id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,167,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20locomotion | Robot locomotion is the collective name for the various methods that robots use to transport themselves from place to place.
Wheeled robots are typically quite energy efficient and simple to control. However, other forms of locomotion may be more appropriate for a number of reasons, for example traversing rough terrai... | Robot locomotion | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,535 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Robotics engineering",
"Robot control",
"Motion (physics)",
"Robot locomotion"
] |
1,169,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-transfer%20complex | In chemistry, charge-transfer (CT) complex, or electron donor-acceptor complex, describes a type of supramolecular assembly of two or more molecules or ions. The assembly consists of two molecules that self-attract through electrostatic forces, i.e., one has at least partial negative charge and the partner has partial... | Charge-transfer complex | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,290 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Molecular electronics",
"Physical organic chemistry",
"Nanotechnology",
"Organic semiconductors"
] |
1,169,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridoma%20technology | Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies, also called monoclonal antibodies. This process starts by injecting a mouse (or other mammal) with an antigen that provokes an immune response. A type of white blood cell, the B cell, produces antibodies that bind to the injected anti... | Hybridoma technology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,727 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Immunology",
"Cell culture techniques"
] |
1,170,160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality%20%28mathematics%29 | In geometry, a figure is chiral (and said to have chirality) if it is not identical to its mirror image, or, more precisely, if it cannot be mapped to its mirror image by rotations and translations alone. An object that is not chiral is said to be achiral.
A chiral object and its mirror image are said to be enantiomor... | Chirality (mathematics) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 949 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Origin of life",
"Stereochemistry",
"Chirality",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Asymmetry",
"Biochemistry",
"Spacetime",
"Symmetry",
"Biological hypotheses"
] |
1,170,166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral () if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotations, translations, and some conformational changes. This geometric property is called chirality (). The terms are derived from Ancient Greek (cheir) 'hand'; which is the canonical example of a... | Chirality (chemistry) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,028 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Origin of life",
"Biochemistry",
"Stereochemistry",
"Astrophysics",
"Chirality",
"Space",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Asymmetry",
"nan",
"Spacetime",
"Polarization (waves)",
"Symmetry",
"Biological hypotheses"
] |
1,170,169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality%20%28physics%29 | A chiral phenomenon is one that is not identical to its mirror image (see the article on mathematical chirality). The spin of a particle may be used to define a handedness, or helicity, for that particle, which, in the case of a massless particle, is the same as chirality. A symmetry transformation between the two is ... | Chirality (physics) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 2,941 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Pharmacology",
"Origin of life",
"Biochemistry",
"Stereochemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Chirality",
"Geometry",
"Asymmetry",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Symmetry"
] |
1,170,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip%20vortices | Wingtip vortices are circular patterns of rotating air left behind a wing as it generates lift. The name is a misnomer because the cores of the vortices are slightly inboard of the wing tips. Wingtip vortices are sometimes named trailing or lift-induced vortices because they also occur at points other than at the wing ... | Wingtip vortices | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,569 | [
"Dynamical systems",
"Vortices",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
18,229,656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20mat | A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet or biofilm of microbial colonies, composed of mainly bacteria and/or archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces, but a few survive in deserts. A few are found as endosymbionts of animals.
Although only a... | Microbial mat | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,167 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Microbiology",
"Microscopy"
] |
18,233,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20element%20method | Finite element method (FEM) is a popular method for numerically solving differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modeling. Typical problem areas of interest include the traditional fields of structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and electromagnetic potential. Computers ar... | Finite element method | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 7,357 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Computational electromagnetics",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Structural analysis",
"Classical mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
18,242,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20quasiparticles | This is a list of quasiparticles and collective excitations used in condensed matter physics.
List
References
Physics-related lists
it:Quasiparticella#Lista delle quasiparticelle | List of quasiparticles | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 42 | [
"Quasiparticles",
"Subatomic particles",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
18,243,381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20combinatorics | In mathematics, arithmetic combinatorics is a field in the intersection of number theory, combinatorics, ergodic theory and harmonic analysis.
Scope
Arithmetic combinatorics is about combinatorial estimates associated with arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). Additive combinato... | Arithmetic combinatorics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 724 | [
"Additive combinatorics",
"Ergodic theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Sumsets",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
18,246,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20estimation | In various science/engineering applications, such as independent component analysis, image analysis, genetic analysis, speech recognition, manifold learning, and time delay estimation it is useful to estimate the differential entropy of a system or process, given some observations.
