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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
14,076,526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Warning%20System	The National Warning System (NAWAS) is an automated telephone system used to convey warnings to United States–based federal, state and local governments, as well as the military and civilian population. The original mission of NAWAS was to warn of an imminent enemy attack or an actual accidental missile launch upon the...	National Warning System	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	437	[ "Warning systems", "Safety engineering", "Measuring instruments" ]
14,077,738	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20power%20meter	An optical power meter (OPM) is a device used to measure the power in an optical signal. The term usually refers to a device for testing average power in fiber optic systems. Other general purpose light power measuring devices are usually called radiometers, photometers, laser power meters (can be photodiode sensors or...	Optical power meter	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,355	[ "Measuring instruments", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Electromagnetic radiation meters" ]
1,732,908	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass%20reflex	A bass reflex system (also known as a ported, vented box or reflex port) is a type of loudspeaker enclosure that uses a port (hole) or vent cut into the cabinet and a section of tubing or pipe affixed to the port. This port enables the sound from the rear side of the diaphragm to increase the efficiency of the system a...	Bass reflex	[ "Engineering" ]	2,799	[ "Electrical engineering", "Audio engineering" ]
1,733,444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan%20vault	The Catalan vault (), also called thin-tile vault, Catalan turn, Catalan arch, boveda ceiling (Spanish bóveda 'vault'), or timbrel vault, is a type of low brickwork arch forming a vaulted ceiling that often supports a floor above. It is constructed by laying a first layer of light bricks lengthwise "in space", without ...	Catalan vault	[ "Engineering" ]	384	[ "Structural engineering", "Building engineering", "Civil engineering", "Ceilings", "Architecture" ]
1,735,128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disproportionation	In chemistry, disproportionation, sometimes called dismutation, is a redox reaction in which one compound of intermediate oxidation state converts to two compounds, one of higher and one of lower oxidation state. The reverse of disproportionation, such as when a compound in an intermediate oxidation state is formed fro...	Disproportionation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,846	[ "Biochemistry", "Organic reactions", "Chemical processes", "nan", "Chemical process engineering" ]
1,736,031	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom%20economy	Atom economy (atom efficiency/percentage) is the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved and the desired products produced. The simplest definition was introduced by Barry Trost in 1991 and is equal to the ratio between the mass of desired product to the total mass of reactants, expre...	Atom economy	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	750	[ "Green chemistry", "Chemical reaction engineering", "Stoichiometry", "Chemical engineering", "Environmental chemistry", "nan" ]
1,736,264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20moment%20of%20area	The second moment of area, or second area moment, or quadratic moment of area and also known as the area moment of inertia, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis. The second moment of area is typically denoted with either an (for an axis tha...	Second moment of area	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,509	[ "Structural engineering", "Mechanical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Applied mathematics", "Quantity", "Structural analysis", "Aerospace engineering", "Mechanics", "Geometry", "Mechanical engineering", "Applied geometry", "Moment (physics)" ]
1,739,001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetting	Wetting is the ability of a liquid to displace gas to maintain contact with a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together. These interactions occur in the presence of either a gaseous phase or another liquid phase not miscible with the wetting liquid. The degree of wettin...	Wetting	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	5,752	[ "Physical phenomena", "Fluid mechanics", "Surface science", "Materials science", "Civil engineering", "Condensed matter physics", "Hysteresis" ]
3,308,154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprogramming	In biology, reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture. Such control is also often associated with alternative covalent modifications of histones. Reprogrammings that are both large scale (10% to 100% of epigenetic marks)...	Reprogramming	[ "Biology" ]	5,249	[ "Induced stem cells", "Stem cell research" ]
3,308,312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials%20Today	Materials Today is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal, website, and journal family. The parent journal was established in 1998 and covers all aspects of materials science. It is published by Elsevier and the editors-in-chief are Jun Lou (Rice University) and Gleb Yushin (Georgia Institute of Technology). The jo...	Materials Today	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	373	[ "Materials science journals", "Materials science" ]
3,308,500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Technology%20Roadmap%20for%20Semiconductors	The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) is a set of documents that was coordinated and organized by Semiconductor Research Corporation and produced by a group of experts in the semiconductor industry. These experts were representative of the sponsoring organisations, including the Semiconductor I...	International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors	[ "Materials_science" ]	920	[ "Semiconductor technology", "Microtechnology" ]
3,308,651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutamide	Flutamide, sold under the brand name Eulexin among others, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which is used primarily to treat prostate cancer. It is also used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions like acne, excessive hair growth, and high androgen levels in women. It is taken by mouth, usually three ti...	Flutamide	[ "Chemistry" ]	6,131	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Stereochemistry", "Enantiopure drugs", "Prodrugs" ]
