id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16,837,442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon%20coating | Chameleon coating, also known as nano composite tribological coating, is an adaptive adhesive that uses nanotechnology to adjust to environmental fluctuations to make living conditions more suitable to the object that the coat has been applied to.
Purpose
The purpose of chameleon coating is to provide optimal perfor... | Chameleon coating | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 746 | [
"Coatings",
"Materials science",
"Nanotechnology",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Thin films"
] |
3,285,926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamagnetism | Metamagnetism is a sudden (often, dramatic) increase in the magnetization of a material with a small change in an externally applied magnetic field. The metamagnetic behavior may have quite different physical causes for different types of metamagnets. Some examples of physical mechanisms leading to metamagnetic behavio... | Metamagnetism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 236 | [
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science"
] |
3,287,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC%20Research%20%26%20Development | BBC Research & Development is the technical research department of the BBC.
Function
It has responsibility for researching and developing advanced and emerging media technologies for the benefit of the corporation, and wider UK and European media industries, and is also the technical design authority for a number of ... | BBC Research & Development | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 715 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Television technology",
"Sound recording technology",
"Radio technology",
"Engineering research institutes",
"Electrical engineering",
"Recording devices",
"Audio engineering"
] |
3,287,565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast-enhanced%20ultrasound | Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is the application of ultrasound contrast medium to traditional medical sonography. Ultrasound contrast agents rely on the different ways in which sound waves are reflected from interfaces between substances. This may be the surface of a small air bubble or a more complex structure. ... | Contrast-enhanced ultrasound | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,851 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
3,289,152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castigliano%27s%20method | Castigliano's method, named after Carlo Alberto Castigliano, is a method for determining the displacements of a linear-elastic system based on the partial derivatives of the energy. He is known for his two theorems. The basic concept may be easy to understand by recalling that a change in energy is equal to the causin... | Castigliano's method | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 534 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Equations of physics",
"Structural analysis",
"Eponymous theorems of physics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Physics theorems"
] |
3,289,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper%20composite%20panels | Paper composite panels are a phenolic resin/cellulose composite material made from partially recycled paper and phenolic resin. Multiple layers of paper are soaked in phenolic resin, then molded and baked into net shape in a heated form or press. Originally distributed as a commercial kitchen surface in the 1950s, it ... | Paper composite panels | [
"Physics"
] | 527 | [
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
3,291,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced%20radioactivity | Induced radioactivity, also called artificial radioactivity or man-made radioactivity, is the process of using radiation to make a previously stable material radioactive. The husband-and-wife team of Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie discovered induced radioactivity in 1934, and they shared the 1935 Nobel P... | Induced radioactivity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,010 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Radioactive waste",
"Materials science",
"Radiation",
"Hazardous waste",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Radiation effects",
"Radioactivity"
] |
3,291,372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading%20dose | In pharmacokinetics, a loading dose is an initial higher dose of a drug that may be given at the beginning of a course of treatment before dropping down to a lower maintenance dose.
A loading dose is most useful for drugs that are eliminated from the body relatively slowly, i.e. have a long systemic half-life. Such d... | Loading dose | [
"Chemistry"
] | 660 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacokinetics"
] |
3,292,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard%20analysis | A hazard analysis is one of many methods that may be used to assess risk. At its core, the process entails describing a system object (such as a person or machine) that intends to conduct some activity. During the performance of that activity, an adverse event (referred to as a “factor”) may be encountered that could ... | Hazard analysis | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,029 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Reliability engineering",
"Safety engineering",
"Avionics",
"Hazard analysis",
"Process safety",
"Aircraft instruments",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
1,128,719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature%20coefficient | A temperature coefficient describes the relative change of a physical property that is associated with a given change in temperature. For a property R that changes when the temperature changes by dT, the temperature coefficient α is defined by the following equation:
Here α has the dimension of an inverse temperature ... | Temperature coefficient | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,552 | [
"Materials science",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
1,129,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperon | In particle physics, a hyperon is any baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quarks. This form of matter may exist in a stable form within the core of some neutron stars. Hyperons are sometimes generically represented by the symbol Y.
History and research
The first research into hy... | Hyperon | [
"Physics"
] | 705 | [
"Matter",
"Exotic matter"
] |
1,129,074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20canonical%20ensemble | In statistical mechanics, the grand canonical ensemble (also known as the macrocanonical ensemble) is the statistical ensemble that is used to represent the possible states of a mechanical system of particles that are in thermodynamic equilibrium (thermal and chemical) with a reservoir. The system is said to be open in... | Grand canonical ensemble | [
"Physics"
] | 3,839 | [
"Statistical ensembles",
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
1,129,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders%20of%20magnitude%20%28speed%29 | To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various speed levels between approximately 2.2 m/s and 3.0 m/s (the speed of light). Values in bold are exact.
