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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
4,474,492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraspecific%20antagonism	Intraspecific antagonism means a disharmonious or antagonistic interaction between two individuals of the same species. As such, it could be a sociological term, but was actually coined by Alan Rayner and Norman Todd working at Exeter University in the late 1970s, to characterise a particular kind of zone line formed b...	Intraspecific antagonism	[ "Biology" ]	598	[ "Mycology" ]
4,474,775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhamel%27s%20principle	In mathematics, and more specifically in partial differential equations, Duhamel's principle is a general method for obtaining solutions to inhomogeneous linear evolution equations like the heat equation, wave equation, and vibrating plate equation. It is named after Jean-Marie Duhamel who first applied the principle t...	Duhamel's principle	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,105	[ "Mathematical principles", "Physical phenomena", "Classical mechanics", "Waves", "Wave mechanics" ]
4,476,904	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threose%20nucleic%20acid	Threose nucleic acid (TNA) is an artificial genetic polymer in which the natural five-carbon ribose sugar found in RNA has been replaced by an unnatural four-carbon threose sugar. Invented by Albert Eschenmoser as part of his quest to explore the chemical etiology of RNA, TNA has become an important synthetic genetic p...	Threose nucleic acid	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	892	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Polymers", "Polymer chemistry", "Nucleic acids" ]
12,414,930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxy-fuel%20welding%20and%20cutting	Oxy-fuel welding torch (commonly called oxyacetylene welding, oxy welding, or gas welding in the United States) and oxy-fuel cutting are processes that use fuel gases (or liquid fuels such as gasoline or petrol, diesel, biodiesel, kerosene, etc) and oxygen to weld or cut metals. French engineers Edmond Fouché and Charl...	Oxy-fuel welding and cutting	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	8,324	[ "Chemical process engineering", "Industrial gases", "Mechanical engineering", "Welding" ]
12,415,190	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20algebra	In algebraic logic, an action algebra is an algebraic structure which is both a residuated semilattice and a Kleene algebra. It adds the star or reflexive transitive closure operation of the latter to the former, while adding the left and right residuation or implication operations of the former to the latter. Unlike...	Action algebra	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,458	[ "Mathematical structures", "Formal languages", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical objects", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic logic", "Algebraic structures" ]
12,416,124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplet	In physics and particularly in particle physics, a multiplet is the state space for 'internal' degrees of freedom of a particle; that is, degrees of freedom associated to a particle itself, as opposed to 'external' degrees of freedom such as the particle's position in space. Examples of such degrees of freedom are the ...	Multiplet	[ "Physics" ]	1,571	[ "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Symmetry", "Rotational symmetry" ]
12,416,395	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite%20pool	Metabolite pool is a collective term for all of the substances involved in the metabolic process in a biological system. Metabolic pools are within cells (or organelles such as chloroplasts) and refer to the reservoir of molecules upon which enzymes can operate. The size of the reservoir is referred to as its "metaboli...	Metabolite pool	[ "Biology" ]	259	[ "Systems biology" ]
7,754,624	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%E2%80%93aggregate%20reaction	Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause the expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of st...	Alkali–aggregate reaction	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	385	[ "Structural engineering", "Concrete", "Inorganic reactions" ]
7,755,182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stride%20scheduling	Stride scheduling is a type of scheduling mechanism that has been introduced as a simple concept to achieve proportional central processing unit (CPU) capacity reservation among concurrent processes. Stride scheduling aims to sequentially allocate a resource for the duration of standard time-slices (quantum) in a fashi...	Stride scheduling	[ "Technology" ]	159	[ "Computing platforms", "IT infrastructure", "Concurrent computing", "Computer science stubs", "Computer science", "Computing stubs" ]
7,755,881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleson%20measure	In mathematics, a Carleson measure is a type of measure on subsets of n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn. Roughly speaking, a Carleson measure on a domain Ω is a measure that does not vanish at the boundary of Ω when compared to the surface measure on the boundary of Ω. Carleson measures have many applications in harmon...	Carleson measure	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	423	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Physical quantities", "Measures (measure theory)", "Quantity", "Size", "Norms (mathematics)" ]
7,760,322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20databases%20for%20pure%20substances	Thermodynamic databases contain information about thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Numerical values of these thermodynamic properties are collected as tables or are calculated from thermodynamic datafiles. Data is expressed as temperature-depend...	Thermodynamic databases for pure substances	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,958	[ "Thermodynamics databases", "Thermodynamics" ]
7,760,747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20plate	A theoretical plate in many separation processes is a hypothetical zone or stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phases of a substance, establish an equilibrium with each other. Such equilibrium stages may also be referred to as an equilibrium stage, ideal stage, or a theoretical tray. The performance...	Theoretical plate	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,305	[ "Chromatography", "Unit operations", "Separation processes", "Chemical engineering", "Distillation", "nan", "Chemical process engineering" ]