3,308,982	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior%20insulation%20finishing%20system	Exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) is a general class of non-load bearing building cladding systems that provides exterior walls with an insulated, water-resistant, finished surface in an integrated composite material system. EIFS has been in use since the 1960s in North America and was first used on masonry...	Exterior insulation finishing system	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,527	[ "Building engineering", "Architecture", "Construction", "Materials", "Matter", "Building materials" ]
3,309,536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdrup%20balance	The Sverdrup balance, or Sverdrup relation, is a theoretical relationship between the wind stress exerted on the surface of the open ocean and the vertically integrated meridional (north-south) transport of ocean water. History Aside from the oscillatory motions associated with tidal flow, there are two primary caus...	Sverdrup balance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	914	[ "Ocean currents", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical oceanography", "Fluid dynamics" ]
3,309,687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic%20design	Axiomatic design is a systems design methodology using matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of customer needs into functional requirements, design parameters, and process variables. Specifically, a set of functional requirements(FRs) are related to a set of design parameters (DPs) by a Design Ma...	Axiomatic design	[ "Engineering" ]	511	[ "Systems engineering", "nan", "Industrial engineering" ]
3,310,426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact%20ionization	Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge carrier can lose energy by the creation of other charge carriers. For example, in semiconductors, an electron (or hole) with enough kinetic energy can knock a bound electron out of its bound state (in the valence band) and promote it to a stat...	Impact ionization	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	336	[ "Ionization", "Physical phenomena", "Matter", "Physical quantities", "Semiconductors", "Materials", "Electronic engineering", "Nuclear and atomic physics stubs", "Condensed matter physics", "Nuclear physics", "Solid state engineering", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
3,311,339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergranular%20corrosion	In materials science, intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides. (Cf. transgranular corrosion.) Description This situation can happen in otherwise corrosion...	Intergranular corrosion	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,881	[ "Materials degradation", "Electrochemistry", "Metallurgy", "Corrosion" ]
3,312,554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20leaching	In metallurgy, selective leaching, also called dealloying, demetalification, parting and selective corrosion, is a corrosion type in some solid solution alloys, when in suitable conditions a component of the alloys is preferentially leached from the initially homogenous material. The less noble metal is removed from th...	Selective leaching	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,750	[ "Corrosion prevention", "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "Corrosion", "Electrochemistry", "Nanotechnology", "Materials degradation" ]
11,472,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine%20N-methyltransferase	Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) is a protein encoded by the HNMT gene in humans. It belongs to the methyltransferases superfamily of enzymes and plays a role in the inactivation of histamine, a biomolecule that is involved in various physiological processes. Methyltransferases are present in every life form includ...	Histamine N-methyltransferase	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,421	[ "Biochemistry", "Metabolism", "Cellular processes" ]
11,474,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPL%20Tables	TPL Tables is a cross tabulation system used to generate statistical tables for analysis or publication. Background / history TPL Tables has its roots in the Table Producing Language (TPL) system, developed at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in the 1970s and early 1980s to run on IBM mainframes. It was ...	TPL Tables	[ "Mathematics" ]	925	[ "Statistical software", "Mathematical software" ]
11,479,997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20brake	Electromagnetic brakes or EM brakes are used to slow or stop vehicles using electromagnetic force to apply mechanical resistance (friction). They were originally called electro-mechanical brakes but over the years the name changed to "electromagnetic brakes", referring to their actuation method which is generally unrel...	Electromagnetic brake	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,376	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Electromagnetic brakes and clutches", "Fundamental interactions", "Mechanical engineering" ]
11,482,363	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20twist%20continuum	In finite element analysis, the spatial twist continuum (STC) is a dual representation of a hexahedral mesh that defines the global connectivity constraint. Generation of an STC can simplify the automated generation of a mesh. The method was published in 1993 by a group led by Peter Murdoch. The name is derived from ...	Spatial twist continuum	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,366	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Fluid dynamics", "Computational physics" ]
11,483,854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCP%20theory	In chemistry, ligand close packing theory (LCP theory), sometimes called the ligand close packing model describes how ligand – ligand repulsions affect the geometry around a central atom. It has been developed by R. J. Gillespie and others from 1997 onwards and is said to sit alongside VSEPR which was originally deve...	LCP theory	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	427	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Molecular geometry", "Molecules", "Stereochemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Space", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", "Spacetime", "Matter", " and optical physics" ]
7,774,869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenic%20metabolism	Anthropogenic metabolism, also referred to as metabolism of the anthroposphere, is a term used in industrial ecology, material flow analysis, and waste management to describe the material and energy turnover of human society. It emerges from the application of systems thinking to the industrial and other man-made activ...	Anthropogenic metabolism	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,077	[ "Industrial ecology", "Industrial engineering", "Environmental engineering" ]
7,775,585	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural%20sculpture	Architectural sculpture is the use of sculptural techniques by an architect and/or sculptor in the design of a building, bridge, mausoleum or other such project. The sculpture is usually integrated with the structure, but freestanding works that are part of the original design are also considered to be architectural sc...	Architectural sculpture	[ "Engineering" ]	1,240	[ "Architectural history", "Architecture" ]
