id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral%20group | In mathematics, a dihedral group is the group of symmetries of a regular polygon, which includes rotations and reflections. Dihedral groups are among the simplest examples of finite groups, and they play an important role in group theory, geometry, and chemistry.
The notation for the dihedral group differs in geometry... | Dihedral group | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,022 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Euclidean symmetries",
"Mathematical objects",
"Properties of groups",
"Algebraic structures",
"Mathematical relations",
"Symmetry"
] |
100,303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20group%20theory%20topics | In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Groups recu... | List of group theory topics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,266 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Properties of groups",
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic structures",
"nan"
] |
100,349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%20polynomials | In mathematics, Legendre polynomials, named after Adrien-Marie Legendre (1782), are a system of complete and orthogonal polynomials with a wide number of mathematical properties and numerous applications. They can be defined in many ways, and the various definitions highlight different aspects as well as suggest genera... | Legendre polynomials | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,648 | [
"Polynomials",
"Algebra"
] |
100,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan | The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the opposite wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of , and a wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) caught in 1965 had a wingspan of , the official record for a living bird.
The term wingspan, more technically ex... | Wingspan | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 883 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Animals",
"Physical quantities",
"Distance",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Length",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Birds",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
100,563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20on%20a%20chip | A system on a chip or system-on-chip (SoC ; pl. SoCs ) is an integrated circuit that integrates most or all components of a computer or electronic system. These components usually include an on-chip central processing unit (CPU), memory interfaces, input/output devices and interfaces, and secondary storage interfaces, ... | System on a chip | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,526 | [
"Hardware acceleration",
"Computer engineering",
"Microtechnology",
"Electronic design",
"Materials science",
"Computer systems",
"Computer science",
"Electronic engineering",
"Application-specific integrated circuits",
"Electrical engineering",
"Design",
"Computers"
] |
101,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson%20hashing | Pearson hashing is a non-cryptographic hash function designed for fast execution on processors with 8-bit registers. Given an input consisting of any number of bytes, it produces as output a single byte that is strongly dependent on every byte of the input. Its implementation requires only a few instructions, plus a 25... | Pearson hashing | [
"Engineering"
] | 625 | [
"Error detection and correction",
"Reliability engineering"
] |
101,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-temperature%20superconductivity | High-temperature superconductivity (high-c or HTS) is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature (the temperature below which the material behaves as a superconductor) above , the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. They are only "high-temperature" relative to previously known superconductors, which func... | High-temperature superconductivity | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 7,992 | [
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Correlated electrons"
] |
101,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine%20set | In mathematics, a Diophantine equation is an equation of the form P(x1, ..., xj, y1, ..., yk) = 0 (usually abbreviated P(, ) = 0) where P(, ) is a polynomial with integer coefficients, where x1, ..., xj indicate parameters and y1, ..., yk indicate unknowns.
A Diophantine set is a subset S of , the set of all j-tuples... | Diophantine set | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,691 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Hilbert's problems",
"Diophantine equations",
"Mathematical problems",
"Number theory"
] |
101,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20tenth%20problem | Hilbert's tenth problem is the tenth on the list of mathematical problems that the German mathematician David Hilbert posed in 1900. It is the challenge to provide a general algorithm that, for any given Diophantine equation (a polynomial equation with integer coefficients and a finite number of unknowns), can decide ... | Hilbert's tenth problem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,937 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Computational problems",
"Equations",
"Hilbert's problems",
"Diophantine equations",
"Undecidable problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Number theory"
] |
101,863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20independence | In the theory of vector spaces, a set of vectors is said to be if there exists no nontrivial linear combination of the vectors that equals the zero vector. If such a linear combination exists, then the vectors are said to be . These concepts are central to the definition of dimension.
A vector space can be of finite... | Linear independence | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,521 | [
"Linear algebra",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Algebra",
"Abstract algebra"
] |
102,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland | A wetland is a distinct semi-aquatic ecosystem whose groundcovers are flooded or saturated in water, either permanently, for years or decades, or only seasonally. Flooding results in oxygen-poor (anoxic) processes taking place, especially in the soils. Wetlands form a transitional zone between waterbodies and dry land... | Wetland | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 8,741 | [
"Wetlands",
"Aquatic ecology",
"Ecosystems",
"Hydrology"
] |
102,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation%20theory | In mathematics and applied mathematics, perturbation theory comprises methods for finding an approximate solution to a problem, by starting from the exact solution of a related, simpler problem. A critical feature of the technique is a middle step that breaks the problem into "solvable" and "perturbative" parts. In re... | Perturbation theory | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,999 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Functional analysis",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry",
"Mathematical relations",
"Asymptotic analysis",
"nan",
"Mathematical physi... |
102,182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial%20mechanics | Celestial mechanics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of objects in outer space. Historically, celestial mechanics applies principles of physics (classical mechanics) to astronomical objects, such as stars and planets, to produce ephemeris data.
