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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
1,162,781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20reactor	A chemical reactor is an enclosed volume in which a chemical reaction takes place. In chemical engineering, it is generally understood to be a process vessel used to carry out a chemical reaction, which is one of the classic unit operations in chemical process analysis. The design of a chemical reactor deals with multi...	Chemical reactor	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,153	[ "Chemical reactors", "Chemical reaction engineering", "Chemical equipment" ]
1,164,549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton%20therapy	In medicine, proton therapy, or proton radiotherapy, is a type of particle therapy that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often to treat cancer. The chief advantage of proton therapy over other types of external beam radiotherapy is that the dose of protons is deposited over a narrow range of de...	Proton therapy	[ "Physics" ]	6,418	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Medical physics" ]
1,164,681	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromism	In chemistry, chromism is a process that induces a change, often reversible, in the colors of compounds. In most cases, chromism is based on a change in the electron states of molecules, especially the π- or d-electron state, so this phenomenon is induced by various external stimuli which can alter the electron density...	Chromism	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,893	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Chromism", "Materials science", "nan", "Smart materials", "Spectroscopy" ]
1,164,724	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injector	An injector is a system of ducting and nozzles used to direct the flow of a high-pressure fluid in such a way that a lower pressure fluid is entrained in the jet and carried through a duct to a region of higher pressure. It is a fluid-dynamic pump with no moving parts except a valve to control inlet flow. Depending on...	Injector	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	3,337	[ "Pumps", "Turbomachinery", "Chemical equipment", "Chemical engineering", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "nan", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
1,165,029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimator	A collimator is a device which narrows a beam of particles or waves. To narrow can mean either to cause the directions of motion to become more aligned in a specific direction (i.e., make collimated light or parallel rays), or to cause the spatial cross section of the beam to become smaller (beam limiting device). His...	Collimator	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,543	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Optical devices", "Synchrotron instrumentation", "Measuring instruments", "X-ray instrumentation", "Neutron instrumentation", "Experimental physics", "Accelerator physics" ]
1,165,244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronon	A chronon is a proposed quantum of time, that is, a discrete and indivisible "unit" of time as part of a hypothesis that proposes that time is not continuous. In simple language, a chronon is the smallest, discrete, non-decomposable unit of time. In a one-dimensional model, a chronon is a time interval or period, whil...	Chronon	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	810	[ "Physical quantities", "Time", "Units of time", "Quantity", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Quantum gravity", "Spacetime", "Physics beyond the Standard Model", "Units of measurement" ]
1,165,416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interhalogen	In chemistry, an interhalogen compound is a molecule which contains two or more different halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine) and no atoms of elements from any other group. Most interhalogen compounds known are binary (composed of only two distinct elements). Their formulae are generally ...	Interhalogen	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,889	[ "Interhalogen compounds", "Oxidizing agents" ]
1,165,464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanothione	Trypanothione is an unusual form of glutathione containing two molecules of glutathione joined by a spermidine (polyamine) linker. It is found in parasitic protozoa such as leishmania and trypanosomes. These protozoal parasites are the cause of leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease. Trypanothione was dis...	Trypanothione	[ "Chemistry" ]	434	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Thiols", "Organic compounds", "Molecular biology", "Peptides" ]
1,165,549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-vector%20model	In statistical mechanics, the n-vector model or O(n) model is a simple system of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice. It was developed by H. Eugene Stanley as a generalization of the Ising model, XY model and Heisenberg model. In the n-vector model, n-component unit-length classical spins are placed on the v...	N-vector model	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	693	[ "Statistical mechanics stubs", "Theoretical physics", "Lattice models", "Computational physics", "Condensed matter physics", "Theoretical physics stubs", "Statistical mechanics", "Computational physics stubs" ]
1,165,668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald%27s%20sphere	The Ewald sphere is a geometric construction used in electron, neutron, and x-ray diffraction which shows the relationship between: the wavevector of the incident and diffracted beams, the diffraction angle for a given reflection, the reciprocal lattice of the crystal. It was conceived by Paul Peter Ewald, a Ger...	Ewald's sphere	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	472	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Materials science", "Crystallography", "Diffraction", "Condensed matter physics", "Spectroscopy" ]
1,166,059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20machine	A Boltzmann machine (also called Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model with external field or stochastic Ising model), named after Ludwig Boltzmann is a spin-glass model with an external field, i.e., a Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model, that is a stochastic Ising model. It is a statistical physics technique applied in the context ...	Boltzmann machine	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,861	[ "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical physics" ]
14,174,594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold%20%28fluid%20mechanics%29	A manifold is a wider and/or larger pipe or channel, into which smaller pipes or channels lead, or a pipe fitting or similar device that connects multiple inputs or outputs for fluids. Manifolds Engineering Types of manifolds in engineering include: Exhaust manifold An engine part that collects the exhaust gases from...	Manifold (fluid mechanics)	[ "Engineering" ]	198	[ "Civil engineering", "Fluid mechanics" ]
14,177,590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCOA4	Nuclear receptor coactivator 4, also known as Androgen Receptor Activator (ARA70), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA4 gene. It plays an important role in ferritinophagy, acting as a cargo receptor, binding to the ferritin heavy chain and latching on to ATG8 on the surface of the autophagosome. Intera...	NCOA4	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	133	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