88,444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor	A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence; it emits light when exposed to some type of radiant energy. The term is used both for fluorescent or phosphorescent substances which glow on exposure to ultraviolet or visible light, and cathodoluminescent substances which glow when struck by an e...	Phosphor	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	6,588	[ "Luminescence", "Molecular physics", "Materials", "Optical materials", "Phosphors and scintillators", "Electronic engineering", "Display technology", "Matter" ]
89,078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic%20bond	A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate. A glycosidic bond is formed between the hemiacetal or hemiketal group of a saccharide (or a molecule derived from a saccharide) and the hydroxyl gro...	Glycosidic bond	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,692	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Glycosides", "Organic compounds", "Condensed matter physics", "Chemical synthesis", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "Biomolecules", "Glycobiology", "Chemical bonding", "nan" ]
89,188	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation	Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. These terms are commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, soil science, and biology. ...	Methylation	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,392	[ "Gene expression", "Organic reactions", "Biochemical reactions", "Post-translational modification", "Methylation" ]
89,221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl%20radical	Methyl radical is an organic compound with the chemical formula (also written as •). It is a metastable colourless gas, which is mainly produced in situ as a precursor to other hydrocarbons in the petroleum cracking industry. It can act as either a strong oxidant or a strong reductant, and is quite corrosive to metals...	Methyl radical	[ "Chemistry", "Astronomy", "Biology" ]	787	[ "Methane", "Free radicals", "Petroleum technology", "Senescence", "Astrochemistry", "Oil refining", "nan", "Biomolecules", "Greenhouse gases", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
89,242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20knockout	Gene knockouts (also known as gene deletion or gene inactivation) are a widely used genetic engineering technique that involves the targeted removal or inactivation of a specific gene within an organism's genome. This can be done through a variety of methods, including homologous recombination, CRISPR-Cas9, and TALENs....	Gene knockout	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,596	[ "Genetically modified organisms", "Gene expression", "Genetic engineering", "Biotechnology", "Molecular biology techniques", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "nan", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
89,547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20vapor	Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Water vapor is transparent, like most constituents of the atmosphere. Under typical atmos...	Water vapor	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	5,672	[ "Environmental chemistry", "Phases of matter", "Forms of water", "Greenhouse gases", "Matter" ]
89,830	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20wave	A seismic wave is a mechanical wave of acoustic energy that travels through the Earth or another planetary body. It can result from an earthquake (or generally, a quake), volcanic eruption, magma movement, a large landslide and a large man-made explosion that produces low-frequency acoustic energy. Seismic waves are st...	Seismic wave	[ "Physics" ]	2,532	[ "Surface waves", "Waves", "Physical phenomena" ]
90,446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality%20%28mathematics%29	In mathematics, equality is a relationship between two quantities or expressions, stating that they have the same value, or represent the same mathematical object. Equality between and is written , and pronounced " equals ". In this equality, and are distinguished by calling them left-hand side (LHS), and right-han...	Equality (mathematics)	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,813	[ "Elementary arithmetic", "Mathematical logic", "Binary relations", "Elementary mathematics", "Arithmetic", "Mathematical relations" ]
90,465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Poulet%20number	In number theory, a super-Poulet number is a Poulet number, or pseudoprime to base 2, whose every divisor divides . For example, 341 is a super-Poulet number: it has positive divisors (1, 11, 31, 341), and we have: (211 - 2) / 11 = 2046 / 11 = 186 (231 - 2) / 31 = 2147483646 / 31 = 69273666 (2341 - 2) / 341 = 1313633...	Super-Poulet number	[ "Mathematics" ]	483	[ "Sequences and series", "Integer sequences", "Mathematical structures", "Recreational mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Numbers", "Number theory" ]
1,726,883	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenic%20region	An intergenic region is a stretch of DNA sequences located between genes. Intergenic regions may contain functional elements and junk DNA. Properties and functions Intergenic regions may contain a number of functional DNA sequences such as promoters and regulatory elements, enhancers, spacers, and (in eukaryotes) c...	Intergenic region	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	468	[ "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
1,726,921	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomagneton	The photomagneton is a theoretical treatment of the unitary group in quantum field theory and quantum chemistry that effectively describes the experimentally observed inverse Faraday effect. When circularly polarized light travels through a plasma, the angular momentum associated to the circular motion of the photons ...	Photomagneton	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	192	[ "Quantum field theory", "Physical phenomena", "Quantum mechanics", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Optical phenomena", "Magneto-optic effects", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
1,726,941	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grubbs%20catalyst	Grubbs catalysts are a series of transition metal carbene complexes used as catalysts for olefin metathesis. They are named after Robert H. Grubbs, the chemist who supervised their synthesis. Several generations of the catalyst have also been developed. Grubbs catalysts tolerate many functional groups in the alkene sub...	Grubbs catalyst	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,333	[ "Catalysis", "Catalysts", "Chemical kinetics" ]
1,727,187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20H%C3%BCckel%20method	The extended Hückel method is a semiempirical quantum chemistry method, developed by Roald Hoffmann since 1963. It is based on the Hückel method but, while the original Hückel method only considers pi orbitals, the extended method also includes the sigma orbitals. The extended Hückel method can be used for determining...	Extended Hückel method	[ "Chemistry" ]	843	[ "Computational chemistry", "Quantum chemistry", "Semiempirical quantum chemistry methods" ]