History
Modern analytic celestial mechanics started... | Celestial mechanics | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,794 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Astrometry",
"Mechanics",
"Celestial mechanics",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
102,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20amino%20acid | An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet. Of the 21 amino acids common to all life forms, the nine amino acids humans cannot synthesize are valine, isoleucine, le... | Essential amino acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,785 | [
"Amino acids",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Nitrogen cycle",
"Metabolism"
] |
102,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20protein%20utilization | The net protein utilization (NPU) is the percentage of ingested nitrogen that is retained in the body.
Rating
It is used to determine the nutritional efficiency of protein in the diet, that is, it is used as a measure of "protein quality" for human nutritional purposes.
As a value, NPU can range from 0 to 1 (or 100),... | Net protein utilization | [
"Chemistry"
] | 401 | [
"Amino acids",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
102,352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyacrylamide%20gel%20electrophoresis | Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a technique widely used in biochemistry, forensic chemistry, genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology to separate biological macromolecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, according to their electrophoretic mobility. Electrophoretic mobility is a function of the len... | Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,386 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Biochemical separation processes",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Molecular biology",
"Electrophoresis"
] |
102,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Data%20Bank | The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, which is overseen by the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB). These structural data are obtained and deposited by biologists and biochemists worldwide through the use of ... | Protein Data Bank | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,706 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Crystallographic databases",
"Bioinformatics",
"Crystallography",
"Structural biology",
"Computational biology",
"Protein structure"
] |
102,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrofolate%20reductase | Dihydrofolate reductase, or DHFR, is an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, using NADPH as an electron donor, which can be converted to the kinds of tetrahydrofolate cofactors used in one-carbon transfer chemistry. In humans, the DHFR enzyme is encoded by the DHFR gene. It is found in the q14... | Dihydrofolate reductase | [
"Biology"
] | 2,617 | [
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
10,225,184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%20evolution | Oxygen evolution is the chemical process of generating elemental diatomic oxygen (O2) by a chemical reaction, usually from water, the most abundant oxide compound in the universe. Oxygen evolution on Earth is effected by biotic oxygenic photosynthesis, photodissociation, hydroelectrolysis, and thermal decomposition of ... | Oxygen evolution | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,174 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Photosynthesis"
] |
10,225,620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%20Morlet | Marie-Thérèse Morlet (Guise, Aisne, November 18, 1913 - July 9, 2005) was a French scholar (specialist in onomastics) and honorary director of research at CNRS.
Her publications include Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille (Etymological Dictionary of Family Names).
Les noms de personne sur le territoire de l... | Marie-Thérèse Morlet | [
"Technology"
] | 952 | [
"Women science writers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
10,233,756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density%20lipoprotein%20receptor-related%20protein%208 | Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8), also known as apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRP8 gene. ApoER2 is a cell surface receptor that is part of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. These receptors function in signal transduction and endo... | Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,032 | [
"Receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
7,922,560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation%20enthalpy | In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the stagnation enthalpy of a fluid is the static enthalpy of the fluid at a stagnation point. The stagnation enthalpy is also called total enthalpy. At a point where the flow does not stagnate, it corresponds to the static enthalpy of the fluid at that point assuming it was brough... | Stagnation enthalpy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 641 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Quantity",
"Enthalpy",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
7,923,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20%26%20Engineering%20Chemistry%20Research | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society covering all aspects of chemical engineering. The editor-in-chief is Michael Baldea (University of Texas at Austin).
History
The journal was established in 1909 as the Journal of Industrial & ... | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 286 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Chemical engineering journals"
] |
15,369,660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20flux | Fluxes are substances, usually oxides, used in glasses, glazes and ceramic bodies to lower the high melting point of the main glass forming constituents, usually silica and alumina. A ceramic flux functions by promoting partial or complete liquefaction. The most commonly used fluxing oxides in a ceramic glaze contain l... | Ceramic flux | [
"Engineering"
] | 336 | [
"Ceramic engineering",
"Ceramic materials"
] |
15,369,988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic%20product%20development%20lifecycle | Axiomatic product sevelopment lifecycle (APDL), also known as transdisciplinary system development lifecycle (TSDL) and transdisciplinary product development lifecycle (TPDL), is a systems engineering product development model
proposed by Bulent Gumus that extends the Axiomatic design (AD) method. APDL covers the whol... | Axiomatic product development lifecycle | [
"Engineering"
] | 969 | [
"Systems engineering",
"nan"
] |
15,374,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartell%20mechanism | The Bartell mechanism is a pseudorotational mechanism similar to the Berry mechanism. It occurs only in molecules with a pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry, such as IF7. This mechanism was first predicted by H. B. Bartell. The mechanism exchanges the axial atoms with one pair of the equatorial atoms with an ener... | Bartell mechanism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 189 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Molecular geometry",
"Molecules",
"Stereochemistry",
"Stereochemistry stubs",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Matter"
] |
15,376,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20instability | Atmospheric instability is a condition where the Earth's atmosphere is considered to be unstable and as a result local weather is highly variable through distance and time. Atmospheric instability encourages vertical motion, which is directly correlated to different types of weather systems and their severity. For exam... | Atmospheric instability | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,849 | [
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
15,377,005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TerraVia | TerraVia Holdings, Inc. (formerly Solazyme) was a publicly held biotechnology company in the United States. TerraVia used proprietary technology to transform a range of low-cost plant-based sugars into high-value oils and whole algae ingredients. TerraVia supplied a variety of sustainable algae-based food ingredients t... | TerraVia | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,921 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Algae biomass producers",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
15,378,722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DASB | DASB, also known as 3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile, is a compound that binds to the serotonin transporter.