The simplest and most common approac... | Entropy estimation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,025 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Applied mathematics",
"Entropy and information",
"Computer science",
"Entropy",
"Information theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
19,248,693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecular%20crowding | The phenomenon of macromolecular crowding alters the properties of molecules in a solution when high concentrations of macromolecules such as proteins are present. Such conditions occur routinely in living cells; for instance, the cytosol of Escherichia coli contains about 300–400 mg/ml of macromolecules. Crowding occu... | Macromolecular crowding | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,484 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Biological engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Cloning",
"Chemical engineering",
"Protein methods",
"Protein biochemistry",
"Biophysics",
"Tissue engineering",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry",
"Medical technology"
] |
19,248,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard%E2%80%93Rybczynski%20equation | In fluid dynamics, the Hadamard–Rybczynski equation gives the terminal velocity of slowly moving spherical bubble through an ambient fluid. It is named after Jacques Hadamard and Witold Rybczynski:
where
is the radius of the bubble.
the gravitational acceleration.
the density of the bubble.
the density of the... | Hadamard–Rybczynski equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 163 | [
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Bubbles (physics)",
"Foams",
"Chemical engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
19,251,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed%20structure | In structural engineering, a prestressed structure is a load-bearing structure whose overall integrity, stability and security depend, primarily, on prestressing: the intentional creation of permanent stresses in the structure for the purpose of improving its performance under various service conditions.
The basic typ... | Prestressed structure | [
"Engineering"
] | 204 | [
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Structural engineering"
] |
19,254,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20tangent%20bundle | In mathematics, particularly differential topology, the double tangent bundle or the second tangent bundle refers to the tangent bundle of the total space TM of the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold M
. A note on notation: in this article, we denote projection maps by their domains, e.g., πTTM : TTM → TM. Some auth... | Double tangent bundle | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,212 | [
"Spacetime",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry"
] |
3,366,880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Campanas%20Redshift%20Survey | The Las Campanas Redshift Survey is considered the first attempt to map a large area of the universe out to a redshift of z = 0.2. It was begun in 1991 using the Las Campanas telescope in Chile to catalog 26418 separate galaxies. It is considered one of the first surveys to document the so-called "end of greatness" whe... | Las Campanas Redshift Survey | [
"Astronomy"
] | 125 | [
"Astronomical surveys",
"Observational astronomy",
"Works about astronomy",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astronomical catalogue stubs",
"Astronomical objects",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
3,368,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2%20microglobulin | β2 microglobulin (B2M) is a component of MHC class I molecules. MHC class I molecules have α1, α2, and α3 proteins which are present on all nucleated cells (excluding red blood cells). In humans, the β2 microglobulin protein is encoded by the B2M gene.
Structure and function
β2 microglobulin lies beside the α3 chain... | Beta-2 microglobulin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 909 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Immune system",
"Organ systems",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins"
] |
3,369,465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetic%20resonance | Ferromagnetic resonance, or FMR, is coupling between an electromagnetic wave and the magnetization of a medium through which it passes. This coupling induces a significant loss of power of the wave. The power is absorbed by the precessing magnetization (Larmor precession) of the material and lost as heat. For this co... | Ferromagnetic resonance | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 933 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
3,372,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneudraulics | Derived from the words hydraulics and pneumatics, pneudraulics is the term used when discussing systems on military aircraft that use either or some combination of hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
The science of fluids made of both gas and liquid.