7,777,698	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopses%20of%20the%20British%20Fauna	Synopses of the British Fauna is a series of identification guides, published by The Linnean Society and The Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association. Each volume in the series provides and in-depth analysis of a group of animals and is designed to bridge the gap between the standard field guide and more specialised ...	Synopses of the British Fauna	[ "Biology" ]	1,891	[ "Taxonomy (biology)", "Taxonomy (biology) books" ]
7,781,359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20cohomology	In mathematics, specifically in symplectic topology and algebraic geometry, a quantum cohomology ring is an extension of the ordinary cohomology ring of a closed symplectic manifold. It comes in two versions, called small and big; in general, the latter is more complicated and contains more information than the former....	Quantum cohomology	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	1,552	[ "String theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Astronomical hypotheses", "Algebraic geometry" ]
7,781,429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novikov%20ring	In mathematics, given an additive subgroup , the Novikov ring of is the subring of consisting of formal sums such that and . The notion was introduced by Sergei Novikov in the papers that initiated the generalization of Morse theory using a closed one-form instead of a function. The notion is used in quantum coho...	Novikov ring	[ "Mathematics" ]	529	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Commutative algebra", "Ring theory" ]
16,888,524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired%20communication	Wired communication refers to the transmission of data over a wire-based communication technology (telecommunication cables). Wired communication is also known as wireline communication. Examples include telephone networks, cable television or internet access, and fiber-optic communication. Most wired networks use Eth...	Wired communication	[ "Technology" ]	414	[ "Telecommunications systems" ]
16,889,066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutique%20Design	Boutique Design magazine is a trade publication produced by ST Media Group International. As the only hospitality interiors magazine that focuses specifically on boutique hospitality, Boutique Design (BD) is the authority on the boutique hotel, spa and restaurant market. About designers and for designers, BD features m...	Boutique Design	[ "Engineering" ]	290	[ "Design magazines", "Design" ]
16,895,165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon%20diffusion%20equation	Photon diffusion equation is a second order partial differential equation describing the time behavior of photon fluence rate distribution in a low-absorption high-scattering medium. Its mathematical form is as follows. where is photon fluence rate (W/cm2), is del operator, is absorption coefficient (cm−1), is di...	Photon diffusion equation	[ "Mathematics" ]	152	[ "Mathematical objects", "Equations" ]
18,077,896	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Energy%20and%20Water%20Exchanges	The Global Energy and Water Exchanges Project (abbreviated GEWEX, formerly named the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment from 1990 to 2012) is an international research project and a core project of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). In the beginning, the project intended to observe, comprehend and mode...	Global Energy and Water Exchanges	[ "Physics" ]	5,488	[ "Weather", "Weather prediction", "Physical phenomena" ]
18,082,975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20line	A flow line, used on a drilling rig, is a large diameter pipe (typically a section of casing) that is connected to the bell nipple (under the drill floor) and extends to the possum belly (on the mud tanks) and acts as a return line (for the drilling fluid as it comes out of the hole), to the mud. Possum Belly The po...	Flow line	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	295	[ "Building engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Petroleum engineering", "Energy engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Piping" ]
18,083,499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing%20head	In oil drilling, a casing head is a simple metal flange welded or screwed onto the top of the conductor pipe (also known as drive-pipe) or the casing and forms part of the wellhead system for the well. Application Casing heads are the primary interface for the surface pressure control equipment, for example blowout pr...	Casing head	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	141	[ "Petroleum", "Petroleum engineering", "Energy engineering", "Petroleum stubs" ]
18,085,080	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possum%20belly	A Possum belly, on a drilling rig, is a metal container at the head of the shale shaker that receives the flow of drilling fluid and is directly connected to and at the end of the flow line. A possum belly may also be referred to as a distribution box or flowline trap. The purpose of the possum belly is to slow the fl...	Possum belly	[ "Engineering" ]	192	[ "Petroleum engineering", "Energy engineering" ]
4,485,896	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowry%20protein%20assay	The Lowry protein assay is a biochemical assay for determining the total level of protein in a solution. The total protein concentration is exhibited by a color change of the sample solution in proportion to protein concentration, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques. It is named for the biochemist ...	Lowry protein assay	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	569	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Protein methods", "Biochemistry detection reactions", "Protein biochemistry", "Biochemical reactions", "Microbiology techniques", "nan", "Biochemistry", "Reagents for biochemistry" ]
4,487,041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosome	A chlorosome is a photosynthetic antenna complex found in green sulfur bacteria (GSB) and many green non-sulfur bacteria (GNsB), together known as green bacteria. They differ from other antenna complexes by their large size and lack of protein matrix supporting the photosynthetic pigments. Green sulfur bacteria are a g...	Chlorosome	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,424	[ "Biochemistry", "Photosynthesis" ]
4,488,634	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20power%20network	A hydraulic power network is a system of interconnected pipes carrying pressurized liquid used to transmit mechanical power from a power source, like a pump, to hydraulic equipment like lifts or motors. The system is analogous to an electrical grid transmitting power from a generating station to end-users. Only a few h...	Hydraulic power network	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,304	[ "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