Labeled with carbon-11 — a radioactive isotope — it has been used as a radioligand in neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) since around year 2000.
In this context it i... | DASB | [
"Chemistry"
] | 617 | [
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Functional groups",
"PET radiotracers",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Nitriles"
] |
15,380,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20scarcity | Water scarcity (closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two types of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands. This incl... | Water scarcity | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 6,793 | [
"Hydrology",
"Water",
"Water treatment",
"Water pollution",
"Environmental economics",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water technology",
"Environmental social science",
"Water supply"
] |
19,296,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna%20Neumann%20conjecture | In the mathematical subject of group theory, the Hanna Neumann conjecture is a statement about the rank of the intersection of two finitely generated subgroups of a free group. The conjecture was posed by Hanna Neumann in 1957.
In 2011, a strengthened version of the conjecture (see below) was proved independently by Jo... | Hanna Neumann conjecture | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,113 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Geometric group theory",
"Group actions",
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Conjectures that have been proved",
"Mathematical problems",
"Symmetry"
] |
19,296,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28Cymene%29ruthenium%20dichloride%20dimer | (Cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer is the organometallic compound with the formula [(cymene)RuCl]. This red-coloured, diamagnetic solid is a reagent in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. The complex is structurally similar to (benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer.
Preparation and reactions
The dimer is ... | (Cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 371 | [
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Dimers (chemistry)",
"Half sandwich compounds",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
19,307,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch%20equations | In physics and chemistry, specifically in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and electron spin resonance (ESR), the Bloch equations are a set of macroscopic equations that are used to calculate the nuclear magnetization M = (Mx, My, Mz) as a function of time when relaxation times T1 and... | Bloch equations | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,010 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Equations of physics",
"Magnetic resonance imaging",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
14,241,105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waals%20surface | The van der Waals surface of a molecule is an abstract representation or model of that molecule, illustrating where, in very rough terms, a surface might reside for the molecule based on the hard cutoffs of van der Waals radii for individual atoms, and it represents a surface through which the molecule might be conceiv... | Van der Waals surface | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,131 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Intermolecular forces",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
14,241,662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-OH-DPAT | 8-OH-DPAT is a research chemical of the aminotetralin chemical class which was developed in the 1980s and has been widely used to study the function of the 5-HT1A receptor. It was one of the first major 5-HT1A receptor full agonists to have been discovered.
Originally believed to be selective for the 5-HT1A receptor, ... | 8-OH-DPAT | [
"Chemistry"
] | 294 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
14,242,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offline%20private%20key%20protocol | The Offline Private Key Protocol (OPKP) is a cryptographic protocol to prevent unauthorized access to back up or archive data. The protocol results in a public key that can be used to encrypt data and an offline private key that can later be used to decrypt that data.
The protocol is based on three rules regarding the... | Offline private key protocol | [
"Engineering"
] | 501 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Data security"
] |
14,245,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More%20O%27Ferrall%E2%80%93Jencks%20plot | More O’Ferrall–Jencks plots are two-dimensional representations of multiple reaction coordinate potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions that involve simultaneous changes in two bonds. As such, they are a useful tool to explain or predict how changes in the reactants or reaction conditions can affect the positi... | More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,069 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Physical organic chemistry"
] |
18,289,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20reactor | Continuous reactors (alternatively referred to as flow reactors) carry material as a flowing stream. Reactants are continuously fed into the reactor and emerge as continuous stream of product. Continuous reactors are used for a wide variety of chemical and biological processes within the food, chemical and pharmaceutic... | Continuous reactor | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,070 | [
"Chemical reactors",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical equipment"
] |
6,029,210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased%20array%20ultrasonics | Phased array ultrasonics (PA) is an advanced method of ultrasonic testing that has applications in medical imaging and industrial nondestructive testing. Common applications are to noninvasively examine the heart or to find flaws in manufactured materials such as welds. Single-element (non-phased array) probes, known t... | Phased array ultrasonics | [
"Materials_science"
] | 802 | [
"Nondestructive testing",
"Materials testing"
] |
6,030,185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limosilactobacillus%20reuteri | Limosilactobacillus reuteri is a lactic acid bacterium found in a variety of natural environments, including the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals. It does not appear to be pathogenic and may have health effects.