Pneudraulic systems
Landing gear
Flaps and slats
Rudder
Ailerons
Speed... | Pneudraulics | [
"Physics"
] | 82 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Fluid power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
3,372,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20fiber | An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other. Such fibers find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data transfer rates) than electrical cables. Fibers are us... | Optical fiber | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 11,352 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass production",
"Materials science"
] |
3,372,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated%20aging | Accelerated aging is testing that uses aggravated conditions of heat, humidity, oxygen, sunlight, vibration, etc. to speed up the normal aging processes of items. It is used to help determine the long-term effects of expected levels of stress within a shorter time, usually in a laboratory by controlled standard test me... | Accelerated aging | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,009 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Reliability engineering",
"Safety engineering",
"Senescence",
"Cellular processes",
"Environmental testing",
"Metabolism"
] |
3,373,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%20systems%20engineering%20and%20management | Earth systems engineering and management (ESEM) is a discipline used to analyze, design, engineer and manage complex environmental systems. It entails a wide range of subject areas including anthropology, engineering, environmental science, ethics and philosophy. At its core, ESEM looks to "rationally design and manage... | Earth systems engineering and management | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,356 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Systems ecology",
"Chemical engineering",
"Industrial engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering",
"Industrial ecology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
28,957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20blot | Southern blot is a method used for detection and quantification of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. This method is used in molecular biology. Briefly, purified DNA from a biological sample (such as blood or tissue) is digested with restriction enzymes, and the resulting DNA fragments are separated by electrophor... | Southern blot | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,551 | [
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Molecular biology"
] |
29,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20Stokes%20theorem | In vector calculus and differential geometry the generalized Stokes theorem (sometimes with apostrophe as Stokes' theorem or Stokes's theorem), also called the Stokes–Cartan theorem, is a statement about the integration of differential forms on manifolds, which both simplifies and generalizes several theorems from vect... | Generalized Stokes theorem | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,824 | [
"Theorems in differential geometry",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical structures",
"Tensors",
"Theorems in calculus",
"Calculus",
"Differential forms",
"Topology",
"Category theory",
"Duality theories",
"Geometry",
"Theorems in geometry",
"Differential topology"
] |
29,087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20through%20obscurity | In security engineering, security through obscurity is the practice of concealing the details or mechanisms of a system to enhance its security. This approach relies on the principle of hiding something in plain sight, akin to a magician's sleight of hand or the use of camouflage. It diverges from traditional security ... | Security through obscurity | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,230 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Cryptography",
"Security engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer security procedures"
] |
29,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic%20network | A semantic network, or frame network is a knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts in a network. This is often used as a form of knowledge representation. It is a directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges, which represent semantic relations betwee... | Semantic network | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,025 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical linguistics"
] |
29,122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals%20intelligence | Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the act and field of intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). As classified a... | Signals intelligence | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 7,562 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
29,124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20submarine%20K-219 | K-219 was a Project 667A Navaga-class ballistic missile submarine (NATO reporting name Yankee I) of the Soviet Navy. It carried 16 R-27U liquid-fuel missiles powered by UDMH with nitrogen tetroxide (NTO). K-219 was involved in what has become one of the most controversial submarine incidents during the Cold War on Frid... | Soviet submarine K-219 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,516 | [
"Nuclear accidents and incidents",
"Radioactivity"
] |
29,192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20elevator | A space elevator, also referred to as a space bridge, star ladder, and orbital lift, is a proposed type of planet-to-space transportation system, often depicted in science fiction. The main component would be a cable (also called a tether) anchored to the surface and extending into space. An Earth-based space elevator ... | Space elevator | [
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 8,624 | [
"Exploratory engineering",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Transport systems",
"Space elevator",
"Vertical transport devices"
] |
29,218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20thiopental | Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. It is the thiobarbiturate analog of pentobarbital, and an analog of thiobarbital. Sodium thiopental was a core me... | Sodium thiopental | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,376 | [
"Hypnotics",
"Behavior",
"Salts",
"Organic sodium salts",
"Sleep"
] |
29,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot%20machine | A slot machine, fruit machine (British English), poker machine or pokies (Australian English and New Zealand English) is a gambling machine that creates a game of chance for its customers.
A slot machine's standard layout features a screen displaying three or more reels that "spin" when the game is activated. Some mod... | Slot machine | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 11,249 | [
"Physical systems",
"Commercial machines",
"Machines"
] |
29,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20spectrometer | An optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer, spectrograph or spectroscope) is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. The variable measured is most often the irradiance of the light but coul... | Optical spectrometer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,929 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Signal processing",
"Electronic test equipment",
"Measuring instruments",
"Spectrographs",
"Spectrometers",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
29,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20biology | Structural biology, as defined by the Journal of Structural Biology, deals with structural analysis of living material (formed, composed of, and/or maintained and refined by living cells) at every level of organization.
Early structural biologists throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries were primarily only able ... | Structural biology | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,649 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Biophysics",
"Structural biology",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Protein structure"
] |
29,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statite | A statite (a portmanteau of the words static and satellite) is a hypothetical type of artificial satellite that employs a solar sail to continuously modify its orbit in ways that gravity alone would not allow. Typically, a statite would use the solar sail to "hover" in a location that would not otherwise be available a... | Statite | [
"Astronomy",
"Engineering"
] | 350 | [
"Aerospace engineering",
"Astrodynamics",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
29,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20sail | Solar sails (also known as lightsails, light sails, and photon sails) are a method of spacecraft propulsion using radiation pressure exerted by sunlight on large surfaces. A number of spaceflight missions to test solar propulsion and navigation have been proposed since the 1980s. The first spacecraft to make use of the... | Solar sail | [
"Astronomy"
] | 11,157 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Interstellar travel"
] |
29,952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics | Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, which convey a quantitative description using measurable macrosc... | Thermodynamics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,823 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Energy (physics)",
"Energy",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
29,954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology | Topology (from the Greek words , and ) is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling, and bending; that is, without closing holes, opening holes, tearing, gluing, or passing through itself.