4,490,255	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20quantization	First quantization is a procedure for converting equations of classical particle equations into quantum wave equations. The companion concept of second quantization converts classical field equations in to quantum field equations. However, this need not be the case. In particular, a fully quantum version of the theory...	First quantization	[ "Physics" ]	1,915	[ "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
4,490,333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load%20profile	In electrical engineering, a load profile is a graph of the variation in the electrical load versus time. A load profile will vary according to customer type (typical examples include residential, commercial and industrial), temperature and holiday seasons. Power producers use this information to plan how much electr...	Load profile	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	626	[ "Physical quantities", "Computer engineering", "Electrical systems", "Physical systems", "Power (physics)", "Electronic engineering", "Electric power", "Electrical engineering" ]
4,490,554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGS%20%28program%29	The EGS (Electron Gamma Shower) computer code system is a general purpose package for the Monte Carlo simulation of the coupled transport of electrons and photons in an arbitrary geometry for particles with energies from a few keV up to several hundreds of GeV. It originated at SLAC but National Research Council of C...	EGS (program)	[ "Physics" ]	567	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physics software", "Medical physics", "Computational physics" ]
4,491,248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregman%20divergence	In mathematics, specifically statistics and information geometry, a Bregman divergence or Bregman distance is a measure of difference between two points, defined in terms of a strictly convex function; they form an important class of divergences. When the points are interpreted as probability distributions – notably as...	Bregman divergence	[ "Physics" ]	2,148	[ "Physical quantities", "Statistical distance", "Distance" ]
4,493,061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic%20detector	An electrolytic detector, or liquid barretter, is a type of detector (demodulator) used in early radio receivers. It was first used by Canadian radio researcher Reginald Fessenden in 1903, and used until about 1913, after which it was superseded by crystal detectors and vacuum tube detectors such as the Fleming valve a...	Electrolytic detector	[ "Engineering" ]	1,183	[ "Radio electronics" ]
1,137,568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20gravity	Artificial gravity is the creation of an inertial force that mimics the effects of a gravitational force, usually by rotation. Artificial gravity, or rotational gravity, is thus the appearance of a centrifugal force in a rotating frame of reference (the transmission of centripetal acceleration via normal force in the ...	Artificial gravity	[ "Physics" ]	4,038	[ "Physical phenomena", "Motion (physics)", "Classical mechanics", "Rotation" ]
1,138,322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument%20principle	In complex analysis, the argument principle (or Cauchy's argument principle) is a theorem relating the difference between the number of zeros and poles of a meromorphic function to a contour integral of the function's logarithmic derivative. Formulation If f(z) is a meromorphic function inside and on some closed cont...	Argument principle	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,339	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Theorems in complex analysis" ]
1,138,512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospective%20short-circuit%20current	The prospective short-circuit current (PSCC), available fault current, or short-circuit making current is the highest electric current which can exist in a particular electrical system under short-circuit conditions. It is determined by the voltage and impedance of the supply system. It is of the order of a few thousan...	Prospective short-circuit current	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	944	[ "Power (physics)", "Electrical engineering", "Electric power", "Physical quantities" ]
1,138,578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20field%20theory	In molecular physics, crystal field theory (CFT) describes the breaking of degeneracies of electron orbital states, usually d or f orbitals, due to a static electric field produced by a surrounding charge distribution (anion neighbors). This theory has been used to describe various spectroscopies of transition metal co...	Crystal field theory	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,396	[ "Coordination chemistry", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Chemical bonding", "Matter" ]
12,431,124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20window%20index	Process window index (PWI) is a statistical measure that quantifies the robustness of a manufacturing process, e.g. one which involves heating and cooling, known as a thermal process. In manufacturing industry, PWI values are used to calibrate the heating and cooling of soldering jobs (known as a thermal profile) while...	Process window index	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,451	[ "Physical quantities", "Statistical distance", "Distance", "Statistical process control", "Electronic engineering", "Engineering statistics", "Electronics manufacturing" ]
12,433,418	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtering%20problem%20%28stochastic%20processes%29	In the theory of stochastic processes, filtering describes the problem of determining the state of a system from an incomplete and potentially noisy set of observations. While originally motivated by problems in engineering, filtering found applications in many fields from signal processing to finance. The problem of ...	Filtering problem (stochastic processes)	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,459	[ "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
12,435,391	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residuated%20Boolean%20algebra	In mathematics, a residuated Boolean algebra is a residuated lattice whose lattice structure is that of a Boolean algebra. Examples include Boolean algebras with the monoid taken to be conjunction, the set of all formal languages over a given alphabet Σ under concatenation, the set of all binary relations on a given se...	Residuated Boolean algebra	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,605	[ "Boolean algebra", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Mathematical logic", "Algebraic logic" ]