1,727,409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoplanet	Mesoplanets are planetary-mass objects with sizes smaller than Mercury but larger than Ceres. The term was coined by Isaac Asimov. Assuming size is defined in relation to equatorial radius, mesoplanets should be approximately 500 km to 2,500 km in radius. History The term was coined in Asimov's essay "What's in a Name...	Mesoplanet	[ "Astronomy" ]	474	[ "Definition of planet", "Astronomical controversies", "Astronomical classification systems" ]
1,727,620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene%20diphenyl%20diisocyanate	Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is an aromatic diisocyanate. Three isomers are common, varying by the positions of the isocyanate groups around the rings: 2,2′-MDI, 2,4′-MDI, and 4,4′-MDI. The 4,4′ isomer is most widely used, and is also known as 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. This isomer is also known as Pu...	Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	855	[ "Isocyanates", "Monomers", "Functional groups", "Polymer chemistry" ]
1,728,510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanganate	A permanganate () is a chemical compound with the manganate(VII) ion, , the conjugate base of permanganic acid. Because the manganese atom has a +7 oxidation state, the permanganate(VII) ion is a strong oxidising agent. The ion is a transition metal ion with a tetrahedral structure. Permanganate solutions are purple in...	Permanganate	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,069	[ "Oxidizing agents", "Permanganates" ]
1,729,337	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planckian%20locus	In physics and color science, the Planckian locus or black body locus is the path or locus that the color of an incandescent black body would take in a particular chromaticity space as the blackbody temperature changes. It goes from deep red at low temperatures through orange, yellowish, white, and finally bluish whit...	Planckian locus	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,427	[ "Color space", "Space (mathematics)", "Metric spaces" ]
1,729,464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6V6	The 6V6 is a beam-power tetrode vacuum tube. The first of this family of tubes to be introduced was the 6V6G by Ken-Rad Tube & Lamp Corporation in late 1936, with the availability by December of both Ken-Rad and Raytheon 6V6G tubes announced. It is still in use in audio applications, especially electric guitar amplif...	6V6	[ "Physics" ]	3,040	[ "Vacuum tubes", "Vacuum", "Matter" ]
1,729,818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20synthesis	The Gabriel synthesis is a chemical reaction that transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines. Traditionally, the reaction uses potassium phthalimide. The reaction is named after the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel. The Gabriel reaction has been generalized to include the alkylation of sulfonamides and imides...	Gabriel synthesis	[ "Chemistry" ]	526	[ "Name reactions" ]
1,729,907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmann%20elimination	Hofmann elimination is an elimination reaction of an amine to form alkenes. The least stable alkene (the one with the fewest substituents on the carbons of the double bond), called the Hofmann product, is formed. This tendency, known as the Hofmann alkene synthesis rule, is in contrast to usual elimination reactions, w...	Hofmann elimination	[ "Chemistry" ]	538	[ "Name reactions", "Olefination reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
1,730,328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting%20quantum%20computing	Superconducting quantum computing is a branch of solid state physics and quantum computing that implements superconducting electronic circuits using superconducting qubits as artificial atoms, or quantum dots. For superconducting qubits, the two logic states are the ground state and the excited state, denoted respecti...	Superconducting quantum computing	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	6,579	[ "Physical quantities", "Quantum electronics", "Superconductivity", "Quantum mechanics", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Nanotechnology", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
1,731,689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9nyi%20entropy	In information theory, the Rényi entropy is a quantity that generalizes various notions of entropy, including Hartley entropy, Shannon entropy, collision entropy, and min-entropy. The Rényi entropy is named after Alfréd Rényi, who looked for the most general way to quantify information while preserving additivity for i...	Rényi entropy	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,579	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Physical quantities", "Applied mathematics", "Entropy and information", "Computer science", "Entropy", "Information theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
1,731,760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-signal%20model	Small-signal modeling is a common analysis technique in electronics engineering used to approximate the behavior of electronic circuits containing nonlinear devices with linear equations. It is applicable to electronic circuits in which the AC signals (i.e., the time-varying currents and voltages in the circuit) are s...	Small-signal model	[ "Physics" ]	1,393	[ "Electronic device modeling" ]
16,862,071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe%20flow	In fluid mechanics, pipe flow is a type of fluid flow within a closed conduit, such as a pipe, duct or tube. It is also called as Internal flow. The other type of flow within a conduit is open channel flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways, but differ in one important aspect. Pipe flow does not have a f...	Pipe flow	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	526	[ "Building engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Civil engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Piping", "Fluid mechanics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
16,862,854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20polymerase%20II%20holoenzyme	RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as . RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase II (also called RNAP II an...	RNA polymerase II holoenzyme	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	5,239	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