A to... | Topology | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,093 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
29,965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor | In mathematics, a tensor is an algebraic object that describes a multilinear relationship between sets of algebraic objects related to a vector space. Tensors may map between different objects such as vectors, scalars, and even other tensors. There are many types of tensors, including scalars and vectors (which are the... | Tensor | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 7,234 | [
"Tensors",
"Classical mechanics",
"nan",
"Continuum mechanics"
] |
30,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium | Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Grea... | Titanium | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 7,628 | [
"Biomaterials",
"Chemical elements",
"Aerospace materials",
"Materials",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Atoms",
"Matter",
"Medical technology"
] |
30,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium | Technetium is a chemical element; it has symbol Tc and atomic number 43. It is the lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive. Technetium and promethium are the only radioactive elements whose neighbours in the sense of atomic number are both stable. All available technetium is produced as a synthetic element.... | Technetium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 7,002 | [
"Periodic table",
"Chemical elements",
"Synthetic materials",
"Synthetic elements",
"Radioactivity",
"Atoms",
"Matter",
"Chemical elements predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev"
] |
30,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental%20number | In mathematics, a transcendental number is a real or complex number that is not algebraic: that is, not the root of a non-zero polynomial with integer (or, equivalently, rational) coefficients. The best-known transcendental numbers are and . The quality of a number being transcendental is called transcendence.
Though... | Transcendental number | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,571 | [
"Articles containing proofs"
] |
30,364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20metal | In chemistry, a transition metal (or transition element) is a chemical element in the d-block of the periodic table (groups 3 to 12), though the elements of group 12 (and less often group 3) are sometimes excluded. The lanthanide and actinide elements (the f-block) are called inner transition metals and are sometimes c... | Transition metal | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,194 | [
"Periodic table"
] |
30,367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric%20functions | In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths. They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry, such as navigation, solid mechanics... | Trigonometric functions | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 7,011 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Arithmetic",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Angle",
"Ratios"
] |
30,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemistry | Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy which is associated with chemical reactions and/or phase changes such as melting and boiling. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same. Thermochemistry focuses on the energy exchange between a system and its surroundings in the form of ... | Thermochemistry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 926 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Thermochemistry",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Branches of thermodynamics",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
30,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque | In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational analogue of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force (also abbreviated to moment). The symbol for torque is typically , the lowercase Greek letter tau. When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by . Just as a linear force is a... | Torque | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,337 | [
"Torque",
"Physical phenomena",
"Force",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)",
"Mechanics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter",
"Moment (physics)"
] |
30,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing%20machine | A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation describing an abstract machine that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules. Despite the model's simplicity, it is capable of implementing any computer algorithm.
The machine operates on an infinite memory tape divided into discrete c... | Turing machine | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 9,856 | [
"Theoretical computer science",
"Applied mathematics",
"Formal languages",
"Mathematical logic",
"Software engineering",
"Computability theory",
"Formal methods"
] |
30,426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20internal%20reflection | In physics, total internal reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon in which waves arriving at the interface (boundary) from one medium to another (e.g., from water to air) are not refracted into the second ("external") medium, but completely reflected back into the first ("internal") medium. It occurs when the second medium... | Total internal reflection | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 12,536 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Optical phenomena",
"Waves",
"Glass physics",
"Motion (physics)",
"Light",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
30,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory%20of%20everything | A theory of everything (TOE), final theory, ultimate theory, unified field theory, or master theory is a hypothetical singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all aspects of the universe. Finding a theory of everything is one of the major unsolved prob... | Theory of everything | [
"Physics"
] | 5,554 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Particle physics",
"Theories of gravity",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model"
] |
30,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20point | In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is that temperature and pressure at which the sublimation, fusion, and vaporisation curves meet. For example, the triple point ... | Triple point | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,202 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Matter",
"Critical phenomena",
"Threshold temperatures",
"Phases of matter",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Gases",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
30,549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian%20object | A trans-Neptunian object (TNO), also written transneptunian object, is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater average distance than Neptune, which has an orbital semi-major axis of 30.1 astronomical units (AU).