5,921,769	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20artificial%20chromosome	A human artificial chromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. That is, instead of 46 chromosomes, the cell could have 47 with the 47th being very small, roughly 6–10megabases (Mb) in size instead of 50–250Mb for natural chromosomes, and able to carry new genes...	Human artificial chromosome	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	950	[ "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
5,921,892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared%20spectroscopy%20correlation%20table	An infrared spectroscopy correlation table (or table of infrared absorption frequencies) is a list of absorption peaks and frequencies, typically reported in wavenumber, for common types of molecular bonds and functional groups. In physical and analytical chemistry, infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is a techniqu...	Infrared spectroscopy correlation table	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	145	[ "Infrared spectroscopy", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "nan" ]
5,924,217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20symbol	In mathematics, the Hilbert symbol or norm-residue symbol is a function (–, –) from K× × K× to the group of nth roots of unity in a local field K such as the fields of reals or p-adic numbers. It is related to reciprocity laws, and can be defined in terms of the Artin symbol of local class field theory. The Hilbert sym...	Hilbert symbol	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,375	[ "Quadratic forms", "Number theory" ]
5,926,889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20and%20molecular%20astrophysics	Atomic astrophysics is concerned with performing atomic physics calculations that will be useful to astronomers and using atomic data to interpret astronomical observations. Atomic physics plays a key role in astrophysics as astronomers' only information about a particular object comes through the light that it emits, ...	Atomic and molecular astrophysics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	577	[ "Quantum mechanics", "Astrophysics", "Astrochemistry", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic physics", "Atomic", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", " and optical physics" ]
5,929,448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperGrid%20%28hydrogen%29	In lossless power transmission, a supergrid with hydrogen is an idea for combining very long distance electric power transmission with liquid hydrogen distribution, to achieve superconductivity in the cables. The hydrogen is both a distributed fuel and a cryogenic coolant for the power lines, rendering them superconduc...	SuperGrid (hydrogen)	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	623	[ "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
213,665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy%20of%20neutralization	In chemistry and thermodynamics, the enthalpy of neutralization () is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one equivalent of an acid and a base undergo a neutralization reaction to form water and a salt. It is a special case of the enthalpy of reaction. It is defined as the energy released with the formation of 1 mo...	Enthalpy of neutralization	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	381	[ "Acid–base chemistry", "Thermodynamic properties", "Thermochemistry", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Equilibrium chemistry", "Enthalpy", "nan" ]
214,124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbral%20calculus	The term umbral calculus has two related but distinct meanings. In mathematics, before the 1970s, umbral calculus referred to the surprising similarity between seemingly unrelated polynomial equations and certain shadowy techniques used to prove them. These techniques were introduced in 1861 by John Blissard and are ...	Umbral calculus	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,125	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Discrete mathematics", "Polynomials", "Finite differences", "Combinatorics", "Algebra" ]
214,137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20form	In mathematics, a linear form (also known as a linear functional, a one-form, or a covector) is a linear map from a vector space to its field of scalars (often, the real numbers or the complex numbers). If is a vector space over a field , the set of all linear functionals from to is itself a vector space over with...	Linear form	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,765	[ "Functions and mappings", "Functional analysis", "Mathematical objects", "Linear operators", "Mathematical relations", "Linear algebra", "Algebra" ]
214,572	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolism	Anabolism () is the set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules like DNA or RNA from smaller units. These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process. Anabolism is the building-up aspect of metabolism, whereas catabolism is the breaking-down aspect. Anabolism is usually synonymous with bio...	Anabolism	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,236	[ "Cellular processes", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
214,573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate%20catabolism	Digestion is the breakdown of carbohydrates to yield an energy-rich compound called ATP. The production of ATP is achieved through the oxidation of glucose molecules. In oxidation, the electrons are stripped from a glucose molecule to reduce NAD+ and FAD. NAD+ and FAD possess a high energy potential to drive the produc...	Carbohydrate catabolism	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,682	[ "Biochemistry", "Metabolism", "Cellular processes" ]
215,038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer%20%28genetics%29	In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur. These proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors. Enhancers are cis-acting. They can be located up to 1 Mbp (1,000,000 b...	Enhancer (genetics)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,289	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
215,050	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxyacetyl%20nitrate	Peroxyacetyl nitrate is a peroxyacyl nitrate. It is a secondary pollutant present in photochemical smog. It is thermally unstable and decomposes into peroxyethanoyl radicals and nitrogen dioxide gas. It is a lachrymatory substance, meaning that it irritates the lungs and eyes. Peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN, is an oxid...	Peroxyacetyl nitrate	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	740	[ "Visibility", "Physical quantities", "Smog", "Organic compounds", "Explosive chemicals", "Organic peroxide explosives", "Organic peroxides" ]