14,178,302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin%20receptor%20B1	Bradykinin receptor B1 (B1) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the BDKRB1 gene in humans. Its principal ligand is bradykinin, a 9 amino acid peptide generated in pathophysiologic conditions such as inflammation, trauma, burns, shock, and allergy. The B1 receptor is one of two of G protein-coupled receptors that...	Bradykinin receptor B1	[ "Chemistry" ]	197	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,179,010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGR2	Early growth response protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EGR2 gene. EGR2 (also termed Krox20) is a transcription regulatory factor, containing three zinc finger DNA-binding sites, and is highly expressed in a population of migrating neural crest cells. It is later expressed in the neural crest der...	EGR2	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	498	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,179,165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin%20B2	G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCNB2 gene. Function Cyclin B2 is a member of the cyclin family, specifically the B-type cyclins. The B-type cyclins, B1 and B2, associate with p34cdc2 and are essential components of the cell cycle regulatory machinery. B1 and B2 differ in ...	Cyclin B2	[ "Chemistry" ]	197	[ "Cell cycle regulators", "Signal transduction" ]
14,187,112	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic%20Dynamic%20Suspension%20System	The Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS) technology was employed initially in the Lexus GX 470, and subsequently the 200 Series Toyota Land Cruiser. The system was invented and developed by Kinetic Pty Ltd, a small R&D company based in Dunsborough, Western Australia. It optimally adjusts front and rear stabilizers ...	Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System	[ "Physics" ]	432	[ "Mechanics", "Mechanical power control" ]
14,187,697	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicircular%20potential%20well	In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. The particle follows the path of a semicircle from to where it cannot escape, because the potential from to is infinite. Instead there is total reflection, meaning the particle bounces back and forth between...	Semicircular potential well	[ "Physics" ]	710	[ "Quantum models", "Quantum mechanical potentials", "Quantum mechanics" ]
96,558	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s%20demon	Maxwell's demon is a thought experiment that appears to disprove the second law of thermodynamics. It was proposed by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1867. In his first letter, Maxwell referred to the entity as a "finite being" or a "being who can play a game of skill with the molecules". Lord Kelvin would later c...	Maxwell's demon	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,450	[ "Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics", "Materials science", "Thermodynamics", "Nanotechnology", "Statistical mechanics" ]
96,842	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20c%20oxidase	The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV (was , now reclassified as a translocase EC 7.1.1.9) is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and the mitochondria of eukaryotes. It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of cells located in the membrane. It receives an ...	Cytochrome c oxidase	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,790	[ "Biochemistry", "Cellular respiration", "Metabolism" ]
96,910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory%20complex%20I	Respiratory complex I, (also known as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, Type I NADH dehydrogenase and mitochondrial complex I) is the first large protein complex of the respiratory chains of many organisms from bacteria to humans. It catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and translocates ...	Respiratory complex I	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	6,281	[ "Carbohydrate metabolism", "Cellular respiration", "Glycolysis", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
97,039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic%20acid	Succinic acid () is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron tr...	Succinic acid	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,865	[ "Citric acid cycle compounds", "Metabolic intermediates", "Metabolism", "Biomolecules" ]
97,375	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%20bridge	A Bailey bridge is a type of portable, pre-fabricated, truss bridge. It was developed in 1940–1941 by the British for military use during the Second World War and saw extensive use by British, Canadian and American military engineering units. A Bailey bridge has the advantages of requiring no special tools or heavy equ...	Bailey bridge	[ "Engineering" ]	2,460	[ "Military bridging equipment", "Military engineering" ]
97,503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme	Heme (American English), or haem (Commonwealth English, both pronounced /hi:m/ ), is a ring-shaped iron-containing molecular component of hemoglobin, which is necessary to bind oxygen in the bloodstream. It is composed of four pyrrole rings with 2 vinyl and 2 propionic acid side chains. Heme is biosynthesized in both ...	Heme	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,703	[ "Natural products", "Biochemistry", "Organic compounds", "Biomolecules", "Molecular biology", "Structural biology", "Porphyrins" ]
97,528	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprene	Isoprene, or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common volatile organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)−CH=CH2. In its pure form it is a colorless volatile liquid. It is produced by many plants and animals (including humans) and its polymers are the main component of natural rubber. History and etymology C. G. William...	Isoprene	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,729	[ "Monomers", "Polymer chemistry" ]
17,001,945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20water%20path	The concept of the soft path was first used for energy resource management and was developed by Amory Lovins shortly after the shock of the 1973 energy crisis in the United States. This concept has now been refined and applied to water, most notably by water experts Peter Gleick and David Brooks. The soft path is often...	Soft water path	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	511	[ "Hydrology", "Water supply", "Environmental engineering" ]
17,002,524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature-responsive%20polymer	Temperature-responsive polymers or thermoresponsive polymers are polymers that exhibit drastic and discontinuous changes in their physical properties with temperature. The term is commonly used when the property concerned is solubility in a given solvent, but it may also be used when other properties are affected. Ther...	Temperature-responsive polymer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,377	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Temperature", "Thermodynamic properties", "Physical quantities", "SI base quantities", "Intensive quantities", "Materials science", "Polymer material properties", "Smart materials", "Thermodynamics", "Polymer chemistry", "Wikipedia categories named after physical...