Typically, TNOs are further divided into the classical and resonant objects o... | Trans-Neptunian object | [
"Astronomy"
] | 3,496 | [
"Outer space",
"Solar System"
] |
30,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony | The Theogony (, , i.e. "the genealogy or birth of the gods") is a poem by Hesiod (8th–7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed . It is written in the Epic dialect of Ancient Greek and contains 1022 lines. It is one of the most important sources for the understanding of early Gr... | Theogony | [
"Astronomy"
] | 5,701 | [
"Cosmogony",
"Creation myths"
] |
30,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable%20element | A transposable element (TE), also transposon, or jumping gene, is a type of mobile genetic element, a nucleic acid sequence in DNA that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.
Transposition often results in duplicati... | Transposable element | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 6,243 | [
"Mobile genetic elements",
"Modification of genetic information",
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
30,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsin | Trypsin is an enzyme in the first section of the small intestine that starts the digestion of protein molecules by cutting long chains of amino acids into smaller pieces. It is a serine protease from the PA clan superfamily, found in the digestive system of many vertebrates, where it hydrolyzes proteins. Trypsin is for... | Trypsin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,781 | [
"Reagents for biochemistry",
"Cell culture reagents"
] |
30,990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple | A thermocouple, also known as a "thermoelectrical thermometer", is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming an electrical junction. A thermocouple produces a temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the Seebeck effect, and this voltage can be interpreted to measure temperature... | Thermocouple | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 8,267 | [
"Home automation",
"Metallurgy",
"Temperature control",
"Measuring instruments",
"Bimetal",
"Thermometers",
"Sensors"
] |
31,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20tertiary%20structure | Protein tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a protein. The tertiary structure will have a single polypeptide chain "backbone" with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains. Amino acid side chains and the backbone may interact and bond in a number of ways. The interactions and bonds... | Protein tertiary structure | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,721 | [
"Protein structure",
"Structural biology"
] |
31,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20function | In engineering, a transfer function (also known as system function or network function) of a system, sub-system, or component is a mathematical function that models the system's output for each possible input. It is widely used in electronic engineering tools like circuit simulators and control systems. In simple cases... | Transfer function | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,764 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Frequency-domain analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Electronic engineering",
"Mathematical relations",
"Electrical engineering",
"Types of functions",
"Electrical circuits"
] |
2,456,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20of%20explosive%20detonation%20velocities | This is a compilation of published detonation velocities for various high explosive compounds. Detonation velocity is the speed with which the detonation shock wave travels through the explosive. It is a key, directly measurable indicator of explosive performance, but depends on density which must always be specified, ... | Table of explosive detonation velocities | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 228 | [
"Explosive chemicals",
"Explosives engineering",
"nan"
] |
2,456,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiberg%20duality | In quantum field theory, Seiberg duality, conjectured by Nathan Seiberg in 1994, is an S-duality relating two different supersymmetric QCDs. The two theories are not identical, but they agree at low energies. More precisely under a renormalization group flow they flow to the same IR fixed point, and so are in the same... | Seiberg duality | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,074 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Supersymmetric quantum field theory",
"Mathematical structures",
"Critical phenomena",
"Renormalization group",
"Category theory",
"Duality theories",
"Geometry",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Supersymmetry",
"Symmetry"
] |
2,457,822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20swing%20adsorption | Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is a technique used to separate some gas species from a mixture of gases (typically air) under pressure according to the species' molecular characteristics and affinity for an adsorbent material. It operates at near-ambient temperature and significantly differs from the cryogenic distill... | Pressure swing adsorption | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,959 | [
"Separation processes by phases",
"Separation processes",
"Gas separation",
"Industrial gases",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
2,458,485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved%20quantity | A conserved quantity is a property or value that remains constant over time in a system even when changes occur in the system. In mathematics, a conserved quantity of a dynamical system is formally defined as a function of the dependent variables, the value of which remains constant along each trajectory of the system.... | Conserved quantity | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 395 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations",
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,458,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20assimilation | Data assimilation refers to a large group of methods that update information from numerical computer models with information from observations. Data assimilation is used to update model states, model trajectories over time, model parameters, and combinations thereof. What distinguishes data assimilation from other esti... | Data assimilation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,669 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather",
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Climate and weather statistics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,458,954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon%20spin%20spectroscopy | Muon spin spectroscopy, also known as μSR, is an experimental technique based on the implantation of spin-polarized muons in matter and on the detection of the influence of the atomic, molecular or crystalline surroundings on their spin motion. The motion of the muon spin is due to the magnetic field experienced by the... | Muon spin spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,707 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
2,459,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20polarization | In particle physics, spin polarization is the degree to which the spin, i.e., the intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles, is aligned with a given direction. This property may pertain to the spin, hence to the magnetic moment, of conduction electrons in ferromagnetic metals, such as iron, giving rise to spin... | Spin polarization | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 504 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Spintronics",
"Astrophysics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Polarization (waves)"
] |
10,172,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofluidics | Nanofluidics is the study of the behavior, manipulation, and control of fluids that are confined to structures of nanometer (typically 1–100 nm) characteristic dimensions (1 nm = 10−9 m). Fluids confined in these structures exhibit physical behaviors not observed in larger structures, such as those of micrometer dimens... | Nanofluidics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,405 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Piping",
"Nanotechnology",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
10,173,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slosh%20dynamics | In fluid dynamics, slosh refers to the movement of liquid inside another object (which is, typically, also undergoing motion).