16,864,252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superinsulator	A superinsulator is a material that at low but finite temperatures does not conduct electricity, i.e. has an infinite resistance so that no electric current passes through it. The phenomenon of superinsulation can be regarded as an exact dual to superconductivity. The superinsulating state can be destroyed by increasi...	Superinsulator	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	775	[ "Electrical resistance and conductance", "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Materials science", "Materials", "Condensed matter physics", "Dielectrics", "Matter" ]
16,865,499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20shaking%20table	There are different experimental techniques which can be used to test the response of structures and soil or rock slopes to verify their seismic performance. One of these is using an earthquake shaking table (a shaking table or shake table). This device is used for shaking scaled slopes, structural models or building c...	Earthquake shaking table	[ "Engineering" ]	360	[ "Structural engineering", "Mechanical tests", "Civil engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Earthquake engineering" ]
16,867,295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superexchange	Superexchange or Kramers–Anderson superexchange interaction, is a prototypical indirect exchange coupling between neighboring magnetic moments (usually next-nearest neighboring cations, see the schematic illustration of MnO below) by virtue of exchanging electrons through a non-magnetic anion known as the superexchange...	Superexchange	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,102	[ "Phases of matter", "Condensed matter physics", "Matter", "Materials science" ]
18,056,178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic%20circuit	Adiabatic circuits are low-power electronic circuits which use "reversible logic" to conserve energy. The term "adiabatic" refers to an ideal thermodynamic process in which no heat or mass is exchanged with the surrounding environment, alluding to the ability of the circuits to reduce energy loss as heat. Unlike tradi...	Adiabatic circuit	[ "Engineering" ]	1,290	[ "Electronic engineering", "Digital electronics" ]
5,905,152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersubband%20polariton	Intersubband transitions (also known as intraband transitions) are dipolar allowed optical excitations between the quantized electronic energy levels within the conduction band of semiconductor heterostructures. Intersubband transitions when coupled with an optical resonator form new, mixed-state photons. This mixing i...	Intersubband polariton	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	223	[ "Matter", "Quantum electronics", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum physics stubs", "Quantum mechanics", "Nanotechnology", "Condensed matter physics", "Quasiparticles", "Subatomic particles" ]
5,906,036	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20equivalence%20theorem	The optical equivalence theorem in quantum optics asserts an equivalence between the expectation value of an operator in Hilbert space and the expectation value of its associated function in the phase space formulation with respect to a quasiprobability distribution. The theorem was first reported by George Sudarshan ...	Optical equivalence theorem	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	332	[ "Theorems in quantum mechanics", "Equations of physics", "Quantum optics", "Quantum mechanics", "Theorems in mathematical physics", "Physics theorems" ]
5,907,652	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware%20bug	A hardware bug is a bug in computer hardware. It is the hardware counterpart of software bug, a defect in software. A bug is different from a glitch which describes an undesirable behavior as more quick, transient and repeated than constant, and different from a quirk which is a behavior that may be considered useful ...	Hardware bug	[ "Engineering" ]	390	[ "nan" ]
5,908,991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20chromatogram	A mass chromatogram is a representation of mass spectrometry data as a chromatogram, where the x-axis represents time and the y-axis represents signal intensity. The source data contains mass information; however, it is not graphically represented in a mass chromatogram in favor of visualizing signal intensity versus t...	Mass chromatogram	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,005	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Mass", "Mass spectrometry", "Matter" ]
3,301,527	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular%20assist%20device	A ventricular assist device (VAD) is an electromechanical device that provides support for cardiac pump function, which is used either to partially or to completely replace the function of a failing heart. VADs can be used in patients with acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long standing) heart failure, which can occur d...	Ventricular assist device	[ "Biology" ]	5,276	[ "Medical devices", "Medical technology" ]
3,301,590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterotoxigenic%20Escherichia%20coli	Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a type of Escherichia coli and one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea in the developing world, as well as the most common cause of travelers' diarrhea. Insufficient data exists, but conservative estimates suggest that each year, about 157,000 deaths occur, mostly in c...	Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli	[ "Biology" ]	554	[ "Model organisms", "Escherichia coli" ]
3,302,845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform-machines%20scheduling	Uniform machine scheduling (also called uniformly-related machine scheduling or related machine scheduling) is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. It is a variant of optimal job scheduling. We are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on m ...	Uniform-machines scheduling	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,538	[ "Optimal scheduling", "Industrial engineering", "Computational problems", "Mathematical problems", "NP-complete problems" ]
3,303,019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson%E2%80%93Dadson%20curves	The Robinson–Dadson curves are one of many sets of equal-loudness contours for the human ear, determined experimentally by D. W. Robinson and R. S. Dadson. Until recently, it was common to see the term Fletcher–Munson used to refer to equal-loudness contours generally, even though the re-determination carried out by R...	Robinson–Dadson curves	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	407	[ "Electrical engineering", "Audio engineering", "Classical mechanics", "Acoustics" ]