215,051	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-level%20ozone	Ground-level ozone (O3), also known as surface-level ozone and tropospheric ozone, is a trace gas in the troposphere (the lowest level of the Earth's atmosphere), with an average concentration of 20–30 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), with close to 100 ppbv in polluted areas. Ozone is also an important constituent o...	Ground-level ozone	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,748	[ "Visibility", "Physical quantities", "Smog", "Oxidizing agents", "Ozone" ]
215,226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic%20emission	Thermionic emission is the liberation of charged particles from a hot electrode whose thermal energy gives some particles enough kinetic energy to escape the material's surface. The particles, sometimes called thermions in early literature, are now known to be ions or electrons. Thermal electron emission specifically r...	Thermionic emission	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,509	[ "Vacuum tubes", "Vacuum", "Quantum mechanics", "Atomic physics", " molecular", "Atomic", "Matter", " and optical physics" ]
215,706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassive%20black%20hole	A supermassive black hole (SMBH or sometimes SBH) is the largest type of black hole, with its mass being on the order of hundreds of thousands, or millions to billions, of times the mass of the Sun (). Black holes are a class of astronomical objects that have undergone gravitational collapse, leaving behind spheroidal ...	Supermassive black hole	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	6,706	[ "Black holes", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Concepts in astronomy", "Galaxies", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Supermassive black holes", "Astrophysics", "Density", "Stellar phenomena", "Astronomical objects" ]
215,791	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte%20sedimentation%20rate	The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) is the rate at which red blood cells in anticoagulated whole blood descend in a standardized tube over a period of one hour. It is a common hematology test, and is a non-specific measure of inflammation. To perform the test, anticoagulated blood is traditionally plac...	Erythrocyte sedimentation rate	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,234	[ "Temporal quantities", "Blood tests", "Physical quantities", "Temporal rates", "Chemical pathology" ]
216,021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periscope	A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position. In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at a 45° angle. This form of p...	Periscope	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,410	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Optical devices" ]
216,049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20optics	Adaptive optics (AO) is a technique of precisely deforming a mirror in order to compensate for light distortion. It is used in astronomical telescopes and laser communication systems to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion, in microscopy, optical fabrication and in retinal imaging systems to reduce optical aber...	Adaptive optics	[ "Materials_science", "Astronomy", "Engineering" ]	2,899	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Telescopes", "Optical devices", "Astronomical instruments" ]
216,102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically%20modified%20food	Genetically modified foods (GM foods), also known as genetically engineered foods (GE foods), or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using various methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as ...	Genetically modified food	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	9,466	[ "Biochemistry", "Biological engineering", "Genetic engineering", "Molecular biology" ]
216,104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20engineering	Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins through the design and production of unnatural polypeptides, often by altering amino acid sequences found in nature. It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protei...	Protein engineering	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	9,444	[ "Biological engineering", "Biochemistry", "Biotechnology", "nan", "Chemical biology" ]
216,187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration	Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials. Industrial plants for waste incineration are commonly referred to as waste-to-energy facilities. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incine...	Incineration	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	9,512	[ "Water treatment", "Combustion engineering", "Incineration", "Environmental engineering", "Waste treatment technology" ]
216,238	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20of%20life	The value of life is an economic value used to quantify the benefit of avoiding a fatality. It is also referred to as the cost of life, value of preventing a fatality (VPF), implied cost of averting a fatality (ICAF), and value of a statistical life (VSL). In social and political sciences, it is the marginal cost of de...	Value of life	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,266	[ "Applied mathematics", "Actuarial science" ]
19,111,851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear%20velocity	Shear velocity, also called friction velocity, is a form by which a shear stress may be re-written in units of velocity. It is useful as a method in fluid mechanics to compare true velocities, such as the velocity of a flow in a stream, to a velocity that relates shear between layers of flow. Shear velocity is used to...	Shear velocity	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	861	[ "Civil engineering", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Fluid mechanics", "Geophysics" ]
19,114,012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursell%20number	In fluid dynamics, the Ursell number indicates the nonlinearity of long surface gravity waves on a fluid layer. This dimensionless parameter is named after Fritz Ursell, who discussed its significance in 1953. The Ursell number is derived from the Stokes wave expansion, a perturbation series for nonlinear periodic wav...	Ursell number	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	335	[ "Physical phenomena", "Water waves", "Chemical engineering", "Waves", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
10,050,588	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20parvipantherina	Amanita parvipantherina, also known as the Asian small panther amanita, is a Chinese species of agaric which fruits in July and August. It has a brown cap up to wide covered with whitish remnants of the universal veil. The stem is up to 9 cm tall. The similar A. pantherina is usually larger and less fragile, with fain...	Amanita parvipantherina	[ "Biology" ]	167	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