List of orders of magnitude for speed
See also
Typical projectile speeds - also showing the corresponding kinetic energy per unit m... | Orders of magnitude (speed) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 76 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Units of velocity",
"Orders of magnitude",
"Physical properties",
"Units of measurement"
] |
1,130,097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflationary%20epoch |
In physical cosmology, the inflationary epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when, according to inflation theory, the universe underwent an extremely rapid exponential expansion. This rapid expansion increased the linear dimensions of the early universe by a factor of at least 1026 (and possibl... | Inflationary epoch | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 463 | [
"Cosmogony",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Big Bang",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
1,130,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin | Sphingomyelin (SPH, ) is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons. It usually consists of phosphocholine and ceramide, or a phosphoethanolamine head group; therefore, sphingomyelins can also be classified as sphingophospholipi... | Sphingomyelin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,076 | [
"Phospholipids",
"Molecular biology",
"Membrane biology",
"Signal transduction"
] |
1,130,916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingosine | Sphingosine (2-amino-4-trans-octadecene-1,3-diol) is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid.
Functions
Sphingosine can be phosphorylated in vivo via two kinases,... | Sphingosine | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 309 | [
"Natural products",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Biomolecules",
"Structural biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Molecular biology"
] |
1,131,151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere | The heliosphere is the magnetosphere, astrosphere, and outermost atmospheric layer of the Sun. It takes the shape of a vast, tailed bubble-like region of space. In plasma physics terms, it is the cavity formed by the Sun in the surrounding interstellar medium. The "bubble" of the heliosphere is continuously "inflated" ... | Heliosphere | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 5,790 | [
"Space plasmas",
"Trans-Neptunian region",
"Solar System",
"Astrophysics"
] |
1,131,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedekind%20zeta%20function | In mathematics, the Dedekind zeta function of an algebraic number field K, generally denoted ζK(s), is a generalization of the Riemann zeta function (which is obtained in the case where K is the field of rational numbers Q). It can be defined as a Dirichlet series, it has an Euler product expansion, it satisfies a func... | Dedekind zeta function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,262 | [
"Algebraic number theory",
"Number theory"
] |
1,131,357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclinical%20development | In drug development, preclinical development (also termed preclinical studies or nonclinical studies) is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals.
The main go... | Preclinical development | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 909 | [
"Life sciences industry",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Drug discovery"
] |
1,131,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle%20energy | Muzzle energy is the kinetic energy of a bullet as it is expelled from the muzzle of a firearm. Without consideration of factors such as aerodynamics and gravity for the sake of comparison, muzzle energy is used as a rough indication of the destructive potential of a given firearm or cartridge. The heavier the bullet ... | Muzzle energy | [
"Physics"
] | 953 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Ballistics"
] |
1,131,721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20flux | The neutron flux is a scalar quantity used in nuclear physics and nuclear reactor physics. It is the total distance travelled by all free neutrons per unit time and volume. Equivalently, it can be defined as the number of neutrons travelling through a small sphere of radius in a time interval, divided by a maximal cro... | Neutron flux | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 718 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Physical properties"
] |
18,026,663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-contact%20wafer%20testing | Non contact wafer testing is an alternative to mechanical probing of ICs during the wafer testing step in semiconductor device fabrication.
Traditional (contact) wafer testing
Probing ICs while they are still on the wafer normally requires that contact be made between the automatic test equipment (ATE) and IC. This co... | Non-contact wafer testing | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 624 | [
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Microtechnology",
"Cleanroom technology"
] |
18,035,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPO%20cloning | Topoisomerase-based cloning (TOPO cloning) is a molecular biology technique in which DNA fragments are cloned into specific vectors without the requirement for DNA ligases. Taq polymerase has a nontemplate-dependent terminal transferase activity that adds a single deoxyadenosine (A) to the 3'-end of the PCR products. T... | TOPO cloning | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 838 | [
"Cloning",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology"
] |
2,401,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20Borromean%20rings | In chemistry, molecular Borromean rings are an example of a mechanically-interlocked molecular architecture in which three macrocycles are interlocked in such a way that breaking any macrocycle allows the others to dissociate. They are the smallest examples of Borromean rings. The synthesis of molecular Borromean rin... | Molecular Borromean rings | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 600 | [
"Molecular topology",
"Topology",
"nan",
"Nanotechnology",
"Supramolecular chemistry"
] |
2,401,965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconfigurable%20optical%20add-drop%20multiplexer | In optical communication, a reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) is a form of optical add-drop multiplexer that adds the ability to remotely switch traffic from a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system at the wavelength layer. This is achieved through the use of a wavelength selective switching mo... | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer | [
"Engineering"
] | 533 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Networking hardware"
] |
2,402,393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearance%20%28pharmacology%29 | In pharmacology, clearance () is a pharmacokinetic parameter representing the efficiency of drug elimination. This is the rate of elimination of a substance divided by its concentration. The parameter also indicates the theoretical volume of plasma from which a substance would be completely removed per unit time. Usual... | Clearance (pharmacology) | [
"Physics"
] | 1,943 | [
"Temporal quantities",
"Temporal rates",
"Physical quantities"
] |
2,403,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanczos%20tensor | The Lanczos tensor or Lanczos potential is a rank 3 tensor in general relativity that generates the Weyl tensor. It was first introduced by Cornelius Lanczos in 1949. The theoretical importance of the Lanczos tensor is that it serves as the gauge field for the gravitational field in the same way that, by analogy, the... | Lanczos tensor | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 873 | [
"Tensors in general relativity",
"Tensors",
"Tensor physical quantities",
"Physical quantities"
] |
2,403,235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strained%20silicon | Strained silicon is a layer of silicon in which the silicon atoms are stretched beyond their normal interatomic distance. This can be accomplished by putting the layer of silicon over a substrate of silicon–germanium (). As the atoms in the silicon layer align with the atoms of the underlying silicon germanium layer (w... | Strained silicon | [
"Chemistry"
] | 579 | [
"Semiconductor material types",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Group IV semiconductors"
] |
2,403,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intense%20Pulsed%20Neutron%20Source | Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) was a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory for neutron scattering research. The IPNS was the world's first pulsed neutron source open to external users and started operations in 1981. The facility ceased operation in January, 2008 after the omnibus spending bill ... | Intense Pulsed Neutron Source | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 83 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Condensed matter stubs",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
4,463,475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20kinetics | Gas kinetics is a science in the branch of fluid dynamics, concerned with the study of motion of gases and its effects on physical systems. Based on the principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, gas dynamics arises from the studies of gas flows in transonic and supersonic flights. To distinguish itself from o... | Gas kinetics | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,660 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
4,464,817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative%20disease | A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration. Neuronal damage may also ultimately result in their death. Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's dis... | Neurodegenerative disease | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 6,138 | [
"Senescence",
"Metabolism",
"Cellular processes"
] |
4,466,344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20modulator | An optical modulator is a device which is used to modulate a beam of light. The beam may be carried over free space, or propagated through an optical waveguide (optical fibre). Depending on the parameter of a light beam which is manipulated, modulators may be categorized into amplitude modulators, phase modulators, pol... | Optical modulator | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 586 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Optical devices"
] |
4,466,508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid%20function%20tests | Thyroid function tests (TFTs) is a collective term for blood tests used to check the function of the thyroid.
TFTs may be requested if a patient is thought to suffer from hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), or to monitor the effectiveness of either thyroid-suppression or hormon... | Thyroid function tests | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,472 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Blood tests",
"Chemical pathology",
"Endocrine function tests"
] |
4,467,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay%20spread | In telecommunications, the delay spread is a measure of the multipath richness of a communications channel.
In general, it can be interpreted as the difference between the time of arrival of the earliest significant multipath component (typically the line-of-sight component) and the time of arrival of the last multipat... | Delay spread | [
"Physics"
] | 330 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves"
] |
4,468,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%20recombinase | Cre recombinase is a tyrosine recombinase enzyme derived from the P1 bacteriophage. The enzyme uses a topoisomerase I-like mechanism to carry out site specific recombination events. The enzyme (38 kDa) is a member of the integrase family of site specific recombinase and it is known to catalyse the site specific recombi... | Cre recombinase | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,882 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
14,024,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal%20spectroscopy | Photothermal spectroscopy is a group of high sensitivity spectroscopy techniques used to measure optical absorption and thermal characteristics of a sample. The basis of photothermal spectroscopy is the change in thermal state of the sample resulting from the absorption of radiation. Light absorbed and not lost by emis... | Photothermal spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,248 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
14,026,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-matrix%20theory | S-matrix theory was a proposal for replacing local quantum field theory as the basic principle of elementary particle physics.