3,303,981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20gyroscope	A quantum gyroscope is a very sensitive device to measure angular rotation based on quantum mechanical principles. The first of these was built by Richard Packard and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley. The extreme sensitivity means that theoretically, a larger version could detect effects like ...	Quantum gyroscope	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	479	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Quantum mechanics", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Applications of quantum mechanics", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
3,304,705	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV%20vaccine	Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (aga...	HPV vaccine	[ "Biology" ]	13,478	[ "Viruses", "Vaccination", "Vaccines", "Papillomavirus" ]
3,304,717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal%20filter	In signal processing, a causal filter is a linear and time-invariant causal system. The word causal indicates that the filter output depends only on past and present inputs. A filter whose output also depends on future inputs is non-causal, whereas a filter whose output depends only on future inputs is anti-causal. Sys...	Causal filter	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	516	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing", "Filter theory" ]
3,305,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature%20filter	In signal processing, a quadrature filter is the analytic representation of the impulse response of a real-valued filter: If the quadrature filter is applied to a signal , the result is which implies that is the analytic representation of . Since is an analytic signal, it is either zero or complex-valued. In p...	Quadrature filter	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	300	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing" ]
3,305,496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSE	MOSE () is a project intended to protect the city of Venice, Italy, and the Venetian Lagoon from flooding. The project is an integrated system consisting of rows of mobile gates, installed on the seafloor at the Lido, Malamocco, and Chioggia inlets, that can be raised to temporarily seal off the Venetian Lagoon from t...	MOSE	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	5,775	[ "Chemical engineering", "Hydrology", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering" ]
3,305,678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge%20Rudaz	Serge Rudaz (born August 19, 1954, pronounced "Rü-DAH") is a Canadian theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of Minnesota. He previously served as the director of undergraduate studies of the University of Minnesota's physics department, and is now the director of undergraduate honors at the...	Serge Rudaz	[ "Physics" ]	348	[ "Particle physicists", "Particle physics" ]
15,136,870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20polymerase%20eta	DNA polymerase eta (Pol η), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POLH gene. DNA polymerase eta is a eukaryotic DNA polymerase involved in the DNA repair by translesion synthesis. The gene encoding DNA polymerase eta is POLH, also known as XPV, because loss of this gene results in the disease xeroderma pigment...	DNA polymerase eta	[ "Biology" ]	431	[ "DNA replication", "Molecular genetics", "Genetics techniques" ]
15,143,012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlapping%20distribution%20method	The Overlapping distribution method was introduced by Charles H. Bennett for estimating chemical potential. Theory For two N particle systems 0 and 1 with partition function and , from get the thermodynamic free energy difference is For every configuration visited during this sampling of system 1 we can com...	Overlapping distribution method	[ "Chemistry" ]	125	[ "Chemical thermodynamics" ]
15,143,957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer%20by%20layer	Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition is a thin film fabrication technique. The films are formed by depositing alternating layers of complementary materials with wash steps in between. This can be accomplished by using various techniques such as immersion, spin, spray, electromagnetism, or fluidics. Development The first im...	Layer by layer	[ "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	683	[ "Nanotechnology", "Planes (geometry)", "Thin films", "Materials science" ]
10,029,222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-xL	B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), encoded by the BCL2-like 1 gene, is a transmembrane molecule in the mitochondria. It is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, and acts as an anti-apoptotic protein by preventing the release of mitochondrial contents such as cytochrome c, which leads to caspase activation and ul...	Bcl-xL	[ "Chemistry" ]	729	[ "Mitochondria", "Metabolism", "Apoptosis", "Signal transduction" ]
10,030,230	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMDP	BMDP was a statistical package developed in 1965 by Wilfrid Dixon at the University of California, Los Angeles. The acronym stands for Bio-Medical Data Package, the word package was added by Dixon as the software consisted of a series of programs (subroutines) which performed different parametric and nonparametric sta...	BMDP	[ "Mathematics" ]	166	[ "Statistical software", "Mathematical software" ]
10,030,306	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCD%20Schema	The Access to Biological Collections Data (ABCD) schema is a highly structured data exchange and access model for taxon occurrence data (specimens, observations, etc. of living organisms), i.e. primary biodiversity data. In 2006, an 'Extension For Geosciences' was added to the schema, to form the ABCDEFG Schema, and i...	ABCD Schema	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	190	[ "Biological engineering", "Bioinformatics stubs", "Computer standards", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "Bioinformatics", "XML-based standards" ]
19,084,825	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metisazone	Methisazone (USAN) or metisazone (INN) is an antiviral drug that works by inhibiting mRNA and protein synthesis, especially in pox viruses. During trials in the 1960s it showed promising results against smallpox infection, but widespread use was considered logistically impractical in the developing countries facing sma...	Metisazone	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	186	[ "Antiviral drugs", "Biocides", "Functional groups", "Thiosemicarbazones" ]
19,085,925	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20hybrid%20creatures%20in%20folklore	The following is a list of hybrid entities from the folklore record grouped morphologically. Hybrids not found in classical mythology but developed in the context of modern popular culture are listed in . Mythology Head of one animal, body of another Mammalian bipeds Anubis – The jackal-headed Egyptian God. Baste...	List of hybrid creatures in folklore	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	7,622	[ "Biological engineering", "Genetic engineering", "Molecular biology" ]