10,050,972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginsberg%27s%20theorem	Ginsberg's theorem is an epigrammatic paraphrase and parody "theorem" which restates the consequences of the four laws of thermodynamics of physics in terms of a person playing a game. It has various formulations, but it can be more or less expressed as: The theorem is named after the poet Allen Ginsberg, though there...	Ginsberg's theorem	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	969	[ "Thermodynamics", "Laws of thermodynamics" ]
10,051,447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic%20concrete	Hydrophobic concrete is concrete that repels water. It meets the standards outlined in the definition of waterproof concrete. Developed in Australia in the mid-20th century, millions of cubic yards of hydrophobic concrete have been laid in Australia, Asia, and Europe, and in the United States since 1999. Its effect...	Hydrophobic concrete	[ "Engineering" ]	1,965	[ "Structural engineering", "Concrete" ]
10,052,417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer%20concrete	Polymer concrete is a type of concrete that uses a polymer to replace lime-type cements as a binder. One specific type is epoxy granite, where the polymer used is exclusively epoxy. In some cases the polymer is used in addition to portland cement to form Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) or Polymer Modified Concrete (PMC)....	Polymer concrete	[ "Engineering" ]	698	[ "Structural engineering", "Concrete" ]
10,053,774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Francis%20Mark	Herman Francis Mark (born Hermann Franz Mark; May 3, 1895, Vienna – April 6, 1992, Austin, Texas) was an Austrian-American chemist regarded for his contributions to the development of polymer science. Mark's X-ray diffraction work on the molecular structure of fibers provided important evidence for the macromolecular ...	Herman Francis Mark	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,508	[ "Polymer scientists and engineers", "Physical chemists", "Polymer chemistry" ]
10,055,024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20compression	In astrophysics, gravitational compression is a phenomenon in which gravity, acting on the mass of an object, compresses it, reducing its size and increasing the object's density. At the center of a planet or star, gravitational compression produces heat by the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism. This is the mechanism that...	Gravitational compression	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	301	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Astrophysics" ]
10,058,495	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admittance%20parameters	Admittance parameters or Y-parameters (the elements of an admittance matrix or Y-matrix) are properties used in many areas of electrical engineering, such as power, electronics, and telecommunications. These parameters are used to describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks. They are also used to des...	Admittance parameters	[ "Engineering" ]	868	[ "Two-port networks", "Electronic engineering" ]
10,058,792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlash%20%28engineering%29	In mechanical engineering, backlash, sometimes called lash, play, or slop, is a clearance or lost motion in a mechanism caused by gaps between the parts. It can be defined as "the maximum distance or angle through which any part of a mechanical system may be moved in one direction without applying appreciable force or ...	Backlash (engineering)	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,020	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Mechanical engineering" ]
10,059,041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptin%20receptor	The nociceptin opioid peptide receptor (NOP), also known as the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) receptor or kappa-type 3 opioid receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPRL1 (opioid receptor-like 1) gene. The nociceptin receptor is a member of the opioid subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors whose nat...	Nociceptin receptor	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,757	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
10,059,094	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-opioid%20receptor	The δ-opioid receptor, also known as delta opioid receptor or simply delta receptor, abbreviated DOR or DOP, is an inhibitory 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor coupled to the G protein Gi/G0 and has enkephalins as its endogenous ligands. The regions of the brain where the δ-opioid receptor is largely expresse...	Δ-opioid receptor	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,521	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Opioid receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
2,415,863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20graded%20algebra	In mathematics – particularly in homological algebra, algebraic topology, and algebraic geometry – a differential graded algebra (or DGA, or DG algebra) is an algebraic structure often used to capture information about a topological or geometric space. Explicitly, a differential graded algebra is a graded associative a...	Differential graded algebra	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,273	[ "Differential algebra", "Mathematical structures", "Algebras", "Algebraic topology", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology", "Algebraic structures", "Category theory", "Algebraic geometry", "Commutative algebra", "Homological algebra" ]
2,416,422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-linked%20polyethylene	Cross-linked polyethylene, commonly abbreviated PEX, XPE or XLPE, is a form of polyethylene with cross-links. It is used predominantly in building services pipework systems, hydronic radiant heating and cooling systems, domestic water piping, insulation for high tension (high voltage) electrical cables, and baby play m...	Cross-linked polyethylene	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	6,317	[ "Plumbing", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Construction", "Amorphous solids", "Plastics" ]
2,416,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pourbaix%20diagram	In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, EH–pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases (i.e., at chemical equilibrium) of an aqueous electrochemical system. Boundaries (50 %/50 %) between the predom...	Pourbaix diagram	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,313	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Phases of matter", "Critical phenomena", "Electrochemistry", "Statistical mechanics", "Matter" ]
2,416,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-Rad%20Laboratories	Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. is an American developer and manufacturer of specialized technological products for the life science research and clinical diagnostics markets. The company was founded in 1952 in Berkeley, California, by husband and wife team David and Alice Schwartz, both graduates of the University of Cali...	Bio-Rad Laboratories	[ "Biology" ]	1,250	[ "Life sciences industry" ]