It avoided the notion of space and time by replacing it with abstract mathematical properties of the S-matrix. In S-matrix theory, the S-matrix relates the infinite past to the infinite future... | S-matrix theory | [
"Physics"
] | 959 | [
"Particle physics"
] |
14,032,539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinase-mediated%20cassette%20exchange | RMCE (recombinase-mediated cassette exchange) is a procedure in reverse genetics allowing the systematic, repeated modification of higher eukaryotic genomes by targeted integration, based on the features of site-specific recombination processes (SSRs). For RMCE, this is achieved by the clean exchange of a preexisting g... | Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,922 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Molecular genetics",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,035,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20cooling | Electron cooling () is a method to shrink the emittance (size, divergence, and energy spread) of a charged particle beam without removing particles from the beam. Since the number of particles remains unchanged and the space coordinates and their derivatives (angles) are reduced, this means that the phase space occupie... | Electron cooling | [
"Physics"
] | 329 | [
"Accelerator physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Experimental physics"
] |
14,036,671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C7H8O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C7H8O3}}
The molecular formula C7H8O3 (molar mass: 140.14 g/mol, exact mass: 140.0473 u) may refer to:
Ethyl maltol
Methoxymethylfurfural (MMF or 5-methoxymethylfuran-2-carbaldehyde)
Molecular formulas | C7H8O3 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 88 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
10,000,631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20scanning%20interferometry | Frequency scanning interferometry (FSI) is an absolute distance measurement technique, for measuring the distance between a pair of points, along a line-of-sight.
The power of the FSI technique lies in its ability to make many such distance measurements, simultaneously.
For each distance to be measured, a measureme... | Frequency scanning interferometry | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 432 | [
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Measurement",
"Size"
] |
10,014,557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20trisilicate | Magnesium trisilicate is an inorganic compound that is used as a food additive. The additive is frequently used by fast food chains to absorb fatty acids and extract impurities formed while frying edible oils. It has good acid neutralizing properties, but the reaction appears too slow to serve as an effective non-presc... | Magnesium trisilicate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 184 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
12,401,224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilenberg%E2%80%93Maclane%20spectrum | In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, there is a distinguished class of spectra called Eilenberg–Maclane spectra for any Abelian group pg 134. Note, this construction can be generalized to commutative rings as well from its underlying Abelian group. These are an important class of spectra because they mode... | Eilenberg–Maclane spectrum | [
"Mathematics"
] | 737 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Algebraic topology",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Category theory",
"Homological algebra"
] |
1,721,949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterojunction%20bipolar%20transistor | A heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) that uses different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, creating a heterojunction. The HBT improves on the BJT in that it can handle signals of very high frequencies, up to several hundred GHz. It is commonly... | Heterojunction bipolar transistor | [
"Physics"
] | 936 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Terahertz technology"
] |
1,722,070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20cycle | The iron cycle (Fe) is the biogeochemical cycle of iron through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. While Fe is highly abundant in the Earth's crust, it is less common in oxygenated surface waters. Iron is a key micronutrient in primary productivity, and a limiting nutrient in the Southern ocean, ea... | Iron cycle | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,919 | [
"Biogeochemical cycle",
"Biogeochemistry"
] |
1,722,334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent%20extraction%20and%20electrowinning | Solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX/EW) is a two-stage hydrometallurgical process that first extracts and upgrades copper ions from low-grade leach solutions into a solvent containing a chemical that selectively reacts with and binds the copper in the solvent. The copper is extracted from the solvent with strong ... | Solvent extraction and electrowinning | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 148 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy"
] |
1,722,516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrowinning | Electrowinning, also called electroextraction, is the electrodeposition of metals from their ores that have been put in solution via a process commonly referred to as leaching. Electrorefining uses a similar process to remove impurities from a metal. Both processes use electroplating on a large scale and are important ... | Electrowinning | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 889 | [
"Separation processes",
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy",
"Chemical processes",
"Electrochemistry",
"nan",
"Electrolysis",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
1,722,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20object | In natural language and physical science, a physical object or material object (or simply an object or body) is a contiguous collection of matter, within a defined boundary (or surface), that exists in space and time. Usually contrasted with abstract objects and mental objects.
Also in common usage, an object is not c... | Physical object | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,591 | [
"Mechanics",
"Physical objects",
"nan",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Matter"
] |
1,722,939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20shelf%20pump | In oceanic biogeochemistry, the continental shelf pump is proposed to operate in the shallow waters of the continental shelves, acting as a mechanism to transport carbon (as either dissolved or particulate material) from surface waters to the interior of the adjacent deep ocean.
Overview
Originally formulated by Tsuno... | Continental shelf pump | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 836 | [
"Environmental chemistry",
"Chemical oceanography",
"Biogeochemistry",
"Ecosystems",
"nan",
"Aquatic ecology"
] |
1,723,127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caniapiscau%20Reservoir | The Caniapiscau Reservoir () is a reservoir on the upper Caniapiscau River in the Côte-Nord administrative region of the Canadian province of Quebec. It is the largest body of water in Quebec and the second largest reservoir in Canada.
The Caniapiscau Reservoir, formed by two dams and forty-three dikes, is the larges... | Caniapiscau Reservoir | [
"Engineering"
] | 993 | [
"James Bay Project",
"Macro-engineering"
] |
1,723,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fusion%20experiments | Experiments directed toward developing fusion power are invariably done with dedicated machines which can be classified according to the principles they use to confine the plasma fuel and keep it hot.