Strictly speaking, the liquid must have a free surface to constitute a slosh dynamics problem, where the dynamics of the liquid can interact with the container to alter the system dynamics sig... | Slosh dynamics | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,260 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
10,178,335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20oxidation | Partial oxidation (POX) is a type of chemical reaction. It occurs when a substoichiometric fuel-air mixture is partially combusted in a reformer, creating a hydrogen-rich syngas which can then be put to further use, for example in a fuel cell. A distinction is made between thermal partial oxidation (TPOX) and catalytic... | Partial oxidation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 478 | [
"Redox",
"Electrochemistry",
"Industrial gases",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
10,179,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie%20line%20%28telephony%29 | A tie line, also known as a tie trunk, is a telecommunication circuit between two telephone exchanges or two extensions of a private telephone system.
See also
Private branch exchange
Circuit ID
Leased line
Private line
References
Communication circuits | Tie line (telephony) | [
"Engineering"
] | 44 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Communication circuits"
] |
7,885,048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couple%20%28mechanics%29 | In physics, a couple is a system of forces with a resultant (a.k.a. net or sum) moment of force but no resultant force.
A more descriptive term is force couple or pure moment. Its effect is to impart angular momentum but no linear momentum. In rigid body dynamics, force couples are free vectors, meaning their effects ... | Couple (mechanics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 869 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Physical properties"
] |
7,886,048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning%20probe%20lithography | Scanning probe lithography (SPL) describes a set of nanolithographic methods to pattern material on the nanoscale using scanning probes. It is a direct-write, mask-less approach which bypasses the diffraction limit and can reach resolutions below 10 nm. It is considered an alternative lithographic technology often used... | Scanning probe lithography | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,245 | [
"Microtechnology",
"Materials science",
"Scanning probe microscopy",
"Microscopy",
"Nanotechnology",
"Lithography (microfabrication)"
] |
7,886,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HurriQuake | The HurriQuake nail was a construction nail designed by Ed Sutt for Bostitch, a division of Stanley Works, and patented in 2004. The nail was designed primarily to provide more structural integrity for a building, especially against the forces of hurricanes and earthquakes.
The Hurriquake nail won the Popular Science ... | HurriQuake | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,240 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Machines",
"Fasteners",
"Physical systems",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Earthquake engineering",
"Hardware (mechanical)"
] |
15,324,368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelauxetic%20effect | The nephelauxetic effect is a term used in the inorganic chemistry of transition metals. It refers to a decrease in the Racah interelectronic repulsion parameter, given the symbol B, that occurs when a transition-metal free ion forms a complex with ligands. The name "nephelauxetic" comes from the Greek for cloud-expand... | Nephelauxetic effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 692 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
15,330,149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Structure%20Initiative | The Protein Structure Initiative (PSI) was a USA based project that aimed at accelerating discovery in structural genomics and contribute to understanding biological function. Funded by the U.S. National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) between 2000 and 2015, its aim was to reduce the cost and time require... | Protein Structure Initiative | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,119 | [
"Protein structure",
"Genome projects",
"Structural biology"
] |
225,721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell | Honeywell International Inc. is an American publicly traded, multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. It primarily operates in four areas of business: aerospace, building automation, industrial automation, and energy and sustainability solutions (ESS). Honeywell is a Fortune 50... | Honeywell | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 6,319 | [
"Home automation",
"Home automation companies",
"Electronic design",
"Computer hardware companies",
"Electronic engineering",
"Design",
"Computers"
] |
225,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%20optimization | In computer science, program optimization, code optimization, or software optimization is the process of modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. In general, a computer program may be optimized so that it executes more rapidly, or to make it capable of operatin... | Program optimization | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,321 | [
"Software engineering",
"Programming language topics",
"Computer optimization",
"Computer performance"
] |
225,873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna%20Circle | The Vienna Circle () of logical empiricism was a group of elite philosophers and scientists drawn from the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics who met regularly from 1924 to 1936 at the University of Vienna, chaired by Moritz Schlick. The Vienna Circle had a profound influence on 20th-century philosophy,... | Vienna Circle | [
"Mathematics"
] | 8,307 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Logical positivism"
] |
225,982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20state | The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system. An excited state is any state with energy greater than the ground state. In quantum field theory, the ground state is usually called the vacuum state ... | Ground state | [
"Physics"
] | 1,124 | [
"Quantum states",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
226,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prandtl%E2%80%93Glauert%20singularity | The Prandtl–Glauert singularity is a theoretical construct in flow physics, often incorrectly used to explain vapor cones in transonic flows.