Discovery
At the turn of the 20th century, L. reuteri was recorded in scientific classif... | Limosilactobacillus reuteri | [
"Biology"
] | 3,091 | [
"Digestive system",
"Organ systems",
"Gut flora bacteria",
"Bacteria"
] |
6,031,956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscularis%20mucosae | The muscularis mucosae (or lamina muscularis mucosae) is a thin layer (lamina) of muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria, and separating it from the submucosa. It is present in a continuous fashion from the esophagus to the upper rectum (the exact nomenclature of the rectum's muscle la... | Muscularis mucosae | [
"Biology"
] | 346 | [
"Digestive system",
"Organ systems"
] |
6,032,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See-through%20clothing | See-through clothing is any garment of clothing made with lace, mesh or sheer fabric that allows the wearer's body or undergarments to be seen through its fabric. See-through fabrics were fashionable in Europe in the eighteenth century. There was a "sheer fashion trend" starting with designer clothing from 2008. See-t... | See-through clothing | [
"Physics"
] | 1,647 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Optical phenomena",
"Materials",
"Transparent materials",
"Matter"
] |
6,032,227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardanolide | Cardanolide is a steroid with a molecular weight of 344.54 g/mol.
See also
Cardiac glycoside
External links
Steroids | Cardanolide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 33 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
1,787,483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina%20%28unit%29 | The mina (; ; ; ; ; ; ) is an ancient Near Eastern unit of weight for silver or gold, equivalent to approximately , which was divided into 60 shekels. The mina, like the shekel, eventually also became a unit of currency.
History
Sumerian
From earliest Sumerian times, a mina was a unit of weight. At first, talents an... | Mina (unit) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 973 | [
"Matter",
"Quantity",
"Units of mass",
"Mass",
"Units of measurement"
] |
1,789,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewetting | In fluid mechanics, dewetting is one of the processes that can occur at a solid–liquid, solid–solid or liquid–liquid interface. Generally, dewetting describes the process of retraction of a fluid from a non-wettable surface it was forced to cover. The opposite process—spreading of a liquid on a substrate—is called wet... | Dewetting | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 915 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Surface science"
] |
20,464,688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao-Gang%20Wen | Xiao-Gang Wen (; born November 26, 1961) is a Chinese-American physicist. He is a Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Distinguished Visiting Research Chair at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. His expertise is in condensed matter theory in strongly co... | Xiao-Gang Wen | [
"Physics"
] | 935 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
20,468,824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20invariant%20special%20relativity | In mathematical physics, de Sitter invariant special relativity is the speculative idea that the fundamental symmetry group of spacetime is the indefinite orthogonal group SO(4,1), that of de Sitter space. In the standard theory of general relativity, de Sitter space is a highly symmetrical special vacuum solution, whi... | De Sitter invariant special relativity | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 2,748 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Kinematics",
"Group theory",
"Motion (physics)",
"Theoretical physics",
"General relativity",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mechanics",
"Theory of relativity",
"Physic... |
20,474,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lax%E2%80%93Friedrichs%20method | The Lax–Friedrichs method, named after Peter Lax and Kurt O. Friedrichs, is a numerical method for the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations based on finite differences. The method can be described as the FTCS (forward in time, centered in space) scheme with a numerical dissipation term of 1/2. One ca... | Lax–Friedrichs method | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 524 | [
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Computational physics"
] |
3,390,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20measure | In mathematics, a regular measure on a topological space is a measure for which every measurable set can be approximated from above by open measurable sets and from below by compact measurable sets.
Definition
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let Σ be a σ-algebra on X. Let μ be a measure on (X, Σ). A measurabl... | Regular measure | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,018 | [
"Measures (measure theory)",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
3,391,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield%20%28engineering%29 | In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress–strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yie... | Yield (engineering) | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,542 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Solid mechanics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Structural analysis",
"Materials science",
"Plasticity (physics)",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Physical properties"
] |
3,392,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Centre%20of%20Scientific%20Research%20%22Demokritos%22 | The National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSRD; ) is a research center in Greece, employing over 1,000 researchers, engineers, technicians and administrative personnel. It focuses on several fields of natural sciences and engineering and hosts laboratory facilities.
The facilities cover approximately ... | National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 886 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Nuclear organizations",
"Atmospheric dispersion modeling",
"Environmental engineering",
"Environmental modelling"
] |
3,393,596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20number | The Stokes number (Stk), named after George Gabriel Stokes, is a dimensionless number characterising the behavior of particles suspended in a fluid flow. The Stokes number is defined as the ratio of the characteristic time of a particle (or droplet) to a characteristic time of the flow or of an obstacle, or
where is... | Stokes number | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,356 | [
"Discrete-phase flow",
"Chemical engineering",
"Colloids",
"Aerosols",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
3,393,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcata%20Wastewater%20Treatment%20Plant%20and%20Wildlife%20Sanctuary | Arcata Wastewater Treatment Plant and Wildlife Sanctuary is an innovative sewer management system employed by the city of Arcata, California.