The major division is between magnetic confinement and inertial confinement. In magnetic confinement, the tendency of ... | List of fusion experiments | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,511 | [
"Plasma physics",
"Fusion power",
"Particle traps",
"Magnetic confinement fusion devices",
"Nuclear fusion"
] |
1,723,667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolytic%20virus | An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells. As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by oncolysis, they release new infectious virus particles or virions to help destroy the remaining tumour. Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of the tumour cells, ... | Oncolytic virus | [
"Biology"
] | 5,732 | [
"Viruses",
"Oncolytic virus"
] |
1,723,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation%20theory%20%28quantum%20mechanics%29 | The term transformation theory refers to a procedure and a "picture" used by Paul Dirac in his early formulation of quantum theory, from around 1927.
This "transformation" idea refers to the changes a quantum state undergoes in the course of time, whereby its vector "moves" between "positions" or "orientations" in its... | Transformation theory (quantum mechanics) | [
"Physics"
] | 233 | [
"Foundational quantum physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
1,724,836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability%20engineering | Reliability engineering is a sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes the ability of equipment to function without failure. Reliability is defined as the probability that a product, system, or service will perform its intended function adequately for a specified period of time, OR will operate in a defined... | Reliability engineering | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 14,840 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Reliability analysis",
"Applied probability",
"Reliability engineering",
"Design for X",
"Applied mathematics",
"Technological failures",
"Materials science",
"Engineering failures",
"Civil engineering",
"nan",
"Engineering sta... |
1,725,432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20charge | In chemistry, a formal charge (F.C. or ), in the covalent view of chemical bonding, is the hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity. In simple terms, formal charge is the difference bet... | Formal charge | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,224 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Electric charge",
"Quantity",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Chemical bonding",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
1,725,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20Breit%E2%80%93Wigner%20distribution | The relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution (after the 1936 nuclear resonance formula of Gregory Breit and Eugene Wigner) is a continuous probability distribution with the following probability density function,
where is a constant of proportionality, equal to
with
(This equation is written using natural units,
I... | Relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution | [
"Physics"
] | 690 | [
"Particle physics"
] |
1,725,990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionophore | In chemistry, an ionophore () is a chemical species that reversibly binds ions. Many ionophores are lipid-soluble entities that transport ions across the cell membrane. Ionophores catalyze ion transport across hydrophobic membranes, such as liquid polymeric membranes (carrier-based ion selective electrodes) or lipid bi... | Ionophore | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,036 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Charge carriers",
"Membrane biology",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Molecular biology",
"Ions",
"Matter"
] |
16,839,536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating%20disk%20electrode | In analytical chemistry, a rotating disk electrode (RDE) is a working electrode used in three-electrode systems for hydrodynamic voltammetry. The electrode rotates during experiments, inducing a flux of analyte to the electrode. These working electrodes are used in electrochemical studies when investigating reaction ... | Rotating disk electrode | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 627 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electroanalytical chemistry",
"Electrodes",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)",
"Electroanalytical chemistry devices",
"Electrochemistry"
] |
16,839,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating%20ring-disk%20electrode | In analytical chemistry, a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) is a double working electrode used in hydrodynamic voltammetry, very similar to a rotating disk electrode (RDE). The electrode rotates during experiments inducing a flux of analyte to the electrode. This system used in electrochemical studies when investi... | Rotating ring-disk electrode | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,159 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electroanalytical chemistry",
"Electrodes",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Electrochemistry",
"Motion (physics)",
"Electroanalytical chemistry devices"
] |
16,844,676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%20%26%20T%20Avery | W & T Avery Ltd. (later GEC Avery) was a British manufacturer of weighing machines. The company was founded in the early 18th century and took the name W & T Avery in 1818. Having been taken over by GEC in 1979 the company was later renamed into GEC-Avery. The company became Avery Berkel in 1993 when GEC acquired the D... | W & T Avery | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,190 | [
"Weighing instruments",
"Mass",
"Matter",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
16,846,511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMTM2 | CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 2 (i.e. CMTM2), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 2 ( i.e. CKLFSF2), is a member of the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM) of proteins. In humans, it is encoded by the CMTM2 gene located in band 22 on the long (i.e. "... | CMTM2 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 528 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
16,846,849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20function%20%28mathematics%29 | The partition function or configuration integral, as used in probability theory, information theory and dynamical systems, is a generalization of the definition of a partition function in statistical mechanics. It is a special case of a normalizing constant in probability theory, for the Boltzmann distribution. The par... | Partition function (mathematics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,801 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Entropy and information",
"Entropy",
"Partition functions",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
16,847,321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZNF423 | Zinc finger protein 423 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF423 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear protein that belongs to the family of Kruppel-like C2H2 zinc finger proteins. It functions as a DNA-binding transcription factor by using distinct zinc fingers in different signaling pathway... | ZNF423 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 201 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