17,003,295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20tracing%20%28physics%29	In physics, ray tracing is a method for calculating the path of waves or particles through a system with regions of varying propagation velocity, absorption characteristics, and reflecting surfaces. Under these circumstances, wavefronts may bend, change direction, or reflect off surfaces, complicating analysis. Histo...	Ray tracing (physics)	[ "Physics" ]	2,005	[ "Computational physics" ]
17,006,174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen%20chronograph	The Aberdeen chronograph was the first portable gun chronograph, an instrument for measuring the muzzle velocity and striking power of a projectile fired by a gun. It was invented in 1918 by Alfred Lee Loomis at the U.S. Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground. The method prevalent at the time was the Boulengé chronograph, whi...	Aberdeen chronograph	[ "Physics" ]	233	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Ballistics" ]
17,007,606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater%20greenhouse	A seawater greenhouse is a greenhouse structure that enables the growth of crops and the production of fresh water in arid regions. Arid regions constitute about one third of the Earth's land area. Seawater greenhouse technology aims to mitigate issues such as global water scarcity, peak water and soil becoming salted....	Seawater greenhouse	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,877	[ "Water technology", "Water treatment", "Water desalination" ]
17,007,865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%20Serpentis	R Serpentis is a Mira variable type star in the equatorial constellation of Serpens. It ranges between apparent magnitude 5.16 and 14.4, and spectral types M5e to M8e, over a period of 356.41 days. The variability of this star was discovered in 1826 by Karl Ludwig Harding. References M-type giants Mira variables Serp...	R Serpentis	[ "Astronomy" ]	97	[ "Constellations", "Serpens" ]
15,305,337	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20gardening	Atomic gardening is a form of mutation breeding where plants are exposed to radiation. Some of the mutations produced thereby have turned out to be useful. Typically this is gamma radiation in which case it is a produced by cobalt-60. The practice of plant irradiation has resulted in the development of more than 2,...	Atomic gardening	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,085	[ "Radiobiology", "Plants", "Radioactivity", "Plant genetics" ]
15,307,594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strained%20quantum-well%20laser	A strained quantum well laser is a type of quantum-well laser, which was invented by Professor Alf Adams at the University of Surrey in 1986. The laser is distinctive for producing a more concentrated beam than other quantum well lasers, making it considerably more efficient. The lasers are notable for usage in CD, DV...	Strained quantum-well laser	[ "Physics" ]	92	[ "Quantum optics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
3,357,839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition%20%28aerosol%20physics%29	In the physics of aerosols, deposition is the process by which aerosol particles collect or deposit themselves on solid surfaces, decreasing the concentration of the particles in the air. It can be divided into two sub-processes: dry and wet deposition. The rate of deposition, or the deposition velocity, is slowest fo...	Deposition (aerosol physics)	[ "Chemistry" ]	735	[ "Particulates", "Particle technology", "Aerosols", "Colloids" ]
3,361,324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boost%20converter	A boost converter or step-up converter is a DC-to-DC converter that increases voltage, while decreasing current, from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors, a diode and a transistor, and at least one energy storage element: a...	Boost converter	[ "Physics" ]	2,432	[ "Voltage", "Physical quantities", "Voltage regulation" ]
3,362,237	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed%20columns	Pulsed columns are a type of liquid-liquid extraction equipment; examples of this class of extraction equipment is used at the BNFL plant THORP. Special use in nuclear industries for fuel reprocessing, where spent fuel from reactors is subjected to solvent extraction. A pulsation is created using air by a pulse leg. T...	Pulsed columns	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	152	[ "Chemical equipment", "nan" ]
3,362,809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%20affair	The Galileo affair () began around 1610, and culminated with the trial and condemnation of Galileo Galilei by the Roman Catholic Inquisition in 1633. Galileo was prosecuted for holding as true the doctrine of heliocentrism, the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the centre of th...	Galileo affair	[ "Astronomy" ]	7,576	[ "Copernican Revolution", "Astronomical controversies", "Galileo affair", "History of astronomy" ]
3,363,481	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockram	Brockram is a type of rock found in northern England. It is a basal breccia of cemented limestone and sandstone fragments dating from the Permian period, forming part of the Appleby Group. Brockram outcrops in the Whitehaven and Workington district (Geological survey of Gt. Britain sheet 28). Saltom Bay gives a good e...	Brockram	[ "Materials_science" ]	181	[ "Breccias", "Fracture mechanics" ]
717,778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic%20term	In physics, a kinetic term is the part of the Lagrangian that is bilinear in the fields (and for nonlinear sigma models, they are not even bilinear), and usually contains two derivatives with respect to time (or space); in the case of fermions, the kinetic term usually has one derivative only. The equation of motion de...	Kinetic term	[ "Physics" ]	136	[ "Quantum field theory", "Quantum mechanics" ]
717,826	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Gaussianity	In physics, a non-Gaussianity is the correction that modifies the expected Gaussian function estimate for the measurement of a physical quantity. In physical cosmology, the fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background are known to be approximately Gaussian, both theoretically as well as experimentally. However, mos...	Non-Gaussianity	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	133	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Theoretical physics", "Astrophysics", "Size", "Measurement", "Physical cosmology" ]