A series of oxidation ponds, treatment wetlands and enhancement marshes are used to filter sewage waste. The marshes also serve as a wildlife refuge, and are on the Pacific Flyw... | Arcata Wastewater Treatment Plant and Wildlife Sanctuary | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,180 | [
"Constructed wetlands",
"Water treatment",
"Environmental engineering",
"Bioremediation",
"Waste treatment technology"
] |
3,394,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation | In chemistry and biology, activation is the process whereby something is prepared or excited for a subsequent reaction.
Chemistry
In chemistry, "activation" refers to the reversible transition of a molecule into a nearly identical chemical or physical state, with the defining characteristic being that this resultant ... | Activation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 722 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Biochemical reactions",
"nan",
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
3,396,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material%20properties%20%28thermodynamics%29 | The thermodynamic properties of materials are intensive thermodynamic parameters which are specific to a given material. Each is directly related to a second order differential of a thermodynamic potential. Examples for a simple 1-component system are:
Compressibility (or its inverse, the bulk modulus)
Isothermal co... | Material properties (thermodynamics) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 402 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Quantity",
"Thermodynamics",
"Physical quantities"
] |
3,396,310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular%20equilibrium | In nuclear physics, secular equilibrium is a situation in which the quantity of a radioactive isotope remains constant because its production rate (e.g., due to decay of a parent isotope) is equal to its decay rate.
In radioactive decay
Secular equilibrium can occur in a radioactive decay chain only if the half-life ... | Secular equilibrium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 459 | [
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
3,396,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooper-scooper | A pooper-scooper, or poop scoop, is a device used to pick up animal feces from public places and yards, particularly those of dogs. Pooper-scooper devices often have a bag or bag attachment. 'Poop bags' are alternatives to pooper scoopers, and are simply a bag, usually turned inside out, to carry the feces to a proper ... | Pooper-scooper | [
"Biology"
] | 1,176 | [
"Excretion",
"Feces",
"Animal waste products"
] |
3,397,404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomae%27s%20function | Thomae's function is a real-valued function of a real variable that can be defined as:
It is named after Carl Johannes Thomae, but has many other names: the popcorn function, the raindrop function, the countable cloud function, the modified Dirichlet function, the ruler function (not to be confused with the integer ru... | Thomae's function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 847 | [
"General topology",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Special functions",
"Calculus",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fractals",
"Combinatorics",
"Topology",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
2,473,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapour%20phase%20decomposition | Vapour phase decomposition (VPD) is a method used in the semiconductor industry to improve the sensitivity of total-reflection x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy by changing the contaminant from a thin layer (which has an angle-dependent fluorescence intensity in the TXRF-domain) to a granular residue. When using granular... | Vapour phase decomposition | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Astronomy"
] | 391 | [
"Spectroscopy stubs",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Microtechnology",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Molecular physics stubs",
"Spectroscopy",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
2,473,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisch%E2%80%93Waugh%E2%80%93Lovell%20theorem | In econometrics, the Frisch–Waugh–Lovell (FWL) theorem is named after the econometricians Ragnar Frisch, Frederick V. Waugh, and Michael C. Lovell.
The Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem states that if the regression we are concerned with is expressed in terms of two separate sets of predictor variables:
where and are mat... | Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 621 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Theorems in statistics"
] |
2,473,210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterile%20neutrino | Sterile neutrinos (or inert neutrinos) are hypothetical particles (neutral leptons – neutrinos) that interact only via gravity and not via any of the other fundamental interactions of the Standard Model. The term sterile neutrino is used to distinguish them from the known, ordinary active neutrinos in the Standard Mode... | Sterile neutrino | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,824 | [
"Dark matter",
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Exotic matter",
"Hypothetical elementary particles",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Matter"
] |
2,473,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20ready | HD ready is a certification program introduced in 2005 by EICTA (European Information, Communications and Consumer Electronics Technology Industry Associations), now DIGITALEUROPE. HD ready minimum native resolution is 720 rows in widescreen ratio.