16,848,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panos%20%28operating%20system%29 | PANOS is a discontinued computer operating system developed by Acorn Computers in the 1980s and released in 1985, which ran on the 32016 Second Processor for the BBC Micro and the Acorn Cambridge Workstation. These systems had essentially the same architecture, based on a 32-bit NS32016 CPU; the ACW having a BBC Micro-... | Panos (operating system) | [
"Technology"
] | 263 | [
"Operating system stubs",
"Computing stubs"
] |
16,848,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TXN2 | Thioredoxin, mitochondrial also known as thioredoxin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TXN2 gene on chromosome 22. This nuclear gene encodes a mitochondrial member of the thioredoxin family, a group of small multifunctional redox-active proteins. The encoded protein may play important roles in the regulat... | TXN2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 750 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
16,849,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast%20growth%20factor%2021 | Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a protein that in mammals is encoded by the FGF21 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and specifically a member of the endocrine subfamily which includes FGF23 and FGF15/19. FGF21 is the primary endogenous agonist of the... | Fibroblast growth factor 21 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,755 | [
"Senescence",
"Anti-aging substances",
"Aging-related proteins"
] |
19,060,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Success%20likelihood%20index%20method | Success Likelihood Index Method (SLIM) is a technique used in the field of Human reliability Assessment (HRA), for the purposes of evaluating the probability of a human error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task. From such analyses measures can then be taken to reduce the likelihood of errors occurri... | Success likelihood index method | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,891 | [
"Human reliability",
"Reliability engineering"
] |
19,060,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence%20diagrams%20approach | Influence Diagrams Approach (IDA) is a technique used in the field of Human reliability Assessment (HRA), for the purposes of evaluating the probability of a human error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task. From such analyses measures can then be taken to reduce the likelihood of errors occurring wi... | Influence diagrams approach | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,894 | [
"Human reliability",
"Reliability engineering"
] |
19,062,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Receptor%20Signaling%20Atlas | The Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas (NURSA) was a United States National Institutes of Health-funded research consortium focused on nuclear receptors and nuclear receptor coregulators. Its co-principal investigators were Bert O'Malley and Neil McKenna of Baylor College of Medicine and Ron Evans of the Salk Institute. ... | Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 83 | [
"Bioinformatics stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
19,063,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIA-607-B | Covering the grounding and bonding requirements for a building's electrical system and telecommunications cabling infrastructure, TIA-607-B is an American National Standard created by the Telecommunications Industry Association, which facilitates the design and installation of telecom grounding/bonding systems.
Ground... | TIA-607-B | [
"Physics"
] | 316 | [
"Physical systems",
"Electrical standards",
"Electrical systems"
] |
19,063,921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere%20of%20influence%20%28black%20hole%29 | The sphere of influence is a region around a supermassive black hole in which the gravitational potential of the black hole dominates the gravitational potential of the host galaxy. The radius of the sphere of influence is called the "(gravitational) influence radius".
There are two definitions in common use for the r... | Sphere of influence (black hole) | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 368 | [
"Black holes",
"Galaxies",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Supermassive black holes",
"Astronomical objects",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Stellar astronomy"
] |
19,064,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC%20receiver%20design | An AC/DC receiver design is a style of power supply of vacuum tube radio or television receivers that eliminated the bulky and expensive mains transformer. A side-effect of the design was that the receiver could in principle operate from a DC supply as well as an AC supply. Consequently, they were known as "AC/DC recei... | AC/DC receiver design | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,082 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric current",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical quantities"
] |
19,067,895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional%20pollutant | A conventional pollutant is a term used in the USA to describe a water pollutant that is amenable to treatment by a municipal sewage treatment plant. A basic list of conventional pollutants is defined in the U.S. Clean Water Act. The list has been amended in regulations issued by the Environmental Protection Agency:
... | Conventional pollutant | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 155 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Water pollution",
"Civil engineering",
"Water quality indicators",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
19,071,846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Fusion%20Development%20Agreement | EFDA (1999 — 2013) has been followed by EUROfusion, which is a consortium of national fusion research institutes located in the European Union and Switzerland.
The European Union has a strongly coordinated nuclear fusion research programme. At the European level, the so-called EURATOM Treaty is the international legal... | European Fusion Development Agreement | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 889 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
406,880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds%20ratio | An odds ratio (OR) is a statistic that quantifies the strength of the association between two events, A and B. The odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the odds of event A taking place in the presence of B, and the odds of A in the absence of B. Due to symmetry, odds ratio reciprocally calculates the ratio of the odds... | Odds ratio | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 5,604 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
406,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrized%20unit%20system | A geometrized unit system or geometrodynamic unit system is a system of natural units in which the base physical units are chosen so that the speed of light in vacuum, c, and the gravitational constant, G, are set equal to unity.