2,419,994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheometry	Rheometry () generically refers to the experimental techniques used to determine the rheological properties of materials, that is the qualitative and quantitative relationships between stresses and strains and their derivatives. The techniques used are experimental. Rheometry investigates materials in relatively simple...	Rheometry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	584	[ "Continuum mechanics", "Classical mechanics", "Civil engineering", "Fluid mechanics", "Rheology", "Fluid dynamics" ]
2,420,418	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color%20of%20water	The color of water varies with the ambient conditions in which that water is present. While relatively small quantities of water appear to be colorless, pure water has a slight blue color that becomes deeper as the thickness of the observed sample increases. The hue of water is an intrinsic property and is caused by se...	Color of water	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Environmental_science" ]	2,092	[ "Water pollution", "Water quality indicators", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Water physics" ]
2,421,084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopomer	Isotopomers or isotopic isomers are isomers which differ by isotopic substitution, and which have the same number of atoms of each isotope but in a different arrangement. For example, CH3OD and CH2DOH are two isotopomers of monodeuterated methanol. The molecules may be either structural isomers (constitutional isomers...	Isotopomer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	867	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Stereochemistry", "nan", "Isomerism", "Physical chemistry" ]
2,421,241	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20titanyl%20phosphate	Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a white solid. KTP is an important nonlinear optical material that is commonly used for frequency-doubling diode-pumped solid-state lasers such as Nd:YAG and other neodymium-doped lasers. Synthesis and structure The compound is prepa...	Potassium titanyl phosphate	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	803	[ "Physical phenomena", "Ferroelectric materials", "Salts", "Materials", "Electrical phenomena", "Crystallography", "Crystals", "Phosphates", "Hysteresis", "Matter" ]
15,166,174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsky%20phenomenon	In mathematics, the Pinsky phenomenon is a result in Fourier analysis. This phenomenon was discovered by Mark Pinsky of Northwestern University. It involves the spherical inversion of the Fourier transform. The phenomenon involves a lack of convergence at a point due to a discontinuity at boundary. This lack of conver...	Pinsky phenomenon	[ "Mathematics" ]	404	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysis stubs" ]
14,077,942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaunay%20refinement	In mesh generation, Delaunay refinements are algorithms for mesh generation based on the principle of adding Steiner points to the geometry of an input to be meshed, in a way that causes the Delaunay triangulation or constrained Delaunay triangulation of the augmented input to meet the quality requirements of the meshi...	Delaunay refinement	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,098	[ "Triangulation (geometry)", "Mesh generation", "Tessellation", "Planar graphs", "Planes (geometry)", "Symmetry" ]
14,087,255	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-like%20protein%201	Bcl-2-like protein 1 is a protein encoded in humans by the BCL2L1 gene. Through alternative splicing, the gene encodes both of the human proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Bcl-2 protein family. Bcl-2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-a...	Bcl-2-like protein 1	[ "Chemistry" ]	350	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Signal transduction", "Apoptosis", "Molecular biology", "Proteins" ]
14,087,640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroidal%20Voronoi%20tessellation	In geometry, a centroidal Voronoi tessellation (CVT) is a special type of Voronoi tessellation in which the generating point of each Voronoi cell is also its centroid (center of mass). It can be viewed as an optimal partition corresponding to an optimal distribution of generators. A number of algorithms can be used to...	Centroidal Voronoi tessellation	[ "Mathematics" ]	373	[ "Discrete geometry", "Discrete mathematics" ]
14,088,354	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Physics%20G	Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes theoretical and experimental research into nuclear physics, particle physics and particle astrophysics, including all interface areas between these fields. The editor-in-chief is Jacek Dobaczewski, University of York, England....	Journal of Physics G	[ "Physics" ]	300	[ "Nuclear physics", "Nuclear physics journals", "Particle physics", "Particle physics journals" ]
7,785,512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential%20alignment	The preferential alignment is a criterion of an orientation of a molecule or atom. The preferential alignment can be related to the formation of the crystal structure of an amorphous structure. Polymeric masses with high atomic distances can either be in an oriented or non oriented state. These higher distances (up to...	Preferential alignment	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	100	[ "Materials science stubs", "Materials science", "Crystallography stubs", "Crystallography", "Condensed matter physics" ]
7,788,962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20military%20engineering	Roman military engineering was of a scale and frequency far beyond that of its contemporaries. Indeed, military engineering was in many ways endemic in Roman military culture, as demonstrated by each Roman legionary having as part of his equipment a shovel, alongside his gladius (sword) and pila (javelins). Workers, c...	Roman military engineering	[ "Engineering" ]	1,039	[ "Construction", "Military engineering" ]
7,792,469	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA%20display	mRNA display is a display technique used for in vitro protein, and/or peptide evolution to create molecules that can bind to a desired target. The process results in translated peptides or proteins that are associated with their mRNA progenitor via a puromycin linkage. The complex then binds to an immobilized target i...	MRNA display	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,353	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Biochemistry", "Display techniques", "Molecular biology" ]

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