718,273	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design%20for%20Six%20Sigma	Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) is a collection of best-practices for the development of new products and processes. It is sometimes deployed as an engineering design process or business process management method. DFSS originated at General Electric to build on the success they had with traditional Six Sigma; but instead o...	Design for Six Sigma	[ "Engineering" ]	2,543	[ "Product design", "Design" ]
718,507	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitranspirant	Antitranspirants are compounds applied to the leaves of plants to reduce transpiration. They are used on Christmas trees, on cut flowers, on newly transplanted shrubs, and in other applications to preserve and protect plants from drying out too quickly. They have also been used to protect leaves from salt burn and fu...	Antitranspirant	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	276	[ "Plant physiology", "Plants", "Organic chemistry stubs" ]
718,833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chute%20%28gravity%29	A chute is a vertical or inclined plane, channel, or passage through which objects are moved by means of gravity. Landform A chute, also known as a race, flume, cat, or river canyon, is a steep-sided passage through which water flows rapidly. Akin to these, man-made chutes, such as the timber slide and log flume, wer...	Chute (gravity)	[ "Engineering" ]	706	[ "Building engineering", "Civil engineering", "Architecture" ]
718,855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organized%20criticality	Self-organized criticality (SOC) is a property of dynamical systems that have a critical point as an attractor. Their macroscopic behavior thus displays the spatial or temporal scale-invariance characteristic of the critical point of a phase transition, but without the need to tune control parameters to a precise valu...	Self-organized criticality	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	1,413	[ "Self-organization", "Physical phenomena", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Critical phenomena", "Condensed matter physics", "Statistical mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
719,460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%E2%80%93Runge%E2%80%93Lenz%20vector	In classical mechanics, the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector (LRL vector) is a vector used chiefly to describe the shape and orientation of the orbit of one astronomical body around another, such as a binary star or a planet revolving around a star. For two bodies interacting by Newtonian gravity, the LRL vector is a constant...	Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	6,775	[ "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Classical mechanics", "Mechanics", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical physics", "Symmetry", "Rotational symmetry" ]
719,496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scagliola	Scagliola (from the Italian scaglia, meaning "chips") is a type of fine plaster used in architecture and sculpture. The same term identifies the technique for producing columns, sculptures, and other architectural elements that resemble inlays in marble. The scagliola technique came into fashion in 17th-century Tuscany...	Scagliola	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,730	[ "Building engineering", "Coatings", "Architecture", "Construction", "Materials", "Plastering", "Matter", "Building materials" ]
719,534	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20carbon%20fixation	Biological carbon fixation, or сarbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide, ) to organic compounds. These organic compounds are then used to store energy and as structures for other biomolecules. Carbon is primarily fixed through photosynthesis, bu...	Biological carbon fixation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,578	[ "Biochemistry", "Microbiology", "Photosynthesis", "nan", "Microscopy", "Metabolic pathways", "Metabolism" ]
719,984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowcake	Yellowcake (also called urania) is a type of powdered uranium concentrate obtained from leach solutions, in an intermediate step in the processing of uranium ores. It is a step in the processing of uranium after it has been mined but before fuel fabrication or uranium enrichment. Yellowcake concentrates are prepared by...	Yellowcake	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	882	[ "Oxides", "Salts", "Materials", "Nuclear materials", "Matter" ]
720,240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20bitartrate	Potassium bitartrate, also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, with formula KC4H5O6, is a chemical compound with a number of uses. It is the potassium acid salt of tartaric acid (a carboxylic acid). Especially in cooking, it is also known as cream of tartar. It is used as a component of baking powders and baking mix...	Potassium bitartrate	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,037	[ "Acid salts", "Salts" ]
720,834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF%20Caterpillar%20D9	The IDF Caterpillar D9 — nicknamed Doobi (, for teddy bear) — is a Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer used by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). It is supplied by Caterpillar Inc. and modified by the Israel Defense Forces, Israeli Military Industries and Israel Aerospace Industries to increase the survivability of the bull...	IDF Caterpillar D9	[ "Engineering" ]	2,670	[ "Engineering vehicles", "Military engineering", "Military engineering vehicles", "Caterpillar Inc. vehicles" ]
19,232,416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20scraped%20surface%20heat%20exchanger	The dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger (DSSHE) is a type of heat exchanger used to remove or add heat to fluids, mainly foodstuffs, but also other industrial products. They have been designed to address specific problems that impede efficient heat transfer. DSSHEs improve efficiency by removing fouling layers, incr...	Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	993	[ "Chemical equipment", "Materials degradation", "Heat exchangers", "Fouling" ]
19,236,411	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film%20lithium-ion%20battery	The thin-film lithium-ion battery is a form of solid-state battery. Its development is motivated by the prospect of combining the advantages of solid-state batteries with the advantages of thin-film manufacturing processes. Thin-film construction could lead to improvements in specific energy, energy density, and power...	Thin-film lithium-ion battery	[ "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,834	[ "Materials science", "Electronic engineering", "Flexible electronics", "Nanotechnology", "Planes (geometry)", "Thin films" ]