The geometrized unit system is not a completely defined system. Some systems are geometri... | Geometrized unit system | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 714 | [
"Systems of units",
"Quantity",
"General relativity",
"Theory of relativity",
"Units of measurement"
] |
407,480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grout | Grout is a dense substance that flows like a liquid yet hardens upon application, and it gets used to fill gaps or to function as reinforcement in existing structures. Grout is generally a mixture of water, cement, and sand, and it frequently gets employed in efforts such as pressure grouting, embedding rebar in mason... | Grout | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,173 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Matter",
"Building engineering",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Concrete",
"Masonry",
"Building materials"
] |
407,734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%28II%29%20chloride | Mercury(II) chloride (or mercury bichloride, mercury dichloride), historically also known as sulema or corrosive sublimate, is the inorganic chemical compound of mercury and chlorine with the formula HgCl2, used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white crystalline solid and a molecular compound that is very toxic to huma... | Mercury(II) chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,631 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Chemical weapons",
"Alchemical substances",
"Salts",
"Metal halides",
"Pulmonary agents"
] |
407,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20cube | A unit cube, more formally a cube of side 1, is a cube whose sides are 1 unit long. The volume of a 3-dimensional unit cube is 1 cubic unit, and its total surface area is 6 square units.
Unit hypercube
The term unit cube or unit hypercube is also used for hypercubes, or "cubes" in n-dimensional spaces, for values of ... | Unit cube | [
"Physics"
] | 232 | [
"Spacetime",
"Space",
"Euclidean solid geometry"
] |
407,814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene%20hypothesis | In medicine, the hygiene hypothesis states that early childhood exposure to particular microorganisms (such as the gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergies by properly tuning the immune system. In particular, a lack of such exposure is thought to lead to poor immune tolerance. The time period for ex... | Hygiene hypothesis | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,222 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
407,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patina | Patina ( or ) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze, and similar metals and metal alloys (tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain stones and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or any similar acquired change of a surface ... | Patina | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,679 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
408,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20Doppler%20effect | The relativistic Doppler effect is the change in frequency, wavelength and amplitude of light, caused by the relative motion of the source and the observer (as in the classical Doppler effect, first proposed by Christian Doppler in 1842), when taking into account effects described by the special theory of relativity.
... | Relativistic Doppler effect | [
"Physics"
] | 5,150 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Astrophysics",
"Special relativity",
"Theory of relativity",
"Doppler effects"
] |
408,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20probability%20topics | This is a list of probability topics.
It overlaps with the (alphabetical) list of statistical topics. There are also the outline of probability and catalog of articles in probability theory. For distributions, see List of probability distributions. For journals, see list of probability journals. For contributors to the... | List of probability topics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,592 | [
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Probability",
"Probability and statistics",
"Physical quantities"
] |
408,150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%20the%20glass%20half%20empty%20or%20half%20full%3F | "Is the glass half empty or half full?", and other similar expressions such as the adjectives glass-half-full or glass-half-empty, are idioms which contrast an optimistic and pessimistic outlook on a specific situation or on the world at large. "Half full" means optimistic and "half empty" means pessimistic. The origin... | Is the glass half empty or half full? | [
"Biology"
] | 229 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Motivation",
"Human behavior"
] |
408,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve | A sieve, fine mesh strainer, or sift, is a tool used for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for controlling the particle size distribution of a sample, using a screen such as a woven mesh or net or perforated sheet material. The word sift derives from sieve.
In cooking, a sifter is used to separate a... | Sieve | [
"Chemistry"
] | 816 | [
"Solid-solid separation",
"Separation processes by phases"
] |
408,801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helioseismology | Helioseismology is the study of the structure and dynamics of the Sun through its oscillations. These are principally caused by sound waves that are continuously driven and damped by convection near the Sun's surface. It is similar to geoseismology, or asteroseismology, which are respectively the studies of the Earth... | Helioseismology | [
"Physics"
] | 3,642 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Astrophysics",
"Asteroseismology",
"Concepts in stellar astronomy",
"Stellar phenomena"
] |
15,112,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin%20wavefunction | In condensed matter physics, the Laughlin wavefunction is an ansatz, proposed by Robert Laughlin for the ground state of a two-dimensional electron gas placed in a uniform background magnetic field in the presence of a uniform jellium background when the filling factor of the lowest Landau level is where is an odd po... | Laughlin wavefunction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 801 | [
"Quantum phases",
"Physical phenomena",
"Hall effect",
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
15,114,520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20exponentials%20theorem | In mathematics, specifically transcendental number theory, the six exponentials theorem is a result that, given the right conditions on the exponents, guarantees the transcendence of at least one of a set of six exponentials.