It is the prediction by the Prandtl–Glauert transformation that infinite pressures would be experienced by an aircraft as it approaches the speed of sound. Because it is invalid ... | Prandtl–Glauert singularity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 751 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Shock waves",
"Theoretical physics",
"Aerodynamics",
"Waves",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Obsolete theories in physics"
] |
226,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20metabolite | Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, archaea, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism. Instead, they genera... | Secondary metabolite | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,843 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Chemical ecology",
"Secondary metabolites",
"Ecology",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
226,424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-vector | In special relativity, a four-vector (or 4-vector, sometimes Lorentz vector) is an object with four components, which transform in a specific way under Lorentz transformations. Specifically, a four-vector is an element of a four-dimensional vector space considered as a representation space of the standard representatio... | Four-vector | [
"Physics"
] | 4,688 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Four-vectors",
"Vector physical quantities",
"nan",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
226,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20cell | In geometry, biology, mineralogy and solid state physics, a unit cell is a repeating unit formed by the vectors spanning the points of a lattice. Despite its suggestive name, the unit cell (unlike a unit vector, for example) does not necessarily have unit size, or even a particular size at all. Rather, the primitive c... | Unit cell | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 985 | [
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Materials science"
] |
226,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%27s%20theorem | In direct-current circuit theory, Norton's theorem, also called the Mayer–Norton theorem, is a simplification that can be applied to networks made of linear time-invariant resistances, voltage sources, and current sources. At a pair of terminals of the network, it can be replaced by a current source and a single resist... | Norton's theorem | [
"Physics"
] | 672 | [
"Eponymous theorems of physics",
"Equations of physics",
"Circuit theorems",
"Physics theorems"
] |
226,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9venin%27s%20theorem | As originally stated in terms of direct-current resistive circuits only, Thévenin's theorem states that "Any linear electrical network containing only voltage sources, current sources and resistances can be replaced at terminals by an equivalent combination of a voltage source in a series connection with a resistance... | Thévenin's theorem | [
"Physics"
] | 2,492 | [
"Circuit theorems",
"Eponymous theorems of physics",
"Equations of physics",
"Physics theorems"
] |
227,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20nitrate | Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula . It is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography. It is far less sensitive to light than the halides. It was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by ancient alchemists who associated silver w... | Silver nitrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,272 | [
"Light-sensitive chemicals",
"Redox",
"Alchemical substances",
"Nitrates",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Salts",
"Chemical tests",
"Light reactions"
] |
227,223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroStation | MicroStation is a CAD software platform for two- and three-dimensional design and drafting, developed and sold by Bentley Systems and used in the architectural and engineering industries. It generates 2D/3D vector graphics objects and elements and includes building information modeling (BIM) features. The current versi... | MicroStation | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,692 | [
"Building engineering",
"Building information modeling"
] |
227,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennard-Jones%20potential | In computational chemistry, molecular physics, and physical chemistry, the Lennard-Jones potential (also termed the LJ potential or 12-6 potential; named for John Lennard-Jones) is an intermolecular pair potential. Out of all the intermolecular potentials, the Lennard-Jones potential is probably the one that has been t... | Lennard-Jones potential | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 7,200 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Intermolecular forces",
"Materials science",
"Quantum mechanical potentials",
"Computational chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Chemical bonding",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
227,912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20hip | The rose hip or rosehip, also called rose haw and rose hep, is the accessory fruit of the various species of rose plant. It is typically red to orange, but ranges from dark purple to black in some species. Rose hips begin to form after pollination of flowers in spring or early summer, and ripen in late summer through a... | Rose hip | [
"Technology"
] | 612 | [
"Food ingredients",
"Components"
] |
228,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20%28mechanics%29 | In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that describes forces present during deformation. For example, an object being pulled apart, such as a stretched elastic band, is subject to tensile stress and may undergo elongation. An object being pushed together, such as a crumpled sponge, is subject to compress... | Stress (mechanics) | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,500 | [
"Solid mechanics",
"Tensors",
"Mechanics"
] |
228,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s%20modulus | Young's modulus (or Young modulus) is a mechanical property of solid materials that measures the tensile or compressive stiffness when the force is applied lengthwise. It is the modulus of elasticity for tension or axial compression. Young's modulus is defined as the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) applied to... | Young's modulus | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,133 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Quantity",
"Structural analysis",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Physical properties"
] |
12,522,713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycourobilin | Phycourobilin is an orange tetrapyrrole involved in photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and red algae. This chromophore is bound to the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin, the distal component of the light-harvesting system of cyanobacteria and red algae (phycobilisome).