19,245,671	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20molar%20property	In thermodynamics, a partial molar property is a quantity which describes the variation of an extensive property of a solution or mixture with changes in the molar composition of the mixture at constant temperature and pressure. It is the partial derivative of the extensive property with respect to the amount (number o...	Partial molar property	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,297	[ "Thermodynamic properties", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Intensive quantities", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Chemical thermodynamics", "Physical chemistry", "Molar quantities" ]
18,223,985	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral%20separator	The term spiral separator can refer to either a device for separating slurry components by density (wet spiral separators), or for a device for sorting particles by shape (dry spiral separators). Wet spiral separators Spiral separators of the wet type, also called spiral concentrators, are devices to separate solid co...	Spiral separator	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	687	[ "Chemical equipment", "nan", "Separation processes" ]
4,548,229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaural%20time%20difference	The interaural time difference (or ITD) when concerning humans or animals, is the difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears. It is important in the localization of sounds, as it provides a cue to the direction or angle of the sound source from the head. If a signal arrives at the head from one side, the si...	Interaural time difference	[ "Engineering" ]	3,470	[ "Electrical engineering", "Audio engineering" ]
4,548,351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyall%20Hamiltonian	In quantum chemistry, the Dyall Hamiltonian is a modified Hamiltonian with two-electron nature. It can be written as follows: where labels , , denote core, active and virtual orbitals (see Complete active space) respectively, and are the orbital energies of the involved orbitals, and operators are the spin-traced ...	Dyall Hamiltonian	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	141	[ "Quantum chemistry stubs", "Quantum chemistry", "Theoretical chemistry stubs", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", " molecular", "Atomic", "Physical chemistry stubs", " and optical physics" ]
4,550,348	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanophotonics	Nanophotonics or nano-optics is the study of the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, and of the interaction of nanometer-scale objects with light. It is a branch of optics, optical engineering, electrical engineering, and nanotechnology. It often involves dielectric structures such as nanoantennas, or metallic c...	Nanophotonics	[ "Materials_science" ]	2,480	[ "Nanotechnology", "Nanoelectronics" ]
4,550,431	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum-frequency%20generation	Sum-frequency generation (SFG) is a second order nonlinear optical process based on the mixing of two input photons at frequencies and to generate a third photon at frequency . As with any optical phenomenon in nonlinear optics, this can only occur under conditions where: the light is interacting with matter, that l...	Sum-frequency generation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	346	[ "Condensed matter physics", "Surface science" ]
4,551,850	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical%20front	A subtropical front is a surface water mass boundary or front, which is a narrow zone of transition between air masses of contrasting density, air masses of different temperatures or different water vapour concentrates. It is also characterized by an unforeseen change in wind direction, and speed across its surface bet...	Subtropical front	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	579	[ "Ocean currents", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical oceanography", "Fluid dynamics" ]
4,552,940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM317	The LM317 is an adjustable positive linear voltage regulator. It was designed by Bob Dobkin in 1976 while he worked at National Semiconductor. The LM337 is the negative complement to the LM317, which regulates voltages below a reference. It was designed by Bob Pease, who also worked for National Semiconductor. Speci...	LM317	[ "Physics" ]	1,373	[ "Voltage", "Physical quantities", "Voltage regulation" ]
4,554,151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Materials%2C%20Minerals%20and%20Mining	The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) is a British engineering institution with activities including promotion of the development of materials science. It has been a registered charity governed by a royal charter and a member of the United Kingdom's Science Council, since 2002. In 2019, the IOM3 celeb...	Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,787	[ "Bessemer Gold Medal", "Materials science organizations", "Chemical engineering awards", "Materials science" ]
4,555,635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20comb	A frequency comb or spectral comb is a spectrum made of discrete and regularly spaced spectral lines. In optics, a frequency comb can be generated by certain laser sources. A number of mechanisms exist for obtaining an optical frequency comb, including periodic modulation (in amplitude and/or phase) of a continuous-w...	Frequency comb	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,188	[ "Physical phenomena", "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Waves", "Spectroscopy" ]
4,556,017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroxyl	Nitroxyl (common name) or azanone (IUPAC name) is the chemical compound HNO. It is well known in the gas phase. Nitroxyl can be formed as a short-lived intermediate in the solution phase. The conjugate base, NO−, nitroxide anion, is the reduced form of nitric oxide (NO) and is isoelectronic with dioxygen. The bond diss...	Nitroxyl	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	841	[ "Molecules", "Triatomic molecules", "Matter" ]
12,516,682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20in%20biology	Iron is an important biological element. It is used in both the ubiquitous iron-sulfur proteins and in vertebrates it is used in hemoglobin which is essential for blood and oxygen transport. Overview Iron is required for life. The iron–sulfur clusters are pervasive and include nitrogenase, the enzymes responsible for...	Iron in biology	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,630	[ "Pharmacology", "Properties of chemical elements", "Physiology", "Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements", "nan", "Biochemistry" ]