Statement
If are three complex numbers that are linearly independent over the rational num... | Six exponentials theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,515 | [
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Mathematical theorems",
"E (mathematical constant)",
"Conjectures",
"Theorems in number theory",
"Exponentials",
"Mathematical problems",
"Number theory"
] |
15,114,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20exponentials%20conjecture | In mathematics, specifically the field of transcendental number theory, the four exponentials conjecture is a conjecture which, given the right conditions on the exponents, would guarantee the transcendence of at least one of four exponentials. The conjecture, along with two related, stronger conjectures, is at the to... | Four exponentials conjecture | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,138 | [
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Unsolved problems in number theory",
"E (mathematical constant)",
"Conjectures",
"Exponentials",
"Mathematical problems",
"Number theory"
] |
15,118,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous%20Substances%20and%20Explosive%20Atmospheres%20Regulations%202002 | DSEAR, the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002, is the United Kingdom's implementation of the European Union-wide ATEX directive.
The intention of the Regulations is to reduce the risk of a fatality or serious injury resulting from a "dangerous substance" igniting and potentially exploding.... | Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 218 | [
"Explosion protection",
"Natural gas safety",
"Combustion engineering",
"Natural gas technology",
"Explosions"
] |
211,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer%20drought%20index | The Palmer drought index, sometimes called the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), is a regional drought index commonly used for monitoring drought events and studying areal extent and severity of drought episodes. The index uses precipitation and temperature data to study moisture supply and demand using a simple wa... | Palmer drought index | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 636 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Meteorological quantities",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
211,923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver%20function%20tests | Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs), also referred to as a hepatic panel or liver panel, are groups of blood tests that provide information about the state of a patient's liver. These tests include prothrombin time (PT/INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), albumin, bilirubin (direct and indirect), and othe... | Liver function tests | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,680 | [
"Blood tests",
"Chemical pathology",
"Liver function tests"
] |
212,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse%20sky%20radiation | Diffuse sky radiation is solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface after having been scattered from the direct solar beam by molecules or particulates in the atmosphere. It is also called sky radiation, the determinative process for changing the colors of the sky. Approximately 23% of direct incident radiation of t... | Diffuse sky radiation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,555 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Visibility",
"Physical quantities",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Quantity",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Optical phenomena",
"Waves",
"Light",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Atmospheric optical phenomena"
] |
212,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumeration | An enumeration is a complete, ordered listing of all the items in a collection. The term is commonly used in mathematics and computer science to refer to a listing of all of the elements of a set. The precise requirements for an enumeration (for example, whether the set must be finite, or whether the list is allowed to... | Enumeration | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,053 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Enumerative combinatorics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
212,124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie%20scattering | In electromagnetism, the Mie solution to Maxwell's equations (also known as the Lorenz–Mie solution, the Lorenz–Mie–Debye solution or Mie scattering) describes the scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave by a homogeneous sphere. The solution takes the form of an infinite series of spherical multipole partial waves.... | Mie scattering | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,727 | [
"Visibility",
"Physical phenomena",
" absorption and radiative transfer (optics)",
"Physical quantities",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Quantity",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Scattering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
212,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20station | A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid.
Many power stations contain one or more generators, rotating machine that converts mecha... | Power station | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 5,345 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Construction",
"Infrastructure"
] |
212,147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillation%20counter | A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillating material, and detecting the resultant light pulses.
It consists of a scintillator which generates photons in response to incident radiation, a sensitive photod... | Scintillation counter | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,956 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radioactive contamination",
"Particle detectors",
"Measuring instruments",
"Ionising radiation detectors",
"Spectrometers",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
212,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy | In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from "same, similar" and "place") if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (, ; , ) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homo... | Homotopy | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,200 | [
"Theory of continuous functions",
"Topology"
] |
212,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic%20particle | In physics, a subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, a subatomic particle can be either a composite particle, which is composed of other particles (for example, a baryon, like a proton or a neutron, composed of three quarks; or a meson, composed of tw... | Subatomic particle | [
"Physics"
] | 2,448 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Subatomic particles",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
212,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superluminous%20supernova | A super-luminous supernova (SLSN, plural super luminous supernovae or SLSNe) is a type of stellar explosion with a luminosity 10 or more times higher than that of standard supernovae. Like supernovae, SLSNe seem to be produced by several mechanisms, which is readily revealed by their light-curves and spectra. There are... | Superluminous supernova | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,968 | [
"Supernovae",
"Physical phenomena",
"Astronomical events",
"Astrophysics",
"Stellar evolution",
"Explosions",
"Stellar phenomena"
] |
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