19,093,657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega1%20Aquilae	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Omega1 Aquilae}} Omega1 Aquilae, which is Latinized from ω1 Aquilae, is the Bayer designation for a single star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.2 it is a faint, yellow-white hued star that can be seen with the naked eye in dark skies. From the annual par...	Omega1 Aquilae	[ "Astronomy" ]	294	[ "Aquila (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
19,094,964	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination%20rate%20constant	The elimination rate constant K or Ke is a value used in pharmacokinetics to describe the rate at which a drug is removed from the human system. It is often abbreviated K or Ke. It is equivalent to the fraction of a substance that is removed per unit time measured at any particular instant and has units of T−1. This c...	Elimination rate constant	[ "Chemistry" ]	361	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacology stubs", "Medicinal chemistry stubs" ]
11,465,254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomer	Thiolated polymers designated thiomers are functional polymers used in biotechnology product development with the intention to prolong mucosal drug residence time and to enhance absorption of drugs. The name thiomer was coined by Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch in 2000. Thiomers have thiol bearing side chains. Sulfhydryl li...	Thiomer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,616	[ "Glycobiology", "Pharmacology", "Carbohydrates", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Organosulfur compounds", "Drug delivery devices", "Materials science", "Colloids", "Organic compounds", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "Gels", "Chemical synthesis", "Polymer chemistry", "Polymers", "nan...
11,465,932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting-line%20theory	The Lanchester-Prandtl lifting-line theory is a mathematical model in aerodynamics that predicts lift distribution over a three-dimensional wing from the wing's geometry. The theory was expressed independently by Frederick W. Lanchester in 1907, and by Ludwig Prandtl in 1918–1919 after working with Albert Betz and Max...	Lifting-line theory	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,289	[ "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
11,467,262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleryl-CoA	Isovaleryl-coenzyme A, also known as isovaleryl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. Leucine metabolism See also Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase References Thioesters of coenzyme A	Isovaleryl-CoA	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	60	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
11,467,988	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA	3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA (β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA or MC-CoA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine. It is found in mitochondria, where it is formed from isovaleryl-coenzyme A by isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase. It then reacts with CO2 to yield 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. Leucine metabolism See also Me...	Methylcrotonyl-CoA	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	117	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
11,468,037	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA	3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA (MG-CoA), also known as β-methylglutaconyl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine. It is metabolized into HMG-CoA. Leucine metabolism See also Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase References Organophosphates Thioesters of coenzyme A	3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	92	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
11,470,048	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaryl-CoA	Glutaryl-coenzyme A is an intermediate in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. See also Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase References Thioesters of coenzyme A	Glutaryl-CoA	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	49	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
11,470,331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA	β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA (or 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A) is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. The L-3-hydroxybutyl-CoA (or (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA) enantiomer is also the second to last intermediate in beta oxidation of even-numbered, straight chain, an...	Β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	155	[ "Natural products", "Biotechnology stubs", "Organic compounds", "Biochemistry stubs", "Cellular processes", "Biomolecules", "Structural biology", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism", "Molecular biology" ]
11,471,537	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer%20blend	In materials science, a polymer blend, or polymer mixture, is a member of a class of materials analogous to metal alloys, in which at least two polymers are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties. History During the 1940s, '50s and '60s, the commercial development of new monomers ...	Polymer blend	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	614	[ "Polymer stubs", "Polymers", "Organic chemistry stubs", "Polymer chemistry" ]
14,051,706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide%20S%20receptor	The neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins which binds neuropeptide S (NPS). It was formerly an orphan receptor, GPR154, until the discovery of neuropeptide S as the endogenous ligand. Increased expression of this gene in ciliated cells of ...	Neuropeptide S receptor	[ "Chemistry" ]	405	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,051,879	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicircle	Minicircles are small (~4kb) circular replicons. They occur naturally in some eukaryotic organelle genomes. In the mitochondria-derived kinetoplast of trypanosomes, minicircles encode guide RNAs for RNA editing. In Amphidinium, the chloroplast genome is made of minicircles that encode chloroplast proteins. In vitro ex...	Minicircle	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	536	[ "Molecular genetics", "Molecular biology" ]