7,876,320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20coefficient	The flow coefficient of a device is a relative measure of its efficiency at allowing fluid flow. It describes the relationship between the pressure drop across an orifice valve or other assembly and the corresponding flow rate. Mathematically the flow coefficient (or flow-capacity rating of valve) can be expressed as...	Flow coefficient	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	441	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
7,879,361	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Atwater	Harry Albert Atwater, Jr. is an American physicist and materials scientist and is the Otis Booth Leadership Chair of the division of engineering and applied science at the California Institute of Technology. Currently he is the Howard Hughes Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science and the director for the Li...	Harry Atwater	[ "Materials_science" ]	2,429	[ "Metamaterials scientists", "Metamaterials" ]
15,311,568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potting%20%28electronics%29	In electronics, potting is the process of filling a complete electronic assembly with a solid or gelatinous compound. This is done to exclude water, moisture, or corrosive agents, to increase resistance to shocks and vibrations, or to prevent gaseous phenomena such as corona discharge in high-voltage assemblies. Pottin...	Potting (electronics)	[ "Engineering" ]	418	[ "Electronic design", "Electronic engineering", "Electronics manufacturing", "Design" ]
15,314,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper%20velocity	In relativity, proper velocity (also known as celerity) w of an object relative to an observer is the ratio between observer-measured displacement vector and proper time elapsed on the clocks of the traveling object: It is an alternative to ordinary velocity, the distance per unit time where both distance and time ...	Proper velocity	[ "Physics" ]	2,321	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Motion (physics)", "Vector physical quantities", "Velocity", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
15,318,324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmert%20transformation	The Helmert transformation (named after Friedrich Robert Helmert, 1843–1917) is a geometric transformation method within a three-dimensional space. It is frequently used in geodesy to produce datum transformations between datums. The Helmert transformation is also called a seven-parameter transformation and is a simi...	Helmert transformation	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,329	[ "Applied mathematics", "Geodesy", "Geometry", "Transformation (function)" ]
11,593,376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Stinson	Douglas Robert Stinson (born 1956 in Guelph, Ontario) is a Canadian mathematician and cryptographer, currently a Professor Emeritus at the University of Waterloo. Stinson received his B.Math from the University of Waterloo in 1978, his M.Sc. from Ohio State University in 1980, and his Ph.D. from the University of Wate...	Doug Stinson	[ "Mathematics" ]	204	[ "Combinatorialists", "Combinatorics" ]
11,593,471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydramethylnon	Hydramethylnon (AC 217,300) is an insecticide used primarily in the form of baits for cockroaches and ants. It works by inhibiting complex III in the mitochondrial inner membrane and leads to a halting of oxidative phosphorylation (IRAC class 20A). Some brands of hydramethylnon are Amdro, Blatex, Combat, Cyaforce, Cycl...	Hydramethylnon	[ "Chemistry" ]	364	[ "Hydrazones", "Functional groups" ]
11,594,369	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotransformation	Biotransformation is the biochemical modification of one chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds. Biotransformations can be conducted with whole cells, their lysates, or purified enzymes. Increasingly, biotransformations are effected with purified enzymes. Major industries and life-saving technologies de...	Biotransformation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	671	[ "Biotechnology", "Biodegradation", "Ecological techniques", "nan", "Bioremediation", "Environmental soil science" ]
11,594,904	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric%20welding	Hyperbaric welding is the process of extreme welding at elevated pressures, normally underwater. Hyperbaric welding can either take place wet in the water itself or dry inside a specially constructed positive pressure enclosure and hence a dry environment. It is predominantly referred to as "hyperbaric welding" when us...	Hyperbaric welding	[ "Engineering" ]	1,260	[ "Welding", "Mechanical engineering" ]
11,596,097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription%20cascade	Prescription cascade is the process whereby the side effects of drugs are misdiagnosed as symptoms of another problem, resulting in further prescriptions and further side effects and unanticipated drug interactions, which itself may lead to further symptoms and further misdiagnoses. This is a pharmacological example of...	Prescription cascade	[ "Chemistry" ]	549	[ "Drug safety" ]
11,596,512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz%20crisis	The quartz crisis (Swiss) or quartz revolution (America, Japan and other countries) was the advancement in the watchmaking industry caused by the advent of quartz watches in the 1970s and early 1980s, that largely replaced mechanical watches around the world. It caused a significant decline of the Swiss watchmaking ind...	Quartz crisis	[ "Physics" ]	2,085	[ "Spacetime", "Horology", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
11,597,892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C17H27NO3	{{DISPLAYTITLE:C17H27NO3}} The molecular formula C17H27NO3 (molar mass: 293.40 g/mol, exact mass: 293.1991 u) may refer to: Embutramide Nordihydrocapsaicin Nonivamide, or PAVA Pramocaine Molecular formulas	C17H27NO3	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	74	[ "Molecules", "Set index articles on molecular formulas", "Isomerism", "Molecular formulas", "Matter" ]
11,598,515	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillie%27s%20trichrome	Lillie's trichrome is a combination of dyes used in histology. It is similar to Masson's trichrome stain, but it uses Biebrich scarlet for the plasma stain. It was initially published by Ralph D. Lillie in 1940. It is applied by submerging the fixated sample into the following three solutions: Weigert's iron hematoxyl...	Lillie's trichrome	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	204	[ "Staining", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "Histology", "Microbiology techniques", "Microscopy", "Biochemistry", "Cell imaging" ]
