump | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 746 | [
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Turbomachinery",
"Pumps"
] |
1,172,094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosurgery | Radiosurgery is surgery using radiation, that is, the destruction of precisely selected areas of tissue using ionizing radiation rather than excision with a blade. Like other forms of radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy), it is usually used to treat cancer. Radiosurgery was originally defined by the Swedish neu... | Radiosurgery | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,559 | [
"Radiobiology",
"Radioactivity"
] |
1,172,161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biaxial%20nematic | A biaxial nematic is a spatially homogeneous liquid crystal with three distinct optical axes. This is to be contrasted to a simple nematic, which has a single preferred axis, around which the system is rotationally symmetric. The symmetry group of a biaxial nematic is i.e. that of a rectangular right parallelepiped, h... | Biaxial nematic | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 515 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
1,174,281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerometer | The sclerometer, also known as the Turner-sclerometer (from meaning "hard"), is an instrument used by metallurgists, material scientists and mineralogists to measure the scratch hardness of materials. It was invented in 1896 by Thomas Turner (1861–1951), the first Professor of metallurgy in Britain, at the University ... | Sclerometer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 221 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Metallurgy",
"Hardness instruments",
"Materials science",
"Measuring instruments",
"nan",
"Concrete"
] |
1,174,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20by%20press%20conference | Science by press conference or science by press release is the practice by which scientists put an unusual focus on publicizing results of research in the news media via press conferences or press releases. The term is usually used disparagingly, to suggest that the seekers of publicity are promoting claims of question... | Science by press conference | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,596 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Cold fusion",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
1,174,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-spectrum%20antibiotic | A narrow-spectrum antibiotic is an antibiotic that is only able to kill or inhibit limited species of bacteria. Examples of narrow-spectrum antibiotics include fidaxomicin and sarecycline.
Advantages
Narrow-spectrum antibiotic allow to kill or inhibit only those bacteria species that are unwanted (i.e. causing disea... | Narrow-spectrum antibiotic | [
"Biology"
] | 210 | [
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
1,174,560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20reading%20frame | In molecular biology, reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a prokaryotic DNA sequence, where only one of the six possible reading frames will be "open" (the "reading", however, refers to the RNA produced by transcri... | Open reading frame | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,673 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering",
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology"
] |
1,174,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-space%20reduction | In computational complexity theory, a log-space reduction is a reduction computable by a deterministic Turing machine using logarithmic space. Conceptually, this means it can keep a constant number of pointers into the input, along with a logarithmic number of fixed-size integers. It is possible that such a machine ma... | Log-space reduction | [
"Mathematics"
] | 501 | [
"Reduction (complexity)",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
3,378,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch%20reactor | A batch reactor is a chemical reactor in which a non-continuous reaction is conducted, i.e., one where the reactants, products and solvent do not flow in or out of the vessel during the reaction until the target reaction conversion is achieved. By extension, the expression is somehow inappropriately used for other batc... | Batch reactor | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,499 | [
"Chemical reactors",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical equipment"
] |
3,378,468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20of%20Eupalinos | The Tunnel of Eupalinos or Eupalinian aqueduct () is a tunnel of length running through Mount Kastro in Samos, Greece, built in the 6th century BC to serve as an aqueduct. The tunnel is the second known tunnel in history which was excavated from both ends (, "having two openings"), and the first with a geometry-based ... | Tunnel of Eupalinos | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,714 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks"
] |
3,378,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolvent%20formalism | In mathematics, the resolvent formalism is a technique for applying concepts from complex analysis to the study of the spectrum of operators on Banach spaces and more general spaces. Formal justification for the manipulations can be found in the framework of holomorphic functional calculus.
The resolvent captures the ... | Resolvent formalism | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 605 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
3,382,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20environment | Smart environments link computers and other smart devices to everyday settings and tasks. Smart environments include smart homes, smart cities, and smart manufacturing.