There are currently four different labels: "HD ready", "HD TV", "HD re... | HD ready | [
"Technology"
] | 984 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Television technology"
] |
2,476,693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Croton%20sections | The sections and subsections of the genus Croton:
sect. Cleodora (Klotzsch) Baill.?
sect. Cyclostigma Griseb.
subsect. Cyclostigma (Griseb.) Müll. Arg.
subsect. Sampatik G.L.Webster
subsect. Palanostigma Mart. ex Baill.
sect. Klotzschiphytum (Baill.) Baill.
sect. Eutropia (Klotzsch) Baill.
sect. Luntia (Raf.) ... | List of Croton sections | [
"Biology"
] | 596 | [
"Lists of biota",
"Taxonomy (biology)",
"Taxonomic lists"
] |
2,476,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometer%20question | The barometer question is an example of an incorrectly designed examination question demonstrating functional fixedness that causes a moral dilemma for the examiner. In its classic form, popularized by American test designer professor Alexander Calandra in the 1960s, the question asked the student to "show how it is po... | Barometer question | [
"Physics"
] | 1,905 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physics education"
] |
2,477,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda%20transition | The λ (lambda) universality class is a group in condensed matter physics. It regroups several systems possessing strong analogies, namely, superfluids, superconductors and smectics (liquid crystals). All these systems are expected to belong to the same universality class for the thermodynamic critical properties of the... | Lambda transition | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 202 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Phases of matter",
"Critical phenomena",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matter",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,477,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly-cap | A poly-cap is a small rubber polyethylene bushing used to create smooth joints, or to keep something in place without glue in scale-models. In model kit descriptions, they are sometimes referred to under the material acronym PE. They are usually found on kits such as those by Tamiya and Bandai who have employed them fo... | Poly-cap | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 267 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Hardware (mechanical)",
"Construction"
] |
1,180,641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20gradient%20descent | Stochastic gradient descent (often abbreviated SGD) is an iterative method for optimizing an objective function with suitable smoothness properties (e.g. differentiable or subdifferentiable). It can be regarded as a stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization, since it replaces the actual gradient (calcul... | Stochastic gradient descent | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,493 | [
"Computational mathematics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Statistical approximations",
"Computational statistics",
"Approximations"
] |
1,181,004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%20shift | The Knight shift is a shift in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) frequency of a paramagnetic
substance first published in 1949 by the UC Berkeley physicist Walter D. Knight.
For an ensemble of N spins in a magnetic induction field , the nuclear Hamiltonian for the Knight shift is expressed in Cartesian form by:
,... | Knight shift | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 354 | [
"Spectroscopy stubs",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Nuclear chemistry stubs",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance stubs",
"nan",
"Molecular physics stubs",
"Spectroscop... |
1,182,058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20switching | Double switching, double cutting, or double breaking is the practice of using a multipole switch to close or open both the positive and negative sides of a DC electrical circuit, or both the hot and neutral sides of an AC circuit. This technique is used to prevent shock hazard in electric devices connected with unpolar... | Double switching | [
"Engineering"
] | 657 | [
"Reliability engineering",
"Fault tolerance"
] |
1,182,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock%20synchronization | Clock synchronization is a topic in computer science and engineering that aims to coordinate otherwise independent clocks. Even when initially set accurately, real clocks will differ after some amount of time due to clock drift, caused by clocks counting time at slightly different rates. There are several problems that... | Clock synchronization | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,606 | [
"Machines",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Distributed computing problems",
"Clocks",
"Computational problems",
"Measuring instruments",
"Physical systems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Synchronization"
] |
1,182,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeron | In physics, the pomeron is a Regge trajectory — a family of particles with increasing spin — postulated in 1961 to explain the slowly rising cross section of hadronic collisions at high energies. It is named after Isaak Pomeranchuk.
Overview
While other trajectories lead to falling cross sections, the pomeron can lead... | Pomeron | [
"Physics"
] | 645 | [
"Hypothetical particles",
"Matter",
"Hadrons",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Atoms",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
1,183,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20internal%20reflection%20fluorescence%20microscope | A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nanometers can be observed.
TIRFM is an imaging modality which uses the excitation of fluorescent cells in a thin optical specimen section that is supported on a glass slide... | Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 4,037 | [
"Cell imaging",
"Measuring instruments",
"Microscopes",
"Microscopy",
"Fluorescence techniques"
] |
1,183,122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20potential | Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action (which is caused by surface tension)... | Water potential | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 2,070 | [
"Plant physiology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Plants",
"Soil physics"
] |
1,183,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20J.%20Heeger | Alan Jay Heeger (born January 22, 1936) is an American physicist, academic and Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry.
Heegar was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2002 for co-founding the field of conducting polymers and for pioneering work in making these novel materials available for techno... | Alan J. Heeger | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 962 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Molecular electronics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Organic semiconductors"
] |
1,183,515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch%20drive%20actuator | A scratch drive actuator (SDA) is a microelectromechanical system device that converts electrical energy into one-dimensional motion.
Description
The actuator component can come in many shapes and sizes, depending on the fabrication method used. It can be visualised as an 'L'. The smaller end is called the 'bushing'.
... | Scratch drive actuator | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 262 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems",
"Materials science",
"Microtechnology"
] |
727,067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin | Artemisinin () and its semisynthetic derivatives are a group of drugs used in the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. It was discovered in 1972 by Tu Youyou, who shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are now standard treatm... | Artemisinin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,478 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic peroxides"
] |
727,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth%20thruster | An azimuth thruster is a configuration of marine propellers placed in pods that can be rotated to any horizontal angle (azimuth), making a rudder redundant. These give ships better maneuverability than a fixed propeller and rudder system.