11,598,742	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast%20growth%20factor%20receptor%203	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGFR3 gene. FGFR3 has also been designated as CD333 (cluster of differentiation 333). The gene, which is located on chromosome 4, location p16.3, is expressed in tissues such as the cartilage, brain, intestine, and kidneys. The ...	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,373	[ "Tyrosine kinase receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
17,010,869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants%20of%20PCR	The versatility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has led to modifications of the basic protocol being used in a large number of variant techniques designed for various purposes. This article summarizes many of the most common variations currently or formerly used in molecular biology laboratories; familiarity with th...	Variants of PCR	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,148	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Genetics techniques", "Polymerase chain reaction" ]
17,016,531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen%E2%80%93Poiseuille%20equation	In non ideal fluid dynamics, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, also known as the Hagen–Poiseuille law, Poiseuille law or Poiseuille equation, is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in an incompressible and Newtonian fluid in laminar flow flowing through a long cylindrical pipe of constant cross section. It can be...	Hagen–Poiseuille equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	4,148	[ "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Equations of physics", "Applied mathematics", "Mathematics in medicine", "Fluid dynamics" ]
17,017,119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary%20current	Boundary currents are ocean currents with dynamics determined by the presence of a coastline, and fall into two distinct categories: western boundary currents and eastern boundary currents. Eastern boundary currents Eastern boundary currents are relatively shallow, broad and slow-flowing. They are found on the eastern...	Boundary current	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,841	[ "Ocean currents", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical oceanography", "Fluid dynamics" ]
1,771,980	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domatic%20number	In graph theory, a domatic partition of a graph is a partition of into disjoint sets , ,..., such that each Vi is a dominating set for G. The figure on the right shows a domatic partition of a graph; here the dominating set consists of the yellow vertices, consists of the green vertices, and consists of the blue v...	Domatic number	[ "Mathematics" ]	981	[ "Computational problems in graph theory", "Computational mathematics", "Graph theory", "Computational problems", "Graph invariants", "Mathematical relations", "Mathematical problems", "NP-complete problems" ]
1,772,649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Microbiology%20Laboratory	The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) is part of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), the agency of the Government of Canada that is responsible for public health, health emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention. NML is located in several sites across th...	National Microbiology Laboratory	[ "Biology" ]	3,003	[ "Life sciences industry" ]
1,774,701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformizable%20space	In mathematics, a topological space X is uniformizable if there exists a uniform structure on X that induces the topology of X. Equivalently, X is uniformizable if and only if it is homeomorphic to a uniform space (equipped with the topology induced by the uniform structure). Any (pseudo)metrizable space is uniformiza...	Uniformizable space	[ "Mathematics" ]	577	[ "Uniform spaces", "Properties of topological spaces", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology" ]
1,774,970	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigraph	In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a multigraph is a graph which is permitted to have multiple edges (also called parallel edges), that is, edges that have the same end nodes. Thus two vertices may be connected by more than one edge. There are 2 distinct notions of multiple edges: Edges without o...	Multigraph	[ "Mathematics" ]	925	[ "Mathematical relations", "Graph theory", "Extensions and generalizations of graphs" ]
1,775,224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetronic	Jetronic is a trade name of a manifold injection technology for automotive petrol engines, developed and marketed by Robert Bosch GmbH from the 1960s onwards. Bosch licensed the concept to many automobile manufacturers. There are several variations of the technology offering technological development and refinement. D...	Jetronic	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,267	[ "Computer engineering", "Physical quantities", "Engines", "Embedded systems", "Computer systems", "Engine technology", "Power (physics)", "Computer science", "Power control" ]
1,775,454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20chemical%20entity	A new chemical entity (NCE) is, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, a novel, small, chemical molecule drug that is undergoing clinical trials or has received a first approval (not a new use) by the FDA in any other application submitted under section 505(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. ...	New chemical entity	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	414	[ "Life sciences industry", "Medicinal chemistry stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "nan", "Medicinal chemistry", "Biochemistry" ]
1,775,884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaine	A betaine () in chemistry is any neutral chemical compound with a positively charged cationic functional group that bears no hydrogen atom, such as a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium cation (generally: onium ions), and with a negatively charged functional group, such as a carboxylate group that may not be adjacent to...	Betaine	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	559	[ "Ions", "Zwitterions", "Matter" ]
1,776,396	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready-mix%20concrete	Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is concrete that is manufactured in a batch plant, according to each specific job requirement, then delivered to the job site "ready to use". There are two types with the first being the barrel truck or in–transit mixers. This type of truck delivers concrete in a plastic state to the site. The...	Ready-mix concrete	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,644	[ "Structural engineering", "Building engineering", "Construction", "Materials", "Building materials", "Civil engineering", "Concrete", "Matter", "Architecture" ]