Introduction
Smart environments are an extension of pervasive computing. According to Mark Weiser, pervasive computing promotes the idea of a world th... | Smart environment | [
"Engineering"
] | 740 | [
"Building engineering",
"Automation",
"Control engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
97,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme%20Q10 | Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 ), also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring biochemical cofactor (coenzyme) and an antioxidant produced by the human body. It can also be obtained from dietary sources, such as meat, fish, seed oils, vegetables, and dietary supplements. CoQ10 is found in many organisms, including animals a... | Coenzyme Q10 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,742 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Cellular respiration",
"Coenzymes",
"Glycolysis",
"Organic compounds",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
97,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthine%20oxidase | Xanthine oxidase (XO or XAO) is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. These enzymes play an important role in the catabolism of purines... | Xanthine oxidase | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,710 | [
"Superoxide generating substances",
"Metalloproteins",
"Bioinorganic chemistry"
] |
97,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20technology | Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear reactors, nuclear medicine and nuclear weapons. It is also used, among other things, in smoke detectors and gun sights.
History and scientific background
Discovery
The vast major... | Nuclear technology | [
"Physics"
] | 4,663 | [
"Nuclear technology",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
97,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener%20diode | A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow "backwards" (inverted polarity) when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached.
Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are even variable. Some Zener diodes have an abr... | Zener diode | [
"Physics"
] | 2,699 | [
"Voltage",
"Voltage stability",
"Physical quantities"
] |
97,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size-exclusion%20chromatography | Size-exclusion chromatography, also known as molecular sieve chromatography, is a chromatographic method in which molecules in solution are separated by their shape, and in some cases size. It is usually applied to large molecules or macromolecular complexes such as proteins and industrial polymers. Typically, when an ... | Size-exclusion chromatography | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 4,046 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Chromatography",
"Separation processes",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Biochemistry",
"Polymers"
] |
97,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20scanning%20calorimetry | Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experi... | Differential scanning calorimetry | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,628 | [
"nan",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Biophysics"
] |
98,093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial%20magnetic%20stimulation | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive neurotherapy, a form of brain stimulation in which a changing magnetic field is used to induce an electric current at a specific area of the brain through electromagnetic induction. An electric pulse generator, or stimulator, is connected to a magnetic coil conne... | Transcranial magnetic stimulation | [
"Biology"
] | 2,896 | [
"Medical devices",
"Medical technology"
] |
98,292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible%20cube | The impossible cube or irrational cube is an impossible object invented by M.C. Escher for his print Belvedere. It is a two-dimensional figure that superficially resembles a perspective drawing of a three-dimensional cube, with its features drawn inconsistently from the way they would appear in an actual cube.
Usage i... | Impossible cube | [
"Physics"
] | 503 | [
"Optical phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Optical illusions"
] |
99,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20of%20the%20universe | In physical cosmology, the shape of the universe refers to both its local and global geometry. Local geometry is defined primarily by its curvature, while the global geometry is characterised by its topology (which itself is constrained by curvature). General relativity explains how spatial curvature (local geometry) i... | Shape of the universe | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,489 | [
"Physical cosmological concepts",
"Cosmogony",
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Big Bang",
"General relativity",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
99,358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography | Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that s... | Biogeography | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 5,022 | [
"Biogeography",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical oceanography"
] |
99,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought%20iron | Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content (less than 0.05%) in contrast to that of cast iron (2.1% to 4.5%). It is a semi-fused mass of iron with fibrous slag inclusions (up to 2% by weight), which give it a wood-like "grain" that is visible when it is etched, rusted, or bent to failure. Wrought iron... | Wrought iron | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,967 | [
"Ferrous alloys",
"Building engineering",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Architectural elements",
"Alloys",
"Components",
"Matter",
"Building materials"
] |
99,611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix%20%28anatomy%29 | The appendix (: appendices or appendixes; also vermiform appendix; cecal (or caecal, cæcal) appendix; vermix; or vermiform process) is a finger-like, blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops in the embryo.