Types of azimuth thrusters
There are two major variants, based on the location... | Azimuth thruster | [
"Engineering"
] | 666 | [
"Marine propulsion",
"Marine engineering"
] |
728,168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstrous%20moonshine | In mathematics, monstrous moonshine, or moonshine theory, is the unexpected connection between the monster group M and modular functions, in particular the j function. The initial numerical observation was made by John McKay in 1978, and the phrase was coined by John Conway and Simon P. Norton in 1979.
The monstrous ... | Monstrous moonshine | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,405 | [
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra"
] |
729,189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Treatise%20on%20Electricity%20and%20Magnetism | A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism is a two-volume treatise on electromagnetism written by James Clerk Maxwell in 1873. Maxwell was revising the Treatise for a second edition when he died in 1879. The revision was completed by William Davidson Niven for publication in 1881. A third edition was prepared by J. J. Th... | A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism | [
"Physics"
] | 2,114 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions"
] |
729,237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Dynamical%20Theory%20of%20the%20Electromagnetic%20Field | "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" is a paper by James Clerk Maxwell on electromagnetism, published in 1865. Physicist Freeman Dyson called the publishing of the paper the "most important event of the nineteenth century in the history of the physical sciences."
The paper was key in establishing the clas... | A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field | [
"Physics"
] | 1,921 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Equations of physics",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Maxwell's equations"
] |
729,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch%20sphere | In quantum mechanics and computing, the Bloch sphere is a geometrical representation of the pure state space of a two-level quantum mechanical system (qubit), named after the physicist Felix Bloch.
Mathematically each quantum mechanical system is associated with a separable complex Hilbert space . A pure state of a qu... | Bloch sphere | [
"Physics"
] | 2,298 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
729,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Lee | Typhoon Lee (; born 1948) is an astrophysicist and geochemist at Academia Sinica, Taiwan, where he specializes in isotope geochemistry and nuclear astrophysics.
Lee received his B.S in Physics at National Tsing Hua Univ. and received his PhD in astronomy at the University of Texas in 1977.
He specializes in key resea... | Typhoon Lee | [
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 473 | [
"Geochemists",
"Astronomers",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Taiwanese geochemists",
"Astronomer stubs"
] |
729,933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenichi%20Fukui | was a Japanese chemist. He became the first person of East Asian ancestry to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry when he won the 1981 prize with Roald Hoffmann, for their independent investigations into the mechanisms of chemical reactions. Fukui's prize-winning work focused on the role of frontier orbitals in chem... | Kenichi Fukui | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,636 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Physical chemists"
] |
730,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard%E2%80%93Thorn%20theorem | In mathematics, and in particular in the mathematical background of string theory, the Goddard–Thorn theorem (also called the no-ghost theorem) is a theorem describing properties of a functor that quantizes bosonic strings. It is named after Peter Goddard and Charles Thorn.
The name "no-ghost theorem" stems from the f... | Goddard–Thorn theorem | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,256 | [
"Theorems in linear algebra",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"No-go theorems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Equations of physics",
"Theorems in algebra",
"Theorems in mathematical physics",
"String theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Physics theorems"
] |
12,568,006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate | Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate, or Custodiol HTK solution, is a high-flow, low-potassium preservation solution used for organ transplantation. The solution was initially developed by Hans-Jürgen Bretschneider.
HTK solution is intended for perfusion and flushing of donor liver, kidney, heart, lung and pancreas prio... | Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 940 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Cryobiology"
] |
18,296,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20resonance%20neurography | Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) is the direct imaging of nerves in the body by optimizing selectivity for unique MRI water properties of nerves. It is a modification of magnetic resonance imaging. This technique yields a detailed image of a nerve from the resonance signal that arises from in the nerve itself rathe... | Magnetic resonance neurography | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,131 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Magnetic resonance imaging"
] |
18,298,594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing%20number%20%28graph%20theory%29 | In graph theory, the crossing number of a graph is the lowest number of edge crossings of a plane drawing of the graph . For instance, a graph is planar if and only if its crossing number is zero. Determining the crossing number continues to be of great importance in graph drawing, as user studies have shown that dra... | Crossing number (graph theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,332 | [
"Graph theory",
"Computational problems",
"Graph invariants",
"Topology",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical problems",
"Topological graph theory",
"NP-complete problems"
] |
18,298,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plancherel%20theorem%20for%20spherical%20functions | In mathematics, the Plancherel theorem for spherical functions is an important result in the representation theory of semisimple Lie groups, due in its final form to Harish-Chandra. It is a natural generalisation in non-commutative harmonic analysis of the Plancherel formula and Fourier inversion formula in the represe... | Plancherel theorem for spherical functions | [
"Mathematics"
] | 7,114 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in functional analysis",
"Theorems in harmonic analysis"
] |
18,302,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave%20Imaging%20Radiometer%20with%20Aperture%20Synthesis | Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS) is the major instrument on the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite (SMOS). MIRAS employs a planar antenna composed of a central body (the so-called hub) and three telescoping, deployable arms, in total 69 receivers on the Unit. Each receiver is compose... | Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 314 | [
"Embedded systems",
"Computer science",
"Computer engineering",
"Computer systems"
] |
18,303,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitsa%E2%80%93Dirac%20effect | The Kapitza–Dirac effect is a quantum mechanical effect consisting of the diffraction of matter by a standing wave of light, in complete analogy to the diffraction of light by a periodic grating, but with the role of matter and light reversed.