14,053,488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-random%20two-liquid%20model	The non-random two-liquid model (abbreviated NRTL model) is an activity coefficient model introduced by Renon and Prausnitz in 1968 that correlates the activity coefficients of a compound with its mole fractions in the liquid phase concerned. It is frequently applied in the field of chemical engineering to calculate ...	Non-random two-liquid model	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,429	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Equations of physics", "Thermodynamic models", "Engineering thermodynamics", "Statistical mechanics", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Mechanical engineering", "Equations of state", "Physical chemistry" ]
14,054,023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb%20sea%20wall	A honeycomb sea wall (also known as a "Seabee") is a coastal defense structure that protects against strong waves and tides. It is constructed as a sloped wall of ceramic or concrete blocks with hexagonal holes on the slope, which makes it look like a honeycomb, hence the name of the unit. Its role is to capture sand a...	Honeycomb sea wall	[ "Engineering" ]	378	[ "Coastal engineering", "Civil engineering" ]
14,054,801	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch%20reaction	The Koch reaction is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tertiary carboxylic acids from alcohols or alkenes and carbon monoxide. Some commonly industrially produced Koch acids include pivalic acid, 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid and 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid. The Koch reaction employs carbon monoxide as a reagent and ...	Koch reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	896	[ "Name reactions" ]
14,055,188	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellizzari%20reaction	The Pellizzari reaction was discovered in 1911 by Guido Pellizzari, and is the organic reaction of an amide and a hydrazide to form a 1,2,4-triazole. The product is similar to that of the Einhorn-Brunner reaction, but the mechanism itself is not regioselective. Mechanism The mechanism begins by the nitrogen in the hy...	Pellizzari reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	416	[ "Name reactions", "Condensation reactions", "Heterocycle forming reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
14,055,317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoid%20X%20receptor%20alpha	Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-alpha), also known as NR2B1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group B, member 1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RXRA gene. Function Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and retinoic acid receptors (RARs), are nuclear receptors that mediate the biological effects of retinoids...	Retinoid X receptor alpha	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	415	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,055,458	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive%20nitrogen%20species	Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are a family of antimicrobial molecules derived from nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide (O2•−) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively. NOS2 is expressed primarily in macrophages after induction by cytokines and microb...	Reactive nitrogen species	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	785	[ "Senescence", "Free radicals", "Biomolecules" ]
14,056,613	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsingular%20black%20hole%20models	A nonsingular black hole model is a mathematical theory of black holes that avoids certain theoretical problems with the standard black hole model, including information loss and the unobservable nature of the black hole event horizon. Avoiding paradoxes in the standard black hole model For a black hole to physicall...	Nonsingular black hole models	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	927	[ "Black holes", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Astrophysics", "Density", "Theory of relativity", "Stellar phenomena", "Astronomical objects" ]
14,057,225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20pencil	The plasma pencil is a dielectric tube where two disk-shaped electrodes of about the same diameter as the tube are inserted, and are separated by a small gap. Each of the two electrodes is made of a thin copper ring attached to the surface of a centrally perforated dielectric disk. The plasma is ignited when nanosecond...	Plasma pencil	[ "Physics" ]	289	[ "Materials", "Dielectrics", "Matter" ]
14,060,661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary%20surface	In fluid mechanics and mathematics, a capillary surface is a surface that represents the interface between two different fluids. As a consequence of being a surface, a capillary surface has no thickness in slight contrast with most real fluid interfaces. Capillary surfaces are of interest in mathematics because the pr...	Capillary surface	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,641	[ "Chemical engineering", "Civil engineering", "Piping", "Fluid mechanics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
12,421,588	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%E2%80%93encoded%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging	Strain–encoded magnetic resonance imaging (SENC-MRI) is a magnetic resonance imaging technique for imaging the strain of deforming tissue. It is undergoing testing to diagnose some heart diseases, particularly congenital right ventricle dysfunctions, which are difficult to diagnose. It is an improvement on magnetic r...	Strain–encoded magnetic resonance imaging	[ "Chemistry" ]	253	[ "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Magnetic resonance imaging" ]
12,421,756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage%20depth%20dose%20curve	In radiotherapy, a percentage depth dose curve (PDD) (sometimes percent depth dose curve) relates the absorbed dose deposited by a radiation beam into a medium as it varies with depth along the axis of the beam. The dose values are divided by the maximum dose, referred to as dmax, yielding a plot in terms of percentage...	Percentage depth dose curve	[ "Physics" ]	290	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Medical physics" ]
410,793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity%20equation	A continuity equation or transport equation is an equation that describes the transport of some quantity. It is particularly simple and powerful when applied to a conserved quantity, but it can be generalized to apply to any extensive quantity. Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge and other natural quantities ...	Continuity equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	3,408	[ "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Equations of physics", "Conservation laws", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Fluid dynamics", "Conservation equations", "Symmetry", "Physics theorems" ]