When bound to phycoerythrin, phycourobilin shows an abs... | Phycourobilin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 321 | [
"Photosynthetic pigments",
"Photosynthesis"
] |
12,527,335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic%20time | Cosmic time, or cosmological time, is the time coordinate commonly used in the Big Bang models of physical cosmology. This concept of time avoids some issues related to relativity by being defined within a solution to the equations of general relativity widely used in cosmology.
Problems with absolute time
Albert Eins... | Cosmic time | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 815 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Quantity",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Coordinate systems",
"Spacetime",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
12,528,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation%20evaluation%20gamma%20ray | The formation evaluation gamma ray log is a record of the variation with depth of the natural radioactivity of earth materials in a wellbore. Measurement of natural emission of gamma rays in oil and gas wells are useful because shales and sandstones typically have different gamma ray levels. Shales and clays are resp... | Formation evaluation gamma ray | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,520 | [
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
12,528,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C6H10O8 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C6H10O8}}
The molecular formula C6H10O8 (molar mass: 210.14 g/mol) may refer to:
Saccharic acid, or glucaric acid
Mucic acid, also known as galactaric acid or meso-galactaric acid
Molecular formulas | C6H10O8 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 74 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
12,528,723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C6H10O2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C6H10O2}}
The molecular formula C6H10O2 may refer to:
Adipaldehyde
Allyl glycidyl ether
Caprolactone
Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid
Ethyl methacrylate
Hexane-2,5-dione
(2R)-2-Methylpent-4-enoic acid
Molecular formulas | C6H10O2 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 90 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
12,529,188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20value | In quantum mechanics (and computation), a weak value is a quantity related to a shift of a measuring device's pointer when usually there is pre- and postselection. It should not be confused with a weak measurement, which is often defined in conjunction. The weak value was first defined by Yakir Aharonov, David Albert, ... | Weak value | [
"Physics"
] | 1,343 | [
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
11,607,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20separator | A steam separator, sometimes referred to as a moisture separator or steam drier, is a device for separating water droplets from steam. The simplest type of steam separator is the steam dome on a steam locomotive. Stationary boilers and nuclear reactors may have more complex devices which impart a "spin" to the steam ... | Steam separator | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 355 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Steam power",
"Power (physics)",
"Boilers",
"Pressure vessels"
] |
11,610,647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%20lift | A tail lift (term used in the UK, also called a "liftgate" in North America) is a mechanical device permanently installed on the rear of a work truck, van, or lorry, and is designed to facilitate the handling of goods from ground level or a loading dock to the level of the vehicle bed, or vice versa.
The majority of ... | Tail lift | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,014 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
11,611,098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally%20finite%20collection | A collection of subsets of a topological space is said to be locally finite if each point in the space has a neighbourhood that intersects only finitely many of the sets in the collection.
In the mathematical field of topology, local finiteness is a property of collections of subsets of a topological space. It is fu... | Locally finite collection | [
"Mathematics"
] | 860 | [
"General topology",
"Properties of topological spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Combinatorics",
"Topological spaces",
"Basic concepts in set theory",
"Topology",
"Families of sets"
] |
17,030,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposon%20mutagenesis | Transposon mutagenesis, or transposition mutagenesis, is a biological process that allows genes to be transferred to a host organism's chromosome, interrupting or modifying the function of an extant gene on the chromosome and causing mutation. Transposon mutagenesis is much more effective than chemical mutagenesis, wit... | Transposon mutagenesis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,491 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular genetics",
"Mobile genetic elements",
"Molecular biology"
] |
17,033,211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative%20models%20of%20the%20action%20potential | In neurophysiology, several mathematical models of the action potential have been developed, which fall into two basic types. The first type seeks to model the experimental data quantitatively, i.e., to reproduce the measurements of current and voltage exactly. The renowned Hodgkin–Huxley model of the axon from the Lol... | Quantitative models of the action potential | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,173 | [
"Mathematical modeling",
"Physical quantities",
"Applied mathematics",
"Capacitors",
"Capacitance"
] |
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