The effect was first predicted as the diffraction of electrons from a sta... | Kapitsa–Dirac effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,397 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Diffraction",
"Crystallography",
"Spectroscopy",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
18,304,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic%20sensor | A fiber-optic sensor is a sensor that uses optical fiber either as the sensing element ("intrinsic sensors"), or as a means of relaying signals from a remote sensor to the electronics that process the signals ("extrinsic sensors"). Fibers have many uses in remote sensing. Depending on the application, fiber may be used... | Fiber-optic sensor | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,838 | [
"Sensors",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
18,305,300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle%20criterion | In nonlinear control and stability theory, the circle criterion is a stability criterion for nonlinear time-varying systems. It can be viewed as a generalization of the Nyquist stability criterion for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems.
Overview
Consider a linear system subject to non-linear feedback, i.e., a nonlin... | Circle criterion | [
"Mathematics"
] | 216 | [
"Stability theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
19,309,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7%20DNA%20polymerase | T7 DNA polymerase is an enzyme used during the DNA replication of the T7 bacteriophage. During this process, the DNA polymerase “reads” existing DNA strands and creates two new strands that match the existing ones. The T7 DNA polymerase requires a host factor, E. coli thioredoxin, in order to carry out its function. Th... | T7 DNA polymerase | [
"Biology"
] | 2,789 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"DNA replication",
"Molecular genetics"
] |
19,315,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural%20geometry | Architectural geometry is an area of research which combines applied geometry and architecture, which looks at the design, analysis and manufacture processes. It lies at the core of architectural design and strongly challenges contemporary practice, the so-called architectural practice of the digital age.
Architectura... | Architectural geometry | [
"Engineering"
] | 323 | [
"Architecture stubs",
"Computer-aided design",
"Design engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
19,316,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Rivera%20%28public%20health%29 | Ronald Rivera (August 22, 1948 – September 3, 2008) was an American activist of Puerto Rican descent who is best known for promoting an inexpensive ceramic water filter developed in Guatemala by the chemist Fernando Mazariegos and used to treat gray water in impoverished communities and for establishing community-based... | Ron Rivera (public health) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,080 | [
"Water treatment",
"Water filters",
"Filters",
"Water technology"
] |
19,316,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-photochemical%20quenching | Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a mechanism employed by plants and algae to protect themselves from the adverse effects of high light intensity. It involves the quenching of singlet excited state chlorophylls (Chl) via enhanced internal conversion to the ground state (non-radiative decay), thus harmlessly dissipa... | Non-photochemical quenching | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,160 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Photosynthesis"
] |
10,240,442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-field | In mathematics, a CM-field is a particular type of number field, so named for a close connection to the theory of complex multiplication. Another name used is J-field.
The abbreviation "CM" was introduced by .
Formal definition
A number field K is a CM-field if it is a quadratic extension K/F where the base field F ... | CM-field | [
"Mathematics"
] | 656 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Algebraic number theory",
"Complex numbers",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
10,253,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid%20unit%20modes | Rigid unit modes (RUMs) represent a class of lattice vibrations or phonons that exist in network materials such as quartz, cristobalite or zirconium tungstate. Network materials can be described as three-dimensional networks of polyhedral groups of atoms such as SiO4 tetrahedra or TiO6 octahedra. A RUM is a lattice vib... | Rigid unit modes | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,014 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
4,593,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20J.%20Freyd | Peter John Freyd (; born February 5, 1936) is an American mathematician, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, known for work in category theory and for founding the False Memory Syndrome Foundation.
Mathematics
Freyd obtained his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1960; his dissertation, on Functor Theory, ... | Peter J. Freyd | [
"Mathematics"
] | 354 | [
"Category theorists",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory"
] |
4,593,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samay%C4%81 | Samaya () or Samayam () is a Sanskrit term referring to the "appointed or proper time, [the] right moment for doing anything." In Indian languages, samayam, or samay in Indo-Aryan languages, is a unit of time.
Meaning
In contemporary usage, samayam means time in Dravidian languages such as Kannada, Malayalam, and Tami... | Samayā | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 490 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Units of time",
"Quantity",
"Spacetime",
"Units of measurement"
] |
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