1,776,503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoevenagel%20condensation	In organic chemistry, the Knoevenagel condensation () reaction is a type of chemical reaction named after German chemist Emil Knoevenagel. It is a modification of the aldol condensation. A Knoevenagel condensation is a nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group followed by a dehydration r...	Knoevenagel condensation	[ "Chemistry" ]	743	[ "Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions", "Coupling reactions", "Organic reactions", "Name reactions", "Condensation reactions" ]
1,776,871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculin	Miraculin is a taste modifier, a glycoprotein extracted from the fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum. The berry, also known as the miracle fruit, was documented by explorer Chevalier des Marchais, who searched for many different fruits during a 1725 excursion to its native West Africa. Miraculin itself does not taste sweet...	Miraculin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	970	[ "Pharmacology", "Natural products", "Organic compounds", "Chemopreventive agents", "Biomolecules", "Structural biology", "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
1,777,403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20multiplier	An electron multiplier is a vacuum-tube structure that multiplies incident charges. In a process called secondary emission, a single electron can, when bombarded on secondary-emissive material, induce emission of roughly 1 to 3 electrons. If an electric potential is applied between this metal plate and yet another, the...	Electron multiplier	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	815	[ "Electron", "Radio electronics", "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Mass", "Measuring instruments", "Mass spectrometry", "nan", "Matter" ]
14,189,709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford%20backscattering%20spectrometry	Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is an analytical technique used in materials science. Sometimes referred to as high-energy ion scattering (HEIS) spectrometry, RBS is used to determine the structure and composition of materials by measuring the backscattering of a beam of high energy ions (typically proton...	Rutherford backscattering spectrometry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,947	[ "Ion beam methods", "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Instrumental analysis", "Materials science", "Surface science", "nan", "Spectroscopy" ]
14,189,946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%20Awake%20Mode	In the context of wireless networking, Constant Awake Mode (CAM) is a mode that is intended for devices when power is not an issue, such as when AC power is available to a device. This mode provides the best connectivity from the user perspective. CAM is also appropriate when a portable device will be used for only a s...	Constant Awake Mode	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	107	[ "Physical quantities", "Computer network stubs", "Power (physics)", "Electric power", "Computing stubs", "Electrical engineering" ]
14,194,164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoproliferative%20response	Lymphoproliferative response is a specific immune response that entails rapid T-cell replication. Standard antigens, such as tetanus toxoid, that elicit this response are used in lab tests of immune competence. References External links Online Medical Dictionary, lymphoproliferative response Immune system	Lymphoproliferative response	[ "Biology" ]	68	[ "Immune system", "Organ systems" ]
14,194,283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hausdorff%20manifold	In geometry and topology, it is a usual axiom of a manifold to be a Hausdorff space. In general topology, this axiom is relaxed, and one studies non-Hausdorff manifolds: spaces locally homeomorphic to Euclidean space, but not necessarily Hausdorff. Examples Line with two origins The most familiar non-Hausdorff manif...	Non-Hausdorff manifold	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	859	[ "General topology", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Space", "Manifolds", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
14,194,971	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crushed%20stone	Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of construction aggregate, typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the desired size using crushers. It is distinct from naturally occurring gravel, which is produced by natural processes of weathering and erosion and typically ha...	Crushed stone	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,217	[ "Natural materials", "Building engineering", "Architecture", "Construction", "Materials", "Particle technology", "Granularity of materials", "Matter", "Building materials" ]
14,198,628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic%20acetylcholine%20receptor%20M4	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4}} The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4 (CHRM4), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CHRM4 gene. Function M4 muscarinic receptors are coupled to Gi/o heterotrimeric proteins. They function as inh...	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	[ "Chemistry" ]	720	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,200,011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCM%20theory	Bienenstock–Cooper–Munro (BCM) theory, BCM synaptic modification, or the BCM rule, named after Elie Bienenstock, Leon Cooper, and Paul Munro, is a physical theory of learning in the visual cortex developed in 1981. The BCM model proposes a sliding threshold for long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD...	BCM theory	[ "Physics", "Biology" ]	1,577	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Biophysics" ]
1,166,647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20reconnection	Magnetic reconnection is a physical process occurring in electrically conducting plasmas, in which the magnetic topology is rearranged and magnetic energy is converted to kinetic energy, thermal energy, and particle acceleration. Magnetic reconnection involves plasma flows at a substantial fraction of the Alfvén wave s...	Magnetic reconnection	[ "Physics" ]	4,732	[ "Physical phenomena", "Plasma physics", "Plasma phenomena", "Solar phenomena", "Stellar phenomena" ]

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