The cecum is a pouch-like structure of the large intestine, located at the junction of t... | Appendix (anatomy) | [
"Biology"
] | 2,684 | [
"Digestive system",
"Organ systems"
] |
99,645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20modern%20human | Early modern human (EMH), or anatomically modern human (AMH), are terms used to distinguish Homo sapiens (sometimes Homo sapiens sapiens) that are anatomically consistent with the range of phenotypes seen in contemporary humans, from extinct archaic human species (of which some are at times also identified with, but on... | Early modern human | [
"Biology"
] | 7,396 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Recent African origin of modern humans",
"Anatomically modern humans"
] |
100,034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20engineering | Military engineering is loosely defined as the art, science, and practice of designing and building military works and maintaining lines of military transport and military communications. Military engineers are also responsible for logistics behind military tactics. Modern military engineering differs from civil engine... | Military engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,498 | [
"Construction",
"Military engineering",
"nan"
] |
4,564,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid%20mill | A colloid mill is a machine that is used to reduce the particle size of a solid in suspension in a liquid, or to reduce the droplet size in emulsions. Colloid mills work on the rotor-stator principle: a rotor turns at high speeds (2000–18000 RPM). A high level of stress is applied on the fluid which results in disru... | Colloid mill | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 211 | [
"Chemical equipment",
"nan"
] |
4,567,548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%27s%20rule | Anderson's rule is used for the construction of energy band diagrams of the heterojunction between two semiconductor materials. Anderson's rule states that when constructing an energy band diagram, the vacuum levels of the two semiconductors on either side of the heterojunction should be aligned (at the same energy).
... | Anderson's rule | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 735 | [
"Electron",
"Electronic band structures",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
4,572,458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlenk%20equilibrium | The Schlenk equilibrium, named after its discoverer Wilhelm Schlenk, is a chemical equilibrium taking place in solutions of Grignard reagents and Hauser bases
2 RMgX MgX2 + MgR2
The process described is an equilibrium between two equivalents of an alkyl or aryl magnesium halide on the left of the equation and one eq... | Schlenk equilibrium | [
"Chemistry"
] | 311 | [
"Organometallic chemistry",
"nan"
] |
2,460,228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born%20approximation | Generally in scattering theory and in particular in quantum mechanics, the Born approximation consists of taking the incident field in place of the total field as the driving field at each point in the scatterer. The Born approximation is named after Max Born who proposed this approximation in the early days of quantum... | Born approximation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 813 | [
"Scattering",
"Scattering theory"
] |
2,460,242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20optics | In physics, physical optics, or wave optics, is the branch of optics that studies interference, diffraction, polarization, and other phenomena for which the ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid. This usage tends not to include effects such as quantum noise in optical communication, which is studied in the... | Physical optics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 498 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Electrical engineering",
" and optical physics"
] |
2,460,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency%20approximation | A high-frequency approximation (or "high energy approximation") for scattering or other wave propagation problems, in physics or engineering, is an approximation whose accuracy increases with the size of features on the scatterer or medium relative to the wavelength of the scattered particles.
Classical mechanics and ... | High-frequency approximation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 165 | [
" absorption and radiative transfer (optics)",
"Scattering stubs",
"Scattering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
2,461,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20lemma%20of%20the%20calculus%20of%20variations | In mathematics, specifically in the calculus of variations, a variation of a function can be concentrated on an arbitrarily small interval, but not a single point.
Accordingly, the necessary condition of extremum (functional derivative equal zero) appears in a weak formulation (variational form) integrated with an ar... | Fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,054 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanics",
"Lemmas in mathematical analysis",
"Lemmas"
] |
2,462,837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20Appell%20polynomials | In mathematics, a polynomial sequence has a generalized Appell representation if the generating function for the polynomials takes on a certain form:
where the generating function or kernel is composed of the series
with
and
and all
and
with
Given the above, it is not hard to show that is a polynomial o... | Generalized Appell polynomials | [
"Mathematics"
] | 304 | [
"Polynomials",
"Algebra"
] |
2,463,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porkchop%20plot | In orbital mechanics, a porkchop plot (also pork-chop plot) is a chart that shows level curves of equal characteristic energy (C3) against combinations of launch date and arrival date for a particular interplanetary flight. The chart shows the characteristic energy ranges in zones around the local minima, which resembl... | Porkchop plot | [
"Engineering"
] | 369 | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
2,465,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20energy%20storage | Thermal energy storage (TES) is the storage of thermal energy for later reuse. Employing widely different technologies, it allows surplus thermal energy to be stored for hours, days, or months. Scale both of storage and use vary from small to large – from individual processes to district, town, or region. Usage examp... | Thermal energy storage | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 7,903 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Solar design",
"Energy engineering",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
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