410,899	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therblig	Therbligs are elemental motions used in the study of workplace motion economy. A workplace task is analyzed by recording each of the therblig units for a process, with the results used for optimization of manual labour by eliminating unneeded movements. Eighteen therbligs have been defined. The word therblig was the c...	Therblig	[ "Engineering" ]	715	[ "Time and motion study", "Industrial engineering" ]
410,923	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20radiation	Neutron radiation is a form of ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons. Typical phenomena are nuclear fission or nuclear fusion causing the release of free neutrons, which then react with nuclei of other atoms to form new nuclides—which, in turn, may trigger further neutron radiation. Free neutrons are unst...	Neutron radiation	[ "Physics" ]	2,972	[ "Ionizing radiation", "Physical phenomena", "Radiation" ]
411,215	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer%20programming	An integer programming problem is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the variables are restricted to be integers. In many settings the term refers to integer linear programming (ILP), in which the objective function and the constraints (other than the integer constraints) are lin...	Integer programming	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,872	[ "NP-complete problems", "Mathematical problems", "Computational problems" ]
411,226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charts%20on%20SO%283%29	In mathematics, the special orthogonal group in three dimensions, otherwise known as the rotation group SO(3), is a naturally occurring example of a manifold. The various charts on SO(3) set up rival coordinate systems: in this case there cannot be said to be a preferred set of parameters describing a rotation. There a...	Charts on SO(3)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,537	[ "Lie groups", "Mathematical structures", "Euclidean symmetries", "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical objects", "Algebraic structures", "Mathematical relations", "Symmetry" ]
411,231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20group	In mathematics the spin group, denoted Spin(n), is a Lie group whose underlying manifold is the double cover of the special orthogonal group , such that there exists a short exact sequence of Lie groups (when ) The group multiplication law on the double cover is given by lifting the multiplication on . As a Lie group...	Spin group	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,762	[ "Lie groups", "Mathematical structures", "Algebraic structures" ]
411,244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20lance	A thermal lance, thermic lance, oxygen lance, or burning bar is a tool that heats and melts steel in the presence of pressurized oxygen to create very high temperatures for cutting. It consists of a long steel tube packed with alloy steel rods, which serve as fuel; these are sometimes mixed with aluminum rods to increa...	Thermal lance	[ "Engineering" ]	592	[ "Welding", "Mechanical engineering" ]
411,325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20projective%20plane	In mathematics, the real projective plane, denoted or , is a two-dimensional projective space, similar to the familiar Euclidean plane in many respects but without the concepts of distance, circles, angle measure, or parallelism. It is the setting for planar projective geometry, in which the relationships between obje...	Real projective plane	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,010	[ "Topology", "Geometric topology" ]
411,492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20angles	The Euler angles are three angles introduced by Leonhard Euler to describe the orientation of a rigid body with respect to a fixed coordinate system. They can also represent the orientation of a mobile frame of reference in physics or the orientation of a general basis in three dimensional linear algebra. Classic Eu...	Euler angles	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	5,927	[ "Geometric measurement", "Scalar physical quantities", "Functions and mappings", "Euclidean symmetries", "Physical quantities", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Angle", "Symmetry" ]
411,512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymatics	Cymatics (from ) is a subset of modal vibrational phenomena. The term was coined by Swiss physician Hans Jenny (1904–1972). Typically the surface of a plate, diaphragm, or membrane is vibrated, and regions of maximum and minimum displacement are made visible in a thin coating of particles, paste, or liquid. Different p...	Cymatics	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,179	[ "Geometry", "Symmetry" ]
411,782	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining	Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level. Stains and dyes are frequently used in histology (microscopic study of biological tissues), in cytology (microscopic study of cells), and in the medical fields of histopathology, hematology, and cytopathology that focus on ...	Staining	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	6,649	[ "Staining", "Microbiology techniques", "nan", "Microscopy", "Cell imaging" ]
411,836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octanitrocubane	Octanitrocubane (molecular formula: C8(NO2)8) is a proposed high explosive that, like TNT, is shock-insensitive (not readily detonated by shock). The octanitrocubane molecule has the same chemical structure as cubane (C8H8) except that each of the eight hydrogen atoms is replaced by a nitro group (NO2). As of 1998, oc...	Octanitrocubane	[ "Chemistry" ]	557	[ "Explosive chemicals" ]
412,097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1	Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRCA1 () gene. Orthologs are common in other vertebrate species, whereas invertebrate genomes may encode a more distantly related gene. BRCA1 is a human tumor suppressor gene (also known as a caretaker gene) and is responsible fo...	BRCA1	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	6,659	[ "Biomarkers", "DNA repair", "Tumor markers", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Chemical pathology" ]
412,108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian%20matrix	In mathematics, the Hessian matrix, Hessian or (less commonly) Hesse matrix is a square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, or scalar field. It describes the local curvature of a function of many variables. The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematic...	Hessian matrix	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,182	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Calculus", "Mathematical objects", "Matrices (mathematics)", "Multivariable calculus", "Differential operators" ]

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